title: Tamara Johnson-George

text: Along with Katrina Chambers, George wrote the book "Player hateHER: How to Avoid the Beat Down and Live in a Drama-Free World" in 2007. That same year, George and husband Eddie George starred in the reality TV show "I Married a Baller", which depicted five weeks in the George household over a course of nine shows. The show focused on George and her marriage to Eddie George, her struggle to lose her "baby weight," and performing with SWV, who came together to perform the theme song of the show. "Baller" also highlighted Visions with Infinite Possibilities, the Georges' not-for-profit charity for survivors of domestic violence and their children.


title: Tamara Johnson-George

text: George was recruited to "Survivor" after answering a casting call specifically looking for an NFL wife. Prior to casting, George had never watched "Survivor" and could neither swim nor fish. However, she turned out to be one of the strongest competitors of the season, and came in second to J.T. Thomas in the fan favorite vote. Despite letting it be known that she was married to Eddie George, blowing up at her tribe mates and locking horns with "Survivor" host Jeff Probst, George was one of only four Jalapao members (out of eight), as well as the only woman from her tribe, to make it to the merge. In the final episode, George was blindsided by her tribe, coming in fourth and becoming the sixth member of the jury. In the end she voted for J.T., who won in a unanimous 7–0 vote, against Stephen Fishbach.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The is a subcompact car produced by Japanese automaker Daihatsu since 2004, and also sold under Toyota brand as the . The Passo was once sold at "Toyota Corolla Store" Japanese dealerships until it was consolidated with other Toyota dealers in 2020.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: Outside Japan, the first and second-generation Boon is sold as the second and third-generation Sirion. The first-generation Sirion was sold as the Storia in Japan.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: According to Daihatsu, the name "Boon" is derived from the English word boon, and also inspired by the sound that Japanese children make when imitating the sound of a car, while the name "Passo" is Italian for "step". According to Toyota, the name conjures up the image of a casual and approachable car.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The development for the first-generation Boon was led by Toyota chief engineer Tetsuya Tada. For the Japanese domestic market, the Boon were available with 996 cc and 1.3-litre engines. The major difference between the Japanese Boon and Sirion are automatic version where the gear-changing located beside the steering on the dashboard and the handbrake below the steering. Both the Japanese Boon and European Sirion were offered in both front-wheel drive and four-wheel drive versions. A 936 cc turbocharged version with four-wheel drive was also available, known as the Boon X4.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The Boon was designed for European tastes and the model took on a larger and stockier frame. It weighs about . With the back seats down, its luggage capacity increases from to .


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: On 25 May 2005, Malaysian automaker Perodua launched a variant of the Boon known as the Perodua Myvi. Sporting a few cosmetic differences, the Myvi became Perodua's best-selling car in Malaysia for 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: On 25 December 2006, the Boon was restyled. This version was exported to Europe as the Sirion in 2007.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The Subaru Justy was unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Motor Show using the Boon model. It is positioned as an entry-level model in Subaru's lineup.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: In April 2013, Toyota New Zealand announced its decision to stop selling the second-generation Sirion, still on sale, stating it was unable to secure Daihatsu products that comply with future regulatory standards for New Zealand.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The second-generation Sirion was discontinued in South Africa in April 2015, when Daihatsu left the South African market.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: On 25 December 2008, Daihatsu and Toyota launched the seven-seat MPV under the Boon and Passo nameplates called the and in Japan. "Sette" means "seven" in Italian, referring to the car's 7-seater capability. The Boon Luminas and Passo Sette were discontinued in early 2012 due to poor sales. The Malaysian variant was launched in the country as the Perodua Alza on 23 November 2009, and fared much better there.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The second-generation Boon was unveiled in Japan on 15 February 2010 alongside the second-generation Passo.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The third-generation Sirion for the Indonesian market was unveiled at the 19th Indonesia International Motor Show on 23 July 2011.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The third-generation Boon and Passo were unveiled in Japan on 12 April 2016. Both received the first update on 10 October 2018, along with the introduction of "Style" variant for the Boon. The Passo has an improved collision avoidance support system (Smart Assist III) which can grasp various information such as pedestrians, vehicles, preceding and oncoming vehicles, and obstacles and then activate various driver assistance systems such as alerting the driver or switching between low and high beams.


title: Daihatsu Boon

text: The third-generation Boon is the only model that does not share any mechanical/visual components with the third-generation Myvi/fourth-generation Sirion.


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Emmaline Henry (November 1, 1928 – October 8, 1979) was an American actress best known for playing Amanda Bellows, the wife of Dr. Alfred Bellows, on the hit 1960s situation comedy "I Dream of Jeannie".


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Henry first appeared during the first season of "I Dream of Jeannie", 1965, episode #18, "Is There An Extra Genie In the House?" playing a magician's assistant named "Myrt". She then made 34 appearances as Amanda Bellows between the second and fifth seasons.


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Henry began her career as a singer, appearing on local radio in her teens. She went to Hollywood in the early 1950s and found her way into the choruses of several musicals. Producers began noticing, however, that her comic skills were superior to her singing. She toured in musicals like "Top Banana," and later appeared in the film version of the show. She succeeded Carol Channing in the play "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes."


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Henry made her television debut in a 1955 episode of the ZIV production, "I Led Three Lives". This was followed by appearances in another ZIV TV show, as a gun moll robber in "Highway Patrol". She appeared on "The Red Skelton Show" in 1961 and, subsequently, made guest appearances on various sitcoms, including "The Farmer's Daughter", "The Munsters" and "Petticoat Junction". Her first starring role was as John Astin's wife in "I'm Dickens, He's Fenster". In 1964–65, she appeared as Mickey Rooney's wife, Nora, in the short-lived sitcom "Mickey" and a guest appearance on "Bonanza" (1969).


title: Emmaline Henry

text: She also made feature film appearances in "Divorce American Style" (1967), "Rosemary's Baby" (1968) and "Harrad Summer" (1974).


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Following the cancellation of "I Dream of Jeannie" in 1970, Henry guest-starred on other sitcoms, including "Love, American Style," The Bob Newhart Show, and in the dramatic television mini-series "Backstairs at the White House." In 1971 she guest-starred in the final episode of "Green Acres" playing Lillian Grant, the sister of Oliver's former secretary Carol Rush (Elaine Joyce). The episode was a backdoor pilot that was rejected by CBS. On "Three's Company", she appeared in the recurring role of Chrissy's boss, J.C. Braddock. Her final appearance was the "Eight Is Enough" episode "I Do, I Do, I Do, I Do ", which first aired on September 19, 1979, just 21 days before her death in October 1979.


title: Emmaline Henry

text: Henry died of a brain tumor on October 8, 1979, at the age of 50. She is interred at the Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: The Latvian Orthodox Church () is an Eastern Orthodox church on Latvia, part of the wider Eastern Orthodoxy community. The primate of the church carries the title of "Metropolitan of Riga and all Latvia" (). This position has been occupied since October 27, 1990, by metropolitan .


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: Until 2022, the Latvian Orthodox Church was universally recognized as a self-governing part of the Moscow Patriarchate (Russian Orthodox Church). On 8 September 2022, the Latvian Parliament directed the Latvian Orthodox Church to accept a status of autocephaly due to Patriarch Kirill's support of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. As of December 2022, none of the other Orthodox Churches have recognized the autocephaly of the Latvian Church.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: Orthodoxy was planted in Latvia in the 11th century, when it became a mission field of the diocese of Polotsk. The country remained mostly pagan until it was conquered in the 13th century by the Catholic Teutonic Order. Prior to this, however, part of prominent Latgalian noblemen (e. g., Visvaldis, Vetseke) and a large part of Latgalian people, in general, had converted to Orthodoxy voluntarily. There were Eastern Orthodox churches in Jersika from the evidence of the Livonian Chronicle; many church-related words came into pre-Latvian languages in that time. An Orthodox presence continued after the Teutonic Order conquest at least officially, in the form of churches for Russian merchants and others, but these were small communities among a majority of Catholics before 1525 and Lutherans afterwards.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: After Latvia was annexed to the Russian Empire in the 18th century (most of Latvia, a result of the Great Northern War by the Treaty of Nystad, the Latgale region after the First Partition of Poland in 1772), Russian and Orthodox presence increased substantially, but the Eastern Orthodox Church remained foreign to the Latvians. The Latvian Orthodox Church as a body including ethnic Latvians as well as Russians dates back to the 1840s, when native Latvians (who were at that time subjects of the Russian Empire) petitioned Nicholas I of Russia to be allowed to conduct services in their native tongue. The Orthodox Church enjoyed some success in its missions among the Latvians due to its use of the Latvian language and by personal appeal of local Orthodox bishops who sought to support native Latvian inhabitants whose rights were limited by Baltic Germans. In the 1880s the Orthodox Nativity Cathedral was built in Riga. However, it was always regarded suspiciously by the Lutheran Germanic nobles of the area; conversely the predominantly German character of the Lutheran Church in Latvia was a factor in the movement of some 40,000 Latvians from the Lutheran to the Orthodox Church. When religious freedom was proclaimed in 1905, about 12,000 Latvians moved from Orthodoxy to Lutheranism; in most cases, this seems to have occurred because of mixed marriages and the difficulties of maintaining a religiously divided family.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: During World War I, the property of the Orthodox Church in Latvia was confiscated by occupying German forces, and in the early years of independent Latvia the government was not eager to recognize the church, suspecting it of being a hotbed of pro-Russian monarchism.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: In this difficult situation, Jānis (John) Pommers, a native Latvian, was appointed Archbishop of Riga in 1921.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: On July 6, 1921, the Russian Orthodox Church granted (limited self-governance) to the Orthodox Church in Latvia, thus creating the Latvian Orthodox Church (named "Archidiocese of Riga and all Latvia").


