title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Psychological well-being factors such as self-acceptance and confidence, personal growth, regular socialization and independence decrease the probability of mental decline and reduce inflammation within the brain. Purpose in Life is now considered to increase the physiological health of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Optimistic emotions such as love, appreciation and kindness are known to lessen the stress response and maintain a healthy cognition throughout the rest of the patient's life.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: Melatonin is discharged by the pineal gland as a neurohormone. Melatonin is a central hormone in the treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease as it adjusts sleep patterns that are abnormal, which occurs in over forty five percent of patients. Melatonin affects type 3 diabetes by reducing harm caused by beta amyloid, regulating hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in patients with diabetes and stopping blood brain barrier disruption caused by hyperglycaemia. Through these processes, melatonin has been shown to lessen the progression of type 3 diabetes.


title: Type 3 diabetes

text: The administration of the hormone Glucagon-like Peptide 1 has shown to control the deregulation of glucose metabolism in patients with Alzheimer's disease. This hormone can recover cerebral dysfunction in diabetes induced Alzheimer's disease. The hormone Glucagon-like Peptide 1 can lessen the brain's inflamed reaction caused by amyloid beta oxidative stress. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 can also increase the rate of neurogenesis within the brains of Alzheimer's patients. Glucagon-like Peptide 1 has the possibility to increase the production of neurons to substitute impaired neurons within the brain. This hormone can also decrease the brain's insulin resistance in Alzheimer's patients.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: The Chevrolet Beretta is a front-wheel-drive two-door coupé produced by Chevrolet from 1987 until 1996. The Beretta was designed in the same design studio as the Camaro and the Corvette, Chevrolet Exterior Studio 3, and was built at the Wilmington, Delaware, and Linden, New Jersey assembly plants with other GM L platform models, the Chevrolet Corsica which came shortly before the Beretta, and the Canada-only Pontiac Tempest four-door sedans. The Beretta was produced in base, CL, GT, GTU, Indy, GTZ and Z26 models. A convertible was the pace car for the 1990 Indianapolis 500, and GM initially announced a production convertible replica, but a coupe version was offered instead.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: Base model Berettas were equipped with the same powertrain as the Chevrolet Cavalier, the 2.2 L OHV 4-cylinder engine and the 3-speed automatic transmission by default, or the 60-degree V6. A 5-speed manual was available only by special order if paired with the 2.2 L OHV, however very few special orders ever took place, and the 3-speed automatic was the default option.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: The GT included a 125 hp 2.8-liter V6, which grew to a 3.1 L in 1990, and the Z51 suspension package with 15-inch styled steel wheels and Goodyear Eagle GT tires. Also included was a sport cloth interior and sport steering wheel. The GTU was available from 1988 until the 1990 model year. Beretta GTUs (with the FE7 suspension package) were shipped to Cars and Concepts where they were equipped with 16x7-inch aluminum alloy wheels, custom body kits, a rear spoiler, mirrors, custom trim, and decals. With the FE7 Chevrolet claimed the Beretta GTU would deliver 0.92 g on the skid pad, a claim that most magazines of the day failed to duplicate. GTUs were only available in black, red and white.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: The GTZ, which replaced the GTU, took over as the high-performance version of the Beretta. It was produced from 1990 until 1993. It came standard with Oldsmobile's 2.3-L high output Quad 4 inline-four, which produced 180 hp (134 kW) and 160 lb·ft (217 N·m) of torque. Also standard was a Getrag 5-speed manual transmission and GM's FE7 performance suspension.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: "Motor Trend"'s only complaint was the Quad 4's NVH (noise, vibration and harshness) and noted it was one of the most raucous engines of its time. Beginning in 1991, the 3.1 L V6 could be had as an option on the GTZ, but it was only available with a 3-speed automatic transmission that increased the 0-to-60 mph time to around 9.0 seconds. The 3.1 L V6 was standard on 1990–1992 GT models and optional for all base models and GTs in 1992. Starting in the 1994 model year, the 3.1 L V6 could only be ordered with an automatic transmission.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: The 1991 model year saw major interior updates, including a new dashboard and center console and the addition of a driver's side airbag.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: In 1994, the GT and GTZ were replaced by the Beretta Z26, which put it squarely between the Cavalier Z24 and Lumina Z34 in Chevrolet's lineup. The 3.1 L V6 was redesigned and became the 3100 V6 and gained 20 hp at 160. The new 3100 V6 was only available with a new 4-speed automatic transmission. The Quad 4 HO lost a total of 10 hp (7 kW) in 1994, its last year of production. The 2.3 L Quad 4 was only available with a 5-speed manual transmission. In 1995, the 3100 V6 lost 5 hp, down to , which also carried on to the 1996 model.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: Beretta sales steadily declined every year of production as the market turned away from 2-door models. In 1996, Chevrolet ended production of both the Beretta and Corsica after 10 model years. The Corsica was replaced by the Chevrolet Malibu in 1997. The last Beretta rolled off the assembly line on July 30, 1996.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: General Motors was sued by Fabbrica d'Armi Pietro Beretta for trademark infringement involving their use of the Beretta name for a car. The suit was settled out of court in 1989; GM and Beretta exchanged symbolic gifts: a Beretta GTU coupe and a pair of Beretta shotguns. General Motors donated US$500,000 to a Beretta-sponsored charity which was also affiliated with the GM Cancer Research Foundation.


title: Chevrolet Beretta

text: The Beretta, using a splayed valve 4.5 liter 90 degree V6 engine, won the Trans Am Series championship in 1990.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Donald Brashear (born January 7, 1972) is an American former professional hockey player who played for five organizations in the National Hockey League (NHL) over a 23 year pro career, in which he played the role of an enforcer.


title: Donald Brashear

text: He was among the NHL leaders in penalty minutes for six seasons, while finishing his career 15th all-time in penalty minutes. He remains the Vancouver Canucks' all-time single season leader in penalty minutes, which he set in the 1997–98 season.


title: Donald Brashear

text: He was involved in one of the most publicized incidents of on-ice violence in NHL history during the 1999–2000 season, when he was slashed in the head by Marty McSorley.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear was born in Bedford, Indiana, but moved to Val-Bélair, Quebec, his mother's ancestral village, as a child.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear is the youngest of three children born to an American father, Johnny Brashear, and Nicole Gauthier, who was mainly of French-Canadian descent, in Bedford, Indiana. His father was an alcoholic who relentlessly abused his family, including slashing Donald with belts and electrical cords. On one occasion, when Donald was only six months old, he picked him up and hurled him through a window. Nicole, afraid that Johnny might kill her, left the family and returned to Canada. Later, she came back to take the children, but left Donald to live with his father for another four years, until Donald's paternal grandmother sent him to Canada. Donald's mother later stated that she left him behind because her future husband was prejudiced and wanted to avoid having another mixed-race child in the house.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear eventually moved in with his mother and stepfather in Lorretteville, Quebec. Unfortunately, because of his stepfather's racist attitude, he suffered further abuse in his new surroundings; for instance, he was forced to sleep with a garbage bag tied around his waist to keep him from wetting the bed, and was verbally berated for not being able to tie his shoes. His mother finally decided to give him up to foster care, due in part because of what she called "mental problems" from the abuse he had suffered, and because he did not accept her as his mother. Brashear lived in two different foster homes that sent him away since the families believed he was a "little too much to handle."


title: Donald Brashear

text: At the age of eight, Brashear moved to Val-Bélair, Quebec, and settled into a new foster home. Once there, he began playing hockey with his new siblings. To help pay for hockey, Brashear sold baked bread and garbage bags door-to-door, and later became a paper boy. He played in the 1984, 1985 and 1986 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with three separate minor ice hockey teams from Quebec City.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear was signed as a free agent by the Montreal Canadiens in 1992. He spent parts of three seasons with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Fredericton Canadiens, before becoming a regular with Montreal at the NHL level. During the 1993–94 AHL season, he registered professional career highs of 38 goals and 66 points, along with 250 Penalty Minutes (PIMs) in 62 games. His 38 goals tied him for the team lead and the 250 PIMs led Fredericton. Brashear made his NHL debut on November 15, 1993, against the Ottawa Senators. He registered an assist in the contest, his first career NHL point. Two days later, he scored his first NHL goal in a game against the Edmonton Oilers. After playing parts of four seasons with the Canadiens, his time in Montreal ended following a heated verbal exchange with Head Coach Mario Tremblay during a team practice on November 9, 1996. Four days later, Brashear was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in exchange for Jassen Cullimore. Brashear finished the year with 13 points and 245 PIMs, seventh-highest in the NHL.


title: Donald Brashear

text: The following season, 1997–98, Brashear led the NHL in penalty minutes and set a Canucks franchise record with 372 PIMs, while adding 18 points. During the season, he also received a four-game suspension for delivering a blind-side punch to Ian Laperrière. Brashear stated that he hit Laperrière in retaliation to Laperrière punching Brashear's teammate Gino Odjick from behind. The 1998–99 season marked the only time in his career which he played in all 82 games, again leading the Canucks in penalty minutes and finishing eighth in the NHL. In the 1999–2000 season, Brashear set a career-high in goals with 11, but the season was marred by one of the most published incidents of excessive violence in the modern era of hockey.


title: Donald Brashear

text: During a February 21, 2000 Canucks home game against the Boston Bruins, Brashear was involved in a fight with Marty McSorley. Brashear handily won the fight and, on his way to the penalty box, taunted the Bruins' bench. Later in the game, Brashear collided with Bruins goaltender Byron Dafoe, who had to be taken off on a stretcher with a knee injury. For the rest of the game, McSorley was eager for a rematch with Brashear, who refused to fight again. With 4.6 seconds left in the game, a frustrated McSorley finally swung his stick toward Brashear's head from behind and struck him with a two-handed slash to the right temple. Brashear collapsed to the ice immediately, with his helmet falling off as the back of his head struck the ice. He suffered a seizure and the slash resulted in a grade-three concussion. Canucks goaltender Garth Snow then tried to fight McSorley, but a pile-up occurred, and Snow couldn't get at McSorley, who was ejected with 2.8 seconds left in the game. McSorley later received an indefinite suspension from the NHL and was charged with assault with a weapon as a result of his actions.


