title: Jerian Grant

text: On November 26, 2017, Grant scored a career-high 24 points in a 100–93 loss to the Miami Heat. On December 29, 2017, he had 11 points, 12 assists and seven rebounds as a starter in a 119–107 win over the Indiana Pacers. On January 22, 2018, he had 22 points and 13 assists in a 132–128 double overtime loss to the New Orleans Pelicans.


title: Jerian Grant

text: On July 7, 2018, Grant was traded to the Orlando Magic in a three-team deal. On June 30, 2019, Grant did not receive a qualifying offer from the Magic, making him an unrestricted free agent.


title: Jerian Grant

text: On November 18, 2019, Capital City Go-Go announced that they had added Grant off of waivers. On January 15, 2020, Grant scored 28 points and added seven rebounds, seven assists and one block in a win over Raptors 905. Grant averaged 16.3 points and 5.9 assists per game.


title: Jerian Grant

text: On December 31, 2020, Greek club Promitheas Patras announced that they had signed Grant. There, he would be joining his older brother, Jerai. In 27 games in the Greek Basket League, Grant averaged 14.8 points, 4.2 rebounds and 6.7 assists.


title: Jerian Grant

text: On July 1, 2021, Grant officially signed a two-year deal with Olimpia Milano of the Lega Basket Serie A and the EuroLeague, under coach Ettore Messina. On July 2, 2022, he parted ways with the Italian club, having won both domestic titles during his stint.


title: Jerian Grant

text: Jerian Grant is the son of former National Basketball Association (NBA) player Harvey Grant. He has two brothers who play basketball professionally – oldest brother Jerai has played in several leagues around the world and younger brother Jerami plays for the Portland Trail Blazers. Youngest brother Jaelin has followed his three older brothers to DeMatha, where he is completing his senior season. His uncle and father's identical twin Horace Grant was an NBA All-Star and won four championships with the Chicago Bulls and Los Angeles Lakers. Grant also has two sons, Hunter Jrue and Harper Jrex Grant.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: The visa policy of the United Kingdom is the policy by which His Majesty's Government determines visa requirements for visitors to the United Kingdom, and the Crown dependencies of Guernsey, Jersey, and the Isle of Man and those seeking to work, study or reside there. All intended entrants must obtain a visa unless they are exempt.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: The UK operates its own visa policy and maintains the Common Travel Area with the Republic of Ireland, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. British Overseas Territories generally apply their own similar but legally distinct visa policies.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: The United Kingdom was a member of the European Union until 31 January 2020, and EU/EEA/Swiss citizens enjoyed freedom of movement to the UK until the transition period ended on 31 December 2020.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: The following persons can enter the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man "without" a visa:


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Nationals of the following countries and territories are visa-exempt for credibility-assessed stays in the UK of no longer than 6 months (or 1 month for permitted paid engagements):


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Non-visa nationals greeted by UK immigration officers arriving from outside the Common Travel Area are credibility-assessed as to grant of entry: "leave to enter". If granted for a regular visit they, excluding seven nations, receive a passport stamp in their passport at the UK Border Force entry checkpoint stating 'Leave to enter for six months: employment and recourse to public funds prohibited'. The exception covers nationals who are admitted, or admissible, by the ePassport gates system. These generally do not receive a passport stamp.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Those who entered using the Iris Recognition Immigration System (which was in operation from 2004 to 2013) did not receive a passport stamp.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Since 20 May 2019, Australian, Canadian, Japanese, New Zealand, Singaporean, South Korean and United States citizens seeking the above, most common, form of entry generally receive no passport stamp, regardless of whether they use an ePassport gate or a staffed control desk. Three categories of their applicants for entry must go to a staffed control desk, for their passport will receive the relevant stamp(s): on a permitted paid engagement; or with a Tier 5 (Temporary Worker - Creative and Sporting) Certificate of Sponsorship (for up to 3 months);


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Instead of endorsing a passport stamp, UK Border Force officers are permitted to grant leave to enter by fax or e-mail. They may also grant this orally (including by telephone) to a non-visa national seeking to stay as a visitor for up to 6 months. They, in general, have no power to do so where it has been conferred by another Common Travel Area border official.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In the case of certain general aviation flights travellers may sometimes not be inspected by the UK Border Force on arrival (depending on the risk assessment per the travellers' information submitted in advance via the General Aviation Report (GAR) form) and may be 'remotely cleared' instead. In this case, although leave to enter is granted by implication or process, no passport stamp is received.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: All people arriving in the UK directly from the Republic of Ireland (part of the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine checks by the UK Border Force on arrival in the UK. By virtue of the Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972, non-visa nationals are automatically deemed to receive leave to remain in the UK for 6 months (also known as 'deemed leave'). They are forbidden from gainful employment during this period. In this situation, no passport stamp is received upon entry to the UK.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Similarly, all persons travelling between the UK and the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man (parts of the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine immigration checks and no passport stamps are endorsed (although customs checks are sometimes carried out on passengers travelling between the UK and the Channel Islands, as they are separate customs areas). By virtue of Schedule 4 to the Immigration Act 1971, any leave to enter that is granted by the Crown Dependencies has effect as if the leave to enter had been given by the UK (and vice versa) under the same conditions and for the same period of time.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: All travellers arriving in the Crown Dependencies (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) directly from the Republic of Ireland (i.e. from within the Common Travel Area) are not subject to routine immigration checks and do not receive a passport stamp on arrival. Non-visa nationals are automatically deemed to receive leave to enter for 6 months and are not permitted to engage in gainful employment during this period.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Nationals of the following countries can travel to the UK without a visa if they hold a valid Irish visa endorsed with BIVS:


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Visa waiver also applies to holders of United Nations laissez-passer when they travel to the United Kingdom on official business.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: There are two types of transit through the United Kingdom under the United Kingdom Transit Rules — airside transit and landside transit. The Transit Without Visa facility for visa requiring nationals was abolished, effective 1 December 2014, and replaced with United Kingdom Transit Rules. Notwithstanding the lists below, in general, even persons from 'Direct Airside transit visa-exempt nationalities' require a transit visa if transiting though the UK to other parts of the Common Travel Area including Ireland.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: E-visas or e-residence permits are not acceptable for airside transit unless the airline is able to verify it with the issuing country. Nationals of Syria who are holders of US B1/B2 visas are not exempt.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: E-visas such as those regularly issued by Australia or e-residence permits are not acceptable for landside transit.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Visitors entering the UK, the Channel Islands and/or the Isle of Man who do not qualify for one of the visa exemptions listed above have to apply for a visa in advance through the UK Visas and Immigration at a visa application centre.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: All visitors must apply by registering an online account (except citizens of North Korea who must apply in person at the British Embassy), fill in the application form, pay the fee and attend an appointment at a visa application centre.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: A visitor's visa for a single stay or multiple stays of up to 6 months costs £95. A multiple-entry visitor's visa valid for 2 years costs £361, 5 years £655, and 10 years £822. Chinese citizens in can, for certain common forms of travel, obtain a 2-year, multiple-entry visitor's visa at a cost of £95.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Family members of EU, EEA and Swiss citizens who are not covered by one of the visa exemptions above can apply for an EEA Family Permit free of charge (instead of a visa).


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Visitors applying for most types of UK visas (including a visitor's visa and an EEA Family Permit) are required to submit biometric identifiers (all fingerprints and a digital facial image) as part of the visa application process. However, diplomats, foreign government ministers and officials and members of Commonwealth Forces are exempt from the requirement to submit biometric identifiers. Applicants who have obtained a new passport and are merely requesting a transfer of their visa vignette from their old passport to their new passport are not required to re-submit biometric identifiers. In addition, applicants who are travelling directly to the Channel Islands or Gibraltar without passing through the UK or the Isle of Man are exempt from providing biometric information. Children must be accompanied by an adult when their biometric identifiers are taken. Biometric identifiers may be shared with foreign governments. Biometric identifiers are destroyed 10 years after the last date a person's fingerprints and digital facial image were captured.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Applicants resident in the following countries and territories who wish to enter the UK for 6 months or more are required to be tested for tuberculosis as part of the visa application process:


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: After a person has successfully obtained a UK visa, if they subsequently obtain a new passport, but the UK visa in their old passport still has remaining validity, they are not required to have the UK visa vignette affixed in the old passport transferred to the new passport, but must be able to present both the new and old passports at passport control when entering the UK.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: If a person who has successfully obtained a UK visa subsequently loses the passport in which the visa vignette is affixed (or if it is stolen), they have to pay the original visa fee in full again and may be required to show that their circumstances have not changed when applying for a replacement visa. However, a new 'confirmation of acceptance for studies' (CAS)/'certificate of sponsorship' (COS) is not required when applying for a replacement Tier 4/Tier 2 visa.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: By early 1917, all aliens (i.e. persons who were not British subjects) were required to obtain visas from a British consul before embarking for the United Kingdom. Visa requirements would then be maintained for aliens under the peacetime regime of immigration control retained after 1918.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Visas were mutually abolished between the UK and France in July 1921, although this did not apply to French overseas territories or the rest of the British Empire.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Members of the British Empire had been considered British subjects before the war and did not generally need visas; this did not apply to mandated territories such as South West Africa or Western Samoa, whose residents did need visas but were eligible to stay indefinitely. As dominions became more independent and adopted their own nationality laws, however, visa restrictions started to be applied.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: The abolition of visa requirements was increased in post-war era as part of a policy to make travel freer and easier; by 1949 visa requirements had been abolished in 20 countries.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Although waiving visas or visa charges for United States citizens was discussed as early as 1930, such visas would remain until 1948, when the UK abolished such visas and the US waived visa fees and doubled visa lengths for UK citizens, albeit stopping short at full visa abolition due to domestic considerations; MP Phil Piratin was denied a visa.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In March 2007, the Home Office announced that it would carry out its first Visa Waiver Test to review the list of countries and territories outside the European Union, European Economic Area and Switzerland whose nationals are exempt from holding a visa for the UK.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: After carrying out the review, in July 2008, Jacqui Smith, the Home Secretary, and David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that the results of the test showed a 'strong case' for introducing visa regimes for 11 countries (Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Lesotho, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela) having taken into account the following factors (including the extent to which they were being addressed by the countries' authorities):