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: Pommers succeeded in winning recognition from the government by 1926 and, against much opposition from leftists and others, in stabilizing the situation of the church. While opposing the Bolsheviks, he maintained the Latvian Orthodox Church within the Moscow Patriarchate. In 1934, he was assassinated by Soviet agents.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: After the murder of the church's primate Archbishop John (Pommers) on 21 October 1934 and because of the political situation at that time, the Latvian Orthodox Church asked to come under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. In February 1936, the Ecumenical Patriarchate accepted the request of the Latvian Orthodox Church: the Latvian Orthodox Church became an autonomous church under the Ecumenical Patriarchate, and the Ecumenical Patriarchate elevated the LOC from the rank of archidiocese to that of Metropolitanate; the LOC was then named "Metropolitanate of Riga and all Latvia".


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: The autonomy of the Latvian Orthodox Church was ended abruptly by the Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940, which was followed by the German Nazi occupation from 1941 to 1944, and a second Soviet annexation lasting from 1944 to 1991. The church suffered oppression during this period, as did organized religion throughout the Soviet Union, though this was partly mitigated from 1943 to 1948 (due to the support of the Church during World War II) and in the last years of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: On 24 February 1941, after the Soviet invasion of Latvia, the Russian Orthodox Church turned the territory of the Latvian Orthodox Church into an exarchate of the ROC which comprised the territories of Estonia and Latvia. Metropolitan Augustine of Riga and all Latvia, primate of the LOC, was summoned to Moscow where he was forced, on March 28, 1941, to sign a decree recognizing the situation. On 31 March 1941, the ROC officially abolished the autonomy of the Orthodox church of Latvia.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: During the occupation of Latvia by Germany, Metropolitan Augustine on 20 July 1941 declared the reestablishment of the LOC. However, many parishes did not join Augustine, and the Germans were supporting the Russian exarchate.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: In 1944, after the Soviet re-occupation of Latvia, Metropolitan Augustine and numerous members of the LOC were forced to go in exile in West Germany. There, a Synod in exile was created. The Ecumenical Patriarchate continued to recognize the LOC, even after Augustine's death.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: In April 1978, as result of pressures by the Russian Orthodox Church upon the Ecumenical Patriarchate, the latter declared the LOC of the Ecumenical Patriarchate inactive.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: The church also suffered oppression in the last years of the Soviet Union under Mikhail Gorbachev. In December 1992, the Latvian Orthodox Church was again proclaimed autonomous, preserving canonical ties with the Russian Orthodox Church.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: In 2001, a council of the Latvian Orthodox Church canonised Archbishop Jānis in recognition of his martyrdom in 1934. In 2006, the "Order of the holy martyr Jānis" was instituted to reward those who have served the Eastern Orthodox Church and its aims.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: In modern Latvia, there are 350,000 Orthodox Church members. The services are in Church Slavonic and the members are predominantly Russian speakers. Ethnic Latvians are a minority among church members; there are parishes with services in Latvian in Riga, Ainaži, Kolka, Veclaicene and in other places.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: On September 8, 2022, the Latvian parliament, Saeima, adopted amendments to the Law on the Latvian Orthodox Church affirming the full independence of the Latvian Orthodox Church with all its dioceses, parishes, and institutions from any church authority outside Latvia (autocephalous church). By 1 October, the Chancery of the President must be notified of the appointment of the Head of the church, metropolitans, archbishops, and bishops, and by 31 October, the Church will have to align its statutes with the amendments made to the Law on the status of the church. This decision came a few days after the President of Latvia, Egils Levits, tabled the bill saying that “this bill restores the historical status of the Orthodox Church of Latvia”, stressing that the independence of the Church established “by the 6(19) July 1921 Tomos issued by Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia Tikhon to Archbishop Jānis Pommers and the Cabinet of Ministers Regulation of 8 October 1926 on the Status of the Orthodox Church”.


title: Latvian Orthodox Church

text: Besides the Patriarchate-affiliated church, Latvia has a number of Old Believer Orthodox Christian communities as well. The priestless congregation of the Grebenstchikov House of Prayer in Riga, affiliated with the Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church, is considered the oldest extant Old Believer congregation in the world. The Latvian Orthodox Autonomous Church, a part of the Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church (True Orthodox), is also present in Latvia.


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: Mickey's House of Villains (also known as House of Mouse: The Villains) is a 2002 American direct-to-video animated comedy-horror film produced by Walt Disney Television Animation. It is based on the animated television series, "House of Mouse" and serves as a stand-alone sequel to the direct-to-video animated film "", starring Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Minnie Mouse, Goofy, Daisy Duck, and Disney Villains that have appeared in past Disney productions. It was released on both VHS and DVD by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on September 3, 2002.


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: It is Halloween night at the House of Mouse and a lot of villains are showing up. Jafar has a trick in store for the usual heroes, but the villains have to wait until midnight for him to unleash it.


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: After a series of cartoons, Jafar, along with his new henchmen Captain Hook, Cruella de Vil, Ursula, Kaa, the Queen of Hearts, and Hades take over the house with the musical number "It's Our House Now!" and all the other villains soon join Jafar's plan. The heroes, princesses, and other characters are trapped in the kitchen while Mickey and several others are thrown out into the street. They witness the House of Mouse's name being changed to the House of Villains.


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: Mickey, Donald & Goofy try to take their House back, but Chernabog stops them from entering the building. Minnie makes her attempt after the second-to-last cartoon but is casually thrown out by Hook. After the last cartoon, Mickey dresses in his sorcerer outfit from "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" and challenges Jafar to a magical duel using fireballs. Just when Mickey's sorcerer hat is knocked off, Aladdin evades from the kitchen on the magic carpet and gives Daisy Duck his lamp. Daisy hands it to Mickey, causing most of the villains to flee before Jafar and the rest of the villains are sucked into the lamp. The other characters are freed and the House of Villains is sabotaged, as the House of Mouse is returned to normal.


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: In addition, certain pieces of animation in the House segments are recycled from the series episodes "Halloween with Hades", and "House Ghosts".


title: Mickey's House of Villains

text: "Mickey's House of Villains" was produced by Walt Disney Television Animation, with animation production by Toon City Animation and additional animation production by Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida.


title: André Gregory

text: André William Gregory (born May 11, 1934) is a French-born American theatre director, writer and actor. He is best known for co-writing and starring in "My Dinner with Andre", a 1981 comedy-drama film directed by Louis Malle. Gregory studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City.


title: André Gregory

text: Gregory was born in Paris, France, in 1934 to Russian Jewish parents. He studied at Harvard University, where he was affiliated with Adams House.


title: André Gregory

text: During the 1960s and 1970s, Gregory directed a number of avant-garde productions developed through ensemble collaboration, the most famous of which was "Alice in Wonderland" (1970), based on Lewis Carroll's two classic Alice books. He founded his own theatrical company, The Manhattan Project, in 1968. In 1975 he directed "Our Late Night", the first produced play by Wallace Shawn, which began a long working relationship between the two men.


title: André Gregory

text: Shortly afterward, Gregory's growing misgivings about the role of theatre in modern life, and what he felt was a trend toward fascism in the United States, led him to abruptly abandon theatre and leave the country. As described in the film "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), he traveled to Poland at director Jerzy Grotowski's invitation, where he developed a number of experimental theatrical events for private audiences. He spent several years in a variety of esoteric spiritual communities (such as Findhorn) developing an interest and practice in what could be called New Age beliefs.


title: André Gregory

text: Although Gregory left the theatre in 1975, he has returned several times to direct small productions, usually for invited audiences. These included a long-running workshop of "Uncle Vanya" (adapted by David Mamet), which was developed from 1990 to 1994 and featured Shawn and Julianne Moore. Though never publicly performed, it was released as the film "Vanya on 42nd Street" by Gregory and Louis Malle. He appeared as himself, directing the play featured within the film. Gregory also directed a radio production of Shawn's play, "The Designated Mourner," in 2002.


title: André Gregory

text: He has had occasional film roles as a character actor, including John the Baptist in "The Last Temptation of Christ" and Reverend Spellgood in "The Mosquito Coast", and as Dante, a restaurateur, alongside Rosanna Arquette, David Bowie, and Buck Henry in "The Linguini Incident".


title: André Gregory

text: His best-known film performance was as the title character in "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), directed by Louis Malle, in which he and Wallace Shawn, playing characters based on themselves, have a long conversation over dinner. They discuss Gregory's spiritual sojourn in Europe and his doubts about the future of theatre and of Western civilization in general. He appeared with Goldie Hawn in "Protocol" (1984). In 1988 he played the father in "Some Girls," with Jennifer Connelly and Patrick Dempsey. In 1993, he performed in the movie "Demolition Man" with Sylvester Stallone.


title: André Gregory

text: Returning to theatre, Gregory directed Shawn's play "Grasses of a Thousand Colors", which premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London in May 2009. He next worked with Shawn on a new version of Ibsen's "The Master Builder". This resulted in the film "Fear of Falling" (2013), directed by Jonathan Demme. The film was retitled "A Master Builder" at its opening in New York in June 2014.


title: André Gregory

text: In 2013, he directed "Grasses of a Thousand Colors" and "The Designated Mourner," starring Shawn in a co-production between Theatre for a New Audience and The Public Theater in New York.


title: André Gregory

text: A 2013 documentary about Gregory's life, "", was directed by his wife, Cindy Kleine. He and Kleine discussed it on the May 3, 2013, episode of "Charlie Rose".


title: André Gregory

text: In May 2020, Gregory released his memoir, "This Is Not My Memoir" (with Todd London; Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ).