title: Donald Brashear

text: The case went to trial in British Columbia, where Brashear testified that he had no memory of the incident. McSorley testified that he tried to hit Brashear in the shoulder to start a fight with him, but missed, resulting in the head shot. McSorley was found guilty but avoided a jail sentence. He was required to complete 18 months of probation, in which he was not allowed to play in a game against Brashear. Brashear returned to play prior to the end of the season. McSorley, who missed the remaining 23 games of the regular season, had his suspension officially set at one year following the conviction. The incident effectively ended McSorley's career, as he never played in another NHL game. Brashear was often asked later if he ever talked with McSorley about the incident, and always responded the same way: he and McSorley had no relationship prior to it, and had no plans to ever speak to each other about what had happened.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear played in 79 games the following season, registering 19 assists and 28 points. After leading the Canucks in penalty minutes for the previous four seasons, Brashear was traded 31 games into the 2001–02 season to the Philadelphia Flyers. The Flyers received Brashear and the Canucks' sixth-round draft pick in 2002 in exchange for Jan Hlaváč and the Flyers' third-round pick in the same draft. While splitting time between the two franchises, Brashear set a career-high in points (32) while also amassing 199 PIMs. In 2002–03, he recorded eight goals, 25 points and 161 PIMs. Thanks in part to his strong work ethic, he was awarded the Pelle Lindbergh Memorial Trophy, an annual award given to the Flyers' most improved player. During the 2003–04 season, he was among the League leaders in PIMs, registering 212, ranking him fifth overall. His PIM total was aided by his role in the most penalized game in NHL history. On March 5, 2004, the Flyers were defeating the Ottawa Senators 5–2, when with 1:45 remaining in the game, Brashear fought Ottawa enforcer Rob Ray. The fight was believed to be in retaliation to Flyers forward Mark Recchi being slashed in the face by the Senators Martin Havlát. Following Brashear's fight, five separate brawls broke out. For his role in starting the fighting, Brashear was assessed 34 PIMs, more than any other Flyer. When asked later why he started the fighting, he responded by saying, "Why wouldn’t I? Did you see the last game?"


title: Donald Brashear

text: Due to the cancellation of the 2004–05 NHL season by the NHL lockout, Brashear signed with the Quebec Radio X of the semi-pro Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey league (LNAH). The deal was reportedly worth $300,000. He registered 18 goals and 50 points in 47 games, but was reluctant to fight and felt the League did little to protect him from players wanting to make a name for themselves against an established NHL enforcer. Brashear was suspended from the League following an incident where he continued punching a player in the face while he was lying on the ice.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Following the lockout, Brashear voiced his displeasure with the new way the League called games, stating that the NHL changed the rules to favor "superstars," and he felt that there was no longer a way to "get respect" on the ice. His statement came following a game in which he attempted to fight Darius Kasparaitis, who the Flyers believed delivered a "cheap shot" to Simon Gagné in an Olympic game earlier in the year. After Kasparaitis refused to fight Brashear at various points in the game, Brashear hit Kasparaitis with a gloved punch with 1:53 remaining in the game. Kasparaitis did not fight back, and instead covered up to protect himself. Brashear was assessed 29 PIMs for the incident, including an instigator penalty. Brashear was given a one-game suspension due to new League rules for the 2005–06 season; any player given an instigator penalty in the final five minutes of regulation or overtime would receive an automatic one-game suspension. At the end of the year, he was again in the top ten (eighth) in PIMs, accumulating 166, but his offensive production dropped to a mere nine points. The Flyers opted not to re-sign the enforcer.


title: Donald Brashear

text: The Washington Capitals then signed Brashear on July 14, 2006, to a one-year, $1 million contract. The signing was to provide Alexander Ovechkin with some on-ice protection. Capitals management felt that Brashear was skilled enough not to be a liability on the team while bringing an intimidating presence. During the 2006–07 season, the Capitals decided to extend Brashear's contract, signing him to a one-year, $1.1 million contract extension. He was suspended one game by the NHL during the regular season for punching New York Rangers defenceman Aaron Ward following a fight between Brashear and Brendan Shanahan. In the game, Shanahan felt Brashear was taking liberties with Rangers captain Jaromír Jágr, and subsequently challenged Brashear to a fight. Brashear won the fight and motioned as if he was dusting off his hands. Ward then approached him and had words with Brashear, who responded by punching him in the face, earning Brashear a game misconduct for intent to injure and eventually the suspension. At season's end, his point total increased from the previous season to 13 and his 156 PIMs ranked him in the top ten (sixth) in the League for the sixth time in his career. In the 2007–08 season, Brashear played in 80 games for the Capitals, but his offensive production slipped down to eight points while registering only 119 PIMs. However, he served as one of the Capitals' alternate captains. On January 24, 2008, the Capitals once again re-signed Brashear, this time to a one-year, $1.2 million extension.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In the 2008–09 season, Brashear's point total dropped to four, his lowest total since 1995–96 while he was with the Montreal Canadiens. During the 2009 Stanley Cup playoffs, he earned a suspension for two separate on-ice incidents. On April 26, 2009, the Capitals faced the New York Rangers in Game 6 of their first-round series. In the pre-game warm-ups, Brashear shoved Rangers enforcer Colton Orr, then delivered a blind-side hit to Blair Betts mid-way through the game's first period. As a result of the hit, and a possible elbow, Betts suffered a broken orbital bone and was out indefinitely. Colin Campbell ruled that the hit was late on an unsuspecting player; he also believed it targeted the head, and as a result caused significant injury. For his actions, Brashear was given a six-game suspension by the League — one for the pre-game altercation and five for the hit on Betts.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear was not given an extension during the season, and prior to the start of the free agency he indicated that he would like to return to Washington, citing the prospect of winning a Stanley Cup. Brashear noted that at his age and place in his career, taking care of his family was his top priority and that money would be the deciding factor in his destination. The Capitals, however, opted not re-sign him. After initial talks with the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)'s Vityaz Chekhov, he eventually agreed to a two-year, $2.8 million contract with the New York Rangers. At an event for season-ticket holders, Brashear was booed due to the altercation with the Rangers in the previous post-season. He set a personal milestone during the 2009–10 season by playing in his 1,000th NHL game on November 12 against the Atlanta Thrashers.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear struggled in New York, however, registering just one assist and 73 PIMs in 36 games; he became unhappy with his role in New York and asked the Rangers for a trade. Following a stretch of seven-straight and 12 of 13 games where he was a healthy scratch, the Rangers placed Brashear on waivers. After clearing waivers, he was assigned to the Rangers' AHL affiliate, the Hartford Wolf Pack. Despite the demotion, Brashear was happy to be receiving steady ice time whilst in Hartford.


title: Donald Brashear

text: At the end of the season, the Rangers again placed Brashear on waivers, making him eligible for a contract buyout. Instead of buying-out his contract, however, the Rangers traded Brashear on August 2, 2010, along with Patrick Rissmiller, to the Atlanta Thrashers in exchange for centre Todd White. Atlanta then placed Brashear on waivers and bought-out the remaining year of his contract, thus making him an unrestricted free agent. At the end of the 2009–10 season, Brashear ranked 15th all-time in NHL history for penalty minutes.


title: Donald Brashear

text: After not receiving serious interest from any NHL teams, Brashear opted to return to the LNAH and signed with Sorel-Tracy GCI. He noted that his decision was based on his desire to continue playing hockey, his love for playing in the province of Quebec and a chance to reunite with some former teammates. He was later traded during the season to Rivière-du-Loup 3L to add talent and toughness to the team. Rivière-du-Loup considered the acquisition of Brashear a "coup," noting that they could not pass up the chance to add him to the team. Late in the season, Brashear was given a suspension following his actions in a brawl against Trois-Rivières. During the melee, Brashear "attacked" goaltender Julien Ellis after he slashed one of Brashear's teammates who was engaged in a different fight. Brashear hit Ellis with several gloved punches before one of Ellis' teammates attempted to restrain Brashear. Brashear fought with the intervening player and after falling to the ice, Brashear continued to punch the "defenceless" player. He went back after the goaltender before a linesman tackled him. The suspension was originally set at eight games, but after the League met with Brashear and Rivière-du-Loup's general manager, it was reduced to five games.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In November 2014, Brashear stepped out of retirement and signed a contract with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) for the remainder of the season. He scored once on a power play on March 16, 2015 against Vita Hästen, before concluding his professional career at the conclusion of the 2014–15 season.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear has represented the United States on two separate occasions. He made his international debut at the 1997 World Championship, where he registered two goals and five points in eight games, helping the Americans to a sixth-place finish. He later noted that he was surprised by the invitation, but felt that it gave him an opportunity to show he could play other roles besides being an enforcer. He played for the U.S. again the following year at the World Championship, playing in six games and accumulating ten penalty minutes as the Americans finished in 12th place.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear was an enforcer; his role was to protect his teammates if an opponent went beyond what is considered acceptable physical play to "dirty" play or taking "cheap shots." Brashear was a tenacious forechecker, who created momentum by playing aggressively and delivering body checks, while possessing an underrated shot. Whilst fighting, he used a combination of balance and upper-body strength while taking his time trying to control his opponents before landing punches. Although left handed by nature, he became adept at using either hand during fights. During his career in the NHL, Brashear was considered one of the toughest players in the League as well as one most feared.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In the January 2010 issue of "The Hockey News", Brashear was named Enforcer of the Decade, noting that although he did not lead the NHL in number of fights, during the decade, he would have been involved in more if "he wasn't so feared." Hockey analyst Bill Clement states that "Brashear has a great sense of when his fighting skills are necessary and he picks his spots before dropping the gloves. He's excellent at understanding when a bit of pugilism might well provide the push or nudge to get some momentum going for his team." "The Hockey News" also assessed his skills by saying he possessed one of the most intimidating packages in the League, had a decent skating stride and was one of the best pugilists in the NHL. He was a bit too deliberate when handling and passing the puck, and fought much less as he got older, while slowly breaking down over time.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In April 2011, Brashear signed a three-fight contract with the mixed martial arts promoter Ringside MMA. Brashear's first fight occurred on June 4, 2011, against Mathieu Bergeron at the Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City. In the fight, Brashear immediately charged Bergeron, knocking him down with a right hook. After knocking him down, he continued to hit him with hammer fists, forcing the referee to stop the fight after only 21 seconds. Brashear was officially awarded the win by TKO.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear has two sons, Jordan and Jaxxson. He separated from their mother, Gabrielle Desgagne, his common-law wife, in 2007. Aside from a half-brother, he does not speak to his birth family. He credits the abuse he suffered at the hands of his father as a child for this.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In 2000, Brashear was charged with assault following an altercation with a neighbour in the weight room of their townhouse complex in Vancouver. According to court documents, Brashear grabbed the neighbor around the throat and pushed him after the man had complained about Brashear's infant son Jordan crawling on the exercise equipment. "That's no way to show my boys how to solve their problems", Brashear said after the guilty verdict, also lamenting the fact that he had trouble controlling a violent temper inherited from his father. He would ultimately receive six months probation after pleading guilty to common assault and granted a conditional discharge.


title: Donald Brashear

text: During the 2004–05 NHL lockout, Brashear spent time as an amateur boxer, compiling a 2–1 record. Later on, he trained with former heavyweight champion Smokin' Joe Frazier In 2007, Brashear, along with some friends, founded the house building company DEC Construction. During the off-season, he works on-site performing various jobs. He has a skill for languages, speaking French and English, while also learning both Russian and Spanish. He enjoys music as well, playing the piano while learning the acoustic guitar.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In 2012, Brashear was convicted of assault for a second time after an altercation in a parking lot following a March, 2011, Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey playoff game. He was sentenced to 18 months probation and was sued for over $200,000 in damages by the victim in 2014.


title: Donald Brashear

text: Brashear's great-uncle Carl Brashear was the first African-American to be certified as a Master Diver in the United States Navy; he was the inspiration for the movie "Men of Honor", in which he was portrayed by actor Cuba Gooding, Jr.


title: Donald Brashear

text: On June 5, 2019, Brashear had another brush with the law when he was arrested for allegedly breaking an apartment window. Police subsequently discovered cocaine in his possession. Brashear made a court appearance on August 12, 2019, and was scheduled to return to court in Quebec City on September 4 to face the cocaine possession charge.


title: Donald Brashear

text: In October 2019, it was reported that Brashear was working at a Tim Hortons restaurant in Quebec City owned by Pierre Sévigny.


title: Palestinian casualties of war

text: "The criteria used for this article: Casualties inflicted by war or combat. Casualties considered to be "unnecessary deaths" not included. Graph only includes casualties of Palestinian Arabs and not other actors."


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: "When the Party's Over" is a song by American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish and the second single from her debut studio album, "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?" (2019). It was released on October 16, 2018, through Darkroom and Interscope Records. It was written and produced by Finneas O'Connell.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: The concept behind "When the Party's Over" was inspired after Finneas O'Connell, Eilish's brother, had left his date's house "kind of for no reason" and was driving home alone late at night, simultaneously unhappy at the end of the relationship but also feeling a sense of safety through a lack of full investment in it. O'Connell later approached Eilish with a draft of the track, and they decided to perform it live "a full year before it came out," which O'Connell later recalled was "such a terrible idea" as he feared that fans would deem the studio recording inferior to the live version. They consequently set out to "get the magic" of a live performance "into a space where it's still interesting to record," a process which O'Connell described as "really hard" due to the song's delicate nature.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: Eilish and O'Connell decided that the track would be "almost entirely" vocal, utilising only sub-bass and acoustic piano as additional instruments; this made it "super challenging" to keep each measure interesting. The song required approximately 100 vocal tracks, which included the stacking of layers on each part of the harmony as well as "weird processed adlibs," while Eilish recorded over 90 takes of the song's first word "don't" to obtain the right sound. The influence of choral music on the song was informed by the siblings' experience singing in a choir during their childhood, and Eilish disclosed that it was also inspired by the songs "Stand Still" (2017) by Sabrina Claudio, "715 - CRΣΣKS" (2016) by Bon Iver and "Hide and Seek" (2005) by Imogen Heap.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: "When the Party's Over" is a bare-bones piano ballad that acts as a departure from the electro and R&B beats of her earlier output. Music publications have noted its hymnal-like qualities and use of bass, as well as its minimal instrumentation, which spotlight Eilish's vocal abilities. "Rolling Stone" editor Ryan Reed highlighted the tracks's "atmospheric vocal harmonies," use of vocoder and Eilish's use of her high vocal register, while Nicole Engelman of "Billboard" wrote of the "angelic hums" that accompany the singer, whose voice "[swells] up from a whisper." Chris DeVille of "Stereogum" compared the song to the work of Imogen Heap and Lana Del Rey. According to sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, the song is set in a time signature with a tempo of 124 beats per minute. It is composed in the key of C# minor, with Eilish's vocal range between the notes of E and E.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: Eilish has described the song as "kind of a sequel" to her single "Party Favor" (2018), documenting when "you're on the phone with someone and you can't hear them, they can't hear you, it's loud, they're mad at you for some reason" and consequently thinking: "You know what? Fucking leave me alone." It discusses the end of a relationship, a common subject matter in the Eilish's previous work, with the singer wishing to be "more than a party of one;" Suzy Exposito of "Rolling Stone" described it as one of the more sincere songs off her debut album "When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?" (2019), while Reed wrote that "each verse [grows] more mournful" as the song progresses It opens with a sample of Eilish's debut single "Ocean Eyes" (2016), which Sean Ward of "The Line of Best Fit" argued demonstrated an "understanding of her own artistry." No instruments accompany the vocals until the first chorus a minute into the track, where a sub-bass is introduced.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: "When the Party's Over" was met with critical acclaim. Suzy Exposito of "Rolling Stone" wrote that the track is one of the moments off "When We All Fall Asleep" where "Eilish can't help but draw back the curtain [...] and let you in." Similarly, "Sputnikmusic" reviewer SowingSeason called it one of the "still frame moments when she allows herself to be heard not as the cynical teenage pop star, but rather as Billie the seventeen year old girl who's going through all the same things you are;" they also commended her "mesmerizing whispers and hums." "Billboard"s Nicole Engelman praised the "haunting" song's "sharply insightful" lyrics, which she argued "demonstrate a maturity well beyond her 16 years of age." "Pitchfork" editor Stacey Anderson commended the singer's vocal performance, while Grant Rindner of "Uproxx" considered that the single proved "that she has one of the most arresting voices in pop." Tanis Smither of "Earmilk" praised the song as "heart-wrenching," writing that it "somehow manages to maintain her brand of ballsy production and delicate, dreamy vocal." "The Austin Chronicle"s Alejandra Ramirez wrote that the song was one of the moments where Eilish "flips the LP's most archetypal pop moments on their head." Christopher Thiessen listed it as one of the album's standout tracks in his review for "Consequence of Sound". "Insider" placed it at number 4 on their list of Eilish's best songs on March 18, 2020, with Callie Ahlgrim describing it as "perfect blend of Eilish's fluttery, melancholic vocals and O'Connell's empathetic songwriting abilities."


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: The music video was released on October 25, 2018. The video starts with a blue-haired Eilish sitting in a white room, before gulping down a cup filled with black liquid. Black tears start flowing down her cheeks, staining her outfit in the process. Towards the end of the video, the camera pans downwards, revealing that the black liquid started to stain the floor. Many have recognized the similarity between the black tears of the music video and the alternative cover of Lady Gaga's EP The Fame Monster, but Eilish claims that her inspiration for the video came from a fan art of a drawing of her with black eyes leaking. "I thought it was visually really dope and I wanted to physically create it." It was directed by Carlos López Estrada. The music video was created without special effects as Eilish had tubes tabed into the corner of her eyes where the black liquid would flow out of, giving the illusion of black tears. She later interacts with the tears, wiping them across her face and they drip down. Eilish said she wanted to "physically create" this drawing she was given and this is how she did it. The music video was uploaded to Eilish's YouTube channel through Vevo, and has gained more than 776 million views as of April 2022.


title: When the Party's Over (song)

text: English band Bring Me the Horizon covered the song during a performance on BBC Radio 1. Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi recorded a cover for his "Spotify Singles" EP. English singer-songwriter James Blake's cover was included in his EP, "Covers".


title: Jim Pirri

text: James Pirri is an American actor and fight choreographer best known for voice acting Angelo Bronte in Rockstar Studios' "Red Dead Redemption 2" and is also known for playing Tori Vega's dad on the Nickelodeon show "Victorious". He also voiced Boozer in "Days Gone."


title: Jim Pirri

text: Pirri studied theatre at the University of Colorado, although he was an engineering major. He had roles in the 1987 Colorado Shakespeare Festival and played Guildenstern in the 1988 Colorado Shakespeare Festival production of Hamlet.


title: Jim Pirri

text: He has also worked on many of Dan Schneider's shows, first as Mario on an episode of "iCarly", second as André on an episode of "Zoey 101", as well as the recurring David Vega in "Victorious". He has also appeared on several other TV shows, such as Disney Channel's "Shake It Up" as a recurring character named Uncle Frank, as well as appearances on "", "Chuck", "The O.C.", "Friends", and "3rd Rock From the Sun". Pirri also voiced the character Rais, the main antagonist of "Dying Light".


title: Tarsier Studios

text: Nine developers, including Andreas Johnsson and Björn Sunesson, founded Tarsier Studios in 2004. Johnsson had been a traditional programmer in the 1990s but wished to get into video game programming. With many Swedish universities beginning to offer game development courses, he enrolled at a Karlshamn university, where he got together with the other developers who would found Tarsier Studios. Their puzzle-platform game "Tio" won a game design contest panelled by video game industry veterans, which landed the team a spot in an incubation programme that would provide aid to advance the game's concept. The team was given an office space but no financial assistance. Mattias Nygren joined Tarsier as its chief executive officer (CEO) in 2006 and the business foundation of the Sparbanken i Karlshamn acquired a significant stake in the studio. They reworked "Tio" into "The City of Metronome" and attended E3 2005 to pitch the game to publishers. The team attracted interest from companies including Sony Computer Entertainment but ultimately signed no publishing deal. Tarsier remained in business with work-for-hire projects while working on further prototypes. One physics-based fighting game prototype again attracted the interest of Sony, which hired the team to develop a remake of "Rag Doll Kung Fu". This sparked the start of a longer partnership with Sony, with Tarsier creating art assets and later downloadable content packs for "LittleBigPlanet". In July 2010, Tarsier signed an exclusivity deal with Sony.


title: Tarsier Studios

text: During this time, the team grew to 30 people and moved from Karlshamn to Malmö. The Karlshamn office was retained for continued outsourcing operations, while the Malmö office would house the development of console games. A "super-ambitious" game Tarsier was working on for Sony was put on hold when the studio was offered to develop "LittleBigPlanet PS Vita". In June 2013, Nygren bought out the Karlshamn location, saying that it was not feasible for Tariser to operate two locations at a time. He left Tarsier and installed Ola Holmdahl as its new CEO of the 40-person Malmö studio. Out of the Karlshamn office, Nygren established The Station. Tarsier's next bigger project was the horror game "Hunger". The studio initially pitched the game to Sony, but the publisher had much higher ambitions for external projects and declined. Tarsier instead found a publisher in Bandai Namco Entertainment, which invested in the project with the intent of producing multiple games. The deal was announced in August 2016 and "Hunger" was renamed "Little Nightmares". For Sony, Tarsier created the virtual reality game "Statik", and the studio worked with Nintendo on "The Stretchers".


title: Tarsier Studios

text: In December 2019, Tarsier Studios was acquired by Goodbye Kansas Game Invest (later known as Amplifier Game Invest)—an investment company previously bought by Embracer Group—for , of which in cash and in newly issued Class B shares. Being part of a larger company meant that the studio had better financing and no longer needed to seek external publishers. The transition also brought along staff changes: Tarsier hired Oliver Merlöv, formerly of Massive Entertainment, as its chief operating officer in 2020, as well as Erik Rudelius as its chief people and culture officer. As of 2022, only three of the nine original founders remain with the company.


title: 2-step garage

text: 2-step garage, or simply 2-step, is a genre of electronic music and a subgenre of UK garage. One of the primary characteristics of the 2-step sound – the term being coined to describe "a general rubric for all kinds of jittery, irregular rhythms that don't conform to garage's traditional four-on-the-floor pulse" – is that the rhythm lacks the kick drum pattern found in many other styles of electronic music with a regular four-on-the-floor beat.


title: 2-step garage

text: A typical 2-step drum pattern features syncopated kick drums that skip a beat, with shuffled rhythm or triplets applied to other elements of the percussion, resulting in a sound noticeably distinct to those present in other house or techno music. Although rhythms with two kicks to a bar may be considered less energetic than the four on the floor pattern, 2-step rhythms maintain the listener's interest with off-beat snare placements and accents in the drumlines, scattered rimshots and woodblocks, syncopated basslines, and the percussive use of other instruments such as pads or strings.


title: 2-step garage

text: Instrumentation usually includes keyboards, synthesizers, and drum machines. Other instruments are added to expand the musical palette, often in the form of acoustic recordings, which may be sampled. The primary synth basslines used in 2-step are similar to those in the style's progenitors such as UK garage, drum and bass, and jungle. Influences from funk and soul can also be heard. Vocals in 2-step garage are usually female, and similar in style to those prevalent in house music and contemporary R&B. Some 2-step producers also process and cut up elements of a cappella vocals and use it as an element of the track. Much like other genres derived from UK garage, MCs are often featured, particularly in a live context, with a vocal style reminiscent of old school jungle.


title: 2-step garage

text: Influences from hip hop and drum and bass, particularly the techstep subgenre have also been noted by critics. The fact that the scene had a significantly different atmosphere to those that surrounded precursors with less aggression at live events was also noted by some critics.


title: 2-step garage

text: 2-step rose to prominence as a genre on jungle and garage-based pirate radio stations in London as an evolution of, and perhaps reaction to developments in contemporary genres such as speed garage, with early 2-step shows often airing at "mellow moments in the weekend" such as Saturday morning or Sunday afternoon. DJs would mix UK garage productions with those of American house and US garage producers such as Masters at Work and Todd Edwards, pitching up the imports to around 130bpm to aid beatmatching. DJs favoured the instrumental (or 'dub') versions of these tracks, because it was possible to play these versions faster without the vocal element of the track sounding odd. Soon, UK producers began to emulate the sound of these pitched-up, imported records in their own tracks.


title: 2-step garage

text: As the popularity of the sound spread, nights dedicated to it began to crop up, especially in London and Southampton. Label owner and dubstep musician Steve Goodman commented on the Hyperdub website on the debut of Forward», a highly influential nightclub in 2-step and later derivatives of the "UK hardcore continuum" – a phrase coined by Goodman to sum up the constant evolution in the hardcore/jungle/garage sound, and later adopted by other writers documenting the scene, such as Martin Clark. Arguably one of the earliest examples of a 2-step track is the 1997 Kelly G remix of "Never Gonna Let You Go" by Tina Moore, which was a No. 7 hit on the UK Singles Chart. Other notable 2-step hits released in 1997 include "Destiny" by Dem 2 and "The Theme" by the Dreem Teem.


title: 2-step garage

text: Between 1999 and 2001, 2-step reached the peak of the genre's commercial success. Some critics noted that party organizers favoured 2-step events over nights themed around jungle, drum and bass or other musical precursors because the 2-step nights invited a larger female attendance, and a less aggressive crowd. Much like drum and bass before it, 2-step started to garner crossover appeal, with a collaboration between 2-step producers Artful Dodger and R&B vocalist Craig David reaching #2 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1999 with the song "Re-Rewind". Group DJ Pied Piper and the Masters of Ceremonies had a number-one hit with "Do You Really Like It? in June 2001.


title: 2-step garage

text: After 2001, 2-step as a genre experienced a decline in popularity, but the more experimental releases in the genre from artists such as Horsepower Productions, Zed Bias, Wookie and Steve Gurley stripped away much of the R&B influence of the genre. This style took on a number of names including "dark 2-step", "new dark swing", and the more general term, "dark garage". This style became a major influence on later styles of UK garage influenced music, such as grime, as well as becoming a direct precursor to dubstep, which took the emphasis on bass and the instrumental nature of later 2-step compositions to their logical conclusion. In 2006, this latter, more experimental style experienced a resurgence in interest, due to the release of the "Roots of Dubstep" compilation on Tempa, and producers wishing to revisit the roots of the dubstep sound.


title: Lea Ypi

text: Lea Ypi (born 8 September 1979) is an Albanian author and academic. She is a professor of political theory at the London School of Economics.


title: Lea Ypi

text: Ypi was born in Tirana, the eldest child of Xhaferr Ypi and Vjollca Veli. One of her paternal great-grandfathers, Xhafer Ypi, was briefly Prime Minister of Albania in the 1920s.


title: Lea Ypi

text: Ypi earned her laurea in philosophy at the Sapienza University of Rome in 2002 and her laurea in Literature and Journalism from the same institution in 2004. She received her Master of Research from the European University Institute in 2005 and her PhD from the European University Institute in 2008.


title: Lea Ypi

text: Ypi's research interests are in normative political theory (including democratic theory, theories of justice, and issues of migration and territorial rights), Enlightenment political thought (especially Kant), Marxism and critical theory, as well as the intellectual history of the Balkans, especially her native Albania.


title: Lea Ypi

text: Her book "Free: Coming of Age at the End of History" was shortlisted for the Baillie Gifford Prize for Nonfiction, and the Costa Prize for Biography. It won the Ondaatje Prize the Slightly Foxed First Biography Prize, and was "The Sunday Times" memoir of the year and a book of the year for "The Guardian", The "New Yorker", The "Financial Times", the "TLS", "The Spectator", "New Statesman", and the "Daily Mail". In 2022, BBC Radio 4 serialised the book in their "Book of the Week" series.


title: Iranian religions

text: Iranian religions also known as Persian religions are, in the context of comparative religion, a grouping of religious movements that originated in the Iranian (Persian) plateau (or Greater Iran).


title: Iranian religions

text: The beliefs, activities, and cultural events of the ancient Iranians in ancient Iran are complex matters. The ancient Iranians made references to a combination of several Aryans and non-Aryan tribes. Aryans, or ancient Iranians, worshiped natural elements such as the sun, sunlight and thunder, but they eventually shifted their attention mostly to a single god, whilst acknowledging others. The Iranian ancient prophet, Zoroaster, reformed Iranian religious beliefs to a form of henotheism/monotheism. The Gathas, hymns of Zoroaster's Avesta, brought monotheistic ideas to Persia, while through the Yashts and Yasna, mentions are made to polytheism and earlier creeds. The Vedas and the Avesta have both served researchers as important resources in discovering early Aryan beliefs and ideas.


title: Iranian religions

text: Some religionists made syncretic teachings of Islam and local beliefs and cults such as Iranian paganism, Zurvanism, Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Transportation engineering or transport engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods transport.


title: Transportation engineering

text: The planning aspects of transportation engineering relate to elements of urban planning, and involve technical forecasting decisions and political factors. Technical forecasting of passenger travel usually involves an urban transportation planning model, requiring the estimation of trip generation (number of purposeful trips), trip distribution (destination choice, where the traveler is going), mode choice (mode that is being taken), and route assignment (the streets or routes that are being used). More sophisticated forecasting can include other aspects of traveler decisions, including auto ownership, trip chaining (the decision to link individual trips together in a tour) and the choice of residential or business location (known as land use forecasting). Passenger trips are the focus of transportation engineering because they often represent the peak of demand on any transportation system.


title: Transportation engineering

text: A review of descriptions of the scope of various committees indicates that while facility planning and design continue to be the core of the transportation engineering field, such areas as operations planning, logistics, network analysis, financing, and policy analysis are also important, particularly to those working in highway and urban transportation. The National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES) list online the safety protocols, geometric design requirements, and signal timing.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation. The design aspects of transportation engineering include the sizing of transportation facilities (how many lanes or how much capacity the facility has), determining the materials and thickness used in pavement designing the geometry (vertical and horizontal alignment) of the roadway (or track).


