title: 1971 Formula One season

text: Two weeks after the Italian Grand Prix, the Canadian Grand Prix was held at Mosport Park circuit near Toronto. World Champion Stewart took pole position ahead of Siffert, Cevert, Fittipaldi, Amon, Peterson, Wisell, and Mark Donohue in a Penske-entered McLaren. The Ferraris were not competitive with Ickx 12th, Andretti 13th and Regazzoni 18th. 37-year old Wayne Kelly was killed on lap 2 of a Formula Ford support race and the Grand Prix was delayed, and by the time the race started it was pouring with rain. Howden Ganley crashed his BRM in the warm-up period before the race and so could not make the start. At the start Stewart went into the lead with Peterson second, chased by Beltoise, Donohue, Fittipaldi, Cevert and the rest. On the third lap Graham Hill crashed his Brabham and five laps later Regazzoni did the same in his Ferrari, which caught fire. Stewart had a firm grip on the race while Peterson had to fight for second with Beltoise until the Frenchman crashed on lap 16. At the same time Donohue pitted for new goggles but did not lose a place. This left a large gap between the first two and the rest. Peterson took the lead on lap 18 but on lap 31 Stewart took the lead back while they were going through backmarkers. A few moments later Peterson ran into Eaton's BRM and damaged the front of his car. This upset the balance of the car and Peterson was unable to match Stewart's pace and so the Tyrrell edged away to win by nearly 40 seconds. It was Stewart's sixth championship victory of the season. Donohue finished third on his F1 debut.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: Another fortnight later, the championship moved to the newly revamped and redesigned Watkins Glen circuit in upstate New York. The circuit, originally 2.3 miles long, had been significantly upgraded, with a new pits and paddock complex and an additional mile of new track. Jackie Stewart took his sixth pole position of the year for Tyrrell, ahead of Emerson Fittipaldi, Denny Hulme, Clay Regazzoni, Francois Cevert, Jo Siffert, Jacky Ickx and Chris Amon. 29 drivers entered and started the race; Stewart took the lead from Hulme at the start with Cevert moving up to third place, followed by Regazzoni and Siffert. Fittipaldi made a poor start and was eighth. On the seventh lap Cevert was able to pass Hulme for second place and on lap 14 he moved ahead of Stewart, who was suffering from bad oversteer. Hulme was also having handling problems and he began to drop back, being overtaken by Ickx (who had passed Siffert). Stewart also fell victim to the Ferrari and then Siffert as well. Ickx stalked Cevert until lap 40 when the Ferrari began to fall back with an alternator problem which led to the Belgian's retirement. This moved Siffert to second place and Peterson (who had passed Stewart) to take third. Howden Ganley was fourth with Stewart fifth.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: It was Cevert's first World Championship victory and with the Mexican Grand Prix having been cancelled due to crowd control problems the previous year, the United States Grand Prix was the last World Championship race of the 1971 season.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: There was one more non-championship race to contend, the World Championship Victory Race at Brands Hatch, England, three weeks after the United States Grand Prix. The race lasted for less than half of its intended distance following a number of accidents. On lap 2, Henri Pescarolo and Reine Wisell collided at the Druids hairpin, with both cars retiring. Then Mike Hailwood and Ronnie Peterson also collided and had to pit for repairs. Hailwood's car was deemed unfit to continue, but Peterson rejoined the race, albeit nearly a lap down. Siffert had fallen several places at the start, but had made his way back to 4th by lap 14. Approaching the fast Hawthorn Bend at high speed on lap 15, his BRM suffered a mechanical failure which pitched it across the track into an earth bank. The car rolled over and caught fire, trapping him underneath, and he died from asphyxiation before he could be extricated. The race was stopped with the track blocked, and all the cars were stranded out on the circuit except for John Surtees, who was able to drive around to the pits, his car damaged by debris.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each Grand Prix. Only the five best results from the first six Grands Prix and the four best results from the last five Grands Prix counted towards the World Championship.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each round, however only the best placed car from each manufacturer was eligible to score points. The best five results from the first six rounds and the best four results from the last five rounds were retained.


title: 1971 Formula One season

text: A number of other Formula One races, which did not count towards the World Championship, were also held in 1971. The Questor Grand Prix and the last three British races were open to both Formula One and Formula 5000 cars.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch is a beachside city in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2010 U.S. census, the city's population was 30,719, reflecting a decline of 621 (-2.0%) from the 31,340 counted in the 2000 census, which had in turn increased by 2,682 (+9.4%) from the 28,658 counted in the 1990 census. As of the 2010 census, it was the 6th-most-populous municipality in Monmouth County and had the 71st-highest population of any municipality in New Jersey.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch was formed on April 11, 1867, as the Long Branch Commission, from portions of Ocean Township. Long Branch was incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1903, based on the results of a referendum, replacing the Long Branch Commission.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch was a beach resort town in the late 18th century, named for its location along a branch of the South Shrewsbury River. In the 19th century, theatrical performers of the day often gathered and performed there. It was visited by presidents Chester A. Arthur, James A. Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, Benjamin Harrison, Rutherford B. Hayes, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and Donald Trump. Seven Presidents Park, a park near the beach, is named in honor of the visits of the first seven of these presidents. The Church of the Presidents, where these same seven presidents worshiped, is the only structure left in Long Branch associated with them.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: President Grant and his family summered at their beachfront cottage in Long Branch the first year of his presidency in 1869 and for most of the rest of Grant's life. During this time, Long Branch came to be called the "summer capital". President James A. Garfield was brought to Long Branch in the hope that the fresh air and quiet might aid his recovery after being shot on July 2, 1881, an incident that left the assassin's bullet lodged in his spine. He died here on September 19, 1881, exactly two months before his 50th birthday. The Garfield Tea House, constructed from railroad ties that had been laid to carry Garfield's train, is in Elberon.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The famous Long Branch Saloon of the American Old West, located in Dodge City, Kansas, was given its name by its first owner, William Harris, who had moved west from Long Branch, New Jersey, his hometown.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Originally a resort town with a few hotels and large estates and many farms in the early 20th century, Long Branch grew in population. Italian, Irish and Jewish immigrants settled in during this period. During the 1930s, the city used government policies to enforce racial segregation against Blacks at local beaches, assigning all black applicants for beach passes to a single, segregated beach.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: By the 1950s, Long Branch like many other towns had developed new residential spots and housing to make room for the growing population. Many of the former farms of Long Branch were transformed into residential suburbs. Many of the estates and a few old historic resorts (with the addition of many new ones) still remain.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In the early 20th century, Long Branch lost much of its activity as a theater spot. In addition, the opening of the Garden State Parkway in the mid-1950s allowed shore visitors to access points further south, which added to Long Branch's decline. The civil unrest of the 1960s caused riots in neighboring Asbury Park, and many fled the shore cities for the suburban towns west of the beach. Decades later, the older, more dilapidated parts of the resort town were condemned and redeveloped, in part by using eminent domain legislation.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch still continues to be a popular resort area. Many people from New York City travel or settle into the area to escape the crowded city and enjoy Long Branch's beaches.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: On October 29, 2012, Long Branch was one of many shore communities that were devastated by Hurricane Sandy. Although Sandy's winds were powerful, Long Branch's position between Long Beach Island and Sea Bright gave Long Branch a much larger wall of security because it could not be engulfed by surrounding waters. Despite this mainland advantage, there were still several instances of flooding in Long Branch during the storm. Many residents went without electricity for as long as two weeks. The boardwalk was destroyed; the city began rebuilding it in 2015, and it reopened in April 2016, making it the last boardwalk damaged by Sandy to be rebuilt.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city had a total area of 6.29 square miles (16.28 km), including 5.12 square miles (13.27 km) of land and 1.16 square miles (3.01 km) of water (18.49%).


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The city borders the Monmouth County communities of Deal, Monmouth Beach, Ocean Township, Oceanport and West Long Branch.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: There are several distinct neighborhoods and areas in the City of Long Branch, each with its own character. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include Branchport, East Long Branch, Elberon (served as ZIP Code 07740), Hollywood, Kensington Park, North Long Branch, Pleasure Bay and West End. Other areas include North End (once known as "Atlanticville"), Beachfront North and South (including Pier Village, adjacent to the site of the former Long Branch Pier at the foot of Laird Street), Downtown and Uptown. As the city's redevelopment initiatives continue to expand, the lower Broadway area (a portion of the city's Downtown) will become an Arts District.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In years past, Long Branch was a major destination for beachgoers, along with Asbury Park, and enjoyed an upscale connotation with tourists. Long Branch is home to Seven Presidents Oceanfront Park, named for the United States presidents who visited the fashionable resort town, including Ulysses S. Grant, Chester A. Arthur, Rutherford Hayes, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, Woodrow Wilson and James Garfield.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch's fame as the Nation's First Seaside Resort waned in the years following World War II. The defining moment marking the end of this era occurred on June 8, 1987, when the largest fire in the history of the city destroyed the landmark amusement pier and adjoining Haunted Mansion, "Kid's World" Amusement Park and other businesses.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: According to the Köppen climate classification system, Long Branch has a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa"). "Cfa" climates are characterized by all months having an average temperature > , at least four months with an average temperature ≥ , at least one month with an average temperature ≥ and no significant precipitation difference between seasons. Although most summer days are slightly humid with a cooling afternoon sea breeze in Long Branch, episodes of heat and high humidity can occur with heat index values > . Since 1981, the highest air temperature was on August 9, 2001, and the highest daily average mean dew point was on August 13, 2016, and July 19, 2019. July is the peak in thunderstorm activity and the average wettest month is August. Since 1981, the wettest calendar day was on August 27, 2011. During the winter months, the average annual extreme minimum air temperature is . Since 1981, the coldest air temperature was on January 22, 1984. Episodes of extreme cold and wind can occur with wind chill values < . The average seasonal (November–April) snowfall total is and the average snowiest month is February which corresponds with the annual peak in nor'easter activity.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Long Branch would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak ("104") with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest ("25"). The plant hardiness zone is 7a with an average annual extreme minimum air temperature of . The average date of first spring leaf-out is March 23 and fall color typically peaks in early-November.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Portions of the city are part of a joint Urban Enterprise Zone (UEZ) with Asbury Park, one of 32 zones covering 37 municipalities statewide. The city was selected in 1994 as one of a group of 10 zones added to participate in the program. In addition to other benefits to encourage employment and investment within the UEZ, shoppers can take advantage of a reduced 3.3125% sales tax rate (half of the % rate charged statewide) at eligible merchants. Established in November 1994, the city's Urban Enterprise Zone status expires in November 2025.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Broadway Center is a planned entertainment and commercial hub of Long Branch, as envisioned by the City Government and Thompson Design Group, who created the Master Plan for the city. This complex is planned to offer retail shops, cafes, bars, restaurants and two performing arts theaters as well as 500 new residences sitting atop a 1,500 car parking garage. It will be designed by the architectural firms of Hellmuth, Obata and Kassabaum (HOK).