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Following the July 2008 announcement, the UK Government entered into a 6-month period of 'detailed dialogue' with the governments of the 11 countries 'to examine how risks can be reduced in a way that obviates the need for a visa regime to be introduced'. In order to maintain visa-free access to the UK, the 11 countries had to 'demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans, with clear timetables, to reduce the risks to the UK, and begin real implementation of these plans by the end of


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On 9 January 2009, the new visa rules announced required citizens of Bolivia, Lesotho, South Africa and Swaziland to obtain a visa, and only Venezuelan nationals travelling on biometric passports with an electronic chip issued since 2007 could continue to enter the UK without a visa. The existing visa-free status for citizens of Botswana, Brazil, Malaysia, Mauritius, Namibia and Trinidad and Tobago was maintained.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Starting from 3 March 2009, a transitional regime was put in place until 30 June 2009 for South African citizens - those who held a valid South African passport and had previously entered the UK lawfully using that passport could continue to enter the UK without a visa, whilst all other South African citizens were required to apply for a visa. On the same day, Taiwan citizens were able to enter the UK without a visa. On 18 May 2009, Bolivian citizens were no longer able to enter the UK without a visa and Venezuelan citizens were required to present a biometric passport to enter the UK without a visa. On 1 July 2009, all South African citizens were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK. On the same day, citizens of Lesotho and Swaziland were required to apply for a visa to enter the UK.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On 30 March 2010, Alan Johnson, the Home Secretary, and David Miliband, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that, having carried out a review of visa regimes in relation to Eastern Caribbean countries, 5 countries (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis and St Vincent and the Grenadines) would have their visa-free status maintained. At the same time, the UK Government would enter a six-month period of 'detailed dialogue' with the governments of 2 countries (Dominica and St Lucia), who would have to 'demonstrate a genuine commitment to put into effect credible and realistic plans, with clear timetables, to reduce the risks to the UK, and begin implementing these plans by the end of the dialogue period' to maintain their visa-free status. On 2 March 2011, Theresa May, the Home Secretary, and William Hague, the Foreign Secretary, announced to Parliament that the governments of Dominica and St Lucia 'have made concrete improvements to the immigration, border control and identity systems which would not have happened without the test', and so the visa-free status for the 2 countries would be maintained.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On 13 June 2011, new Immigration Rules were laid before Parliament that came into force on 4 July 2011 introducing a new streamlined application procedure (waiving the normal requirements to provide documentary evidence of maintenance and qualifications at the time of application) for some non-visa nationals from 'low-risk countries' who wish to study in the UK for more than 6 months and apply for Tier 4 entry clearance. The following 15 countries and territories were categorised as 'low-risk' and included in 'Appendix H' of the Immigration Rules: Argentina, Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago and the United States. Although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test "per se", it showed that the UK Border Agency considers some countries and territories in the list of visa-free nationalities to be lower risk than others. In particular, Trinidad and Tobago, which was considered to be a high-risk country from a visa regime perspective in 2008 when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out, was now viewed by the UK Border Agency as a low-risk country. On 5 September 2012, two more countries (Botswana and Malaysia) were added to the list of 'low-risk' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 entry clearance applications, i.e. 'Appendix H', (taking effect on 1 October 2012), whilst on 6 September 2013, Barbados was also added to 'Appendix H' (taking effect on 1 October 2013). Again, although the announcement did not relate to a Visa Waiver Test "per se", it showed that Botswana, Malaysia and Barbados (countries which were considered to be a high-risk countries from a visa regime perspective when the Visa Waiver Test was carried out in 2008 in the case of Botswana and Malaysia, and in 2010 in the case of Barbados) were now viewed by the UK Border Agency as low-risk countries.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In March 2013, it was revealed that Theresa May, the Home Secretary, was considering removing Brazil from the list of visa-exempt nationalities due to concerns about illegal immigration, since Brazil was fifth in the top 10 of illegal immigrant nationalities in the UK according to Home Office figures for 2011, and was the only country on the list for which short-term visitors do not need a visa. However, the UK Government later decided to retain the visa exemption for Brazilian citizens, a decision which was seen as attempting to develop closer trading links with Brazil.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On 1 January 2014, an electronic visa waiver (EVW) scheme was introduced, enabling citizens of Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates who have obtained an EVW authorisation online to visit and/or study in the UK for up to 6 months without a visa; with Kuwait added to the EVW scheme during February 2016.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: After 'assessing countries against a list of risk and compliance criteria', the UK Government added Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE to 'Appendix H' (the list of 'low-risk' nationalities for the purpose of Tier 4 student visa applications) at various periods between 2014 and 2018 but according to the Cambridge Education Group, Oman was to be removed from this Appendix. However, it doesn't seem like this may have occurred.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: These two changes reflect the UK Government's view that Kuwait, Oman, Qatar and the UAE should now be regarded as low-risk countries from a visa regime perspective and it is possible that, in future, nationals of these four countries will be classified as non-visa nationals (enabling them to visit and/or study in the UK without a visa for up to 6 months without having to obtain an EVW authorisation online every time they wish to enter the UK).


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On 13 March 2014, the UK Government announced that, with effect from 5 May 2014, Venezuelan citizens (including those with biometric passports) would require a visa to enter the UK.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In January 2020, British ambassador to Ukraine announced that there would be no visa-free arrangements for Ukrainian citizens.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: On April 9, 2020, the Home Office issued a new immigration rule imposing visa restriction on low-skilled people workers with effect from January 2021. The restriction introduced a new point-based immigration system, allotting points for certain skills, salaries, qualification and shortage occupations. Any worker with points falling below the given threshold will be restricted from applying for UK work visa, as per the new immigration rule. Free Movement, a UK-based website updating, commenting, training and advising on immigration and asylum laws, claims that nurses, hospital porters, cleaners, postal workers, etc., are to be worst affected by the new immigration law.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In February 2021, the UK's new visa scheme stated that Hong Kong residents with a British National (Overseas) passport can stay in the UK for five years and get full citizenship.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: In May 2022, a new visa scheme was offered to graduates from the world's top 50 universities, giving them a two year long work visa with the opportunity to prolong it if they meet certain requirements.


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Five South American legacy arrangements remain, and one recent other, as at 2020: (standard visitor grants of entry obtainable to, for duration stated)


title: Visa policy of the United Kingdom

text: Most visitors arriving to United Kingdom were from the following countries of nationality. Note the statistics for Ireland are fluid; no visitor conditions attach and visits across the land border are not counted.


title: First-class function

text: In computer science, a programming language is said to have first-class functions if it treats functions as first-class citizens. This means the language supports passing functions as arguments to other functions, returning them as the values from other functions, and assigning them to variables or storing them in data structures. Some programming language theorists require support for anonymous functions (function literals) as well. In languages with first-class functions, the names of functions do not have any special status; they are treated like ordinary variables with a function type. The term was coined by Christopher Strachey in the context of "functions as first-class citizens" in the mid-1960s.


title: First-class function

text: First-class functions are a necessity for the functional programming style, in which the use of higher-order functions is a standard practice. A simple example of a higher-ordered function is the "map" function, which takes, as its arguments, a function and a list, and returns the list formed by applying the function to each member of the list. For a language to support "map", it must support passing a function as an argument.


title: First-class function

text: There are certain implementation difficulties in passing functions as arguments or returning them as results, especially in the presence of non-local variables introduced in nested and anonymous functions. Historically, these were termed the funarg problems, the name coming from "function argument". In early imperative languages these problems were avoided by either not supporting functions as result types (e.g. ALGOL 60, Pascal) or omitting nested functions and thus non-local variables (e.g. C). The early functional language Lisp took the approach of dynamic scoping, where non-local variables refer to the closest definition of that variable at the point where the function is executed, instead of where it was defined. Proper support for lexically scoped first-class functions was introduced in Scheme and requires handling references to functions as closures instead of bare function pointers, which in turn makes garbage collection a necessity.


title: First-class function

text: In this section, we compare how particular programming idioms are handled in a functional language with first-class functions (Haskell) compared to an imperative language where functions are second-class citizens (C).


title: First-class function

text: In languages where functions are first-class citizens, functions can be passed as arguments to other functions in the same way as other values (a function taking another function as argument is called a higher-order function). In the language Haskell:


title: First-class function

text: Languages where functions are not first-class often still allow one to write higher-order functions through the use of features such as function pointers or delegates. In the language C:


title: First-class function

text: There are a number of differences between the two approaches that are "not" directly related to the support of first-class functions. The Haskell sample operates on lists, while the C sample operates on arrays. Both are the most natural compound data structures in the respective languages and making the C sample operate on linked lists would have made it unnecessarily complex. This also accounts for the fact that the C function needs an additional parameter (giving the size of the array.) The C function updates the array in-place, returning no value, whereas in Haskell data structures are persistent (a new list is returned while the old is left intact.) The Haskell sample uses recursion to traverse the list, while the C sample uses iteration. Again, this is the most natural way to express this function in both languages, but the Haskell sample could easily have been expressed in terms of a fold and the C sample in terms of recursion. Finally, the Haskell function has a polymorphic type, as this is not supported by C we have fixed all type variables to the type constant codice_1.


