title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury had three other events at the 2002 Winter Olympics. In the relay event, the Australians came third in their heat in a time of 7:19.177 and failed to make the final. They came second in the B final and finished sixth out of seven teams. In the 1,500 m event, Bradbury came third in his heat, before placing fourth in the semi-final and being eliminated. He then came fifth in the B final to finish 10th out of 29 entrants. He was unable to maintain his speed through the competition; after posting a time of 2:22.632 in the heats, Bradbury slowed by three seconds in each of his next two races. In the 500 m event, Bradbury came second in his heat and was eliminated after coming third in his quarter-final. He finished 14th out of 31 overall.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: The unlikely win turned Bradbury into something of a folk hero. Many newspapers hailed Bradbury and held him as an example of the value of an underdog never giving up—regardless of the odds against them. The unusual manner of his victory made news across the world. However, some unhappy American commentators also made fun of the race and used it to criticise what they perceived as a lack of merit required to win a short track event. "USA Today" said "The first winter gold medal in the history of Australia fell out of the sky like a bagged goose. He looked like the tortoise behind four hares", while the "Boston Globe" said that "multiple crashes that allow the wrong person to win are part of the deal".


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury's feat has entered the Australian colloquial vernacular in the phrase "doing a Bradbury", meaning an unexpected or unusual success. "Do a Bradbury" has been given the official stamp of recognition when the second edition of the Australian National Dictionary included the phrase along with more than 6,000 new words and phrases in 2016. Bradbury's triumph was celebrated by Australia Post issuing a 45-cent stamp of him, which followed on from it issuing stamps of Australian gold medallists at the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Bradbury's stamp was issued on 20 February 2002, four days after his victory. He received $20,000 for the use of his image. He said the fee "should get me a car. I haven’t had a car for a long time", and later described having a stamp issued as "a great honour". Before the Olympics, Bradbury had needed to borrow $1,000 from his parents to fix his old car to go to training.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury was courted for sponsorship after his triumph and was interviewed on many American television shows. He had previously supported himself by making skating boots in a backyard workshop; his Revolutionary Boot Company supplied Ohno with free boots, and Bradbury had asked Ohno to endorse his boots when he won in Salt Lake City, not thinking that he would defeat the American.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury retired after the 2002 Olympics. He commentated at the 2006 Winter Olympics, and for the Nine Network and Foxtel at the 2010 Winter Olympics. In 2005, Bradbury was a contestant in the second series of the Australian television show "Dancing with the Stars".


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In 2019, he competed in the sixth season of "Australian Survivor". He was eliminated on Day 12 and finished in 20th place.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In March 2022, Steve rescued four teenage girls from drowning whilst out surfing with his son Flyn on the Sunshine Coast.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: After retiring from skating, Bradbury participated in competitive motor racing. After placing fourth in the 2005 Australian Grand Prix Celebrity Race, he competed in Queensland state-level Formula Vee championship events in 2006 and 2007, placing sixth in both years. In 2007, he raced in the National Formula Vee Championships at Morgan Park Raceway, placing 15th.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In 2009, Bradbury competed in the Australian Mini Challenge at the Tasmanian round and 2010 at Queensland Raceway as their Uber Star. He also made a one-off appearance in the V8 Ute Series at Adelaide in March 2010, driving with regular Ute racer Jason Gomersall on the support program of the 2010 Clipsal 500.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In 2007, Bradbury was awarded a Medal of the Order of Australia for his Olympic gold medal win. He was also inducted into the Sport Australia Hall of Fame in that year.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The 2003–04 NBA season was the Lakers' 56th season in the National Basketball Association and 44th in the city of Los Angeles.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers entered the season following a disappointing second-round loss to the eventual champion San Antonio Spurs in the 2003 playoffs. During the offseason, the Lakers signed star free agents Karl Malone and Gary Payton and re-signed free agent power forward Horace Grant. Following these acquisitions, the Lakers became the instant favorites to win the NBA title.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: Despite major acquisitions, key moves, and becoming overnight title favorites, the Lakers would run into major setbacks to begin the season. During the 2003 off-season, superstar guard Kobe Bryant had been accused of sexual assault in Colorado. Media attention surrounding the case would prove to be an ongoing distraction for the team, and Bryant missed games during his trial. In addition, Bryant's feud with superstar center Shaquille O'Neal reached a peak during the season, as both players criticized each other in the media. Payton struggled with coach Phil Jackson's triangle offense, and Malone missed significant time due to injuries.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: Despite the setbacks, the Lakers finished the season with a 56–26 overall record, good enough to clinch the second seed in the Western Conference en route to the playoffs. In the playoffs, they defeated the Houston Rockets, the defending champion San Antonio Spurs, and the Minnesota Timberwolves to earn the franchise its 28th appearance in the NBA Finals. The Lakers entered the Finals against the Detroit Pistons as favorites.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: This was the third meeting between the Lakers and the Pistons in the NBA Finals, after both franchises met in 1988 and 1989. However, the underdog Pistons' strong defense and teamwork propelled them to their third championship in franchise history, and the star-studded Lakers would collapse in five games. After the season, Jackson and the team mutually agree to part ways and O'Neal (who requested a trade) was dealt to the Miami Heat.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Finals were played using a 2-3-2 site format, where the first two and last two games are held at the team with home court advantage. This is only used in the Finals, all other playoff games are held in a 2-2-1-1-1 format (the team with home court advantage starts).


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Lakers had a star-studded lineup that included offseason acquisitions Karl Malone and Gary Payton as well as mainstays Kobe Bryant and Shaquille O'Neal. Malone and Payton were perennial All-Stars; Payton had led the Seattle SuperSonics to the Finals in 1996, while Malone's Utah Jazz reached the Finals in 1997 and 1998. However, both had been defeated by Michael Jordan's Chicago Bulls. By 2003, Malone and Payton were in the latter stages of their respective careers and were no longer playing on championship-contending teams. Both Malone and Payton took pay cuts to sign with the Lakers in an effort to win a championship.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: Considered to be a stunning upset by most of the NBA world, the Detroit Pistons managed to defeat the Lakers with imposing defense. Defensively clamping down on everyone but Bryant and O'Neal, the Pistons managed to hold everyone else to a total of 16 points.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Pistons trailed the Lakers 41–40 at halftime, but a 10–4 surge capped by Billups's 3-pointer gave the Pistons the lead. O'Neal's foul trouble furthered the scoring gap, with the Pistons leading by 13 points early in the fourth quarter.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The second game was close throughout the first half, but in the third quarter Detroit would score 30 points, cutting the deficit 68–66. However, at the end of the fourth quarter, Kobe Bryant's 3-point shot at 2.1 seconds left tied the game at 89–89. The Lakers outscored the Pistons 10–2 in overtime.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: The Pistons beat Los Angeles by 20 in their first NBA Finals appearance together at The Palace of Auburn Hills since 1989 to take a 2–1 lead in the series. The 68 points scored by the Lakers set a franchise record for the fewest points scored in a playoff game. Previous night, a group of overzealous Pistons fans made it difficult for the Lakers to get their rest by harassing them until 4 am at their hotel in nearby Birmingham. Fans were screaming outside the building until management at the hotel called the police.


title: 2003–04 Los Angeles Lakers season

text: In Game 5, the Pistons won their first championship since 1990, and Larry Brown finally won his title. The Pistons defense had overcome the high-scoring Laker offense, winning the game by 13, winning the series 4-1, and also ending a long Laker dynasty that lasted for many years. The game saw the end of Phil Jackson's first run as the coach (he returned for the 2005-06 season), and saw O'Neal, Payton, and Malone's last games in Laker uniforms (O'Neal and Payton were both acquired by the soon-to-be NBA Champions Miami Heat and Malone retired).


title: Hindu atheism

text: Hindu atheism or non-theism, which is known as Nirīśvaravāda (Sanskrit: , , lit. "Disbelief in Ishvara") has been a historically propounded viewpoint in many of the "Astika" (Orthodox) streams of Hindu philosophy. Hindu spiritual atheists or Non-theists who affirm Vedas and Brahman, as well as those who follow astika (orthodox) philosophies but reject personal god(s), are also called Dharmic atheist, Vedic Atheist or Sanatani atheist. In current Indian languages, such as Hindi or Bengali, "āstika" and its derivatives usually mean 'theist', and "nāstika" and its derivatives denote an 'atheist'; however, the two terms in ancient- and medieval-era Sanskrit literature do not refer to 'theism' or 'atheism'. In ancient India Astika means those who affirms vedas, atman and brahman while nastika by contrast, are those who deny all the respective definitions of "āstika"; they do not believe in the existence of Self or Ishvara (God) and rejects Vedas. Sometimes nastika philosophies are also considered as a part of Hindu philosophy because the word 'Hindu' is actually an exonym and historically, the term has also been used as a geographical, cultural, and later religious identifier for people living in the Indian subcontinent. Many Scholars consider the Nāstika philosophies (Indian 'Heterodox' Philosophies) like Buddhism, Jainism and Charvaka as distinct schools of philosophies while some others consider them as part of Hindu Philosophy.


title: Hindu atheism

text: There are six major orthodox ("astika") schools of Hindu philosophy — Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta. Among them, Samkhya, Yoga and Mimamsa, while not rejecting either the Vedas or Brahman, typically reject a personal God, creator God, or a God with attributes.


title: Hindu atheism

text: Some schools of thought view the path of atheism as a valid one but difficult to follow in matters of spirituality.


title: Hindu atheism

text: The Sanskrit term ' ("pious, believer") refers to the systems of thought which admit the validity of the Vedas. Sanskrit ' means "there is", and ' (per Pāṇini 4.2.60) derives from the verb, meaning "one who says '". Technically, in Hindu philosophy the term refers only to acceptance of authority of Vedas, not belief in the existence of God.


