title: Scott Moe

text: Moe and the Saskatchewan Party have opposed the federal government's plan to institute a carbon tax. As part of the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act, any province which did not implement its own tax rate on greenhouse gas pollution by January 2019 would have a rate set by the federal government. Saskatchewan subsequently launched a court challenge in April 2018, arguing to the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal that the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act is unconstitutional. Polling showed widespread support for the challenge within the province at 88%. More than a year later and after a federal tax rate had already been implemented in Saskatchewan for refusing to institute its own, the Saskatchewan court released its decision in May 2019 upholding the federal law. The provinces of Ontario and Alberta followed Saskatchewan's lead and launched their own constitutional challenges against the carbon pricing act; in June 2019 Ontario's Court of Appeal also upheld the federal law, while in February 2020 the Alberta Court of Appeal ruled that the law was unconstitutional. Saskatchewan acted as an intervenor in the other challenges, and each case was referred to the Supreme Court. After Saskatchewan's Supreme Court case was initially delayed with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was eventually heard in September 2020, although the Court adjourned without a decision, stating that it would release a decision at a later date after hearing challenges from Ontario and Alberta. However, Moe continued his vocal opposition to carbon pricing when the federal government announced in December 2020 that the federal tax would be increasing to $170 per tonne by the year 2030, reiterating that the scheme is unconstitutional despite the pending Supreme Court decision. In March 2021, the Supreme Court ruled that the Greenhouse Gas Pollution Pricing Act is constitutional. As a result of the ruling, Moe signaled that the province would develop its own carbon pricing scheme to succeed the federal scheme.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe has based his approach to climate and environment on technology like carbon capture and storage and on agriculture. However, this approach, encapsulated in the province's "Prairie Resilience" climate change strategy, has been criticized by environmental experts and organizations, including the Saskatchewan Environmental Society, as inadequate, especially in failing to reduce the province's greenhouse gas emissions, which are the highest per capita in Canada. Moe has also been a staunch advocate for the building of new pipelines, and in February 2020 he formed a cabinet committee tasked with assessing how the government could help the cause.


title: Scott Moe

text: While energy issues including carbon pricing and pipelines have been at the core of Moe's adversarial relationship with the federal government, he has been a frequent critic of the Liberal government in other areas and has expressed a desire to set new terms for relations with the federal government. In the wake of the Liberals' 2019 election victory, in which they did not win a seat in Saskatchewan, Moe released a statement calling for "A New Deal with Canada," including a revised formula for equalization payments. He further stated that he would explore how Saskatchewan could gain more control over taxation and immigration, citing Quebec's unique powers in these areas as an example. While other conservative provincial governments denounced western separatist rhetoric and signaled a willingness to work with Ottawa, Moe maintained a hard line approach and has been accused of stoking separatist sentiment. After the 2020 provincial election, in which the separatist Buffalo Party received more than 2.5% of the popular vote despite running candidates in only 17 of 61 ridings, Moe stated, "[w]e share your frustrations, and we share many of your objectives," and he called for more "independence" and "autonomy" for the province. Moe has also recently criticized federal firearms legislation, and in anticipation of a provision allowing cities to ban handguns, Moe's government passed its own legislation banning municipalities from setting independent gun laws.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe criticized Justin Trudeau's decision to call a snap election, causing the 2021 Canadian federal election, calling it "the most pointless election in Canadian history."


title: Scott Moe

text: In November 2021 Moe again brought up the issue of more autonomy for Saskatchewan after the Liberals announced a future cap on oil and gas emissions at COP 26. Moe again referenced Quebec's relationship with the federal government and suggested that Saskatchewan should be considered a "nation within a nation," seeking more autonomy including in areas such as taxation and policing. Moe's statements were applauded by both the federal separatist Maverick Party and the provincial separatist Buffalo Party; the latter thanked Moe "for taking the time to read our platform, and marketing it for us." In October 2022, Moe released a white paper on provincial autonomy titled "Drawing the Line: Defending Saskatchewan's Economy Autonomy." The paper claimed that the province stood to lose more than $100 billion by 2035 due to federal environmental policies, asserted that the province was prepared to attempt further court actions against pollution regulation, and reiterated Moe's desire for more provincial power in taxation, immigration, and other areas. The paper was widely criticized. An Alberta-based economist called the economic analysis "incredibly weak," while economists in Saskatchewan criticized it for ignoring carbon pricing rebates and the costs of climate change. A number of academics and Indigenous leaders took issue with the paper failing to mention anything about Indigenous peoples and rights.


title: Scott Moe

text: In February 2018 protestors set up a teepee camp in Wascana Park near the Legislature to raise awareness about anti-Indigenous racism, and in particular the disproportionate apprehension of Indigenous children by Child and Family Services. Campers were seeking changes to the welfare system as well as updates to the police and coroner's act. Moe refused to meet with organizers at the camp, which was dubbed "Justice For Our Stolen Children." Rather, Moe repeatedly argued that the camp was violating local bylaws and, concerned over potential disruptions to Canada Day celebrations, the government issued an eviction notice in early June. On June 18, six people from the camp were arrested and the camp was dismantled. However, the camp was set back up on June 21 with an even larger presence. Moe renewed calls for the police to remove the camp, and although representatives from the government agreed to meet with camp organizers in early July, Moe opted not to join them. The camp unsuccessfully requested further meetings, and the province and the camp each filed court cases, with the province seeking removal of the camp and the camp seeking for the June arrests to be deemed an infringement of charter rights. While a decision was reserved on the latter question, the court ordered the camp to disband in September. The camp disbanded on September 12, 197 days after it was first erected. Camp organizers expressed dismay that park bylaws proved to be a bigger priority than addressing the issues the camp brought forward.


title: Scott Moe

text: In July 2020 another camp was set up in Wascana Park, this time in an effort to address a suicide crisis in northern Saskatchewan after the Saskatchewan Party voted unanimously against a suicide prevention bill in June 2020. Moe refused to meet with the organizer of what was dubbed the "Walking With Our Angels" camp, Tristen Durocher, and the government filed a court case to evict the camp for violating park bylaws. In this case the court ruled against the government, striking down the bylaws for infringing on constitutional protections. Moe continued to call the camp illegal despite the decision, and he did not meet with Durocher before his 44-day protest ended.


title: Scott Moe

text: Although Moe mused in the spring about calling an early election, the 2020 provincial election ultimately took place in October as per the province's fixed-election law. It was Moe's first election since being sworn in as premier. On October 26, the Saskatchewan Party was re-elected to its fourth consecutive majority government. This was the first time a government had won four consecutive elections in Saskatchewan since the CCF led by Tommy Douglas in the 1950s. Moe was re-elected in Rosthern-Shellbrook with nearly 80% of the vote.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe based his campaign on an economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, promising to balance the provincial budget by 2024. As part of his pitch, Moe touted the province's success in handling the pandemic. He also appealed to homeowners with promises of rebates on energy bills and a home renovation tax credit.


title: Scott Moe

text: In March 2021, ahead of the release of the new provincial budget, Moe's finance minister signaled that the government would not balance the budget by 2024. Moe admitted that the economic recovery period from the pandemic was uncertain and therefore would no longer commit to a date for when the budget would be balanced.


title: Scott Moe

text: Saskatchewan's first case of COVID-19 was confirmed on March 12, 2020. Opposition leader Ryan Meili called for an all-party committee, including medical and economic experts, to be formed to handle the emerging pandemic, but Moe rejected the overture. Despite both the pandemic and the province's fixed-election law, Moe drew criticism when he mused openly about calling a spring election ahead of the scheduled October election. However, on March 18 Moe declared a state of emergency, giving the province the power to institute far-reaching public health measures. The province mandated a wide range of businesses to close temporarily to slow the onset of the pandemic in the province, and with relatively low case numbers most businesses were allowed to re-open by July. In the fall, Moe vowed not to instate a "lockdown," arguing that doing so would be detrimental to business in the province. Saskatchewan proved to be one of the hardest hit provinces in a second wave of cases beginning in the fall of 2020, and by early 2021 the province had the highest case rate in the country. The province introduced new public health measures during this second wave, but Moe persistently rejected calls for a short-term closure of businesses, opting to keep most establishments open at reduced capacities, even as some businesses argued that they would benefit from a stricter approach. Moreover, despite prioritizing keeping the economy open, Saskatchewan posted the highest number of job losses in the country between March 2020 and March 2021. Moe's popularity began to wane as a result, and he was criticized for his handling of the second wave.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe was further criticized for unusually long adjournments of the Legislature during the pandemic, and accused of avoiding democratic accountability. Moe himself persistently criticized the federal government for its handling of vaccine procurement. On multiple occasions Moe defended Saskatchewan's chief medical health officer, Dr. Saqib Shahab, after Shahab was subjected to racist insults and protests at his home by anti-mask protestors.


title: Scott Moe

text: On March 9, 2021, Moe moved to once again ease public health restrictions as cases trended downwards. However, public health experts criticized this move, particularly with the arrival of known variants-of-concern in the province. The province was subsequently subjected to a third wave that raised concerns among health care workers that the province's health care system was strained.