title: First-class function

text: In languages supporting anonymous functions, we can pass such a function as an argument to a higher-order function:


title: First-class function

text: Once we have anonymous or nested functions, it becomes natural for them to refer to variables outside of their body (called "non-local variables"):


title: First-class function

text: If functions are represented with bare function pointers, we can not know anymore how the value that is outside of the function's body should be passed to it, and because of that a closure needs to be built manually. Therefore we can not speak of "first-class" functions here.


title: First-class function

text: Also note that the codice_2 is now specialized to functions referring to two codice_1s outside of their environment. This can be set up more generally, but requires more boilerplate code. If codice_4 would have been a nested function we would still have run into the same problem and this is the reason they are not supported in C.


title: First-class function

text: When returning a function, we are in fact returning its closure. In the C example any local variables captured by the closure will go out of scope once we return from the function that builds the closure. Forcing the closure at a later point will result in undefined behaviour, possibly corrupting the stack. This is known as the upwards funarg problem.


title: First-class function

text: Assigning functions to variables and storing them inside (global) datastructures potentially suffers from the same difficulties as returning functions.


title: First-class function

text: As one can test most literals and values for equality, it is natural to ask whether a programming language can support testing functions for equality. On further inspection, this question appears more difficult and one has to distinguish between several types of function equality:


title: First-class function

text: In type theory, the type of functions accepting values of type "A" and returning values of type "B" may be written as "A" → "B" or "B". In the Curry–Howard correspondence, function types are related to logical implication; lambda abstraction corresponds to discharging hypothetical assumptions and function application corresponds to the modus ponens inference rule. Besides the usual case of programming functions, type theory also uses first-class functions to model associative arrays and similar data structures.


title: First-class function

text: In category-theoretical accounts of programming, the availability of first-class functions corresponds to the closed category assumption. For instance, the simply typed lambda calculus corresponds to the internal language of Cartesian closed categories.


title: First-class function

text: Functional programming languages, such as Erlang, Scheme, ML, Haskell, F#, and Scala, all have first-class functions. When Lisp, one of the earliest functional languages, was designed, not all aspects of first-class functions were then properly understood, resulting in functions being dynamically scoped. The later Scheme and Common Lisp dialects do have lexically scoped first-class functions.


title: First-class function

text: Many scripting languages, including Perl, Python, PHP, Lua, Tcl/Tk, JavaScript and Io, have first-class functions.


title: First-class function

text: For imperative languages, a distinction has to be made between Algol and its descendants such as Pascal, the traditional C family, and the modern garbage-collected variants. The Algol family has allowed nested functions and higher-order taking function as arguments, but not higher-order functions that return functions as results (except Algol 68, which allows this). The reason for this was that it was not known how to deal with non-local variables if a nested-function was returned as a result (and Algol 68 produces runtime errors in such cases).


title: First-class function

text: The C family allowed both passing functions as arguments and returning them as results, but avoided any problems by not supporting nested functions. (The gcc compiler allows them as an extension.) As the usefulness of returning functions primarily lies in the ability to return nested functions that have captured non-local variables, instead of top-level functions, these languages are generally not considered to have first-class functions.


title: First-class function

text: Modern imperative languages often support garbage-collection making the implementation of first-class functions feasible. First-class functions have often only been supported in later revisions of the language, including C# 2.0 and Apple's Blocks extension to C, C++, and Objective-C. C++11 has added support for anonymous functions and closures to the language, but because of the non-garbage collected nature of the language, special care has to be taken for non-local variables in functions to be returned as results (see below).


title: Dovie Beams

text: Dovie Beams Villagran (born Dovie Leona Osborne, 5 August 1932 – 30 December 2017) was an American actress, best known for having an illicit sexual affair with former Filipino President Ferdinand Marcos from 1968 to 1970.


title: Dovie Beams

text: Dovie Beams was the daughter of Theodore Halems Osborne (1909—1975) and Mildred Esther Jakes (1913—2002).


title: Dovie Beams

text: Beams had first married and later divorced Edward Walker Boehms (1925—2016). She was granted a divorce due to irreconcilable differences in 1962. They had one child together on 24 September 1955, a daughter named Dena Boehms Walters.


title: Dovie Beams

text: After the sexual affair and scandal that ensued in the Philippines, Beams started her own real estate agency in Glendale, California, and married her second husband, Sergio Fausto Villagran (born 1936). They divorced in 1988.


title: Dovie Beams

text: In 1970, a huge scandal hit the Philippines over the stormy break-up between then President Ferdinand Marcos and his mistress of two years, Hollywood starlet Dovie Beams. On many occasions, she had hidden a tape recorder under a bed while having sex with the president.


title: Dovie Beams

text: The recording of their sexual encounter was publicly played at the radio station of the University of the Philippines and consisted of the following segments:


title: Dovie Beams

text: Beams had arrived in the Philippines in 1968 to shoot the film "Maharlika", a film partially funded by Marcos and meant to glorify his alleged war exploits, in which she played opposite Paul Burke as a native Filipina. Before leaving the country, Beams held a press conference, and delighted the press and public by playing recordings of her trysts with Marcos. According to her, she was forced to publicize her "love affair" as "protection" since there were many threats to her life.


title: Dovie Beams

text: Philippine author Hermie Rotea wrote in his book on the scandal that Beams, besides weakening Marcos' status, had had a positive influence of empowering modern women in Philippine society:


title: Dovie Beams

text: In November 1987, Beams and her husband Sergio Villagran were arrested in Los Angeles County for committing bank fraud related to her real estate agency for the purpose of maintaining their luxurious lifestyle in Pasadena, California.


title: Dovie Beams

text: On 18 December 1987, Beams was given an eight-year sentence in prison while Villagran received a five-year sentence. Attorney Mr. James Ian Stang at the Los Angeles Superior Court testified for the prosecution.


title: Dovie Beams

text: On 7 October 2013, Imelda Marcos declared on a public televised interview with TV presenter Solita Monsod that Beams was innocent of her sexual encounter with Ferdinand Marcos Sr. She also alleged that Beams was ultimately used by foreign American agents as an indirect spy to disrupt the health and stability of her husband. Imelda Marcos also stated that she "pitied" Beams for being caught in the public scandal that ensued prior to her leaving the Philippines.


title: Dovie Beams

text: Journalist George Sison narrated how Imelda Marcos confronted Ferdinand Marcos Sr. one night after getting a tape that included audio recordings of Beams and Ferdinand Marcos Sr. having sex:


title: Dovie Beams

text: On 30 December 2017, Beams died in Nashville, Tennessee due to lung cancer and comorbidity, associated with both alcohol and long—term tobacco use.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: An overhead valve (OHV) engine, sometimes called a "pushrod engine", is a piston engine whose valves are located in the cylinder head above the combustion chamber. This contrasts with earlier flathead engines, where the valves were located below the combustion chamber in the engine block.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: Although an overhead camshaft (OHC) engine also has overhead valves, the common usage of the term "overhead valve engine" is limited to engines where the camshaft is located in the engine block. In these traditional OHV engines, the motion of the camshaft is transferred using pushrods (hence the term "pushrod engine") and rocker arms to operate the valves at the top of the engine.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: Some early intake-over-exhaust engines used a hybrid design combining elements of both side-valves and overhead valves.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: The first internal combustion engines were based on steam engines and therefore used slide valves. This was the case for the first Otto engine, which was first successfully run in 1876. As internal combustion engines began to develop separately to steam engines, poppet valves became increasingly common.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: Beginning with the 1885 Daimler Reitwagen, several cars and motorcycles used inlet valve(s) located in the cylinder head, however these valves were vacuum-actuated ("atmospheric") rather than driven by a camshaft as with typical OHV engines. The exhaust valve(s) were driven by a camshaft, but were located in the engine block as with side-valve engines.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: The 1894 Diesel prototype engine used overhead poppet valves actuated by a camshaft, pushrods and rocker arms, therefore becoming one of the first OHV engines. In 1896, U.S. patent 563,140 was taken out by William F. Davis for an OHV engine with liquid coolant used to cool the cylinder head, but no working model was built.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: In 1898, bicycle manufacturer Walter Lorenzo Marr in the United States built a motorised tricycle powered by a single-cylinder OHV engine. Marr was hired by Buick (then named "Buick Auto-Vim and Power Company") from 1899–1902, where the overhead valve engine design was further refined. This engine employed pushrod-actuated rocker arms, which in turn opened poppet valves parallel to the pistons. Marr returned to Buick in 1904 (having built a small quantity of the Marr Auto-Car, with the first known engine to use an overhead camshaft design), the same year that Buick received a patent for an overhead valve engine design. In 1904, the world's first production OHV engine was released in the Buick Model B. The engine was a flat-twin design with two valves per cylinder. The engine was very successful for Buick, with the company selling 750 such cars in 1905.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: Several other manufacturers began to produce OHV engines, such as the 1906–1912 Wright Brothers "Vertical 4-Cylinder Engine". In 1911, Chevrolet joined Buick in almost exclusive use of OHV engines. However, side-valve engines remained commonplace until the late 1940s, when they began to be phased out for OHV engines.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: The first overhead camshaft (OHC) engine dates back to 1902, however use of this design was mostly limited to high performance cars for many decades. OHC engines slowly became more common from the 1950s to the 1990s, and by the start of the 21st century, the majority of automotive engines (except for some North American V8 engines) used an OHC design.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: At the 1994 Indianapolis 500 motor race, Team Penske entered a car powered by the custom-built Mercedes-Benz 500I pushrod engine. Due to a loophole in the rules, the pushrod engine was allowed to use a larger displacement and higher boost pressure, significantly increasing its power output compared to the OHC engines used by other teams. Team Penske qualified in pole position and won the race by a large margin.