title: Hindu atheism

text: However, even when philosophers professed allegiance to the Vedas, their allegiance did little to fetter the freedom of their speculative ventures. On the contrary, the acceptance of the authority of the Vedas was a convenient way for a philosopher's views to become acceptable to the orthodox, even if a thinker introduced a wholly new idea. Thus, the Vedas could be cited to corroborate a wide diversity of views; they were used by the Vaisheshika thinkers (i.e., those who believe in ultimate particulars, both individual souls and atoms) as much as by the Advaita Vedanta philosophers.


title: Hindu atheism

text: The Rig Veda, the oldest of the Vedas, deals with significant skepticism around the fundamental question of a creator God and the creation of the universe. It does not, at many instances, categorically accept the existence of a creator God. Nasadiya Sukta ("Creation Hymn") in the tenth chapter of the Rig Veda states:


title: Hindu atheism

text: The Brihadaranyaka, Isha, Mundaka (in which Brahman is everything and "no-thing") and especially the Chandogya Upanishads have also been interpreted as atheistic because of their stress on the subjective self.


title: Hindu atheism

text: Mimamsa was a realistic, pluralistic school of philosophy which was concerned with the exegesis of the Vedas. The core text of the school was the Purva Mimamsa Sutras of Jaimini (c. 200 BCE–200 CE). Mimamsa philosophers believed that the revelation of the Vedas was sacred, authorless ("apaurusheyatva") and infallible, and that it was essential to preserve the sanctity of the Vedic ritual to maintain dharma (cosmic order). As a consequence of the belief in sanctity of the ritual, Mimamsas rejected the notion of God in any form. Later commentators of the Mimamsa sutras such as Prabhākara (c. 7th century CE) advanced arguments against the existence of God. The early Mimamsa not only did not accept God but said that human action itself was enough to create the necessary circumstances for the enjoyment of its fruits.


title: Hindu atheism

text: Samkhya is not fully atheistic and strongly dualistic orthodox (Astika) school of Indian Hindu philosophy. The earliest surviving authoritative text on classical Samkhya philosophy is the Samkhyakarika (c. 350–450 CE) of Iśvarakṛṣṇa. The Samkhyakarika is silent on the issue of Isvara's existence or nonexistence, although first millennium commentators such as Gaudapada understand the text as compatible with some concept of God. However, the Samkhya Sutra (14th c. CE) and its commentaries explicitly attempt to disprove God's existence through reasoned argument.


title: Hindu atheism

text: Mimamsas argued that there was no need to postulate a maker for the world, just as there was no need for an author to compose the Vedas or a God to validate the rituals. They further thought that the Gods named in the Vedas had no physical existence apart from the "mantras" that speak their names. In this regard, the power of the mantras was what was seen as the power of Gods. Mimamsas reasoned that an incorporeal God could not author the Vedas, for he would not have the organs of speech to utter words. An embodied God could not author the Vedas either because such a God would be subject to the natural limitations of sensory knowledge and therefore, would not be able to produce supernatural revelations like the Vedas.


title: Hindu atheism

text: Therefore, Samkhya maintained not only that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove God, but that God as normally understood—an omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent creator who is free from suffering—cannot exist.


title: Hindu atheism

text: The Indian Nobel Prize-winner Amartya Sen, in an interview with Pranab Bardhan for the "California Magazine" published in the July–August 2006 edition by the University of California, Berkeley states:


title: Hindu atheism

text: Some Hindu scriptures condemn atheism, often outright stating that it is sin, and that people of good morals should not associate with or allow such people in their nations. They also often associating atheists with negative traits, such as uncleanliness, poisonous, and cruel.


title: Hindu atheism

text: The Ramayan associates atheists with imperfection and states that in the holy city of Ayodhya none could be found:


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) is Europe's largest association of hackers with 7,700 registered members. Founded in 1981, the association is incorporated as an "eingetragener Verein" in Germany, with local chapters (called "Erfa-Kreise") in various cities in Germany and the surrounding countries, particularly where there are German-speaking communities.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Since 1985, some chapters in Switzerland have organized an independent sister association called the (CCC-CH) instead.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC describes itself as "a galactic community of life forms, independent of age, sex, race or societal orientation, which strives across borders for freedom of information…". In general, the CCC advocates more transparency in government, freedom of information, and the human right to communication. Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free universal access to computers and technological infrastructure as well as the use of open-source software. The CCC spreads an entrepreneurial vision refusing capitalist control. It has been characterised as "…one of the most influential digital organisations anywhere, the centre of German digital culture, hacker culture, hacktivism, and the intersection of any discussion of democratic and digital rights".


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Members of the CCC have demonstrated and publicized a number of important information security problems.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC frequently criticizes new legislation and products with weak information security which endanger citizen rights or the privacy of users.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Notable members of the CCC regularly function as expert witnesses for the German constitutional court, organize lawsuits and campaigns, or otherwise influence the political process.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: For the 2016 installment, 11,000 guests were expected, with additional viewers following the event via live streaming.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC also held, from 2009 to 2013, a yearly conference called SIGINT in Cologne which focused on the impact of digitisation on society. The SIGINT conference was discontinued in 2014.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The four-day conference "" in Karlsruhe is with more than 1,500 participants the second largest annual event.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Another yearly CCC event taking place on the Easter weekend is the Easterhegg, which is more workshop oriented than the other events.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Berlin chapter produces a monthly radio show called which picks up various technical and political topics in a two-hour talk radio show. The program is aired on a local radio station called and on the internet.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Other programs have emerged in the context of Chaosradio, including radio programs offered by some regional Chaos Groups and the podcast spin-off "CRE" by Tim Pritlove.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Many of the chapters of CCC participate in the volunteer project "Chaos macht Schule" which supports teaching in local schools. Its aims are to improve technology and media literacy of pupils, parents, and teachers.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: CCC members are present in big tech companies and in administrative instances. One of the spokespersons of the CCC, as of 1986, Andy Müller-Maguhn, was a member of the executive committee of the ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) between 2000 and 2002.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC sensitises and introduces people to the questions of data privacy. Some of its local chapters support or organize so called CryptoParties to introduce people to the basics of practical cryptography and internet anonymity.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC was founded in West Berlin on 12 September 1981 at a table which had previously belonged to the Kommune 1 in the rooms of the newspaper Die Tageszeitung by Wau Holland and others in anticipation of the prominent role that information technology would play in the way people live and communicate.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC became world-famous in 1984 when they drew public attention to the security flaws of the German Bildschirmtext computer network by causing it to debit DM 134,000 () in a Hamburg bank in favor of the club. The money was returned the next day in front of the press. Prior to the incident, the system provider had failed to react to proof of the security flaw provided by the CCC, claiming to the public that their system was safe. Bildschirmtext was the biggest commercially available online system targeted at the general public in its region at that time, run and heavily advertised by the German telecommunications agency Deutsche Bundespost which also strove to keep up-to-date alternatives out of the market.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: In 1987, the CCC was peripherally involved in the first cyberespionage case to make international headlines. A group of German hackers led by Karl Koch, who was loosely affiliated with the CCC, was arrested for breaking into US government and corporate computers, and then selling operating-system source code to the Soviet KGB.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: In April 1998, the CCC successfully demonstrated the cloning of a GSM customer card, breaking the COMP128 encryption algorithm used at that time by many GSM SIMs.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: In 2001, the CCC celebrated its twentieth birthday with an interactive light installation dubbed "Project Blinkenlights" that turned the building Haus des Lehrers in Berlin into a giant computer screen. A follow up installation, "Arcade", was created in 2002 by the CCC for the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Later in October 2008 CCC's Project Blinkenlights went to Toronto, Ontario, Canada with project Stereoscope.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: In March 2008, the CCC acquired and published the fingerprints of German Minister of the Interior Wolfgang Schäuble. The magazine also included the fingerprint on a film that readers could use to fool fingerprint readers. This was done to protest the use of biometric data in German identity devices such as e-passports.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Staatstrojaner ("Federal Trojan horse") is a computer surveillance program installed secretly on a suspect's computer, which the German police uses to wiretap Internet telephony. This "source wiretapping" is the only feasible way to wiretap in this case, since Internet telephony programs will usually encrypt the data when it leaves the computer. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany has ruled that the police may only use such programs for telephony wiretapping, and for no other purpose, and that this restriction should be enforced through technical and legal means.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: On 8 October 2011, the CCC published an analysis of the Staatstrojaner software. The software was found to have the ability to remote control the target computer, to capture screenshots, and to fetch and run arbitrary extra code. The CCC says that having this functionality built in is in direct contradiction to the ruling of the constitutional court.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: In addition, there were a number of security problems with the implementation. The software was controllable over the Internet, but the commands were sent completely unencrypted, with no checks for authentication or integrity. This leaves any computer under surveillance using this software vulnerable to attack. The captured screenshots and audio files were encrypted, but so incompetently that the encryption was ineffective. All captured data was sent over a proxy server in the United States, which is problematic since the data is then temporarily outside the German jurisdiction.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC's findings were widely reported in the German press. This trojan has also been nicknamed R2-D2 because the string "C3PO-r2d2-POE" was found in its code; another alias for it is 0zapftis ("It's tapped!" in Bavarian, a sardonic reference to Oktoberfest). According to a Sophos analysis, the trojan's behavior matches that described in a confidential memo between the German Landeskriminalamt and a software firm called ""; the memo was leaked on WikiLeaks in 2008. Among other correlations is the dropper's file name , short for Skype Capture Unit Installer. The 64-bit Windows version installs a digitally signed driver, but signed by the non-existing certificate authority "Goose Cert". DigiTask later admitted selling spy software to governments.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Federal Ministry of the Interior released a statement in which they denied that R2-D2 has been used by the Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA); this statement however does not eliminate the possibility that it has been used by state-level German police forces. The BKA had previously announced however (in 2007) that they had somewhat similar trojan software that can inspect a computer's hard drive.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: Former WikiLeaks spokesman Daniel Domscheit-Berg was expelled from the national CCC (but not the Berlin chapter) in August 2011. This decision was revoked in February 2012.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: As a result of his role in the expulsion, board member Andy Müller-Maguhn was not reelected for another term.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCC has repeatedly warned phone users of the weakness of biometric identification in the wake of the 2008 Schäuble fingerprints affair. In their "hacker ethics" the CCC includes "protect people data", but also "Computers can change your life for the better". The club regards privacy as an individual right: the CCC does not discourage people from sharing or storing personal information on their phones, but advocates better privacy protection, and the use of specific browsing and sharing techniques by users.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: From a photograph of the user's fingerprint on a glass surface, using "easy everyday means", the biometrics hacking team of the CCC was able to unlock an iPhone 5S.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Samsung Galaxy S8's iris recognition system claims to be "one of the safest ways to keep your phone locked and the contents private" as "patterns in your irises are unique to you and are virtually impossible to replicate", as quoted in official Samsung content. However, in some cases, using a high resolution photograph of the phone owner's iris and a lens, the CCC claimed to be able to trick the authentication system.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The Chaos Computer Club France (CCCF) was a fake hacker organisation created in 1989 in Lyon (France) by Jean-Bernard Condat, under the command of Jean-Luc Delacour, an agent of the Direction de la surveillance du territoire governmental agency. The primary goal of the CCCF was to watch and to gather information about the French hacker community, identifying the hackers who could harm the country. Journalist said that this organization also worked with the French National Gendarmerie.