title: Transportation engineering

text: Before any planning occurs an engineer must take what is known as an inventory of the area or, if it is appropriate, the previous system in place. This inventory or database must include information on population, land use, economic activity, transportation facilities and services, travel patterns and volumes, laws and ordinances, regional financial resources, and community values and expectations. These inventories help the engineer create business models to complete accurate forecasts of the future conditions of the system.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Operations and management involve traffic engineering, so that vehicles move smoothly on the road or track. Older techniques include signs, signals, markings, and tolling. Newer technologies involve intelligent transportation systems, including advanced traveler information systems (such as variable message signs), advanced traffic control systems (such as ramp meters), and vehicle infrastructure integration. Human factors are an aspect of transportation engineering, particularly concerning driver-vehicle interface and user interface of road signs, signals, and markings.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Railway engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of railroads and mass transit systems that use a fixed guideway (such as light rail or monorails).


title: Transportation engineering

text: Railway engineers work to build a cleaner and safer transportation network by reinvesting and revitalizing the rail system to meet future demands. In the United States, railway engineers work with elected officials in Washington, D.C. on rail transportation issues to make sure that the rail system meets the country's transportation needs.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Railroad engineers can also move into the specialized field of train dispatching which focuses on train movement control.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Port and harbor engineers handle the design, construction, and operation of ports, harbors, canals, and other maritime facilities.


title: Transportation engineering

text: Airport engineers design and construct airports. Airport engineers must account for the impacts and demands of aircraft in their design of airport facilities. These engineers must use the analysis of predominant wind direction to determine runway orientation, determine the size of runway border and safety areas, different wing tip to wing tip clearances for all gates and must designate the clear zones in the entire port. The Civil Engineering Department, consisting of Civil and Structural Engineers, undertakes structural design of passenger, terminal design and cargo terminals, aircraft hangars (for parking commercial, private and government aircraft), runways and other pavements, technical buildings for installation of airport ground aids etc. for the airports in-house requirements and consultancy projects. They are even responsible for the master plan for airports they are authorized to work with.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: Jonas Kaufmann (born 10 July 1969) is a German operatic tenor. He is best known for the versatility of his repertoire, performing a variety of opera roles in multiple languages in recital and concert each season. Some of his standout roles include Don José in "Carmen", Cavaradossi in "Tosca", Maurizio in "Adriana Lecouvreur", Don Alvaro in "La forza del destino", Siegmund in "Die Walküre", and the title roles in "Parsifal", "Werther", "Don Carlos", and "Lohengrin". In 2014 "The New York Times" described Kaufmann as "a box-office draw, and... the most important, versatile tenor of his generation."


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann was born in Munich. His father worked for an insurance company, and his mother was a kindergarten teacher. He had one older sister. He started studying piano when he was eight, and he sang in his elementary school choir. Although he studied for mathematics entrance exams, in the summer of 1989 he began his vocal training at the University of Music and Performing Arts Munich. While he was studying, he sang some small roles at the Bavarian State Opera. He graduated from university in 1994, achieving distinctions in both opera and concert performances.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In 1995, Kaufmann received help from American baritone Michael Rhodes, who taught him a "new way of singing" and how to become "more relaxed in my voice and in myself." In Kaufmann's book "Meinen die wirklich mich?" he said, "To find a Michael Rhodes that can really help you and bring you to success is really a great stroke of luck."


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: He began his professional career at the Staatstheater Saarbrücken in 1994 and was soon invited to make debuts in German theaters such as the Stuttgart Opera and Hamburg State Opera, as well as international debuts at the Lyric Opera of Chicago, Opéra National de Paris, and La Scala. He made his Salzburg Festival debut in 1999 in a new production of Busoni's "Doktor Faust" and returned there in 2003 as Belmonte in Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail" and for concerts of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony with the Berlin Philharmonic.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: He performed the role of Don José in Bizet's "Carmen", to critical acclaim, at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, in 2006/7. He made his debut as Alfredo in Verdi's "La traviata" at the Metropolitan Opera alongside Angela Gheorghiu in 2006, also to critical acclaim, and also sang the role at the Met in 2007 and 2008, and at the Royal Opera House in 2008. In May 2008, he played Cavaradossi in Puccini's "Tosca" at Covent Garden, yet again to critical acclaim.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In 2008/9, he performed in Massenet's "Manon" in Chicago opposite Natalie Dessay and in the title role of a new production of Wagner's "Lohengrin" at the Bavarian State Opera. He also sang Lohengrin on the opening night of the Bayreuth Festival in 2010, in a production staged by Hans Neuenfels and conducted by Andris Nelsons.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: His debut recording with Decca, "Romantic Arias", was released in January 2008. He has also recorded a Schubert song cycle on the same label and the role of Pinkerton in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" for EMI.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In January 2010, he took the title role in Massenet's "Werther" at the Opéra Bastille in Paris. The performance was recorded and released on DVD in November 2010.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In April 2011, he returned to the Metropolitan Opera as Siegmund in Robert Lepage's new production of Wagner's "Die Walküre". In September 2011, he underwent surgery to remove a lymph node from his chest. In December, he was back, performing the title role in Gounod's "Faust".


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: On 15 February 2013, Kaufmann made his first appearance in the title role of Wagner's "Parsifal" at the Metropolitan Opera. His performance received rave reviews from critics. In July of that year he was named a "Kammersänger" of the Bavarian State Opera by the Bavarian Ministry of Arts. In December he sang the role of Don Alvaro in Verdi's "La forza del destino" with the company.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In February 2014, Kaufmann sang the title role in Massenet's "Werther" at the Met. He followed this by touring with Schubert's song cycle "Winterreise" with Helmut Deutsch. In June 2014, he made his debut in the role of Des Grieux in Puccini's "Manon Lescaut" at the Royal Opera House in London. That November he sang the same role in another production of "Manon Lescaut" at the Bavarian State Opera.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: On 12 September 2015, Kaufmann became the first German singer to perform the British patriotic song "Rule, Britannia!" at the Last Night of The Proms.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: On 23 February 2016, the documentary "Jonas Kaufmann: An Evening with Puccini" was released in selected theaters in the United States. The film centered around Kaufmann's 2015 performance at La Scala in Milan and featured rare archive footage.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In 2018, Kaufmann made his debut as Tristan in concert performances of the second act of Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde".


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In 2019, the concert stage saw Kaufmann tour Germany with Mahler’s “Lied von der Erde”, and performances from his “L'Opéra” CD. Operatic highlights include "Fidelio" and "Otello" at the Bayerische Staatsoper; "La Forza del destino" at the Royal Opera House in London; "Andrea Chenier" in Sydney and Melbourne and a new production of "Die Tote Stadt" in Munich.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: Highlights from 2020 included a tour of Kaufmann’s album "Mein Wien", "Aida" at the Teatro San Carlo in Napoli; "Don Carlos" at the Wiener Staatsoper; "La Bohème" at the Bayerische Staatsoper; and "Cavalleria Rusticana" at the Teatro San Carlo in Napoli.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In 2021, Kaufmann gave recitals in Madrid and Vienna; sung in new productions of "Aida" in Paris and "Parsifal" in Vienna; and had his full role debut as Tristan at the Bayerische Staatsoper. Kaufmann also embarked on a tour of North America, accompanied by pianist Helmut Deutsch.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann commenced the year 2022 with a role debut as the titular role in Britten’s "Peter Grimes" at the Wiener Staatsoper.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: In March 2022, a studio recording of "Turandot" was organized by Antonio Pappano at the Santa Cecilia auditorium. Jonas Kaufmann sang the role of Calaf for the first time there alongside Sondra Radvanovsky in the title role. A public concert was performed on 12 March 2022 in Rome.


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: After "Turandot" Kaufmann undertakes a tour of eleven concerts of Lieder by Brahms and Schumann with Diana Damrau and her usual pianist Helmut Deutsch, in various European cities, including Berlin, Munich, Paris, London. He made his role debut as Calaf ("Turandot") in Rome with the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia orchestra, conducted by Pappano, performed Mario Cavaradossi ("Tosca") at Teatro San Carlo in Naples, the title role in "Lohengrin" at Melbourne Opera, and made his operatic debut at the Arena di Verona, performing Radames in "Aïda".


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: To begin the 2022/23 season, Kaufmann returns to the Bayerische Staatsoper to perform the title role in Britten’s "Peter Grimes".


title: Jonas Kaufmann

text: Kaufmann has been married twice. His first marriage to mezzo-soprano Margarete Joswig produced three children, and ended in divorce. His second marriage is to the opera director Christiane Lutz. The couple married in late 2018, and have a child, born in March 2019.


title: LDV Group

text: LDV Group Limited, formerly Leyland DAF Vans, was a British van manufacturer based in Washwood Heath, Birmingham. Historically part of Rover Group and Leyland DAF, it was later a wholly owned subsidiary of the Russian GAZ Group. Owing to the global recession and a lack of long-term investment, production was suspended at the LDV factory in December 2008.


title: LDV Group

text: After a series of failed rescue attempts, the intellectual property rights were sold by administrators PricewaterhouseCoopers to Eco Concept in 2009, who sold them to SAIC Motor in 2010, with its Maxus subsidiary commencing production in China in March 2011.


title: LDV Group

text: LDV was formed in April 1993 as Leyland DAF Vans, following a management buyout backed by 3i of DAF NV's Leyland DAF van manufacturing division, following the Dutch company being placed in administration. It was rebranded as LDV in January 1994.


title: LDV Group

text: Prior to its merger with Leyland Trucks and DAF Trucks in February 1987, it was part of the British Leyland/Rover Group empire, and was latterly the Freight Rover arm of the Land Rover Group division.


title: LDV Group

text: In December 2005, after going into administration, LDV was bought by group Sun Capital Partners, and was subject to a financial restructuring. "What Van?" reported LDV's commitment to its existing customers, including an assurance from their marketing director that their production target of 1,000 vans per month would put them well above break even point.


title: LDV Group

text: The Russian GAZ Group acquired LDV on 31 July 2006. Former Ford of Europe executive Martin Leach and former AT Kearney executive Steve Young were appointed to run the business and expand production at LDV's Birmingham plant by adding new product lines and entering new markets in Europe and elsewhere.


title: LDV Group

text: GAZ had plans to export LDV technology to Russia, and start producing the Maxus, at the plant of GAZ Nizhny Novgorod in Russia, with 50,000 as an initial volume. There were also proposals to export the GAZ Maxus to Australia, a traditional market for British Leyland.


title: LDV Group

text: However, GAZ's plans never really showed any increased output, and due to the severe worldwide recession and a lack of long-term investment and commitment, production was suspended at the LDV factory in Birmingham in December 2008. After the British Government tried once again to save the company by agreeing to pour in £5 million of grants to enable Malaysia's WestStar Corporation to purchase LDV. WestStar failed to secure financing.


title: LDV Group

text: The intellectual property rights were sold by administrators PricewaterhouseCoopers to Chinese firm Eco Concept on 15 October 2009, who sold them to SAIC Motor in August 2010, with Maxus commencing production in China in March 2011.


title: LDV Group

text: Coincidentally, PWC were the same group of administrators who dealt with the demise of the MG Rover Group in 2005, the descendant of the original company Leyland Trucks was a part of. Also, SAIC Motor currently owns the rights to most of MG Rover's assets, reuniting the two companies.


title: LDV Group

text: LDV produced a range of panel vans, pick ups and minibuses, all available with various modifications and specifications. LDV's main customers were large British corporations, such as Royal Mail, National Grid plc and many other utility companies, which were politically persuaded to buy British built vehicles.


title: LDV Group

text: 200/400 Series The plant produced what was known as the 200 and 400 Series vans, inside the plant these were known as the K2 and 210 respectively. After the factory went into receivership in 1993, and a management backed buyout headed by Allan Amey, the 200 and 400 were given a facelift on the existing chassis, and renamed Pilot and Convoy.


title: LDV Group

text: Until 2006, LDV produced the Convoy and Pilot, derived from the British Leyland Sherpa, and developed considerably throughout the 1970s to 1990s, and which were a common sight in the United Kingdom.


title: LDV Group

text: Between 1998 and 2001, LDV sold the Cub, a badge engineered Nissan Vanette Cargo. In June 1998, LDV entered into an agreement with Nissan, to sell a re branded version of the Nissan Serena MPV based Vanette Cargo.


title: LDV Group

text: The last range of vans, the Maxus, was introduced in the end of 2004. The Maxus was originally planned as a joint venture with Daewoo Motors of South Korea. Daewoo however, went into receivership in November 2000, before the project came to fruition.


title: LDV Group

text: LDV subsequently acquired the exclusive rights to the van from General Motors, who had taken over Daewoo, and purchased the existing tooling and shipped it all to Birmingham from the Daewoo Plant in Poland where the van was originally intended to be built. The Maxus was fitted with direct injection, common rail, diesel engines supplied by VM Motori.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The siege of Warsaw in 1939 was fought between the Polish Warsaw Army () garrisoned and entrenched in Warsaw and the invading German Army.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: It began with huge aerial bombardments initiated by the Luftwaffe starting on September 1, 1939 following the Nazi invasion of Poland. Land fighting started on September 8, when the first German armored units reached the Wola district and south-western suburbs of the city. Despite German radio broadcasts claiming to have captured Warsaw, the initial enemy attack was repelled and soon afterwards Warsaw was placed under siege. The siege lasted until September 28, when the Polish garrison, commanded under General Walerian Czuma, officially capitulated. The following day approximately 140,000 Polish troops left the city and were taken as prisoners of war. On October 1 the Wehrmacht entered Warsaw, which started a period of German occupation that lasted until the devastating Warsaw Uprising and later until January 17, 1945, when the "Wehrmacht" troops abandoned the city due to the advance of Soviet forces.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: Around 18,000 civilians of Warsaw perished during the siege. As a result of the air bombardments, 10% of the city's buildings were entirely destroyed and further 40% were heavily damaged.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: Under the international rules regarding aerial warfare in 1939 Warsaw was considered a legitimate military target as the city was on the front line during the fighting and it was heavily defended by the Polish army.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: From the very first hours of World War II, Warsaw, the capital of Poland, was a target of an unrestricted aerial bombardment campaign initiated by the German Luftwaffe, which was controlled by Hermann Göring. Apart from the military facilities such as infantry barracks and the Okęcie airport and aircraft factory, the German pilots also targeted civilian facilities such as water works, hospitals, market places and schools, which resulted in heavy human casualties that possibly led to the early surrender by lowering of morale of the Polish army defending the city.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The anti-aircraft defence of the capital was divided into active and passive parts. The former was composed mostly of units of the Pursuit Brigade ("Brygada Pościgowa") under Colonel Stefan Pawlikowski, and anti-aircraft artillery and anti-aircraft machine guns detachments under Colonel Kazimierz Baran. The Pursuit Brigade was equipped with 54 fighter aircraft, mostly the obsolete PZL P.7 and PZL P.11 types. The AA artillery had 86 pieces of anti-aircraft artillery, as well as an unknown number of other anti-aircraft machine guns. The latter was composed mostly of fire-fighter brigades and volunteers and was supervised by Colonel Tadeusz Bogdanowicz and Julian Kulski, the deputy president


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: Initially the air defence of Warsaw was fairly successful and by September 6, 1939, the Pursuit Brigade had shot down 43 enemy aircraft, while anti-aircraft artillery had shot down a similar number of enemy bombers. There were also 9 unconfirmed victories and 20 damaged enemy planes. However, the brigade also suffered heavy losses, and by September 7 it had lost over 38 pieces of equipment, or approximately 70% of its initial strength, which greatly contributed to an early surrender.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The AA defence started to crumble when on September 5 by order of the military authorities 11 AA batteries were withdrawn from Warsaw towards the eastern cities of Lublin, Brześć and Lwów. Furthermore, as the war progressed, the German high command redirected more bombers to attack the city, especially the historical old town, the Warsaw Royal Castle and other iconic monuments, significant to the Polish nation and its capital. At the peak of the initial bombing campaign on September 10, there were more than 70 German bombers above Warsaw. During that day, nicknamed "Bloody Sunday", there were 17 consecutive bombing raids.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On September 3, the forces of German 4th Panzer Division under Major General Georg-Hans Reinhardt managed to break through positions of the Polish Łódź Army near Częstochowa and started their march towards the river Vistula and Warsaw. The same day Polish Commander in Chief, Marshal of Poland Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered the creation of an improvised "Command of the Defence of Warsaw" ("Dowództwo Obrony Warszawy"). General Walerian Czuma, the head of the Border Guard (Straż Graniczna), became its commander and Colonel its Chief of Staff.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: Initially the forces under the command of General Czuma were very limited. Most of the city authorities withdrew together with a large part of the police forces, fire fighters and the military garrison. Warsaw was left with only four battalions of infantry and one battery of artillery. Also, the spokesman of the garrison of Warsaw issued a communique in which he ordered all young men to leave Warsaw. To coordinate civilian efforts and counter the panic that started in Warsaw, Czuma appointed the president of Warsaw Stefan Starzyński as the Civilian Commissar of Warsaw. Starzyński started to organize the "Civil Guard" to replace the evacuated police forces and the fire fighters. He also ordered all members of the city's administration to return to their posts. In his daily radio releases he asked all civilians to construct barricades and anti-tank barriers on the streets and at the outskirts of Warsaw. On September 7 the 40th Infantry Regiment "Children of Lwów" (commanded by Lt.Col. Józef Kalandyk) – transiting through Warsaw towards previously assigned positions with the Army Pomorze – was stopped and joined the defense of Warsaw.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The field fortifications were constructed mostly to the west of the city limits. Gradually, the forces of General Walerian Czuma were reinforced with volunteers composed of mostly civilians, including women and children, as well as rearguard troops and units withdrawing from the front. On the morning of September 8, the suburbs of Grójec, Radziejowice, Nadarzyn, Raszyn and Piaseczno were captured by forces of German XVI Panzer Corps. At exactly 5pm the forces of the German 4th Panzer Division attempted an assault on Warsaw's western borough of Ochota. The assault was repulsed and the German forces suffered heavy casualties with many Panzer I and Panzer II tanks lost. The following day, the 4th Panzer Division was reinforced with artillery and motorised infantry, and began another assault towards Ochota and Wola. The well-placed Polish 75 mm anti-tank guns firing at point-blank range, and the barricades erected on main streets, successfully managed to repel all initiated assaults and unexpected attacks.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: One of the barricades erected at the crossing of Opaczewska and Grójecka streets was defended by the 4th company of the 40th "Children of Lwów" Regiment. After the war a monument was built on the spot to commemorate the battle. On several occasions lack of armament had to be made up for by ingenuity. One of the streets leading towards the city center was covered with turpentine from a nearby factory. When the German tanks approached, the liquid was ignited and the tanks were destroyed without a single shot fired.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The German forces suffered heavy casualties and had to retreat westward to help thwart the Bzura River counter-offensive. The 4th Panzer Division alone lost approximately 80 tanks out of the approximately 220 that took part in the assault.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: By then General Czuma had gathered an equivalent of 2 infantry divisions under his command. His forces were supported by 64 pieces of artillery and 33 tanks (27 of Vickers E, 7-TP and R-35 and 6 TK-3 and TKS tankettes). On September 8 the Commander-in-Chief, Marshal Edward Rydz-Śmigły ordered the creation of an improvised Warsaw Army ("Armia Warszawa") under General Juliusz Rómmel. The newly created force was composed of the forces defending Warsaw and Modlin Fortress, as well as all Polish units defending the Narew and the Vistula between Warsaw and Pilica river lines. General Czuma continued to be the commander of the Warsaw Defence Force, which he split into two sectors: East (Praga district) under Lt.Col. Julian Janowski and West under Colonel Marian Porwit.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The Army Poznań commanded by General Tadeusz Kutrzeba, and Army Pomorze under General Władysław Bortnowski started an offensive on the left flank of the German forces advancing towards Warsaw. As a result of this offensive that later became known as the Battle of Bzura, German commanders withdrew the 4th Panzer Division and sent it to counter the Polish threat near Kutno. Its positions were replaced by forces of a weakened German 31st Infantry Division. In this sense the desperate attempt to buy time for organising a defence of Warsaw was a success. The defenders of the city were joined by various units of the routed Prusy Army. In addition, several new units were created in Warsaw out of reserve centres of Warsaw-based 8th Polish Infantry Division and 36th "Academic Legion" Infantry Regiment.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On September 11 the Polish Commander in Chief ordered that Warsaw was to be defended at all costs, despite the possible heavy casualties and civilian losses. The following day the forces of German 3rd Army (under General Georg von Küchler) broke through Polish lines along the Narew river and started its march southwards to cut off Warsaw from the east. It was assaulted by cavalry units under Władysław Anders, but after heavy fighting the Polish counter-offensive failed and the forces were withdrawn to the south. Other Polish units fighting under General Juliusz Zulauf near the Narew River area retreated and reached Warsaw on September 14. They were incorporated as the core of the defence forces of the borough of Praga district.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On September 15 the German forces reached Warsaw from the east and the capital of Poland was under siege. Only a strip of land along the Vistula leading towards the Kampinos Forest and Modlin Fortress was still controlled by Polish forces. The defence of the Modlin fortress was an important relief to the defenders of Warsaw.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On 15 September, the German Third Army from Army Group North attacked Praga. They attacked from both sides of the Vistula.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: After heavy fighting for the Grochów area the German 23rd Infantry Regiment was annihilated by the Polish defenders of the 21st "Children of Warsaw" Infantry Regiment under colonel (later promoted to general) Stanisław Sosabowski.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: After the Battle of Bzura ended, the remnants of the Poznań Army and the Pomorze Army broke through the German encirclement and arrived in Warsaw and Modlin between 18–21 September from the Kampinos Forest. After that the forces of the defenders amounted to approximately 140,000 soldiers. The German forces preparing for an all-out assault numbered 13 divisions with one thousand artillery pieces. On September 22 the last lines of communication between Warsaw and Modlin were cut by German forces reaching the Vistula.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: As preparation for the storming, the city was shelled day and night with artillery and aerial bombardment. Among the guns used were heavy railway guns and mortars. Two entire air fleets took part in the air raids against both civilian and military targets. After September 20 the forces on the eastern bank of the Vistula started daily attacks on the Praga suburb. All were successfully counter-attacked by the Polish forces. On September 24 all German units concentrated around Warsaw were put under command of general Johannes Blaskowitz


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: An initial German attack took place on 23 September, which was successfully repulsed. On September 25 the next attack started with an artillery and air bombardment, including 1,200 aircraft. This so-called "Black Monday" became a legend in the history of Warsaw.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The following day in the early morning the general assault was started on all fronts of surrounded Warsaw. Western parts of the city were attacked by 5 German divisions (10th, 18th, 19th, 31st and 46th) while the eastern part was attacked by 4 divisions (11th, 32nd, 61st and 217th). The attack was supported by approximately 70 batteries of field artillery, 80 batteries of heavy artillery and two entire air fleets (1st and 4th), which bombarded the city continuously causing heavy losses in the civilian population. On 26 September, the Forts of Mokotów, Dąbrowski and Czerniaków fell to the German assault.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: General Czuma managed to gather enough forces and war material to successfully defend the city for several weeks longer. However, the situation of the civilian inhabitants of Warsaw became increasingly tragic. Constant bombardment of civilian facilities, lack of food and medical supplies resulted in heavy casualties among the city's population.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: The water works were destroyed by German bombers and all boroughs of Warsaw experienced a lack of both potable water and water with which to extinguish the fires caused by the constant bombardment. Also, the strategic situation became very difficult. The Soviet Union's entry into the war and lack of support from the Western Allies made the defence of the city pointless and heavily demotivated the volunteers in participating in any further military actions.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On September 26, Army Warsaw General Juliusz Rómmel, started capitulation talks with the German commander. On September 27, at 12:00 a cease fire agreement was signed and all fighting halted. Soon afterwards, Warsaw capitulated. Several units declined to put down their weapons and cease fire, and their commanding officers had to be visited by generals Czuma and Rómmel personally.


title: Siege of Warsaw (1939)

text: On September 29, the garrison of Warsaw started to hide or destroy their heavy armament. Some of the hidden war material was later used during the Warsaw Uprising. On September 30, the evacuation of Polish forces to German prisoner of war camps started and, the following day, German units entered the capital. City was occupied until January 17, 1945.


title: Collie Buddz

text: Colin Patrick Harper (born August 21, 1981), better known by his stage name Collie Buddz, is a Bermudian


title: Collie Buddz

text: Although Harper was born in New Dadyal Hospital, AJK. He studied audio engineering with Noah Zamudio at Full Sail University in Winter Park, Florida. His name is based on slang for cannabis, and he has been photographed flaunting a device commonly used for its consumption.


title: Collie Buddz

text: On June 7, 2007, he released his debut self-titled album on Columbia and Sony BMG. It included his first single "Come Around" and second single "Blind To You". However, his greatest radio success was "Mamacita", which boasted sales of approximately 4 million copies thanks to this hit single.


title: Collie Buddz

text: Buddz is well known for his 2007 hit "Blind to You" and performing the song on stage with a guest from the audience who he calls on stage to sing the "Third Verse". One of his more memorable on stage guests was a man he dubbed "Big Jerry" who he brought on stage during Cali Roots X.


title: Collie Buddz

text: In 2008, he performed his song "S.O.S." on "WWE The Music, Vol. 8" as the entrance theme for wrestler Kofi Kingston. He also appeared in a 2009 remix of Kid Cudi's single "Day 'n' Nite".


title: Collie Buddz

text: Buddz released his first EP, "Playback" on July 12, 2012. It featured eight tracks with different producers such as Baby Dee Beats, Green Lion, Homegrown Kush, Seani B, Star Kutt, Supa Dups, and TJ Records.


title: Collie Buddz

text: In 2013, he was a featured act with Rebelution, Matisyahu, and Zion Thompson of The Green on the Good Vibes Tour. Buddz' festival appearances include Lollapalooza, Outside Lands, Hot 97 Summer Jam, Reggae on the Rocks, California Roots Music and Arts Festival, UCLA JazzReggae, Seattle City Arts festival, Manifestivus, and the Marley Family's 9 Mile Music Festival, among others.


title: Collie Buddz

text: He released his second studio album "Good Life" on May 19, 2017 via Harper Digital Entertainment. It features guest appearances from Snoop Dogg, Jody Highroller (AKA Riff Raff), Kat Dahlia, Kreesha Turner, and P-Lo. The album peaked at #1 on the US "Billboard" Reggae Albums chart and #29 on the Independent Albums chart.


title: Collie Buddz

text: His third studio album "Hybrid", which released on May 24, 2019 via Harper Digital topped the "Billboard" reggae albums chart, #70 on the Billboard 200 and #20 on the Independent Albums chart. The album features special guests, B Young, Dizzy Wright, Johnny Cosmic, Russ, Stonebwoy and Tech N9ne.


title: Collie Buddz

text: Buddz released his own Riddim album, "Cali Roots Riddim 2020" on May 22, 2020. He produced all 22 tracks and worked with Stick Figure guitarist and reggae artist/producer Johnny Cosmic who mixed and also produced the tracks. The compilation made it to #7 on Billboard Reggae Albums chart. The album features one riddim or rhythm that includes the top reggae rock artists' performing their interpretation of it, including Collie Buddz himself. Some of the bands featured are Arise Roots, Bumpin Uglies, Common Kings, The Elovaters, The Expendables, Giant Panda Guerilla Dub Squad, Iya Terra, The Movement, Ozomatli, Pepper, SOJA, and Yellowman, among others.


title: Collie Buddz

text: He released another riddim compilation, "Cali Roots Riddim 2021" on May 28, 2021 with 27 tracks; once again mixed and additional produced by Johnny Cosmic. It features top reggae/rock bands such as Alborosie, Atmosphere, Ballyhoo!, The Expanders, Groundation, Iration, Josh Heinrichs, KBong, New Kingston, Passafire, Through The Roots, Tropidelic, and many more.


title: Mount Eerie

text: Mount Eerie is the musical project of American songwriter and producer Phil Elverum. Elverum (also of The Microphones) is the principal member of the band, but has collaborated with many other musicians on his records and in live performances. Most of Mount Eerie's releases have been issued on Elverum's label P.W. Elverum & Sun, Ltd., and feature highly detailed packaging with his own artwork.


title: Mount Eerie

text: Following the release of the Microphones' "Mount Eerie" album, Elverum announced that he would no longer use the Microphones moniker, opting instead to record under the name Mount Eerie, after the area in Anacortes, Washington called Mount Erie. In an interview with CITR-FM's "Discorder" in September 2003, Elverum gave his reasons for this change: "Mount Eerie is a new project. The Microphones was completed, or at least at a good stopping point. I did it because I am ready for new things. I am new." Around this time, Elverum also changed the spelling of his own surname (previously, Elvrum).


title: Mount Eerie

text: The first Mount Eerie releases included a limited edition CD of new recordings ("Seven New Songs"), a 12" EP recorded live to acetate with local musicians during an Australian tour ("Mount Eerie Dances with Wolves"), and a live triple album released by Burnt Toast Vinyl in late 2004 ("Live in Copenhagen").


title: Mount Eerie

text: Elverum returned to his hometown of Anacortes after spending several years living in Olympia, Washington whilst recording for K Records, and established his own label and imprint, P.W. Elverum & Sun, Ltd. The first official Mount Eerie studio album in Phil's eyes was "", released in August 2005. The original pressing featured an extremely large fold-out sleeve with extensive footnotes and explanations. Following pressings of the album feature more simple packaging with the original liner notes and poster absent.