title: Overhead valve engine

text: In the early 21st century, several pushrod V8 engines from General Motors and Chrysler used variable displacement to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. In 2008, the first production pushrod engine to use variable valve timing was introduced in the Dodge Viper (fourth generation).


title: Nasserism

text: Nasserism ( ) is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President. Spanning the domestic and international spheres, it combines elements of Arab socialism, republicanism, nationalism, anti-imperialism, developing world solidarity, Pan-Arabism, and international non-alignment.


title: Nasserism

text: Many other Arab countries have adopted Nasserist forms of government during the last century, most being formed during the 1960s, including Muammar Gaddafi's Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–1986) and later the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1986–2011) after the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. The Nasserist ideology is also similar in theory to the Ba'athist ideology which was also notably practiced under Saddam Hussein's Ba'athist Iraq (1968–2003) and under Hafez al-Assad and now Bashar al-Assad's Syrian Arab Republic (1971–present).


title: Nasserism

text: In the 1950s and 1960s, Nasserism was amongst the most potent political ideologies in the Arab world. This was especially true following the Suez Crisis of 1956 (known in Egypt as the Tripartite Aggression), the political outcome of which was seen as a validation of Nasserism and a tremendous defeat for Western imperial powers. During the Cold War, its influence was also felt in other parts of Africa and the developing world, particularly with regard to anti-imperialism and non-alignment.


title: Nasserism

text: The scale of the Arab defeat in the Six-Day War of 1967 damaged the standing of Nasser and the ideology associated with him. Though it survived Nasser's death in 1970, certain important tenets of Nasserism were revised or abandoned totally by his successor Anwar Sadat during what he termed the Corrective Revolution and later his "Infitah" economic policies. Under the three decade rule of Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak, most of the remaining Arab-socialist infrastructure of Egypt was replaced by neoliberal policies strongly at odds with Nasserist principles. In the international arena, Mubarak departed almost entirely from traditional Egyptian policy, becoming a steadfast ally of both the United States government and Israel, the latter still viewed by most Egyptians with enmity and distrust, derived largely from the five wars that Egypt fought against Israel between 1948 and 1973.


title: Nasserism

text: During Nasser's lifetime, Nasserist groups were encouraged and often supported financially by Egypt to the extent that many became seen as willing agents of the Egyptian government in its efforts to spread revolutionary nationalism in the Arab world. In the 1970s, as a younger generation of Arab revolutionaries came to the fore Nasserism outside Egypt metamorphosed into other Arab nationalist and pan-Arabist movements, including component groups of the Lebanese National Movement during the Lebanese Civil War. The main Nasserite movements that continued to be active until today on the Lebanese scene are mainly represented by the organization in Sidon of populist Nasserist partisans ("al-Tanzim al-Sha'bi al-Nassiri") that are led by Oussama Saad and in Beirut as represented mainly by the Al-Mourabitoun movement. Both groups have been mainly active since the early 1950s among Arabs and they are currently associated politically with the March 8 coalitions in Lebanese politics.


title: Nasserism

text: Nasserism continues to have significant resonance throughout the Arab world, and informs much of the public dialogue on politics in Egypt and the wider region. Prominent Nasserist Hamdeen Sabahi competed in the first round of the 2012 Egyptian presidential election and only narrowly avoided securing a position in the run-off against eventual winner Mohamed Morsi; he later competed in the 2014 presidential election as one of only two candidates in a run-off, but lost to the other candidate, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, in a significant landslide victory for the latter.


title: Nasserism

text: "Nasserism", the broad term used in literature to describe the aspects of Nasser's rule and his legacy, can be interpreted in many ways. Granted that there is a multitude of ways in which the term is read and used, P. J. Vatikiotis in his book "Nasser and his Generation" (1978) argues that Nasserism had the limited political connotation of a phenomenon of "personal charismatic leadership, not to a movement or ideology". Vatikiotis elaborates upon Nasser's use of speech as a political tool to sway his constituents despite their deprivation of any participation in their leader's policies. To this end, Nasser frequently addressed masses on both radio and television as well as in huge rallies, with a "repeated hypnotic incantation of "imperialism" and "agents of imperialism", "reactionaries", "revenge", "dignity and self-respect", "Zionism" and "Arabism". Crowds were galvanized to hysteria as Nasser excited them with hopes and aspirations of strong leadership and Arab unity.


title: Nasserism

text: In "Rethinking Nasserism" (2004), Podeh and Winckler discuss another interpretation of Nasserism. According to them, "Western social scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, perceived Nasserism as a modernization movement and Nasser as a modernizing leader…Egypt was seen as a typical Third World country undergoing a process of decolonization and, under new revolutionary leadership, aspiring to national prosperity through modernization. Thus, Nasserism was perceived as an attempt to transform Egyptian traditional society through the modernization of its economy and society".


title: Nasserism

text: Yet another insight into Nasserism is provided in "Political Trends in the Fertile Crescent" (1958) by Walid Khalidi, who discusses it as not an ideological movement, rather an "attitude of mind" that is "eclectic, empirical, radical, and yet conservative". According to Walidi, Nasserism was able to attract support in the Arab world because it "transferred, if only partially, to the Arab world itself, the center of decisions concerning the future of that world". Khalidi asserts that this change inspired self-confidence in the Arab community, which was particularly welcome after the recent shock over the loss of Palestine. In "A History of the Modern Middle East" (2018), the author also talks about how Nasserism inspired self-confidence in the Arab community. The author states, "Egypt had gained a measure of independence and pride that at that time seemed enviable and worthy of emulation."


title: Nasserism

text: Nasserism is an Arab nationalist and pan-Arabist ideology, combined with a vaguely defined socialism, often distinguished from Eastern Bloc or Western thought by the label "Arab socialism". Though opposed ideologically to Western capitalism, Arab socialism also developed as a rejection of communism, which was seen as incompatible with Arab traditions and the religious underpinnings of Arab society. As a consequence, Nasserists from the 1950s to the 1980s sought to prevent the rise of communism in the Arab world and advocated harsh penalties for individuals and organizations identified as attempting to spread communism within the region.


title: Nasserism

text: Though mindful of the spiritual heritage of the Arab world, as with Ba'athism, Nasserism is largely a secular ideology. Just as with other manifestations of Arab nationalism, this led to direct conflict with ideologically Islamic-oriented political movements in the Arab world from the 1950s onward, particularly the Muslim Brotherhood. Nasserists espouse an end to Western interference in Arab affairs, developing world solidarity, international non-alignment, modernisation and industrialisation. Nasser himself was opposed vehemently to Western imperialism, sharing the commonly held Arab view that Zionism was an extension of European colonialism on Arab soil.


title: Nasserism

text: In world politics, Nasser's Egypt, along with Yugoslavia under Josip Broz Tito and India under Jawaharlal Nehru, was a major proponent of the Non-Aligned Movement, which advocated developing countries remaining outside the influence of the superpower blocs. However, notwithstanding this policy and government suppression of communist organisations within Egypt, Egypt's deteriorating relations with Western powers, particularly following the Tripartite Aggression of 1956, made Egypt heavily dependent on military and civil assistance from the USSR. The same was true for other revolutionary Arab governments, which although repressive of communism within Arab borders, entered into strong longstanding relationships with communist states outside the Arab world. The Egyptian-Soviet alliance continued well into the presidency of Nasser's successor as president, Anwar Sadat, especially with regard to the Arab–Israeli conflict.


title: Nasserism

text: Nasserism remains a political force throughout the Arab world, but in a markedly different manner than in its heyday. Whereas in the 1950s and 1960s Nasserism existed as a revolutionary and dynamic movement with definite political and social goals, by the 1980s it had become a much less pronounced and distinct ideology. Today, many more Arabs are informed by Nasserism in a general sense than actually espouse its specific ideals and objectives. In terms of political organisations within Egypt itself and during the presidency of former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Nasserism's scope was confined generally to writers, intellectuals and minor opposition parties. Nasserist movements were largely overshadowed by Islamic political organisations, especially the Muslim Brotherhood. This was a part of an overall trend within Egypt and the Arab world of Arab nationalism being overshadowed, and even eclipsed by political Islam. In Egypt, the Nasserist Party styles itself as the successor to Nasser and his Arab Socialist Union as does its offshoot, the Karama Party of Hamdeen Sabahi. However, as with all opposition parties in Egypt, their activities was severely limited by the Mubarak regime prior to the Egyptian revolution of 2011.


title: Nasserism

text: Whilst Nasser governed Egypt through a strictly authoritarian one-party system, with extreme limits on any form of political dissent, present-day Nasserists stress their support for democracy, explaining Nasser's autocratic excesses as necessary to implement his revolutionary policies.


