title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford originally began his career in the Chelsea youth team, coming through the schoolboy ranks at the same time as Carlton Cole. Rejected by Chelsea in 2003, he was signed up by Wealdstone, then in the Isthmian Premier League, and played as a semi-professional for three years whilst also working as a windscreen fitter for the RAC. His very impressive goal scoring record for Wealdstone attracted a lot of attention from Football League sides and reportedly more than 30 professional clubs showed an interest in the prolific striker, with many sending scouts to watch him play for Wealdstone. He had a trial with Championship side Crystal Palace, before signing for Leeds United in March 2006 for an undisclosed fee, having scored 35 goals in 40 games for Wealdstone that season.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford made his debut for Championship side Leeds coming on as a substitute in a home defeat against Crystal Palace on 21 March. He only made four more first team appearances. He joined Carlisle United on a month's loan on 5 October 2006 and scored on his debut for the club in a game against Millwall. After completing his loan spell, he returned to Leeds, made a single appearance, and was loaned out again, this time to League One promotion challengers Scunthorpe United until the end of the season. He played in every single game after his arrival, scoring eight goals, as Scunthorpe went on to finish as champions.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Returning to Leeds for the 2007–08 season (their first—of three—in League One), Beckford scored his first competitive goal for the club in a 4–1 victory against Southend United on 18 August. Beckford signed a new three-year deal with Leeds, keeping him at the club until the end of the 2009–10 season, and won October 2007's League One Fans' Player of the Month award. In March 2008 he won two awards at the third annual Football League Awards at Grosvenor House Hotel in London – League One Player of the Year and the Football League Goal of the Year, for his strike against Rotherham United during his loan spell with Scunthorpe United.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford started the 2008–09 season by scoring ten goals in eight starts, including his first ever professional hat-trick as Leeds beat League Two side Chester City in the first round of the League Cup. By the end of the season he had scored 27 goals in all competitions and was offered a new contract by the club. After initially rejecting it, he was transfer listed. Two bids for Beckford were rejected by Leeds, and then he was removed from the transfer list, remaining at the club.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: By the end of December in the 2009–10 season Beckford already had 18 goals for the season and, with interest from Newcastle United reported, he handed in a transfer request. He came to further prominence scoring the only goal as Leeds beat old rivals Manchester United in the third round of the FA Cup – the first time they had been knocked out of a competition so early under Sir Alex Ferguson. Beckford then withdrew his transfer request days before scoring twice in the FA Cup fourth round, taking Tottenham Hotspur to a replay. By the end of the season Beckford had scored 31 goals in all competitions, 25 in the league, as Leeds finished in second place to gain automatic promotion to the Championship. He won Leeds United's goal of the season at Leeds' annual Player of the Season awards for his goal against Manchester United at Old Trafford. Following the end of the season, in May 2010, Leeds cancelled Beckford's contract a month early to enable him to find a new club.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: In May 2010, Beckford signed for Everton on a four-year contract on a free transfer and was given squad number 16. After playing and scoring in pre-season friendlies Beckford made his Everton debut as a second-half substitute against Blackburn Rovers and his full debut a week later at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers. He scored his first goal for the club, a penalty, against Huddersfield Town in the League Cup in August 2010 and an injury-time equaliser at home against his future employers Bolton Wanderers in November 2010 was Beckford's first league goal for the Toffees. He also scored at Anfield against Liverpool in the Merseyside derby. In the last game of the season he scored a solo goal in a 1–0 win against Chelsea at Goodison Park. At the end of his debut season for Everton he had scored eight goals in the league and ten in all competitions.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: On 31 August 2011, Everton accepted a £2.5 million bid for Beckford from Championship side Leicester City. Beckford arrived at the King Power Stadium just 40 minutes before the summer transfer window closed to sign a four-year contract, making him Leicester City's 12th signing of the summer. He scored his first goal for the club in a 2–0 win over Watford on 19 October 2011. On 17 January, Beckford scored his first hat-trick for Leicester, in a 4–0 FA Cup win over Nottingham Forest – Leicester's rivals. He scored a brace against Swindon Town in the FA Cup, and scored two more braces in March 2012, in a 3–1 win against Birmingham City, and a 3–3 draw against Blackpool.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: On 28 September 2012, it was announced that Jermaine Beckford had joined Huddersfield Town on a 93-day emergency loan until 29 December, following a week training with the Leicester City under 21 squad and a failed loan bid from the same club on 31 August. He made his debut the following day in the 3–2 loss to Watford at the John Smith's Stadium. He scored his first goal for the club in the 1–0 win over Birmingham City at St Andrew's on 6 October 2012.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: On 17 July 2013, he moved to Bolton Wanderers for an undisclosed fee, signing a two-year contract. He made his debut for Bolton in their 1–1 draw with Lancashire rivals Burnley on 3 August 2013, playing eighty minutes before being replaced by Craig Davies. His first goal came in the League Cup second round, as he scored against Tranmere Rovers in a 1–1 draw; he also scored one of the penalties in the penalty shoot-out that Bolton ultimately ended up losing 4–2.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: He scored his first league goal for Bolton in their 2–1 win away at Birmingham City which coincided with the club's first league win of the new season. Whilst not getting off to the best start, goals started to come with him scoring 5 in 6 in matches against Sheffield Wednesday, AFC Bournemouth, Millwall and Watford and the aforementioned Birmingham. Striker Joe Mason joined Bolton on 11 November 2013, on a short-term loan deal. This saw Beckford dropped to the bench for a while, until returning to the starting line up and scoring against his former club Leicester City on 30 December 2013. Bolton went on to lose the game 5–3.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford's first goal of the 2014–15 season came on 26 August 2014, scoring twice in the League Cup against Crewe Alexandra.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: On 20 November 2014 he signed for Preston North End on loan until the end of the 2014–15 season, linking up with his former Leeds manager Simon Grayson once again. Five days later his North End debut came, in a Football League Trophy match at Oldham Athletic; his first league appearance for Preston was on 29 November against Yeovil Town. The frontman scored his first goal for Preston against Peterborough United on 20 December, and his last of 2014 eight days later against Crewe.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: He rediscovered his form, and in total he scored 18 goals for Preston in 31 appearances in all competitions, including a hat-trick in the play-off final at Wembley against Swindon Town on 24 May 2015 to win the club promotion to the Championship.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: After being released by Bolton Wanderers, Beckford signed a permanent two-year contract with Preston North End effective from 1 July 2015. Beckford made ten league appearances plus one in the League Cup in his first full season at North End, scoring twice.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford's first goal of the 2016–17 season came on 20 August 2016 in a 2–0 win over Queens Park Rangers. He was sent off in a defeat to Sheffield Wednesday on 3 December for fighting with fellow North Ender Eoin Doyle, who was also red carded. His return from suspension for the Lilywhites lasted only three minutes as Beckford was sent off again, on 26 December against his former club Leeds United, for kicking Leeds' Kyle Bartley.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Following his release from Preston, Beckford signed a 2-year deal with Bury on 15 May 2017. Beckford scored his first goal for Bury on 5 August against Walsall in a 1–0 win. He started a total of 15 matches for the club, plus three appearances as a substitute, and scored eight goals.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Having missed most of the 2018–19 season was a persistent injury, on 27 August 2019 Beckford announced his decision to retire from football at the age of 35.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Due to having a Jamaican father and Grenadian mother Beckford was eligible under FIFA regulations to play for either Jamaica, Grenada or England.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford was approached by Grenada's coach Tommy Taylor with a view to playing for the Grenada national football team in May 2009. In May 2011, the "Jamaica Star" reported that Beckford was close to finalising an agreement to play for Jamaica.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: In November 2012, the Jamaican Football Federation reported that Beckford had shown interest playing for the Reggae Boyz and was in the pool of players eligible to be called up for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: On 31 January 2013, Beckford was called up to the Jamaica squad for the first time for Jamaica's fixture against Mexico, but had to pull out of the squad a day later with an injury.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Beckford made a total of six appearances for Jamaica, scoring one goal in a FIFA World Cup qualifying match against USA in June 2013.


title: Jermaine Beckford

text: Since retiring, Beckford has made numerous television appearances as a football pundit. His younger brother, Travis, won the first series of "Wayne Rooney's Street Striker" on Sky1.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: Just Dance 2017 is a 2016 dance video game developed and published by Ubisoft. It was unveiled on June 13, 2016, during its E3 press conference as the eighth main installment of the series, and was released in October 2016 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Wii U, and Microsoft Windows on March 3, 2017, for Nintendo Switch. The game was the only title of the series to be released on Microsoft Windows, and was released as a launch title for Nintendo Switch.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: As in previous installments, players must mimic the routine of an on-screen dancer to a chosen song, scoring points based on their accuracy. For input, the game supports either the respective motion controller system for a particular console platform, or a smartphone with the game's companion mobile app. For the PC version, a gamepad and a keyboard can also be used for menu navigation.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: The "Dance Party" mode has been renamed to the "Just Dance" mode, players can now have the ability to search for a song using the menu. The "Superstar" rank has been added, in which it's achievable at 11,000 points. A new ""Just Dance" Machine" mode was added on current-generation console and PC versions, in which players must dance through routines of different styles to help recharge an alien spaceship. Each session contains five routines, with "Cosmic Rounds" popping up randomly. The story of this mode follows two aliens that are dancing on their ship. All of a sudden, their battery is running low. To recharge its battery, the aliens traveled to Earth and abduct human dancers known as "coaches" to recharge its battery by dancing. In the ending, the battery was charged and the aliens leave Earth as they keep dancing. But unfortantly, their battery is running low once again.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: Ubisoft confirmed that the Dance Quests, Sweat (workout and playlist modes), "Just Dance" TV, and World Dance Floor (which has been revamped in the Wii U, Switch, PS4, and Xbox One versions of the game, with new features, such as cross-platform between all versions of the game, besides PC, Beat the Boss, where players would need to get a target amount of stars across one to three song(s) to defeat the boss, Spotlight Players, where players would try to beat a player from the "World Video Challenge" mode to earn a share of the pot of Mojo coins, Happy Hours, which now appear daily instead of weekly, and feature songs from the "Just Dance Unlimited" service, and Tournaments, where players compete each other for the top combined score across three songs in daily tournaments and eight songs in weekly tournaments, while the same features from "Just Dance 2015" was retained in the Wii, PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game, in which the said title was continued to be its basis, with the "Community Remix" feature now in a full screen format as akin to the Wii U, Switch, PS4, Xbox One, and PC versions) features would be retained on "2017", as well as the "Just Dance Unlimited" subscription service for versions of the game on current-generation consoles and PC, with additional content and playlist features. The game's companion app was also updated to become "a hub for players' activities", with photo editing features and "Just Dance" TV content alongside the app's main purpose as a motion controller. The Wii U exclusive "Party Master" mode was removed.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: All online services for the Wii, PS3, and Xbox 360 versions of the game were discontinued on November 19, 2018.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: Note: "In the Hall of the Pixel King" by Dancing Bros. and "Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polkadot Bikini" by Brian Hyland covered by The Sunlight Shakers were planned to appear in the game, but they were scrapped for unknown reasons. They were later brought back to "Just Dance 2018".