title: Chaos Computer Club

text: The CCCF had an electronic magazine called "Chaos Digest (ChaosD)". Between 4 January 1993 and 5 August 1993, seventy-three issues were published ().


title: Obey (clothing)

text: Obey Clothing (stylized as OBEY) is a clothing company founded in 2001 by street artist and illustrator Shepard Fairey as an extension to his work in activism. The company appropriates themes and images used in its clothing from the John Carpenter film "They Live".


title: Obey (clothing)

text: The brand is known for incorporating politically and socially provocative propaganda into the designs of their clothing.


title: Neuroptera

text: The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order consists of some 6,000 species. Neuroptera can be grouped together with the Megaloptera and Raphidioptera in the unranked taxon Neuropterida (once known as Planipennia) including: alderflies, fishflies, dobsonflies, and snakeflies.


title: Neuroptera

text: Adult Neuropterans have four membranous wings, all about the same size, with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis.


title: Neuroptera

text: Neuropterans first appeared during the Permian period, and continued to diversify through the Mesozoic era. During this time, several unusually large forms evolved, especially in the extinct family Kalligrammatidae, often called "the butterflies of the Jurassic" for their large, patterned wings.


title: Neuroptera

text: Neuropterans are soft-bodied insects with relatively few specialized features. They have large lateral compound eyes, and may or may not also have ocelli. Their mouthparts have strong mandibles suitable for chewing, and lack the various adaptations found in most other endopterygote insect groups.


title: Neuroptera

text: They have four wings, usually similar in size and shape, and a generalised pattern of veins. Some neuropterans have specialised sense organs in their wings, or have bristles or other structures to link their wings together during flight.


title: Neuroptera

text: The larvae are specialised predators, with elongated mandibles adapted for piercing and sucking. The larval body form varies between different families, depending on the nature of their prey. In general, however, they have three pairs of thoracic legs, each ending in two claws. The abdomen often has adhesive discs on the last two segments.


title: Neuroptera

text: The larvae of most families are predators. Many chrysopids, hemerobids and coniopterygids eat aphids and other pest insects, and some have been used for biological control (either from commercial distributors, but also abundant and widespread in nature).


title: Neuroptera

text: Larvae in various families cover themselves in debris (sometimes including dead prey insects) as camouflage, taken to an extreme in the ant lions, which bury themselves completely out of sight and ambush prey from "pits" in the soil. Larvae of some Ithonidae are root feeders, and larvae of Sisyridae are aquatic, and feed on freshwater sponges. A few mantispids are parasites of spider egg sacs.


title: Neuroptera

text: As in other holometabolic orders, the pupal stage is enclosed in some form of cocoon composed of silk and soil or other debris. The pupa eventually cuts its way out of the cocoon with its mandibles, and may even move about for a short while before undergoing the moult to the adult form.


title: Neuroptera

text: Neuropterans first appeared near the end of the Permian period, as shown by fossils of the Permithonidae from the Tunguska basin in Siberia and a similar fauna from Australia.


title: Neuroptera

text: The osmylids are of Jurassic or Early Cretaceous origin and may be the most ancient of the Neuropteran groups. The extinct osmylid "Protosmylus" is fossilized in middle Eocene Baltic amber. The genus "Burmaleon" is described from two fossils of Cenomanian age Burmese amber, implying crown group radiation in the Early Cretaceous or earlier. The family Kalligrammatidae lived from the Jurassic to Aptian (Lower Cretaceous) periods.


title: Neuroptera

text: Ithonidae are from the Jurassic to Recent, and the extinct lineages of the family were widespread geographically.


title: Neuroptera

text: Molecular analysis in 2018 using mitochondrial rRNA and mitogenomic data places the Megaloptera as sister to Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera as sister to this combined lineage, though these results were considered tentative. The fossil record has contributed to the understanding of the group's phylogeny. Relationships within the Myrmeleontiformia are still in flux.


title: Neuroptera

text: Review of the Neropterid group orders by Engel, Winterton, and Breitkreuz (2018) included grouping of the Neuropteran families in a nested set of clades, an abandonment of the paraphyletic suborder "Hemerobiiformia" and redefinition of Myrmeleontiformia as a clade.


title: Neuroptera

text: The fossil genus †"Mesohemerobius" from the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous of China has been treated as "incertae sedis" within Neuroptera, while the fossil families †Permoberothidae and †Permithonidae are treated as a sister group to clade Eidoneuroptera formed by Neuroptera + Megaloptera.


title: Neuroptera

text: The use of Neuroptera in biological control of insect pests has been investigated, showing that it is difficult to establish and maintain populations in fields of crops.


title: Neuroptera

text: The New Guinea Highland people claim to be able to maintain a muscular build and great stamina despite their low protein intake as a result of eating insects including Neuroptera.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: Ruel Vincent van Dijk (born 29 October 2002), known mononymously as Ruel, is a British-Australian singer and songwriter from Sydney, best known for his singles "Don't Tell Me", "Younger", "As Long as You Care" and "Painkiller". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2018, he won the award for Breakthrough Artist for his single "Dazed & Confused".


title: Ruel (singer)

text: Ruel Vincent van Dijk was born on 29 October 2002, in Isleworth, London, to English mother, Kate Vincent, and Dutch-born and New Zealand-raised father, Ralph van Dijk. His father is the founder of Australian radio agency, "Eardrum". His family moved to Sydney, Australia in 2006.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: In 2015, van Dijk's father sent a demo of him singing James Bay's "Let It Go" to Grammy Award-winning producer M-Phazes.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: In April 2017, van Dijk released his debut single "Golden Years" with M-Phazes. In June, van Dijk made his live radio debut performing Jack Garratt's "Weathered" on Triple J's Like a Version. At 14, he was the youngest-ever featured performer on the segment. The video gathered half a million video views in less than 48 hours.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: In July 2017, van Dijk released "Don't Tell Me", which peaked at number 86 on the ARIA Singles Chart. Later in September, Elton John played "Don't Tell Me" on BBC Radio 1, giving Ruel high praise. The track was also featured in CelebMix's 21 songs by under-21s in 2018.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: In November, van Dijk joined Khalid on his American Teen Tour of Australia and New Zealand. Later that month, van Dijk signed with RCA Records internationally. In December, Tom Thum released a cover of Rag'n'Bone Man's "Human" featuring van Dijk on vocals.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: On 24 March 2018, van Dijk played at Pop Spring Festival, Tokyo, where he did his first meet and greet. On 4 April, van Dijk performed at the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Commonwealth Games. On 19 April, a music video for the single "Don't Tell Me" was released.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: On 2 June, van Dijk announced the release of his debut extended play "Ready" on 15 June, as well as a headline tour in June and July. In October, van Dijk performed to a sell-out crowd in Sydney, and received the news that his single "Younger" had recently been certified gold by ARIA. On 11 October, van Dijk was nominated for the Breakthrough Artist award for the ARIA Awards, which he later won, making him the youngest ever to do so.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: On 10 January 2019, van Dijk confirmed that he would appear on Hilltop Hoods' new album "The Great Expanse", on the track "Fire & Grace". The album was then released on 22 February. On 1 May, he released the lead single from his "Free Time" EP, "Painkiller", alongside an accompanying music video. On 9 August, van Dijk released the single "Face to Face" alongside a music video that was shot whilst on tour in France. On 13 September, Ruel released his second EP, "Free Time". In November 2019, van Dijk was an opening act for two shows of Shawn Mendes' .


title: Ruel (singer)

text: On 31 January 2020, van Dijk collaborated with Cosmo's Midnight on the track "Down for You". The music video for this song premiered on the 18 March 2020.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: On 4 September 2020, van Dijk posted a video on Instagram with the caption "alayc", hinting at new music. On 10 September 2020, the single "As Long as You Care" was premiered on Triple J, before releasing later that day, alongside an accompanying music video. van Dijk additionally announced his third EP, "Bright Lights, Red Eyes", which was released on 23 October 2020.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The APRA Awards are held in Australia and New Zealand by the Australasian Performing Right Association to recognise songwriting skills, sales and airplay performance by its members annually. Ruel has been nominated for one award.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Ruel has won one award from the five nominations.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards is an annual U.S. children's awards ceremony show that is produced by Nickelodeon.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The MTV Europe Music Awards is an award presented by Viacom International Media Networks to honour artists and music in pop culture.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The National Live Music Awards (NLMAs) are a broad recognition of Australia's diverse live industry, celebrating the success of the Australian live scene. The awards commenced in 2016.


title: Ruel (singer)

text: The Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition is an annual competition that "acknowledges great songwriting whilst supporting and raising money for Nordoff-Robbins" and is coordinated by Albert Music and APRA AMCOS. It commenced in 2009.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The 2004 Survivor Series was the 18th annual Survivor Series professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown! brand divisions. The event took place on November 14, 2004, at the Gund Arena (Now known as the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse) in Cleveland, Ohio.This is the first event to take place in Cleveland, Ohio but the fourth to take place in the state of Ohio (after the 1987,1988 and 1992 events) all took place in Richfield, Ohio.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The main event match on the Raw brand was a 4 on 4 Survivor Series match between Team Orton (Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho, and Maven) and Team Triple H (Triple H, Edge, Batista, and Gene Snitsky), which Team Orton won after Orton last eliminated Triple H. The predominant match on the SmackDown! brand was John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) versus Booker T for the WWE Championship, which JBL won by pinfall after hitting Booker with the title belt. The primary match on the undercard was a 4 on 4 Survivor Series match between Team Guerrero (Eddie Guerrero, The Big Show, Rob Van Dam, and John Cena) and Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Carlito, Luther Reigns and Mark Jindrak), which Team Guerrero won after Big Show last eliminated Angle.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: Several of the existing feuds carried on following the event. Triple H continued feuding with Randy Orton, and at New Year's Revolution in January, Triple H last eliminated Orton in an Elimination Chamber match to win the vacant World Heavyweight Championship. John "Bradshaw" Layfield also continued his feud with Booker T, defeating him, Eddie Guerrero, and The Undertaker at Armageddon. Following the event, Carlito sustained a legitimate injury and lost the WWE United States Championship to John Cena, with whom he was in a storyline.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: Survivor Series is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every November by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1987. In what has become the second longest running pay-per-view event in history (behind WWE's WrestleMania), it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, Royal Rumble, and SummerSlam, referred to as the "Big Four". The event is traditionally characterized by having Survivor Series matches, which are tag team elimination matches that typically pits teams of four or five wrestlers against each other. The 2004 event was the 18th event in the Survivor Series chronology and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown! brands. It was scheduled to be held on November 14, 2004, at the Gund Arena in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The event featured seven professional wrestling matches with outcomes predetermined by WWE script writers. The matches featured wrestlers portraying their characters in planned storylines that took place before, during, and after the event. All wrestlers were from one of the WWE's brands – Raw and SmackDown! – while storylines played out on their weekly television shows, "Raw" and "SmackDown!".


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The main feud on the Raw brand was between Team Orton (Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho and Maven) and Team Triple H (Triple H, Edge, Batista and Gene Snitsky). On the October 25 episode of "Raw", Evolution (Triple H, Ric Flair and Batista) were put in charge of "Raw", after Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff took the night off. Triple H granted Flair the match of his choice; Flair wanted a rematch with Orton, as he lost a Steel Cage match to Orton at Taboo Tuesday. Orton accepted Flair's challenge, with a stipulation that if he defeated Flair he would get an opportunity to face Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship at Survivor Series, and if he lost, he would never be allowed to challenge for the title again. Orton, however, lost the match after interference by Triple H, so Orton was banned from challenging for the World Heavyweight Championship. On the November 1 episode of "Raw", Bischoff scheduled a traditional 4-on-4 elimination tag team match between Orton, Jericho, Maven and Benoit and Triple H, Batista, Edge and Snitsky at Survivor Series. The winning team at Survivor Series would be granted absolute control of running "Raw" for a month. On the November 8 episode of "Raw", Bischoff concluded with adding that the winning members at Survivor Series would all get a week to be in charge of "Raw". That same night, Edge and Benoit were scheduled in a match, where Triple H, Batista, Orton, Jericho and Maven came out to ringside to watch the match. At ringside, a fight broke out between Triple H and Orton's team, which caused the match to end in a No Contest.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The predominant feud on the SmackDown! brand was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) versus Booker T, with the two battling over JBL's WWE Championship. On the October 21 episode of "SmackDown!", SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long booked a six-man tag team match involving Booker, Rob Van Dam, and Rey Mysterio taking on JBL, Kenzo Suzuki, and René Duprée. At the time, Booker was a heel and congratulated JBL's success with the company in a segment backstage. The tag team match got underway, and JBL was led to believe that Booker was going to betray Van Dam and Mysterio, as Booker warned both Van Dam and Mysterio not to interfere with him during the match. The match concluded with Booker pinning JBL after an axe kick, thus turning Booker face. On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown!", Booker defeated Orlando Jordan to earn the right to face JBL for the WWE Championship at Survivor Series. On the November 4 episode of "SmackDown!", JBL interfered in a match between Booker and Jordan, which ended in a disqualification, giving Booker T the win. After the disqualification by JBL, Theodore Long scheduled a tag team match between Booker and Josh Mathews versus JBL and Jordan. The tag team victory was given to Booker and Mathews, as Booker pinned Jordan for the win.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: One of the primary matches on the SmackDown! brand was between Team Guerrero (Eddie Guerrero, The Big Show, Rob Van Dam and John Cena) versus Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Carlito, Luther Reigns and Mark Jindrak). On the October 28 episode of "SmackDown!", Theodore Long booked a 4-on-4 Survivor Series elimination match between Guerrero, Big Show, Van Dam, and Rey Mysterio against Angle, Carlito, Reigns and Jindrak. On the November 4 episode of "SmackDown!", Mysterio was removed from the elimination match, as Long booked Mysterio in a Fatal Four-Way match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. Guerrero was given a week to choose a member for his team at Survivor Series. On the November 11 episode of "SmackDown!", Guerrero announced that John Cena, who was recovering from a storyline injury, would be joining his team at Survivor Series.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, World Tag Team Champions La Résistance (Sylvan Grenier and Robért Conway) defeated The Hurricane and Rosey in a non-title match shown live on "Sunday Night Heat".


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The first match was a Fatal Four-Way match for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship between Spike Dudley, Billy Kidman, Chavo Guerrero and Rey Mysterio. After back and forth action, Spike pinned Chavo after a springboard leg drop by Kidman to retain the title.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: Next was a match between Shelton Benjamin and Christian for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. During the match, Benjamin attempted to attack Tyson Tomko, who accompanied Christian to the match, but Christian stopped Benjamin. Each man gained control throughout the match. The match ended when Benjamin pinned Christian after a T-Bone Suplex.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: In the third match Team Guerrero (Eddie Guerrero, Big Show, Rob Van Dam, and John Cena) faced Team Angle (Kurt Angle, Mark Jindrak, Luther Reigns, and Carlito) in a 4-on-4 Traditional Survivor Series Elimination Match. Carlito was eliminated as Cena chased him from the arena before the match began. Angle eliminated Van Dam after a roll-up using the ropes for leverage. Guerrero eliminated Jindrak after a roll-up, also using the ropes for leverage. Big Show eliminated Reigns after a chokeslam. Guerrero eliminated Angle after an FU by Cena and a frog splash by him, meaning Team Guerrero won the match.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: In the fourth match The Undertaker faced Heidenreich. Both men managed to gain the advantage in the match. During the match, Paul Heyman interfered on behalf of Heidenreich. Undertaker executed a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver on Heidenreich to win.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The fifth match was between Trish Stratus and Lita for the WWE Women's Championship. Lita was disqualified for hitting Stratus with a chair, meaning Stratus retained the title. The match turned out to be an intensely violent affair where Stratus legitimately broke her nose after Lita slammed her into a chair, which caused Stratus to bleed. Sticking to her storyline of her being depressed after losing Kane's baby, Lita viciously attacked Stratus twice even after her nose was broken, with Lita apparently unaware of Stratus's legitimate injury.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: In the sixth match John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) faced Booker T for the WWE Championship. The match saw both men gain the advantage before Orlando Jordan interfered by attacking Booker T and the referee was knocked down by JBL. Booker T executed the scissors kick on JBL as a new referee came down to officiate the match, but Jordan removed JBL from the ring and tried to hit Booker T with the title belt. Booker T countered with a Book End on Jordan. JBL hit Booker T with the title belt and pinned him to retain the title.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: The main event was the Survivor Series match between Team Orton (Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho, and Maven) versus Team Triple H (Triple H, Batista, Edge, and Gene Snitsky) with the stipulation of the winning team being in charge of Raw for the next 4 weeks. Maven was attacked backstage by Snitsky before the match. Benoit was eliminated by Edge, after a Pedigree by Triple H. Batista was eliminated by Chris Jericho after Orton hit Batista with the World Heavyweight title belt and an enziguri by Jericho. Snitsky was disqualified and eliminated for hitting Maven, who had returned for the match, with a chair. Maven was eliminated after Triple H pinned him. Jericho was eliminated by Edge after a spear. Edge was eliminated by Orton after an RKO. Triple H was eliminated by Orton after an RKO, leaving Orton as the sole survivor.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: As Team Orton (Randy Orton, Chris Benoit, Chris Jericho and Maven) defeated Team Triple H (Triple H, Edge, Batista and Snitsky) at Survivor Series, they were given the opportunity to be in charge of "Raw" for a month; On the November 29 episode of "Raw", Randy Orton was in charge and scheduled a World Heavyweight Championship Battle Royal. WWE Chairman Vince McMahon, however, overruled the Battle Royal match and instead booked Triple H to face the winner of the Battle Royal. The battle royal match saw Chris Benoit and Edge, as the final two participants, going over the top rope at the same time, ostensibly ending the match. Orton, acting as General Manager, booked a Triple Threat match between Benoit, Edge, and Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship. The match resulted in Benoit applying the Crossface on Edge, only for Edge to manage to roll Benoit over, while the Crossface was still locked in, causing Benoit's shoulders to touch the mat. The referee began counting, which moments later led to Edge to submit to the maneuver. The following week, with Chris Jericho in charge, Vince McMahon vacated the World Heavyweight Championship, concluding the match ended in a tie. On the December 13 episode of "Raw", Eric Bischoff, who had resumed his position as General Manager, scheduled an Elimination Chamber match between Triple H, Edge, Benoit, Chris Jericho, Orton and Batista at New Year's Revolution for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship. The following week, Bischoff concluded with adding a Special Guest Referee for the Elimination Chamber: Shawn Michaels. At New Year's Revolution, Triple H won the Elimination Chamber to begin his tenth world title reign.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: After retaining the WWE Championship against Booker T, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) was inserted into previous feuds with Eddie Guerrero, Booker T, and The Undertaker. The feud led to SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long booking a Fatal Four-Way match at Armageddon in December. The match was won by JBL, as he pinned Booker T after a Clothesline from Hell and successfully retained the title.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

text: In October, John Cena lost the WWE United States Championship to Carlito Caribbean Cool, who debuted on "SmackDown!". As part of the storyline, Carlito's bodyguard, Jesús, stabbed Cena in the kidney while at a nightclub. On the November 18 episode of "SmackDown!", Cena regained the United States Championship by defeating Carlito. Cena also debuted a "custom made" spinner-style title belt.