title: Mount Eerie

text: Elverum has continued to tour and record prolifically in recent years, to considerable critical acclaim. Noteworthy releases have included "Mount Eerie pts. 6 & 7" (a hardcover coffee-table book of Elverum's photography, packaged with a 10" record), "Lost Wisdom" (recorded with Julie Doiron and Frederick Squire), and "Wind's Poem" (a black metal-influenced album, recorded with Nicholas Krgovich). In 2012, Elverum released two albums, "Clear Moon" and "Ocean Roar." He was also chosen to perform at Jeff Mangum's All Tomorrow's Parties festival in Minehead, England. An admirer of Neutral Milk Hotel, he stated it was an "honor to be chosen." In 2013, Elverum was a part of the Primavera Sound line-up. A new Mount Eerie album entitled "Sauna" was released on February 2, 2015.


title: Mount Eerie

text: In January 2017, the song "Real Death" was released from the forthcoming album "A Crow Looked at Me". A second single, "Ravens", was released on February 15.


title: Mount Eerie

text: On March 24, "A Crow Looked at Me" was released to high critical praise. Exclaim!'s Alex Hudson scored the album a 9 out of 10, calling the record an "emotionally nuanced meditation on death that is both heartbreaking and hopeful."


title: Mount Eerie

text: January 2018, the album "Now Only" was announced along with the release of the album track "Distortion". A press release indicated that the album was written in 2017 shortly following the death of Geneviève Castrée, Phil's wife. The album was officially released on March 16, 2018, to positive reviews, with The Atlantic describing the album as a progression from "A Crow Looked at Me": "not an experience of total sadness, featuring flashes of irony, hope, and love".


title: Mount Eerie

text: After touring North America in the summer of 2017, Elverum played songs from "A Crow Looked at Me" across Europe and Australasia. The second of these shows became "(after)", a live recording eventually released in September 2018 and was well received by Pitchfork who noted "the most striking thing about "(after)" is that, even after so many performances, these songs sound as raw as they did when Elverum first committed them to paper and tape".


title: Mount Eerie

text: On September 25, 2019, Elverum announced a sequel to his 2008 collaboration with Julie Doiron, "Lost Wisdom", entitled "Lost Wisdom Pt. 2". It was released on November 8, 2019. Two singles were released. On January 28, 2020, Elverum announced a North American tour in support of the album. That same week as the announcement Elverum toured through Canada with singer Angel Olsen. The tour was set to take place in April of that year with Julie Doiron accompanying him, however was cancelled and rescheduled to October 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Elverum also announced a show with Angel Olsen at Brooklyn's Prospect Park Bandshell on July 22.


title: Mount Eerie

text: In 2020, Elverum appeared on a charity compilation album entitled "The Song Is Coming from Inside the House". All proceeds from the album will go to Groundswell's Rapid Response Fund, a charity intended to help "provide fast funding to grassroots organizations led by women of color, trans people of color, and low-income women and trans people in critical". Elverum was also featured on the 20th anniversary reissue Mirah's debut album, "You Think It’s Like This but Really It’s Like This"; performing an "Of Pressure" cover.


title: Mount Eerie

text: Elverum's music under the Mount Eerie moniker expresses a close relationship to nature and the Pacific Northwest, in particular the minute details. Early Mount Eerie albums often discussed how "the distinction between wild and not wild is an illusion". In a 2014 interview, Elverum discussed how his choice for moniker coming from a mountain in Anacortes was a way of infusing a sense of regional connection between the music and the place.


title: Mount Eerie

text: His lyrical matter has been seen by some to be more introspective than his work before the name change. Brady Baker of "Spectrum Culture" called Mount Eerie "a solid foundation for an ever-expanding lyrical labyrinth that centers on his introspective philosophy." Eric Hill of "Exclaim!" believed the opposite, writing that Elverum's work under the Mount Eerie title is more "universal and, at times, hermetic."


title: Mount Eerie

text: Elverum also believed that the songs under Mount Eerie were more universal describing them as "this one long chain, about the idea of singing from the point of view of this dark looming mountain shape, while Microphones songs, historically, have been more personally narrative, maybe more human." After the death of Elverum's wife, Geneviève Castrée, in 2016 his lyrics became more direct and plainspoken.


title: Mount Eerie

text: Musically, Elverum has experimented with "black metal, lo-fi krautrock, fuzzy post-rock textures and Auto-Tune experimentation". My Bloody Valentine, George Gurdjieff and black metal have all been cited by Elverum as influences on the project.


title: J. Michael Riva

text: John Michael Riva was born in Manhattan, to William Riva, a Broadway set designer, and Maria Elisabeth Sieber, a German-born actress and the daughter of Marlene Dietrich. Riva had three brothers (John Peter, John Paul and John David). Riva attended the prep school Institute Le Rosey in Switzerland for six years before attending UCLA. Married to Wendy Mickell, he had four sons, Jean-Paul, Mikey, Daniel, and Adam.


title: J. Michael Riva

text: Riva had a long and prestigious career as an art director and production designer on numerous films, including the 1985 film "The Color Purple", for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Art Direction. Other credits include "The Goonies" (1985), "Lethal Weapon" (1987), "A Few Good Men" (1992), "Spider-Man 3" (2007), "Iron Man" (2008) and "Iron Man 2" (2010).


title: J. Michael Riva

text: His final films, "The Amazing Spider-Man" and "Django Unchained", were released posthumously. He was the production designer for the opening ceremony of the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, as well as for the 74th and 79th Academy Awards in 2002 and 2007, respectively. He won a Primetime Emmy Award for his work on the latter.


title: J. Michael Riva

text: Riva suffered a stroke on June 1, 2012, in New Orleans, Louisiana, during production of "Django Unchained". He died in a hospital there on June 7, 2012, at age 63. "Django" director Quentin Tarantino commented, "Michael became a dear friend on this picture, as well as a magnificent, talented colleague."


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: The United States Army Pathfinder School trains personnel in the U.S. Army and its sister services to set up parachute drop zones and helicopter landing zones for airborne and air assault missions.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: The school's three-week course trains pathfinder candidates to navigate on foot; establish and operate a helicopter landing zone; establish and operate parachute drop zones (DZs), including computed air release system (CARP) DZs, ground marked release system (GMRS) DZs and Army verbally initiated release system (VIRS) DZs; conduct sling load operations; and provide air traffic control (ATC) and navigational assistance to rotary wing (RW) and fixed wing (FW) airborne operations.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: All training and airborne operations are conducted in accordance with FM 3-21.220 (Static Line Parachuting Techniques and Training) and FM 3-21.38 (Pathfinder Operations).


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: In November 2020, a spokesman from the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) said the Army would close the Pathfinder School to save money and help the Army shift to large-scale combat operations. However, the Army National Guard Warrior Training Center Mobile Training Team at Fort Benning continue to offer Pathfinder classes for guard members.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: The modern U.S. Army Pathfinders are elite soldiers making up less than .01% of the total Army. Their primary mission is to set up parachute drop zones and helicopter landing zones for airborne and air assault missions.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: The Pathfinders were created in World War II when American paratrooper units needed a way to mark areas and guide aircraft to a specific spot. Early airborne operations resulted in scattered drops up to seven miles from the target. Darkness and inclement weather made it extremely difficult for aircraft to find the drop zone. The 509th Parachute Infantry Battalion and 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division were working on an idea they had learned from the British. An elite force would go in prior to the main assault with visual and electronic signaling devices to guide aircraft to the drop zone and gliders to their landing zones. Their first use in combat was 13 September 1943 during combat jumps into Italy.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: WWII-era Pathfinders are most remembered for their jump into Normandy during the invasion of 1944 on June 6th, when they led the way for Allied forces into Europe. They were employed throughout Southern France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany in the course of Allied airborne operations until the end of the war in Europe. They were also used in the Pacific theater with the 11th Airborne Division during the liberation of the Philippines.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: The Korean War saw limited use of the Pathfinders by the 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team during two combat jumps and operations. The Vietnam War saw the largest use of Pathfinders due to the developments of helicopter insertion and resupply which were pioneered by the 11th Air Assault Division (Test). Nearly every Army aviation battalion had a Pathfinder detachment and deployed them on nearly every mission.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: After the Vietnam War pathfinders were with the major Airborne units and various combat aviation battalions/groups. They also saw a growth in Army National Guard and Army Reserve Pathfinder platoons during the 1970s and 1980s. Many conducted joint task force missions in Latin America, Europe, and the Middle East.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: In the late 1980s through 1990 the Army started inactivating its pathfinder units in the belief those skills could be learned by regular troops attending Air Assault School and by individuals within the unit who were pathfinder qualified. Operations during the Panama invasion and the Gulf War showed that Pathfinders were an important factor in successful airborne operations and the Army needed more of them. The 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault), which had retained a pathfinder unit during and after the Vietnam War, expanded its existing company and raised a second in 2005 by converting its long range surveillance detachment (LRSD) into another pathfinder company, giving each of its two aviation brigades a company. The 82nd Airborne Division followed suit by converted its LRSD to a pathfinder company under the 2d Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment. Additionally, the 10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry) at Fort Drum, New York, and the 25th Infantry Division in Hawaii have formed provisional pathfinder companies (e.g., they are not reflected in the units' tables of organization and equipment) and conduct combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. The pathfinder units today still live by the motto of "First In-Last Out" and wear the Pathfinder Torch.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: From a high of five pathfinder companies in the past decade, a reduction began with the 15 May 2015 inactivation of the 159th Combat Aviation Brigade in the 101st Airborne Division, which included the brigade's pathfinder company. Concurrently the 101st CAB was redesignated as the CAB, 101st Airborne Division, bringing it in line with other non-numbered divisional CABs. At this point the division assumed the same organizational structure as the 10th Mountain Division, a light infantry unit.


title: United States Army Pathfinder School

text: In the summer of 2016 the provisional pathfinder company in the 25th Infantry Division was inactivated, followed by the inactivation on 2 August 2016 of the remaining pathfinder company in the 101st Airborne Division in a ceremony at Fort Campbell, and then the provisional company in the 10th Mountain Division by October 2016. The last pathfinder unit in the Army, a company authorized by MTOE in the 82d Airborne Division, was inactivated in a ceremony on 24 February 2017 at Simmons Army Airfield at Fort Bragg.