title: Nasserism

text: Despite being a quintessentially Arab ideology, Nasserism influenced to a degree left-wing movements in other parts of the developing world, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America. Under Nasser, the Egyptian government gave support both moral and material to Sub-Saharan liberation movements fighting European imperialism. Nelson Mandela, the former South African President and Leader of the African National Congress, remarked that this support was crucial in helping sustain the morale of such movements, including in South Africa. Similar sentiments have been expressed by Fidel Castro, the former Cuban President, with regard to the Cuban Revolution and Cuba's later adversities with the United States Government. Both men stated that Egypt's resistance under Nasser against the joint British, French and Israeli invasion of Egypt in 1956 proved to be inspirational for their own movements.


title: Nasserism

text: Hugo Chávez, late President of Venezuela and leader of the self-styled Bolivarian Revolution, cited Nasserism as a direct influence on his own political thinking by stating: "Someone talked to me about his pessimism regarding the future of Arab nationalism. I told him that I was optimistic, because the ideas of Nasser are still alive. Nasser was one of the greatest people of Arab history. To say the least, I am a Nasserist, ever since I was a young soldier".


title: Nasserism

text: Left-wing British politician George Galloway has referred to Gamal Abdel Nasser as "one of the greatest men of the 20th century" and has called repeatedly for Arab governments to embrace the tenets of Nasserism in the 21st century.


title: Crème de violette

text: Crème de violette, also known as liqueur de violette, is a generic term for a liqueur with natural and/or artificial violet flower flavoring and coloring with either a brandy base, a neutral spirit base, or a combination of the two. The taste profile and aroma are distinctly floral and sweet, and reminiscent of the violet candies popular in the early to mid 20th century. Its known production dates back to the early 19th century when it was served with dry vermouth or alone as a cordial.


title: Crème de violette

text: After crème de violette had been all but unavailable in the United States for decades, in mid-2007 Haus Alpenz began importing the Rothman & Winter Crème de Violette, which is made from Queen Charlotte and March violet flowers from the Alps. Since then, other brands of crème de violette have arrived on the US market, e.g., The Bitter Truth from Europe.


title: Crème de violette

text: Crème de violette is the forerunner to the liqueurs Parfait d'Amour and the American variation, Creme Yvette, both of which are decidedly different with pronounced vanilla and/or citrus flavors. When crème de violette is not available it is possible to use the Parfait Amour or creme Yvette to replicate the violet color in a drink, though the taste profile is quite different.


title: Crème de violette

text: The rarity of crème de violette appeared as a plot element in an episode of "The Avengers" in 1965 entitled "Two's A Crowd".


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: Sauli Eerik Koskinen (born 28 March 1985) is a Finnish television host and entertainment reporter from Hyvinkää, Finland.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: Koskinen was the winner of "Big Brother 2007", beating out nineteen other contestants in a public vote over a fourteen-week period. Before applying for the show, Koskinen worked as a clerk in a Helsinki clothing store. Mikko Räisänen, the casting director for "Big Brother", has stated that the decision to put Koskinen in the Big Brother house was made within the first two minutes of his casting interview, crediting Koskinen's positivity, likability and openness.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: In 2008, fans petitioned to have Koskinen and fellow "Big Brother" contestant Niko Nousiainen make a return to television. The campaign resulted in the television show "Sauli and Niko’s Best Clips", in which Koskinen and Nousiainen provided commentary on viral videos.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: Shortly thereafter, Koskinen was hired as a web-based entertainment reporter for the Finnish tabloid "Ilta-Sanomat", where he provided commentary on entertainment news in weekly "Tutka" shows with co-host Katri Utula.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: As of June 2011, Koskinen continued to work for "Ilta-Sanomat" and was additionally hired as a U.S.-based call-in entertainment reporter for the Finnish radio station Radio Aalto. In 2011, Koskinen and Utula traveled to the United States to produce a special version of their weekly web series entitled "Tutka Roadshow".


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: In 2012 Koskinen continued to work for Ilta-Sanomat as a blogger and as the host of "Tutka". New special "Tutka Roadshow" was produced during summer 2012 when Koskinen and Utula traveled in southern Finland meeting Finnish celebrities. In 2013 Sauli Koskinen started video blogging from Los Angeles for Finnish entertainment magazine "7 päivää".


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: In May 2012 Koskinen hosted "Näytös 2012" fashion show that was aired live on Finnish national TV channel "Yle Teema".


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: In December 2013 Laila Snellman announced that Koskinen had been signed by her modeling agency Paparazzi. He will be available for work as an announcer, actor, and model.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: On 28 February 2013 "Fox Finland" announced that Sauli Koskinen will start hosting his own television lifestyle show, "Saulin Paras Kaveri". The show was shot in Los Angeles during spring 2013. In the show Koskinen meets Finnish celebrities living in Los Angeles area. The first episode aired on channel FOX Finland on 14 September 2013; the show's guests include such celebrities as model Suvi Koponen and chef Stefan Richter.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: Koskinen is the winner of the first season of Nelonen's "Dancing on Ice" TV show. On 21 August 2013 it was announced that Koskinen would participate in the Finnish version of "Dancing on Ice" where ten celebrities learn to ice skate with a professional partner. Koskinen was partnered with synchronized skater Nea Ojala. After the announcement of the celebrity contestants and star coaches, the teams had five weeks to prepare for the first live show. The competition started on 28 September and the finale was held on 30 November 2013. Koskinen and Ojala won the competition.


title: Sauli Koskinen

text: Koskinen was in a relationship with American singer Adam Lambert beginning in November 2010. In April 2013, Koskinen and Lambert gave similar interviews in which they announced they had split up amicably and expected to remain friends.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: Oliver Robert Ford Davies (born 12 August 1939) is an English actor and writer, best known for his extensive theatre work, and to a broader audience for his role as Sio Bibble in "Star Wars" to . He is also known for his role as Maester Cressen in HBO series "Game of Thrones".


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: Davies was born in Ealing, Middlesex, England. He attended the King's School, Canterbury. In 1956 He joined the eminent Ealing amateur company Questors. He won a scholarship to Merton College, Oxford, where he read History and became President of the Oxford University Dramatic Society. After obtaining his DPhil, he worked as a history lecturer at the University of Edinburgh before taking up acting professionally in 1967.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: In 1959, as a member of the Oxford University Experimental Theatre Club, he appeared in his first Stratford performance in the Memorial Theatre's open-air production of "Bartholomew Fair". His first professional appearances were, at the age of 27, in the 1967 season at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre. Short Seasons at the Mermaid, London, the Oxford Playhouse and the Cambridge Arts Theatre followed. His long and prolific association with the Royal Shakespeare Company started in 1975, when director Terry Hands cast him as Mountjoy in "Henry V". He is an Honorary Associate Artist of the company. From 1990 until 2019 He appeared more frequently at the National Theatre, London, until at the age of 80 he lent his "sublime presence" to the part of the appraising button moulder in Henryk Ibsen's "Peter Gynt" at the Olivier Theatre.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: On television, Davies had a regular role as Peter Foxcott QC in "Kavanagh QC" and was schoolmaster Le Bas in the serialization of "A Dance to the Music of Time" (1997). He also appeared with John Thaw in an episode of "Inspector Morse" and also appeared in the ITV television drama "The Uninvited", and in a 2002 episode of the popular drama "Foyle's War".


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: On film, his most prominent role was probably Sio Bibble in the "Star Wars" prequel trilogy films, released in 1999, 2002 and 2005. In 2003, Davies appeared in the film "Johnny English", where he portrayed the Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: He appeared on stage as Polonius in "Hamlet" with the Royal Shakespeare Company, alongside David Tennant and Patrick Stewart, and in 2009 appeared in "All's Well That Ends Well" at the Royal National Theatre as the King of France. In 2010, he appeared as Balfour in the premiere of Ben Brown's play "The Promise", about the Balfour Declaration.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: In 2011, he appeared in a stage adaptation of Michelle Magorian's book "Goodnight Mister Tom", in which he played the central character, Thomas Oakley. He was back with the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2014 as Justice Shallow in "Henry IV, Part 2". Davies again appeared with David Tennant in "Richard II" in 2013. In February 2019 Davies discussed his career in the BBC Radio Three series "Private Passions".


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: Davies was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award in 1990 (1989 season) for Best Actor in a New Play for "Racing Demon". He was twice nominated for a Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Performance in a Supporting Role for his performance in "Absolutely! (perhaps)" at the Wyndham's Theatre in 2003, and again in 2009 for his performance as Polonius in the RSC production of "Hamlet" at the Novello Theatre.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: Davies's books include "Playing Lear", an account of his experience while performing King Lear at the Almeida Theatre, and "Performing Shakespeare". Both are published by Nick Hern Books.


title: Oliver Ford Davies

text: Davies's drama "King Cromwell" was staged at the Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond, in November 2003. The director was Sam Walters and Davies himself took the title role.


title: Derek Draper

text: Derek William Draper (born 15 August 1967) is an English former lobbyist. As a political advisor he was involved in two political scandals, "Lobbygate" in 1998, and again in 2009 while Draper was editor of the LabourList website. He has worked as a psychotherapist.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper has had an unusually serious case of long COVID; he was hospitalised in March 2020, suffering from COVID-19, and remained in hospital for a year. Six months after returning to his home, he remains seriously incapacitated as of April 2022.