title: The Black Crowes discography

text: This is a discography of The Black Crowes, an American hard rock/jam band formed in 1984 by Chris and Rich Robinson. Their first studio album, "Shake Your Money Maker", was released in 1990. Helped by the singles "Twice As Hard", "Jealous Again", "Hard to Handle", "She Talks to Angels", and "Seeing Things", the album peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200 and went five times platinum in the United States. "Hard to Handle" and "She Talks to Angels" both reached number one on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.


title: The Black Crowes discography

text: In 1992, The Black Crowes released the studio album "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion", which reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 and went two times platinum in the US. It was the band's last album to go platinum. Four singles from the album ("Thorn in My Pride", "Sting Me", "Remedy", and "Hotel Illness") topped the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, bringing the band's overall total to six.


title: The Black Crowes discography

text: The Black Crowes released three more studio albums that decade: "Amorica" in 1994, "Three Snakes and One Charm" in 1996, and "By Your Side" in 1999. "Amorica" was certified gold in the US. In 2000, they released the compilation album "" and the live album "Live at the Greek". Their sixth studio album, "Lions", was released in 2001. The live album "Live" was released in 2002.


title: The Black Crowes discography

text: From 2002 to 2005, The Black Crowes went on hiatus. Since re-forming, they have released three studio albums. 2008's "Warpaint", and "Before the Frost...Until the Freeze" in 2009. They also released two live albums, and one compilation album. "Warpaint" peaked at number five on the "Billboard" 200 and was their first album to peak in the top ten since "The Southern Harmony and Musical Companion".


title: DJ Dahi

text: Dacoury Dahi Natche (born March 10, 1983), professionally known as DJ Dahi, is an American DJ, songwriter, record producer and singer from Inglewood, California. Dahi is perhaps best known for producing "Money Trees" by American rapper Kendrick Lamar, “Worst Behavior" by Canadian rapper Drake, and "I Don't Fuck with You" by American rapper Big Sean, which reached the top 20 of the US Hot 100 chart. Throughout his career Dahi has produced for a wide range of artists including Kendrick Lamar, Drake, J. Cole, Dr. Dre, Travis Scott, 21 Savage, Don Toliver, Mac Miller, Nas, Madonna, Childish Gambino, Kali Uchis, Steve Lacy, Baby Keem, Vampire Weekend, SZA, Big Sean, Pusha T, Brent Faiyaz, Post Malone, Schoolboy Q, Kehlani, Lupe Fiasco, Vince Staples, Big Boi, and Freddie Gibbs among others. Aside from his solo production career, Dahi is also a member of production team D.R.U.G.$.


title: DJ Dahi

text: DJ Dahi got his start in music working as a disc jockey while he was attending the University of California, Santa Cruz. He graduated with a degree in Film and American studies. He began getting a buzz producing for local Los Angeles-based rappers such as Pac Div, TiRon, and Fashawn. His first big placement would be "My Type of Party," a single by Dom Kennedy's from his mixtape, "The Yellow Album" (2012). "My Type of Party" featured "laid cloudy layers of synth haze over wonky, synthetic drums." In 2012, he also produced ScHoolboy Q's "Sexting," and then his most known production, "Money Trees" from Kendrick Lamar's platinum album "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City". In 2013, he produced "Hell of a Night" by Schoolboy Q and "Worst Behavior" by Drake that charted at number 89 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Money Trees", which samples "Silver Soul" by indie rock band Beach House, was named the ninth best instrumental of the previous five years, by "Complex" on September 3, 2013. Also later in September 2013, "Complex" named him the ninth best hip hop producer at the moment. Recently he has had recording sessions with Lecrae, Kendrick Lamar, Big K.R.I.T., Jazmine Sullivan and Elle Varner among others. In 2015 he co-produced three tracks on '' album by Dr. Dre.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Miss South Africa is a national beauty pageant in South Africa that selects South African representatives to compete in two of the Big Four international beauty pageants, Miss World and Miss Universe, and also selects another representative to participate in minor international pageant Miss Supranational. The Miss South Africa organisation resorted to a contemporary format in selecting representatives which was inaugurated in 2018. Following their newer method, both a Miss World South Africa and a Miss Universe South Africa were selected as representatives. From 2021 onwards, the winner of Miss South Africa will be competing in Miss Universe, Miss World and Miss Supranational. The current Miss South Africa 2022 is Ndavi Nokeri.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Established in 1956 in Apartheid South Africa, the first official Miss South Africa pageant was only open to "white" (Caucasian) females and was organized to send a representative to London for the Miss World pageant. That year Norma Vorster was crowned Miss South Africa. Two years later, an 18-year-old secretary from Durban, Penny Coelen, was crowned and would later go on to make history and win Miss World.


title: Miss South Africa

text: It was not until 1977 that all persons of all races were allowed to compete in the Miss SA competition. Prior to that, people of colour competed in the Miss Africa South pageant, which was renamed Miss Black South Africa in 1977.


title: Miss South Africa

text: This was just the beginning for the Miss South Africa organisation; of the 60 women who have worn the crown, only the last 27 winners have been chosen from the entire population of South Africa and not just white individuals. Since then, hundreds of young women have entered the pageant vying for the title.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Miss South Africa (or a runner-up in some instances) has always competed at Miss World, but the first Miss South Africa to compete at Miss Universe was Kerishnie Naicker in 1998.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Prior to 1998, South Africa's representatives at Miss Universe qualified via other national pageants.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Three Miss South Africas, namely Rolene Strauss, Anneline Kriel and Penelope Coelen, have won the Miss World titles in 2014, 1974 and 1958 respectively. Three women from South Africa have won the title of Miss Universe - Margaret Gardiner in 1978, Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters in 2017 and Zozibini Tunzi in 2019.


title: Miss South Africa

text: Prior to the establishment of the official Miss South Africa, South African Pictorial ("The Union's National Weekly") held annual Beauty Competitions starting in 1923. This evolved later into Miss South Africa. The first winner of this prize was Mrs. Doris Ferramosca (née Doris Gwendoline Helliwell).


title: Miss South Africa

text: In 2020, Miss South Africa franchised the Miss Supranational license. In 2022, Miss South Africa 2021, Lalela Mswane became the first South African woman have won the title of Miss Supranational.


title: Miss South Africa

text: The following women have represented South Africa in two of the Big Four major international beauty pageants for women. These are Miss World and Miss Universe; Miss International and Miss Earth are held by separate national beauty pageants in South Africa.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: A port of the game developed by Square Enix Co., Ltd. was released for the PlayStation in Japan on October 23, 2003, titled It included new content and offered a new USN scenario to play through. The PlayStation version was then ported to the Nintendo DS with more additional content and was released in Japan on March 22, 2007. Only the Nintendo DS port, renamed as "Front Mission", was released in North America on October 23, 2007. This release marked the third time that a "Front Mission" title was localized and published outside Japan.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: A remake of "Front Mission 1st", titled "Front Mission 1st: Remake", was released for the Nintendo Switch on November 30, 2022.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: Game progression in "Front Mission" proceeds in a linear manner: watch cut-scene events, complete missions, set up wanzers during intermissions, and sortie for the next mission. The player travels to locations on a point-and-click world map. As the player progresses through the plot, new locations are revealed on the world map. Towns and cities act as intermission points where the player can organize and set up their units for the upcoming mission. Battle zones are where the missions take place, though they become inaccessible upon the completion of a mission.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: In "Front Mission", players use playable units called "wanzers", a term for mecha derived from the German word "Wanderpanzer", or "walking tank". A wanzer differs from the typical combat unit in that it has four modular parts: body, left arm, right arm, and legs. Each part has a specific function and its own health bar. The legs parts enable movement and evasion, the arm parts are necessary to use hand and shoulder weapons, and the body part maintains the wanzer's operability. In the event the body is destroyed, the wanzer is removed from play completely. Destruction of arm and leg parts does not remove the wanzer from play, but it severely cripples its performance. While the player fights mostly wanzers, vehicles and aircraft, mobile weapon platforms are also featured. These enemy units generally have only one part, the body, and are much stronger than wanzers themselves.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: In the customization aspect of "Front Mission", wanzers can be customized with a variety of parts, computers, auxiliary backpacks, and weapons. The player has full control over customizing their wanzers and can do so as long as its total weight value does not exceed its given power output. To field a wanzer in battle, it must have a complete frame of parts: body, left arm, right arm, and legs. Parts with built-in weapons in the body or arm sections can also be equipped on a wanzer. Computers improve the accuracy of the weapons equipped on the wanzer. Auxiliary backpacks and weapons are not mandatory equipment to use wanzers, but are crucial in order to progress through the games. Auxiliary backpacks serve to give a wanzer special features during combat; they allow a wanzer to carry support items such as ammunition reloads and increase the power output of the unit, allowing it to carry heavier gear.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: There are four classes of weapons: melee weapons, short-range weapons, long-range weapons, and support fire weapons. Melee weapons are weapons used at melee range and have a tendency to strike the body part of its target. Tonfas and rods are examples of melee weapons. Short-range weapons are weapons used at close range and deal damage to all parts of a target. Machine guns and shotguns are examples of short-range weapons. Long-range weapons are weapons that have long firing ranges and are ideal for avoiding counterattacks. Bazookas are examples of long-range weapons. Support fire weapons are indirect fire weapons; they can never be counterattacked, but have limited ammunition supply and minimum firing ranges. Missile launchers are examples of support fire weapons. Lastly, shields can be equipped on wanzers to absorb some of the damage taken from incoming attacks.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: "Front Mission" has other notable features incorporated into the game. The Arena is a unique feature in which the player can fight AI-controlled enemy combatants to earn monetary rewards. Likewise, "Front Mission" sports a briefing feature that details basic information about the composition of enemy forces for the upcoming mission. Missions in "Front Mission" are traditional tactical RPG fare, ranging from destroying all enemy targets or protecting a particular allied target.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: Set in 2090, the story of "Front Mission" takes place on Huffman Island, a fictional Pacific Ocean island roughly the size of Oahu, created by volcanic activity south of Mexico's west coast in 1995. In 2002, the land mass was classified as an island, and was ceded to United Nations control. However, in 2020, the United States of the New Continent (USN), a unification of North American and South American countries, made a bid for control of the island after withdrawing from the United Nations. The Oceania Cooperative Union (OCU), an alliance of the nations of South Asia, South East Asia and Australia that was created in 2025, dispute this claim when the two superpowers colonized the island in 2065. The tensions heat up and eventually lead to the 1st Huffman Conflict in 2070, with Huffman Island being divided into two halves at the end of the war. An uneasy peace is maintained until the Huffman Crisis in 2086, when a series of skirmishes across the island causes chaos. Tensions flare up and end in war when the OCU is blamed for inciting the Larcus Incident on June 3, 2090.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: The plot of "Front Mission" revolves around OCU captain Lloyd Clive. An OCU reconnaissance platoon led by Lloyd is assigned to investigate a USN munitions plant in the Larcus District, located on eastern Huffman Island. Upon reaching the premises, the platoon is ambushed by USN wanzers led by an officer named Driscoll. He quickly ambushes Karen Meure, Lloyd's fiancée, and destroys her wanzer. As the two forces engage in battle, Driscoll detonates explosives inside the plant and escapes. The USN accuses the OCU of the attack, later known as the Larcus Incident, but the OCU insists that the incident was a set-up. Both sides soon declare war, setting off the 2nd Huffman Conflict. The OCU pins the blame of the incident on Lloyd's platoon, discharging them from the military indefinitely. One year later, OCU colonel Guri B. Olson seeks him out at a wanzer fighting arena in the town of Barinden. Dangling the prospect of killing the person responsible for Karen's death, he manages to recruit Clive to the "Canyon Crows" mercenary outfit. With the Canyon Crows, Lloyd is assigned to help the OCU military reverse its fortunes and win the war.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: In the PlayStation and Nintendo DS version "Front Mission 1st", the player can also play a second scenario revolving around USN officer Kevin Greenfield. Months before the Larcus Incident, Kevin and his teammates in the "Black Hounds" special forces unit are participating in an operation against a terrorist organization known as "The Star of Freedom". Upon finding out the location of their headquarters in the Andes Mountains, the Black Hounds execute an operation to eliminate the group. A grave mistake on Kevin's part gets him fired from the unit and arrested by USN MPs. In a last-ditch effort to remain in service, Greenfield accepts a post to the USN special weapons research division known as the "Nirvana Institute". He is then deployed to the Nirvana branch on Huffman Island, which is led by Driscoll. After a few operations with the division, the 2nd Huffman Conflict breaks out and Kevin is recalled to active duty. As the new leader of the "Silver Lynx" strike force, he aids the USN offensive to defeat the OCU and help end the war quickly.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: Understanding "Front Mission" in its entirety requires playing through both the OCU and USN campaigns. They each have their own unique events and mysteries, the latter of which is fully explained only by playing the other scenario. The two scenarios also have a plot connection when a link between the Larcus Incident and the Nirvana Institute is established.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: Development of the first "Front Mission" started with discussions between software developers Square and G-Craft. Square had never had another developer make a game for them and planning proceeded slowly, but an agreement between the two was finished in the Fall of 1993. Game producer and writer Toshiro Tsuchida presented a proposal for a game called “100 Mission” to Square through his own development company, Solid, on G-Crafts behalf. When Square producer Shinji Hashimoto first saw the first version of the game proposal, he thought it was “too radical” and usually such proposals would not be approved. Square was not enthusiastic, repeatedly telling Tsuchida “no robots”, and being told by Square that game development couldn’t just be driven by a creators passion anymore. Tsuchida also had difficulty explaining how much of a role robots would have in the proposed game, and so he obtained some development hardware to create a prototype of the title. Square was the only publisher at the time willing to consider Tsuchidas’ proposal. They finally agreed to make the game because they thought working in a new genre would be stimulating and it was a title they probably could not do themselves as to that point Square had mostly made fantasy games. Hashimoto insisted that lighter moments be included, such as the characters hanging out and playing cards, in order to balance the mood of the game which was dark and moody.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: Square and G-Craft worked together making the title, including aspects like the games graphics and sound. Because the developers wanted an immersive experience and disliked text-heavy introductions in games, they requested and were allowed to omit the usual Squaresoft branding that always appeared when Square games began. Hironobu Sakaguchi, Shinji Hashimoto, and Toshiro Tsuchida all loved robots and did a lot of brainstorming to discover elements that could be in the game. Hashimoto came up with the idea of the colonel Kirkland being in a fort in Stage 15. Many times Hashimoto would take Tsuchidas’ ideas and expand upon them. There was debate about whether a game for children should have a brain in the opening scene, but decided to include it anyway. Yoshitaka Amano painted an illustration for the game, and it was intended to be used as the front cover of the cartridges packaging, but it was too “imposing” and only a portion was used. The development team even went so far as to make a sample movie of the games intro on a Macintosh for Hashimoto, which impressed upon him how dedicated and passionate the team was for the game. Sakaguchi loved plastic models, and that led to hiring Kow Yokoyama, who had a reputation for excellent modeling. Yokoyama helped craft models for the wanzer mechs and was able to help design them as though they were real life weapons.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: A direct port of the game was released for the WonderSwan Color in Japan on July 12, 2002. "Front Mission" was ported to the PlayStation on November 23, 2003 with the title "Front Mission 1st". This port included new content and offered a new USN scenario to play through. "Front Mission 1st" also included new characters that would later be seen in "Front Mission 4", namely Darril Traubel and Billy Renges. This port served as the basis for the Nintendo DS port, which was released in Japan on March 22, 2007, and in North America (as "Front Mission") on October 23, 2007. The PlayStation version was re-released as a PSOne Classic on the PlayStation Network in Japan on November 12, 2008.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: The Nintendo DS version features battle sequences that make use of the console's dual screen setup for an easy view of the action. The port also includes a number of new additions. A number of characters from other "Front Mission" titles were added to the game's storyline, such as Griff Burnam and Glen Duval. New parts and weapons from other "Front Mission" entries were added. This version also boasted nine secret missions that further expanded the storyline.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: "Front Mission"'s soundtrack was composed by the joint team of Noriko Matsueda and Yoko Shimomura. Shimomura's work on the soundtrack was requested by Hironobu Sakaguchi, the vice-president of Square, due to the need for a more experienced composer to work on the project along with Matsueda. While Shimomura intended to turn down this request due to her preoccupation with the "Super Mario RPG" soundtrack, she changed her mind after encountering the company president, Tetsuo Mizuno, and being embarrassed to decline the request in front of him. Shimomura mainly composed the action themes, as well as the opening theme, describing the soundtrack as "passionate" due to their "motivated" work. The score was arranged by Hidenori Iwasaki for the PlayStation and DS remakes. The promotional album, "Front Mission 1st Special BGM Selection", arranged by Isawaki, was released in 2003. Two songs composed by Shimomura from "Front Mission", "Take the Offensive" and "Manifold Irons", were orchestrated for the "Drammatica" album.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: The original "Front Mission" was a huge success in Japan, selling over 500,000 copies. "Next Generation" reported sales of 530,000 copies.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: In April 1995, "Famitsu" magazine gave the Super Famicom version of the game first a 9 out of 10 and later an 8 out of 10 in their Reader Cross Review. "Mega Fun" gave the game a Gold for an import game.


title: Front Mission (video game)

text: The Nintendo DS port of "Front Mission" received average reviews from critics. "IGN"'s Mark Bozon commended the games "options", "depth", and "customization" compared to other DS tactics games, but was disappointed at the lack of online play, calling it a pure port. "Nintendo Power" called the game "a stark, futuristic "Advance Wars" without the happy combatants and vehicle variety."


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: Conformal cyclic cosmology (CCC) is a cosmological model in the framework of general relativity and proposed by theoretical physicist Roger Penrose. In CCC, the universe iterates through infinite cycles, with the future timelike infinity (i.e. the latest end of any possible timescale evaluated for any point in space) of each previous iteration being identified with the Big Bang singularity of the next. Penrose popularized this theory in his 2010 book "Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe".