title: André Gregory

text: Gregory was first married to Mercedes "Chiquita" Nebelthau, a documentary filmmaker who died in 1992. They had two children together, Nicolas and Marina.


title: Connie Ferguson

text: Constance Ferguson (née Masilo; born 10 June 1970) is a South African based Botswana actress, filmmaker, producer and businesswoman. She is best known for her role as "Karabo Moroka" on South Africa's most popular soap opera, "". She starred on the show from its start in 1994 until she exited in 2010. In 2014, she reprised her role on the show after a 4-year absence for a short term. Ferguson was on the cover of "Forbes Woman Africa" magazine in 2018.


title: Connie Ferguson

text: In 1994, she began acting a main role of Karabo Moroka, the wife of Tau Mogale and sister to Archie Moroka, in the most popular South African soap opera, "Generations". She starred alongside Menzi Ngubane, Slindile Nodangala and Sophie Ndaba. In 2010, after playing the lead role of Karabo Moroka for 16 years, Connie announced her departure from Generations "to purse other career options". Ferguson left Generations on a good note as she returned to the soapie four years later to help relaunch "Generations: The Legacy."


title: Connie Ferguson

text: After her 2010 departure from "Generations", she went on to star in the lead role of the M-Net telenovela "The Wild," which was shot at an exotic South African game farm. She co-starred with her real-life husband until its cancellation in April 2013.


title: Connie Ferguson

text: Connie and her husband, Shona, launched the television company Ferguson Films in 2010. Their first production, "Rockville", was commissioned by M-Net three years later. Other productions include "iGazi", "The Gift", "The Throne", "The Queen" and "The Imposter". The couple often appear in their own productions; for example, Connie plays the role of Harriet Khoza on "The Queen".


title: Connie Ferguson

text: "The Queen" was nominated in several categories at the South African Film and Television Awards in 2018.


title: Connie Ferguson

text: Ferguson (then Masilo) married fellow actor Neo Matsunyane in 1993. In December 1992, they welcomed a daughter. They divorced in 1998, after five years of marriage.


title: Connie Ferguson

text: In July 2001, Ferguson met actor Shona Ferguson. In November 2001, three years after her divorce with Matsunyane, they married. In June 2002, the couple welcomed a daughter. After nearly 20 years of marriage, Shona Ferguson died in the afternoon of 30 July 2021 from COVID-19-related complications.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec () is an isthmus in Mexico. It represents the shortest distance between the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Before the opening of the Panama Canal, it was a major overland transport route known simply as the Tehuantepec Route. The name is taken from the town of Santo Domingo Tehuantepec in the state of Oaxaca; this was derived from the Nahuatl term ("jaguar mountain").


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The isthmus includes the part of Mexico lying between the 94th and 96th meridians west longitude, or the southeastern parts of Veracruz and Oaxaca, including small areas of Chiapas and Tabasco. The states of Tabasco and Chiapas are east of the isthmus, with Veracruz and Oaxaca on the west.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: At its narrowest point, the isthmus is across from gulf to gulf, or to the head of Laguna Superior on the Pacific coast. The Sierra Madre del Sur mountain range breaks down at this point into a broad, plateau-like ridge, whose elevation, at the highest point reached by the Ferrocarril Transistmico railway at Chivela Pass, is 224 m (735 ft). The northern side of the isthmus is swampy and densely covered with jungle, which has been a greater obstacle to railway construction than the grades in crossing the sierra.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Selva Zoque in the eastern-central region of the isthmus is an area of great ecological importance, the largest remaining area of tropical rainforest in Mexico and holding the majority of the terrestrial biodiversity in Mexico.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Sierra Madre de Oaxaca mountains flatten to form Chivela Pass before the Sierra Madre de Chiapas mountains resume to the south, so geographically the isthmus divides North America from Central America. The southern edge of the North American tectonic plate lies across the Motagua Fault in Guatemala, so geologically, the division between North America and Central America (on the Caribbean Plate) is much farther south than the isthmus of Tehuantepec.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a region located in the south of Mexico, is the narrowest area between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in the whole country. Only 220 kilometers separate the two oceans between the gulfs of Mexico and Tehuantepec. During the first half of the sixteenth century, it seemed as if nature could not withstand the strenuous effort of the Spanish conquistadores to find, within the tropics, a strait connecting the two oceans. This meant that in the conquest explorations during the sixteenth century, this region was used as an interoceanic passage. The exploration of this region between the ‘North Sea’ and the ‘South Sea’ was, since the conquest of Mesoamerica, a fixed idea of the Spanish monarchy and its representatives. Carlos V made this project one of the priority missions of the explorers whose objective was to put the kingdom of New Spain in communication with that of Peru. Hernán Cortés, in 1520, used this route to transport equipment and supplies across the isthmus from the Gulf of Mexico to his shipyard located on the Pacific coast, near the town of Santo Domingo de Tehuantepec. The advantage lay in the ability to make a good part of the journey by river. Approximately two-thirds of the Isthmus is crossed by the Coatzacoalcos River, which is navigable for approximately 200 kilometers. Cortés saw this river as a means of fluvial communication across the Isthmus itself. During the last third of the sixteenth century, Spanish expeditions arrived at the port of Veracruz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and from there they moved by boat to the mouth of the Coatzacoalcos River. The material necessary to build ships (supplies and tools or provisions) in the shipyards located along the Pacific coast, together with the artillery, were loaded into shallow canoes to navigate upstream, and subsequently transported, on the backs of the indigenous people, from the sources of the Coatzacoalcos River to the Pacific coast, in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.1 Many of these expeditions later moved along the coast to the port of Acapulco, from where they sailed along the western coast of North America, and then set off westwards, seeking a passage to the Philippines and southern China. The advantages of this itinerary would lead to the proposal, as early as the sixteenth century, of an interoceanic canal. However, a series of difficulties resulted in the most feasible option, Panama, eclipsing Tehuantepec as an interoceanic passage.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a valley otherwise surrounded by montane habitats, has also been noted as an important biogeographical barrier among montane taxa, such as Mexican birds. Population diversification has been observed among not only avian fauna, but other organisms as well, including toads and the Central American river turtle. As a result, the Isthmus presents a case of allopatric speciation wherein a geographic divide gives rise to population divergence and a significant decrease in gene flow.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The predominant climates in the region are tropical savanna (primarily in the south) and tropical monsoon (primarily in the north). There are also small central areas with a temperate climate due to elevation. The annual rainfall on the Atlantic or northern slope is 3,960 mm (156 in) and the maximum temperature about 35 °C (95 °F) in the shade. The Pacific slope has a light rainfall and dryer climate.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The narrowness of the isthmus, and the gap in the Sierra Madre, allow the trade winds from the Gulf of Mexico to blow through to the Pacific. Normally, these winds are not particularly strong, but periodically, a surge of denser air originating from the North American continent will send strong winds through the Chivela Pass and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast. This wind is known as the Tehuano. The region has one of the best wind resources in Mexico, with several wind farms.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: In the Oaxaca half of Tehuantepec, the population is composed mostly of indigenous Zapotec peoples. The women are the traders in the Oaxacan Tehuantepec area and do little menial work. Known as ""Tehuanas"," these women are known throughout Mexico for their colorful dresses, assertive personalities, and relatively equal relations with men, leading some to characterize them as "matriarchal."


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The cuisine of the region is based upon traditional foods and ingredients. Dishes may range from simple to elaborate; most dishes incorporate maize and moles. Common items include tamales made with iguana, chicken, beef or armadillo; guetabingui (fried balls of rice and shrimp); garnachas topped with dried queso Oaxaca; and pozol, a maize-based drink.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: Since the days of Hernán Cortés, the Tehuantepec isthmus has been considered a favorable route, first for an interoceanic canal, and since the 19th century for an interoceanic railway. Its proximity to the axis of international trade gives it some advantage over the Panama route. The Isthmus of Panama, however, is significantly narrower, making for a shorter traversal, even if the canal is farther from trade routes.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The 1854 Gadsden Purchase treaty included a provision allowing the U.S. to transport mail and trade goods across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec via a plank road and railroad. The 1859 McLane–Ocampo Treaty, which Benito Juárez signed but was never ratified by the United States Congress, would have given the U.S. extensive transit rights along the same route.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: When the great cost of a canal across the isthmus compelled engineers and capitalists, James B. Eads proposed to construct a quadruple track ship-railway, and the scheme received serious attention for some time. Then came projects for an ordinary railway, and several concessions were granted by the Mexican government for this purpose from 1857 to 1882. In the latter year the Mexican government resolved to undertake the railroad construction on its own account, and entered into contracts with a prominent Mexican contractor for the work. In 1888 this contract was rescinded, after of road had been completed.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The next contract was fruitless because of the death of the contractor, and the third failed to complete the work within the sum specified (). This was in 1893, and remained to be built. A fourth contract resulted in the completion of the 130-mile line from coast to coast in 1894. But, it was found that the terminal ports were deficient in facilities and the railroad was too light for heavy traffic.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The government then entered into a contract with the London firm of contractors of S. Pearson & Son, Ltd., who had constructed the drainage works of the valley of Mexico and the new port works of Veracruz, to rebuild the line and construct terminal ports at Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf coast, and at Salina Cruz on the Pacific side. The work was done for account of the Mexican government. Work began on 10 December 1899, and was finished to a point where its formal opening for traffic was possible in January 1907.