title: Derek Draper

text: Born in Chorley, Lancashire, Draper was educated at Southlands High School until 1984. He later attended Runshaw College in Leyland and the University of Manchester. While at the university, Draper provided hospitality for Ken Livingstone, who had missed his train after a Labour Club meeting. Livingstone was reportedly astonished to find displayed in Draper's student room a large poster of Labour Party deputy leader, Roy Hattersley. At around this time, he first met Charlotte Raven, with whom he was later involved romantically.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper began his political career in 1990, when he became the constituency secretary for Nick Brown. In 1992, he left this job and went to work as a researcher for the MP for Hartlepool, Peter Mandelson. In 1996, he became a director of a lobbying firm called GPC Market Access, and was employed by them until early 1999. While working at GPC Market Access, he set up the New Labour organisation Progress with Liam Byrne. During the late 1990s, Draper worked as the Political Editor of the "Modern Review", was briefly a columnist for the "Daily Express", and a presenter on Talk Radio UK.


title: Derek Draper

text: In 1998, while still working as a director at GPC Market Access, Draper was caught on tape, with Jonathan Mendelsohn, boasting to Greg Palast – an undercover reporter from "The Observer" posing as a businessman – about how they could sell access to government ministers and create tax breaks for their clients. When the press got hold of the story, they dubbed it "Lobbygate". On the recording, Draper said that "there are 17 people who count in this government ... [to] say I am intimate with every one of them is the understatement of the century." Palast also wrote that Draper said, regarding his motivation: "I just want to stuff my bank account at 250 pounds an hour". According to Palast, "Draper was nothing more than a messenger boy, a factotum, a purveyor, a self-loving, over-scented clerk". Although he denied the allegations and accused "The Observer" of attempting to entrap him, he was widely ridiculed in the aftermath. Palast later stated that the subsequent media coverage got his original story wrong, and that it was not primarily about boastful lobbyists: "the real story was about Tony Blair and his inner circle".


title: Derek Draper

text: Following his involvement in the "Lobbygate" scandal, Draper was sacked from his job at the "Daily Express" and generally shunned by Labour insiders. His friend Peter Mandelson said that Draper "has a fine intelligence, but sometimes I am afraid he misuses that intelligence. He gets above himself. But now he has been cut down to size and I think probably he will learn a very hard lesson from what has happened."


title: Derek Draper

text: After leaving politics, Draper retrained as a psychotherapist, obtaining an MA in clinical psychology after what he described as "three years in Berkeley, California". While in Berkeley, he worked as "the development director of a community counselling centre"; later, he claimed to have entered "private practice in Marylebone, London". He subsequently clarified that he in fact studied at the Wright Institute of California, a graduate school in the town of Berkeley founded by Nevitt Sanford. Draper responded to the controversy surrounding his claimed psychotherapy degree, by denying the allegations completely and saying that this was "a brazen attempt to smear me by Guido Fawkes and David Hencke". He stated in 2009 that he was considering taking legal action against them.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper is a member of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP). He writes an occasional column for the "Mail on Sunday" newspaper on psychotherapy issues and also wrote monthly columns in the magazines "Psychologies" and "Therapy Today". He is also the author of a chapter in "The Future of the NHS".


title: Derek Draper

text: In response to a formal complaint the BACP announced on 24 November 2009 that it had It further clarified Draper's qualifications:


title: Derek Draper

text: During the 2005 general election campaign, Draper urged people to vote tactically against Labour, saying, "I don't want my vote to be used as vindication for Tony Blair, I'd like him to wake up after the election and feel like a hunted man".


title: Derek Draper

text: On 7 June 2009, emails that were highly critical of Gordon Brown that Peter Mandelson sent Draper in January 2008 were leaked to the "News of the World" which claimed that Brown was "insecure" and a "self-conscious person, physically and emotionally".


title: Derek Draper

text: During 2008, Draper made a return to British politics. He was described on the BBC television current affairs programme "Newsnight", on 12 September 2008, as a Labour Campaign Advisor. Draper's position at that time was as an unpaid adviser to Ray Collins, the then General Secretary of the Labour Party.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper was the founder and editor of the LabourList website, which was launched in January 2009. He explained that he started the website in response to the increasing role that the internet was playing in British politics and so that Labourites would have their own place in the blogosphere. Contributors to his website included David Lammy, Peter Mandelson, James Purnell and Piers Morgan. Although LabourList was generally supportive of the Labour Party, it claimed to publish articles and views critical of the Labour government. , the website is still active.


title: Derek Draper

text: On 11 April 2009, it was reported by "The Daily Telegraph" that Gordon Brown's special adviser, Damian McBride, had sent a series of emails to Draper discussing plans to set up a blog which would be used to post false rumours about the private lives of senior or prominent members of the Conservative Party and their spouses. These smears would have included sexual and personal fabrications against MP Nadine Dorries, Conservative leader David Cameron and his wife, Samantha, and Shadow Chancellor George Osborne and his wife Frances.


title: Derek Draper

text: The emails, which had been sent from the Downing Street Press Office, found their way to Paul Staines, who brought them to the attention of the media. McBride resigned later the same day, and 10 Downing Street issued an apology for the "juvenile and inappropriate" emails. Gordon Brown sent personal letters to those who had been mentioned in the emails, expressing his regret over the incident, but Conservative politicians called for him to make a public apology. Brown apologised a few days later while on a visit to Glasgow, saying that he was sorry about what had happened.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper later apologised for his part in the affair. Although in his reply to McBride's email he had described the idea as "absolutely totally brilliant", Draper claimed that he only responded to the email to gain favour from Downing Street for LabourList. A closer examination of Draper's emailed reply shows the plot was far more advanced, with Draper knowing that the controversial Red Rag blogsite had already been set up and offering to sort out the technology with trade union official Andrew Dodgshon.


title: Derek Draper

text: In the wake of the incident, Labour sought to distance itself from Draper's LabourList blog, saying that his website is not owned by the Labour Party. Draper also came under pressure to resign his post as editor of LabourList, which he did in early May, saying "I regret ever receiving the infamous email and I regret my stupid, hasty reply. I should have said straight away that the idea was wrong."


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper was hospitalised in March 2020, suffering from COVID-19, and admitted to an intensive care unit. As of early June 2020 he remained in critical condition after ten weeks, and was in an induced coma. The following month, he had opened his eyes, but remained in hospital in a serious condition. As of March 2021 he remained in hospital, a year on from contracting the virus.


title: Derek Draper

text: Draper returned home on a trial basis in April 2021, and in May 2021, his wife gave an update on her husband stating that he is devastated by COVID-19 and still immobile. In September 2021 his wife reported he was still receiving round-the-clock care and sleeping 20 hours a day. He received treatment in Mexico in February and March 2022, however Draper's wife has decided to keep details private. She revealed in April 2022 that Draper was struggling to speak: "he can understand, sometimes do odd words, but can't express himself." Draper still requires round-the-clock care as of April 2022.


title: Pesäpallo

text: Pesäpallo (; , both names literally meaning "nest ball", colloquially known in Finnish as pesis, also referred to as Finnish baseball) is a fast-moving bat-and-ball sport that is often referred to as the national sport of Finland and has some presence in other countries including Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, Australia, and Canada's northern Ontario (the latter two countries have significant Nordic populations). The game is similar to brännboll, rounders, and lapta, as well as baseball.


title: Pesäpallo

text: Pesäpallo is a combination of traditional ball-batting team games and North American baseball, invented by Lauri "Tahko" Pihkala in the 1920s. Pesäpallo has changed with the times and grown in popularity. On 14 November 1920, pesäpallo was played the first time at Kaisaniemi Park in Helsinki.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The basic idea of pesäpallo is similar to that of baseball: the offense tries to score by hitting the ball successfully and running through the bases, while the defense tries to put the batter and runners out. One of the most important differences between pesäpallo and baseball is that the ball is pitched vertically, which makes hitting the ball, as well as controlling the power and direction of the hit, much easier. This gives the offensive game more variety, speed, and tactical aspects compared to baseball. The fielding team is forced to counter the batter's choices with defensive schemes and anticipation.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The manager has an important role in pesäpallo, leading the offense by giving signals to the players using a multicoloured fan. The defensive team play is directed by the manager's orders and hand signals by the fielders.


title: Pesäpallo

text: A regular pesäpallo game is played in two periods of four innings each. A period is won by the team which scores more runs in its offensive half-innings. If the periods are tied, there will be an extra inning; if needed, there is a round (similar to a penalty shoot-out) where each team tries to bring a player home from the third base.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The defensive team has nine players on the field. The offensive team can use three jokers (similar to designated hitters) during one half-inning in addition to the nine players in the regular batting order. The offensive team can continue batting until three players have been put out or one round of the batting order has been completed without at least two runs scored. The batter and the pitcher face each other in the home base, on opposite sides of the circular plate. The pitch is delivered by throwing the ball directly upwards above the plate, at least one meter over the head of the pitcher.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The batter has three strikes available during their turn at bat. A fair hit does not require the batter to reach base; all three strikes can be used before the batter must reach first base. A pitch counts as a strike if the batter takes a swing at the ball and the umpire rules the pitch legal. When a batter makes a fair hit, unless it is the third strike, the batter does not have to try to advance safely to the first base. However, if the batter hits a foul ball on the third strike and does not try to advance, only that player is out and the runners continue with the next batter.


title: Pesäpallo

text: If the pitcher delivers two bad pitches (ball), the batter is granted a walk to the first base only if all bases are unoccupied. If there are runners on the field, the point runner (the runner at the highest-numbered base) is granted a walk to the next base for the second and all consecutive bad pitches pitched for the same hitter. A pitch can be ruled bad for various reasons, most common ones being that the ball does not fall on the plate or that the pitch is not thrown high enough.


title: Pesäpallo

text: A hit is foul if the ball first touches the field outside of the boundaries, the batter or the runners cannot advance on a foul hit. If a fielder catches the ball before it reaches the ground, the hit is a "catch", and all runners who tried to advance on that play are caught. Players who have been caught are removed from the field, but they do not count as outs.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The runner reaches safety on a base by touching the base area before the ball is thrown to a fielder in the base. If the ball gets to the base first, the runner is put out and removed from the field. The batter is also put out if the third strike is foul. A runner on a base is forced to advance if the next runner reaches safety on the same base.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The offensive team scores a run when a runner returns safely to the home base after advancing through all three field bases. If a batter advances to the third base on their batted ball, it is a "home run". He can then stay on the third base and try to score again as a regular runner by reaching the home base on a later play.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The team playing the "defensive half" has nine players in the field. The "pitcher" is positioned in the home base. A "catcher" plays in the infield on the side of the second base. Each of the three bases has its "baseman" and an additional two "shortstops" playing close to the second and third bases. Two "outfielders" cover the outfield. Players can switch their places and position themselves to the field wherever they want. Different positioning is used in different situations, when the defensive team can expect a certain type of hit. This is usually determined by the location of the offensive team's point runner. Special tactics could even be made against a certain batter.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The team playing the "offensive half" has nine "batters" and three additional batters known as "jokers" (The term "joker" refers to a wild card rather than a jester). Whereas ordinary batters must bat in a pre-designated batting order, the joker batters are allowed to breach the batting order.


title: Pesäpallo

text: Today, players usually have a specialized role in the batting order depending on their abilities. Fast runners are usually positioned first in the batting order, after which come players who specialize in advancing runners between bases. Next comes a player specializing in scoring runners home. Players from 6 to 9 often form another attacking combination. The jokers are usually a selection of either batting jokers (good hitters specializing in scoring) or runner jokers (fast runners specializing in advancing in the field).


title: Pesäpallo

text: Both teams have a "pelinjohtaja", lit. "a game leader" or more simply, a manager. The captain of the team – one of the players – tries to beat the other team's captain in the "hutunkeitto", "draw of choice" which determines which team gets to choose whether it will want to start in the offensive or the defensive half. The manager is also akin to a coach and he does not take part in the actual game.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The infield is hexagon-shaped, long and wide at its widest, and the ball must bounce at least once in the infield to be a valid fair hit. The outfield consists of everything that is fenced in on the playing field's lot, and its dimensions vary dramatically: The distance to center field fencing in the men's Superpesis vary from at "Kiteen Pallo -90", to at Seinäjoen JymyJussit.


title: Pesäpallo

text: Each player is required to wear a helmet when playing in an offensive inning. If a player sets at bat without a helmet an out can be marked for the team. Apart from the pitcher and the outfielders, fielders are required to wear helmets.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The glove is used to ease catching the ball when playing a defensive inning. The glove used in pesäpallo differs from the one used in baseball both in characteristics and in appearance, resembling more a hockey goalkeeper's glove . The glove is made of leather although some manufacturers use different kinds of synthetic fibers on the back side. The inside of the glove is always made of thick leather and the main differences between gloves lie in the amount and quality of padding, the thickness of the leather, the size of the glove and its shaping.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The ball is caught into the glove's cup between the thumb and the index finger. Sometimes, however, the ball hits the palm and a properly designed glove can prevent injuries.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The bat is a round, tapered cylinder. Previously the bats used in pesäpallo were made of wood. These were fairly brittle and did not last very long when used to hit such a heavy ball. Now, wooden bats are only used in children's games and the bats used in adult's games are made of a mixture of glass fiber and carbon fiber.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The biggest differences between bats lie in the weight, center of gravity, flexibility and length. The maximum length of the bat is . When using a children's ball the maximum length of the bat is .


title: Pesäpallo

text: The weight of the bat is considered to be its most important property. A typical bat used in top competitions weighs between and . The heaviest bats weigh more than but these are only used by strong players like batting jokers. Junior players typically use bats that weigh less than . The usual diameter for the bat's hitting point is .


title: Pesäpallo

text: The use of spiked shoes—like in running—is not required to play pesäpallo. However, they do help the player substantially in rapid situations, especially when playing on modern artificial grass fields which are very slippery to ordinary sport shoes. The artificial turf differs from what is used in football fields.


title: Pesäpallo

text: There are only a few manufacturers producing spikes designed for pesäpallo and many players use normal running spikes. Some shoes have also spikes at the heel but mostly spikes are positioned under the ball of the foot. Usually there are seven spikes in a shoe and they are 3–15 millimeters long. When playing on artificial turf the maximum length of spikes is 6 millimeters.


title: Pesäpallo

text: The ball used in pesäpallo is yellow and has a circumference of . The weight of the ball varies by series:


title: Pesäpallo

text: The Finnish championship series is known as Superpesis. Both men and women compete in their own series. The second tier is known as "Ykköspesis", and the third tier consists of provincial leagues known as "Maakuntasarjat".


title: Pesäpallo

text: Teams from all three tiers are also eligible to compete in the annual Finnish open cup, known as "Suomensarja".


title: Pesäpallo

text: Junior leagues for under-21 players exist for both men and women (known as "Poikien Superpesis" and "Tyttöjen Superpesis" respectively).


title: Pesäpallo

text: A Pesäpallo World Cup is played internationally every three years. In 2006 the fifth World Cup was played in Munich, Germany. Participant countries included Australia, Finland, Germany and Sweden. The sixth World Cup took place from July 8–11, 2009 in Pori, Finland, with teams from Australia, Finland, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. The seventh World Cup took place in 2012 on the Gold Coast of Australia. The three teams were Australia, Finland and "Team Europe". The eighth World Cup was played in Lucerne, Switzerland in 2015 featuring Australia, Germany, Finland, and Switzerland.


title: Additive inverse

text: In mathematics, the additive inverse of a number is the number that, when added to , yields zero. This number is also known as the opposite (number), sign change, and negation. For a real number, it reverses its sign: the additive inverse (opposite number) of a positive number is negative, and the additive inverse of a negative number is positive. Zero is the additive inverse of itself.


title: Additive inverse

text: The additive inverse of is denoted by unary minus: (see also below). For example, the additive inverse of 7 is −7, because , and the additive inverse of −0.3 is 0.3, because .


title: Additive inverse

text: Similarly, the additive inverse of is which can be simplified to . The additive inverse of is , because .


title: Additive inverse

text: The additive inverse is defined as its inverse element under the binary operation of addition (see also below), which allows a broad generalization to mathematical objects other than numbers. As for any inverse operation, double additive inverse has no net effect: .


title: Additive inverse

text: For a number (and more generally in any ring), the additive inverse can be calculated using multiplication by −1; that is, . Examples of rings of numbers are integers, rational numbers, real numbers, and complex numbers.


title: Additive inverse

text: Additive inverse is closely related to subtraction, which can be viewed as an addition of the opposite:


title: Additive inverse

text: Hence, unary minus sign notation can be seen as a shorthand for subtraction (with the "0" symbol omitted), although in a correct typography, there should be no space after unary "−".


title: Additive inverse

text: The notation + is usually reserved for commutative binary operations (operations where for all , ). If such an operation admits an identity element (such that for all ), then this element is unique (). For a given , if there exists such that , then is called an additive inverse of .


title: Additive inverse

text: If + is associative, i.e., for all , , , then an additive inverse is unique. To see this, let and each be additive inverses of ; then


title: Additive inverse

text: For example, since addition of real numbers is associative, each real number has a unique additive inverse.


title: Additive inverse

text: Natural numbers, cardinal numbers and ordinal numbers do not have additive inverses within their respective sets. Thus one can say, for example, that natural numbers "do" have additive inverses, but because these additive inverses are not themselves natural numbers, the set of natural numbers is not "closed" under taking additive inverses.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Group D of the 2022 FIFA World Cup took place from 22 to 30 November 2022. The group consisted of reigning world champions France, Australia, Denmark and Tunisia. The top two teams, France and Australia advanced to the round of 16. Australia, Denmark and France were also in Group C of the previous World Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: The two teams had faced each other twice, most recently in 2002, a 2–1 win for Denmark in a friendly game.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Denmark was not able to capitalize in their opening game; although Tunisia failed to score a single goal themselves, Aïssa Laïdouni earned the Man of the Match award for his defensive heroics.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: The two teams had faced each other five times, including once in the World Cup, in France's 2–1 victory in 2018 en route to the title. They also met in Australia's 1–0 win against the reigning world champions (having previously won the 1998 FIFA World Cup) at the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: In the ninth minute Craig Goodwin gave Australia the lead when he finished at the back post high into the net after a low cross from the right by Mathew Leckie. Adrien Rabiot made it 1–1 when he headed to the net from a Théo Hernandez cross from the left. France took the lead five minutes later when Olivier Giroud side footed to the net after a low cross from Rabiot from the left.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: In the 68th minute Kylian Mbappé scored with a header from six yards out to the left corner after a cross from Ousmane Dembélé on the right. Giroud got his second with another header after a Mbappé cross from the left to make it 4–1.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Giroud's second goal equalled Thierry Henry's all-time scoring record of 51 goals for France. France's win marked the first time since 2006 that the defending champion won their opening game. On the other hand, Craig Goodwin's goal was the fastest conceded goal for France since the 1982 FIFA World Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: The two teams had faced each other twice, most recently in Tunisia's 2–0 win at the 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Australia beat Tunisia 1–0 as a result of a Mitchell Duke header in the 23rd minute to secure their first win in a World Cup match since they defeated Serbia 2–1 in 2010. This was also Australia's first clean sheet since they drew 0–0 with Chile in 1974.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: The teams had met thrice in the World Cup, all in the group stage with three different results; France won 2–1 in 1998, Denmark won 2–0 in 2002 and the teams drew 0–0 in 2018.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: France won 2–1 and qualified for the knockout stage, thus becoming the first defending champions since Brazil in 2006 to advance from the group stage. Among European countries, they were the first World Cup holders to qualify for the knockout stage since Germany in 1994.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Australia won the game 1–0 to finish second in the group. The only goal of the match was scored by Mathew Leckie in the 60th minute with a low left-foot finish to the bottom right corner of the net. This result meant that Australia progressed to the knockout stage for the second time in their World Cup history, the first time since 2006 and the first time they did it as a member of the AFC. This was also the first time that Australia had won two consecutive matches, scored in every group stage game and kept a clean sheet twice in a World Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Wahbi Khazri put Tunisia into the lead in the 58th minute with a low shot to the bottom right corner. At that stage, Tunisia was in a position to qualify from the group. However, two minutes later Australia went in front against Denmark in the other match taking place at the same time, which put Tunisia outside of the qualifying positions. In added time, Antoine Griezmann scored to seemingly make it 1–1 with a volley but the goal was ruled out by VAR for offside. Australia went on to beat Denmark, which meant that Tunisia finished third in the group and failed to get into the knockout stage.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Viewers tuning in to French television for the match missed that the French team had lost the game 1–0. TF1 switched to an ad after Griezmann had seemingly levelled the game late in stoppage time, causing French viewers to miss the pitchside monitor consultation that led VAR to rule that Griezmann had been offside. French football supporters awoke in shock the following morning to belatedly discover that the game had not ended in a tie at all, but in a surprise defeat for the reigning world champions. The incident brought to mind the time British broadcaster ITV cut for an ad break and missed Steven Gerrard scoring England's opening goal at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group D