title: Scott Moe

text: With vaccines widely available and the third wave receding by May 2021, Moe angled to make Saskatchewan the first province to lift all public health measures related to the pandemic. On July 11, Moe announced that all remaining public health measures were lifted, and stated that "Instead of trying to control the infection rate through government-imposed restrictions and government rules, we can now control COVID through vaccines." At the time Moe also announced that regular public updates would end. However, despite this optimism, by August it was clear that Saskatchewan had the lowest vaccination rates of any province and was in the early stages of a fourth wave driven by infections predominantly among unvaccinated people. Local health experts renewed calls for public health measures to help curb the growth of cases, culminating in an August 26 letter signed by provincial medical health officers requesting specific measures such as mask mandates and a reinstatement of mandatory isolation for positive cases. Moe publicly rejected these requests, stating that it would be "grossly unfair" to vaccinated people to reinstate public health measures. By early September Saskatchewan's case rate was three times higher than the Canadian average. Health care workers continued speaking publicly, detailing the strain the fourth wave was placing on the health care system and accusing the government of downplaying a crisis in emergency departments in particular. In addition, municipal leaders, including the mayors of Saskatoon and Prince Albert, publicly called for more action from the provincial government.


title: Scott Moe

text: After weeks of spurning calls for a provincial response and amid record case and hospitalization numbers, Moe announced on September 16, 2021, that the province would reinstate certain public health measures as well as a proof-of-vaccination system for certain venues and businesses. Moe was criticized both for waiting too long to introduce the measures and for refusing accountability for having lifted all measures approximately two months prior. By mid-October Moe admitted that the province could have acted sooner in instating public health measures, and said he was "sorry" to those in the province whose health care procedures were cancelled or deferred indefinitely due to triaging in the overwhelmed health care system.


title: Scott Moe

text: In October 2021, Saskatchewan began airlifting ICU patients to Ontario in a bid to relieve its strained hospital capacity. Criticism of Moe's handling of the fourth wave continued to build even after some public health measures were instated, with health care professionals and organizations such as the Canadian Medical Association calling openly for the province to do more, such as imposing gathering restrictions and other measures initially recommended in the August 26 letter from provincial medical health officers. On October 26 the province's chief medical health officer stated that these requests were "closely aligned" with the recommendations that he had been making, which were being rejected by the government.


title: Scott Moe

text: In January 2022, with cases in the province surging to new heights in a fifth wave, Moe resisted calls for increased public health measures, rejecting gathering limits as more harmful than helpful despite repeated public recommendations by the chief medical health officer to avoid non-essential gatherings. Moe stated without evidence on numerous occasions that gathering limits were proving ineffective against the omicron variant in other provinces. On January 12 Moe pointed to Saskatchewan hospitalizations remaining stable as proof that no new restrictions were needed; however, by January 26 hospitalizations had reached levels not seen since the peak of the fourth wave. Saskatchewan also moved to restrict PCR testing, advising those who tested positive on self-administered RAT tests but who were experiencing no or only mild symptoms to merely isolate. This was criticized both for potentially obscuring the official case count and because the province's Workers' Compensation Board would not accept RAT test results as proof of diagnosis.


title: Scott Moe

text: On January 13, 2022, Moe announced that he had tested positive for COVID-19 on an at-home Rapid antigen test. He stated that he was asymptomatic but would be isolating for five days. This revelation came one day after Moe repeatedly removed his mask to speak to reporters at a COVID-19 press conference.


title: Scott Moe

text: On January 26, 2022, Moe announced that the province was likely to end both close contact isolation in schools and the proof-of-vaccination system, suggesting that they had "run their course." On January 29, Moe published a letter in support in support of the so-called Freedom Convoy protest seeking to end all COVID-related public health measures in Canada, stating that Saskatchewan would soon be ending its public health orders. Then, on February 2, Moe posted a video to social media in which he reiterated that Saskatchewan would be ending all such measures "very soon," stating that public health orders had been government restrictions on "rights and freedoms." Saskatchewan subsequently became the first province to lift all public health measures, on February 28. By April, the province had a hospitalization rate four times those of British Columbia and Ontario, which epidemiologists warned showed no signs of slowing down.


title: Scott Moe

text: During the 2020 election, the sons of Joanne Balog, who was killed in a 1997 car collision with Moe, revealed that Moe had never apologized to them. Steve Balog, who was injured in the crash, claimed that he only learned that Moe was the at-fault driver in the incident when the Premier was asked about the crash by the media during the election campaign, as the police did not disclose his identity at the time of the crash. Although Moe had publicly apologized for the crash previously, he declined to speak directly with the Balogs during the election campaign, stating it would be an inappropriate time to do so. Steve Balog criticized Moe for "flip-flopping" after he had suggested publicly that he would be reaching out to the Balogs. In the midst of this criticism, Moe revealed previously undisclosed stayed charges from a 1994 incident for impaired driving and leaving the scene of a crash or a collision.


title: Scott Moe

text: In January 2021 after the executive committee for Regina's City Council adopted an amendment to its sponsorship policy that may have restricted the ability for some energy companies to advertise on City buildings and at City events, Moe released a statement threatening to withhold municipal surcharges from Crown energy companies SaskPower and SaskEnergy if City Council didn't reject the amendment. Moe's comments were criticized by Regina city councilors and the Municipalities of Saskatchewan for infringing on the city government's autonomy. The debate spurred significant backlash from the oil and gas industry lobby, and Council ultimately voted unanimously against the amendment.


title: Scott Moe

text: In February 2021 Moe sparked controversy when he suggested that those calling for stricter measures to address the COVID-19 pandemic were those able to work from home. Polling at the time showed that 67% of people polled in Saskatchewan saw the need for stricter measures. Moe's comments drew particular criticism from health care workers, many of whom have persistently called for stricter measures. The president of the Saskatchewan Federation of Labour, Lori Johb, responded by stating that the "numbers of people dying and becoming sick every day from COVID-19 are a direct reflection on the lack of action from our provincial government."


title: Scott Moe

text: In April 2021 Moe and his Health Minister, Paul Merriman, rejected an invitation to tour an intensive care unit at Regina General Hospital. Moe had been criticized for downplaying the impact of the pandemic on Saskatchewan ICUs and health care workers at Regina General Hospital who invited Moe for a tour were quoted as saying, "‘If only the leadership would come and see what's really going on here, they would understand what we're dealing with."


title: Scott Moe

text: In September 2021 Moe courted further controversy when he singled out northern and Indigenous communities for low vaccination rates and seemingly placed the blame on the federal government, incorrectly describing such communities as areas of "exclusive federal jurisdiction." Moe was called out by federal politicians, the Opposition, and by First Nations leadership, many of whom made the point that a number of southern and non-Indigenous communities in the province in fact had the lowest rates of vaccination in the province, some as low as 12%.


title: Scott Moe

text: In December 2021 Moe was criticized for phoning and engaging in an hour-long conversation with Nadine Ness, the head of the group "Unified Grassroots," known for its opposition to public health measures and its links to controversial protests at hospitals and COVID conspiracy theories. Ness and Unified Grassroots had previously taken the province to court in a failed bid to reverse its proof-of-vaccination policy.


title: Scott Moe

text: In January 2022 Moe dismissed a peer-reviewed study from the Royal Society of Canada regarding excess mortality in Canada during the pandemic as "some of the most egregious misinformation" of the pandemic. The study notes that Saskatchewan is well out-of-date for reporting deaths and as such may have substantially more COVID deaths than have been made public to date. Moe was widely criticized for this characterization of the study.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe stirred further controversy in January 2022 by writing a letter in support of the so-called Freedom Convoy protest seeking to end all COVID-related public health measures in Canada. Moe was subsequently the only Premier thanked in a news conference by convoy organizers. In his letter, Moe wrote that an "unvaccinated trucker does not pose any greater risk of transmission than a vaccinated trucker." This was one of several statements Moe made downplaying the effectiveness of vaccines at reducing COVID transmission. These statements drew widespread condemnation as misinformation, and were called "unprecedented" in coming from a sitting Premier.


title: Scott Moe

text: Moe is married to Krista Scott and the couple have two children: Carter and Taryn. Moe is an avid fisherman and golfer.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The environmental impact of concrete, its manufacture and applications, are complex, driven in part by direct impacts of construction and infrastructure, as well as by CO emissions; between 4-8% of total global CO emissions come from concrete. Many depend on circumstances. A major component is cement, which has its own environmental and social impacts and contributes largely to those of concrete.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The cement industry is one of the main producers of carbon dioxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Concrete causes damage to the most fertile layer of the earth, the topsoil.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud flows, and the like. Light-colored concrete can reduce the urban heat island effect, due to its higher albedo. However, original vegetation results in even greater benefit. Concrete dust released by building demolition and natural disasters can be a major source of dangerous air pollution. The presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns due to toxicity and (usually naturally occurring) radioactivity. Wet concrete is highly alkaline and should always be handled with proper protective equipment. Concrete recycling is increasing in response to improved environmental awareness, legislation, and economic considerations. Conversely, the use of concrete mitigates the use of alternative building materials such as wood, which is a natural form of carbon sequestering.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The cement industry is one of the two largest producers of carbon dioxide (CO), creating up to 5% of worldwide man-made emissions of this gas, of which 50% is from the chemical process and 40% from burning fuel. The produced for the manufacture of structural concrete (using ~14% cement) is estimated at 410 kg/m (~180 kg/tonne @ density of 2.3 g/cm) (reduced to 290 kg/m with 30% fly ash replacement of cement). The CO emission from the concrete production is directly proportional to the cement content used in the concrete mix; 900 kg of CO are emitted for the fabrication of every ton of cement, accounting for 88% of the emissions associated with the average concrete mix. Cement manufacture contributes greenhouse gases both directly through the production of carbon dioxide when calcium carbonate is thermally decomposed, producing lime and carbon dioxide, and also through the use of energy, particularly from the combustion of fossil fuels.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: One area of the concrete life cycle worth noting is the fact that concrete has a very low embodied energy per unit mass. This is primarily the result of the fact that the materials used in concrete construction, such as aggregates, pozzolans, and water, are relatively plentiful and can often be drawn from local sources. This means that transportation only accounts for 7% of the embodied energy of concrete, while the cement production accounts for 70%. With a total embodied energy of 1.69 GJ/tonne concrete has a lower embodied energy per unit mass than most common building material besides wood. However, concrete structures have high mass, so this comparison is not always directly relevant to decision making. It is worth noting that this value is based on mix proportions for concrete of no more than 20% fly ash. It is estimated that one percent replacement of cement with fly ash represents a 0.7% reduction in energy consumption. With some proposed mixes containing as much as 80% fly ash, this would represent a considerable energy saving.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: A 2022 report from the Boston Consulting Group found that, investments in developing greener forms of cement lead to bigger greenhouse gas reductions compared with investments in electricity and aviation.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: There is a growing interest in reducing carbon emissions related to concrete from both the academic and industrial sectors, especially with the possibility of future carbon tax implementation. Several approaches to reducing emissions have been suggested.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: One reason why the carbon emissions are so high is because cement has to be heated to very high temperatures in order for clinker to form. A major culprit of this is alite (CaSiO), a mineral in concrete that cures within hours of pouring and is therefore responsible for much of its initial strength. However, alite also has to be heated to 1,500 °C in the clinker-forming process. Some research suggests that alite can be replaced by a different mineral, such as belite (CaSiO). Belite is also a mineral already used in concrete. It has a roasting temperature of 1,200 °C, which is significantly lower than that of alite. Furthermore, belite is actually stronger once concrete cures. However, belite takes on the order of days or months to set completely, which leaves concrete weak for longer. Current research is focusing on finding possible impurity additives, like magnesium, that might speed up the curing process. It is also worthwhile to consider that belite takes more energy to grind, which may make its full life of impact similar to or even higher than alite.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Another approach has been the partial replacement of conventional clinker with such alternatives as fly ash, bottom ash, and slag, all of which are by-products of other industries that would otherwise end up in landfills. Fly ash and bottom ash come from thermoelectric power plants, while slag is a waste from blast furnaces in the ironworks industry. These materials are slowly gaining popularity as additives, especially since they can potentially increase strength, decrease density, and prolong durability of concrete.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The main obstacle to wider implementation of fly ash and slag may be largely due to the risk of construction with new technology that has not been exposed to long field testing. Until a carbon tax is implemented, companies are unwilling to take the chance with new concrete mix recipes even if this reduces carbon emissions. However, there are some examples of "green" concrete and its implementation. One instance is a concrete company called Ceratech that has started manufacturing concrete with 95% fly ash and 5% liquid additives. Another is the I-35W Saint Anthony Falls Bridge, which was constructed with a novel mixture of concrete that included different compositions of Portland cement, fly ash, and slag depending on the portion of the bridge and its material properties requirements.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Furthermore, the production of concrete requires large amounts of water, and global production accounts for almost a tenth of worldwide industrial water use. This amounts to 1.7 percent of total global water withdrawal. A study that appeared in "Nature Sustainability" in 2018 predicts that concrete production will in the future increase pressure on water resources in regions susceptible to drought conditions: "In 2050, 75% of the water demand for concrete production will likely occur in regions that are expected to experience water stress."


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Carbonatation in concrete is the formation of calcium carbonate (CaCO) by chemical reaction. The speed of carbonation depends primarily on the porosity of the concrete and the moisture content. Carbonation in concrete pores happens only at a relative humidity (RH) of 40-90%, when RH is higher than 90% carbon dioxide cannot enter the concrete pores, and also when RH is lower than 40% cannot be dissolved in water


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Concrete can be subjected for the most part by two types of carbonation: weathering carbonation and early age carbonation.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Weathering carbonation, occurs in concrete when calcium compounds react with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water <chem>H2O</chem> in the concrete pores. The reaction is as follows:


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Third Once the calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)) has carbonated, the main component of Cement calcium silicate hydrate gel (also shown as C-S-H) can be decalcified, allowing the liberated CaO to carbonate:


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Early age carbonation is when we introduce to the early stages of fresh premix concrete or upon initial curing, it can be both natural through exposure or accelerated by augmenting a direct intake of . Gaseous carbon dioxide is converted to solid carbonates and can be permanently stored in concrete for emission reduction, the general reaction of CO and calcium silicate hydrate in cement was described in 1974 as:


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: A Canadian company patented and commercialized a novel technology that uses the early age type of carbonation to sequester . This is achieved by directly injecting recycled liquid carbon dioxide from third party industrial emitters, into the concrete wet mix stage during the manufacturing process. Whereby a chemical reaction becomes a mineral, sequestering the greenhouse gas pollutant in concrete infrastructures, buildings, roads, etc for long periods of time. Moreover in a study published in the journal of Cleaner Production authors performed a model where they proved that improved the compressive strength of the concrete while reducing emissions as a result, in so allowing for a cement loading reduction while at the same time having a "4.6% reduction in the carbon footprint"


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Another proposed method of capturing emissions is to absorb CO in the curing process, by the use of an admixture (a dicalcium silicate y phase) as the concrete cures. The use of coal ash or another suitable substitute, could theoretically have CO emissions below 0 kg/m, compared to portland cement concrete at 400 kg/m. The most effective method of production of this concrete would use the exhaust gas of a power plant, where an isolated chamber could control temperature and humidity.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: In August 2019, reduced CO cement was announced which "reduces the overall carbon footprint in precast concrete by 70%.". The base of these cement being primarily of wollastonite (CaSiO) and rankinite (3CaO·2SiO) in contrast to traditional Portland cement alite (3CaO·SiO) belite (2 CaO · SiO).


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The patented process of concrete making begins with the bonding of particles through liquid phase sintering also referred to as hydrothermal liquid phase densification (rHLPD). A solution mixed of and penetrates the particles, in reaction with ambient conditions to create a bond which creates the reduced-lime, non-hydraulic calcium silicate cement (CSC). Moreover the difference between traditional portland concrete and these carbonated calcium silicate concrete (CSC-C) lies in the final curing process reaction between a water- solution and a family of calcium-silicate:


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: "CSC-C curing is a mildly exothermic reaction in which the low-lime calcium silicates in the CSC react with carbon dioxide in the presence of water to produce calcite (CaCO) and silica () as shown in Reactions II and III.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: However as early age carbonation methods have gained recognition due to its substantial carbon sequestration proficiencies, some authors argue the effect of early-age carbonation curing under weathering carbonation for precast concrete "Experimental results suggest that early-age carbonated concretes with high w/c ratios (>0.65>0.65) are more likely to be affected by weathering carbonation", and advise this may weaken its strength abilities in the corrosion stages during life service.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Italian company Italcementi designed a kind of cement that is supposedly alleviating air pollution by breaking down pollutants that come in contact with the concrete, through the use of titanium dioxide absorbing ultraviolet light. Some environmental experts nevertheless remain skeptical and wonder if the special material can 'eat' enough pollutants to make it financially viable. Jubilee Church in Rome is built from this kind of concrete.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Another aspect to consider in carbon concrete is surface scaling due to cold climatic conditions and exposure to de-icing salt and freeze-thaw cycle (frost weathering). Concrete produced by carbonation curing also shows superior performance when subject to physical degradations, e.g., freeze-thaw damage, particularly due to the pore densification effect enabled by the precipitation of carbonation products