title: Isthmus of Tehuantepec

text: The Tehuantepec railway (now the Ferrocarril Transístmico ("Trans-Isthmic Railroad")), is long, running from the port of Coatzacoalcos on the Gulf of Mexico to Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast, with a branch of between Juile and San Juan Evangelista. The minimum depth at low water in both ports is 10 m (33 ft). An extensive system of quays and railway tracks at both terminals affords ample facilities for the expeditious handling of heavy cargoes. The general offices and repair shops of the original Tehuantepec Railway were located at Rincón Antonio, at the entrance to the Chivela Pass. At Santa Lucrecia, from Salina Cruz, connection was made with the Veracruz & Pacific Railway, to Córdoba, Veracruz, and to Mexico City. Those connecting lines are now owned and operated by Ferrosur, a company that also operates along the Ferroistmo-owned Tuehantepec line.


title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 5)

text: The fifth season of the American science fiction television series "" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 23, 1991, and concluded on June 15, 1992, after airing 26 episodes. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise"-D. This season is notable among Star Trek fans as the season when Gene Roddenberry died of cardiac arrest on October 24, 1991. Production on the episode , directed by Patrick Stewart, was halted when news reached the set.


text: The premiere episode resolves the cliffhanger from the previous season, revealing the mysterious Romulan commander to be the daughter of the Lt. Tasha Yar from the alternate universe created in the third season episode "Yesterday's Enterprise".


text: This season sees Picard have some of the more memorable experiences of the series, such as learning to communicate with the heretofore unintelligible Tamarians (), overcoming his dislike of children when he is trapped along with three children after the "Enterprise"-D is struck by a quantum filament (), and meeting with Ambassador Spock on Romulus in . Most notably, in , he experiences 40 or so years of life as an iron weaver on an extinct alien world after an encounter with a probe launched before the destruction of that world.


text: Michelle Forbes joined the cast as Ensign Ro Laren, a Bajoran officer who was initially conceived to be one of the main characters in the upcoming spin-off "Deep Space Nine". Wesley also makes a few appearances in this season when he saves the "Enterprise" from an alien game which was actually a mind-control device (), and later at Starfleet Academy when he participates in a coverup of the circumstances surrounding the death of one of his classmates ().


text: The season ends with the discovery of Data's head in a cave under San Francisco which had been sealed for 500 years, and eventually with Data, Picard, La Forge, Troi, Riker, and Doctor Crusher trapped in 19th century Earth ().


text: In 2019, CBR rated Season 5 of "Star Trek: The Next Generation" as the 3rd best season of all "Star Trek" seasons up to that time, and the most highly ranked season of "Star Trek: The Next Generation".


title: Climate of Russia

text: The climate of Russia is formed under the influence of several determining factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences.


title: Climate of Russia

text: Due to the moderating influence of the Atlantic or Pacific, most areas of the country in European Russia, in the south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East, including the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, experience a humid continental climate. (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa, Dsb, Dsa types). Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia between the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic, where the Northern Pole of Cold is located with the record low temperature of ), and more moderate (Dwc, Dfc, Dsc) elsewhere.


title: Climate of Russia

text: The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Arctic islands, have a polar climate (ice cap climate (EF) on some of the islands and tundra climate (ET) elsewhere). A small portion of the Black Sea coast, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate (Köppen's Cfa) with unusually wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd types), while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate (BSk).


title: Climate of Russia

text: The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb) due to its relatively mild (avg. above -3C) winters and cool summers.


title: Open-mid central unrounded vowel

text: The open-mid central unrounded vowel, or low-mid central unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is (formerly ). The IPA symbol is not the digit or the Cyrillic small letter Ze (з). The symbol is instead a reversed Latinized variant of the lowercase epsilon, ɛ. The value was specified only in 1993; until then, it had been transcribed .


title: Open-mid central unrounded vowel

text: The letter may be used with a raising diacritic , to denote the mid central unrounded vowel. It may also be used with a lowering diacritic , to denote the near-open central unrounded vowel.


title: Open-mid central unrounded vowel

text: Conversely, , the symbol for the mid central vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel, although that is more accurately written with an additional unrounding diacritic to explicitly denote the lack of rounding (the canonical value of IPA is undefined for rounding).


title: Westminster Bridge

text: Westminster Bridge is a road-and-foot-traffic bridge over the River Thames in London, linking Westminster on the west side and Lambeth on the east side.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: The bridge is painted predominantly green, the same colour as the leather seats in the House of Commons which is on the side of the Palace of Westminster nearest to the bridge, but a natural shade similar to verdigris. This is in contrast to Lambeth Bridge, which is red, the same colour as the seats in the House of Lords and is on the opposite side of the Houses of Parliament.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: In 2005–2007, it underwent a complete refurbishment, including replacing the iron fascias and repainting the whole bridge.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: It links the Palace of Westminster on the west side of the river with County Hall and the London Eye on the east and was the finishing point during the early years of the London Marathon.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: The next bridge downstream is the Hungerford Bridge & Golden Jubilee Bridges and upstream is Lambeth Bridge. Westminster Bridge was designated a Grade II* listed structure in 1981.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: For over 600 years (at least 1129–1729), the nearest Thames bridge to London Bridge was at Kingston. From late Tudor times congestion in trading hours at London Bridge (for road goods and carriages from Kent, Essex, much of Surrey, Middlesex and beyond) often amounted to more than an hour. A bridge at Westminster was proposed in 1664, but opposed by the Corporation of London and the watermen. Further opposition held sway in 1722. However an intervening bridge (albeit in timber) was built at Putney in 1729 and the scheme received parliamentary approval in 1736. Financed by private capital, lotteries and grants, Westminster Bridge was built between 1739–1750, under the supervision of the Swiss engineer Charles Labelye. The bridge opened on 18 November 1750.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: The City of London responded to Westminster Bridge and the population growth by removing the buildings on London Bridge and widening it in 1760–63. With Putney Bridge, the bridge paved the way for four others within three decades: Blackfriars Bridge (1769, built by the City), Kew Bridge (1759), Battersea Bridge (1773), and Richmond Bridge (1777) by which date roads and vehicles were improved and fewer regular goods transported by water.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: The bridge assisted the expanding West End to the developing South London as well as goods and carriages from the more estuarine counties and the East Sussex and Kentish ports. Without the bridge, traffic to and from the greater West End would have to negotiate streets often as congested as London Bridge, principally the Strand/Fleet Street and New Oxford Street/Holborn. Roads on both sides of the river were also built and improved, including Charing Cross Road and around the Elephant & Castle in Southwark.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: By the mid-19th century the bridge was subsiding badly and expensive to maintain. The current bridge was designed by Thomas Page and opened on 24 May 1862. With a length of and a width of , it is a seven-arch, cast-iron bridge with Gothic detailing by Charles Barry (the architect of the Palace of Westminster). The bridge carried a tram line for much of the first half of the twentieth century, from 1909 until 1952. On 5 July that year the last tram made a ceremonial journey across the bridge. Since the removal of Rennie's New London Bridge in 1967 it is the oldest road structure which crosses the Thames in central London.


title: Westminster Bridge

text: On 22 March 2017, a terrorist attack started on the bridge and continued into Bridge Street and Old Palace Yard. Five people – three pedestrians, one police officer, and the attacker – died as a result of the incident. A colleague of the officer (who was stationed nearby) was armed and shot the attacker. More than 50 people were injured. An investigation into the attack was conducted by the Metropolitan Police.


title: Extra (acting)

text: A background actor or extra is a performer in a film, television show, stage, musical, opera, or ballet production who appears in a nonspeaking or nonsinging (silent) capacity, usually in the background (for example, in an audience or busy street scene). War films and epic films often employ background actors in large numbers: some films have featured hundreds or even thousands of paid background actors as cast members (hence the term "cast of thousands"). Likewise, grand opera can involve many background actors appearing in spectacular productions.


title: Extra (acting)

text: On a film or TV set, background actors are usually referred to as "junior artists", "atmosphere", "background talent", "background performers", "background artists", "background cast members", or simply "background", while the term "extra" is rarely used. In a stage production, background actors are commonly referred to as "supernumeraries". In opera and ballet, they are called either "extras" or "supers".


title: Extra (acting)

text: Casting criteria for background actors depend on the production. It is not entirely true that background cast members require little or no acting experience, as any type of unrealistic portrayal must include some form of imagination and acting. Punctuality, reliability and the ability to take direction also figure prominently for these cast members. Background actors are generally selected on short notice, after all other preparations for the shoot have been finalized.


title: Extra (acting)

text: Several casting agencies specialize only in background work, whilst in the UK the directory "Contacts" published annually by Spotlight lists all accredited agencies and productions. Some agencies charge a registration fee, and some (mostly commercial background casting) will take between 10% and 15% commission from any booked work. Artists may be required to provide a basic one-page A4 sized CV/resume, that states basic personal details and dimensions, any significant skills (e.g. stage combat), and includes two 8x10 inch photographs on the rear: one head shot; one full body shot.


title: Extra (acting)

text: When hiring background actors, casting directors generally seek those with a specific "look", such as "high school students" or "affluent senior citizens", consistent with the context of the film. Casting directors may also look for background actors with a special skill for the scene, such as rollerblading, bike riding, skiing or dancing. A background actor is often expected to bring his or her own wardrobe to the set, although there are also "fittings" for a specific scene or period. A casting director may favor the one who already has the required costume or prop, such as a police uniform, or a musical instrument. On other occasions, where a costume has already been prepared (for example, to fit another actor who is now unavailable), a background actor may be selected as a "costume double" simply because they are the right size to fit it. On smaller productions or student films, background actors may be hired "en masse" with little formality.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The length of a background actor's employment on a production largely depends on the needs of the director and the scenes being filmed. Some background actors are needed on the set only for a day or two and are paid on a daily basis, while others may remain with the film for an extended period. For instance, on James Cameron's film "Titanic", a group of 150 "core background actors" was hired to play the ship's passengers, and employed throughout the filming.