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: Penrose's basic construction is to connect a countable sequence of open Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric (FLRW) spacetimes, each representing a Big Bang followed by an infinite future expansion. Penrose noticed that the past conformal boundary of one copy of FLRW spacetime can be "attached" to the future conformal boundary of another, after an appropriate conformal rescaling. In particular, each individual FLRW metric formula_1 is multiplied by the square of a conformal factor formula_2 that approaches zero at timelike infinity, effectively "squashing down" the future conformal boundary to a conformally regular hypersurface (which is spacelike if there is a positive cosmological constant, as is currently believed). The result is a new solution to Einstein's equations, which Penrose takes to represent the entire universe, and which is composed of a sequence of sectors that Penrose calls "aeons".


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: The conformal cyclic cosmology hypothesis requires that all massive particles eventually vanish from existence, including those which become too widely separated from all other particles to annihilate with them. As Penrose points out, proton decay is a possibility contemplated in various speculative extensions of the Standard Model, but it has never been observed. Moreover, all electrons must also decay, or lose their charge and/or mass, and no conventional speculations allow for this.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In his Nobel Prize Lecture video, Roger Penrose moderated his previous requirement for no mass, beginning at 26:30 in the video, allowing some mass particles to be present as long as the amounts are insignificant with nearly all of their energy being kinetic, and in a conformal geometry dominated by photons.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: The significant feature of this construction for particle physics is that, since bosons obey the laws of conformally invariant quantum theory, they will behave in the same way in the rescaled aeons as in their former FLRW counterparts (classically, this corresponds to light-cone structures being preserved under conformal rescaling). For such particles, the boundary between aeons is not a boundary at all, but just a spacelike surface that can be passed across like any other. Fermions, on the other hand, remain confined to a given aeon, thus providing a convenient solution to the black hole information paradox; according to Penrose, fermions must be irreversibly converted into radiation during black hole evaporation, to preserve the smoothness of the boundary between aeons.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: The curvature properties of Penrose's cosmology are also convenient for other aspects of cosmology. First, the boundary between aeons satisfies the Weyl curvature hypothesis, thus providing a certain kind of low-entropy past as required by the past hypothesis, statistical mechanics and observation. Second, Penrose has calculated that a certain amount of gravitational radiation should be preserved across the boundary between aeons. Penrose suggests this extra gravitational radiation may be enough to explain the observed cosmic acceleration without appeal to a dark energy field.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In 2010, Penrose and Vahe Gurzadyan published a preprint of a paper claiming that observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the BOOMERanG experiment contained an excess of concentric circles compared to simulations based on the standard Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, quoting a 6-sigma significance of the result. However, the statistical significance of the claimed detection has since been disputed. Three groups have independently attempted to reproduce these results, but found that the detection of the concentric anomalies was not statistically significant, in that no more concentric circles appeared in the data than in Lambda-CDM simulations.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: The reason for the disagreement was tracked down to an issue of how to construct the simulations that are used to determine the significance: The three independent attempts to repeat the analysis all used simulations based on the standard Lambda-CDM model, while Penrose and Gurzadyan used an undocumented non-standard approach.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In 2013 Gurzadyan and Penrose published the further development of their work introducing a new method they termed the "sky-twist procedure" (not based on simulations) in which WMAP data is directly analysed; in 2015, they published the results of Planck data analysis confirming those of WMAP, including the inhomogeneous sky distribution of those structures.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In a paper published on August 6, 2018, authors Daniel An, Krzysztof Antoni Meissner, Pawel Nurowski, and Penrose presented a continued analysis of the CMB data as it seemed to them that “…anomalous points provide an important new input to cosmology, irrespective of the validity of CCC.” They also suggested that those anomalies could be "Hawking points", remnant signals from the "Hawking evaporation of supermassive black holes in the aeon prior to ours". The original version of their paper claimed that a B-mode location found by the BICEP2 team was located at one of these Hawking points; this claim was removed in a later update. A 2020 analysis found that the ostensibly anomalous "Hawking points" were actually consistent with the standard inflationary picture once the look-elsewhere effect is taken into account, therefore arguing that they could not be used as evidence for CCC.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In 2022, another group published a preprint on CMB anomalies, consisting of a single or a few bright pixels, erroneously lead to regions with many low-variance circles when applying the search criteria used in previous works. After removing the anomalies from the data, the authors claim no statistically significant low-variance circles results. Concerning Hawking points, they also state no statistically significant evidence when using a Gaussian temperature amplitude model over 1 degree opening angle and after accounting for CMB anomalies. The group comments that CMB anomalies themselves might be remnants of Hawking points is not supported by low-variance and/or high-temperature circles around them. Most important, the authors say that the absence of such distinct features in the CMB does not disprove CCC because if the density of such circles and Hawking points is large an interference speckle pattern in the CMB might arise instead. They also note that the statistical distribution of the data is non-gaussian, indicating there is underlying information yet to be fully described.


title: Conformal cyclic cosmology

text: In 2015, Gurzadyan and Penrose also discussed the Fermi paradox, the apparent contradiction between the lack of evidence but high probability estimates for the existence of extraterrestrial civilizations. Within conformal cyclic cosmology, the cosmic microwave background provides the possibility of information transfer from one aeon to another, including of intelligent signals within the information panspermia concept.


title: Synoeca

text: Synoeca is a genus of eusocial paper wasps found in the tropical forests of the Americas. Commonly known as warrior wasps or drumming wasps, they are known for their aggressive behavior, a threat display consisting of multiple insects guarding a nest beating their wings in a synchronized fashion, and an extremely painful sting. The sting is barbed and if used often kills the wasp, which may be the reason why such a striking defensive display is used. This display escalates from drumming inside the nest to hundreds of wasps moving on to the envelope of the nest and of continuing to drum and only if this does not deter the threat do the wasps begin to sting.


title: Synoeca

text: The genus has a wide range within the Americas, with specimens being found in the tropical and subtropical portions thereof. "S. septentrionalis" is generally found in the northern part of the range, having been observed as far north as Mexico, throughout Central America and northern South America. A very similar species, "S. ilheensis", extends into Brazil and, until 2017, was reported as a southern population of "S. septentrionalis". The other species in the genus are predominantly found in South America, as far south as Argentina.


title: Synoeca

text: "Synoeca" thrives in tropical rainforests, building arboreal nests in trees, typically on the underside of major branches. A single comb is built directly on the tree trunk; and the nests have a characteristic shape which resembles an armadillo, leading to common vernacular names such as marimbondo-tatu or armadillo wasp. These wasps swarm to form new colonies, a single queen leaves the nest accompanied by some workers to a new nest site. The queen uses pheromones to suppress the reproductive behaviour of the workers. When one queen dies she is replaced by another; colonies may last up to 16 years.


title: Synoeca

text: Entomologist Justin Schmidt has ranked the sting of the species "S. septentrionalis" as a 4 on his Schmidt sting pain index and has described it as "torture. You are chained in the flow of an active volcano." This is the highest ranking in his index and also includes the bullet ant and a species of tarantula hawk in the genus "Pepsis".


title: Synoeca

text: A research team in Brazil has discovered that "Synoeca" stings contain a newly discovered compound that could be used to treat anxiety, apparently working as effectively as diazepam when tested on rats.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Trygve Halvdan Lie ( , ; 16 July 1896 – 30 December 1968) was a Norwegian politician, labour leader, government official and author. He served as Norwegian foreign minister during the critical years of the Norwegian government in exile in London from 1940 to 1945. From 1946 to 1952 he was the first Secretary-General of the United Nations.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie was born in Kristiania (now Oslo) on 16 July 1896. His father, carpenter Martin Lie, left the family to emigrate to the United States in 1902, and was never heard from again. Trygve grew up under poor conditions together with his mother Hulda and a sister who was six at the time. His mother ran a boarding house and café in Grorud in Oslo.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie joined the Labour Party in 1911 and was named as the party's national secretary soon after receiving his law degree from the University of Oslo in 1919. Lie was editor-in-chief for "Det 20de Aarhundre" ('The 20th Century') from 1919 to 1921. From 1922 to 1935 he was a legal consultant for the Workers' National Trade Union (named Norwegian Confederation of Trade Unions from 1957). During this period, he acquired a reputation for settling disputes early and bring test cases before the courts. He chaired the Norwegian Workers' Confederation of Sports from 1931 to 1935.


title: Trygve Lie

text: In local politics he served as a member of the executive committee of Aker municipality council from 1922 to 1931. He was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Akershus in 1937. He was appointed Minister of Justice when a Labour Party government was formed by Johan Nygaardsvold in 1935. Lie was later appointed Minister of Trade (July to October 1939) and Minister of Supplies (October 1939 to 1941).


title: Trygve Lie

text: A socialist from an early age, Lie once met Vladimir Lenin while on a Labour Party visit to Moscow and gave permission for Leon Trotsky to settle in Norway after he was exiled from the Soviet Union. However, because of pressure from Joseph Stalin, he forced Trotsky to leave the country.


title: Trygve Lie

text: When Nazi Germany invaded Norway in 1940, Lie ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to Allied ports. In 1941, Lie was named as Foreign Minister of the Norwegian government-in-exile, and he remained in this position until 1946.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie led the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations conference in San Francisco in 1945 and was a leader in drafting the provisions of the United Nations Security Council. He was the leader of the Norwegian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly in 1946. Lie first stood for the election for President of the General Assembly but lost to Paul-Henri Spaak of Belgium. However, on 1 February 1946, as a result of a compromise between the major powers, he was elected as the first Secretary-General of the United Nations by a unanimous vote in the Security Council and by a 46-3 vote in the General Assembly. As the first person to occupy the new position, he would help come to shape the role as it developed in international diplomacy.