title: Just Dance 2017

text: "Just Dance Unlimited" is a subscription-based service for accessing a streaming library of songs from previous "Just Dance" games, and new songs that are exclusive to the service. A three-month subscription to "Just Dance Unlimited" is included as part of a higher-priced version of the game, also known as the "Gold Edition". The PAL version of the game includes three months of "Just Dance Unlimited", just like the Gold Edition. All exclusive tracks are also playable on the "Unlimited" mode of "2016". The "2017" game supports "Just Dance Unlimited" on eighth-generation consoles, on PC, and on Nintendo Switch. This feature is not available in the Chinese version of the game.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: Note: The Alternate routines available via "Just Dance Unlimited" are tie-ins with various franchises, with "Chiwawa" being a tie-in with Barbie for the movie "Barbie: Video Game Hero" and "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go" being a tie-in with "The Emoji Movie", which features the "Just Dance Now" app in a scene.


title: Just Dance 2017

text: Steve Hannley of "Hardcore Gamer" thought that although Ubisoft had defied his prediction that "Just Dance Unlimited" would be the future of the franchise instead of physical releases, they had put a larger effort into the on-disc content of "2017" than "2016" (which he described as being a "last minute afterthought" to introduce "Unlimited"). The "Just Dance" Machine mode was considered to be "pointless" due to being a basic concept driven by its presentation, but is "a concept that's never been done before in rhythm games and an example of the innovation the series needs to warrant another physical release". Hannley also praised the higher quality of the game's soundtrack, including more recent hit music, fewer "joke" songs, and surfacing Gigi Rowe's "impressive" debut single "Run the Night". In conclusion, Hannley continued to assert that Ubisoft should focus more on providing more immediate access to recent music rather than requiring players to wait for the next annual physical release, but that "Just Dance 2017" was "thankfully a marked improvement over its predecessor."


title: Just Dance 2017

text: The game won the award for "Favorite Video Game" at the 2017 Kids' Choice Awards, and was nominated for "Best Family/Social Game" at the Titanium Awards.


title: Cap Anson

text: Adrian Constantine Anson (April 17, 1852 – April 14, 1922), nicknamed "Cap" (for "Captain") and "Pop", was an American Major League Baseball (MLB) first baseman. Including his time in the National Association (NA), he played a record 27 consecutive seasons. Anson was regarded as one of the greatest players of his era and one of the first superstars of the game. He spent most of his career with the Chicago Cubs franchise (then known as the "White Stockings" and later the "Colts"), serving as the club's manager, first baseman and, later in his tenure, minority owner. He led the team to six National League pennants in the 1880s. Anson was one of baseball's first great hitters, and probably the first to tally over 3,000 career hits. In addition to being a star player, he innovated managerial tactics such as signals between players and the rotation of pitchers.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson played a major role in establishing the racial segregation in professional baseball that persisted until the late 1940s. On several occasions, Anson refused to take the field when the opposing roster included black players. His demands may have been cited as representative of player attitudes by team owners of the International League (top tier of the minor leagues) when they voted on July 14, 1887 to ban the signing of new contracts with black players.


title: Cap Anson

text: After retiring as a player and leaving the Colts, Anson briefly managed the New York Giants. He ran several enterprises in Chicago, including opening a billiards and bowling hall and running a semi-professional baseball team he dubbed "Anson's Colts". Anson also toured extensively on the vaudeville circuit, performing monologues and songs. Many of his business ventures failed. As a result, Anson lost his ownership stake in the Colts (by then known as the Cubs) and filed for bankruptcy. Anson was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson was born in Marshalltown, Iowa. Beginning in 1866, he spent two years at the high-school age boarding school of the University of Notre Dame after being sent there by his father in hopes of curtailing his mischievousness. His time away did little to discipline him. Soon after he returned home, his father sent him to the University of Iowa, where his bad behavior resulted in the school asking him to leave after one semester.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson played on a number of competitive baseball clubs in his youth and began to play professionally in the National Association (NA) at the age of 19, primarily third base for the Rockford Forest Citys, one of the original teams of the Association. He was a large and powerful man, standing tall and weighing about .


title: Cap Anson

text: After being traded to Philadelphia Athletics, in 1872 and 1873, Anson finished in the NA's top five in batting, on-base percentage (OBP), and on-base plus slugging (OPS). He led the NA in OBP in 1872. His numbers declined slightly in 1874 and 1875, but he was still good enough that Chicago White Stockings secretary-turned-president William Hulbert sought him to improve his club for the 1876 season. Hulbert broke league rules by negotiating with Anson and several other stars while the 1875 season was still in progress and ultimately founded the new National League to forestall any disciplinary action.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson, who had become engaged to a Philadelphia native in the meantime, had second thoughts about going west, but Hulbert held Anson to his contract and he eventually warmed to the Windy City.


title: Cap Anson

text: The White Stockings won the first league title, but fell off the pace the following two seasons. During this time, Anson was a solid hitter, but not quite a superstar. Both his fortunes and those of his team would change after Anson was named captain-manager of the club in 1879.


title: Cap Anson

text: His new role led to the nickname "Cap", though newspapers typically called him by the more formal "Captain Anson" or "Capt. Anson". With Anson pacing the way, the White Stockings won five pennants between 1880 and 1886. They were helped to the titles using new managerial tactics, including the use of a third-base coach, having one fielder back up another, signaling batters, and the rotation of two star pitchers. In the first half of the 1880s, aided by speedy players like Mike Kelly, Anson had his players aggressively run the bases, forcing the opposition into making errors. After the expression first became popular in the 1890s, he retroactively claimed to use some of the first "hit and run" plays.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson shares credit as an innovator of modern spring training along with the president of the Chicago club, Albert Spalding. They were among the first to send their clubs to warmer climates in the South to prepare for the season, beginning in Hot Springs, Arkansas in 1886. On the field, Anson was the team's best hitter and run producer. In the 1880s, he won two batting titles (1881, 1888) and finished second four times (1880, 1882, 1886–1887). During the same period, he led the league in runs batted in (RBIs) seven times (1880–82, 1884–86, 1888). His best season was in 1881, when he led the league in batting (.399), OBP (.442), OPS (.952), hits (137), total bases (175), and RBIs (82). He also became the first player to hit three consecutive home runs, five homers in two games, and four doubles in a game, as well as being the first to perform two unassisted double plays in a game. He is one of only a few players to score six runs in a game, a feat he accomplished on August 24, 1886.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson signed a ten-year contract in 1888 to manage the White Stockings (which, because of a typographical error he failed to spot, ended after the 1897 season instead of 1898), but his best years were behind him. He led the league in walks in 1890 and garnered his eighth and final RBI crown in 1891. On the managerial front, he failed to win another pennant.


title: Cap Anson

text: As the end of the 1880s approached, the club had begun trading away its stars in favor of young players, with the exception of the veteran Anson. Local newspapers had started to call the team "Anson's Colts", or just "Colts", before the decade was out. With the advent of the Players' League in 1890, what little talent the club still had was drained away, and the team nickname "Colts", though never official, became standard usage in the local media along with variants such as (Anson's) White Colts and (Anson's) Broncos.


title: Cap Anson

text: He also mellowed enough that he became a fatherly figure and was often called "Pop". When he was fired as manager after the 1897 season, it also marked the end of his 27-year playing career. The following season, newspapers dubbed the Colts the "Orphans", as they had lost their "Pop".


title: Cap Anson

text: Although the decision to ban black players from the National League and (minor) International League was made behind the scenes by team owners, Anson was the most outspoken player and vociferously insisted on segregation even before the ban was official. As a star player and team manager, his influence was substantial. Baseball historian Kevin Blackistone opined that "I don’t think anyone has had a greater impact on baseball than Anson" for his role in baseball's racist discrimination. However, baseball historian Bill James denied that any individual player was the prime mover, “It is enormously likely that Jim Crow would have come to baseball even had Cap Anson never been born."


title: Cap Anson

text: On August 10, 1883, Anson refused to play an exhibition game against the Toledo Blue Stockings because their catcher, Moses Fleetwood Walker, was black. When Blue Stockings Manager Charlie Morton told Anson the White Stockings would forfeit the gate receipts if they refused to play, Anson backed down, but not before uttering the word "nigger" on the field and vowing that his team would not play in such a game again.


title: Cap Anson

text: In 1884, Chicago again played an exhibition game at Toledo, which was now in the American Association, a major league. Walker sat it out, however, it is uncertain whether he did so to placate Chicago or due to injury; Jimmy McGuire instead did the catching. Both had sore hands, the "Toledo Blade" had said a few days earlier. Of the two catchers, Walker was seemingly the more injured, as he did not play in Toledo's second-most recent game. Among Anson's incidents, this one is unique in that private correspondence provides insight. Three months before the game, Chicago Treasurer-Secretary John A. Brown wrote Toledo manager Charlie Morton that "the management of the Chicago Ball Club have no personal feeling about the matter," while "the players do most decisively object and to preserve harmony in the club it is necessary that I have your assurance in writing that [Walker] will not play any position in your nine July 25. I have no doubt such is your meaning[;] only your letter does not express in full [sic]. I have no desire to replay the occurrence of last season and must have your guarantee to that effort."


title: Cap Anson

text: Walker and his brother Welday were released from their team later that year, Welday last playing on August 6 and Fleet on September 4. On July 14, 1887 the Chicago White Stockings played an exhibition game against the Newark Little Giants. African American George Stovey was listed in the "Newark News" as the scheduled Newark starting pitcher. Anson objected, and Stovey did not pitch. Moreover, International League owners had voted 6-to-4 at a 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. meeting in Buffalo on the morning of the game to exclude African-American players from future contracts.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson was authoritarian as a manager, marching his players onto the field in military formation and banning alcohol consumption during the playing season. Starting in the latter 1880s, he often bet on baseball, mainly on his team's chances to win the pennant. Today that would be considered incongruous with a moral character. However, in that era, the main concern was players taking bribes to purposely lose games. Betting by players, managers, and owners was regarded as acceptable so long as they did not bet against their team doing well or associate with gamblers.


title: Cap Anson

text: On corruption in sports, he said the following in 1891: "The time may have been, and probably was, when base-ball was as rotten as horse racing, but that time has gone by. The men in control of base-ball matters are of the highest personal character, and no one will say anything against them. As to the charges against any individual player, I will believe them when they have been proved. Every thing [sic] possible has been done to protect the patrons of the National game, and efforts in that direction will never be abated. I don’t know of any crookedness in the ball field. If I did I’d undoubtedly say something about it."


title: Cap Anson

text: A chronological review of 162 reports of bets on regular season baseball by players, managers or club officials, from 1876 to 1900, tallied the sport's top bettors in that era as follows:


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson first met Albert Spalding while both were players; Spalding was a pitcher for the Rockford Forest Citys, Anson played for the Marshalltown, Iowa, team. Spalding convinced the 18-year-old Anson to come play for the Forest Citys at a salary of $65 per month. In 1876, when Anson was playing for Philadelphia, Spalding and William Hulbert lured Anson to the Chicago team, which Spalding now managed. After signing the contract, Anson had second thoughts (his future wife did not want to leave her family in Philadelphia), and offered Spalding $1,000 to void the contract. Spalding held Anson to the contract, and Anson came to Chicago in March 1876.


title: Cap Anson

text: Spalding retired as a player and manager after the 1877 season, but continued as secretary, and later president, of the White Stockings. Anson became a player/manager of the team in 1879, and by 1889 had a 13% ownership. In 1888 Spalding announced that the White Stockings, including Anson, and a "picked nine" from the rest of the National League would begin a World Tour after the end of the season. Spalding put up most of the money, but Anson invested $3,750 of his own. James Hart was hired as business manager and Anson developed an intense dislike for him.


title: Cap Anson

text: After Spalding stepped down as president of the Chicago club in 1891, he appointed James Hart to the position, which Anson felt should have been his despite his dismal business record. Spalding, however, continued to run the club behind the scenes. In December 1892, Hart, with Spalding's blessing, reorganized the White Stockings into a stock company. Anson was required to sign a new contract, which ended in 1898 instead of 1899 as the previous one had. Anson spotted the error later but said nothing, trusting that Spalding would honor the previous terms.


title: Cap Anson

text: Hart began to undermine Anson's managerial decisions by reversing fines and suspensions imposed by Anson. By 1897 Anson had little control over his players; after Anson demanded a sportswriter print that Anson thought "the Chicago ball club is composed of drunkards and loafers who are throwing him down", his days as manager were numbered. Spalding invited Anson and his wife on a four-week journey to England in late November 1897. Spalding dropped many hints on the voyage, encouraging Anson to voluntarily retire, but Anson had no intention of doing so. Things remained in limbo until January 29, 1898 when the Associated Press printed a statement by Spalding: "I have taken pains as a mediator to find out from Chicagoans how they feel about a change of management. There has been a decided undercurrent in favor... Lovers of baseball think that Anson has been in power too long."


title: Cap Anson

text: There has been some controversy as to whether Anson should be considered the first player ever to reach the 3,000 hit milestone. For many years, official statistics credited him with achieving that goal. When the first edition of Macmillan's "Baseball Encyclopedia" was published in 1969, it disregarded a rule in place only for the 1887 season which counted base-on-balls (walks) as hits and times-at-bat instead of zeroes in both categories as they were before and have been since. Anson's 60 walks were removed from his 1887 hit total, resulting in a career mark of 2,995, though later editions of the encyclopedia still added five more hits to exactly 3,000.


title: Cap Anson

text: The other controversy over Anson's total hits had to do with his five years in the National Association. Neither the Macmillan "Encyclopedia" editions nor MLB itself at that time recognized the National Association as being a true major league. MLB.com does not count Anson's time in the NA in his statistics, but tallies his NL total as 3,011 hits. This places Anson 25th on the all-time list.


title: Cap Anson

text: Other sources credit Anson with a different number of hits, largely because scoring and record keeping was haphazard in baseball until well into the 20th century.


title: Cap Anson

text: Beginning with the publication of the "Baseball Encyclopedia", statisticians have continually found errors and have adjusted career totals accordingly. According to the "Sporting News" baseball record book, which does not take NA statistics into account, Anson had 3,012 hits over his career. Baseball Reference also credits Anson with 3,012 hits during his NL career; including his time in the NA, Anson is credited with 3,435 hits. The National Baseball Hall of Fame, which uses statistics verified by the Elias Sports Bureau, credits Anson with 3,081 hits. This figure disregards games played in the NA, but includes the walks earned during 1887 as hits.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson briefly made a return to baseball managing the New York Giants in June and July 1898. He then attempted to buy a Chicago team in the Western League, but failed after being opposed by Spalding. In 1900, he helped to organize a new version of the defunct American Association, called the New American Base Ball Association, and was named its president. However, at the first sign of trouble he dissolved the league before a single game was played, drawing heated criticism from other backers.


title: Cap Anson

text: After a number of failed business attempts, including a handball arena and bottled ginger beer that exploded on store shelves, he was later elected city clerk of Chicago in 1905. After serving one term, he failed in the Democratic primary to become sheriff in 1907.


title: Cap Anson

text: In 1907, Anson made another attempt to come back to baseball, acquiring a semi-pro team in the Chicago City League, which he would call "Anson's Colts". Anson initially had no intention of playing for the team, but in June 1907, at the age of 55, Anson started playing some games at first base in an attempt to boost poor attendance. Despite the draw of seeing Anson play, the team did not attract much attendance, and lost money for Anson. In the fall of 1908, Anson assembled a semi-pro football team, also called Anson's Colts. Although the football team won the city championship, they were not a financial success.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson's few successful ventures included a combination billiards hall and a bowling alley he opened in downtown Chicago in 1899. Anson was named vice-president of the American Bowling Congress in 1903, and led a team to the five-man national championship in 1904. Anson was forced to sell the billiards hall in 1909 when faced with mounting financial problems that led to his bankruptcy. Anson was also an avid golfer.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson's 1900 book "A Ball Player's Career: Being the Personal Reminiscences of Adrian C. Anson", was ghostwritten by Chicago horse racing writer and poet Richard Cary Jr., who had the pen name of Hyder Ali. Right after it was published, Cary told the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch", "I really thought when I started that the ‘Cap’ [sic] would be able to reel off the story of his life about as fast as a nimble man would care to write it. It took me just two days to find that was not the case. A day and a half to get the ‘Cap’ to sit down and the other half day in egging him on. The story had to be literally dragged out of him. The incidents of his baseball career were apparently fresh in his mind, but when it came to actual dates he was all at sea. When he did give a date nine times out of ten it was wrong and had to be corrected later on." "The New York Times" said whether Anson "wrote every word in this volume of reminiscences or not[,] the book reads characteristically. The expression is Ansonian."


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson began acting during his baseball career. In 1888, he made his stage debut with a single appearance in Hoyt's play "A Parlor Match" at the Theatre Comique in Harlem. He also played himself in an 1895 Broadway play called "The Runaway Colt", written to take advantage of his fame. Later, Anson began touring on the vaudeville circuit, a common practice for athletes of the time, which lasted up until about a year before his death.


title: Cap Anson

text: He first appeared in vaudeville in 1913 doing a monologue and a short dance. In 1914, George M. Cohan wrote a monologue for him, and in 1917, Cohan, with "Chicago Tribune" sportswriter Ring Lardner wrote another piece for him, titled "First Aid for Father". Anson appeared with two of his grown daughters, Adele and Dorothy, and would bat papier-mâché baseballs made by Albert Spalding into the audience. He appeared in 1921 accompanied by his two daughters in an act written by Ring Lardner with songs by Herman Timberg.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson retired from vaudeville in 1921, and continued to refuse a pension from Major League Baseball, despite having no other income. In April 1922, he became the general manager of a new golf club in the South Side of Chicago.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson died from a glandular ailment on April 14, 1922, three days shy of his 70th birthday. He was interred at the Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.


title: Cap Anson

text: Anson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939, one of the first 19th century players selected. Over 100 years after his retirement, he still holds several Cubs franchise records, including most career RBI, runs, hits, singles, and doubles while being the only Cub in the 3,000 hit club.


title: Cap Anson

text: Defensively, he also holds the franchise record for putouts, but also is second in franchise history for errors.


title: Cap Anson

text: On the managerial side, he was the second manager to ever reach 1,000 wins (doing so after Harry Wright), a feat that has seen over sixty managers join the mark since the 20th century. Anson won 1,282 games with the Cubs, a mark that still stands after a century. Just 24 other managers have won 1,000 games with one team in Major League Baseball.


title: Cap Anson

text: In a 1992 "The Simpsons" episode, "Homer at the Bat", Anson, along with several other players, was suggested by Mr. Burns as one of the players for his 'all stars' Baseball team to represent the Springfield power plant, before being informed that they are all long since deceased.


title: Cap Anson

text: In 1872, the 20-year-old Anson met 13-year-old Virginia Fiegal, the daughter of a Philadelphia bar and restaurant owner, whom he married on November 21, 1876. The marriage lasted until her death in 1915. For the first seven years of their marriage, the couple lived in Chicago during the baseball season and Philadelphia during the off-season, but eventually moved to Chicago on a year-round basis.


title: Cap Anson

text: The Ansons had seven children, three of whom died in infancy. Daughter Grace was born in October 1877; son Adrian Hulbert was born in 1882 and died four days later; daughter Adele was born in April 1884; son Adrian Constantine, Jr. was born in 1887 and died four months later; daughter Dorothy was born in 1889; son John Henry was born in 1892 and died four days later; and daughter Virginia Jeanette was born in 1899.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international organization composed of economists, philosophers, historians, intellectuals and business leaders. The members see the MPS as an effort to interpret in modern terms the fundamental principles of economic society as expressed by classical Western economists, political scientists and philosophers. Its founders included Friedrich Hayek, Frank Knight, Karl Popper, Ludwig von Mises, George Stigler and Milton Friedman. The society advocates freedom of expression, free market economic policies and the political values of an open society. Further, the society seeks to discover ways in which the private sector can replace many functions currently provided by government entities.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: In its "Statement of Aims" on 8 April 1947, the scholars were worried about the dangers faced by civilization, stating the following:


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: The group also stated that it is "difficult to imagine a society in which freedom may be effectively preserved" without the "diffused power and initiative" associated with "private property and the competitive market" and found it desirable "inter alia" to study the following matters:


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: The group "seeks to establish no meticulous and hampering orthodoxy", "conduct propaganda" or align with some party. It aims to facilitate "the exchange of views [...] to contribute to the preservation and improvement of the free society."


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: The MPS was created in Fall 1947 at a conference organized by Friedrich Von Hayek during the International Trade Organization (ITO) drama of that year. As ITO delegates met in Geneva, Switzerland in to draft the world trade charter, another group of intellectuals convened at the opposite end of the lake at the base of Mont Pèlerin. Taking their name from the location, the Mont Pèlerin Society was formally established on April 10, 1947.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Originally, it was to be named the Acton-Tocqueville Society. Frank Knight protested against naming the group after two "Roman Catholic aristocrats," and Ludwig von Mises expressed concern that the mistakes made by Acton and Tocqueville would be connected with the society.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: In 1947, thirty-nine scholars, mostly economists with some historians and philosophers, were invited by Friedrich Hayek to meet to discuss the state and possible fate of classical liberalism, his goal being an organization which would resist interventionism and promote his conception of classical liberalism. He wanted to discuss how to combat the "state ascendancy and Marxist or Keynesian planning [that was] sweeping the globe". The first meeting took place in the Hotel du Parc in the Swiss village of Mont Pèlerin, near the city of Vevey, Switzerland. Funding for the conference came from various sources including the William Volker Fund thanks to Harold Luhnow and the Bank of England owing to the help of Alfred Suenson-Taylor. William Rappard, a Swiss academic, diplomat and founder of the Graduate Institute of International Studies, addressed the society's inaugural meeting. In his "Opening Address to a Conference at Mont Pelerin", Hayek mentioned "two men with whom I had most fully discussed the plan for this meeting both have not lived to see its realisation", namely Henry Simons (who trained Milton Friedman, a future president of the MPS, at the University of Chicago) and John Clapham, a British economic historian.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: The MPS aimed to "facilitate an exchange of ideas between like-minded scholars in the hope of strengthening the principles and practice of a free society and to study the workings, virtues, and defects of market-oriented economic systems". The MPS has continued to meet regularly, the General Meeting every two years and the regional meetings annually. The MPS has close ties to the network of think tanks sponsored in part by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Hayek stressed that the society was to be a scholarly community arguing against collectivism while not engaging in public relations or propaganda. The society has become part of an international think tank movement and Hayek used it as a forum to encourage members such as Antony Fisher to pursue the think tank route. Fisher has established the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA) in London during 1955, the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research in New York City in 1977 and the Atlas Economic Research Foundation in 1981. Now known as the Atlas Network, they support a wide network of think tanks, including the Fraser Institute.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Prominent MPS members who advanced to policy positions included the late Chancellor Ludwig Erhard of West Germany, President Luigi Einaudi of Italy, Chairman Arthur F. Burns of the Federal Reserve Board and Secretary of State George Shultz. Among prominent contemporary political figures, former President Václav Klaus of the Czech Republic and acting politicians, such as Prime Minister Ranil Wickremasinghe of Sri Lanka, former Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Geoffrey Howe of the United Kingdom, former Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of Defence Antonio Martino, Chilean Finance Minister Carlos Cáceres and former New Zealand Finance Minister Ruth Richardson, are all MPS members. Of 76 economic advisers on Ronald Reagan's 1980 campaign staff, 22 were MPS members.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Several leading journalists, including Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist Walter Lippmann, former radical Max Eastman (then roving editor at "Reader's Digest"), John Chamberlain (former editorial writer for "Life" magazine), Henry Hazlitt (former financial editor of "The New York Times" and columnist for "Newsweek"), John Davenport (holder of editorial posts at "Fortune" and "Barron's") and Felix Morley (Pulitzer Prize-winning editor at "The Washington Post"), have also been members. Members of the MPS have also been well represented on the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: Eight MPS members, Friedrich Hayek, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Maurice Allais, James M. Buchanan, Ronald Coase, Gary Becker and Vernon Smith have won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. Graeme Maxton and Jørgen Randers note that it is no surprise that so many MPS members have won a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences because the MPS helped to create that award, specifically to legitimize free-market economic thinking.


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: In the "2014 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report" (Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, University of Pennsylvania), the MPS is noted as having the 9th (out of 55) "Best Think Tank Conference".


title: Mont Pelerin Society

text: In 2018, the Swiss blockchain banking Fintech company Mt Pelerin has named itself after the Mont Pelerin Society as an hommage to the values that the organization advocates.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle () or Kabylian (; native name: "Taqbaylit" , ) is a Berber language spoken by the Kabyle people in the north and northeast of Algeria. It is spoken primarily in Kabylia, east of the capital Algiers and in Algiers itself, but also by various groups near Blida, such as the Beni Salah and Beni Bou Yaqob.


title: Kabyle language

text: Estimates of the number of Kabyle speakers range from three million to about six million worldwide according to INALCO, with 2,537,000 speakers in Kabylia in Algeria. Kabyle has a significant Arabic, French, Latin, Greek, Phoenician and Punic substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle is one of the Berber languages, a family within the Afroasiatic languages. It is believed to have broken off very early from Proto-Berber, although after the Zenaga language did so.


title: Kabyle language

text: Approximately one-third of Algerians are Berber-speakers, clustered mostly near Algiers, in Kabylian and Shawi, but with some communities related to Kabyle in the west (Shenwa languages), east and south of the country. Kabyles are the largest Berber group in Algeria, but may not constitute a majority.


title: Kabyle language

text: The populations of Béjaïa (Bgayet), Bouïra (Tubirett) and Tizi Ouzou (Tizi Wezzu) provinces are in majority Kabyle-speaking. In addition, Kabyle is mainly spoken in the provinces of Boumerdès, and as well as in Bordj Bou Arréridj, Jijel, and in Algiers where it coexists with Algerian Arabic.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle Berber is also spoken as a native language among the Algerian Kabyle-descended diaspora in European and North American cities (mainly France). It is estimated that half of Kabyles live outside the Kabylian region.


title: Kabyle language

text: After the 2001–02 widespread Kabyle protests known as the Black Spring, the Berber (Amazigh) language (with all its Algerian dialects and varieties) was recognized as a 'national language' in the 2002 Algerian Constitution, but not as an 'official language' until 2016 after a long campaign by activists. The Arabic language is still the only "de jure" official language of Algeria. French is not recognized in any legal document of Algeria but enjoys a "de facto" position of an official language as it is used in every Algerian official administration or institution, at all levels of the government, sometimes much more than Arabic.


title: Kabyle language

text: The Berber (Amazigh) language faces an unfavourable environment, despite a public radio (Channel II, which dates back to the Algerian War), as well as a public TV channel (Channel IV or Tamazight TV). Since private ownership of TV channels is illegal in Algeria, Kabyles have launched a private Kabyle speaking TV channel, called "Berbère Television", that broadcasts from Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis in France (93).


title: Kabyle language

text: In 1994, Kabyle pupils and students boycotted Algerian schools for a year, demanding the officialization of Berber, leading to the symbolic creation of the "Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité" (HCA) in 1995. Berber was subsequently taught as a non-compulsory language in Berber speaking areas. The course being optional, few people attend.


title: Kabyle language

text: President Bouteflika has frequently stated that "Amazigh (the Berber language) will never be an official language, and if it has to be a national language, it must be submitted to a referendum". In 2005, President Bouteflika, stated that "there is no country in the world with two official languages" and "this will never be the case of Algeria".


title: Kabyle language

text: Nevertheless, after four decades of pacific struggle, riots, strikes, and social mobilization, including the Berber spring (1980, riots and strikes in the Kabylie region of Tizi Ouzou, Bouira and Bejaïa, as well as Algiers) and the Black Spring in 2001, President Bouteflika and his government stepped back and submitted to the Kabylie pressure by recognising Amazigh (Berber) as a "national language" without a referendum.


title: Kabyle language

text: In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic.


title: Kabyle language

text: Many identify two dialects: Greater Kabylie (west) and Lesser Kabylie (east), but the reality is more complex than that, Kabyle dialects constitute a dialect continuum that can be divided into four main dialects (from west to east):


title: Kabyle language

text: At the exception of the far-eastern dialect, much of the vocabulary of Kabyle is common among its dialects, though some lexical differences exist, e.g. the word "dream" in English (from west to east): bargu, argu, argu, bureg.


title: Kabyle language

text: The phonetic realization of the vowels, especially , is influenced by the character of the surrounding consonants; emphatic consonants invite a more open realization of the vowel, e.g. aẓru = 'stone' vs. amud = 'seed'. Often /a, i, u/ are realized as .


title: Kabyle language

text: In the Kabyle language there are various accents which are the result of assimilations (these accents are generally divided into western and eastern Kabyle). Some of these assimilations are present among all Kabyle "dialects" and some not. These assimilations are not noted in writing, such as:


title: Kabyle language

text: Gemination affects the quality of certain consonants, turning semivowels and fricatives into stops; in particular, geminated "ɣ" becomes "qq", geminated "y" becomes "gg", and geminated "w" becomes "bb".


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle is mostly composed of fricatives, phonemes which are originally stops in other Berber languages, but in writing there is no difference between fricatives and stops. Below is a list of fricatives vs. stops and when they are pronounced (note that gemination turns fricatives into stops).


title: Kabyle language

text: The most ancient Berber writings were written in the Libyco-Berber script, mostly from Numidian and Roman times. This script was an abjad, and is not yet completely deciphered today. Deciphered scripts are mostly funerary, following a simple formula of "X son of Y" (X u Y) which is still used to this day in the Kabyle language. Such writings have been found in Kabylie (also known as Kabylia) and continue to be discovered by archeologists. The Tifinagh script of the Tuaregs was a direct continuation of this earlier script.


title: Kabyle language

text: The Libyco-Berber alphabet disappeared in the region of Kabylia by the sixth century, when Latin became the official and administrative language in North Africa, as in rest of the former Roman empire.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle became a mostly spoken language after the Arabic conquest of North Africa, and while many examples of the Kabyle language written in a form of Berber-Arabic script survive, the number of Kabyle texts was relatively much smaller than those written in other Berber languages such as Shilha, Mozabite, and Nafusi.


title: Kabyle language

text: The first French–Kabyle dictionary was compiled by a French ethnologist in the 18th century. It was written in Latin script with an orthography based on that of French.


title: Kabyle language

text: However, the Kabyle language really became a written language again in the beginning of the 19th century. Under French influence, Kabyle intellectuals began to use the Latin script. ""Tamacahutt n wuccen"" by Brahim Zellal was one of the first Kabyle books written using this alphabet.


title: Kabyle language

text: After the independence of Algeria, some Kabyle activists tried to revive the Libyco-Berber script, which is still in use by the Tuareg. Attempts were made to modernize the writing system by modifying the shape of the letters and by adding vowels. This new version of Tifinagh has been called Neo-Tifinagh and has been adopted as the official script for Berber languages in Morocco. However, a majority of Berber activists (both in Morocco and Algeria) prefer the Latin script and see the Tifinagh as a hindrance to literacy in Berber. Kabyle literature continues to be written in Latin script. The use of Tifinagh is limited to logos.


title: Kabyle language

text: Mouloud Mammeri codified a new orthography for the Kabyle language which avoided using French orthography. His script has been adopted by all Berber linguists, the INALCO, and the Algerian HCA. It uses diacritics and two letters from the extended Latin alphabet: Čč Ḍḍ Ɛɛ Ǧǧ Ɣɣ Ḥḥ Ṣṣ Ṭṭ Ẓẓ.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle has two genders: masculine and feminine. As in most Berber languages, masculine nouns and adjectives generally start with a vowel ("a-", "i-", "u-"), while feminine nouns generally start with "t-" and end with a "-t", e.g. aqcic 'boy' vs. taqcict 'girl'.


title: Kabyle language

text: Plurals generally are formed by replacing initial "a-" with "i-", and either suffixing "-en" ("regular/external" plurals), changing vowels within the word ("broken/internal" plurals), or both. Examples:


title: Kabyle language

text: As in all Berber languages, Kabyle has two types of states or cases of the noun: "free state" and construct state (or 'annexed state'). The free state is morphologically unmarked. The construct state is derived either by changing initial /a-/ to /u-/, loss of initial vowel in some feminine nouns, addition of a semi-vowel word-initially, or in some cases no change occurs at all:


title: Kabyle language

text: As in Central Morocco Tamazight, construct state is used for subjects placed after their verbs, after prepositions, in noun complement constructions, and after certain numerals. Kabyle also places nouns in construct state when they head a noun phrase containing a co-referential bound pronoun earlier in the utterance.


title: Kabyle language

text: Verbs are conjugated for three tenses: the preterite (past), intensive aorist (present perfect, present continuous, past continuous) and the future (ad+aorist). Unlike other Berber languages, the aorist alone is rarely used in Kabyle (in the other languages it is used to express the present).


title: Kabyle language

text: Verbs are conjugated for person by adding affixes. These suffixes are static and identical for all tenses (only the theme changes). The epenthetic vowel "e" may be inserted between the affix and the verb. Verbs are always marked for subject and may also inflect for person of direct and indirect object.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle is a satellite-framed based language, Kabyle verbs use two particles to show the path of motion:


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle usually expresses negation in two parts, with the particle "ur" attached to the verb, and one or more negative words that modify the verb or one of its arguments. For example, simple verbal negation is expressed by « "ur" » before the verb and the particle « "ara" » after the verb:


title: Kabyle language

text: Other negative words (acemma... etc.) are used in combination with "ur" to express more complex types of negation. This system developed via Jespersen's cycle.


title: Kabyle language

text: Verb derivation is performed by adding affixes. There are three types of derivation forms: causative, reflexive and passive.


title: Kabyle language

text: Every verb has a corresponding agent noun. In English it could be translated into verb+er. It is obtained by prefixing the verb with « am- » or with « an- » if the first letter is b / f / m / w (there are exceptions, however).


title: Kabyle language

text: Verbal nouns are derived differently from different classes of verbal stems (including 'quality verbs'). Often "a-" or "t(u)-" is prefixed:


title: Kabyle language

text: There are three demonstratives, near-deictic ('this, these'), far-deictic ('that, those') and absence. They may either be suffixed to nouns, or appear in isolation. Examples: « Axxam-a / Axxam-agi» – "This house.", (House-this), «Wagi yelha» – "This is nice." (This is-nice).


title: Kabyle language

text: Prepositions precede their objects: « "i medden" » "to the people", « "si taddart" » "from the village". All words preceded by a preposition (except « "s" » and « "ar" », "towards", "until" ) take the annexed state.


title: Kabyle language

text: Some prepositions have two forms: one is used with pronominal suffixes and the other form is used in all other contexts, e.g. "ger" 'between' → "gar".


title: Kabyle language

text: The predicative particle 'd' is an indispensable tool in speaking Kabyle (or any other Amazigh language). "d" is equivalent to both "it is + adjective" and "to be + adjective", but cannot be replaced by the verb "ili" (to be). It is always followed by a noun in free state.


title: Kabyle language

text: The predicative particle "d" should not be confused with the particle of coordination "d"; indeed, the latter is followed by a noun at its annexed state while the first is always followed by a noun at its free state.


title: Kabyle language

text: Kabyle has absorbed some Arabic and Latin vocabulary. According to Salem Chaker, about a third of Kabyle vocabulary is of foreign origin; the number of French loanwords has not been studied yet. These loanwords are sometimes Berberized and sometimes kept in their original form. The Berberized words follow the regular grammar of Kabyle (free and annexed state).


title: Kabyle language

text: There are "yiwen" (f. "yiwet") "one", "sin" (f. "snat") "two". The noun being counted follows it in the genitive: "sin n yirgazen" "two men".


title: Kabyle language

text: Note: the predicative particle d was translated as "it.is", the particle of direction d was translated as "here".


title: Splay tree

text: A splay tree is a binary search tree with the additional property that recently accessed elements are quick to access again. Like self-balancing binary search trees, a splay tree performs basic operations such as insertion, look-up and removal in O(log "n") amortized time. For random access patterns drawn from a non-uniform random distribution, their amortized time can be faster than logarithmic, proportional to the entropy of the access pattern. For many patterns of non-random operations, also, splay trees can take better than logarithmic time, without requiring advance knowledge of the pattern. According to the unproven dynamic optimality conjecture, their performance on all access patterns is within a constant factor of the best possible performance that could be achieved by any other self-adjusting binary search tree, even one selected to fit that pattern. The splay tree was invented by Daniel Sleator and Robert Tarjan in 1985.


title: Splay tree

text: All normal operations on a binary search tree are combined with one basic operation, called "splaying". Splaying the tree for a certain element rearranges the tree so that the element is placed at the root of the tree. One way to do this with the basic search operation is to first perform a standard binary tree search for the element in question, and then use tree rotations in a specific fashion to bring the element to the top. Alternatively, a top-down algorithm can combine the search and the tree reorganization into a single phase.


title: Splay tree

text: Good performance for a splay tree depends on the fact that it is self-optimizing, in that frequently accessed nodes will move nearer to the root where they can be accessed more quickly. The worst-case height—though unlikely—is O("n"), with the average being O(log "n").


title: Splay tree

text: Having frequently-used nodes near the root is an advantage for many practical applications (also see locality of reference), and is particularly useful for implementing caches and garbage collection algorithms.


title: Splay tree

text: The most significant disadvantage of splay trees is that the height of a splay tree can be linear. For example, this will be the case after accessing all "n" elements in non-decreasing order. Since the height of a tree corresponds to the worst-case access time, this means that the actual cost of a single operation can be high. However the amortized access cost of this worst case is logarithmic, O(log "n"). Also, the expected access cost can be reduced to O(log "n") by using a randomized variant.


title: Splay tree

text: The representation of splay trees can change even when they are accessed in a 'read-only' manner (i.e. by "find" operations). This complicates the use of such splay trees in a multi-threaded environment. Specifically, extra management is needed if multiple threads are allowed to perform "find" operations concurrently. This also makes them unsuitable for general use in purely functional programming, although even there they can be used in limited ways to implement priority queues.


title: Splay tree

text: Finally, when the access pattern "is" random, the additional splaying overhead adds a significant constant factor to the cost compared to less-dynamic alternatives.


title: Splay tree

text: When a node "x" is accessed, a splay operation is performed on "x" to move it to the root. To perform a splay operation we carry out a sequence of "splay steps", each of which moves "x" closer to the root. By performing a splay operation on the node of interest after every access, the recently accessed nodes are kept near the root and the tree remains roughly balanced, so that we achieve the desired amortized time bounds.


title: Splay tree

text: It is important to remember to set "gg" (the "great-grandparent" of x) to now point to x after any splay operation. If "gg" is null, then x obviously is now the root and must be updated as such.


title: Splay tree

text: There are three types of splay steps, each of which has two symmetric variants: left- and right-handed. For the sake of brevity, only one of these two is shown for each type. (In the following diagrams, circles indicate nodes of interest and triangles indicate sub-trees of arbitrary size.) The three types of splay steps are:


title: Splay tree

text: Zig step: this step is done when "p" is the root. The tree is rotated on the edge between "x" and "p". Zig steps exist to deal with the parity issue, will be done only as the last step in a splay operation, and only when "x" has odd depth at the beginning of the operation.


title: Splay tree

text: Zig-zig step: this step is done when "p" is not the root and "x" and "p" are either both right children or are both left children. The picture below shows the case where "x" and "p" are both left children. The tree is rotated on the edge joining "p" with "its" parent "g", then rotated on the edge joining "x" with "p". Note that zig-zig steps are the only thing that differentiate splay trees from the "rotate to root" method introduced by Allen and Munro prior to the introduction of splay trees.


title: Splay tree

text: Zig-zag step: this step is done when "p" is not the root and "x" is a right child and "p" is a left child or vice versa ("x" is left, "p" is right). The tree is rotated on the edge between "p" and "x", and then rotated on the resulting edge between "x" and "g".


title: Splay tree

text: Given two trees S and T such that all elements of S are smaller than the elements of T, the following steps can be used to join them to a single tree:


title: Splay tree

text: Given a tree and an element "x", return two new trees: one containing all elements less than or equal to "x" and the other containing all elements greater than "x". This can be done in the following way:


title: Splay tree

text: In this way, deletion is reduced to the problem of removing a node with 0 or 1 children. Unlike a binary search tree, in a splay tree after deletion, we splay the parent of the removed node to the top of the tree.


title: Splay tree

text: Splaying, as mentioned above, is performed during a second, bottom-up pass over the access path of a node. It is possible to record the access path during the first pass for use during the second, but that requires extra space during the access operation. Another alternative is to keep a parent pointer in every node, which avoids the need for extra space during access operations but may reduce overall time efficiency because of the need to update those pointers.


title: Splay tree

text: Another method which can be used is based on the argument that we can restructure the tree on our way down the access path instead of making a second pass. This top-down splaying routine uses three sets of nodes – left tree, right tree and middle tree. The first two contain all items of original tree known to be less than or greater than current item respectively. The middle tree consists of the sub-tree rooted at the current node. These three sets are updated down the access path while keeping the splay operations in check. Another method, semisplaying, modifies the zig-zig case to reduce the amount of restructuring done in all operations.


title: Splay tree

text: Below there is an implementation of splay trees in C++, which uses pointers to represent each node on the tree. This implementation is based on bottom-up splaying version and uses the second method of deletion on a splay tree. Also, unlike the above definition, this C++ version does "not" splay the tree on finds – it only splays on insertions and deletions, and the find operation, therefore, has linear time complexity.


title: Splay tree

text: A simple amortized analysis of static splay trees can be carried out using the potential method. Define:


title: Splay tree

text: To apply the potential method, we first calculate ΔΦ: the change in the potential caused by a splay operation. We check each case separately. Denote by rank' the rank function after the operation. x, p and g are the nodes affected by the rotation operation (see figures above).


title: Splay tree

text: The amortized cost of any operation is ΔΦ plus the actual cost. The actual cost of any zig-zig or zig-zag operation is 2 since there are two rotations to make. Hence:


title: Splay tree

text: When summed over the entire splay operation, this telescopes to 3(rank(root)−rank("x")) which is O(log "n"). The Zig operation adds an amortized cost of 1, but there's at most one such operation.


title: Splay tree

text: To go from the amortized time to the actual time, we must add the decrease in potential from the initial state before any operation is done (Φ) to the final state after all operations are completed (Φ).


title: Splay tree

text: where the last inequality comes from the fact that for every node "x", the minimum rank is 0 and the maximum rank is log("n").


title: Splay tree

text: There are several theorems and conjectures regarding the worst-case runtime for performing a sequence "S" of "m" accesses in a splay tree containing "n" elements.


title: Splay tree

text: In addition to the proven performance guarantees for splay trees there is an unproven conjecture of great interest from the original Sleator and Tarjan paper. This conjecture is known as the "dynamic optimality conjecture" and it basically claims that splay trees perform as well as any other binary search tree algorithm up to a constant factor.


title: Splay tree

text: In order to reduce the number of restructuring operations, it is possible to replace the splaying with "semi-splaying", in which an element is splayed only halfway towards the root.


title: Splay tree

text: Another way to reduce restructuring is to do full splaying, but only in some of the access operations – only when the access path is longer than a threshold, or only in the first "m" access operations.


title: True Crime (series)

text: True Crime is a series of open world action-adventure video games told from the perspective of law enforcement. There are two games in the series, "", released in 2003, and "", released in 2005. Each game features GPS-accurate open world recreations of parts of Los Angeles and New York City, respectively. "Streets of LA" was developed by Luxoflux for the PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube, and ported to Microsoft Windows by LTI Gray Matter, to mobile by MFORMA and to macOS by Aspyr. It was published on all systems by Activision, except the Mac version, which was published by Aspyr. "New York City" was developed by Luxoflux for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube, and ported to Windows by Aspyr and to mobile by Hands-On Mobile. It was published on all systems by Activision.


title: True Crime (series)

text: "Streets of LA" received generally mixed-to-positive reviews, with many reviewers favourably comparing it to "Grand Theft Auto III" and "". It was also a commercial success, selling over three million units worldwide across all systems. "New York City" received mixed-to-negative reviews, with many critics feeling the game had been rushed to release incomplete. It was also a commercial failure, selling only 72,000 units across North America in its first two weeks of release.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Originally, "New York City" was intended as the first of a two-part series set in New York, but after the game's poor critical and commercial performance, Activision scrapped the direct sequel and put plans for future "True Crime" games on hold. In 2007, they hired United Front Games to develop an open world game set in Hong Kong. By 2009, this game had become "True Crime: Hong Kong". However, in 2011, the game was cancelled. Square Enix employee, and avid fan of the franchise, Heath Hallas made strives to revive the game, until, ultimately, the publishing rights were picked up by Square Enix several months later, and "True Crime: Hong Kong" was ultimately released in 2012 as "Sleeping Dogs", which has no connection to the "True Crime" series. In 2014, Activision abandoned the "True Crime" trademark.


title: True Crime (series)

text: The gameplay in the "True Crime" games is broadly similar. Both are open world action-adventure games played from a third-person perspective. In "Streets of LA", players control Detective Nicholas Kang of the fictional Elite Operations Division (E.O.D.), a hand-picked autonomous unit of the regular LAPD. In "New York City", players control Detective Marcus Reed of the PDNY (a fictional version of the NYPD).


title: True Crime (series)

text: "Streets of LA" was one of the first non-"Grand Theft Auto" open world action-adventure games released after "Grand Theft Auto III" in 2001, and, as such, was labeled by many as a "Grand Theft Auto" clone, as the core game mechanics are identical to "Grand Theft Auto III", and its 2002 successor, "" – in both "Streets of LA" and "New York City", the player can travel across the city freely, commandeer vehicles, do whatever they want in terms of attacking and/or killing innocent civilians, and progress through the storyline at their own leisure, spending as much time traversing the city as they wish. However, the major difference from "Grand Theft Auto" games is that in the "True Crime" games, the player controls a law enforcement officer.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Compared to "Streets of LA", "New York City" introduced more variety into the open world gameplay, with the player able to engage in minigames and sidequests, such as a street racing circuit, an underground fight club tournament, and securing CIs. Also new to "New York City" is that many buildings throughout the city, beyond those related to the game's story, are accessible to the player. These include pharmacies, where the player can purchase medicine, and delis, where they can purchase food (both of which restore lost health), clothing stores where they can purchase new outfits, car dealers where they can purchase new cars, dojos where they can purchase new fighting techniques, record stores where they can purchase new songs for the game's soundtrack, gun stores where they can purchase new weaponry and ammunition, and other random buildings such as hotels, nightclubs, restaurants, and apartment buildings. In most business interiors, players can extort the owner for extra cash and/or plant evidence to make an arrest.


title: True Crime (series)

text: In both games, during shooting missions, the game auto-targets the closest opponent. If the player wishes to switch target to another opponent, they must do so manually. When the player is in shooting mode, they can enter "Precision Targeting" at any time. At this point, the game switches to first-person, zooms in on the target, and goes into slow motion momentarily. While in Precision Targeting, if the targeting reticule turns green ("Streets of LA") or blue ("New York City"), the player can hit the enemy with a neutralizing, non-lethal shot. If the player fires when the reticule is red, the enemy will be killed instantly. Players can also take cover during shootouts, firing from behind cover when the opportunity presents itself. Players are also free to pick up any weapons dropped by enemies. Once the ammo of these weapons is depleted, however, the player character will drop the weapon and revert to his standard issue handgun, which, although it does need to be reloaded, never runs out of ammo.


title: True Crime (series)

text: In hand-to-hand combat in "Streets of LA", the player has four main attacks; high kick, low kick, punch, and grapple. After hitting an enemy a certain number of times, the enemy will be stunned, at which point the player can perform a combo by pressing a series of buttons. In hand-to-hand combat in "New York City", the player has three main attacks; light attack, heavy attack, and grapple. When the player grapples an opponent, they are free to throw them, or hit them with a number of light and/or heavy attacks. At certain points during combat, the enemy will be stunned, and a meter will appear on-screen prompting the player to press either the heavy attack or light attack button as much as possible within a set time. The more times the player presses the button, the more devastating the resulting special attack. The player can also toggle between different fighting styles, and switch to using a melee weapon at any time.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Driving missions can involve either trying to catch another car, escape from another car, or tailing another car. At all times, when the player is in a car, their car's condition is shown on screen. If the car's health meter empties, the car is close to destruction. During normal driving missions in both games, the player can solve random crimes given by the radio dispatcher.


title: True Crime (series)

text: In "New York City", the map is divided up into twenty different neighborhoods. When Reed solves a random crime in a particular area, the crime rate in that area drops. After he has solved a set number of crimes in one area, that area is considered "clean", and crime rates will not increase (although random crimes will still occur within the area). If Reed continues to ignore random crimes in a given area before it is clean, the crime rate in that area will increase, leading to stores closing, dirtier streets, boarded up buildings, more aggressive civilians, and more random crimes needed to clean the area up.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Upgrades are handled differently in each game. In "Streets of LA", the player can access 24/7 facilities throughout the map to upgrade their driving, fighting or shooting abilities. 24/7 facilities are only accessible if the player has an available "badge". Badges are earned by acquiring "Reward points"; every one-hundred reward points is converted into one badge. Entry into a 24/7 facility costs one badge, and the player must complete a challenge to earn the upgrade. The player earns reward points for arresting or killing criminals, solving crimes and completing missions. Points are deducted for killing civilians and failing missions. Upgrades in "New York City" simply cost money, with no points system and no challenge to complete. Upgrades become available for purchase as the player moves up through five grades of promotion. Money in the game can be earned legitimately by collecting wages, or illegitimately by selling evidence at pawn shops and/or extorting business owners.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Both game also feature a "Good Cop/Bad Cop" system. If the player arrests criminals, solves crimes, and shoots opponents with neutralizing shots, they will get Good Cop points. If, however, they kill civilians, shoot criminals in the head, fail to identify themselves as a police officer before opening fire, extort businesses, or sell evidence to pawn stores, they will get Bad Cop points. In "Streets of LA", if the player's Bad Cop score gets too high, civilians will begin to attack Kang. If the Bad Cop score reaches 99, SWAT will attempt to kill him. In "New York City", if the player's Bad Cop score gets too high, the player is considered to have "gone rogue", and other police officers will begin to attack Reed.


title: True Crime (series)

text: "Streets of LA" was first announced on May 15, 2002, when Activision revealed Luxoflux were developing an "original action-racing game inspired by Hong Kong action films" for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameCube. Larry Goldberg, executive vice president of Activision Worldwide Studios, stated:


title: True Crime (series)

text: Activision said the game combined the gameplay of beat 'em ups, third-person shooters, and vehicular combat games, and includes over twenty branching missions and multiple endings, with the game recreating of Los Angeles. The game was first shown at the 2002 E3 event in May.


title: True Crime (series)

text: In December, Activision revealed the size of the game's Los Angeles had been reduced to roughly . To recreate the city, the developers used commercial satellite imaging, GPS technology and traditional photographs, with the in-game city stretching from the Hollywood Hills to Downtown to Santa Monica to Marina Del Rey. They also revealed details of the branching plot, with many levels having two or three opening cutscenes, depending on what the player has done in previous levels. They stressed it would be rare for the player to find a "Game Over" screen; usually a failed mission will simply lead to a later level by way of a different path than had the player completed the mission successfully. They also announced the game would feature roughly one-hundred randomly occurring crimes that the player has the option of solving whilst driving around the city. The casting of Russell Wong as protagonist Nick Kang and Gary Oldman as the game's main villain was also announced. In April 2003, Activision revealed the casting of Christopher Walken, C. C. H. Pounder, James Hong, Mako, Ron Perlman and Keone Young. Several days later, Michelle Rodriguez and Michael Madsen were also added to the cast.


title: True Crime (series)

text: The game was next shown at the 2003 E3 event in May, where Activision again announced the size of the game's city had been decreased in size, this time to . However, they also said that over one-hundred landmarks in L.A. were featured in the game, in their exact geographical locations, such as the Los Angeles Convention Center and the Staples Center. On October 22, they sent the final build of the game to gaming websites. Several days later they confirmed rumors that Snoop Dogg was an unlocakble character, with his own mission and car. They also signed an exclusive licensing deal with PUMA.


title: True Crime (series)

text: "New York City" was first announced on July 21, 2004, when Activision CEO Ron Doornink announced plans for "sequels to "True Crime", "Call of Duty", "Spider-Man", "Tony Hawk", "Shrek", and "Quake"". However, nothing more was heard about the game for almost a year; until May 2005, when Activision revealed the game was so big, developers Luxoflux had drafted in staff from another Activision owned developer, Z-Axis. In May 18, Activision debuted a trailer, which featured protagonist Marcus Reed arresting some criminals. At the 2005 E3 event, Activision dedicated a large part of their booth to the upcoming game, but no footage was made available, nor was any plot information, or even a title, with the game going by "True Crime 2005". All that was confirmed at was that the game would definitely be released on current generation systems.


title: True Crime (series)

text: The game's official website revealed it was set in New York City, with an image of the Manhattan skyline appearing as the site's wallpaper. In August 2005, IGN published an interview with former NYPD detective Bill Clark, who had previously served as executive producer and technical advisor of "NYPD Blue", and was working as head technical advisor for "New York City". Of his involvement with the game, Clarke stated:


title: True Crime (series)

text: In his efforts to help Activision make the best game they could, Clarke found a compromise had to be reached between reality and the nature of videogaming:


title: True Crime (series)

text: A work-in-progress build of the game was shown on September 7. Activision revealed several features new to the game, including a continuous day/night cycle, a more populated city than the Los Angeles of "Streets of LA", a darker palette than the first game, more cars and vehicles, the ability to travel by taxi or subway, and the ability to enter buildings beyond those related to plot. The following week, the main cast was shown, including Laurence Fishburne, Mickey Rourke, Christopher Walken, Mariska Hargitay, Esai Morales, and Traci Lords. Marcus Reed was voiced by Avery Waddell. Details of the soundtrack were released a week later. The soundtrack's headliner was Redman, who was recording an original song for the game, and became an unlocakble character with his own minigame, much as Snoop Dogg had in "Streets of LA".


title: True Crime (series)

text: As part of the video game's launch, PUMA revealed a unique sneaker mission within the game, and the production of a special edition sneaker. In the game, if players find all of the True Crime RS-100 sneakers throughout the city and return them to real New York City retailers featured in the game, the player unlocks an exclusive PUMA outfit for Reed. In addition, players could purchase the limited-edition True Crime RS-100 sneakers within the same New York City stores in the real world.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Initially, "New York City" was intended to have been the first part of a two-part series set in New York and featuring Marcus Reed, but the sequel was scrapped when the game proved a critical and commercial failure.


title: True Crime (series)

text: Towards the end of 2007, Activision approached United Front Games to develop an open world game for next generation consoles set in Hong Kong, and unrelated to the "True Crime" series. Originally called "Black Lotus", the game went into production in early 2008. A year into development, Activision proposed that "Black Lotus" be incorporated into the "True Crime" franchise, hoping the new ideas brought to the table by United Front could help revitalize the franchise. At the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards, Activision debuted the game as "True Crime: Hong Kong". Although originally slated for a Fall 2010 release, in May that year, Activision announced the game had been pushed back to early 2011 "in order to give the development team more time to deliver the high-quality entertainment experience they envision for the game".


title: True Crime (series)

text: In February 2011, however, Activision cancelled "True Crime: Hong Kong", claiming that due to "quality issues", further investment would not make the game competitive in the open world genre. The game's executive producer Stephen Van Der Mescht expressed disappointment with Activision's decision, stating the game was "playable from start to finish and virtually complete in terms of content". Activision CEO Eric Hirshberg explained that an escalating budget and development delays were the main contributing factors in the game's cancellation. Hirshberg stated that the increase in budget and subsequent delays meant the game would have to be "a pretty incredible success in order to be worth the investment that it was taking to get it done". Due to competition posed by other titles, particularly "Grand Theft Auto" and "Red Dead Redemption", and the fact that the previous game in the "True Crime" series had been a critical and commercial failure, Activision's view was that the game would not be able to compete. According to Hirshberg:


title: True Crime (series)

text: In August, Square Enix acquired the publishing rights to the game, although they did not buy the rights to the "True Crime" franchise, which were retained by Activision. Ultimately, the game was renamed "Sleeping Dogs" and released in August 2012. In December 2014, Activision abandoned the "True Crime" trademark completely.


title: True Crime (series)

text: The two games in the "True Crime" franchise garnered different reactions from critics. Both games received mixed reviews.


title: True Crime (series)

text: IGN's Aaron Boulding wrote of "Streets of LA" that "the greatest strength of this Luxoflux game is the integration of story and layers of game design into one cohesive package", calling it "an enjoyable game if you can clear your mind of "Grand Theft Auto" expectations". "Game Informer"s Andrew Reiner wrote ""True Crime" is the first game to come along and truly give the "Grand Theft Auto" series a run for its money". However, he called Nick Kang "quite easily the most annoying new character in video games". GameSpy's Russ Fischer wrote "there's more to "True Crime" than "GTA" emulation". GameSpot's Jeff Gertsmann called Kang "completely unlikeable" and "an unnecessarily cocky jerk". Of the gameplay, he wrote "it makes decent attempts with its different styles of gameplay, but none of them are particularly well done". Eurogamer's Tom Bramwell was critical of the graphics, citing "low-resolution textures, some clipping issues, a rather horrible depth of field effect and a lack of screen-filling vistas". He also called Kang "one of the most unlikeable folks I've ever had the displeasure of thumbing around a third-person action game". Despite of the game's flaws, he concluded that "it's a respectable enough game in its own right".


title: True Crime (series)

text: IGN's Chris Roper was impressed with "New York City", praising "how well your general duties as a cop are tied into the game, working very well alongside your own personal investigations" and finding the gameplay and game mechanics superior to "Streets of LA". Eurogamer's Jim Rossignol was critical of the AI: "The perps you take down never suggest that they are anything other than mindless automata ready to be slain, and exhibit an artificiality that could never be described as 'intelligence'". GameSpy's Sterling McGarvey wrote: "Luxoflux have turned a slightly above-par "GTA" clone into a sub-par franchise". Of the graphics, he wrote that "the frame rate has a knack for chugging. Considering it's a console and not a five year-old PC running this game, it's unacceptable. Out of nowhere, the frame rate will completely bottom out while Marcus patrols the streets". He called the game "unfinished". GameSpot's Greg Mueller accused the game of being "so riddled with problems that it feels like it was rushed to make it to store shelves in time for the holidays. He cited "collision detection issues and edge detection problems that cause you to get stuck on the edge of a platform. [And] the game will actually freeze up entirely from time to time [...] There are also some pretty ugly clipping issues here too". He concluded "the technical problems far outweigh any faint hope this game ever had of being enjoyable. If you're curious about what a video game looks like before it goes through adequate testing and quality assurance, then by all means give this one a try".


title: True Crime (series)

text: "Streets of LA" was a commercial success. During its first two weeks on release in North America, it sold over 300,000 units across all platforms. By the end of its first month, it had sold over 600,000 units. Ultimately, the game went on to sell over 3 million units worldwide across all platforms.


title: True Crime (series)

text: "New York City" did not sell well, falling considerably short of Activision's expectations, and selling only 72,000 units in its first two weeks on release in North America.


title: Star chart

text: A star chart is a celestial map of the night sky with astronomical objects laid out on a grid system. They are used to identify and locate constellations, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and planets. They have been used for human navigation since time immemorial. Note that a star chart differs from an astronomical catalog, which is a listing or tabulation of astronomical objects for a particular purpose. Tools utilizing a star chart include the astrolabe and planisphere.


title: Star chart

text: A variety of archaeological sites and artifacts found are thought to indicate ancient made star charts.


title: Star chart

text: The oldest known star chart may be a carved ivory Mammoth tusk, drawn by early people from Asia who moved into Europe, that was discovered in Germany in 1979. This artifact is 32,500 years old and has a carving that resembles the constellation Orion, although it could not be confirmed and could also be a pregnancy chart.


title: Star chart

text: German researcher Dr Michael Rappenglueck, of the University of Munich, has suggested that drawing on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades open cluster of stars. This is dated from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago. He also suggested a panel in the same caves depicting a charging bison, a man with a bird's head and the head of a bird on top of a piece of wood, together may depict the Summer Triangle, which at the time was a circumpolar formation. Rappenglueck also discovered a drawing of the Northern Crown constellation in the cave of El Castillo (North of Spain), made in the same period as the Lascaux chart.


title: Star chart

text: Another star chart panel, created more than 21,000 years ago, was found in the (fr). The bovine in this panel may represent the constellation Taurus, with a pattern representing the Pleiades just above it.


title: Star chart

text: A star chart drawn 5000 years ago by the Indians in Kashmir, which also depict a supernova for the first time in human history.


title: Star chart

text: The Nebra sky disk, a 30 cm wide bronze disk dated to 1600 BC, bears gold symbols generally interpreted as a sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, several stars including the Pleiades cluster and possibly the Milky Way.


title: Star chart

text: The oldest accurately dated star chart appeared in ancient Egyptian astronomy in 1534 BC. The earliest known star catalogues were compiled by the ancient Babylonian astronomers of Mesopotamia in the late 2nd millennium BC, during the Kassite Period ("ca." 1531–1155 BC).


title: Star chart

text: The oldest records of Chinese astronomy date to the Warring States period (476–221 BC), but the earliest preserved Chinese star catalogues of astronomers Shi Shen and Gan De are found in the 2nd-century BC "Shiji" by the Western Han historian Sima Qian. The oldest Chinese graphical representation of the night sky is a lacquerware box from the 5th-century BC Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng, although this depiction shows the positions of the Chinese constellations by name and does not show individual stars.


title: Star chart

text: The Farnese Atlas is a 2nd-century AD Roman copy of a Hellenistic era Greek statue depicting the Titan Atlas holding the celestial sphere on his shoulder. It is the oldest surviving depiction of the ancient Greek constellations, and includes grid circles that provide coordinate positions. Because of precession, the positions of the constellations slowly change over time. By comparing the positions of the 41 constellations against the grid circles, an accurate determination can be made of the epoch when the original observations were performed. Based upon this information, the constellations were catalogued at . This evidence indicates that the star catalogue of the 2nd-century BC Greek astronomer Hipparchus was used.


title: Star chart

text: A Roman era example of a graphical representation of the night sky is the Ptolemaic Egyptian Dendera zodiac, dating from 50 BC. This is a bas relief sculpting on a ceiling at the Dendera Temple complex. It is a planisphere depicting the zodiac in graphical representations. However, individual stars are not plotted.


title: Star chart

text: The oldest surviving manuscript star chart was the Dunhuang Star Chart, dated to the Tang dynasty (618–907) and discovered in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang in Gansu, Western China along the Silk Road. This is a scroll 210 cm in length and 24.4 cm wide showing the sky between declinations 40° south to 40° north in twelve panels, plus a thirteenth panel showing the northern circumpolar sky. A total of 1,345 stars are drawn, grouped into 257 asterisms. The date of this chart is uncertain, but is estimated as 705–10 AD.


title: Star chart

text: During the Song dynasty (960–1279), the Chinese astronomer Su Song wrote a book titled "Xin Yixiang Fa Yao" (New Design for the Armillary Clock) containing five maps of 1,464 stars. This has been dated to 1092. In 1193, the astronomer Huang Shang prepared a planisphere along with explanatory text. It was engraved in stone in 1247, and this chart still exists in the Wen Miao temple in Suzhou.


title: Star chart

text: In Muslim astronomy, the first star chart to be drawn accurately was most likely the illustrations produced by the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi in his 964 work titled "Book of Fixed Stars". This book was an update of parts VII.5 and VIII.1 of the 2nd century Almagest star catalogue by Ptolemy. The work of al-Sufi contained illustrations of the constellations and portrayed the brighter stars as dots. The original book did not survive, but a copy from about 1009 is preserved at the Oxford University.


title: Star chart

text: Perhaps the oldest European star map was a parchment manuscript titled "De Composicione Spere Solide". It was most likely produced in Vienna, Austria in 1440 and consisted of a two-part map depicting the constellations of the northern celestial hemisphere and the ecliptic. This may have served as a prototype for the oldest European printed star chart, a 1515 set of woodcut portraits produced by Albrecht Dürer in Nuremberg, Germany.


title: Star chart

text: During the European Age of Discovery, expeditions to the southern hemisphere began to result in the addition of new constellations. These most likely came from the records of two Dutch sailors, Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser and Frederick de Houtman, who in 1595 traveled together to the Dutch East Indies. Their compilations resulted in the 1601 globe of Jodocus Hondius, who added 12 new southern constellations. Several other such maps were produced, including Johann Bayer's "Uranometria" in 1603. The latter was the first atlas to chart both celestial hemispheres and it introduced the Bayer designations for identifying the brightest stars using the Greek alphabet. The "Uranometria" contained 48 maps of Ptolemaic constellations, a plate of the southern constellations and two plates showing the entire northern and southern hemispheres in stereographic polar projection.


title: Star chart

text: Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius published his Firmamentum Sobiescianum star atlas posthumously in 1690. It contained 56 large, double page star maps and improved the accuracy in the position of the southern stars. He introduced 11 more constellations (Scutum, Lacerta, Canes Venatici, etc.).


title: Star chart

text: In 1824 Sidney Hall produced a set of star charts called Urania's Mirror. They are illustrations based on Alexander Jamieson's "A Celestial Atlas", but the addition of holes punched in them allowed them to be held up to a light to see a depiction of the constellation's stars.


title: Fizz (cocktail)

text: A "fizz" is a mixed drink variation on the older sours family of cocktail. Its defining features are an acidic juice (such as lemon or lime) and carbonated water. It typically includes gin or rum as its alcoholic ingredient.


title: Fizz (cocktail)

text: The first printed reference to "fiz" is in the appendix to the 1876 edition of Jerry Thomas's "Bartender's Guide", which contains four such recipes. The fizz became widely popular in America between 1900 and the 1940s. Known as a hometown specialty of New Orleans, the gin fizz was so popular that bars would employ teams of bartenders that would take turns shaking the drinks. Demand for fizzes went international at least as early as 1950, as evidenced by its inclusion in the French cookbook "L'Art Culinaire Francais" published that year.