title: Extra (acting)

text: In the United Kingdom, the distinction between an actor and an extra is defined by agreements between the actors trade unions Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU) and Equity, and the various commercial trade and production bodies. These state that once a performer says 13 or more words in any scene, they must become a contracted actor in that production. Minimum pay rates are defined by UK Government minimum wage regulations, and both BECTU and Equity have agreed rates with each body. However, even on non-union productions an extra's pay is an agreed day-rate for ten hours of production time. All performers under agreement with BECTU/Equity are paid on-going royalties. Hence on many advertisements, which are often shown multiple times and distributed internationally, whilst the extra is paid a contracted day-rate, the largest payment is nominally due from ongoing royalties. Due to the resultant complex calculations from multiple international showings, performers under a union managed agreement are often bought-out of their advertisement royalties with a one-off payment.


title: Extra (acting)

text: Since 2012, in the US, most major film and television productions fall under the jurisdiction of the SAG-AFTRA union, previously before SAG-AFTRA was AFL–CIO's affiliate, the two unions were separately named as: Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA).


title: Extra (acting)

text: SAG-AFTRA signatory AMPTP producers are allowed to hire non-union background actors after a certain number of SAG performers have been cast; non-union background actors are usually paid the minimum wage. On productions outside of union jurisdiction, payment for background actors is at the discretion of the producers, and ranges from union-scale rates to "copy and credit" (i.e., no pay). Those producers who do not pay their actors may be in violation of state and federal laws about minimum wage for a job.


title: Extra (acting)

text: From 1946 until 1992, background actors (in film and television) were largely represented by the "Screen Extras Guild". The Screen Extras Guild was dissolved in 1992 (legally dissolved in 1994) and its portrayal was transferred back to SAG as "West Coast extras".


title: Extra (acting)

text: Notable extras during the Studio Era include Bess Flowers, Ellinor Vanderveer, Symona Boniface, Minta Durfee, Florence Wix, Maurice Costello, Lester Dorr, Philo McCullough, Barry Norton, Larry Steers, and Shep Houghton. Notable American extras of the modern era include Emmy Collins and Jesse Heiman.


title: Extra (acting)

text: Charles Chaplin tackled the subject of film extra work in three of his early short comedies: "The Masquerader" (1914), "His New Job" (1915), and "Behind the Screen" (1916).


title: Extra (acting)

text: The silent film "The Extra Girl" (1923) portrays a small-town girl who comes to Hollywood and becomes a background actor in her attempt to achieve stardom. "Souls for Sale" (also 1923) depicts a young woman's career trajectory from extra to leading lady, though her progress is more haphazard.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The novels "Extra-Girl" by Stella G.S. Perry (1929) and "I Should Have Stayed Home" by Horace McCoy (1938) depict the working lives of Hollywood extras during the Great Depression.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The quasi-documentary "Hollywood Extra Girl", directed by Herbert Moulton, depicts the experience of a young female extra working on "The Crusades" (1935).


title: Extra (acting)

text: In his novel "Infinite Jest" (1996), David Foster Wallace refers to silent extras in sitcoms as "figurants", commenting that the need to include them is a concession to reality, even while their complete silence is unrealistic.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The British television sitcom "Extras" (2005–07) follows the exploits of two professional background actors, Andy and Maggie. They spend most of their time on set looking for a speaking role and a boyfriend, respectively.


title: Extra (acting)

text: In the Hindi black comedy film "Mithya" (2008), the protagonist is a background actor whose facial similarity to an underworld crime boss lands him in trouble.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The Filipino comedy-drama film "Ekstra" ("The Bit Player") (2013) centers around the life of a divorcee named Loida Malabanan, whose odd job as a bit player for various acting roles enabled her to send her daughter to college. The movie is a social commentary on the exploitation and mistreatment of the marginalized sector in the television production industry in the Philippines.


title: Extra (acting)

text: The Chinese-Hong Kong film "I Am Somebody" (2015) is about extras working at the Hengdian World Studios.


title: Monaco City

text: Monaco City () is the southcentral ward in the Principality of Monaco. Located on a headland that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, it is nicknamed The Rock (). The name "Monaco City" is misleading: it is not itself a city, but a historical and statistical district. It holds most of the country's political and judicial institutions: the Prince's Palace, the town hall, the government, the National Council (parliament of Monaco), the Municipal Council, the courts and a prison (hanging on The Rock).


title: Monaco City

text: Monaco City is one of the four traditional quarters () of Monaco; the others are La Condamine, Monte Carlo, and Fontvieille. It is located at and has an estimated population of 975. It has 19.64 hectares of surface and is located between the districts of Fontvieille and La Condamine.


title: Monaco City

text: Monaco Ville was originally called in Greek Monoikos, after the temple of "Hercules Monoikos", located in a Phocaean colony of the 6th century BCE. During its history, Monoikos changed hands numerous times. It became "Monaco" in the Middle Ages. Some of the city walls and original structures still remain.


title: Monaco City

text: It was here that the Phocaeans of Massalia (now Marseille) founded the colony of Monoïkos in the 6th century BC. Monoikos was associated with Hercules, who was worshipped as Hercules Monoecus. According to the works of Hercules, but also according to Diodorus of Sicily and Strabo, the Greeks and the Ligurians reported that Hercules had passed through the region.


title: Monaco City

text: On 10 June 1215, a detachment of Ghibellines led by Fulco del Cassello began the construction of a fortress on the rock of Monaco in order to make it a strategic military position and a means of controlling the area.


title: Monaco City

text: They also established dwellings at the base of the Rock to support the garrisons. To attract the inhabitants of Genoa and the surrounding towns, they offered land and exempted newcomers from taxes.


title: Monaco City

text: On January 8, 1297, François Grimaldi, descendant of Otto Canella, consul of Genoa in 1133, took over the fortress. Although he had a small army, he disguised himself as a Franciscan monk to enter, before opening the gates to his soldiers. This episode gave rise to his nickname, Malizia ("malice"). This is why today the arms of Monaco bear two Franciscans armed with a sword.


title: Monaco City

text: Despite being located in the middle of the City of Monaco, the world's most densely populated urban center, Monaco City remains a medieval village at heart, made up almost entirely of quiet pedestrian streets and marked by virtual silence after sundown. Though innumerable people visit Monaco City and the palace square, only local vehicles are allowed up to the Rock, and gasoline-powered motorcycles are prohibited after 10 pm.


title: LPL Financial

text: LPL Financial Holdings, Inc. (commonly referred to as LPL Financial) was founded in 1989 and is considered the largest independent broker-dealer in the United States. As of 2021 the company had more than 17,500 financial advisors, over US$1 trillion in advisory & brokerage assets, and generated approximately $5.9 billion in annual revenue for the 2020 fiscal year.


title: LPL Financial

text: LPL Financial was formed in 1989 through the merger of two brokerage firms—Linsco (established in 1968) and Private Ledger (established in 1973)—and has since expanded its number of independent financial advisors both organically and through acquisitions. LPL Financial has main offices in Boston, Fort Mill, Austin, and San Diego. The company is a member of FINRA and the SIPC.


title: LPL Financial

text: LPL's subsidiaries are LPL Financial LLC, LPL Insurance Associates, Inc., Fortigent, LLC, and The Private Trust Company, N.A.


title: LPL Financial

text: On December 3, 2018, LPL Financial Holdings Inc. reported its acquisition of AdvisoryWorld, a technology company and leading provider of digital solutions serving the wealth management industry. LPL Financial advisors will gain access to the solutions from AdvisoryWorld at no cost, and AdvisoryWorld products will still be available for purchase as a stand-alone product. AdvisoryWorld offers a suite of tools designed to help advisors attract and retain more assets, turning prospects into clients while servicing existing clients with advanced analytics and modeling. Founded in 1987, the company's products include proposal generation, portfolio and investment analytics and portfolio modeling capabilities.


title: LPL Financial

text: On August 18, 2020, LPL Financial Holdings Inc. reported its purchase of E.K. Riley Investments, LLC, a broker-dealer and registered investment advisor (RIA) based in Seattle. E.K. Riley served more than $2 billion of client assets and expected approximately 90% of its advisors to join LPL.


title: LPL Financial

text: On August 20, 2020, LPL Financial Holdings Inc. reported it has completed its purchase of the properties of San Diego-based Lucia Securities, a broker-dealer and registered investment advisor (RIA). The deal was arranged as an acquisition of properties, which completed on 18 August 2020.


title: LPL Financial

text: On October 27, 2020, LPL Financial Holdings Inc. announced its acquisition of Blaze Portfolio, a Chicago-based fintech firm founded in 2010. LPL will continue to offer Blaze Portfolio's services as a stand-alone product, as well as bringing the trading capabilities to all LPL Financial advisors. The transaction was signed and closed on Oct. 26, 2020. LPL Financial paid approximately $12 million and agreed to a potential contingent payment of up to $5 million subject to milestones and customary purchase price adjustments.


title: LPL Financial

text: On May 2, 2018, LPL Financial agreed to a $26 million settlement arising from unregistered securities.


title: LPL Financial

text: On October 30, 2018, LPL Financial agreed to pay a $2.75 million fine and perform a look-back review of certain complaints primarily related to anti-money-laundering (AML) reporting and customer complaint reporting.


title: LPL Financial

text: On June 26, 2019, LPL Financial settled with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts at a cost of $1.1. million and a review of certain internal controls. The Massachusetts Securities Division (MSD) had investigated and charged LPL over compliance matters related to licensing of advisors/supervisors and late reportings.