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In June 2013, the city approved designation of the area around its train station as a transit village, which can bring incentives for revitalization and denser development.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: There are several mid-rise buildings lining the oceanfront. In December 2013 another 12-story residential project was approved.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income was $52,792 (with a margin of error of +/− $2,549) and the median family income was $56,778 (+/− $4,202). Males had a median income of $36,404 (+/− $3,363) versus $33,397 (+/− $4,036) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $30,381 (+/− $2,212). About 11.5% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.7% of those under age 18 and 9.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: As of the 2000 United States Census there were 31,340 people, 12,594 households, and 7,248 families residing in the city. The population density was 6,008.6 people per square mile (2,318.1/km). There were 13,983 housing units at an average density of 2,680.9 per square mile (1,034.3/km). The racial makeup of the city was 68.03% White, 18.66% African American, 0.36% Native American, 1.64% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.08% from other races, and 4.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 20.67% of the population.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: There were 12,594 households, out of which 27.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.9% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.4% were non-families. 34.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.19.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In the city the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 32.4% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The median income for a household in the city was $38,651, and the median income for a family was $42,825. Males had a median income of $37,383 versus $27,026 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,532. About 13.9% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.3% of those under age 18 and 13.3% of those age 65 or over.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The City of Long Branch is governed under the Mayor-Council (Plan A) form of municipal government under the Faulkner Act, enacted by direct petition as of July 1, 1966. The city is one of 71 municipalities (of the 564) statewide that use this form of government. The governing body is comprised of the Mayor and the five-member City Council, whose members are elected at-large on a non-partisan basis in the May municipal elections to serve concurrent four-year terms of office.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: , the Mayor of Long Branch is John Pallone. Members of the City Council are Dr. Mary Jane Celli, Bill Dangler, Mario Vieria, Dr. Anita Voogt and Rose Widdis. The mayor and city council members serve concurrent terms of office ending on June 30, 2022.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch is located in the 6th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 11th state legislative district.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Monmouth County is governed by a Board of County Commissioners comprised of five members who are elected at-large to serve three year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either one or two seats up for election each year as part of the November general election. At an annual reorganization meeting held in the beginning of January, the board selects one of its members to serve as Director and another as Deputy Director. , Monmouth County's Commissioners are


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Commissioner Director Thomas A. Arnone (R, Neptune City, term as commissioner and as director ends December 31, 2022),


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Commissioner Deputy Director Susan M. Kiley (R, Hazlet Township, term as commissioner ends December 31, 2024; term as deputy commissioner director ends 2022),


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: As of March 23, 2011, there were a total of 13,442 registered voters in Long Branch, of which 4,293 (31.9%) were registered as Democrats, 1,783 (13.3%) were registered as Republicans and 7,358 (54.7%) were registered as Unaffiliated. There were 8 voters registered as Libertarians or Greens.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In the 2012 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 64.5% of the vote (5,421 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 34.5% (2,897 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (81 votes), among the 8,470 ballots cast by the city's 14,289 registered voters (71 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 59.3%. In the 2008 presidential election, Democrat Barack Obama received 61.2% of the vote (6,171 cast), ahead of Republican John McCain with 35.7% (3,600 votes) and other candidates with 1.0% (98 votes), among the 10,090 ballots cast by the city's 14,433 registered voters, for a turnout of 69.9%. In the 2004 presidential election, Democrat John Kerry received 58.0% of the vote (5,724 ballots cast), outpolling Republican George W. Bush with 40.5% (4,001 votes) and other candidates with 0.7% (99 votes), among the 9,870 ballots cast by the city's 14,563 registered voters, for a turnout percentage of 67.8.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: In the 2013 gubernatorial election, Republican Chris Christie received 57.4% of the vote (2,621 cast), ahead of Democrat Barbara Buono with 41.1% (1,876 votes), and other candidates with 1.6% (71 votes), among the 4,677 ballots cast by the city's 14,129 registered voters (109 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 33.1%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election, Democrat Jon Corzine received 48.1% of the vote (2,714 ballots cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 44.7% (2,523 votes), Independent Chris Daggett with 5.7% (320 votes) and other candidates with 0.9% (48 votes), among the 5,645 ballots cast by the city's 13,812 registered voters, yielding a 40.9% turnout.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The Long Branch Police Department (LBPD) is the primary law enforcement agency responsible for the city. It currently has 92 sworn officers, making it one of the largest police departments in Monmouth County. The Long Branch Police Department is actually a division within the Department of Public Safety. The Long Branch Fire Department comprises the other division. The LBPD is headed by Chief Jason Roebuck, the former Director of Public Safety. Before 2018, Long Branch did not have a Chief of Police for almost 50 years.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The Long Branch Police Department is made up of three divisions. The largest of these is the Patrol Division. The next is the Detective Bureaus and the final one is Support Services Division, which handles the record keeping function of the Police Department, as well as the dispatchers, budgeting and Traffic Bureau. The detectives are responsible for investigating crimes, targeting narcotics and interviewing suspects among other things.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: The Long Branch Police Department also utilizes Class I and Class II Special Law Enforcement Officers during the summer months to handle the increase in traffic and population in the areas along the oceanfront. The department hires 20-25 Class I Specials and 10-15 Class II Specials each summer.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Officers are issued the SIG Sauer P229R DAK .40 S&W pistol and officers have the choice of attaching a tactical light as desired by the officer. Prior officers carried the 9mm Beretta 92 semi-automatic pistol.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Since the establishment of the Long Branch Police Department, three officers died while on duty. On November 20, 1997, Patrick King was shot twice in the back of the head.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch's public schools are operated by the Long Branch Public Schools, serving children in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in "Abbott v. Burke" which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. All Long Branch Public Schools are free, including the district's preschool programs which are full-day and accommodate children ages 3–5 years old. Long Branch schools offer free breakfast each morning for the students. In addition, Long Branch Public Schools provide free summer programs for most of the summer.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprising eight schools, had an enrollment of 5,786 students and 477.8 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 12.1:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are Lenna W. Conrow School (with 380 students; in grades Pre-K–K),


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: George L. Catrambone Elementary School was constructed at a total cost over $40 million for a facility that was designed to house 800 students in a facility covering for which construction began in 2012. With the start of the 2014–2015 school year, a realignment of the district closed West End School, converted Morris Avenue School for early childhood use and repurposed Audrey W. Clark School for alternative education.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Declining attendance led the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton to close the K–8 Holy Trinity School in June 2006.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: WRLB "Radio Long Branch" signed-on June 1, 1960, at 107.1 FM. Since December 1996 the call letters have been WWZY.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: As of 2010, the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Monmouth County and by the New Jersey Department of Transportation.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Long Branch is connected to New York City and Northern New Jersey via NJ Transit trains running on the North Jersey Coast Line. The Long Branch station, located three blocks away from the beach, marks the end of electrified trackage, where passengers continuing south must change to diesel-powered trains. A second station is located at Elberon district just north of the borough of Deal. In the past there were stops in the West End neighborhood and on Broadway, but they were closed to reduce travel time to New York City.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

text: Local bus transportation is provided by NJ Transit on the 831 and 837 routes. Transportation to New York City is provided by Academy Bus' Route 36 and Shore Points routes.


title: British Aerospace Jetstream

text: The British Aerospace Jetstream is a small twin-turboprop airliner, with a pressurised fuselage, developed as the "Jetstream 31" from the earlier Handley Page Jetstream. A larger version of the Jetstream was also manufactured, the British Aerospace Jetstream 41.


title: British Aerospace Jetstream

text: Scottish Aviation had taken over production of the original Jetstream design from Handley Page, and when it was nationalised along with other British companies into British Aerospace (later BAE Systems) in 1978, British Aerospace decided the design was worth further development, and started work on a "Mark 3" Jetstream. As with the earlier 3M version for the USAF, the new version was re-engined with newer Garrett turboprops (now Honeywell TPE331) which offered more power (flat rated to 1,020 shp/760 kW with a thermodynamic limit of 1,100 shp/820 kW) and longer overhaul intervals over the original Turbomeca Astazou engines. This allowed the aircraft to be offered in an 18-seat option (six rows, 2+1), with an offset aisle, and with a water methanol option for the engine to allow the ability to operate at maximum load from a greater range of airfields, particularly in the continental United States and Australia.


title: British Aerospace Jetstream

text: The result was the Jetstream 31, which first flew on 28 March 1980, being certificated in the UK on 29 June 1982. The new version proved to be as popular as Handley Page hoped the original model would be, and several hundred 31s were built during the 1980s. In 1985, a further engine upgrade was planned, which flew in 1988 as the Jetstream Super 31, also known as the Jetstream 32. Production continued until 1993, by which time 386 31/32s had been produced. Four Jetstream 31s were ordered for the Royal Navy in 1985 as radar observer trainers, the Jetstream T.3, but were later used for VIP transport.


title: British Aerospace Jetstream

text: In 1993, British Aerospace adopted the "Jetstream" name as its brand name for all twin turboprop aircraft. As well as the Jetstream 31 and Jetstream 32, it also built the related Jetstream 41 and the unrelated, but co-branded BAe ATP/Jetstream 61. The Jetstream 61 name was never used in service, and retained its "ATP" marketing name. The company also proposed but never built the Jetstream 51 and Jetstream 71.


title: British Aerospace Jetstream

text: In July 2019, 70 Jetstream 31s were in airline service : 49 in Americas, 15 in Europe, 5 in Asia Pacific and 1 in Africa. Airline operators with five or more aircraft were:


title: Brad Maddox

text: Joshua Tyler Kluttz (born May 4, 1984) is an American retired professional wrestler and former professional wrestling referee. He is best known for his tenure in WWE, where he performed under the ring name Brad Maddox.


title: Brad Maddox

text: From 2008 to 2012, Maddox was assigned to WWE's developmental territories Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) and Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), where he held the OVW Heavyweight Championship and OVW Television Championship once each and the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship twice with different partners. He served as the General Manager of Raw in storyline from July 2013 to May 2014, before being released in November 2015.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Kluttz debuted on April 2, 2008 on the OVW tapings teaming up with Galvin Garrison against Dewey and Adam Revolver, which they lost, he used the name Brent Wellington. He won his first match on October 1, 2008 in an Eight-Man Tag Team match, alongside Galvin Garrison and Moose, they called themselves Theta Lambda Psi. On December 24, 2008 Kluttz had a title match for the OVW Heavyweight Championship against Aaron "The Idol" Stevens, which he lost.


title: Brad Maddox

text: After he was defeated, he adopted the nickname "Beef" and changed his gimmick to that of a necrophiliac. He had his first match under his new name at OVW Tapings January 14, 2009, winning with his Theta Lambda Psi team against Ted McNaler and Adam Revolver which they won. The Theta Lambda Psi Tag team was split in April 2009 where Kluttz first won a match against Moose then lost one where he was hit with a paddle. On July 26, 2009 he competed for the OVW Television Championship against Jamin Olivencia, he won the match to win his first Championship. His reign lasted 45 days when he was defeated by his former Theta Lambda Psi mate Moose at the OVW Tapings on September 9, 2009. On 27 February 2010 Kluttz won the vacant OVW Heavyweight Championship by winning a Battle Royal. His reign lasted 90 days when he lost the title on 29 May 2010 to Mike Mondo. In mid-2010 it was reported that Kluttz had signed a development contract with WWE.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Kluttz was renamed Brad Maddox and debuted for Florida Championship Wrestling at a live show on August 5, 2010, losing to Tyler Reks. His TV debut was on November 4, 2010, losing to Tito Colon. He won his first match on the July 1, 2011 episode of FCW against Percy Watson and Richie Steamboat. On 22 September edition of FCW Maddox defeated Briley Pierce, three weeks later at the 13 October edition of FCW they built a Tag Team and competed for the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship against CJ Parker and Donny Marlow, which they lost. On the November 3 tapings for FCW he won the Tag Team titles with Briley Pierce. On the February 2 tapings they lost their titles due to an injury of Pierce. Maddox tried to regain the vacant title with Eli Cottonwood, but they lost to Bo Rotundo and Husky Harris. On the March 4 edition of FCW Maddox was the first signed to Summer Rae´s "organization", and she was at ringside when he was defeated by Seth Rollins.


title: Brad Maddox

text: On June 21, 2012, he won the FCW Jack Brisco 15 Championship from Richie Steamboat. While holding the FCW 15 Championship, he won the Florida Tag Team Championship with Rick Victor on July 28, 2012. He became the final holder for both titles, as all of FCW's championships were retired when the territory was rebranded as NXT Wrestling. During this time, he participated in a 2 on 1 handicap match backstage where he picked the victory over Paige with the Piledriver finisher.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Maddox was promoted to the main roster as a referee in August 2012, debuting on the August 20 episode of "Raw" when he refereed a Divas Battle Royal. On October 28 at the Hell in a Cell pay-per-view, Maddox refereed the main event, a Hell in a Cell match between CM Punk and Ryback for the WWE Championship. As Ryback was about to win the match, Maddox gave Ryback a low blow and proceeded to fast-count a pin for Punk, resulting in Punk retaining his title thus turned Maddox heel. Maddox explained his actions on the November 5 episode of "Raw". He claimed that he was not working for Punk but his actions were self-motivated. Maddox revealed his lifelong dream of becoming a WWE wrestler, but WWE continually rejected him, so he took up the chance to be a referee and attacked Ryback to make a name for himself to earn a contract to become a WWE wrestler. WWE Chairman Vince McMahon then granted Maddox's request at a match against Ryback, while offering a million dollar contract if Maddox won. The next week, Maddox faced Ryback, who soundly defeated him and threw him into an ambulance.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Maddox returned in December 2012, now accompanied by his personal cameraman, Carson, and claiming to be a "YouTube sensation". "Raw" Managing Supervisor Vickie Guerrero offered Maddox a contract if he could defeat Randy Orton, but Orton prevailed. Orton was attacked by the Shield after the match. Similar to Maddox, the Shield had earlier aided Punk by attacking Ryback during the duo's WWE Championship match at Survivor Series to ensure Punk's retention of his title and also denied an alliance with Punk. Maddox then took his pleas to SmackDown General Manager Booker T, who thrice granted him opportunities to earn a contract if he could defeat Brodus Clay, The Great Khali, and Sheamus, but Maddox lost all three matches. On the January 28 episode of "Raw", via camera footage taken by Maddox's cameraman, it was revealed that Maddox, as well as the Shield, had been working for Punk's manager Paul Heyman all along, although Punk did not appear in the footage and claimed that Heyman had acted independently of him and without his knowledge. Heyman had also instructed the Shield to attack Maddox. The next week on "Raw", Maddox revealed he turned in Carson's footage to Vince McMahon and proceeded to call out the Shield, telling them that "justice awaits you". The Shield answered his challenge by brutally attacking him until John Cena, Sheamus, and Ryback interfered.


title: Brad Maddox

text: On the February 18 episode of "Raw", Maddox was rewarded the position of Assistant "Raw" Managing Supervisor by Vickie Guerrero after revealing that Paul Heyman and CM Punk were working with The Shield. On the April 24 episode of "NXT", Maddox challenged Big E Langston for the NXT Championship but was quickly defeated. On the July 8 episode of "Raw", after Guerrero was fired as Raw Managing Supervisor when the fans voted that she failed in her role, Maddox was appointed as the new General Manager of Raw.


title: Brad Maddox

text: After allowing John Cena to choose Daniel Bryan as his opponent at SummerSlam, Maddox was entwined between Mr. McMahon and Triple H. On the August 12 episode of "Raw", Maddox was the special guest referee in the match between Bryan and Wade Barrett, where he gave Barrett the victory after a fast count. Following this, Maddox announced himself as the guest referee in Bryan's match at SummerSlam, only for Triple H to come out and announce he would referee the match instead before giving Maddox a Pedigree.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Maddox then formed an alliance with Randy Orton, where he placed Orton's rivals, Dolph Ziggler and Big Show, in handicap matches against The Shield. Maddox continued to have tension with Big Show, who, after refusing to listen to Maddox's orders at Battleground, resulted in Big Show's firing by Stephanie McMahon on the following night's "Raw". Later that week on "SmackDown", Maddox was knocked out by Big Show, after interrupting him, suffering a concussion in the storyline.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Maddox returned on the November 11 episode of "Raw", where he asserted his authority to Randy Orton, only to be interrupted by the Director of Operations Kane and Vickie Guerrero. The next week on "Raw", Maddox was placed in a No Disqualification match against Orton by Triple H; Orton won the match via referee stoppage after Maddox lost consciousness in the storyline and was carried out on a stretcher after getting punched with a microphone 17 times. Following this, Maddox began to compete with Kane to gain favor of The Authority over who ran "Raw" better before forming an alliance with Kane, aiding him in his feud with CM Punk.


title: Brad Maddox

text: At WrestleMania XXX on April 6, 2014, Maddox participated in the Andre the Giant Memorial Battle Royal and was quickly eliminated by Cody Rhodes and The Great Khali. On the April 25 episode of "SmackDown", Maddox took over as General Manager for the night, where he was attacked by The Shield. On the May 19 episode of "Raw", Maddox defied the orders of Triple H of not allowing any member of The Shield at ringside, by making Dean Ambrose and Roman Reigns guest commentators. The following week on "Raw", Maddox was relieved of his duties as Raw General Manager by The Authority, before being attacked by Kane. Maddox was absent from WWE television for the remainder of 2014, mainly working house shows.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Maddox returned on the April 6, 2015, episode of "Raw" in a backstage segment with Kane, before being interrupted by Seth Rollins. In August, Maddox began teaming with Adam Rose during live events, calling themselves "Beef Mode", where they lost to Damien Sandow and Curtis Axel. Later that month, Maddox performed under two different names during dark matches, Joshua Kingsley on August 11 and Lord Ruffles on August 23, losing both matches against Zack Ryder. On the November 17 episode of "Main Event", Maddox made his televised return, teaming up with Adam Rose in a losing effort against The Usos.


title: Brad Maddox

text: On November 25, Maddox was officially released by WWE after referring to the audience as "cocky pricks" during a dark match.


title: Brad Maddox

text: Kluttz has been married to a woman named Ryan for almost 15 years, and together they have two children and live in Southern Carolina.


title: Brad Maddox

text: On November 11, 2015, Maddox appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". He appeared in a turkey costume in a segment with The Undertaker, in which Undertaker gave Maddox a Tombstone Piledriver.


title: Brad Maddox

text: He appeared in video games such as WWE 2K15 as an NPC and WWE 2K16, where he can be made a playable wrestler through the Superstar Faces creation mode on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 ports of the game.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Our Lady of La Salette () is a Marian apparition reported by two French children, Maximin Giraud and Mélanie Calvat, to have occurred at La Salette-Fallavaux, France, in 1846.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: On 19 September 1851, the local bishop formally approved the public devotion and prayers to Our Lady of La Salette. On 21 August 1879, Pope Leo XIII granted a canonical coronation to the image now located within the Basilica of Our Lady of La Salette. A Russian-style tiara was granted to the image, instead of the solar-type tiara used in the traditional depictions of Our Lady during her apparitions.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Places dedicated to Our Lady of La Salette outside of France include a sanctuary in Oliveira de Azeméis, in Portugal, a chapel in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato, in México, as well as a national shrine in Attleboro, Massachusetts, and a shrine in Enfield, New Hampshire, in the United States, both known for their displays of Christmas lights.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: In 1846 the village of La Salette consisted of eight or nine scattered hamlets. The population was about 800, principally small farmers with their families and dependents.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: On Saturday, September 19, 1846, around three p.m., two young shepherds, Mélanie Mathieu (or Mélanie Calvat), aged just under fifteen, and Maximin Giraud (sometimes called Mémin, and, by mistake, Germain), eleven years old, guarded their herds on a mountain near the village of La Salette-Fallavaux (department of Isère). On the evening, they said to their masters that they had seen a lady in tears who had spoken to them. Widow Pra (also known as widow Caron), mistress of Mélanie, thought that they had seen the Blessed Virgin and the children were urged to tell the priest of La Salette everything. They did it the next day, Sunday morning. The priest wept with emotion, took notes and, again in tears, spoke of the fact in his sermon.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: On Sunday evening, in the presence of Mélanie but in the absence of Maximin, whom his master has taken back to his family in Corps, Baptiste Pra (Mélanie's master), Pierre Selme (Maximin's master) and a certain Jean Moussier collaborate to put in writing the words addressed by the Virgin to the children. The resulting document, which is called the "Pra report", is now only known from a copy made by an investigator, Abbé Lagier, in February 1847. Nevertheless, this copy agrees with earlier documents which surely derive from the original Pra report. Lagier's copy reads as follows:


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: According to later reports, the words "I will tell you otherwise" mean that the Virgin, who had first spoken in French, began to speak in the patois of Corps. From 12 October 1846 the documents mention that during the apparition, the lady confided a personal secret to each of the two children.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: As said above, the Pra report was written in the presence of Mélanie and in the absence of Maximin. Father Stern, however, considers it possible that the writers of the report added to Mélanie's statements things that had been said by Maximin.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Indeed, each of the two seers had, in the first weeks, a part of the lady's message of which he was more sure than the other seer. The parish priest of La Salette noted on 16 October 1846: "All this story" (that is to say, essentially, what concerns the complaints, threats and promises of the Virgin) "is faithfully given by little Mélanie and although little Germain could not in principle give it with the same order, he always said, however, when hearing his little companion tell it, that it was indeed that. What follows" (that is to say, essentially, the account of the Coin incident, which features Maximin and his father ) "was more particularly understood and remembered by little Germain, Mélanie admitting that it is certain that the lady spoke to the little boy without Mélanie being able to understand the lady."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: However, in the words of Father Stern, a "process of harmonization" between the statements of the two children resulted in the fixation of the "Salettine vulgate": "The way he (Maximin) presents the words of the Lady (. ..) in February–March 1847 certainly owes something to the stories he heard from Mélanie in the meantime. But an influence in the opposite direction, from Maximin to Mélanie, must also have existed."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The story of Mélanie and Maximin was very well received by the population and, at least from November 1846, the bishop of Grenoble, Philibert de Bruillard, was convinced of the reality of the apparition, but, wishing to be able to support his judgment on indisputable evidence, he requested several reports from various commissions.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: In September 1850, Maximin, who was advised by some to become Marist, wanted to consult the "Curé d'Ars" about his vocation. Brayer, benefactor of the two seers, and Verrier, one of the partisans of the "Baron de Richemont" who hoped that the secret of La Salette related to the destinies of this alleged Louis XVII, undertook to take Maximin to the famous priest. Maximin's guardian officially gave his consent, but the bishop of Grenoble opposed the trip. Maximin, stamping with vexation, refused to submit to this prohibition. Brayer and Verrier disregarded the will of the bishop and took Maximin to Ars accompanied by his sister Angélique, who was an adult.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The group arrives in Ars on 24 September in the evening. He is received by the Abbé Raymond, vicar of Ars, who expresses to Maximin a total incredulity with regard to the apparition of La Salette. The next morning, Maximin has a one-on-one interview with the Curé of Ars. After this interview, the priest, who until then had great confidence in the apparition of La Salette, declares to several people, in particular to ecclesiastics, that Maximin retracted. One of these ecclesiastics informs the episcopal commission in charge of investigating the apparition and Abbé Gerin, a member of this commission, comes at the end of October to hear the Curé of Ars.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Maximin is questioned about the Ars incident at the minor seminary of Grenoble and at the bishopric. On 2 November, he attested in writing, at the minor seminary, that the Curé of Ars had not questioned him either about the apparition of La Salette or about his secret and that, for his part, in his answers to the parish priest and the vicar of Ars, he said nothing that was contrary to what he had said to thousands of others since the apparition. The same day, he declared before a special commission meeting at the bishopric that he had not retracted in Ars, but that, not hearing the priest distinctly, he sometimes said "yes" and "no" at random. "This is at least how Rousselot presents his explanations" adds Father Stern. (Canon Rousselot considered himself the postulator of the cause of La Salette.) On November 8, Father Mélin, parish priest of Corps, and Canon Rousselot went to Ars. The Curé of Ars told them that Maximin confessed to him "that he had seen nothing and had lied when making his known story and had persisted in this lie for three years as he saw the good effects of it". On November 21, Maximin wrote ("one made him write", says Father Stern) a letter to the Curé of Ars in which he gave the following explanation: "Allow me to tell you in all sincerity , that there has been a complete misunderstanding on your part. I did not want to tell you, Father, and I never said seriously to anyone, that I had seen nothing and had lied by making my known story and had persisted in this lie for three years. as I saw the good effects of it. I only told you, Father, when I left the sacristy and on the door, that I saw something and that I didn't know if it was the Blessed Virgin or another lady. At this moment you were advancing through the crowd and our conversation ceased." According to Father Stern, the least that can be said of Maximin's various explanations is that they lack coherence. (Later, in 1865, Maximin would give yet another explanation: the lie he had confessed to the Curé of Ars did not concern the apparition, but a theft of cherries he had committed in road to Ars. "As if, remarks Father Stern, cherries grew in September!")


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Bishop de Bruillard tended however to believe in the sincerity of Maximin's explanation by the misunderstanding. He supported this explanation in a letter he wrote to the Curé of Ars, as he forwarded to him that of Maximin: "During the recent visit to you by Canon Rousselot and M. Mélin, Pastor-Archpriest of Corps, you told these Gentlemen that Maximin had confessed to you 'that he had seen nothing and had lied in making his known story and had persisted in this lie for three years as he saw the good effects of it'. (...) Finally, you said to MM. Rousselot and Mélin that as a result of this interview with Maximin, you could no longer believe in the apparition of La Salette as before, and that you no longer believed in it. MM. Mélin and Rousselot told me all these things with a common voice. Now, such a change of opinion on your part, M. le Curé, which is more and more known, (for the very sake of the salvation of souls,) would be a very serious fact if the apparition is real, as believed nine bishops whom I consulted. If you misheard Maximin, as he affirms with all appearances of sincerity, in the judgment of several people who have my confidence, affirmation written in the attached document that the child addresses you very resolutely, you cannot exempt you from examining again, and you will not refuse to inform me of the result of this examination and of the opinion to which it may lead you. You understand, M. le Curé, that having encouraged the belief of the people in the apparition of La Salette, by the approval I gave to the publication of the reports drawn up by my order on this affair, you cannot put yourself in a kind of public opposition with me, without having the kindness to inform me of your reasons, since I have the honor to request them from you insistently."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: In his answer, the Curé of Ars did not adopt the explanation based on the misunderstanding that the Bishop of Grenoble suggested to him. On the question of fact, he stood by his statements to the parish priest of Corps and to Canon Rousselot, but he did not exclude that the apparition could be authentic despite Maximin's categorical retraction: "It is not necessary to repeat to Your Highness what I said to these Gentlemen. The boy having told me that he had not seen the Blessed Virgin, I was tired of it for a couple of days. After all, Monseigneur, the wound is not so great, and if this fact is the work of God, man will not destroy it. » This response of the Curé of Ars did not trouble Bishop de Bruillard. For him, it was not possible that the children invented all the circumstances of the apparition, so either there was a misunderstanding between the Curé d'Ars and Maximin, or it was not seriously that Maximin said he had seen nothing.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The Curé of Ars, as for him, continued to maintain that Maximin had really retracted. Abbé Alfred Monnin, who entered the entourage of the Curé of Ars as a missionary, reported as follows an interview he had with him in the presence of a few people:


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: This passage from the book of Abbé Alfred Monnin disappeared from some later editions, but there are other testimonies in the same sense.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Father Stern notes that the Curé of Ars had very good hearing and was neither stupid nor stubborn: "If there had been the possibility of a misunderstanding on his part, why would he have had difficulty to admit it, he who asked nothing better than to believe?" Therefore Father Stern adopts, with other authors favorable to the authenticity of the apparition, an explanation different from those that Maximin himself gave in 1850: Maximin would have voluntarily fooled the Curé of Ars. According to one of the partisans of this thesis of a hoax from Maximin, the vicar of Ars had affirmed before Maximin that the priest read consciences and Maximin would have liked to put the priest to the test. Father Stern, for his part, does not consider it necessary to make the vicar of Ars play an important role: Maximin was surrounded by naive people to whom he liked to tell balderdash and when these naive people spoke to him about the extraordinary priest of Ars, he behaved towards him as towards the others.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The Curé of Ars, whom the affair has plunged into desolation, will confide to his auxiliary Catherine Lassagne, years after the recognition of the apparition by the bishop of Grenoble, that he is very annoyed not to believe in it. He will end up recovering his faith in La Salette for reasons, one of which is purely subjective (deliverance from an inner pain) and the other of which (attribution of a miraculous cause to a help arriving during financial difficulties) is of a degree of objectivity that varies according to the witnesses.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: In an episcopal letter which is dated September 19, 1851 (fifth anniversary of the apparition), but which, at the bishopric, is classified among the November texts, Bishop de Bruillard declared the apparition authentic and authorized the cult of Our Lady of La Salette. This act weakened the opposition without making it disappear and its leaders, taking advantage in 1852 of the arrival of a new bishop (Mgr Ginoulhiac, replacing Mgr de Bruillard who had resigned), violently attacked the reality of the miracle of the Salette. Two ecclesiastics, Abbé Deléon and Cartellier, parish priest of the , even claimed that the "beautiful lady" was in fact an old daughter called Mademoiselle de La Merlière, a former nun. This claim gave rise to a curious lawsuit for defamation which the plaintiff (La Merlière) lost twice, at first instance on May 2, 1855 and on appeal on May 6, 1857., despite an eloquent plea by Jules Favre.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Abbé Cartellier and Abbé Deléon continued thereafter to publish pamphlets against the apparition. The cardinal-archbishop of Lyon, Louis Jacques Maurice de Bonald, was favorable to the two polemicists. The Papacy did not commit.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The first stone of a large church was solemnly laid on the mountain of La Salette, on 25 May 1852, in front of a large congregation of believers. This church, later promoted to the rank of basilica, was served by religious called missionaries of La Salette, who were replaced in 1891 by diocesan priests after their expulsion by exile laws.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: On 2 May 1847, the "Censeur", an anticlerical newspaper from Lyon, attacked the apparition of La Salette and denounced those who "deceive the credulity of peasants by inventing miracles, such as the letters of Jesus Christ, the apparitions of angels and the Virgin".


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: These "letters of Jesus Christ" are variants of the Carta dominica, a New Testament apocryphon whose first known mention dates from around 584.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: In such a "letter", seized in 1818 from a pedlar in the department of Isère, Christ says in particular: "Attacks (sins) so worthy of the most cruel punishments, are stopped by the prayers of the divine Mary my very dear Mother (...). I have given you six days to work, and the seventh to rest (...) but you make it a day to accomplish the works of the devil, such as gambling, drunkenness, blasphemy (...)." A similar document, seized from the same peddler, begins with these words: "Here is the hand of Our Lord Jesus Christ, which is ready to punish sinners" and then makes the Virgin say: "I can no longer stop the anger of my Son".


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The "Censeur" of Lyon, as seen above, had mentioned the apparition of La Salette and the "Letters of Jesus Christ" in the same article, but had not compared the message of the apparition and the content of the "Letters". This comparison was made in 1855 by a Belgian anticlerical author who signed "François-Joseph". He reproduces (after Voltaire) a version of the "Letter of Jesus Christ" allegedly fallen from heaven at Paimpol in 1771, which contains in particular the following words: "I warn you that, if you continue to live in sin (... ), I will make you feel the weight of my divine arm. If it weren't for my dear mother's prayers, I would have already destroyed the earth, for the sins you commit against one another. I have given you six days to work, and the seventh to rest, to sanctify my holy name, to hear holy mass, and to use the rest of the day in the service of God my father. On the contrary, we only see blasphemy and drunkenness (...)." The "Letter of Jesus Christ" being considered as apocryphal by the Church, François-Joseph concludes, from the similarities between this "Letter" and the speech of Our Lady of La Salette, that there are there two related impostures.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Father Hippolyte Delehaye, president of the Bollandist Society, expressed in 1928 an opinion similar to that of François-Joseph: "We will add that the famous question of the 'fact of La Salette' had could have been settled sooner and more easily if one had recognized in the words attributed to the Blessed Virgin one of the forms of the celestial letter, barely demarcated. (...) One has not even taken the trouble to arrange a text originally placed in the mouth of the Saviour, but which, pronounced by the Virgin, no longer makes sense: 'I gave you six days to work, I reserved the seventh for myself, and they don't want to give it me.' Particularly significant is the title given to the first draft, written on September 20, 1846, the very day after the event: 'Letter dictated by the Blessed Virgin to two children on the mountain of La Salette-Fallavaux.' We won't add any comments."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: Pope John Paul II stated, "As I wrote on the occasion of the 150th anniversary, 'La Salette is a message of hope, for our hope is nourished by the intercession of her who is the Mother of mankind."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: No mention of secrets is made in the children's first accounts. The children later reported that the Blessed Virgin had confided a special secret to each of them. These two secrets, which neither Mélanie nor Maximin ever made known to each other, were sent by them in 1851 to Pope Pius IX on the advice of de Bruillard. It is assumed that these secrets were of a personal nature. Maximin advised the Marquise de Monteyard, "Ah, it is good fortune."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: "Maximin Giraud, after an unhappy and wandering life, returned to Corps, his native village, and died there a holy death (1 March 1875). Mélanie Calvat ended a no less wandering life at Altamura, Italy (15 December, 1904)."


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The Missionaries of Our Lady of La Salette were founded in 1852 by Philbert de Bruillard, Bishop of Grenoble, France, and presently serve in some 25 countries.


title: Our Lady of La Salette

text: The U.S. National Shrine of Our Lady of La Salette is located in Attleboro, Massachusetts. Known simply as "La Salette" locally, it is famous for its Festival of Lights, held annually during the Christmas season, where the grounds are decorated with elaborate Christmas light displays. The shrine is visited by over 1 million people per year and hosts many pilgrimages and retreats throughout the year.


title: Deadwing

text: Deadwing is the eighth studio album by British progressive rock band Porcupine Tree, released in Japan on 24 March 2005, in Europe on 28 March, and in the US on 26 April. It quickly became the band's best selling album, although it was later surpassed by "Fear of a Blank Planet". The album is based on a screenplay written by Steven Wilson and Mike Bennion, and is a ghost story. Wilson has stated that the songs "Deadwing", "Lazarus", "Arriving Somewhere but Not Here", "Open Car", and "Mellotron Scratch" were originally intended for the film soundtrack, but when the project failed to find funding they were instead recorded for the next Porcupine Tree album. The album versions of "Lazarus" and "Open Car" essentially remain Wilson solo tracks onto which Gavin Harrison overdubbed drums.


title: Deadwing

text: The album produced two singles: "Shallow" and "Lazarus". "Shallow" also appeared in the movie "Four Brothers". It can be heard as background music in a bar. The album also produced music videos for "Lazarus", "The Start of Something Beautiful", and "Glass Arm Shattering".


title: Deadwing

text: The album includes collaborations with King Crimson's Adrian Belew, who plays guitar solos on the title track and "Halo", and Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt, who adds vocal harmonies on "Deadwing", "Lazarus", and "Arriving Somewhere but Not Here". He also plays the second guitar solo on "Arriving Somewhere but Not Here".


title: Deadwing

text: In 2017, Kscope Records purchased the album as well as the previous album "In Absentia"; both were remastered and rereleased in 2018 through the label, with the new versions having less compression and an overall improvement in sound quality.


title: Deadwing

text: Wilson described the album as a surreal "ghost story", and said that "the idea is ultimately that this album will form a kind of companion with the feature film." He stated that David Lynch and Stanley Kubrick were major influences for the script.


title: Deadwing

text: While introducing the song "Lazarus" during the Shepherds Bush Empire concert in December 2005, Steven Wilson explained that this song was about a mother communicating with her young son "from the grave".


title: Deadwing

text: On 1 September 2006, Steven Wilson announced in his blog that Mike Bennion (co-writer of the "Deadwing" screenplay) had released the first fifteen pages of the story. The film script thus far has made several connections to the album, including a reference to the line in "Mellotron Scratch" "A tiny flame inside my hand", the man mentioned in "Lazarus" "My David don't you worry", and to the artwork in the album's cover insert.


title: Deadwing

text: On 3 January 2019, Steven Wilson posted on Facebook that he and Bennion had recently "reactivated and rewritten [the script] with a view to trying again [to make the film]", but that the name of the script had changed. Wilson also revealed that the "David" from the song "Lazarus" is the main character in the "Deadwing" script.


title: Deadwing

text: In a comment on the loudness war, Steven Wilson mentioned how he considered placing a message on record sleeves that reads as follows: "Please note that this record may not be mastered as loudly as some of the other records in your collection. This is in order to retain the dynamic range and subtlety of the music. Please, use your volume knob." Conversely, the CD version of the album has been proven to contain clipping and dynamic range compression, whereas the 5.1 surround mix on the DVD-A version does not. However, subsequent releases "Fear of a Blank Planet" and "Nil Recurring" are mastered at lower levels, preserving more of their original dynamic range.


title: Deadwing

text: Over the years Steven, Richard and Colin have made several interesting evaluations of the album's tracks.


title: Deadwing

text: "Deadwing" – Steven, "A ten-minute piece that's very in-your-face and has no real chorus, so it's an ambitious way to start the record. A very unconventional piece of music. It's a statement of intent, a willfully uncommercial gesture. "It is interesting to note that the pulsing keyboard sound at the start of the song is similar to that used by Steven on 'First Regret', which opened his 2015 LP, Hand. Cannot. Erase.


title: Deadwing

text: "Shallow" – Steven explained, "The big rock moment of the record, an irresistible riff with a Zep or Soundgarden vibe to it. The equivalent of a big, dumb rock song, but in the way that people who are not dumb would do it." Richard remarked, "I tell you what I didn't like on Deadwing and that's a track called 'Shallow'. It's so out of context for Porcupine Tree. It really didn't feel like Porcupine Tree to me. It just had too much of a knowing sound to it. American kind of rock. There wasn't that naivety about it or that honesty about it." Steven Wilson later admitted in an interview that "Shallow" was written and recorded after pressure from the studio to create a radio-friendly hit off the album.


title: Deadwing

text: "Lazarus" – Richard's evaluation, "The beautiful side of Porcupine Tree. Very mellow and delicate, in the contemporary style of Coldplay or Radiohead."


title: Deadwing

text: "Halo" – Steven clarified, "Well, 'Halo' was on Deadwing, as Deadwing, as you probably know, is based on this film script I wrote. And there is a religious aspect in the script, there is a religious cult in the script. But the song itself 'Halo' takes that as a starting point and develops into another kind of idea. It is about the born again Christianity, the born again religious parts, the self-righteousness of those kind of people." Colin added his thoughts on 'Halo', "We came up with that round Gavin's place whilst having a group session for Deadwing. Bits of that came from Gavin having an idea in 17/16. That was pretty much a group thing. It came together quite quickly." Gavin's inspiration came about during his regular drum experiments and, with the rest of the band on board, they spent an hour working on the idea in Gavin's home studio where the writing sessions would usually take place. Steven subsequently took their work away and formed the song. Richard explained, "Gavin and I came up with this infectious groove. Has an industrial feel a la Nine Inch Nails; quirky, abrasive, and repetitive with distorted vocals, and an extraordinarily strange Adrian Belew guitar solo."


title: Deadwing

text: "Arriving Somewhere but Not Here" – Steven explained, "The centre-piece of the record. The most ambitious track in terms of its horizontal complexity, and its length, thirteen minutes. Slowly develops from an ambient keyboard intro. The band's progressive side coming to the fore."


title: Deadwing

text: "Mellotron Scratch" – Steven remarked, "The most chilled-out track on the record. Lots of overlapping harmonies, and different three-part vocal lines simultaneously weaving in and out of each other. I really went to town with that side of my musical personality."


title: Deadwing

text: "Open Car" – Steven stated, "'Open Car' had been one everyone was thinking was going to be a B-side. I substituted that in the mastering. I was listening to it, and I was thinking 'this is such a great track, it's come out so well' and 'So Called Friend', all the way through writing we always thought that's a great track and the final mix didn't quite gel for me. We also did it with 'Glass Arm' and 'Half Light' as well, although the changes were made a week before the mastering."


title: Deadwing

text: "The Start of Something Beautiful" – Richard continued, "One of my favourites; explores the band's love of unconventional time signatures. It has a groove bass line, a contemporary feel, and it washes into a beautiful textual finish line. Classic Porcupine Tree." 'The Start Of Something Beautiful' was another song which originated from an idea Gavin had while experimenting, that he titled '9 To 5'. During the writing sessions at Gavin's studio, he played it to Steven, who liked it and started jamming along on bass guitar, and so the foundations of the song were formed.


title: Deadwing

text: "Glass Arm Shattering" – Steven enthused, "The final epic blow-out. Has more of the aspects that people associate with the classic early sound of the band, our spacious, dreamy, almost Floyd-ian textural side. That's obviously a big part of the band's personality."


title: Deadwing

text: "So Called Friend" – Richard remarked, "A short, fairly heavy riff-based piece. I really like what's going on in the verses and bridges."


title: Deadwing

text: The band stated that 15 songs were recorded during the "Deadwing" sessions. The initial release, for Europe, contained only 9 tracks. All versions contain those initial 9 tracks in the same order. For the later U.S. release, an additional track was added on, the 2004 re-recorded version of "Shesmovedon", which was originally released on their 2000 "Lightbulb Sun", bringing the total to 10.


title: Deadwing

text: The album was also released as a DVD-Audio disc on 10 May 2005 by DTS Entertainment. The disc contains 5.1-channel surround versions of all the tracks from the US CD ("Shesmovedon (2004)" was included as an unlisted extra track.) plus three bonus tracks: "Revenant", "Mother and Child Divided" and "Half-Light", bringing the total to 13 songs.


title: Deadwing

text: One more song, "So Called Friend", was released on the "Lazarus" single, bringing it up to 14 songs. There is another song titled "Christenings": while it was never released as a Porcupine Tree song, it was eventually released on Steven Wilson's side project, Blackfield's 2007 album "Blackfield II". An instrumental demo called "Collecting Space" made in 2003 during writing sessions for "Deadwing", but never recorded by the band. A proper version of this piece was released on the limited edition of Wilson's first solo album "Insurgentes" as an bonus track. Another possible song from this time is "Godfearing", which was later released on the web and of which Wilson doesn't recall the exact recording period, but it was either during "Deadwing" or "In Absentia".


title: Deadwing

text: "Deadwing" won the "Best Made-For-Surround Title" award for the 2005 Surround Music Awards, and was voted the number 2 album of 2005 in "Sound & Vision", which is the most widely distributed US magazine in the field of home electronics and entertainment. In addition to this, the album won the "Album of the Year" award for the 2005 "Classic Rock" magazine awards. The album was named as one of "Classic Rock"'s 10 essential progressive rock albums of the decade.


title: Romano-British culture

text: The Romano-British culture arose in Britain under the Roman Empire following the Roman conquest in AD 43 and the creation of the province of Britannia. It arose as a fusion of the imported Roman culture with that of the indigenous Britons, a people of Celtic language and custom.


title: Romano-British culture

text: Scholars such as Christopher Snyder believe that during the 5th and 6th centuries – approximately from 410 when the Roman legions withdrew, to 597 when St Augustine of Canterbury arrived – southern Britain preserved an active sub-Roman culture that survived the attacks from the Anglo-Saxons and even used a vernacular Latin when writing.


title: Romano-British culture

text: Roman troops, mainly from nearby provinces, invaded in AD 43, in what is now part of England, during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Over the next few years the province of Britannia was formed, eventually including the whole of what later became England and Wales and parts of Scotland. The Claudian army took over Colchester and eleven tribal kings of Britain also surrendered to the Roman army. By AD 47, the Romans had invaded southern Britain and claimed territory that held many natural resources. This led to an increase in imperial wealth. The Romans developed the city of Colchester through urbanisation and new clusters of public buildings. The Roman army and their families and dependents amounted to 125,000 people, out of Britannia's total population of 3.6 million at the end of the fourth century. There were also many migrants of other professions, such as sculptors (Barates) from Roman Syria and doctors from the Eastern Mediterranean region. Romano-British cultures and religions continued to diversify; while the populace remained mainly Celtic, there was an increase in Romanisation.


title: Romano-British culture

text: The bulk of the population was rural and engaged in agriculture; from a total population of 3.6 million at the end of the fourth century, the urban population was about 240,000 people, with the capital city of Londinium having about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from across the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, and immigrants from continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, both within Britannia and from other Roman territories, including North Africa, Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean, and continental Europe.


title: Romano-British culture

text: Christianity came to Britain in the 3rd century. One early figure was Saint Alban, who (according to tradition) was martyred near the Roman town of Verulamium, on the site of the modern St Albans, during the reign of Emperor Decius.


title: Romano-British culture

text: One aspect of Roman influence seen in British life was the grant of Roman citizenship. At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units; and to a number of natives whose patrons obtained citizenship for them. The granting of Roman citizenship was gradually expanded and more people from provinces became citizens. One way for a provincial inhabitant to become a citizen was to serve in the Roman army or a city council. The number of citizens steadily increased, as people inherited citizenship and more grants were made by the emperors. Eventually in 212 or early 213AD, everybody living in the provinces except slaves and freed slaves were granted citizenship by the "Constitutio Antoniniana". Roman citizenship held many benefits; for example, citizens could make their own decisions, could request protection, and could share possessions/responsibilities within the community under the protection of Roman law.


title: Romano-British culture

text: The other inhabitants of Britain, who did not enjoy citizenship, the "Peregrini", continued to live under the laws of their ancestors. Principal handicaps were that they could not own land with a Latin title, serve as a legionary in the army, or, in general, inherit from a Roman citizen. In the Republic, foreign "peregrini" were further named as "peregrini dediticii" which meant they were "surrendered foreigners" and forbidden to gain Roman citizenship. These surrendered foreigners were not provided with any of the benefits, duties, status or sense of identity of citizens. Romans continued to stigmatize "peregrini dediticii" as freedmen or foreigners who were tortured and excluded from citizenship forever.


title: Romano-British culture

text: Eventually emperor Honorius ordered Roman troops back home to help defend Italy against invasion. Constantine III initially rebelled against Honorius and took further troops to Gaul, but was later recognised as a joint emperor.


title: Romano-British culture

text: After the Roman departure from Britain, the Romano-British were advised by Honorius to "look to their own defences". A written plea with General Flavius Aëtius as one of its believed recipients, known as the "Groans of the Britons", may have brought some brief naval assistance from the fading Roman Empire of the West, but otherwise they were on their own.


title: Romano-British culture

text: In the early stages the lowlands and cities may have had some organisation or "council" and the Bishop of London appears to have played a key role, but they were divided politically as former soldiers, mercenaries, nobles, officials and farmers declared themselves kings, fighting amongst each other and leaving Britain open to invasion. Two factions may have emerged: a pro-Roman faction and an independence faction. The one leader at this time known by name is Vortigern, which may have been a title meaning "High King". The depredations of the Picts from the north and Scotti (Scots) from Ireland forced the Britons to seek help from pagan Germanic tribes of Angles, Saxons and Jutes, who then decided to settle in Britain. Some of the Romano-British people migrated to Brittany, the Kingdom of the Suebi and possibly Ireland.


title: Romano-British culture

text: The Anglo-Saxons obtained control of eastern England in the 5th century. In the mid-6th century, they started expanding into the Midlands, then in the 7th century they expanded again into the southwest and the north of England. The unconquered parts of southern Britain, notably Wales, retained their Romano-British culture, in particular retaining Christianity. Members of groups who spoke Germanic also migrated to the southern section of Great Britain. Cultural exchange is seen in the post-Roman period with these Germanic settlements.


title: Romano-British culture

text: Some Anglo-Saxon histories (in context) refer to the Romano-British people by the blanket term "Welsh". The term Welsh is derived from an Old English word meaning 'foreigner', referring to the old inhabitants of southern Britain. Historically, Wales and the south-western peninsula were known respectively as North Wales and West Wales. The Celtic north of England and southern Scotland was referred to in Welsh as Hen Ogledd ("old north").


title: Romano-British culture

text: The struggles of this period have given rise to the legends of Uther Pendragon and King Arthur. There are many theories, but it is sometimes said that Ambrosius Aurelianus, a resistance leader of the Romano-British forces, was the model for the former, and that Arthur's court of Camelot is an idealised Welsh and Cornish memory of pre-Saxon Romano-British civilisation.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Ryan Marlowe Fredericks (born 10 October 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club AFC Bournemouth. He has previously played for Tottenham Hotspur, Brentford, Millwall, Middlesbrough, Bristol City, Fulham and West Ham United.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Born in Hammersmith, London, Fredericks joined the Tottenham academy in July 2009. Although he was injured early in his career, he progressed through the academy to sign a professional contract with the club in July 2010. In July 2011, Fredericks was awarded a new contract at the club.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Fredericks first made Tottenham's first team squad as an unused substitute in February 2010, in an FA Cup fourth round replay win over Leeds United. A year later, Fredericks started his first game for Tottenham on 25 August 2011, against Hearts, where he played on the right of midfield. He made his debut alongside Tom Carroll and Harry Kane. Fredericks then made his first Tottenham Hotspur appearance in two years, making a start, in the last group stage game of Europa League, where he won a penalty to allow Roberto Soldado converted the penalty successfully to score a hat-trick, in a 4–1 win over Anzhi Makhachkala on 12 December 2013. In January 2014, Fredericks signed a contract with Tottenham Hotspur that would keep him at the club until 2016.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: On 10 August 2012, he signed on loan for League One club Brentford. He made his debut the following day in a 1–0 defeat against Walsall in the League Cup. He made his league debut on 18 August, in a 0–0 draw against Bury. He made his home debut on 22 September, in a 1–0 win against Oldham Athletic. Tottenham exercised the right to recall Fredericks to the Tottenham squad on 25 October 2012. Reflecting about his time at Brentford, Fredericks said the move benefited, as the player he is today.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: On 17 January 2014, he switched to Championship side Millwall for a three-month loan. He made his début the following day, a home match against Ipswich Town, where he scored the only goal of the game with a lob from the right back position. After two appearances, Fredericks' loan spell at Millwall was extended until the end of the season. Fredericks became a first team regular at Millwall in the right-back position, making 14 appearances.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: On 28 August 2014, Fredericks joined Middlesbrough for a season-long loan. However, he remained on the sidelines until he was called up to the first team by manager Aitor Karanka following Damià Abella's injury. His league debut came on 20 September 2014, where he played 90 minutes against former club Brentford and saw Middlesbrough win 4–0. He suffered a thigh injury during a match against Blackburn Rovers, and was sidelined for a month. He made his first appearance after returning from injury in a 1–0 win over Brentford on 31 January 2015. After appearing six times in nine appearances between February and March, Fredericks suffered a hamstring injury, which he sustained during a match against Nottingham Forest on 7 March 2015. After returning to training in early-April, Fredericks remained on the sidelines until 25 April 2015, playing the first hour of a 4–3 loss to Fulham. Despite being sidelined, Fredericks went on to make 17 appearances for Middlesbrough before returning to his parent club.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: On 6 August 2015, Fredericks joined Bristol City on a permanent transfer, signing a three-year contract, and was given the number twelve shirt ahead of the new season. Fredericks stated the club's "open and attacking" football was his motivation for joining. Fredericks made his Bristol City debut, in the opening game of the season, where he played as a right-midfield before switching to left-midfield, in a 2–0 loss away at Sheffield Wednesday.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: However, after just twenty-six days at the club and making only five appearances in all competitions for the club, it was reported that Fredericks was on the verge of leaving Bristol City, citing personal reasons and that he would be returning to London to an unnamed side, which was later to be revealed as Fulham.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: He joined Championship club Fulham on a three-year contract on 31 August 2015, with the fee undisclosed.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Fredericks made his Fulham debut, coming on as a substitute for Ben Pringle in the 62nd minute, in a 2–1 win against Blackburn Rovers on 13 September 2015. He started out playing in the right–back position for the next two matches, before playing in the right–midfield position (whenever he came on as a substitute). For the rest of the season, Fredericks continued to play in either the right–back position and right–midfield position. Despite suffering injuries during the 2015–16 season Fredericks went on to make 36 appearances for Fulham in his first season.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: In the 2016–17 season, Fredericks spent the start of the season with an ankle injury and was sidelined for between 10–12 weeks following surgery. It wasn't until 18 October 2016 when he returned to the first team from injury, starting the match in the right–back position, in a 2–2 draw against Norwich City. After returning from injury, he regained his first team place, in the right–back position. In a match against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 10 December 2016, Fredericks played a role for Fulham when he set up two goals, resulting a 4–4 draw. Seven days later, on 17 December 2016, he provided another assist in a match against Derby County, setting up a goal for Floyd Ayité, in a 2–2 draw. Three weeks later, on 8 January 2017, Fredericks played another important role against Cardiff City in the third round of the FA Cup when he set up the equaliser, in a 2–1 win; his performance earning him the Man of the Match award. However, in a match against Birmingham City on 4 February 2017, he was sent–off for a late tackle on Craig Gardner, in a 1–0 loss. After serving a three match suspension, Fredericks immediately regained his first team place in the right–back position, where he stayed for the rest of the season. He also played in both legs of the play-offs, which saw Reading win 2–1 on aggregate. Throughout the season, Fredericks' performance was praised, due to his passing stats and pace. By the end of the 2016–17 season, he had made 34 appearances in all competitions.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: In the 2017–18 season, Fredericks continued to retain his first team place in the right–back position from the start of the campaign. After going three league matches without a win, he then played a role when he set up a goal for Neeskens Kebano, in a 2–1 win over Ipswich Town on 26 August 2017. Two weeks later, on 13 September 2017, Fredericks provided his second assist of the season, setting up the winning goal, in a 2–1 win over Hull City. He was an ever present in the first team from the start of the 2017–18 season until he suffered a foot injury that saw him miss one game. After returning from injury against Aston Villa on 21 October 2017, he regained his first team place. His performances at Fulham attracted interest from clubs such as Swansea City and Stoke City, but stayed at the club throughout January. His contributions led to Fulham reaching the play–offs and subsequently ended up gaining promotion to the Premier League after beating Aston Villa 1–0 in the final, where he started and played 83 minutes before being substituted. For his seasons performances, Fredericks was named in the EFL Championship team of the year in April 2018, along with teammate Ryan Sessegnon and Tom Cairney. He was also named in the Championship Team of the Season. At the end of the 2017–18 season, Fredericks had made 48 appearances in all competitions.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: With his contract at Fulham expected to expire at the end of the 2017–18 season, Fredericks hinted about staying at Fulham.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Fredericks' free transfer to West Ham United was announced on 5 June 2018, joining on a four-year contract from Fulham.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: He made his debut on 12 August in a 4–0 defeat by Liverpool. He scored his first goal for West Ham in their 8–0 win over Macclesfield Town in the EFL Cup on 26 September 2018. On 9 February 2021, in an FA Cup game against Manchester United, Fredericks became the first concussion substitute in English football when he replaced Issa Diop following a head injury. In May 2022, West Ham announced that Fredericks would be leaving the club at the end of his contract in June 2022. He played 77 times for West Ham scoring three goals and making six assists.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: On 22 June 2022, Fredericks signed for Bournemouth on a two-year contract on a free transfer. He made his debut coming on in the 69th minute to replace Jordan Zemura in the 0-0 draw against Wolves.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Fredericks made a single appearance for the England under-19 team in 2011, in a 3–0 defeat against the Netherlands. Fredericks is also eligible to represent Guyana and Scotland through his grandfather.


title: Ryan Fredericks

text: Upon joining Fulham, Fredericks revealed that he had been a district champion in the 100m and the triple jump and had been offered athletics scholarships as a youth.


title: Catafalque

text: A catafalque is a raised bier, box, or similar platform, often movable, that is used to support the casket, coffin, or body of a dead person during a Christian funeral or memorial service. Following a Roman Catholic Requiem Mass, a catafalque may be used to stand in place of the body at the absolution of the dead or used during Masses of the Dead and All Souls' Day.


title: Catafalque

text: According to Peter Stanford, the term originates from the Italian ', which means scaffolding. However, the "Oxford English Dictionary" says the word is "[o]f unknown derivation; even the original form is uncertain; French pointing to or , Italian to , Spanish to ." The most notable Italian catafalque was the one designed for Michelangelo by his fellow artists in 1564. An elaborate and highly decorated roofed surround for a catafalque, common for grand funerals of the Baroque era, may be called a '.


title: Catafalque

text: Large processions have followed the catafalques of popes. The households of the cardinals carried the catafalque of Pope Sixtus V in 1590. The bier, decorated with gold cloth, was followed by "confraternities, religious orders, students of seminaries and colleges, orphans and mendicants". In 1963, a million people filed past the catafalque of Pope John XXIII, which had been carried in procession to St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.


title: Catafalque

text: In Catholic Liturgy, the catafalque is either an empty casket or a wooden form made to look like a casket that is covered by the black pall and surrounded by six unbleached (orange) candles (when they are available); it is a symbolic representation of the deceased or a monument erected to represent the faithful departed. When it is present, the priest sings the absolution for the deceased as if the body was present. The body was the Temple of the Holy Spirit and must be shown the greatest respect, even symbolically, the catafalque is thus this symbol of hope in God and in His promise to raise our bodies and that of our departed ones in glory like the Risen Body of His Son seated at His right hand.


title: Catafalque

text: Other than religious leaders such as popes, famous people have lain in state or been carried in procession to their burial place on a catafalque.


title: Catafalque

text: Thirteen years after his death, the remains of Voltaire were transferred on a catafalque to the Panthéon in Paris, a building dedicated to the great men of the French nation. It bore the inscription: "Poet, philosopher, historian, he made a great step forward in the human spirit. He prepared us to become free."


title: Catafalque

text: The Lincoln catafalque, first used for United States President Abraham Lincoln's funeral in 1865, has been used for all those who have lain in state in the Capitol Rotunda since Lincoln's death, the most recent of which were Capitol Police Officer Billy Evans on April 13, 2021, and U.S. Senator Bob Dole on December 9, 2021. It has recently been used at the memorial for Ruth Bader Ginsburg in the rotunda of the Supreme Court of the United States on September 23, 2020. It was later moved to the portico of the Court for public viewing. When not in use, the catafalque is kept on display in the Exhibition Hall at the United States Capitol Visitor Center. Commentators noted that the structure of the original pine timbers and boards has been reinforced, albeit being left 'original'.


title: David Ruprecht

text: David Martin Ruprecht (born October 14, 1948) is an American television actor and game show host, primarily known for his work as host of the Lifetime/PAX game show "Supermarket Sweep".


title: David Ruprecht

text: Ruprecht has hosted the live stage show version of "The Price Is Right" at casinos in Las Vegas, Atlantic City, Mississippi and Connecticut. He has also hosted "Family Feud Live". He currently is one of the hosts of "The Price Is Right Live" Stage Show at Bally's Las Vegas.


title: David Ruprecht

text: Ruprecht guest-starred on more than 50 television shows, like "Three's Company", on which his character married Joyce DeWitt in the series finale, HBO's "True Blood", and the 1981 TV-movie "The Harlem Globetrotters on Gilligan's Island" as Thurston Howell IV, the son of Thurston Howell III. From 1990 to 1992, he played Dan Ryan on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives". He co-starred in the Broadway and Showtime productions of "Perfectly Frank" and did voice-over work for the 1985 animated series "Yogi's Treasure Hunt".


title: David Ruprecht

text: In 1990, Ruprecht began hosting Supermarket Sweep and held the job until the show's cancellation in 2003.


title: David Ruprecht

text: Ruprecht was born in St. Louis, Missouri, to a Lutheran minister. Ruprecht previously served on the board of directors for the Downsize DC Foundation. He is a former Executive Director of the Libertarian Party of California and a long-time member of Rotary International.


title: David Ruprecht

text: He has been married twice. His first marriage to actress Ann Wilkinson ended in divorce. He married choreographer Patti Colombo in November 1988.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: The 2006 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Liverpool and West Ham United on 13 May 2006 at the Millennium Stadium, Cardiff. It was the final match of the 2005–06 FA Cup, the 125th season of the world's oldest football knockout competition, the FA Cup. Liverpool were participating in their 13th final, they had previously won six and lost six. West Ham were appearing in their fifth final, they had previously won three and lost once. This was the last final to be held at the Millennium Stadium while Wembley Stadium was rebuilt. Liverpool had won the first final to be held at the Millennium Stadium in 2001, when they beat Arsenal 2–1. The match has been called "The Gerrard Final" and is widely regarded as one of the greatest cup finals in the history of the competition.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: As both teams were in the highest tier of English football, the Premier League, they entered the competition in the third round. Matches up to the semi-final were contested on a one-off basis, with a replay taking place if the match ended in a draw. Liverpool's matches varied from close affairs to comfortable victories. They beat Manchester United 1–0 in the fifth round, while they won 7–0 against Birmingham City in the sixth round. The majority of West Ham's matches were close, with their only match to be decided by more than one goal being their 4–2 victory against Blackburn Rovers in the fourth round.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Watched by a crowd of 71,140, West Ham took the lead in the first half when Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher scored an own goal, and striker Dean Ashton scored a few minutes later to make it 2–0 to West Ham. Liverpool scored, courtesy of Djibril Cissé, to make the score 2–1 at half time. They equalised not long after the restart via a Steven Gerrard goal. However, ten minutes later West Ham defender Paul Konchesky gave his team a 3–2 lead. With the match in injury time, Gerrard equalised from distance to make the score 3–3 and force the game into extra time. No further goals were scored in extra time meaning the match was to be decided by a penalty shoot-out. West Ham missed three of their four penalties while Liverpool converted three of four to win the shoot-out 3–1.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: The victory meant Liverpool won the FA Cup for the seventh time. They later played against league champions Chelsea in the 2006 FA Community Shield. Given Liverpool had already qualified for Europe via their league position, their UEFA Cup spot was awarded to runners-up West Ham.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool entered the competition in the third round, as one of the twenty teams from the Premier League. They were drawn against Football League Championship side Luton Town, at Luton's home ground Kenilworth Road. Despite trailing 3–1 at the interval, four goals in the second half, including one from behind the halfway line by Xabi Alonso, meant Liverpool recovered to win the match 5–3 and progress to the fourth round. There, they were drawn against fellow top division club Portsmouth. The match held at Portsmouth's ground, Fratton Park, saw Liverpool take the lead in the first half when captain Steven Gerrard scored a penalty following a handball by Portsmouth defender Dejan Stefanović, and John Arne Riise scored again before half time to make it 2–0. Portsmouth got a goal back through midfielder Sean Davis in the second half, but no more goals were scored and Liverpool won 2–1 to go through to the fifth round.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Fellow Premier League team Manchester United were the opposition in the fifth round. With the match held at Liverpool's home ground Anfield, they won 1–0, courtesy of a Peter Crouch goal in the 19th minute. This was the first time in 85 years that Liverpool had defeated United in the FA Cup. Liverpool were drawn against another Premier League team, Birmingham City in the sixth round. Liverpool took the lead in the match held at Birmingham's home ground St Andrew's in the first minute when defender Sami Hyypiä headed in, and two more goals in the first half from Crouch saw Liverpool finish the first half with a 3–0 lead. Four more goals in the second half from Fernando Morientes, Riise, Djibril Cissé and an own goal from Birmingham defender Olivier Tébily meant Liverpool won 7–0 to progress to the semi-final.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Chelsea, also of the Premier League, were the opposition in the semi-final. The match was held at a neutral venue Old Trafford, the home ground of Manchester United. Liverpool took the lead in the first half. Chelsea defender John Terry committed a foul on Luis García, which resulted in a Liverpool free kick, from which Riise scored. They extended their lead soon after the start of the second half, when a goal by García from , after he received the ball from a William Gallas header, gave them a 2–0 lead. Chelsea scored late in the half through striker Didier Drogba, but they were unable to achieve an equaliser and Liverpool won the match 2–1 to progress to the final.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham entered the competition in the third round, where they were drawn against Championship team Norwich City. Before the game Norwich's top scorer, Dean Ashton, was withdrawn from their squad amid speculation that he was about to be sold. Although the sale was denied by manager Nigel Worthington, Ashton joined West Ham soon after for £7.2 million. The match played at Norwich's home ground, Carrow Road, saw West Ham take the lead in the sixth minute through midfielder Hayden Mullins, and double it in the second half from striker Bobby Zamora. Norwich found a consolation with a Paul McVeigh penalty, but they lost 2–1 and West Ham progressed to the fourth round. Fellow Premier League team Blackburn Rovers were the opposition in the fourth round. West Ham went a goal down in the first minute when David Bentley scored, but they subsequently scored four goals from Teddy Sheringham, Matthew Etherington, Bobby Zamora and an own goal from Zurab Khizanishvili to win the match 4–2 and go through to the fifth round.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham were again drawn against Premier League opposition in the fifth round, facing Bolton Wanderers away at the Reebok Stadium. It ended in a 0–0 draw, necessitating a replay. A Jussi Jääskeläinen own goal in the 10th minute gave West Ham the lead in the replay at their home ground Upton Park. Bolton equalised through striker Kevin Davies and with the score 1–1 at full time the match went to extra time. A goal from striker Marlon Harewood in the 96th minute gave West Ham a 2–1 victory and meant they progressed to the sixth round. Premier League team Manchester City were the opposition in the sixth round, and West Ham went ahead in the 41st minute when striker Dean Ashton scored. They extended their lead, in the match held at City's ground, the City of Manchester Stadium, in the 69th minute with Ashton's second of the match. A goal from Kiki Musampa in the 85th minute for City was not enough to prevent West Ham and they won 2–1 to go through to the semi-final.