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Some studies link a reduction of CO to concrete production, but they are mostly written by authors associated with the proposed solution or the concrete industry. This should give concern that these solutions are greenwashing. The CO emissions from concrete come from the cement in the mixture, methods to reduce the amount of the cement are the only proven methods to reduce the emissions.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: TiO, a semiconductor material shown to exhibit photocatalytic behavior, has been used to remove NOx from the atmosphere. NO species, or nitrogen oxide and nitrogen dioxide (x = 1 and 2 respectively), are atmospheric gases that contribute to acid rain and smog formation, both of which are the result of urban pollution. Since NO formation only occurs at high temperatures, nitrogen oxides are typically produced as a byproduct of hydrocarbon combustion. In addition to contributing to urban pollution events, NO has also been demonstrated to cause a wide variety of adverse health and environmental effects; these effects include triggering respiratory distress, reacting with other atmospheric chemicals to form harmful products such as ozone, nitroarenes, and nitrate radicals, and contributing to the greenhouse effect. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended a maximum NO concentration of 40ug/m. One proposed route of decreasing NO concentrations, especially in urban settings is to use a photocatalytic TiO mixed into concrete to oxidize NO and NO to form nitrate. In the presence of light, TiO generates electrons and holes that allows for NO to oxidize into NO and NO to then form HNO via a hydroxyl radical attack.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Dye-sensitized solar cells embedded in concrete has been proposed as a method of reducing the carbon and energy footprints of buildings. The usage of embedded solar cells allows for on-site energy generation, which when coupled with batteries, would provide constant power throughout the day. The top layer of the concrete would be a thin layer of dye-sensitized solar cells. Dye-sensitized solar cells are particularly attractive due to its ease of mass production, either via roll-printing or painting, and a reasonably high efficiency of 10%. One example of the commercialization of this concept is the German company Discrete, which produces a dye-sensitized solar cell embedded concrete product. Their process uses a spray-coating method to apply organic dyes that generate electricity onto concrete.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Energy storage has become an important consideration for many renewable energy generation methods, especially for popular methods such as solar or wind energy, both of which are intermittent energy producers that require storage for constant use. Currently, 96% of the world’s energy storage comes from pumped hydro, which uses excess generated electricity to pump water up a dam and then allowed to fall and turn turbines that produce electricity when the demand exceeds generation. The problem with pumped hydro, however, is that the setup requires specific geographies that can be difficult to find. A similar concept that uses cement instead of water has been realized by Energy Vault, a Swiss startup. They created a setup that uses an electric crane surrounded by stacks of 35-ton concrete blocks, which can be produced using waste products, to store energy by using excess energy generation to power the crane to lift and stack the concrete blocks. When energy is needed, the blocks are allowed to fall and the rotated motor would send energy back to the grid. The setup would have a storage capacity of 25-80 MWh.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: There are many other improvements to concrete that do not deal directly with emissions. Recently, much research has gone into "smart" concretes: concretes that use electrical and mechanical signals to respond to changes in loading conditions. One variety uses carbon fiber reinforcement which provides an electrical response that can be used to measure strain. This allows for monitoring the structural integrity of the concrete without installing sensors.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The road construction and maintenance industry consumes tons of carbon-intensive concrete every day to secure road-side and urban infrastructure. As populations grow this infrastructure is becoming increasingly vulnerable to impact from vehicles, creating an ever increasing cycle of damage and waste and ever increasing consumption of concrete for repairs (roadworks are now seen around our cities on almost a daily basis). A major development in the infrastructure industry involves the use of recycled petroleum waste to protect the concrete from damage and enable infrastructure to become dynamic, able to be easily maintained and updated without disturbance to the existing foundations. This simple innovation preserves the foundations for the entire lifespan of a development.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Another area of concrete research involves the creation of certain “waterless” concretes for use in extraplanetary colonization. Most commonly, these concretes use sulfur to act as a non-reactive binder, allowing for construction of concrete structures in environments with no or very little water. These concretes are in many ways in distinguishable from normal hydraulic concrete: they have similar densities, can be used with currently existing metal reinforcement, and they actually gain strength faster than normal concrete This application has yet to be explored on Earth, but with concrete production representing as much as two-thirds of the total energy usage of some developing countries, any improvement is worth considering.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Concrete is one of the world's oldest man-made building materials. Over the years, significant environmental limitations have been placed on the creation and use of concrete due to its carbon footprint. Manufacturers responded to these limitations by altering concrete's production processes, and recycling old concrete rubble to use as aggregate in new concrete mixtures to reduce these emissions. Concrete has immersed from natural resources into man-made processes; evidence of the use of concrete dates back over 8,000 years ago. Today, many construction companies and concrete manufacturers have cut the use of Portland cement in their mixtures due to its production process emitting significant amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: There are in fact many alternatives to concrete. One being Green concrete that is produced by recycled waste materials from various industries , another being Ashcrete, a material made from a mix of lime and water that acts similar to cement. Black furnace slag is also a strong alternative made from molten iron slag into water, along with Micro Silica, Papercrete, composite cement, and post-consumer glass.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Depending on the amounts required or used overall and the amounts needed, in combination with other materials, for structural stability per building, many other materials also have a substantial negative impact on the environment. For instance, while research and development to reduce these emissions are ongoing, steel accounted for ~8 % of the world's total greenhouse gas emissions as of 2021.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Mixtures of clay are an alternative construction material to concrete that have a lower environmental footprint. In 2021, the first prototype 3D printed house, "Tecla", printed from locally-sourced soil and water as well as fibers from rice husks and a binder was completed. Such buildings could be very inexpensive, well-insulated, stable and weatherproof, climate-adaptable, customizable, get produced rapidly, require only very little easily-learnable manual labor, require less energy, produce very little waste and reduce carbon emissions from concrete.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Surface runoff, when water runs off impervious surfaces, such as non-porous concrete, can cause severe soil erosion and flooding. Urban runoff tends to pick up gasoline, motor oil, heavy metals, trash and other pollutants from sidewalks, roadways and parking lots. Without attenuation, the impervious cover in a typical urban area limits groundwater percolation and causes five times the amount of runoff generated by a typical woodland of the same size. A 2008 report by the United States National Research Council identified urban runoff as a leading source of water quality problems.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: In an attempt to counteract the negative effects of impervious concrete, many new paving projects have begun to use pervious concrete, which provides a level of automatic stormwater management. Pervious concrete is created by careful laying of concrete with specifically designed aggregate proportions, which allows for surface runoff to seep through and return to the groundwater. This both prevents flooding and contributes to groundwater replenishment. If designed and layered properly, pervious concrete and other discreetly paved areas can also function as an automatic water filter by preventing certain harmful substances like oils and other chemicals from passing through. Unfortunately there are still downsides to large scale applications of pervious concrete: its reduced strength relative to conventional concrete limits use to low-load areas, and it must be laid properly to reduce susceptibility to freeze-thaw damage and sediment buildup.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Both concrete and asphalt are the primary contributors to what is known as the urban heat island effect. According to the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs 55% of the world’s population reside in urban areas and 68% of the world’s population is projected to be urban by 2050; also, "the world is projected to add 230 billion m2 (2.5 trillion ft2) of buildings by 2060, or an area equal to the entire current global building stock. This is the equivalent of adding an entire New York City to the planet every 34 days for the next 40 years". As a result, paved surfaces represent a major concern because of the additional energy consumption and air pollution they cause.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The potential of energy saving within an area is also high. With lower temperatures, the demand for air conditioning theoretically decreases, saving energy. However, research into the interaction between reflective pavements and buildings has found that, unless the nearby buildings are fitted with reflective glass, solar radiation reflected off pavements can increase building temperatures, increasing air conditioning demands.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Moreover, heat transfer from pavements, which cover about one-third of a typical U.S. city, can also influence local temperatures and air quality. Hot surfaces warm the city air through convection, so using materials that absorb less solar energy, such as high-albedo pavements, can reduce the flow of heat into the urban environment and moderate the UHIE. Albedos range from about 0.05 to about 0.35 for currently used pavement material surfaces. Over a typical life service, pavement materials that begin with high albedo tend to lose reflectance, while those with low initial albedo may gain reflectance


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The Design Trust for Public Space found that by slightly raising the albedo value in New York City, beneficial effects such as energy savings could be achieved., by replacement of black asphalt with light-colored concrete. However, in winter this may be a disadvantage as ice will form more easily and remain longer on light colored surfaces as they will be colder due to less energy absorbed from the reduced amount of sunlight in winter.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Another aspect to consider is thermal comfort effect, as well as the need for more mitigation strategies, which don’t threat the health and wellbeing of pedestrians particularly during heat waves. A study that appeared in Building and Environment in 2019 performed experiments to project the impact of heat waves and high albedo materials interactions in the northern Italian city of Milan. By calculating the "Mediterranean Outdoor Comfort Index" (MOCI) in presence of a heat wave, where high albedo materials was used in all surfaces. The study identified a deterioration of the microclimate where high amounts of high albedo materials were located. The use of the high albedo materials was found to "lead to the establishment of multiple inter-reflections and a consequent increase in micrometeorological variables such as average radiant temperatures and air temperatures. To be more detailed, these changes lead to an increase in the MOCI that in the afternoon hours can even reach 0.45 units".


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Overall urban configurations should remain of concern when making decisions as people are exposed to weather and thermal confort conditions. The use of high albedo materials within an urban environment can be of positive effect with proper combination of other technologies and strategies such as: vegetation, reflective materials, etc. Urban heat mitigation measures could minimize impacts on microclimate as well as human and wildlife habitats.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Building demolition and natural disasters such as earthquakes often release a large amount of concrete dust into the local atmosphere. Concrete dust was concluded to be the major source of dangerous air pollution following the Great Hanshin earthquake.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: The presence of some substances in concrete, including useful and unwanted additives, can cause health concerns. Natural radioactive elements (K, U, Th, and Rn) can be present in various concentration in concrete dwellings, depending on the source of the raw materials used. For example, some stones naturally emit Radon, and Uranium was once common in mine refuse.<ref name="doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2004.12.002"></ref> Toxic substances may also be unintentionally used as the result of contamination from a nuclear accident. Dust from rubble or broken concrete upon demolition or crumbling may cause serious health concerns depending also on what had been incorporated in the concrete. However, embedding harmful materials in concrete is not always dangerous and may in fact be beneficial. In some cases, incorporating certain compounds such as metals in the hydration process of cement immobilizes them in a harmless state and prevents them from being released freely elsewhere.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Handling of wet concrete must always be done with proper protective equipment. Contact with wet concrete can cause skin chemical burns due to the caustic nature of the mixture of cement and water. Indeed, the pH of fresh cement water is highly alkaline due to the presence of free potassium and sodium hydroxides in solution (pH ~ 13.5). Eyes, hands and feet must be correctly protected to avoid any direct contact with wet concrete and washed without delay if necessary.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Concrete recycling is an increasingly common method of disposing of concrete structures. Concrete debris was once routinely shipped to landfills for disposal, but recycling is increasing due to improved environmental awareness, governmental laws and economic benefits.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Concrete, which must be free of trash, wood, paper and other such materials, is collected from demolition sites and put through a crushing machine, often along with asphalt, bricks and rocks.


title: Environmental impact of concrete

text: Reinforced concrete contains rebar and other metallic reinforcements, which are removed with magnets and recycled elsewhere. The remaining aggregate chunks are sorted by size. Larger chunks may go through the crusher again. Smaller pieces of concrete are used as gravel for new construction projects. Aggregate base gravel is laid down as the lowest layer in a road, with fresh concrete or asphalt placed over it. Crushed recycled concrete can sometimes be used as the dry aggregate for brand new concrete if it is free of contaminants, though the use of recycled concrete limits strength and is not allowed in many jurisdictions. On 3 March 1983, a government-funded research team (the VIRL research.codep) approximated that almost 17% of worldwide landfill was by-products of concrete-based waste.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Homo Ludens is a book originally published in Dutch in 1938 by Dutch historian and cultural theorist Johan Huizinga.


title: Homo Ludens

text: It discusses the importance of the play element of culture and society. Huizinga suggests that play is primary to and a necessary (though not sufficient) condition of the generation of culture. The Latin word is the present active participle of the verb , which itself is cognate with the noun . has no direct equivalent in English, as it simultaneously refers to sport, play, school, and practice.


title: Homo Ludens

text: "Homo Ludens" is an important part of the history of game studies. It influenced later scholars of play, like Roger Caillois. The concept of the magic circle was inspired by "Homo Ludens".


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga makes it clear in the foreword of his book that he means the play element "of" culture, and not the play element "in" culture. He writes that he titled the initial lecture on which the book is based, "The Play Element of Culture". This title was repeatedly corrected to "in" Culture, a revision he objected to.


title: Homo Ludens

text: The English version modified the subtitle of the book to ""A Study of the Play-Element in Culture"", contradicting Huizinga's stated intention. The translator explains in a footnote in the Foreword, ""Logically, of course, Huizinga is correct; but as English prepositions are not governed by logic I have retained the more euphonious ablative in this sub-title.""


title: Homo Ludens

text: Play is older than culture, for culture, however inadequately defined, always presupposes human society, and animals have not waited for man to teach them their playing.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga begins by making it clear that animals played before humans. One of the most significant (human and cultural) aspects of play is that it is fun.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga shows that in ritual dances a person 'becomes' a kangaroo. There is a difference in how western thought expresses this concept and how "primitive" religions view this. Scholars of religion use western terminology to describe non western concepts.


title: Homo Ludens

text: The savage, however, knows nothing of the conceptual distinctions between "being" and "playing"; he knows nothing of "identity'\ "image" or "symbol"."


title: Homo Ludens

text: In this way Huizinga suggests the universally understood concept of play is more fitting to both societies to describe this phenomenon.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Word and idea are not born of scientific or logical thinking but of creative language, which means of innumerable languages—for this act of "conception" has taken place over and over again.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga has much to say about the words for play in different languages. Perhaps the most extraordinary remark concerns the Latin language. "It is remarkable that , as the general term for play, has not only not passed into the Romance languages but has left hardly any traces there, so far as I can see... We must leave to one side the question whether the disappearance of and is due to phonetic or to semantic causes."


title: Homo Ludens

text: Of all the possible uses of the word "play" Huizinga specifically mentions the equation of play with, on the one hand, "serious strife", and on the other, "erotic applications".


title: Homo Ludens

text: The chapter title uses "play-concept" to describe such words. Other words used with the "play-" prefix are play-function and play-form. The order in which examples are given in natural languages is as follows:


title: Homo Ludens

text: The view we take in the following pages is that culture arises in the form of play, that it is played from the very beginning... Social life is endued with supra-biological forms, in the shape of play, which enhances its value.


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga does not mean that "play turns into culture". Rather, he sets play and culture side by side, talks about their "twin union", but insists that "play is primary".


title: Homo Ludens

text: Until recently the "law of nations" was generally held to constitute such a system of limitation, recognizing as it did the ideal of a community with rights and claims for all, and expressly separating the state of war—by declaring it—from peace on the one hand and criminal violence on the other. It remained for the theory of "total war" to banish war's cultural function and extinguish the last


title: Homo Ludens

text: This chapter occupies a certain unique position not only in the book but more obviously in Huizinga's own life. The first Dutch version was published in 1938 (before the official outbreak of World War II). The Beacon Press book is based on the combination of Huizinga's English text and the German text, published in Switzerland 1944. Huizinga died in 1945 (the year the Second World War ended).


title: Homo Ludens

text: For archaic man, doing and daring are power, but knowing is magical power. For him all particular knowledge


title: Homo Ludens

text: is sacred knowledge—esoteric and wonder-working wisdom, because any knowing is directly related to the


title: Homo Ludens

text: "Poiesis", in fact, is a play-function. It proceeds within the play-ground of the mind, in a world of its own which the mind creates for it. There things have a different physiognomy from the one they wear in "ordinary life", and are bound by ties other than those of logic and causality.


title: Homo Ludens

text: For Huizinga, the "true appellation of the archaic poet is "vates", the possessed, the God-smitten, the raving one". Of the many examples he gives, one might choose Unferd who appears in "Beowulf".


title: Homo Ludens

text: At the centre of the circle we are trying to describe with our idea of play there stands the figure of the Greek sophist. He may be regarded as an extension of the central figure in archaic cultural life who appeared before us successively as the prophet, medicine-man, seer, thaumaturge and poet and whose best designation is "vates".


title: Homo Ludens

text: Huizinga has already established an indissoluble bond between play and poetry. Now he recognizes that "the same is true, and in even higher degree, of the bond between play and music"


title: Homo Ludens

text: However, when he turns away from "poetry, music and dancing to the plastic arts" he "finds the connections with play becoming less obvious". But here Huizinga is in the past. He cites the examples of the "architect, the sculptor, the painter, draughtsman, ceramist, and decorative artist" who in spite of her/his "creative impulse" is ruled by the discipline, "always subjected to the skill and proficiency of the forming hand".


title: Homo Ludens

text: On the other hand, if one turns away from the ""making" of works of art to the manner in which they are received in the social milieu", then the picture changes completely. It is this social reception, the struggle of the new "-ism" against the old "-ism", which characterises the play.


title: Homo Ludens

text: In American politics it [the play-factor present in the whole apparatus of elections] is even more evident. Long before the two-party system had reduced itself to two gigantic teams whose political differences were hardly discernible to an outsider, electioneering in America had developed into a kind of national sport.


title: Eunice Gayson

text: Eunice Elizabeth Sargaison (17 March 1928 – 8 June 2018), known professionally as Eunice Gayson, was an English actress best known for playing Sylvia Trench, James Bond's love interest in the first two Bond films ("Dr. No" and "From Russia with Love") and is therefore considered to have been the first "Bond girl".


title: Eunice Gayson

text: Gayson and her twin sister Patricia were born in 1928 in Croydon to John and Maria Sargaison (née Gammon). Her father was a civil servant. The family lived in Streatham, London and moved to Purley, Surrey and later Glasgow, before settling in Edinburgh. There she attended the Edinburgh Academy and studied operatic singing.


title: Eunice Gayson

text: Gayson played a major role in the Hammer horror film "The Revenge of Frankenstein" and appeared on television in series such as "The Saint" (which starred a future James Bond, Roger Moore) and "The Avengers". She played the Baroness Elsa Schraeder in the 1962 London stage production of "The Sound of Music", during which time she also filmed scenes for the first two Bond films, "Dr. No" (1962) and "From Russia with Love" (1963). She remained a regular in London theatre, appearing in, among other productions, the comedy "The Grass Is Greener" (1971). In the early 1990s, Gayson appeared in Stephen Sondheim's "Into the Woods" in the role of the grandmother.


title: Eunice Gayson

text: In the first two James Bond films, "Dr. No" and "From Russia with Love", Gayson played James Bond's love interest in London, Sylvia Trench. In early scenes, Bond attempts to set up a liaison with her but gets called away on a mission before anything serious can develop. This was intended to be a running motif in multiple films, but the character was dropped after the second film. The character is responsible for Bond's iconic introductory catchphrase, "Bond, James Bond"; when Trench introduces herself to Bond as "Trench, Sylvia Trench" during a game of chemin de fer in "Dr. No", Bond replies in kind, mimicking Trench's own cadence, after she inquires of him "Mister?"


title: Eunice Gayson

text: Gayson had initially been cast in "Dr. No" as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary, while the actress who played Moneypenny, Lois Maxwell, had been cast as Sylvia Trench. However, Maxwell found the Trench character too immodest, and their roles were switched.


title: Eunice Gayson

text: Gayson married the writer Leigh Vance in 1953, a marriage that was featured on the American daytime television series "Bride and Groom". They divorced in 1959, and in 1968 she married the film and stage actor Brian Jackson. She and Jackson had a daughter before divorcing after ten years of marriage. Their daughter Kate would later appear in the casino scene in the 1995 Bond film "GoldenEye". Gayson died on 8 June 2018, aged 90.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: Godfrey Phillips India Ltd. (GPI) is a tobacco manufacturer headquartered in India. The firm was originally established in London in 1844. GPI was one of the first UK companies to mass-produce cigarettes, apart from being one of the founding companies of Imperial Tobacco along with John Player & Sons.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: GPI manufactures and sells cigarettes, smoking tobacco and cigars, apart from having a non-tobacco line of products released in 2009 that include confectionery. GPI is the flagship company of Modi Enterprises.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: The company had an annual turnover of approximately 2925.74 crores as of March 2021. The company also has business interests in pan masala, chewing and confectionery products. The company also manufactures and distributes Marlboro in India under a license agreement with Philip Morris International.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: The house of Godfrey Phillips was established in 1844 at Bevis Marks in Aldgate, London, by cigar manufacturer Godfrey Phillips, who was the eldest son of Henry Phillips, born in the country fields outside London in October 1826. When his sons were old enough and working in the business, the firm's name was changed to Godfrey Phillips & Sons, Ltd.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: On 21 August 1900 Godfrey Phillips died and in 1908 the partnership was sold, and Godfrey Phillips, Limited, was formed. The first directors were the partners- Joseph Phillips, chairman, Philip Phillips, David Phillips, Spencer Phillips and Arthur Phillips. Later, the business was listed on the London Stock Exchange as Godfrey Phillips Plc.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: In 1936, Godfrey Phillips (India), Limited, was created; the building of native-style architecture was devoted to the manufacture of the group's brands Cavander's, De Reszke and Greys.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: In 1967, Godfrey Phillips Ltd. of London made an arrangement with International Tobacco Co. who opened a factory in Northern India to manufacture on the company's behalf. Upon the merger of D. Macropolo & Co. Ltd., with the company, International Tobacco Co. Ltd. became a subsidiary of it.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: In 1968, Philip Morris Inc. made a takeover bid for Godfrey Phillips Plc and the family shareholders were unable to prevent the company being sold.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: Godfrey Phillips India has manufacturing facilities at Rabale in Navi Mumbai, and two units in Ghaziabad (near Delhi). They also have an R&D centre in Mumbai and a food R&D in Ghaziabad, and a tobacco-buying unit in Guntur (Andhra Pradesh).


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: Godfrey Phillips India has an International Business Division, for international export of its own cigarette brands, cut & blended tobacco, tobacco leaf and providing technical services and contract manufacturing.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: GPI manufactures a variety of products related to tobacco through its subsidiary brands. Godfrey Phillips India also manufactures and distributes cigarette brand Marlboro under a license agreement with Philip Morris International Inc. Likewise, the company also has a non-tobacco range of products.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: Godfrey Phillips Ltd. also produced a variety of cigarette cards to advertise their products, with several topics such as film actresses, animals, aircraft, famous people from history, among others. The first cards set was launched in 1904 and featured anonymous pin-up girls.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: In the 1920s, the company took advantage of the rise popularity of association football trading cards in those times, releasing football collections in 1920, 1922 and 1923. Godfrey Phillips Ltd. issued a series of 1,100 football cards of the first collection, followed by 2,462 in 1922 and 940 in 1923.


title: Godfrey Phillips India

text: The outbreak of the World War II caused a severe shortage of paper, and tobacco companies were forced to bring an end to the production of cigarette cards.


title: Maniac Magee

text: Maniac Magee is a novel written by American author Jerry Spinelli and published in 1990. Exploring themes of racism and inequality, it follows the story of an orphan boy looking for a home in the fictional town of Two Mills. Two Mills is harshly segregated between the East and West, blacks and whites. He becomes a local legend for feats of athleticism and helpfulness, and his ignorance of sharp racial boundaries in the town. It is popular in middle school curricula, and has been used in social studies on the premises of reaction to racial identity and reading. A TV movie was released on February 23, 2003.


title: Maniac Magee

text: The town of Two Mills is based on Jerry Spinelli's childhood town of Norristown, Pennsylvania. Spinelli has said that the material from the story was inspired by his childhood experiences there, and a number of geographical correspondences confirm this. Norristown, like Two Mills, is across the Schuylkill River from Bridgeport, and neighboring towns include Conshohocken, Jeffersonville and Worcester, all of which are mentioned in the novel. The Elmwood Park Zoo is in Norristown, and Valley Forge, where Maniac wanders, is nearby as well. There is also a street named Hector Street in Conshohocken.


title: Maniac Magee

text: The book was well-received upon publication, variously lauded in reviews as "always affecting," having "broad appeal," and being full of "pathos and compassion." "Booklist" reviewer Deborah Abbot says, "...this unusual novel magically weaves timely issues of homelessness, racial prejudice, and illiteracy into a complicated story rich in characters and details...an energetic piece of writing that bursts with creativity, enthusiasm, and hope."


title: Maniac Magee

text: Reviewers noted that the theme of racism was uncommon for "middle readers". Criticism concentrated on Spinelli's choice of framing it as a legend, which Shoemaker calls a "cop-out," seeming like a "chalkboard lesson."


title: Maniac Magee

text: The U.S. National Education Association named "Maniac Magee" one of "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children" based on a 2007 online poll. In 2012 it was ranked number 40 among all-time children's novels in a survey published by "School Library Journal", a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.


title: Maniac Magee

text: The book is popular in elementary schools as a historical-fiction novel. Many study units and teaching guides are available. including a study guide by the author. It has been used as a tool in scholarly work on childhood education and development. Fondrie cites it as an example in a discussion of how to bring up and discuss issues of race and class among young students. McGinley and Kamberlis use it in a study of how children use reading and writing as "vehicles for personal, social, and political exploration." Along the same lines, Lehr and Thompson examine classroom discussions as a reflection of the teacher's role as cultural mediator and the response of children to moral dilemmas, and Enciso studies expressions of social identity in the responses of children to "Maniac Magee".


title: Maniac Magee

text: In a less pedagogical vein, Roberts uses the character of Amanda Beale as an archetypal "female rescuer" in a study of Newbery books, and Sullivan suggests the book as being useful in discussions of reading attitudes and difficulties.


title: Maniac Magee

text: The book was adapted as a TV movie in 2003 which was nominated for the Humanitas prize in the children's live action category, and as an audiobook by Listening Library in 2005. ()


title: Russian Five

text: The Russian Five was the nickname given to the unit of five Russian ice hockey players from the Soviet Union that played for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League in the 1990s. The five players were Sergei Fedorov, Vladimir Konstantinov, Slava Kozlov, Slava Fetisov, and Igor Larionov. Three of the players were drafted by the Red Wings in 1989 and 1990, and their defections from the Soviet Union were aided by the Wings. The last two were acquired via trades from the New Jersey Devils and San Jose Sharks. Red Wings coach Scotty Bowman played the five together as a unit at times from October 1995 to June 1997, but also mixed and matched them with other teammates.


title: Russian Five

text: The Russian Five were major contributors in the Red Wings' Stanley Cup-winning run of the 1996–97 NHL season. Six days after the Cup victory, Vladimir Konstantinov was critically injured in a car accident that ended his ice hockey career. His Red Wings teammates dedicated the following season to him, and achieved the goal of "winning it for Vladdie" with their second consecutive Stanley Cup win.


title: Russian Five

text: By 2003, the remaining four players had all either signed with new teams, been traded, or retired. The Russian Five left a lasting impact on the way ice hockey was played and taught in North America, and had contributed to a major change in how European players were viewed in the NHL.


title: Russian Five

text: During the Cold War, the best hockey players in the Soviet Union were not allowed to leave to play in the National Hockey League (NHL), despite their talents being on par with North American and Western European players. Before 1989, Victor Nechayev, who played three games for the Los Angeles Kings, was the only player from the USSR to play in the NHL. Sergei Pryakhin was given permission to play in the NHL in 1989 and played in 46 games through 1991. Neither player was considered a star in their native Russia.


title: Russian Five

text: In the fifth round of the 1988 NHL Entry Draft, the Buffalo Sabres selected Alexander Mogilny with the 89th overall pick. Mogilny had been called "the best 19-year-old player in the world" at the time. In May 1989, Mogilny became the first Russian player to defect from the Soviet Union in order to play in the NHL.


title: Russian Five

text: In June 1989, Red Wings general manager Jim Devellano arrived at the NHL Entry Draft determined to "start drafting some Russians." Devellano had discussed the possibility of drafting Sergei Fedorov with Red Wings owner Mike Ilitch; while Fedorov was considered one of the top young players in the world, the risk factor was high, as there was no guarantee that he would ever be able to come to Detroit to play, even if he wanted to. Ilitch instructed Devellano to draft the best players available, no matter where they came from, and management would worry about delivering them.


title: Russian Five

text: Devellano consulted future Hall-of-Famer Steve Yzerman about Fedorov while the Red Wings captain was on an exercise bike in the Joe Louis Arena weight room. When he asked Yzerman for a scouting report, knowing that the two had played against each other in the World Championships, Yzerman simply replied, "He's better than me."


title: Russian Five

text: Devellano drafted Fedorov in the fourth round, higher than any Soviet player had ever been drafted before. Referring to NHL draft conventional wisdom that most elite players were gone after the first three rounds, he later said, "I used the theory, who are we gonna get here now in the fourth round from North America, really?" The Red Wings followed up that pick with the 11th-round selection of Fedorov's Soviet teammate Vladimir Konstantinov, an imposing two-way defenseman who was already known as one of the best blue-liners in the world.


title: Russian Five

text: Wings executive vice-president Jim Lites then contacted Detroit sportswriter Keith Gave about passing a secret message to Fedorov and Konstantinov from the Wings. Not only did Gave speak Russian, but his media credentials would enable him to get into an exhibition game in Helsinki where the Soviet national team was scheduled to play a Finnish elite-level club. Gave agreed to the mission, and in August 1989, he managed to meet with the players after their game and slip them each a Red Wings media guide with a letter hidden inside. The letters made it clear that the Red Wings wanted both of them in Detroit and were willing to help them get there.


title: Russian Five

text: By July 1990, Fedorov had decided to defect. The Soviet national team came to North America to play in the 1990 Goodwill Games, and had scheduled an exhibition match against USA Hockey in Portland's Memorial Coliseum on July 22, 1990. Jim Lites came to Portland, picked up Fedorov outside his hotel after the game, and brought him to Detroit in Ilitch's private jet.


title: Russian Five

text: Getting Konstantinov out of Russia would be more difficult, for two reasons. Unlike Fedorov, he had previously signed a 25-year contract committing himself to the army, and if he deserted, he would be considered a felon in Russia, which would make him ineligible for a work visa in the United States. He also had a wife and daughter, and would not consider leaving without them. Fedorov introduced Lites to his friend, a Russian journalist named Valery Matveev, who had moved to Detroit just after Fedorov's defection. Lites and Matveev worked together to secure an army discharge for Konstantinov. With cash provided by the Red Wings, Matveev bribed six Russian doctors to diagnose and confirm that Konstantinov was suffering from inoperable cancer, and thus secured his medical discharge from the military in the summer of 1991. The Red Wings were planning to fly Konstantinov and his family out from Russia and get him to Detroit in time for the start of training camp in September, but the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt forced a change in plans. With the airports closed, Matveev took the family by train to Budapest. Lites met them there, again in Ilitch's private jet, and went back to Detroit with Konstantinov aboard. His wife and daughter followed two days later on a commercial flight.


title: Russian Five

text: Jim Devellano had been impressed by Slava Kozlov when he saw him play at a youth tournament in Lake Placid, New York, in 1987, when Kozlov was just 15. He called the Ilitches and told them, "I've just seen the best 15-year-old hockey player I've ever seen in my lifetime – and I saw Wayne Gretzky play at that age." Devellano used his third round pick (45th overall) to draft Kozlov in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, breaking his own record, set the previous year, for the highest draft pick of a Soviet player. He admitted later that this was a bigger risk, since in the third round, "You can get some North American players. It's not the fourth round, it's the third round."


title: Russian Five

text: In December 1990, a Red Wings contingent, including Lites and assistant GM Nick Polano, traveled to Regina, Saskatchewan, for the World Junior Championships, ready to bring Kozlov back to Detroit with them. However, Kozlov, just 19 at the time, was not ready to commit to defecting, and returned to the Soviet Union with the rest of his team. Polano met with Kozlov three more times over the next year. Then, in November 1991, Kozlov was seriously injured in a car accident that killed his passenger, teammate Kirill Tarasov. Polano traveled to Russia again and offered to take Kozlov to get medical care in Detroit. Valery Matveev bribed Russian doctors, much as he had in Konstantinov's case, but this time secured Kozlov's release from his Red Army enlistment with a diagnosis of permanent brain damage and loss of peripheral vision stemming from head injuries sustained in the crash. Kozlov traveled to Detroit in February 1992 and made his debut with the Wings on March 12.


title: Russian Five

text: After Scotty Bowman was hired as the Red Wings coach in 1993, the Wings finished first in the Western Conference but lost to the San Jose Sharks in the first round of the 1994 playoffs. Bowman felt the team needed more help on defense, and he and assistant GM Ken Holland talked to Sergei Fedorov about Slava Fetisov, a CSKA Moscow veteran who was then playing with the New Jersey Devils. When Holland asked Fedorov his opinion on making a trade to acquire Fetisov, Fedorov replied, "Absolutely. It would be great for our team." On April 3, 1995, the Wings traded a future third-round draft pick to the Devils for Fetisov. He was 17 days short of turning 37. The Wings finished the lockout-shortened season with the best record in the NHL, but were swept in the Stanley Cup Finals by Fetisov's former team, the Devils.


title: Russian Five

text: After that series, Fetisov began pushing Bowman to acquire Igor Larionov, another former Red Army teammate then playing for the San Jose Sharks. He told Bowman if he could make a trade happen, "We would have five (Russians) then, and if you ever want to, you could play them together." Bowman convinced management to trade 50-goal scorer Ray Sheppard for the 34-year-old Larionov. Three days later, on October 27, 1995, Larionov joined his new team in Calgary to play against the Flames. A few minutes into the game, Bowman sent all five Russians over the boards together, and the Russian Five was born.


title: Russian Five

text: For much of the 1995–96 season, Bowman played the five Russians together as a unit. By that time, there were 55 Russians playing in the NHL. Only the Red Wings, however, had put together such a combination in starring roles on their team. At the end of the regular season, the five Russians had scored 117 of the Red Wings' 325 goals. The team won an NHL-record 62 games, but fell to the Colorado Avalanche in six games in the Western Conference Finals. Towards the end of the regular season, Bowman had begun mixing and matching the five Russians with other teammates at times.


title: Russian Five

text: In the 1997 playoffs, the Russian Five were a critical part of each series. In the first round against the St. Louis Blues, Larionov led the team with five assists. In a second-round sweep of the Anaheim Mighty Ducks, the top three Wings scorers were Fedorov, with five points, along with Konstantinov and Kozlov, with four points each. In a Western Conference finals rematch against the Avalanche, Fedorov led all scorers with three goals and four assists, while Larionov and Kozlov each had two goals and three assists. All three players contributed a game-winning goal during the series.


title: Russian Five

text: Detroit faced the Philadelphia Flyers in the 1997 Stanley Cup Finals. Before the series, most hockey commentators believed that the Flyers' size and strength, led by MVP Eric Lindros, would be too much for the smaller Wings to handle, and the Flyers were favored to win the Stanley Cup. However, the Red Wings surprised most observers by being the more physical team, and one standout in that regard was Vladimir Konstantinov. Early in Game 1, he leveled Flyers winger Trent Klatt as he attempted to carry the puck into the Wings' end; Klatt lay on the ice for several seconds afterwards. In Game 3, Konstantinov delivered a hit on Dale Hawerchuk that led to a Red Wings goal 24 seconds later; Hawerchuk did not play in Game 4 and retired after the season. The Red Wings swept the Flyers and won their first Stanley Cup in 42 years.


title: Russian Five

text: Speaking about Konstantinov's effect in that series, Jimmy Devellano said "Vladdie certainly let the Flyers know that the Red Wings weren’t going to be pushed around... he just hit everything in sight." Bowman called him "a game-changer." Assistant coach Dave Lewis said, "When Vladimir Konstantinov hit Hawerchuk, it changed the game. It changed the series. It was over at that point." Teammate Kris Draper said it was "one of the hardest hits I’d ever seen."


title: Russian Five

text: At the conclusion of Game 4, the Stanley Cup was presented to the winning team's captain, Steve Yzerman, who hoisted it above his head and skated the traditional victory lap around Joe Louis Arena. He then handed the Cup to Slava Fetisov, the now-39-year-old former captain of the Red Army club. Fetisov immediately skated over to Igor Larionov and the two skated around the rink holding the cup aloft between them.


title: Russian Five

text: Six days after the Stanley Cup win, most of the team gathered for a golf outing and dinner at The Orchards Golf Club in nearby Washington Township. Limousines were ordered so that no one partying would have to drive. Fetisov, Konstantinov, and team massage therapist Sergei Mnatsakanov left the party in a limousine driven by Richard Gnida, who had a suspended license after two convictions for drunk driving. The limo veered across three lanes of traffic, skipped the curb, and crashed into a tree. All four occupants were taken to nearby Beaumont Hospital; Fetisov suffered broken ribs and a punctured lung but made a full recovery. Mnatsakanov spent several weeks in a coma, and was permanently paralyzed from the waist down.


title: Russian Five

text: Konstantinov suffered severe head injuries and was in a coma even longer than Mnatsakanov. When he finally awoke, he was unable to speak, and needed months of rehabilitation before he could leave the hospital. His brain had been torn in several places, which disrupted his ability to communicate, destroyed his short-term memory, and made him unable to move with balance. His hockey career was over.


title: Russian Five

text: The Red Wings players and coaches dedicated their efforts the following season to Konstantinov and Mnatsakanov. Kris Draper later said, "The motivation for us going into the Stanley Cup Finals in back-to-back years was definitely Vladdy. He was certainly in our hearts and in our minds and every time we played, he was that extra motivation that we need." Assistant coach Dave Lewis later said, "I don't think anybody could have beaten us that year, because we were so focused on winning it for Vladdie and Sergei Mnatsakanov."


title: Russian Five

text: In October 1997, Konstantinov's physical therapist decided that it was time to take him to Joe Louis Arena to see his teammates, and Konstantinov agreed with a thumbs-up. He was wheeled into the locker room a few minutes before practice ended, and the Red Wings arrived to see Konstantinov sitting in his stall with his jersey still hanging behind him. The players greeted him with hugs and handshakes. While Konstantinov spent most of the season in Florida undergoing physical therapy, he returned, along with his wife and daughter, to visit his teammates during the 1998 playoffs.


title: Russian Five

text: The Red Wings managed the rare feat of repeating as Stanley Cup Champions, sweeping the Washington Capitals in the finals. Konstantinov was brought onto the ice in his wheelchair for the team's victory celebration, and Yzerman, rather than taking the traditional lap around the rink that the captain would normally skate, immediately brought the Cup to Konstantinov and put it in his lap. As he held the Cup steady, Fetisov and Larionov pushed Konstantinov's wheelchair as the entire team skated their victory lap to a standing ovation.


title: Russian Five

text: Slava Fetisov retired after the 1998 Stanley Cup win. Slava Kozlov was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in the summer of 2001; he later played several seasons for the Atlanta Thrashers before finishing his career in the KHL. In 2000, Larionov, as a free agent, left to join the Florida Panthers, but was traded back to the Red Wings in December of that year. Fedorov and Larionov were with the Wings when they won their third Stanley Cup in 6 years in 2002.


title: Russian Five

text: Three of the five – Fetisov, Larionov, and Fedorov – were elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame after they retired.


title: Russian Five

text: The five players forever changed how North Americans viewed hockey players from Russia. Until the 1990s, there had been a perception that Europeans in general, and Russians in particular, were "soft", and that a team with too many of them would never be able to win a Stanley Cup. The Russian Five dispelled those myths forever, not only with two Cup wins but also because Konstantinov was one of the most feared hitters in the NHL. Steve Yzerman said of his former teammates, "The way they conducted themselves, the way they played for our team – that has changed the tone for European players in general."


title: Russian Five

text: Beyond how Russians were perceived, the five also changed how hockey was taught in North America, in no small part because of the value they placed on puck possession. In the words of Jim Lites, "Everybody used to dump the puck in and chase it down behind the net. The Russians changed that. They changed our game." Commenting on their puck control abilities, Red Wings goalie Mike Vernon once said, "There were times when I could have left the net and gone out for a pizza, and the other team still wouldn't have the puck from those guys when I got back."


title: Russian Five

text: In a 2020 interview, coach Scotty Bowman pointed out that the Russian Five brought a different style of breakout to the NHL, in which both forwards would leave the defensive zone while their defensemen still had the puck, and crisscross in the neutral zone. In his words, "that was a no in our game", but he stated that the Russian Five had an advantage because North American players had not seen that style before, and it eventually became integrated into the NHL.


title: Russian Five

text: Jim Devellano believed the Russian Five had an impact that went beyond hockey. "I grew up with all this propaganda about how the Russians were our enemy. Now here we were, bringing the enemy over here. Then they were so good – the last missing piece for us to win. And they became our friends. I think I learned something about propaganda and how it gets our minds working against different people." Sergei Fedorov agreed, saying, "We need to build more bridges than weapons. That’s my deep feeling about what should happen between our countries. Like we did in Detroit, you know?"


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Type 3 diabetes is a proposed term to describe the interlinked association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease. This term is used to look into potential triggers of Alzheimer's disease in people with diabetes.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: The proposed progression from diabetes to Alzheimer's disease is inadequately understood; however there are a number of hypotheses describing potential links between the two diseases. The internal mechanism of Insulin resistance and other metabolic risk factors such as hyperglycaemia, caused by oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation are common processes thought to be contributors to the development of Alzheimer's disease in diabetics.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Diagnosis for this disease is different between patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is usually discovered in children and adolescence while type 2 diabetic patients are often diagnosed later in life. While Type 3 diabetes is not a diagnosis in itself, a diagnosis of suspected Alzheimer's disease can be established through observational signs and sometimes with neuroimaging techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to observe abnormalities in diabetic patient's brain tissue.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: The techniques used to prevent the disease in patients with diabetes are similar to individuals who do not show signs of the disease. The four pillars of Alzheimer's disease prevention is currently used as a guide for individuals of whom are at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Research into the effectiveness of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 and Melatonin administration to manage the progression of Alzheimer's disease in diabetic patients is currently being conducted to decrease the rate at which Alzheimer's disease progresses.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Labelling Alzheimer's disease as Type 3 Diabetes is generally controversial, and this definition is not a known medical diagnosis. While insulin resistance is a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease and some other dementias, causes of Alzheimer's disease are likely to be much more complex than being explained by insulin factors on their own, and indeed several patients with Alzheimer's disease have normal insulin metabolism.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: The progression of this disease varies from person to person. It's the prevalence of symptoms is dependent on when the individual is diagnosed with diabetes. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are often diagnosed at a young age, usually between childhood and adolescence. In some cases, brain development in these patients is negatively impacted, therefore showing symptoms of the disease earlier in life. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes is characteristically seen in patients in their mid-sixties, leading to the prevalence of symptoms later in life. The early stages of the disease are often associated with memory loss however other areas such as loss in judgment and reasoning and spatial and visual issues are often early symptoms of the disease. As the individual ages, symptoms characteristically progress to more severe memory loss, poor judgement in making decisions, mood swings and in some cases patients are more susceptible to anxiety and/ or depression. In the final cases of the disease, severe and more prominent symptoms are shown. In these cases the individual has completely lost their independence and will be reliant on others as their body begins to fail. Inability to communicate, Seizures, weight loss and loss of bowel control are the final symptoms. However, in most cases, aspiration pneumonia, ulcers or untreated infections are the cause of death for these patients.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: There are a number of mechanisms that attempt to explain the cause, progression and the link between type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Insulin resistance reduces the body's sensitivity to insulin. This is a sign an individual has prediabetes or has progressed to develop type 2 diabetes. The result is high glucose levels in the blood which leave the individual feeling tired and weak in most cases. type 3 diabetes is a condition which can follow after initially being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. In type 3 diabetes, the neurons lack glucose, a key element needed for the neurons to function effectively in body however more specifically the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. This deficiency can lead to a decrease in memory, judgement and the ability to reason, of which are key symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: High levels of cholesterol and saturated fat control both the production of amyloid proteins in the brain and insulin release. In the brain, the more cholesterol the more amyloid that is produced and this generates plaques. The amyloid proteins are thought to be part of AD disease progression. Cholesterol is high in AD patients and a variant of the cholesterol transport protein apoE is the most common genetic risk factor for AD. Cholesterol is also a causative risk factor for diabetes. High levels of saturated fat and cholesterol induce metabolic syndrome and reduce insulin release.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: In the brain, cholesterol is made in specialized helper cells called astrocytes and then shipped to the neurons where amyloid is made by substrate presentation. Brain cholesterol is thought to be maintained separate from the periphery in healthy individuals, so high cholesterol in the blood may not always correlate with high cholesterol in the brain. Cholesterol in the periphery is made in the liver and obtained from diet. Mouse models for type two diabetes are typically generated by feeding a mouse a high fat diet of cholesterol and saturated fat.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: The consumption of refined or simple carbohydrates (not complex carbohydrates), fatty (saturated) acids, small antioxidant consumption and little exercise are diabetic factors that contribute to oxidative stress within the brain. Oxidative stress is an imbalance of free radicals such as superoxide, hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical which can create damage to the cells and tissue in the body. This resulting imbalance leads to a slow decrease in cognition which can be severe in patients in type 2 diabetes.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Type 2 diabetes causes change in patient's blood profile which increases the likelihood of the patient's cells to experience damage through lipid peroxidation. Lipid peroxidation involves free radicals taking electrons from lipids in the cell membrane, causing cell destruction. This process has been observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease. One of the main biomarkers of oxidative stress is lipid peroxidation as acids including polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to characteristically associate with free radicals. Therefore lipid peroxidation can cause enhancements in oxidative stress, a main process in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: A minor to medium decline in cognitive function is found to be linked with both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. However there are substantial variances in the cognitive pathophysiology of both type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes, leading to impairment. Type 2 diabetes is characteristically diagnosed from within the late fifties to mid-sixties age range however it is possible to be diagnosed younger. This form of diabetes is typically related to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity. These mechanisms have a harmful influence on brain development.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Type 1 diabetes is typically detected at a from a young age and may have negative impacts on cognitive growth. In both forms of diabetes, microvascular complications and hyperglycaemia are mutual risk factors that are found to contribute to the cognitive decline in patients.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: There is no evidence today supporting a definitive method for preventing the onset of Alzheimer's disease in diabetic patients. However the four pillars of Alzheimer's prevention which outlines diet, physical and mental exercise, yoga and meditation and psychological well-being is recommended to patients who are at risk.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Mediterranean diet, a diet based around fruit, vegetables, olive oil, nuts and seafood has been shown to lower the risks of Alzheimer's disease in patients. Specifically, patients who followed this diet which is modeled on particular Mediterranean nations presented decreasing amounts of amyloid-beta plaques between their nerve cells in the brain, signifying the cell connections within the brain were firing correctly. This diet also presented increases in the thickness in the memory division of the brain cortex in the formal and parietal lobes and areas of cognition such as language and memory. Updated versions of the Mediterranean diet such as the DASH diet have been recommended for patients, adding juicing and supplements to the recommendation for patients.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Physical exercise increases the amount of blood flow through the brain while simultaneously causing the growth of brain cells known as neurogenesis. One hundred and twenty minutes of aerobic exercise and multiple strength sessions a week are suggested to maintain and increase memory function in the patient. Mental stimulation is also recommended for patients. Brain aerobic activities such as reading and puzzles are endorsed to test and stimulate cognitive functioning while creative activities like painting and viewing art also activate the conditioning of the brain.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Mediation and yoga have been found to reduce stress, which is major element in the cause of Alzheimer's disease. Stress has a negative impact on a patient's genes such as producing inflammation in the brain, a key component of Alzheimer's disease. Simple twelve minute meditation each day reduces levels of stress in patients and extends the flow of blood to key areas of the brain responsible for memory performance. Yoga also stimulates the Anterior Cingulate Gyrus, a key area in the brain which manages memory recall, stress, emotive and cognitive stability.