title: LPL Financial

text: On December 26, 2019, LPL Financial paid a fine of $300,000 as part of a settlement with FINRA primarily related to its systems and procedures related to Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) and Uniform Transfer to Minors Act (UTMA) accounts. The settlement was based on internal controls and was not related to any investor harm.


title: LPL Financial

text: On December 30, 2020, LPL Financial paid a fine of $6.5 million as part of a settlement with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA). As part of the settlement, LPL Financial consented to the findings that they had failed to supervise and failed to maintain adequate records. FINRA alleged that inadequate recordkeeping had exposed customers to losses through a Ponzi scheme created by one of its representatives.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: On April 4, 2022, Patrick Lyoya, a 26-year-old refugee from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, was fatally shot in the back of the head by Officer Christopher Schurr of the Grand Rapids Police Department during a scuffle between the two in Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States. After Lyoya began to flee the scene, Schurr attempted to detain him, firing a taser at Lyoya twice and missing both times, with a struggle ensuing between the individuals over the weapon. According to authorities, Lyoya had no weapons of his own in possession.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: As news of the shooting and videos of the incident were released, public protests occurred to denounce the officer's actions, to demand the reform of the GRPD and for the recusal of the prosecutor handling the case due to alleged conflicts of interest. Per protocol, investigations of the shooting were performed by a non-involved entity, with the Michigan State Police assuming responsibility. On June 9, 2022, Schurr was charged with second-degree murder, alleging that the death was intentional and not justified as self-defense, facing up to life in prison with the possibility of parole if convicted.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Patrick Lyoya was a refugee from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. According to Lyoya's family, they fled eastern Congo after experiencing years of violence in the Kivu conflict. Lyoya's parents sold beer and clothing for money; his mother was once raped by rebels on her way home. The Lyoya family moved to Malawi in 2003 and Lyoya spent half of his life living in a bamboo house at a refugee camp. In 2014 the family received asylum in the United States. Lyoya often assisted fellow refugees who were establishing themselves in the Grand Rapids area. While in the United States Lyoya had a difficult time establishing himself; he did not yet speak the English language very well, he switched homes frequently, and he changed blue-collar jobs multiple times. He had also been arrested for drunk driving several times and was ordered to be assessed for substance use disorder, with Lyoya telling his friends that he was trying to improve his life. He had two children and had been living in Grand Rapids for about five years prior to the incident.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: The officer identified as shooting Lyoya is Christopher Schurr, who received a criminal justice degree from Siena Heights University in May 2014. According to "The New York Times", former teammates from Schurr's college track team recounted that he was strict with rules and was easily angered, with some questioning whether such a temper would be suitable for a career in law enforcement. Joining the GRPD in 2015, Schurr received multiple commendations by police department leaders due to his chasing of individuals on foot. A 2017 review of his performance resulted with multiple officers praising Schurr's actions. Grand Rapids Police Chief Eric Winstrom initially did not identify Schurr saying that the department would only release the officer's identity if criminal charges are filed, resulting with protests demanding the release of the officer's name. Schurr, per protocol, was placed on paid administrative leave and his police powers were suspended pending an investigation by the Michigan State Police. The name of the officer involved in the shooting was shared on April 25 by Chief Winstrom, who stated "In the interest of transparency, to reduce on-going speculation, and to avoid any further confusion, I am confirming the name already publicly circulating – Christopher Schurr – as the officer involved in the April 4 Officer-Involved Shooting. Beginning this week, as required by law, the Grand Rapids Police Department (GRPD) will be releasing documents in response to requests made under the Freedom of Information Act relative to this incident."


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Police killings in Michigan had been occurring at an increasing rate in the years leading to the shooting and proposed legislation to reform policing practices following the murder of George Floyd were never enacted. At the same time, the Grand Rapids Police Department had faced criticism nationally for alleged police brutality prior to the incident and for incidents of officers drawing guns on people of color. In 2017, city data showed that black individuals were pulled over twice as much as non-black individuals. Since 2017, groups and civil rights activists had already been raising concerns about police brutality in Grand Rapids and called for better initiatives to bring better community relations between citizens and the police. The Michigan Department of Civil Rights received dozens of complaints regarding GRPD and calls to investigate possible racial discrimination used by the police department prior to the shooting. Investigations by the Michigan Department of Civil Rights began in 2019, though the department put investigations on hold citing a lack of resources and staff.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: According to MLive, controversial incidents involving GRPD officers and people of color continued, with the news outlet listing events where a 12-year-old black girl was handcuffed, two Latinos boys were approached at gunpoint and handcuffed for walking in the road and in September 2021 a black man was accidentally arrested at gunpoint preparing for the wake of his mother-in-law after matching the description of the suspect. "The Hill" wrote "the Grand Rapids Police Department has been involved with several other incidents involving alleged excessive use of force", detailing a 2021 event where a black 26-year-old man was punched repeatedly in the head by a GRPD officer during an alleged littering incident.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: The city responded to such incidents by hiring consultants and drew up plans to address concerns related to the behavior of its police department, including a youth interaction program for police. In 2018, consultant group 21st Century Policing Solutions provided recommendations and monitored police behavior, with MLive writing the group concluded GRPD "had much more work to be done". The city also initiated studies to evaluate the relationship of residents and the police. In 2020, City of Grand Rapids survey data revealed that black respondents held less trust in GRPD than white or Hispanic respondents. That same year, the GRPD outlined a plan, according to MLive, that included "making every patrol officer a community policing specialist, pilot a co-response of officers and mental health workers to specific incidents, enhance community communication, evaluate specific police technologies and more".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: According to a Michigan State Police interview with Lyoya's passenger, the passenger and a friend woke Lyoya to ask him for a ride to downtown Grand Rapids. After dropping off the friend, the two purchased beer – the passenger said there were open containers in the vehicle – and the two discussed Lyoya starting a business for haircuts. Shortly after 8:00 a.m. EDT, a dashcam video shows Schurr, who was driving alone, passing a tan Nissan Altima driven by Lyoya in his patrol car, with the officer pulling into a home's driveway to turn around and follow Lyoya for a few residential blocks before pulling him over. Lyoya's passenger said that Lyoya was already pulling over as the vehicle was experiencing mechanical problems. Grand Rapids Police Department records show that Schurr called in the traffic stop at Griggs Street SE and Nelson Avenue SE at 8:11 a.m. EDT.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: At the time that Schurr pulled him over for having an improper vehicle registration – its license plates were registered to a different vehicle – Lyoya was on probation and his license had been revoked for a third time, most recently since March 20, 2022, following his third substance abuse conviction in 10 years. He also had three active warrants for his arrest: the first for a traffic accident on Christmas Day 2021 where Lyoya allegedly fled the scene; a second for failure to appear at a court hearing; and a third for domestic violence issued just three days before, after the mother of one of Lyoya's children accused him of punching her and smashing her face into a car in a dispute over bedsheets. It was later determined that Lyoya had a blood alcohol content of 0.29, more than triple the legal limit of 0.08.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Video recordings show Lyoya exiting his sedan, ignoring Schurr's shouted orders for him to remain in the vehicle, then asking the officer "What did I do wrong?" Lyoya initially appears confused when Schurr asks him for his driver's license, but then confirms he speaks English and tells the officer it's inside the car. Lyoya opens the driver's side door of his vehicle and stands there for about 30 seconds while he speaks to a passenger inside, but never reenters the car or retrieves a license. Lyoya then closes the car door again and begins to walk towards the hood of his vehicle, away from Schurr. Schurr attempts to grab Lyoya by the arm, who then runs away. At 8:13 a.m. EDT, Schurr calls for backup, then pursues Lyoya and a scuffle ensues. Schurr tells Lyoya to "stop" and "stop resisting" several times, and at one point Lyoya replies "okay" as his hands are behind his back.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Schurr then pulls out his taser gun and aims it at Lyoya, who pushes it away from his body. With the officer missing twice with the taser, the two can be seen grasping the weapon during the incident, with Lyoya attempting to push the taser gun to the ground away from himself. During the scuffle, Lyoya asks Schurr "Stop what you are doing, please" while the passenger of the car can be heard telling the officer "Stop. You don't have to do all of that; you can talk to him". The struggle for Schurr's Taser lasts about 90 seconds, and ends with Lyoya facing prone on the ground and Schurr atop him, his chest pressed against Lyoya's back. Schurr shouts for Lyoya to "drop the Taser" or "let go of the Taser" at least five times, and at approximately 8:16 a.m. EDT, Schurr draws his gun, presses it to the back of Lyoya's head, yells "Let go of the Taser" a final time, then shoots Lyoya. At 8:16 a.m. EDT, Schurr radioed in the shooting, including that a suspect was down.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Chief Winstrom subsequently confirmed that Lyoya was shot in the back of his head, that he was unaware of any weapons recovered other than Schurr's firearm and Taser, and that the police body camera had become deactivated as a result of the struggle. He also confirmed that Schurr's squad car was equipped with an automatic license-plate reader, but didn't know whether it had been deployed in making the stop, or if Schurr was aware of Lyoya's criminal history at the time of the shooting.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: GRPD records include documentation of officers responding to the scene, with one officer writing that a witness said Lyoya had taken Schurr's Taser and stated "Your officer, he did all the right shit. ... He did everything he could do to deescalate the situation." The witness, who stated he was getting his phone from his home when the shot was fired, later stated he changed his opinion about the whether the shooting was justified after viewing video of the killing, stating Schurr "always had the upper hand".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Following the shooting, the Michigan State Police (MSP) opened an investigation into the circumstances surrounding Lyoya's death. Multiple videos of the incident, from a police dashcam, a police body camera, a video doorbell and the cell phone of Lyoya's passenger in the vehicle, were released during a press conference by Chief Winstrom on April 13. The investigations conducted by the MSP then go to Kent County Prosecutor Chris Becker, who will decide whether or not to charge the officer. Becker stated following the release of videos that "[w]hile the videos released today are important evidence, they are not all evidence" and chose not to immediately press charges against the officer, waiting for investigations to conclude.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: After the official autopsy had been performed but before its results were released, the Lyoya family hired Dr. Werner Spitz to perform a second, independent autopsy. Spitz reported that Lyoya was killed by a single gunshot from a gun pressed to the back of his skull. During a press conference on April 19, attorney Benjamin Crump highlighted Spitz's finding that, prior to his death, Lyoya had a predicted life expectancy of 82 and could have lived a "long and fruitful life". Released on May 6, the official report from Kent County Medical Examiner Stephen Cohle agreed with the cause of death, adding that no other injuries or diseases were present and that Lyoya had died with a blood alcohol content of 0.29%, more than three times the legal drunk-driving limit of 0.08%.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Kent County Prosecutor Chris Becker stated following the release of videos that "[w]hile the videos released today are important evidence, they are not all evidence", with Kent County officials waiting for an investigation to complete before deciding whether to press charges against the officer. After it was discovered that the local police union donated funds to Becker's campaign as the Republican candidate for county prosecutor elections in 2016, some in the community called for Becker to recuse himself from the investigation of the shooting. County commissioner Robert S. Womack described the funding of Becker as a "conflict of interest", though attorneys representing the family of Lyoya said that none existed, instead arguing that biases of local prosecutors favoring police exists everywhere due to their frequent collaborations. Over 50 Grand Rapids area spiritual leaders also demanded the recusal of Becker. Becker refused to recuse himself from determining if charges should be brought against the officer, saying that he did not have a relationship with Lyoya or Schurr, though the prosecutor called on others for guidance on the case. Legal scholar Mark Osler stated that Becker's refusal to recuse himself was "one of the problems with these cases handled locally" and that "[t]here can be real wisdom in removing any determination from the local actor who's going to be working with the police on a continuing basis".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: On June 9, 2022, Kent County Prosecutor Chris Becker filed a charge of second-degree murder – alleging that the death was intentional and not committed in self-defense – against Officer Christopher Schurr, who killed Patrick Lyoya, with Becker stating "This is not a message. This is just based on the facts and making a decision in this case ... I think it’s a fact of the world: police officers aren’t above the law". Becker shared that he did not believe manslaughter charges were applicable as there was no "heat of passion" apparent in Schurr's actions and that he did not put forth firearms charges due to a Michigan Supreme Court ruling in 1991 prohibiting such charges for active duty officers. According to Becker, he said he would operate the prosecution against Schurr himself. Schurr then turned himself in to authorities in Battle Creek, about 65 miles from Grand Rapids, and was held in Calhoun County Jail.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: According to Professor Mark Dotson of the Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, Becker's charges were "significant on a number of different levels", further stating "With the significance of the charge comes a heavy burden on the prosecutor, ... I’m sure he’s confident enough in getting a conviction, otherwise he would not have brought these charges. ... I think there is sufficient evidence to support the second-degree charge and I think he should be able to carry that burden if it eventually goes to trial". The same day charges were filed, Chief Winstrom of GRPD demanded the City Manager of Grand Rapids to immediately suspend the pay of Schurr while pending the officer's firing from the department. Schurr was fired from the Grand Rapids Police Department, effective on June 10, after he waived his right to a discharge hearing, according to City Manager Mark Washington. Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel praised Becker's decision and the investigations performed by the Michigan State Police. Attorney Ben Crump representing the Lyoya family said the charges were "more than appropriate".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Schurr's attorneys Mark Dodge and Matthew Borgula stated that the incident "was not murder but an unfortunate tragedy, resulting from a highly volatile situation". The Grand Rapids chapter of the Fraternal Order of Police defended Schurr's actions, stating that the charges against him were a "ridiculous miscarriage of justice".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: A preliminary hearing to determine if Schurr should face trial for second-degree murder was held on October 27, 2022, with the hearing be held by Judge Nicholas S. Ayoub. In Michigan, the legal threshold for second-degree murder is low, with probable cause being sufficient for such charges. During the hearing, an engineer for Axon Enterprise said that the taser could have still been functional if pressed against someone and Sergeant Nicholas Calati of the GRPD stated that when police arrived on the scene, the taser was located near Lyoya's hands.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: At a hearing on October 31, Judge Ayoub provided his judicial opinion that Schurr would face a jury trial for second-degree murder, stating that Schurr "knew he was pointing the gun and firing it at close range" at the back of Lyoya's head and that the trial should determine if Schurr's "actions were justified under the law." When stating the facts of the incident, Judge Ayoub said that Lyoya had control of the weapon when Schurr shot him.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Lyoya's family and their interpreter Pastor Israel Siku were later shown footage of the incident at an MSP office and reported that Patrick was killed "execution style", with Siku telling his congregation "I saw the video, I could not sleep ... The boy was on the floor, the cop as he lays on him, pulls up the gun and shoots him in the head and back up. Patrick did not move." Siku would also translate a statement from Lyoya's father, who said "I witnessed this thing in Africa. I never expected to see it happen in America." Lyoya's family demanded the immediate public release of footage related to the incident, an open autopsy, the identification of the officer and that a Swahili language translator be present when the family meets with authorities.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Attorney Benjamin Crump, who had worked with the families of Ahmaud Arbery, George Floyd and Breonna Taylor represented Lyoya's family, also demanded the prompt release of any recordings. In the re-enactment of the video from Lyoya's family's perspective, one man representing Lyoya is lying prone on the ground while the other man representing the officer kneels on the prone man's back while holding a finger gun gesture to the back of his head.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: In Lansing, the Lyoya family held a vigil at the Epicenter of Worship. At the vigil, Pastor Sean Holland preached "For it was on Good Friday that a man named Jesus was illegally arrested and murdered at the hands of the state. But three days later, justice. There will be a resurrection, ... It is important that we name what happened. Our brother was murdered."