title: Trygve Lie

text: As Secretary-General, Lie appointed, among others, Jan Pedersen, Raymond Fourier, Oskar Larsen and a wide variety of officials to the positions of Under-Secretary-Generals or Special Advisors during his tenure, with a tendency to prefer individuals he had previously worked with. Lie supported the foundations of Israel and Indonesia. His passionate support for Israel included passing secret military and diplomatic information to Israeli officials. He sent 50 members of the United Nations guard force from Lake Success to assist the Mediator in supervising the Truce in the former British Mandate of Palestine in 1948 and the "UNTSO", the first peacekeeping operation was established by the United Nations. He worked for the withdrawal of Soviet forces in Iran during the Iran crisis of 1946 and a ceasefire to fighting in Kashmir. Regarding Iran, Lies memorandum on a potential solution was not implemented but as a result of the need for raising important issues, the Security Council changed its rules of procedures to enable the Secretary General to address it on any question under consideration. This change would have important consequences both for Lie with regards the Korean War but also for later Secretary-Generals.


title: Trygve Lie

text: In 1948, Lie was involved in mediation attempts between Russia and the West following the Berlin Blockade. In June 1948, he offered to raise the blockade to the UN Security Council as a 'threat to the peace' but was told by the US State Department that this was not necessary. In November 1948, he recommended that the UN attempt should attempt to work out the currency issue and present a solution to both sides. However, in this regard he was not successful as Stalin eventually ordered the lifting of the blockade in May 1949 in a response to the effects of a trade embargo and the subsequent ongoing success of the Allied airlift operation.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie was Secretary-General of the UN during the period of the Korean War. Following the June 25th 1950 attack by North Korean forces, Lie immediately invoked Article 99 of the UN Charter to convene the Security Council that day. He stated that as Korea was a ward of the UN, the invasion was an attack on the UN itself and that the Security council should take the necessary steps to reestablish peace. A resolution to that effect passed in the Council by 9-0, owing to the absence of the Soviet Union due to their boycott of the council owing to the absence of the People's Republic of China. It is stated that this attracted the ire of the Soviet Union. During the war, Lie had wanted an international committee to direct military forces but this was opposed by the US and a compromise reached, whereby a unified UN command would be created but under the overall command of a US General. He has been criticised by some for his failures to bring about a swifter end to the Korean War, despite several repeated attempts to bring the People's Republic of China to ceasefire negotiations.


title: Trygve Lie

text: On 1 November 1950, over objections by the Soviet Union, the UN General Assembly voted by 46 votes to 5 (and 8 abstentions) to extend Lie's term of office. The vote was a consequence of an impasse in the Security Council in which the Soviet Union refused to consider Lie due to his involvement in the Korean War, while the US refused to accept any candidate except Lie. Lie later worked to end the Soviet boycott of UN meetings, though his involvement had little to do with the eventual return of the Soviet Union to the UN. He was opposed to Spain's entry into the United Nations because of his opposition to Francisco Franco's government. He also sought to have the People's Republic of China recognized by the United Nations after the Nationalist government was exiled to Taiwan, arguing that the People's Republic was the only government that could fulfill the membership obligations in full.


title: Trygve Lie

text: By late 1952, the USSR continued to refuse to acknowledge Lie as Secretary-General and, having also been accused by Joseph McCarthy of hiring "disloyal" Americansan allegation that he attributed to the pressing need for UN civil servants following the establishment of the UNLie resigned on 10 November 1952.


title: Trygve Lie

text: The UN came under US official scrutiny after the conviction of Alger Hiss, who had served as acting Secretary General at the first convening of the UN in San Francisco (in 1945). A State Department report dated 17 January 1951, states: "Subject: McCarran Act—Possible Conflict with Headquarters Agreement"In conversation with Abe Feller in New York recently he expressed the view that the regulations which have been issued under the McCarran Act make it fairly clear to him that there is likely to be some conflict between that Act and the way in which it is being interpreted and the Headquarters Agreement. He expressed the view that in the event of such conflict the UN secretariat would be forced to resort to the arbitration procedure under the Agreement. He stated he thought this would be very unfortunate and wondered whether any consideration was being given to a general amendment to the McCarran Act which would waive its provisions so far as it conflicted with international obligations or international agreements. I told him I did not know whether any amendments were under consideration but that I would bring his view to your attention. Abraham Feller, General Counsel and Principal Director, Legal Department, United Nations Secretariat, was "reportedly" a "close friend" of Alger Hiss. On 14 November 1952, just days after Lie's resignation from the UN, Feller committed suicide by jumping out of the window of his apartment in New York City.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie remained active in Norwegian politics after his resignation from the UN. He was the County Governor of Oslo and Akershus, chairman of the Board of Energy, Minister of Industry, and Minister of Trade and Shipping. He wrote a number of books, including "In the Cause of Peace", an account of his years at the UN.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Lie married Hjørdis Jørgensen (1898–1960) in 1921. The couple had three daughters; Sissel, Guri, and Mette.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Trygve Lie was awarded a large number of Norwegian and foreign orders. Among these, the Norwegian highest civilian award Medal for Outstanding Civic Service ("Medaljen for borgerdåd)" (1966), the Grand Cross of the Order of Dannebrog (1954) and Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav (1953), Czechoslovak OWL (1948). He was awarded numerous honorary doctorates by universities throughout the U.S. and Europe. Trygve Lie was the holder of a number of other orders, decorations and other honors.


title: Trygve Lie

text: Some scholars rank him at the bottom of all UN secretaries-general; one who "presided over a long list of diplomatic failures, tarnished the UN, and accomplished very little". On the other hand, it can be argued that Trygve Lie built the United Nations organisation from nothing, including establishing a physical presence in a huge office building in New York, after having started in a small temporary office on Long Island. This included leading the UN response to a number of challenging post-World War II conflicts and issues related to the wider Cold War. As the first Secretary-General of the UN, Lie would have a pivotal role in first helping shape that position as well as of the wider role of the UN.


title: Trygve Lie

text: "Trygve Lie′s Square" is located in Furuset center in Oslo. In the square stands the bronze statue of Trygve Lie, which was created by the Norwegian artist Nicolaus Widerberg and erected in 1994. Trygve Lie Gallery and Trygve Lie Plaza are both located in New York City.


title: At-Tawbah

text: At-Tawbah (, ; The Repentance), also known as Bara'ah (, ; Repudiation), is the ninth chapter ("sūrah") of the Quran. It contains 129 verses ("āyāt") and is one of the last Medinan surahs.


title: At-Tawbah

text: This Surah is reported to have been revealed at the time of the Battle of Tabuk in Madinah in the 9th year of the Hijrah. The Sanaa manuscript preserves some verses, on parchment radiocarbon dated to between 578/44bh and 669/49ah.


title: At-Tawbah

text: It is the only Surah of the Quran that does not begin with "Bismillah", the usual opening formula, "In the name of Allah, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate". It deals with almost the same topics as those dealt with in Surat al-Anfal. In contrast to all other surahs, Muhammad did not order that this formula should be put at the beginning of this surah.


title: At-Tawbah

text: According to Zayd ibn Thabit, when the Qu'ran was first being compiled, he found the last verses of this Surah in the possession of Abu al-h al-Ansari and no one else. In another account, Ubay ibn Ka'b informed Zayd that Muhammad taught him the end of this "sūrah" and recited the same verses. Some, like Ibn Hazm, suggested that Abu Khuzayma was the only one to have the last verses in written form, as Zayd and others had memorized them. In a continuum of Surah Al-Anfal, this Surah additionally manages the issues of harmony and war and puts together the subject with respect to the Tabuk Expedition.The Significant Issues, Divine Laws and pieces of Guidance incorporated in this surah are as follows


title: At-Tawbah

text: This Surah is known by two names - At-Taubah and Al-Bara'at. It is called At-Taubah in light of the fact that it articulates taubah (atonement) and informs about the conditions of its acceptance.(vv. 102. 118). The second name Bara'at (Release) is taken from the opening word of the Surah.


title: At-Tawbah

text: Out of all 114 Surahs of the Quran this is the only one to which Bismillah is not prefixed. Among the explanations put forward for his not doing so, the most commonly accepted according to Unal is that, like the Islamic salutation, "Peace be upon you", the expression, "In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate" conveys security and giving of quarter to those addressed. However, "Surat at-Tawbah" begins with an ultimatum to certain polytheists in Arabia. It deals, for the most part, with a re-evaluation of the relations with the polytheists who were frequently violating their agreements, the campaign to Tabuk, a disclosure of the intrigues of the hypocrites in Madinah, the importance of "jihad" in God's cause, and relationships with the People of the Book.


title: At-Tawbah

text: From opening up to the 37th ayat, the initial talk, was uncovered in Zil-Qa'adah A.H. 9. As the significance of the subject of the talk required its affirmation on the event of Hajj Muhammad dispatched Ali to follow Abu Bakr, who had just left for Makkah to lead the Pilgrims to the Ka'abah. He trained Ali to convey the talk before the representatives of the various clans of Arabia in order to advise them regarding the new policy guidelines pertinent to the mushriks.


title: At-Tawbah

text: Starting from ayat 38 up to 72nd ayat the subsequent talk was revealed during Rajab A.H. 9 or a little before this, when Muhammad was occupied with getting ready for the Campaign of Tabuk. The Believers were encouraged to take a dynamic part in Jihad, and the shirkers were seriously reproached for keeping down their riches and for wavering to forfeit their lives in the path for Allah due to their hypocrisy, powerless belief(iman) or carelessness.


title: At-Tawbah

text: The final section of ayaat 73rd to last, was uncovered on his return from the Campaign of Tabuk. There are a few pieces revealed in different events during the same time frame and were incorporated by Muhammad into the Surah as per instructions from Allah. This talk cautions the hypocrites of their malevolent deeds and censures those Believers who had remained behind in the Campaign of Tabuk. At that point in the wake of berating them, Allah exculpates those genuine Believers who had not partaken in the Jihad in the Way of Allah for one explanation or the other.


title: At-Tawbah

text: Similarly, Western Islam-scholar Rudolph F. Peters also asserts that indiscriminate killing is not supported in this verse.