text: Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams were tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows:


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: Benjamin Mark Lasker Wallfisch (born 7 August 1979) is a British composer, conductor, orchestrator, and producer of film scores. Since the mid-2000s, he has worked on over 75 feature films, including composing original scores for "Blade Runner 2049", "Shazam!", "It", "It Chapter Two", "The Invisible Man", "Hidden Figures" and "A Cure for Wellness".


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: In 2017, he was jointly nominated with Pharrell Williams and Hans Zimmer for Best Original Score at the 74th Golden Globe Awards for his work on "Hidden Figures", and a BAFTA Award and Grammy Award for "Blade Runner 2049". In 2020, he was nominated as 'Film Composer of the Year' in the World Soundtrack Awards for the second consecutive year.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: Wallfisch's movies have made over $2.5 billion in worldwide box office receipts, and in 2019 "Variety" inducted him into their ‘Billion Dollar Composer’ series in recognition of this.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: Wallfisch was born on 7 August 1979 in London, England, the son of Elizabeth Wallfisch (née Hunt), an Australian Baroque violinist, and Raphael Wallfisch, a British cellist. He is the eldest of their three children. His paternal grandparents are pianist Peter Wallfisch and cellist Anita Lasker-Wallfisch, who was a member of the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. They were Jewish emigrants from the city of Breslau (now Wrocław). His great-grandfather was the conductor Albert Coates.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: Composer of Andy Muschietti's "It" and "It Chapter Two", David F. Sandberg's "Shazam!", Leigh Whannell's "The Invisible Man" and co-composer of Denis Villeneuve's "Blade Runner 2049" (with Hans Zimmer), Benjamin Wallfisch has worked on over 75 feature films and received Golden Globe, BAFTA, 2x GRAMMY and EMMY nominations. He provided the score for Simon McQuoid's "Mortal Kombat" reboot film for New Line Cinema/Warner Bros. He is also set to compose the score to Andy Muschietti’s "The Flash".


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: Other recent projects include Neil Marshall's "Hellboy", Academy Award Best Picture nominee, Ted Melfi's "Hidden Figures" (in collaboration with Pharrell Williams and Hans Zimmer) and David F. Sandberg's box office hit "". On the invitation of Hans Zimmer, he contributed music based on Elgar's 'Enigma' Variations for Christopher Nolan's "Dunkirk".


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: In recent years, Benjamin has also scored Gore Verbinski's "A Cure for Wellness", the Steven Spielberg produced short film "Auschwitz", directed by James Moll, James Marsh's "King of Thieves", starring Michael Caine, and Steven Knight's "Serenity", starring Matthew McConaughey and Anne Hathaway.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: With over 25 albums of his music released to date, Benjamin has performed live in over 100 concerts worldwide, leading orchestras such as the London Philharmonic, Philharmonia, Los Angeles Philharmonic, Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra and the Sydney Symphony at venues including the Hollywood Bowl, Sydney Opera House and Royal Festival Hall. He has collaborated, recorded and performed his music with artists including Lang Lang, Herbie Hancock and Yuja Wang, and has over 50 concert music commissions to his name.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: He has collaborated three times with Pharrell Williams, including a live performance at the 2015 GRAMMY Awards and recently partnered with Adele, arranging her 2017 GRAMMY performance of George Michael's '"Fast Love"'.


title: Benjamin Wallfisch

text: A member of the BAFTA Academy since 2009, Benjamin was appointed an Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, London in 2014. In 2017, he was invited to join the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences.""


title: Pluot

text: Pluots, apriums, apriplums, plumcots or pluclots are some of the hybrids between different "Prunus" species that are also called interspecific plums. Whereas plumcots and apriplums are first-generation hybrids between a plum parent ("P. salicina") and an apricot ("P. armeniaca"), pluots and apriums are later-generations. Both names "plumcot" and "apriplum" have been used for trees derived from a plum seed parent, and are therefore equivalent.


title: Pluot

text: Natural plumcots (also called apriplums) have been known for hundreds of years from regions of the world that grow both plums and apricots from seed. The name "plumcot" was coined by Luther Burbank. The plumcot tree can reproduce asexually by budding whereas the apriplum tree resulted from hybridized seedlings and cannot reproduce.


title: Pluot

text: Pluots are later generations of complex hybrid between the Japanese plum, "Prunus salicina" (providing the greater amount of parentage), and the apricot, "Prunus armeniaca". The fruit's exterior has smooth skin closely resembling that of a plum. Pluots were developed in the late 20th century by Floyd Zaiger.


title: Pluot

text: Floyd Zaiger created the aprium, a hybrid cross between apricots and plums but more similar to apricots. Apriums are complex plum-apricot hybrids that show primarily apricot traits and flavor. Apriums resemble apricots on the outside. The flesh is usually dense and notable for its sweet taste due to a high content of fructose and other sugars. Apriums are usually only available early in the fruit season, like apricots and unlike pluots, which include some very late-ripening varieties. Aprium trees grow quickly and are smaller compared to other common home-grown apricots. The fruit is gold, with red coloration. Semi-mature fruit is hard and does not ripen if picked before completely mature.


title: History of cryptography

text: Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers to protect secrets, began thousands of years ago. Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be called classical cryptography — that is, of methods of encryption that use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical and electromechanical machines, such as the Enigma rotor machine, provided more sophisticated and efficient means of encryption; and the subsequent introduction of electronics and computing has allowed elaborate schemes of still greater complexity, most of which are entirely unsuited to pen and paper.


title: History of cryptography

text: The development of cryptography has been paralleled by the development of cryptanalysis — the "breaking" of codes and ciphers. The discovery and application, early on, of frequency analysis to the reading of encrypted communications has, on occasion, altered the course of history. Thus the Zimmermann Telegram triggered the United States' entry into World War I; and Allies reading of Nazi Germany's ciphers shortened World War II, in some evaluations by as much as two years.


title: History of cryptography

text: Until the 1960s, secure cryptography was largely the preserve of governments. Two events have since brought it squarely into the public domain: the creation of a public encryption standard (DES), and the invention of public-key cryptography.


title: History of cryptography

text: The earliest known use of cryptography is found in non-standard hieroglyphs carved into the wall of a tomb from the Old Kingdom of Egypt circa 1900 BC. These are not thought to be serious attempts at secret communications, however, but rather to have been attempts at mystery, intrigue, or even amusement for literate onlookers.


title: History of cryptography

text: Some clay tablets from Mesopotamia somewhat later are clearly meant to protect information—one dated near 1500 BC was found to encrypt a craftsman's recipe for pottery glaze, presumably commercially valuable. Furthermore, Hebrew scholars made use of simple monoalphabetic substitution ciphers (such as the Atbash cipher) beginning perhaps around 600 to 500 BC.


title: History of cryptography

text: In India around 400 BC to 200 AD, Mlecchita vikalpa or "the art of understanding writing in cypher, and the writing of words in a peculiar way" was documented in the Kama Sutra for the purpose of communication between lovers. This was also likely a simple substitution cipher. Parts of the Egyptian demotic Greek Magical Papyri were written in a cypher script.


title: History of cryptography

text: The ancient Greeks are said to have known of ciphers. The scytale transposition cipher was used by the Spartan military, but it is not definitively known whether the scytale was for encryption, authentication, or avoiding bad omens in speech. Herodotus tells us of secret messages physically concealed beneath wax on wooden tablets or as a tattoo on a slave's head concealed by regrown hair, although these are not properly examples of cryptography "per se" as the message, once known, is directly readable; this is known as steganography. Another Greek method was developed by Polybius (now called the "Polybius Square"). The Romans knew something of cryptography (e.g., the Caesar cipher and its variations).