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: On April 6, Kent County Commissioner Robert S. Womack stated "This was an execution. My career was threatened yesterday and today to be quiet." President of the Greater Grand Rapids NAACP Cle Jackson stated in a news conference shortly after the incident "We’ve constantly, constantly been talking about the harassment and the brutality that’s done right here". After the release of statements regarding Lyoya's death, the NAACP of Grand Rapids demanded the immediate release of the video on April 6.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: On April 12, authorities announced that they would release mostly-uncensored videos from four different angles of Lyoya's killing the following day, saying that some images "may have been redacted/blurred to ensure privacy." Chief Winstrom stated that authorities would not release the identity of the officer involved in the shooting. Before the video was released, GRPD began to place barriers outside of their headquarters in preparation for demonstrations. Chief Winstrom described the incident as "a tragedy".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: On June 1, 2022, the Grand Rapids Association of Pastors presented a document signed by about 70 local pastors and spiritual leaders from multiple denominations announcing a "Call for Justice Sunday" to be held on Pentecost Sunday, June 5, writing "Yes, this is a time for anger. Our anger is appropriate, it is justified, and it is even holy, ... It is anger that comes from admitting that we have created, accepted, perpetuated a system that trains an officer to discern that his best choice in that moment was to reach for his gun and pull the trigger".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: A march was held on April 9 in southeast Grand Rapids, with Siku gathering individuals to watch two men re-enact what was reportedly seen in the video. German newspaper "Ludwigsburger Kreiszeitung" wrote, "Deadly police operations of a similar nature are sadly regularly occurring in the USA", further explaining that the case is reminiscent of the murder of George Floyd. A Grand Rapids City Commission meeting was held on the evening of April 12 and more than 100 protesters organized by the Royal Black Panther Party Grand Rapids marched outside, with chants from the demonstrations being heard in the Council Chambers nine-stories up.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Residents of Grand Rapids responded to the release of the videos, with hundreds demonstrating in the downtown area and outside of the GRPD headquarters. Since the release of the video, protests occurred in Grand Rapids daily. Large protests organized by the Royal Black Panther Party also occurred on April 16, with hundreds marching throughout the city. Leaders of the march encouraged demonstrators to maintain peaceful, with some in the crowd carrying assault rifles and providing directions for the group. As the march approached Van Andel Arena, authorities blocked the area as there was a Kid Rock concert underway. The protest was overall peaceful without any physical altercations occurring, with marchers verbally confronting officers on occasion. After night fell, some protesters attempted to enter the Amway Grand Plaza Hotel around 9:00 p.m., though they were redirected and the march moved on. An hour later, the march finalized, though a small crowd gathered in Rosa Parks Circle to dance to music on a loudspeaker. In Portland, a march against the killing of Lyoya began in Peninsula Park at 9:00 p.m. PDT, with protesters in the Oregon city damaging "a coffee shop, two banks, and three bus shelters", according to KATU.On April 22, the funeral for Lyoya was held at the Renaissance Church of God in Christ, attended by nearly 1,000 people, with many approaching his white casket draped with the flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pay their respect. The eulogy was given by Reverend Al Sharpton, who began his speech noting that Lyoya's death coincided with the 54th anniversary of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. Sharpton demanded the release of the officer's name, citing how those in the general public accused of crimes have their background ridiculed while police are protected, also sharing concerns that if the officer was not charged they would remain unidentified. Later in the eulogy, Sharpton would go on to demand a federal investigation and made comparisons to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, stating "We stand with President Biden for those victims in Ukraine. ... but they shot a young boy in the United States, ... from Ukraine to Grand Rapids we must stand up for victims".


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Two city commission meetings were adjourned due to the public entering and protesting; one meeting on April 26 and another on May 10. During the second meeting Mayor of Grand Rapids Rosalynn Bliss told visitors that those who caused disruptions would face misdemeanor charges, causing some observers to respond with shouting. Despite the mayor's statement, no arrests were made after the second meeting was cancelled, with Mayor Bliss responding to the incident stating it was a "disappointment" and that the public had to follow meeting rules.


title: Killing of Patrick Lyoya

text: Governor of Michigan Gretchen Whitmer shared her sympathy with Lyoya's family and asked for any protests to be peaceful. Kent County Commissioner Womack stated at the meeting "We want to see more de-escalation, more training, but that's enough about the system cause everyone is going to be emotionally hurt when they see this...and the family is asking for peace, so I thank the young people who have been acting peacefully...We don't wanna see anymore people die." President of the United States Joe Biden invited Lyoya's family to the White House on May 25, 2022, to be present for the signing of the George Floyd executive order.


title: Geraniol

text: Geraniol is a monoterpenoid and an alcohol. It is the primary component of citronella oil and is a primary component of rose oil, palmarosa oil. It is a colorless oil, although commercial samples can appear yellow. It has low solubility in water, but it is soluble in common organic solvents. The functional group derived from geraniol (in essence, geraniol lacking the terminal −OH) is called geranyl.


title: Geraniol

text: In addition to rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil, it also occurs in small quantities in geranium, lemon, and many other essential oils. With a rose-like scent, it is commonly used in perfumes. It is used in flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon, pineapple, and blueberry.


title: Geraniol

text: Geraniol is produced by the scent glands of honeybees to mark nectar-bearing flowers and locate the entrances to their hives. It is also commonly used as an insect repellent, especially for mosquitoes.


title: Geraniol

text: The scent of geraniol is reminiscent of, but chemically unrelated to, 2-ethoxy-3,5-hexadiene, also known as geranium taint, a wine fault resulting from fermentation of sorbic acid by lactic acid bacteria.


title: Geraniol

text: In acidic solutions, geraniol is converted to the cyclic terpene α-terpineol. The alcohol group undergoes expected reactions. It can be converted to the tosylate, which is a precursor to the chloride. Geranyl chloride also arises by the Appel reaction by treating geraniol with triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrachloride. It can be hydrogenated. It can be oxidized to the aldehyde geranial.


title: Geraniol

text: Geraniol is classified as D2B (Toxic materials causing other effects) using the Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS).


title: Geraniol

text: Geraniol was first isolated in pure form in 1871 by the German chemist (1840–1889). Using distillation, Jacobsen obtained geraniol from an essential oil which was obtained from geranium grass ("Andropogon schoenanthus") and which was produced in India. The chemical structure of geraniol was determined in 1919 by the French chemist Albert Verley (1867–1959).


title: Pea soup fog

text: Pea soup fog (also known as a pea souper, black fog or killer fog) is a very thick and often yellowish, greenish or blackish fog caused by air pollution that contains soot particulates and the poisonous gas sulphur dioxide. This very thick smog occurs in cities and is derived from the smoke given off by the burning of soft coal for home heating and in industrial processes. Smog of this intensity is often lethal to vulnerable people such as the elderly, the very young (infants) and those with respiratory problems. The result of these phenomena was commonly known as a London particular or London fog; in a reversal of the idiom, "London particular" became the name for a thick pea and ham soup.


title: Pea soup fog

text: From as early as the 1200s, air pollution became increasingly prevalent, and a predominant perception in the 13th century was that sea-coal smoke would affect one's health. From the mid-1600s, in British cities, especially London, the incidence of ill-health was attributed to coal smoke from both domestic and industrial chimneys combining with the mists and fogs of the Thames Valley. Luke Howard, a pioneer in urban climate studies, published "The Climate of London" in 1818–1820, in which he uses the term "city fog" and describes the heat island effect which concentrated the accumulation of smog over the city.


title: Pea soup fog

text: In 1880, Francis Albert Rollo Russell, son of the former Prime Minister Lord John Russell, published a leaflet that blamed home hearth smoke, rather than factories' smoke, for damaging the city's important buildings, depriving vegetation of sunlight, and increasing the expense and effort of laundering clothes. Furthermore, he charged the "perpetually present" sulphurous smoke with increasing bronchitis and other respiratory diseases. More than 2,000 Londoners had "literally choked to death", he wrote, on account of "a want of carefulness in preventing smoke in our domestic fires" which emitted coal smoke from "more than a million chimneys" that, when combined with the prolonged fogs of late January and early February 1880, fatally aggravated pre-existing lung conditions and was "more fatal than the slaughter of many a great battle".


title: Pea soup fog

text: The difficulties of driving through the fog were vividly described in the "Autocar" magazine, with an otherwise straightforward 45 mile car journey on the night of 12 December 1946 taking over eight hours to complete. At times, the passenger had to get out and walk alongside the car to see the kerb and operate the steering through the side window while the driver operated the pedals.


title: Pea soup fog

text: The most lethal incidence of this smog in London occurred in 1952 and resulted in the Clean Air Act 1956 and Clean Air Act 1968, both now repealed and consolidated into the Clean Air Act 1993, which were effective in largely removing sulphur dioxide and coal smoke, the causes of pea soup fog, though these have been replaced by less visible pollutants that derive from vehicles in urban areas.


title: Pea soup fog

text: Reference to the sources of smog, along with the earliest extant use of "pea-soup" as a descriptor, is found in a report by John Sartain published in 1820 on life as a young artist, recounting what it was like to


title: Pea soup fog

text: slink home through a fog as thick and as yellow as the pea-soup of the eating house; return to your painting room ... having opened your window at going out, to find the stink of the paint rendered worse, if possible, by the entrance of the fog, which, being a compound from the effusions of gas pipes, tan yards, chimneys, dyers, blanket scourers, breweries, sugar bakers, and soap boilers, may easily be imagined not to improve the smell of a painting room!


title: Pea soup fog

text: An 1871 "New York Times" article refers to "London, particularly, where the population are periodically submerged in a fog of the consistency of pea soup". The fogs caused large numbers of deaths from respiratory problems.


title: Pea soup fog

text: King Edward I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272, after its smoke became a problem. By the 17th century London's pollution had become a serious problem, still due, in particular, to the burning of cheap, readily available sea coal. John Evelyn, advisor to King Charles II, defined the problem in his pamphlet, "Fumifugium: Or, the Inconvenience of the Aer and Smoak of London Dissipated" published in 1661, blaming coal, a "subterrany fuel" that had "a kind of virulent or arsenical vapour arising from it" for killing many. He proposed the relocation of industry out of the city and the planting of massive gardens of "odiferous flowers" to "tinge the air" and thus mask the pollution.


title: Pea soup fog

text: The worst recorded instance was the Great Smog of 1952, when 4,000 deaths were reported in the city over a couple of days, and a subsequent 8,000 related deaths, leading to the passage of the Clean Air Act 1956, which banned the use of coal for domestic fires in some urban areas. The overall death toll from that incident is now believed to be around 12,000.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: Jackass: The Game is a party video game based on the MTV reality stunt show of the same name. It was developed by Sidhe for the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable, while the Nintendo DS version was developed by Sensory Sweep Studios. The game was published by Red Mile Entertainment.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: All of the "Jackass" cast (excluding Bam Margera, who did not appear in the game due to contractual commitments with Activision) and crew provided their own voices and supply their likenesses for the game. The game uses motion capture to replicate the cast's movements. However, Ryan Dunn did not participate in the filming of the motion capture due to him being diagnosed with depression because of a blood clot that he had since the end of filming Jackass Number Two. He does, however, voice his in-game character. Johnny Knoxville and other members of the "Jackass" team also provided stunt ideas to the developers based on unused stunts from the show.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: In an article by IGN, it was stated that the video game would consist of a set of 40 minigames that closely follow aspects of both the series and the movies. Wee Man has his own set of minigames in the video game. It is stated on the official game website that the DS version has an open environment with which players interact to pull off stunts.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: After Jeff Tremaine is hospitalized, the crew calls upon the player to step up and fill the role as director of "Jackass". The player's goal is to collect the best footage from up to 36 different stunts throughout the game to create an all-new season of "Jackass" for MTV. All stunts have a minimum requirement for content before MTV will approve an episode for broadcast. These requirements are broken up into specific objectives for each stunt. The new season requires seven episodes of "Jackass" footage.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: The PlayStation 2 and PSP versions received "mixed" reviews, while the DS version received "unfavorable" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: "Jackass: The Game" for PSP was awarded the IGN PlayStation Portable Readers Game of the Month for September 2007.


title: Jackass: The Game

text: The PSP version also won the award in the User Generated Content category at the TUANZ Business Internet 2007 Awards in November 2007 on the strength of its video capture, editing, and sharing tools.


title: How to Solve It

text: How to Solve It (1945) is a small volume by mathematician George Pólya describing methods of problem solving.


title: How to Solve It

text: If this technique fails, Pólya advises: "If you cannot solve the proposed problem, try to solve first some related problem. Could you imagine a more accessible related problem?"


title: How to Solve It

text: "Understand the problem" is often neglected as being obvious and is not even mentioned in many mathematics classes. Yet students are often stymied in their efforts to solve it, simply because they don't understand it fully, or even in part. In order to remedy this oversight, Pólya taught teachers how to prompt each student with appropriate questions, depending on the situation, such as:


title: How to Solve It

text: The teacher is to select the question with the appropriate level of difficulty for each student to ascertain if each student understands at their own level, moving up or down the list to prompt each student, until each one can respond with something constructive.


title: How to Solve It

text: Pólya mentions that there are many reasonable ways to solve problems. The skill at choosing an appropriate strategy is best learned by solving many problems. You will find choosing a strategy increasingly easy. A partial list of strategies is included: