title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: On 6 May 2008, "NBC Today Show" personality Al Roker broadcast live from Malmstrom AFB as part of an "Access Granted" series centered on places the American public doesn't get to see firsthand. Roker and his crew were permitted access to a missile silo and he interviewed various squadron members about the policies and procedures should a nuclear response ever be directed by the President of the United States.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: In 2014, dozens of missile launch officers lost their launch certifications after it was discovered that several officers were trading proficiency test answers amongst each other through text messages. An investigation began in 2013, when evidence of cheating was discovered during a drug investigation involving three launch officers. This resulted in over 90 nuclear launch officers being suspended from their duties and at least nine senior officers around the base were removed from command with a tenth resigning. Though some of the ten officers were not involved in the scandal, Deborah Lee James, the Secretary of the Air Force at the time, stated that they were removed for "not providing proper oversight amongst their crew force". Additional investigations were conducted at Minot Air Force Base and F. E. Warren Air Force Base to determine if the scandal had spread to other bases. No evidence of cheating was discovered at either base.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: Malmstrom AFB is one of three US Air Force Bases that maintains and operates the Minuteman III intercontinental ballistic missile. The 341st Missile Wing reports directly to Twentieth Air Force at F.E. Warren Air Force Base, Wyoming. It is part of Global Strike Command headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: The base's runway was closed on 31 December 1996 to aircraft operations. Helicopter operations at Malmstrom continue in support of the base's missile mission.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: Units marked GSU are Geographically Separate Units, which although based at Malmstrom, are subordinate to a parent unit based at another location.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: As of the 2000 census, the base had a total population of 4,544. It is part of the "Great Falls, Montana Metropolitan Statistical Area".


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 4,544 people, 1,310 households, and 1,151 families residing on the base. The population density was 879.9 inhabitants per square mile (340.0/km). There were 1,405 housing units at an average density of 272.1 per square mile (105.1/km). The racial makeup of the base is 83.2% European American, 6.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 3.3% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.8% of the population.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: There were 1,310 households, out of which 66.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.0% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 12.1% were non-families. 10.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 3.41.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: On the base the population was spread out, with 36.8% under the age of 18, 23.2% from 18 to 24, 38.1% from 25 to 44, 1.8% from 45 to 64, and 0.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 118.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 125.3 males.


title: Malmstrom Air Force Base

text: The median income for a household on the base was $31,775, and the median income for a family was $33,125. Males had a median income of $24,009 versus $19,393 for females. The per capita income for the base was $11,450. About 4.9% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 and older.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: Group H of the 2022 FIFA World Cup took place from 24 November to 2 December 2022. The group consisted of Portugal, Ghana, Uruguay and South Korea. The top two teams, Portugal and South Korea advanced to the round of 16. Uruguay exited the tournament after failing to progress the group stage for the first time since 2002, with South Korea's shock 2–1 victory over Portugal contributing to the elimination.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: The teams had met eight times including twice in the World Cup, both matches ending in victories for Uruguay; 1–0 in the group stage in 1990 and 2–1 in the round of 16 in 2010.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: This was a match with zero shots on target from both teams since 1966, according to FIFA Match Report.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: In the 65th minute, Portugal was awarded a penalty when Cristiano Ronaldo was fouled in the penalty area by Mohammed Salisu. Ronaldo took the penalty and scored, shooting high to the left of the goal to put Portugal into the lead. With this goal, Ronaldo became the first male player to score at five different FIFA World Cup tournaments. André Ayew equalised for Ghana in the 73rd minute with a close range finish after a low cross from Mohammed Kudus on the left. Portugal responded with two goals, the first coming from João Félix five minutes later with a clipped finish from the right over the advancing goalkeeper, and the second from Rafael Leão two minutes later with a low finish from the left to the right corner after a pass from Bruno Fernandes. In the 89th minute, Osman Bukari scored for Ghana to make it 3–2 with a header from six yards out after a cross from the left. Then, in stoppage time, Ghana almost equalised when Portugal goalkeeper Diogo Costa put the ball on the floor, preparing to kick it upfield; Ghana's Iñaki Williams came from behind him to take the ball but slipped as he was about to shoot, with the ball subsequently cleared from danger by Portugal.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: The two teams had faced each other eight times, most recently in 2014, a friendly which Ghana won 4–0.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: When referee Anthony Taylor ended the game instead of allowing a South Korean player to kick off a corner, South Korea's head coach Paulo Bento ran onto the field and screamed at the referee, for which he was shown a red card, making it the first time in World Cup history that a coach was sent off after the conclusion of the match. Counting players' Leandro Cufré's and Josip Šimunić's red cards (both in 2006), this was the third time a sending off occurred after the match had ended.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: The teams had met three times including once in the World Cup, in Uruguay's 2–1 round of 16 victory in 2018.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: Bruno Fernandes put Portugal into the lead when his cross from the left deceived Uruguay keeper Sergio Rochet after Cristiano Ronaldo had tried to glance it past him. Ronaldo was initially ruled as the goalscorer before FIFA determined that he hadn't connected with the ball and instead awarded the goal to Fernandes. Fernandes scored a second in the 93rd minute, a penalty awarded by the VAR for handball by José Giménez, which he rolled into the left side of the net.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: The teams had met once in the 2010 FIFA World Cup quarter-finals, won 4–2 by Uruguay on penalties after a 1–1 draw.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: Uruguay failed to progress past the group stage for the first time since 2002, and became the second South American team after Ecuador to be eliminated from the group stage of the 2022 tournament.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: Prior to this match, the two teams had met once, in South Korea's 1–0 group stage victory in the 2002 FIFA World Cup.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: With South Korea's win against Portugal, they advanced to the round of 16 for the first time since 2010, beating Uruguay on goals scored.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup Group H

text: Fair play points would have been used as tiebreakers if the overall and head-to-head records of teams were tied. These were calculated based on yellow and red cards received in all group matches as follows:


title: Acey Slade

text: Emil John Schmidt IV (born December 15, 1974), known professionally as Acey Slade, is an American musician, perhaps best known as the bassist of the alternative metal band Dope and the former guitarist of the horror punk and glam metal act Murderdolls. He is currently the lead singer and guitarist of the band Acey Slade & the Dark Party, and the live rhythm guitarist of Misfits. Previous to this, he served as the bassist in Joan Jett & the Blackhearts and the lead vocalist and guitarist in the punk rock band Trashlight Vision, which broke up in 2007.


title: Acey Slade

text: Played in the Moon Dragons from Baltimore Maryland Prior to Vampire Love Dols, Murderdolls and Wednesday 13, Slade played bass, and later guitar, in Dope alongside guitarist Tripp Eisen who was also part of the Murderdolls. After Eisen left Dope, Slade was moved to guitar for the album "Life". He later left Dope to join the Murderdolls, again replacing Eisen on guitar. Before joining the Murderdolls (alongside his Dope work), Slade also fronted a band known as the Vampire Love Dolls.


title: Acey Slade

text: After Murderdolls were put on hiatus in 2004 Slade filled in on guitar for punk/metal crossover band Amen for a tour of Japan.


title: Acey Slade

text: Slade played rhythm guitar on the track "Tired 'N Lonely" on Roadrunner United for Roadrunner Records' 25-year anniversary. He collaborated on the song with Joey Jordison, who also played in the Murderdolls with Slade. After the break-up of TrashLight Vision Slade filled in as guitarist for Wednesday 13 on his 2008 tour as well as taking time to produce records by His Mighty Robot (which remains unreleased) and Billy Liar.


title: Acey Slade

text: Slade is one of the contributors to the book Sex Tips from Rock Stars by Paul Miles published by Omnibus Press in July 2010 and was also used as the motion-capture model for the Punk Singer and Rock Guitarist characters on the video game Rock Band 2.


title: Acey Slade

text: Slade is currently touring and promoting his new band Acey Slade & the Dark Party, whose début album "The Dark Party" was released in 2010, and is also playing bass with Joan Jett & the Blackhearts and filling in on bass for the occasional tour date with former band Dope.


title: Acey Slade

text: Slade lives in Newark, New Jersey. He is a well known coffee aficionado. He and his wife Mei-Ling Schmidt are the owners of Cat Fight Coffee, based out of Newark, New Jersey.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The Isuzu MU is a mid-size SUV which was produced by Japan-based manufacturer Isuzu from 1989 to 2004.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The three-door MU was introduced in 1989, followed in 1990 by the five-door version called Isuzu MU Wizard. Production of these first generation models ceased in 1998 to be replaced by a second generation. This time, the five-door version dropped the "MU" prefix, to become the Isuzu Wizard. The acronym "MU" is short for "Mysterious Utility". Isuzu manufactured several variations to the MU and its derivates for sale in other countries.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The short-wheelbase (three-door) version was sold as the Isuzu MU and Honda Jazz in Japan, with the names Isuzu Amigo and later Isuzu Rodeo Sport used in the United States. Throughout continental Europe, the three-door was called Opel Frontera Sport, with the Vauxhall Frontera Sport title used in the United Kingdom, and Holden Frontera Sport in Australasia.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The long-wheelbase (five-door) version was available as the Isuzu Wizard in Japan, and in North America as Isuzu Rodeo and the Honda Passport. Opel, Vauxhall, and Holden each also sold rebadged versions of the five-door as the Opel Frontera, Vauxhall Frontera, and Holden Frontera. It was also sold as the Chevrolet Frontera in Egypt, the Isuzu Cameo and Isuzu Vega in Thailand, the Isuzu Frontier in South Africa, and as the Chevrolet Rodeo in Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The three-door Isuzu MU made its debut in Japan during 1989, with the five-door MU Wizard introduced the following year. Based on the Isuzu Faster (TF) pickup truck of 1988, both the three- and five-door models shared bodywork and most internal components from the front doors forward. Like the Faster pickup, the MU and MU Wizard featured rear- and four-wheel drive layout configurations. Japanese sales were limited by the fact that the exterior width dimensions were not in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations, and the engine displacement obligated Japanese drivers for higher levels of annual road tax.


title: Isuzu MU

text: Between 1993 and 1996, Honda retailed three-door versions of the MU under the name Honda Jazz for the Japanese market under a model sharing arrangement that resulted in several Isuzu models being badged Honda and vice versa.


title: Isuzu MU

text: Sales of the three-door began in the United States during the second quarter of 1989 under the Isuzu Amigo name. A 2.3-liter "4ZD1" inline-four engine, producing came standard with the RWD while the 4WD was offered with the 2.6-liter "4ZE1" engine. The transmission was initially manual only. There were very limited options for the early Amigo including air conditioning, seating for two or four, and two trim levels to choose from, S or XS. Some of the model year changes throughout production included: small cosmetic alterations such as a rounded grille for 1991, the standardization of the 2.6-liter engine for 1992, and the added availability of a four-speed automatic transmission on the RWD version for 1992 and 1993. For 1993, the grille was enlarged, with the front bumper being slightly altered to accommodate it. For 1994, a high mount rear stop light was added and power steering and mirrors were made standard. The Amigo was dropped by Isuzu in the US market for the 1995 model year. A limited number of XS-F editions (with the "F" standing for "Frontera") were produced which had additional options such as power windows and locking, four-wheel anti-lock brakes (ABS) (inactive in low-range 4WD mode, only active on the rear wheels in 4WD high-range). This version of the Amigo had only 49-state emissions (reasons unknown) and there are no official sales numbers, although most dealers agree there were fewer than 75 sold. The only badging that shows this model is a sport blue XS symbol with a sport-font "F" beside it (also sport blue).


title: Isuzu MU

text: This series was known in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Frontera and in the rest of Europe as the Opel Frontera. It was launched in November 1991 and built at the former Bedford van factory in Luton, England; it would become known as the IBC factory ("I"suzu "B"edford "C"ompany). In the 1980s the plant had come under joint control between Isuzu and General Motors, with the Frontera being built alongside a number of other commercial vehicle models. The Australian and New Zealand version of the model range was known as the Holden Frontera and these were also produced at the Luton facility. The Frontera was Vauxhall's answer to the growing demand for 4X4 vehicles in Europe - particularly the right-hand drive British market - during the 1980s, where Japanese imported products from Daihatsu, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Suzuki and Toyota had proven hugely successful, not to mention the success of the long-running British Land Rover and Range Rover. Despite the vast and growing competition in the 4X4 market, the Frontera sold well throughout Europe.


title: Isuzu MU

text: In October 1995, Holden of Australia and New Zealand introduced the MU under the Holden "Frontera" badge in Australia and Holden "Wizard" badge in New Zealand. Designated the "UT" or "M7" series, the Holden was based on the three-door body and manufactured in the United Kingdom. It was offered in one level of trim, the "Sport 4 × 4", offered solely with a manual transmission.


title: Isuzu MU

text: Jiangling (Jiangling Motors Corporation Limited) Landwind in China produces a copy of the Isuzu Rodeo for the Chinese market. It is the first SUV to fail the Euro NCAP crash tests. The Landwind is based on the first generation Rodeo although there was no collaboration between JMC and Isuzu or GM. While the Landwind looks like the Rodeo it is not an Isuzu vehicle.


title: Isuzu MU

text: In September 1997, the second-generation MU (three-door) and Wizard (five-door; now with "MU" prefix dropped) were shown at the Tokyo Motor Show, with Japanese sales starting May 1998. North American and European sales began shortly thereafter.


title: Isuzu MU

text: In 2004, Isuzu added the optional 3.5-liter V6 gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine with and of torque. Isuzu was the first to offer (GDI) in a vehicle priced under US$100,000. The Rodeo weighs in at a little over , with an EPA estimated gas mileage for 2007 of city and highway for the two wheel drive model, and city and highway for the four wheel drive model.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The second generation Isuzu Rodeo and its twin, the Honda Passport received a rating of "marginal" in the IIHS frontal offset test conducted at due to a possible injury to the right leg and the head, but dummy movement was reasonably well controlled.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The Amigo made a comeback in the US for 1998 after a three-year hiatus with the second generation model alongside the redesigned Rodeo. The Amigo was originally only available only as a soft top with a five-speed transmission. Standard rear-mounted spare tire, ABS, and removable sunroof rounded out the feature set. Fender flares and special 16-inch wheels were available on the V6 and 4WD models. The Rodeo could also be optioned with a rear-mounted spare tire and its own 16-inch wheels on higher trim packages.


title: Isuzu MU

text: A new 2.2-liter "X22SE" engine built by Holden in Australia served as the base engine. Isuzu also offered the "6VD1" V6 that produced of torque at 3000 rpm. Fuel consumption is an estimated highway. From a technical perspective, the Rodeo and Amigo were built with a rigid frame that has eight crossmembers. Front suspension has independent lower and upper arms, with a solid rear axle. The Rodeo and Amigo 4WD models came with a modified Dana 44 rear axle and push-button four-wheel drive. They also had a traditional floor mounted lever for switching from high- to low-range. Underneath, both vehicles came with protective skid plates as a standard feature.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The North American Isuzu Amigo and Isuzu Rodeo were built at the Subaru Isuzu Automotive, Inc. assembly plant in Lafayette, Indiana.


title: Isuzu MU

text: In October 2010, the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) recalled 1998–2002 Rodeos, 2002 Isuzu Axioms, and 1998–2002 Honda Passports due to corrosion of the vehicle's frame in the vicinity of the rear suspension. Vehicles without corrosion in the affected area would be treated with an anti-corrosion compound. Vehicles with more severe corrosion would have a reinforcement bracket installed. In some cases, corrosion was so severe that repairs could not be made, resulting in Isuzu and Honda purchasing vehicles from the owners. The final MU rolled of the assembly line on June 5, 2004.


title: Isuzu MU

text: In the United Kingdom, the second generation Isuzu MU and Wizard were sold as the Vauxhall Frontera (five-door) and Vauxhall Frontera Sport (three-door). In continental Europe it was sold as the Opel Frontera (five-door) and Opel Frontera Sport (three-door).


title: Isuzu MU

text: After General Motors took full control over the IBC Vehicles factory in 1998, the Frontera production line was planned to be transferred to General Motors' Vauxhall plant in Ellesmere Port. However, with the closure of the Vauxhall Luton plant the decision to move was reversed. In 1998 the new model series was introduced with a choice of 2.2- petrol, 2.2-liter diesel ("X22DTH") and 3.2-liter V6 petrol engines. Further modifications were carried out on the diesel engine post-2001, with the final version to be fitted in the marque being the 2.2-liter ("Y22") version. This model met the Euro 3 Emissions standard.


title: Isuzu MU

text: The Frontera was discontinued from production at IBC Luton in 2004 (the final models in the UK were produced in Olympus trim). In Australia and New Zealand, the Holden Frontera was replaced by a Holden badged version of the Chevrolet Captiva model range, while in Europe it was replaced by the Opel Antara, that was also available as a Vauxhall.


title: Isuzu MU

text: Holden in Australia and New Zealand also retailed the second generation model from February 1999 as the "UE" or "MX" series Frontera. This time, both three- and five-door bodies were offered—now produced in the US. The five-door models had the 3.2-liter V6 engine rated at and with optional automatic transmission, whilst the three-door Frontera Sport retained a four-cylinder engine and manual transmission only. Although the Frontera Sport came in just one specification, the five-door wagon offered base, S and SE trims. Holden facelifted the model in 2000 with a revised front grille and front bumper, reshaped headlamps and new taillamp lenses. In late 2001, a second upgrade arrived, bringing reductions in engine noise, the fitment of an electronic throttle, a change to the SE model's ABS calibration to bring improvements to dirt road performance, and several interior upgrades. Holden discontinued the Frontera Sport in June 2002. The five-door wagon continued until 2003, with enough production stockpiled to last until mid-2004, but it was ultimately semi-replaced with the Adventra in 2003.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Dauphin Island is an island town in Mobile County, Alabama, United States, on a barrier island of the same name, in the Gulf of Mexico. It incorporated in 1988. The population was 1,778 at the 2020 census, up from 1,238 at the 2010 census. The town is part of the Mobile metropolitan area. The island (originally named Massacre Island) was renamed for Louis XIV of France's great-grandson and heir, the dauphin, the future Louis XV of France. The name of the island is often mistaken as Dolphin Island; the word "dauphin" is French for dolphin, but historically, the term was used as the title of the heir apparent to the French monarch.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The island is one of the Mississippi–Alabama barrier islands, with the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and the Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay to the north. The island's eastern end helps define the mouth of Mobile Bay. The eastern, wider portion of the island is shaded by thick stands of pine trees and saw palmettos, but the narrow, western part of the island features scrub growth and few trees.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Dauphin Island is home to Fort Gaines, Dauphin Island Sea Lab, the Estuarium public aquarium, the Dauphin Island Airport, boat ramps, a large public pier that sits on dry land, historic sites, several restaurants, new condominium developments, and numerous private homes. Beaches attract tourism, and fishing is a popular activity in the waters around the island. The island is connected to the mainland by the Gordon Persons Bridge.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Although the island has several bird sanctuaries, the main one is the Audubon Bird Sanctuary. Because Dauphin Island is the first land encountered by many birds as they migrate north from South America, many species can be found resting there before continuing their journey.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In May 2012, the central public beach began charging for access. This marked the second beach on the island to charge the public following the creation of the privately owned West End Beach.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Serpentine shell middens, perhaps 1,500 years old, attest to at least seasonal occupation by the Native American Mississippian Mound Builder culture. Shell Mound Park, along the island's northern shore, is administered by the Alabama Marine Resources Division.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In 1519, the Spanish explorer Alonso Álvarez de Pineda was the first documented European to visit, staying long enough to map the island with remarkable accuracy.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The island's French history began on January 31, 1699, when the explorer Pierre Le Moyne, sieur d'Iberville, one of the founders of French Louisiana, arrived at Mobile Bay and anchored near the island on his way to explore the mouth of the Mississippi River. D'Iberville mistakenly named it "Île du Massacre" (Massacre Island) because of a large pile of human skeletons discovered there. In reality, the site was a Mississippian burial mound which had been broken open by a hurricane, not a massacre site; however, the dramatic misnomer stuck.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: D'Iberville later established a port for Fort Louis de La Louisiane on the island due to its abundant timber, reliable supply of fresh water, and deep-water harbor. The settlement consisted of a fort, a chapel, government-owned warehouses, and residences.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The island served as a major trading depot where goods from Saint-Domingue (Haiti), Mexico, Cuba and France were unloaded and a short-lived fur trade was conducted. Before a channel was dredged, Mobile Bay was too shallow and its sandbars too treacherous for ocean-going vessels to travel up the bay and Mobile River to Fort Louis de La Louisiane. Thus, smaller boats carried the cargo within Mobile Bay to and from Dauphin Island.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In 1719 the first African slaves of Alabama arrived at Dauphin Island. After the French and Indian War (known in Europe as the Seven Years' War) ended in 1763, the island was ceded to the British. After the American Revolutionary War, the territory again came under Spanish jurisdiction, being part of the Province of West Florida until 1812.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In 1795 after the Treaty of San Lorenzo was signed between Spain and the United States, new settlers began migrating to Alabama from Virginia, North & South Carolina and Georgia.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In 1805, the Chickasaw, Cherokee and Choctaw people were forced to cede their lands to the government. The Creek tribes aggressively fought to hold their lands, but eventually were forced to cede in 1813.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Fort Gaines on the eastern tip of the island was built between 1821 and 1848. It was occupied by Confederate forces in 1861 and captured by the Union Army during the Battle of Mobile Bay. The phrase, "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead," was supposedly spoken by U. S. Admiral David Farragut just a few hundred yards from Dauphin Island's shore.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The first Sand Island Light, authorized in 1834, was replaced by a structure high, at a cost of $35,000, that was destroyed by Confederate forces. The present lighthouse (1873; in use until 1970), has been placed on the National Register of Historic Places. Its ownership was recently transferred from the U.S. Department of Interior to the town of Dauphin Island.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: Dauphin Island is long from east to west, separating the Gulf of Mexico to the south from the Mississippi Sound and Mobile Bay to the north. The island is less than wide for most of its length, except for the eastern quarter of the island, which is over wide. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the island has a land area of , while the town's total area is much greater: , with of it, or 96.2% of the town, in the water of the surrounding Gulf and bays.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The Dauphin Island Bridge, officially the Gordon Persons Bridge, is the island's sole road connection to the Alabama mainland, carrying State Route 193, which leads north to Tillmans Corner in the southwest outskirts of Mobile. Downtown Mobile is north of the island.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Dauphin Island has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,371 people (but falling in the 2010 census to 1238: see below) with 601 households and 418 families residing in the town. The population density was 221.2 people per square mile (85.4/km). There were 1,691 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 96.43% White (1,322 persons), 0.44% Black or African American (6 persons), 1.60% Native American (22 persons), 0.58% Asian (8 persons), and 0.95% from two or more races (13 persons). Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.95% of the population.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: There were 601 households, out of which 21.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.7% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.3% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.66. In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.4% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 25.7% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.0 males.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The median income for a household in the town was $44,219, and the median income for a family was $50,476. Males had a median income of $35,179 versus $24,250 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,552. About 6.0% of families and 9.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.7% of those under age 18 and 5.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 1,238 people, 582 households, and 373 families residing in the town. The population density was 199.7 people per square mile (77.4/km). There were 1,818 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 97.3% White, 0.4% Black or African American, 1.0% Native American, 0.2% Asian, and 1.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: There were 582 households, out of which 13.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.2% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.9% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.10 and the average family size was 2.55.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 12.8% under the age of 18, 4.8% from 18 to 24, 18.0% from 25 to 44, 41.2% from 45 to 64, and 23.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.8 males.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The median income for a household in the town was $56,731, and the median income for a family was $54,844. Males had a median income of $47,308 versus $37,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $26,771. About 11.4% of families and 15.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.5% of those under age 18 and 0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,778 people, 585 households, and 424 families residing in the town.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The town is served by the Mobile County Public School System. It has one public school, Dauphin Island Elementary School. Middle school students go on to Alba Middle School in Bayou La Batre and Alma Bryant High School in Bayou La Batre.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The Dauphin Island Sea Lab is located on the east end of the island on grounds formerly occupied by the 693rd Radar Squadron, Dauphin Island Air Force Station, US Air Force, and is home to the Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: At the top of Dauphin Island's coat of arms is the historic Fort Gaines with two cannons facing north and south, which represent Dauphin Island's role during the Civil War. The boat is a shrimping vessel which represents the livelihood of many of the residents of the island. The dolphin is a mammal seen quite often in the Gulf of Mexico and Mobile Bay waters surrounding the island. The birds are pelicans, which are numerous around the island and the entire Gulf coast. The "fleur-de-lis" represents the presence of France on the island from 1699 to 1764. The sailing ship is a Spanish galleon to represent Spain's role in settling the area between 1781 and 1813.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The old walled Fort Gaines is on the east end of Dauphin Island. A ferry from nearby Fort Morgan in Gulf Shores brings both vehicles and pedestrians to the island. One of the closest attractions to the ferry dock is The Estuarium, a fresh- and saltwater aquarium highlighting species native to Alabama.


title: Dauphin Island, Alabama

text: The Dauphin Island Heritage and Arts Council features works by local artists, as well as information on the history of Dauphin Island. It organizes the annual Dauphin Island Native American Festival.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: Qurate Retail Group (commonly known as Qurate Retail, Inc.) is an American media conglomerate controlled by company chairman John C. Malone, who owns a majority of the voting shares.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: Liberty Interactive was originally a division of Liberty Media. On September 28, 1998, Liberty Media announced the formation of Liberty Interactive, a division that would take advantage of new technologies such as set-top boxes to develop interactive programming. The company owned 86% of TCI Music Inc. (NASDAQ symbol: TUNE/TUNEP). As of January 1, 1999, E! President and Chief Executive Officer Lee Masters would become the new company's CEO, and Bruce Ravenel would be Chief Technology Officer.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: On September 10, 1999, Liberty Media Group renamed TCI Music to Liberty Digital Inc. (NASDAQ symbol: LDIG), with the new company trading on NASDAQ's National Market tier, after Liberty Media traded most of its Internet content, interactive television assets, and rights to provide AT&T's cable systems with interactive services, plus cash and notes valued at $150 million, for TCI Music stock. Masters, who became Liberty Digital's CEO, told "The Wall Street Journal" that the new company had a value of $1 billion, $650 million of that from the interactive unit of Liberty Media, which had also used the name Liberty Digital. Liberty Digital lost $244 million with revenue of $66 million in 1999, thanks to investments in struggling Internet businesses HomeGrocer, drugstore.com, TiVo Corporation , and iVillage. The company bought half of the Game Show Network because of its interactive features.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: On December 17, 1999, TCI Satellite Entertainment Inc. (TSAT), based in Englewood, Colorado, announced that Liberty Media was trading its interest in Sprint PCS for $300 million in TCI Satellite preferred stock. A new company, ninety percent owned by Liberty Media and ten percent owned by TCI Satellite, would combine the satellite-related businesses and take advantage of the growing area of Internet content.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In 2004, IAC/Interactive announced the spin off of its travel site Expedia into the new company Expedia. Barry Diller remained the head of IAC/Interactive and the Chairman of Expedia, a move that was completed in 2005.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In November 2007, IAC/InterActiveCorp, then valued at US$18 billion, announced four major spin offs : HSN, Ticketmaster, Interval (vacation and time-share business) and LendingTree. All spun off companies became publicly-traded. IAC retained most of its emerging internet businesses: Ask.com, Evite, Match.com, Vimeo, Citysearch and Zwinky. All spun off units were still headed by Barry Diller.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In 2010, Liberty Media announced that it would spin off Liberty Starz and Liberty Capital and keep Liberty Interactive.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In October 2014, Liberty Interactive spun off BuySeasons and its stake in TripAdvisor into a new company, Liberty TripAdvisor Holdings.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In 2015, Liberty Interactive announced it would spin off CommerceHub as a separate company and its interests in Expedia and Bodybuilding.com into a new company, Liberty Expedia Holdings.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In July 2014, Liberty Interactive announced it would be selling Provide Commerce (parent of ProFlowers) to FTD in return for an equity stake in FTD.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In October 2014, Liberty Interactive announced its board had approved the division of the firm into two trading stocks – one for its shopping business, QVC Group, and another for its digital commerce, Liberty Digital Commerce, which would trade as Liberty Ventures Group.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In April 2017, Liberty Interactive announced it would acquire Alaskan cable company GCI. On July 6, 2017, Liberty Interactive announced that it would purchase the remaining 62% of HSN stock that it didn't already own, in a $2.1 billion all-stock deal at $40.36 a share.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In July 2017, Liberty Interactive announced that later that year it would spin off its "cable holdings and other non-retail assets" into the new company Liberty Ventures, with Liberty Interactive to be renamed QVC Group. QVC Group would consist of QVC, HSN, Cornerstone Brands, and Zulily.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: On March 1, 2018, Liberty Interactive Corporation announced that it would rename itself to Qurate Retail Group.


title: Qurate Retail Group

text: In July 2021, Qurate Retail announced that former president and CEO Mike George would be replaced by David Rawlinson II on October 1 of the same year.


title: Das Racist

text: Das Racist was an American alternative hip hop group based in Brooklyn, composed of MCs Heems and Kool A.D. and hype man Ashok Kondabolu (a.k.a. Dapwell or Dap). Known for their use of humor, academic references, foreign allusions, and unconventional style, Das Racist has occasionally been hailed as an urgent new voice in rap but often dismissed as joke rap.


title: Das Racist

text: After rising to Internet fame with their 2008 song "Combination Pizza Hut and Taco Bell", Das Racist established themselves as rappers with the release of their 2010 mixtapes "Shut Up, Dude" and "Sit Down, Man". "Spin" picked Das Racist as one of fifty acts to watch at the 2010 SXSW festival, and in April 2010, MTV Iggy selected Das Racist as one of the "25 Best New Bands in the World". "Rolling Stone" declared the song "Hahahaha jk?" from "Sit Down, Man" one of the fifty best singles of 2010.


title: Das Racist

text: In September 2011, Das Racist released their first commercial album, "Relax", which was named in many year-end "best of" lists, including both that of "Rolling Stone" and "Spin", as well as being named by "Spin" as the fourth best rap album of the year. "Spin" also featured Das Racist on the cover of its November 2011 issue with an article written by Dap's brother, comedian Hari Kondabolu. On November 28, 2011, the group made their United States television debut on "Conan".


title: Das Racist

text: At the PULS Festival, formerly known as on3-Festival, in December 2012 in Munich, Heems revealed "Das Racist is breaking up and we're not a band anymore." The next day, Kool A.D. revealed that he had left the band in October 2012, though his reasons for doing so and the status of recorded materials for the group's second album remain unknown.


title: Das Racist

text: Suri and Vazquez met in 2003 at Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut where Vazquez was Suri's resident advisor in a "students of color for social justice"-themed dormitory. However, they formed Das Racist only after both had moved to New York following their graduation from college. Kondabolu, who had met Suri when they were both students at New York's Stuyvesant High School, soon joined as their hype man. Suri and Kondabolu are both from Queens, New York and of Indian descent, and Vazquez is of Afro-Cuban and Italian descent and from the San Francisco Bay Area. Vazquez is also a member of power-pop band Boy Crisis.


title: Das Racist

text: Das Racist first began attracting attention with their song "Combination Pizza Hut and Taco Bell". In November 2008, "The Guardian" called Das Racist a "funny and funky duo", placing them on a list of eight bands worth checking out. In March 2009, Baltimore-based electronic musician Dan Deacon referred to "Combination Pizza Hut and Taco Bell" as "a track that will last the ages" in "XLR8R" magazine. "Death & Taxes" magazine described the song as "an existential meditation on consumer identity in corporate America" and "both feverishly juvenile and somehow profound". After playing at the 2009 CMJ Music Marathon, "The New York Times" described Das Racist's set as "characteristically shambolic, and characteristically entertaining, holding together a half-hour set of half-performed songs with hyperliterate reference points and self-aware charm".


title: Das Racist

text: Das Racist's first album, the "Shut Up, Dude" mixtape, was released as a free download in March 2010. The mixtape received positive reviews, earning a score of 7.8 from "Pitchfork", and being described as "a fascinating album that attempts to write an impossibly new blueprint for rap: funny without trying to impress; proficient without having anything to prove; relevant without taking any particular scene seriously; imbued with a soulful sense of place—urban, disaffected, ethnic—but more interested in how that serves as fodder for jokes than in any big grab for meaning".


title: Das Racist

text: For the song "Who's That? Brooown!" (which samples A Tribe Called Quest's song "Scenario") Das Racist released a playable 8-bit video game of Suri and Vazquez on a quest through the New York City boroughs of Queens, Manhattan, and Brooklyn to find Kondabolu, referencing 1980s ephemera such as "Double Dragon", "Back to the Future", "Narc", and "Frogger". Pitchfork named the video one of the forty best of 2010, and it was selected to screen at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Das Racist

text: Six months later, Das Racist released their second mixtape "Sit Down, Man" on September 14, 2010, also as a free download. "Sit Down, Man" received even better reviews, earning a score of 8 from "Spin" magazine, as well as an 8.7 and "Best New Music" from Pitchfork, and was downloaded over 250,000 times in the first week. Guests on "Sit Down, Man" include El-P, Despot, Vijay Iyer, and Chairlift with production from Diplo, Dame Grease, Devo Springsteen, Sabzi (of Blue Scholars and Common Market) and Boi-1da.


title: Das Racist

text: Their first commercially released album, titled "Relax", was released on September 13, 2011, on Suri's own Greedhead Music label. The album includes production from Diplo, El-P, Rostam Batmanglij (of Vampire Weekend), and Anand Wilder (of Yeasayer), as well as guest appearances from El-P, Danny Brown, Bikram Singh, and Despot. Das Racist consider "Relax" to be a more accessible album, and they refer to it as a "pop record". Despite receiving a middling review from "Pitchfork", who had lauded their previous efforts, the album has received a generally favorable response, earning an 8 out of 10 from "Spin" magazine, and reaching the number one spots on both the iTunes Hip Hop/Rap chart and the U.S. "Billboard" Top Heatseekers albums chart. "Rolling Stone" included the album at No. 28 on their 50 Best Albums of 2011 list and the song "Girl" at No. 34 on their list of the best singles of the year. "Spin" placed the album at No. 4 on their Best Rap Albums of 2011 list and No. 16 on their list of the best albums of 2011.


title: Das Racist

text: At their concert of June 9, 2012 at Bonnaroo Music Festival, the duo stated that they would begin work presently on their second album, for which they have already written material. In an episode of the second season of "A Day in the Life", Das Racist were seen recording a new song, titled "People All Over the World". In July 2012, Das Racist signed a deal with Sony/Megaforce Records for their next album, and shortly thereafter, their song "Girl" appeared in a commercial for Kmart.


title: Das Racist

text: In December 2012, Heems announced to a crowd at the On3 Festival in Munich that Das Racist had broken up. In response, Kool A.D. tweeted that he had left the band two months prior but had been keeping his departure under wraps. The breakup came after they had signed a record deal and were to release a "proper album", followed by a tour. Dapwell told Spin, "We had a plan to break up around May. We had just signed this record deal and we were going to put out one proper album and then go on a farewell tour, release a proper breaking up statement that could have been really funny, maybe a weird, stupid video. Now, all of that has gone to shit." Speaking to "Rolling Stone", Vazquez said he and Suri had been "trying to do slightly different things" professionally and artistically.


title: Das Racist

text: Following the break-up both Suri and Vazquez both continued to make rap music. Heems released two mixtapes called "Nehru Jackets" and "Wild Water Kingdom." Both mixtapes continued his work with Queens producer Mike Finito, among other producers such as Keyboard Kid and Lushlife. Vazquez began a very prolific solo career and has released more than 60 mixtapes since the break-up. Beyond his visual art, Vazquez played live shows in support of his mixtapes "51," "19," and "63." The three tapes, named after former bus lines in the Oakland area, feature production from the likes of Amaze88 and Trackademicks.


title: Das Racist

text: Dapwell stayed busy as well, working full-time on an active Twitter feed, as well as producing a podcast with his comedian brother, Hari Kondabolu. He also co-hosts the radio show Chillin' Island with Despot, and has two separate comedic television shows in development.


title: Das Racist

text: With a growing repertoire of work in media beyond music, Das Racist have been referred to as a "multimedia art project". At the end of 2010, "Pitchfork" honored "everything Das Racist did this year", calling attention to a column Suri wrote for "Stereogum" about the sitcom "Outsourced", their interview with "The New York Times" Deborah Solomon, and their appearance on "Our Show With Elliot Aronow" in which they stated that Lady Gaga was "clearly Illuminati".


title: Das Racist

text: After Sasha Frere-Jones wrote a piece in "The New Yorker" on the demise of hip hop in late 2009, the blog "Flavorpill" turned to Das Racist to provide a response; Vazquez and Suri took Frere-Jones to task for presumptuously claiming authority on the matter, questioning Frere-Jones's assumptions and conclusions.


title: Das Racist

text: In December 2009, Das Racist hosted "Minority Fest". The event, curated by the Kondabolu Brothers, featured Victor Varnado, Jay Smooth, Kumail Nanjiani, Ali Wong and Hari Kondabolu among others, consisted of stand-up comedy by comedians of color (many of whom went onto superstardom), musical performances, and a panel discussion concerning issues faced by people of color in the arts.


title: Das Racist

text: In the build-up to releasing "Relax", Das Racist hosted a radio show on East Village Radio called "Chillin' Island". After releasing "Relax", Dap turned "Chillin' Island" into a video web series starring himself and co-hosted and produced by Heems and the rapper Despot.


title: Das Racist

text: Chillin Island, starring Kondabolu and produced by Elara Pictures and DreamCrew, was released on HBO and HBO Max in 2021.


title: Das Racist

text: Das Racist's unique style has a strong polarizing tendency; their set at the 2009 Pop Montreal festival was described as "the most divisive show seen at the festival". They describe their approach to music as "'deconstructionalist': sawing the legs out from under hip-hop as they celebrate it". "The New York Times" wrote "Das Racist's lack of piety has become an aesthetic of its own, with songs that are as much commentary on hip-hop as rigorous practice of it". The Root said Das Racist could speak for both "the ‘hood or the nearest gated community". "Playboy" called the duo "equal parts hip-hop and Cheech & Chong". In an interview with Sepia Mutiny, Suri described Das Racist's music:we’re not making music that’s instantly appealing. We dabble with non-sequiturs, dadaism, repetition, repetition. We make dance music while talking about not-dancey things. We say things that on the surface can seem pretty dumb but it's a mask on some Paul Laurence Dunbar shit for actual discontent with a lot of shit in the world. Further, not a lot of people want to hear rappers talk about Dinesh D'Souza being a punk, Eddie Said, Gayatri Spivak being dope or even know who they are. A lot of people hear "Pizza Hut Taco Bell" and then have preconceived notions about our entire body of work that fall pretty flat.


title: Ratatat

text: Ratatat ( ) is a Brooklyn-based electronic rock duo consisting of Mike Stroud (guitar, melodica, synthesizers, percussion) and producer Evan Mast (bass, synthesizers, percussion).


title: Ratatat

text: Evan Mast and Mike Stroud first met as students at Skidmore College. They started working together in 2001, recording several songs under the name "Cherry". Stroud had previously toured with Dashboard Confessional in 2000.


title: Ratatat

text: Ratatat debuted in 2003 with the release of the single "Seventeen Years" on Mast's and his brother Eric's (E*Rock) record label Audio Dregs in the US and Rex Records in the UK. Mike Stroud had been a touring member of Ben Kweller's band, but he "had enough" by 2003 and, after two years of touring, left the band after appearing on their second album, On My Way (released in 2004). Having signed for XL Recordings, Ratatat released their self-titled debut album, "Ratatat" and the single "Germany to Germany". The album was written and recorded in Mast's Crown Heights, Brooklyn apartment on his laptop. It is entirely instrumental with the exception of vocal excerpts at the beginning and end of select tracks.


title: Ratatat

text: In the following year, Ratatat supported the band Interpol on their tour. Also in 2004, Ratatat released "Ratatat Remixes Vol. 1" in co-operation with Audio Dregs, a compilation of remixed tracks by other artists, thereby garnering the attention of "Rolling Stone".


title: Ratatat

text: On October 6, 2006, Ratatat became the first band to perform a public show inside the Guggenheim Museum in New York City.


title: Ratatat

text: On October 10, 2006, a new demo album from Ratatat titled "9 Beats" was leaked online. This set of tracks does not appear on any official discography listings. "9 Beats" was not an official album, the tracks consist of short instrumental electronic musical pieces and demos for their next mixtape. In 2007, this release was followed by their second volume of remixed tracks, "Ratatat Remixes Vol. 2".


title: Ratatat

text: From June 2007 until October 2008, Ratatat had Martin Bonventre accompany them on their European tour and fall shows in America as the pianist/synthesizer player. Bonventre drew much attention due to his erratic dance movements on stage. The reason for him leaving the performance is unknown.


title: Ratatat

text: Leading up to the release of Ratatat's third album "LP3" on July 8, 2008, their official website showed the videos of the three first singles. "Shiller", "Shempi" and then "Mirando" have all been released (or announced) on 7" or 12" singles. "Shiller", the first to be released, featured a special b-side, the track "Mahalo" which was later also included on the fourth album, LP4.


title: Ratatat

text: In 2008, it was rumored that they would be signed by Star Trak Entertainment as the understudies of The Neptunes.


title: Ratatat

text: Ratatat contributed two songs to "", the debut album by alternative rapper Kid Cudi released September 15, 2009, "Alive (Nightmare)" and "Pursuit of Happiness", the latter of which also featured MGMT. Cudi and Ratatat performed "Pursuit of Happiness" together on "Late Show with David Letterman" on September 11, 2009.


title: Ratatat

text: According to Mike Stroud in an interview with Paste Magazine released on August 4, 2009, "most of [LP4] was recorded during the same studio sessions that yielded LP3". Ratatat's fourth album, "LP4", was released on June 8, 2010, via XL Recordings.


title: Ratatat

text: In 2010, Ratatat supported Vampire Weekend on their UK tour at The Brighton Centre and Alexandra Palace. Meanwhile, their song "Neckbrace" was used in the ski film "The Way I See It" by Matchstick Productions. In 2011, their track "Mirando" was used in Prada's SS2011 ad campaign.


title: Ratatat

text: On September 29, 2012, past collaborator Kid Cudi confirmed that Ratatat would be featured and producing on his upcoming third studio album "Indicud", however the collaboration didn't make the final cut after Kid Cudi decided to produce the whole album by himself, with the exception of an additional production by Hit-Boy on the track "Red Eye" featuring Haim.


title: Ratatat

text: In May 2013 they entered the Austrian Singlecharts after the Austrian network provider A1 used "Loud Pipes" for a radio-advertisement.


title: Ratatat

text: The band played Coachella Festival and Governor's Ball Music Festival in 2015. They debuted their new song "Cream On Chrome" just a few hours before their night-ending Coachella set on April 11, 2015. The band also played a concert in Pomona, California on April 15, 2015, and at Primavera Sound in Barcelona in May.


title: Ratatat

text: In May 2015, the band announced that their fifth album, "Magnifique", would be released on July 17, 2015, and feature a cover of the 1971 Springwater single "I Will Return".


title: Ratatat

text: The first single from the album, the track "Cream on Chrome", was voted number 52 in the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2015 held in January 2016. This is their second appearance on the annual countdown run by the Australian radio station, after featuring on Kid Cudi's "Pursuit of Happiness", which polled 33rd in the 2009 countdown.


title: Ratatat

text: Ratatat's live performances bear strong similarities to the performances of the psychedelic rock bands out of San Francisco in the 1960s, with energetic light shows, swirling colors projected onto a screen, and clips of movies thrown in. Evan Mast creates and edits the videos that are projected on the screen. Many of them are included on their YouTube account.


title: Ratatat

text: Ratatat has toured with acts such as Björk, Daft Punk, Vampire Weekend, Mouse on Mars, Franz Ferdinand, CSS, the Faint, Super Furry Animals, Clinic, Panther, and the Killers.


title: Private law

text: Private law is that part of a civil law legal system which is part of the "jus commune" that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law), and the law of obligations (as it is called in civil legal systems). It is to be distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population.


title: Private law

text: One of the five capital lawyers in Roman law, Domitius Ulpianus, (170–223) – who differentiated ius publicum versus ius privatum – the European, more exactly the continental law, philosophers and thinkers want(ed) to put each branch of law into this dichotomy: Public and Private Law. ""huius studdii duæ sunt positiones: publicum et privatum. Publicum ius est, quod statum rei Romanæ spectat, privatum, quod ad singulorum utilitatem; sunt enim quædam publice utila, quædam privatim"". (Public law is that, which concerns Roman state, private law is concerned with the interests of citizens.) In the modern era Charles-Louis Montesquieu (1689–1755) amplified supremely this distinction: International (law of nations), Public (politic law) and Private (civil law) Law, in his major work: (On) The Spirit of the Law (1748). "Considered as inhabitants of so great a planet, which necessarily contains a variety of nations, they have laws relating to their mutual intercourse, which is what we call the law of nations. As members of a society that must be properly supported, they have laws relating to the governors and the governed, and this we distinguish by the name of politic law. They have also another sort of law, as they stand in relation to each other; by which is understood the civil law."


title: Private law

text: The concept of private law in common law countries is a little more broad, in that it also encompasses private relationships between governments and private individuals or other entities. That is, relationships between governments and individuals based on the law of contract or torts are governed by private law, and are not considered to be within the scope of public law.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Walter (Walther) Rauff (19 June 1906 – 14 May 1984) was a mid-ranking SS commander in Nazi Germany. From January 1938, he was an aide of Reinhard Heydrich firstly in the Security Service ("Sicherheitsdienst" or "SD"), later in the Reich Security Main Office. He worked for the Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany ("Bundesnachrichtendienst") between 1958 and 1962, and was subsequently employed by the Mossad, the Israeli secret service. His funeral in Santiago, Chile, was attended by several former Nazis.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff is thought to have been responsible for nearly 100,000 deaths during World War II. He was instrumental in the implementation of the Nazis' genocide by mobile gas chamber. His victims included Communists, Jews, Roma and people with disabilities. He was arrested in 1945, but subsequently escaped and was never brought to trial. In the late 1970s and the 1980s, he was arguably the most wanted Nazi fugitive still alive.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff joined the "Kriegsmarine" (the German Navy) in 1924 as a young cadet. After a period of training as a midshipman he was promoted to Lieutenant in 1936 and given command of a minesweeper. He was a friend of Reinhard Heydrich, who also served in the Navy in the 1920s. Heydrich was hired by SS chief Heinrich Himmler in 1931 to serve as the head of the SS counter-intelligence system, and when Rauff resigned from the Navy in 1937, Heydrich took him under his wing. Rauff was given the job of putting the SS and its security service, the "Sicherheitsdienst", onto a war footing.


title: Walter Rauff

text: During his thirteen years in the Navy, Rauff became acquainted with Reinhard Heydrich and saw service in South America and Spain as a young officer in 1924.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1937, Rauff left the Navy following an adultery scandal, but he was discharged "with all honours", as he said in a 1972 deposition before a German prosecutor in Santiago de Chile.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Between 1940 and 1941, Rauff returned to the Navy as a volunteer, commanding a mine sweeper flotilla in the English Channel. He was promoted to Lieutenant Commander ("Korvettenkapitän") in April 1941, shortly before he was discharged from active service, he then returned to the Reich Security Main Office. During early 1940, he headed the SD in German-occupied Norway for few months.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1941 and 1942, Rauff was involved in the development of gas vans, mobile gas chambers used to kill, by poisoning or suffocation, those people deemed enemies of the German state: Jews, disabled people, communists and others. According to declassified CIA documents:


title: Walter Rauff

text: As an official of the Criminal Technical Institute of the Reich Security Main Office, Rauff designed gas vans used to murder Jews and persons with disabilities.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff supervised the modification of scores of trucks, with the assistance of a Berlin chassis builder, to divert their exhaust fumes into airtight chambers in the back of the vehicles. The victims were then poisoned and/or asphyxiated from the carbon monoxide accumulating within the truck compartment as the vehicle travelled to a burial site. The trucks could carry between 25 and 60 people at a time.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1972, in Santiago de Chile, Rauff made a deposition as a witness before a German prosecutor. On the subject of the extermination of Jews in Poland and Russia, asked whether at that time he had any doubts concerning the use of gas vans, Rauff answered:


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff delegated the task of keeping the gas vans operating in the Soviet Union and other Nazi-occupied areas to an SS chemist, August Becker, who kept Rauff fully informed on the gas van killing operations.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff was later involved in the persecution of Jews in Vichy France-controlled Tunisia during 1942 and 1943, by implementing the antisemitic Statute of the Jews enacted by pro-Nazi metropolitan Vichy state. A month after German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel's defeat of the British at Tobruk in June 1942, the SS set up a special extermination unit to follow in the wake of Rommel's Afrika Korps. The unit, commanded by Rauff, was empowered to carry out "executive measures on the civilian population", the Nazi euphemism for mass murder and enslavement. However, his mission to exterminate the Middle East's Jewish population was brought to an abrupt halt when the British 8th Army defeated Rommel at El Alamein in October 1942. Rommel was forced to withdraw the remnants of his army to Tunisia, where it sustained a bridgehead until May 1943, enabling Rauff's SS to start lower scale persecutions of local Jews. The MI5 file records that Rauff was posted to Vichy-Tunisia in 1942 as head of the Security Service ("SD"), where he led a mobile killing squad ("Einsatzkommando") which conducted a "well-organised persecution campaign against the Jews and partisans".


title: Walter Rauff

text: During this time, the Jewish community was particularly hard hit. More than 2,500 Jews in Nazi-occupied Tunisia died in a network of SS slave labour camps before the Germans withdrew. Rauff's men also stole jewels, silver, gold and religious Jewish artifacts. Forty-three kilogrammes of gold were taken from the Jewish community on the island of Djerba alone.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1943, Rauff was sent to Milan where he took charge of all Gestapo and "SD" operations throughout northwest Italy. The MI5 file states:


title: Walter Rauff

text: In both these postings [Tunisia and northern Italy] Rauff rapidly gained a reputation for utter ruthlessness. In Tunis and Italy he was responsible for the indiscriminate execution of both Jews and local partisans. His work in Italy involved imposing total German control on Milan, Turin and Genoa. His success in this task earned him the congratulations of his SS superior, who described it as 'a superb achievement'.


title: Walter Rauff

text: He narrowly avoided being lynched by an Italian mob, having barricaded himself and a number of other SS officers into the Hotel Regina in Milan. He was arrested by Allied troops and sent to a prisoner of war camp.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Rauff has brought his organisation of political gangsterism to stream-lined perfection and is proud of the fact. By nature cynical and overbearing, but cunning and shifty rather than intelligent, he regards his past activities as a matter of course.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Near the end of the war Rauff, then the senior SS and police official in northern Italy, tried to gain credit for the surrender of German forces in Italy, but ended up only surrendering himself. After escaping from an American internment camp in Rimini, Rauff hid in a number of Italian convents, apparently under the protection of Bishop Alois Hudal.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1948, he was recruited by Syrian intelligence and went to Damascus, where he served as military adviser to President Husni al-Za'im when they fought against the newly established State of Israel, only to fall out of favour after a coup a year later. Rauff managed to convince his captors that he was only an adviser and had no command powers; he was released but ordered to leave the country. After barely escaping from Syria, Rauff fled to Lebanon and later back to Italy, and gained a transit pass for Ecuador, where he and his family settled, later moving to Chile.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Before sailing for Ecuador in December 1949, Rauff is said to have worked for a while for Israeli intelligence before Mossad was formed. The 2007 book, "On the Trail of Nazi War Criminals Who Weren’t Punished" by Mossad operative Yossi Chen (Chinitz), indicates that Rauff provided intelligence from Syria and was handled by Shalhevet Freier, of the Foreign Ministry. Rauff was paid for this work.


title: Walter Rauff

text: A CIA report, dated 24 March 1950, states that Israeli agent Edmond (Ted) Cross of the Israeli Service was working to employ former Nazis for observation and penetration in the Arab countries. One of the plans included sending Rauff to Egypt. One report indicated that Rauff did not reach Egypt, but a 1953 memo stated that an operative, most likely Rauff, was in the country at that time. An earlier CIA report, from February 1950, stated that Cross helped Rauff obtain the necessary papers for settling in South America (entering by Argentina) and added: "It is not improbable that Subject's presence in Syria was in connection with a mission for the Israel[i] service". Rauff was working in Syria, as an advisor to President Hosni Zaim, but left the country after Zaim was deposed.


title: Walter Rauff

text: After settling in Chile in 1958, Rauff worked as the manager of a king crab cannery in Punta Arenas, one of the southernmost towns in the world. He was also a merchant in Quito, Ecuador.


title: Walter Rauff

text: From 1958 to 1963, Rauff worked for the Federal Intelligence Service of West Germany ("Bundesnachrichtendienst or BND"), and earned 70,000 DM from the agency. To cover up his South-American spy activity, he acted as export manager and agent for "Importadora Goldmann", a company in Santiago de Chile. His contact was Wilhelm Beissner, aka "Bertram", a paymaster for BND, who knew Rauff since the time when both of them were employed in the Reich Security Main Office. He was warned (and removed from the BND) before his detention in Chile. Nevertheless, he was able to partially recover the lawyer's fees from the BND for an amount of 3,200 DM. He was also given 15,000 DM for the start-up of a new company. Initially the recruitment of the well-travelled Rauff seemed promising. Instead his reports turned out to be worthless for the most part. Rauff was dismissed from the BND in October 1962, although some lines of communication remained open until July 1963.


title: Walter Rauff

text: He was evaluated as "untrustworthy" ("charakterlich äußerst unzuverlässig"), "intriguer" ("er konspirierte nach allen Seiten"), and "drunkard" ("eng mit dem Alkohol befreundet").


title: Walter Rauff

text: In 1960, he visited Germany in order to claim his pension for the time which he had served in the "Reichsmarine", and he had no trouble with the German authorities.


title: Walter Rauff

text: In December 1962, he was arrested by Chilean authorities after Germany requested his extradition, but he was freed by a Chilean Supreme Court decision five months later in 1963 on the grounds that his crimes had been committed too long ago. Salvador Allende's election as Chilean president in 1970 did not change the situation. In a friendly letter to Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal, Allende wrote that he could not reverse the Supreme Court's 1963 decision.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Former Mossad operative Yossi Chen (Chinitz) relates in his book that the agency attempted to capture Rauff in 1979, even visiting him at his home. The plan was to assassinate him and then issue a press release stating: "Today in Chile, we executed one of the greatest Nazi war criminals – commander of the Gestapo’s technical department who developed and directed the mobile gas vans in which more than 100,000 Jews were exterminated. We are a group of those who will never forget the Nazis’ crimes so we decided, in the name of justice, to execute him". This plan failed.


title: Walter Rauff

text: When Hans Strack, the German ambassador to Chile, was ordered to request his extradition, Strack, a supporter of exiled war criminals, forwarded the application for Rauff's extradition over 14 months later. The delay allowed Chile to refuse the extradition request because the length of time elapsed since his crimes overran the country's statute of limitations.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Under General Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship, Rauff may have served as an advisor to the Chilean secret police, DINA. Allegedly, CIA officials could not determine Rauff's exact position. Pinochet's regime resisted all calls for his extradition to stand trial in either West Germany or Israel. In the meantime, Rauff disappeared and was discovered by the documentary filmmaker William Bemister in Los Pozos, Santiago de Chile, in 1979, and interviewed.


title: Walter Rauff

text: The last request to extradite Rauff to West Germany was presented by renowned Nazi hunter Beate Klarsfeld in 1983, but it was rejected by the Pinochet regime, which alleged that Rauff had been a peaceful Chilean citizen for over twenty years and stated that the case was closed since the Supreme Court's 1963 decision. Klarsfeld organised protests in Chile and was twice arrested for causing disturbances. Following her brief detention, the director-general of Israel's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, David Kimche, officially requested Rauff's expulsion in a meeting with Chilean Foreign Minister Jaime del Valle, but the request was turned down.


title: Walter Rauff

text: Suffering from lung cancer, Rauff died in Santiago on 14 May 1984 from a heart attack. His funeral was the occasion of a Nazi celebration. According to his MI5 file, "he never showed any remorse for his actions, which he described as those of "a mere technical administrator".


title: English collocations

text: In the English language, collocation refers to a natural combination of words that are closely affiliated with each other. Some examples are "pay attention", "fast food", "make an effort", and "powerful engine". Collocations make it easier to avoid overused or ambiguous words like "very", "nice", or "beautiful", by using a pair of words that fit the context better and that have a more precise meaning. Skilled users of the language can produce effects such as humor by varying the normal patterns of collocation. This approach is especially popular with poets, journalists and advertisers.


title: English collocations

text: Collocations may seem natural to native writers and speakers, but are not obvious to non-native English speakers. For instance, the adjective "dark" collocates with "chocolate", but not with tea.


title: English collocations

text: Some collocations are fixed, or very strong. Many collocations are more open, where several different words might be used to give the same meaning, as an example "keep to" or "stick to" the rules.


title: English collocations

text: Compounds are units of meaning formed with two or more words. The words are usually written separately, but some may have a hyphen or be written as one word.


title: English collocations

text: Often the meaning of the compound can be guessed by knowing the meaning of the individual words. It is not always simple to detach collocations and compounds.


title: English collocations

text: Idioms are collection of words in a fixed order that have a sense that cannot be guessed by knowing the meaning of the individual vocabularies. For example: "pass the buck" is an idiom meaning "to pass responsibility for a problem to another person to avoid dealing with it oneself".


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames is an action-adventure video game developed by Pandemic Studios and published by Electronic Arts for PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. It is the sequel to 2005's "". The game is a third-person shooter with an open world, set in a fictionalized war-torn Venezuela. The game's primary objective is to kill the President of Venezuela whose betrayal of the protagonist mercenary acted as a stepping stone to their current position.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Following the closure of Pandemic Studios, EA announced in November 2009 that EA Los Angeles were working on a title known as "Mercs Inc". The game was eventually canceled following the closure of Danger Close Games in 2013.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Following the events of the , the Mercenary and their technical support advisor Fiona Taylor leave Executive Operations to work independently. Three years later, the Mercenary is referred to a contract in Venezuela by Blanco: a Liberian who the Mercenary had worked with in Dakar. Blanco introduces them to Ramon Solano - a billionaire software entrepreneur with family ties to drug trafficking. Using his connections, Solano had convinced General Carlos Carmona and large portions of the Venezuelan Army to overthrow the government. However, General Carmona had since been captured by loyalist army units - leading Solano to hire the Mercenary to rescue him.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Upon rescuing Carmona and returning him to Solano, however, the Mercenary is betrayed and Solano attempts to execute them, shooting them in the butt as they flee his mansion. Humiliated and penniless, the Mercenary watches as Solano overthrows the Venezuelan government in a coup d'état, then decides to take revenge and set up a PMC of their own.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Pandemic Studios began developing early ideas of Mercenaries 2 in December 2005; an early pitched concept took place in the studio's home country of Australia, and featured robotic soldiers and a final boss that was secretly a cyborg. This idea would later be reserved for the shelved "Mercenaries 3: No Limits". To counter the "dark and gloomy" atmosphere of the first game, developing artists wanted to create a colorful environment and were immediately attracted to somewhere tropical. It was decided relatively early on for the game to be set in South America, with beta tests taking place in Argentina and Suriname until Venezuela was chosen due to its massive links to communism, history of internal conflicts, and its importance to the international oil industry. In addition to the three playable mercenaries from the first game, a fourth and fifth mercenary character were also considered; one planned mercenary included Fiona Taylor, a prominent character who appears in both games as a non-playable character.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Mercenaries 2 was notorious at the time for its constantly changing release dates. Its original launch date was December 2006, before being pushed back to Spring 2007, Winter 2007, Spring 2008, Summer 2008, and then to its final release date of September 2008. This was met with a very negative reaction from fans, especially when retailers such as Walmart and GameStop allowed preorders marked with a Winter 2007 release. Developers have since alluded that the game was released unfinished by EA Studios.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: In preparation for the release of "Mercenaries 2", Electronic Arts opened a commercial campaign in August 2008, with scenes of the plot of the game in a stylized world, featuring background music reminiscent of a "hip-hop musical" singing about how the protagonists are going to get revenge for being double crossed and getting no pay to boot. The song was written and performed by the Wojahn Brothers and was released as a single on September 23.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: EA took over the Last Stop petrol station in Finsbury Park, North London, on the release day of the game in order to give away £20,000 worth of petrol for free, with each driver receiving a maximum of £40. The petrol station was transformed into a military bunker, with sandbags, oil barrels and jeeps. The area's member of parliament, Lynne Featherstone, described the campaign as an "ill thought-out media stunt" after it created unnecessary traffic congestion.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Pandemic Studios developed a free patch, called "Total Payback", which adds six new playable characters, cross-region co-op, and cheats. The patch was released on October 23 for PS3 and October 31 for 360 users.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: The Mercenaries 2 DLC content pack "Blow It Up Again" was released for download on the PlayStation Store in December 12. An Xbox 360 version of DLC was expected to come soon after Sony's release, but DLC had relatively little advertising and failed to even have an official announcement from Pandemic aside from a simple trailer which was available for download on the Xbox Live Marketplace. It has also been raised from free to $1.99.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: The "Total Payback" patch and "Blow It Up Again" content pack have not been released for the Windows version.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: "Mercenaries 2: World in Flames" received "average" reviews on all platforms except the PlayStation 2 version, which received "generally unfavorable reviews", according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: Though praised for its colorful and destructive environments, many reviews have complained of "nagging annoyances" throughout the game that occasionally feel rushed and unfinished. One of the major problems was the unintelligent AI of both friendly and enemy NPCs, and the issue was aggravated by voice acting and repetitive lines. Some reviewers found several gameplay mechanisms questionable, such as the air supports and airstrikes being of limited value, over-powerful melee attacks, and simplistic faction dynamics. The reactions from the new co-op mode were divided; while another player added to the fun, there were limitations, such as the tether between players and limited role of the passenger when in a vehicle. "Edge" gave the PlayStation 3 version a score of six out of ten and said that it "remains an absolute blast". In Japan, "Famitsu" gave it a score of one eight, one nine, and two sevens for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions; and one six, one seven, and two fives for the PS2 version.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: "Mercenaries 2" was nominated for "Dubious Honors: Worst Game Everyone Played" by GameSpot in their 2008 video game awards, which was a category for games with large sales that had been panned by the critics. In addition, it won "Dubious Honors: Most Disappointing Game" by GameSpot.


title: Mercenaries 2: World in Flames

text: The game has been criticized by the Venezuelan government, accusing the U.S. government of trying to drum up support from the American public for a real-life invasion of Venezuela with the purpose of overthrowing Hugo Chávez. Pandemic Studios had previously developed training aids for the U.S. Army. In response to the criticism, the official website of the game included the following disclaimer:


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The 2002 Armageddon was the third Armageddon professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown! brand divisions. The event took place on December 15, 2002, at the Office Depot Center in Sunrise, a suburb of Miami and Fort Lauderdale, Florida. It was the first Armageddon held since 2000, in turn being the first Armageddon held under the WWE name after the promotion had been renamed from World Wrestling Federation (WWF) to WWE earlier in May that year. It was also the first Armageddon held after the introduction of the brand split.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The main match on the Raw brand was a Three Stages of Hell match for the World Heavyweight Championship between champion Shawn Michaels and Triple H. The first match was a Street Fight, which Triple H won after performing a Pedigree. The second match was a Steel cage match, which Michaels won by pinfall after jumping off the top of the steel cage onto Triple H through a table. The third and final match was a Ladder match, which Triple H won after retrieving the belt suspended above the ring. The predominant match on the SmackDown! brand was Big Show versus Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship. Angle won the match and the WWE Championship after pinning Big Show following interference from Brock Lesnar. One of the primary matches on the undercard was Chris Benoit versus Eddie Guerrero, which Benoit won by forcing Guerrero to submit with the Crippler Crossface.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: In December 2001, the then-World Wrestling Federation had originally planned to hold their Armageddon pay-per-view (PPV), which had been established as the annual December PPV in 1999. However, after the September 11 attacks, the 2001 event was canceled and replaced by Vengeance as the promotion felt that the "Armageddon" name would be offensive to the victims of the attacks. In 2002, Vengeance was moved up to July and Armageddon was reinstated for December, being held on December 15 at the Office Depot Center in Sunrise, a suburb of Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The third event in the Armageddon chronology, the 2002 event was the first Armageddon held under the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) name, as in May, the promotion was renamed from WWF to WWE. It was also the first Armageddon to be held after the introduction of the brand extension in March, where the promotion divided its roster between the Raw and SmackDown! brands where wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. The 2002 event featured wrestlers from both brands.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The main feud heading into Armageddon on the Raw brand was between Shawn Michaels and Triple H, with the two feuding over the World Heavyweight Championship. At SummerSlam, Michaels defeated Triple H in an unsanctioned street fight after pinning him with a jackknife hold. Three months later at Survivor Series, Michaels won an Elimination Chamber match, by last eliminating Triple H, to win the World Heavyweight Championship. On the November 25 episode of "Raw", Michaels made his first successful title defense against Rob Van Dam after interference from Triple H. On the December 2 episode of "Raw", Triple H defeated Van Dam in a number one contender's match with Michaels as the special guest referee, earning a championship match against Michaels at Armageddon. Afterwards, the two brawled with one another, ending with Michaels nailing Triple H with Sweet Chin Music.<ref name="411mania.com - 12/02 RAW"></ref><ref name="OWW - 12/02 RAW"></ref> On the December 9 episode of "Raw", Raw General Manager Eric Bischoff announced that the match between the two at Armageddon would be a Three Stages of Hell match, where the first fall would be a street fight, the second fall would be a steel cage match, and the third fall (if necessary) would be a ladder match. Later on that night, after Triple H defeated Jeff Hardy, Triple H and Ric Flair attacked Hardy until Michaels came out to fend off both men. Moments later, Flair informed Michaels that if he did not pass the torch at Armageddon, Triple H would "kill him", taking the most coveted trophy in the business from him. Towards the end of the show, Michaels attacked Triple H and Flair with a shovel outside the arena. Michaels then hit Triple H with a trash can, causing him to fall into a dumpster. Shortly after, Michaels climbed to the top of a trailer and jumped onto Triple H.<ref name="411mania.com - 12/09 RAW"></ref><ref name="OWW - 12/09 RAW"></ref>


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The main feud on the SmackDown! brand was between Big Show and Kurt Angle, with the two battling over the WWE Championship. The previous month at Survivor Series, Big Show challenged Brock Lesnar for the WWE Championship. During the match, when Lesnar tried to pin Big Show to retain the title, his manager Paul Heyman turned on him, pulling the referee out of the ring, allowing Big Show to chokeslam Lesnar onto a steel chair and win the championship, handing him his first pinfall loss in WWE. On the November 21 episode of "SmackDown!", Lesnar checked the locker room to look for Big Show and Heyman until Matt Hardy insulted Lesnar about his loss at Survivor Series. Lesnar responded by throwing Hardy through the wall. Moments later, SmackDown! General Manager Stephanie McMahon informed Lesnar that he would not get his rematch for the WWE Championship until his ribs (that were still injured when Big Show tossed him off the stage on the November 7 episode of "SmackDown!") were healed. She then stated that she would be forced to suspend Lesnar if he would lay his hands on Heyman, Big Show or any other SmackDown! superstar. During the segment between Heyman and Big Show, Heyman explained that Lesnar would not get a rematch, as per a special clause that he snuck into his contract. Shortly after, Lesnar went after the two with a steel chair and nailed Big Show with it. Later that night, Big Show defended his title against Edge, which ended in a no-contest when Heyman interfered. Afterwards, Lesnar came to the ring, gave Big Show an F-5 and then chased Heyman backstage until Heyman took off in a limousine. On the November 28 episode of "SmackDown!", McMahon suspended Lesnar for ignoring her orders twice the previous week. Later that night, Lesnar would still come out and hit an F-5 on Big Show through the announce table, then once again tried to go after Heyman until McMahon brought officers out to get Lesnar out of the arena. On the December 5 episode of "SmackDown!", Angle defeated Edge, Chris Benoit, and Eddie Guerrero in a fatal four-way elimination match to become the number one contender for the WWE Championship at Armageddon.<ref name="411mania.com - 12/05 SmackDown!"></ref><ref name="OWW - 12/05 SmackDown!"></ref> Shortly after the match ended, Big Show, accompanied by Heyman, came out and chokeslammed Angle. On the December 12 episode of "SmackDown!", Angle interrupted Lesnar's autograph session to inform Lesnar that he would get his suspension lifted if Lesnar helped him defeat Big Show at Armageddon, with Lesnar saying he would think about it. However, McMahon informed Big Show and Heyman that Lesnar's suspension had been lifted. Later that night, Big Show and A-Train defeated Angle and Edge in a tag team match when Big Show pinned Angle after Heyman distracted him.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The event unofficially began with a dark match between Jeff Hardy and D'Lo Brown. Hardy pinned Brown after a Diving Crossbody The first match of the event was a Fatal Four-Way tag team match for the World Tag Team Championship between Chris Jericho and Christian, Lance Storm and William Regal, The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), and Booker T and Goldust. Jericho and Christian started the match off with the Dudley Boyz, though both Booker T and Goldust and Storm and Regal were involved early and often. The first team to go were the Dudley Boyz; Bubba Ray was pinned by Regal, after a top rope leg drop by Storm. The second elimination was Storm and Regal; Goldust pinned Regal after a Director's Cut, which made the match even at two-on-two. The final elimination came when Booker T hit a Book End on Jericho, which allowed Booker T to pin him and get the win for his team. As a result, Booker T and Goldust became the new World Tag Team Champions.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The second match was between Edge and A-Train. A-Train started the match and dominated Edge as he gave him a slam the corner, which was followed by a shoulder block. A-Train tried another slam on Edge, but Edge countered and tossed A-Train out of the ring. A-Train gained the advantage once more, when he catapulted Edge right into the ropes and nearly decapitated him, A-Train then got Edge in the headlock in the middle of the ring, but Edge dropped down and delivered a DDT to break free. Edge then took the upper hand as he got up and knocked A-Train down with a spinning heel kick, which was followed by a facebuster from the middle rope. The match came to an end when, A-Train was disqualified for hitting Edge with a chair. As a result, Edge won the match. Afterwards, Edge hit A-Train with a chair seven times.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The third match was between Chris Benoit and Eddie Guerrero. In the match, Benoit whipped Guerrero down and applied a reverse chinlock. Guerrero managed to get out of the hold, as he kicked Benoit in the midsection. Guerrero got Benoit down on the mat and locked him in a head-scissors. Benoit countered the move and got Guerrero in a hold, but Guerrero was able to get the rope, to break the hold. After back-and-forth action between Benoit and Guerrero, Benoit forced Guerrero to submit to the Crippler Crossface.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The fourth match was between Kane and Batista (with Ric Flair). Kane and Batista locked up in the middle of the ring and Batista took the upper hand over Kane, as he delivered a shoulder block. Batista then picked up Kane and slammed him, but Kane was able to drive his elbow onto him. In the match however Kane stopped Flair's interference. Kane slammed Batista into the turnbuckle, which was followed by a big boot to the face. The match came to an end when Batista delivered the Batista Bomb on Kane and grabbed the pinfall.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The fifth match was for the WWE Women's Championship between Victoria, Trish Stratus and Jacqueline. Victoria ran down to the ring, but was quickly tossed out by Jacqueline. Jacqueline took the advantage, as she hit a sweep kick on Victoria. Soon after, Trish attempted a bulldog on Jacqueline, but Jacqueline and Victoria double-teamed her with a back suplex. Mid-way in the match, Trish dominated and delivered multiple kicks to Victoria followed by a neckbreaker on Jacqueline. Victoria was pushed off the turnbuckle as Stratus delivered a chick kick on Jacqueline for a broken up two count. In the end, Victoria pinned Jacqueline after Stratus delivered a Clothesline and Victoria hit Stratus with the Women's title belt, which resulted in Victoria pinning Jacqueline and retaining the title.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The sixth match of the night was for the WWE Championship between Big Show (with Paul Heyman) and Kurt Angle. Angle was taken down by Big Show, but countered and got Big Show in a head-scissors lock. Angle got Big Show in a Sleeper Hold and got him down to the mat, but then Big Show reversed the hold and flipped Angle to the mat. Angle fought back and kicked Big Show in the face and then he went up to the top rope. Angle delivered a missile dropkick from the top rope, but Big Show kicked out of the pin. After back and forth action between the two (including some interference by A-Train against Angle), Angle pinned Big Show after interference from Brock Lesnar, who delivered the F-5 on Big Show, thus making Angle the winner of the match and the new WWE Champion.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: The main event saw Triple H facing champion Shawn Michaels for the World Heavyweight Championship in a Three Stages of Hell match. The first fall of the match was a Street Fight. Michaels and Triple H battled inside and out of the ring. Triple H tried to suplex Michaels over the ropes and through the table, but Michaels countered and suplexed Triple H right back into the ring. Michaels attempted the Sweet Chin Music, but Triple H caught Michaels and twisted Michaels' knee. Triple H focused on Michaels knee throughout the match. Triple H brought out a 2 X 4 wrapped in barbed wire, which he then lit on fire, with the flames provided on the stage. However, Michaels countered Triple H's attack and nailed him right in the face with the flaming board, which resulted in Triple H's forehead being busted open. However, Triple H picked up the first fall as he pinned Michaels after a Pedigree. The second fall was a Steel Cage match. In the match, Triple H catapulted Michaels into the wall of the cage, which was followed by Triple H grinding Michaels head into the side of the cage. After back-and-forth action between Triple H and Michaels, Michaels scored the second fall, after he Splashed Triple H through a table off the cage. The third and last fall of the night was a Ladder match. Michaels grabbed a ladder in which resulted in him dropping the ladder on Triple H's back which was quickly followed by Michaels suplexing Triple H on the ladder. The match concluded with Triple H retrieving the World Heavyweight title, after he pushed Michaels off the ladder, which resulted in Michaels crashing through four stacked tables on the outside.


title: Armageddon (2002)

text: While the 2002 event featured wrestlers from both Raw and SmackDown!, the following year, Armageddon was held exclusively for the Raw brand.


title: Ur-Nammu

text: Ur-Nammu (or Ur-Namma, Ur-Engur, Ur-Gur, Sumerian: , ruled c. 2112 BC – 2094 BC middle chronology, or possibly c. 2048–2030 BC short chronology) founded the Sumerian Third Dynasty of Ur, in southern Mesopotamia, following several centuries of Akkadian and Gutian rule. His main achievement was state-building, and Ur-Nammu is chiefly remembered today for his legal code, the Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest known surviving example in the world. He held the titles of "King of Ur, and King of Sumer and Akkad".


title: Ur-Nammu

text: According to the "Sumerian King List", Ur-Nammu reigned for 18 years. Year-names are known for 17 of these years, but their order is uncertain. One year-name of his reign records the devastation of Gutium, while two years seem to commemorate his legal reforms ("Year in which Ur-Nammu the king put in order the ways (of the people in the country) from below to above", "Year Ur-Nammu made justice in the land").


title: Ur-Nammu

text: Among his military exploits were the conquest of Lagash and the defeat of his former masters at Uruk. He was eventually recognized as a significant regional ruler (of Ur, Eridu, and Uruk) at a coronation in Nippur, and is believed to have constructed buildings at Nippur, Larsa, Kish, Adab, and Umma. He was known for restoring the roads and general order after the Gutian period. It is now known that the reign of Puzur-Inshushinak in Elam overlapped with that of Ur-Nammu. Ur-Nammu, who styled himself "King of Sumer and Akkad" is probably the one who, in his reign, reconquered the territories of central and northern Mesopotamia that had been occupied by Puzur-Inshushinak, possibly at the expense of the Gutians, and conquered Susa.


title: Ur-Nammu

text: Ur-Nammu was also responsible for ordering the construction of a number of ziggurats, including the Great Ziggurat of Ur.


title: Ur-Nammu

text: He was killed in a battle against the Gutians after he had been abandoned by his army. He was succeeded by his son Shulgi. Ur-Nammu is notable for having been one of the few Mesopotamian kings of the third millennium BC who was not deified after his death. This is testified by the posthumous Sumerian literature which never includes the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's name (this can be seen on the transliterations for the texts on ETCSL), the themes of divine abandonment in "The Death of Ur-Nammu", and the fact that Shulgi promoted his lineage to members of the legendary Uruk dynasty as opposed to Ur-Nammu. While some translations of Sumerian texts had included the divine determinative before Ur-Nammu's name more recent evidence indicates this was a mistaken addition. Despite this, the belief that the king was deified after death has been expressed just as recently, demonstrating a lack of certainty on this issue (though these were written during the same year as the new interpretations of the evidence and thus could not refer to them). Sharlach has more recently noted that favour for Ur-Nammu not having been deified has been accepted by many scholars. Ur-Nammu's death in battle was commemorated in a long Sumerian elegiac composition, "The Death of Ur-Nammu".


title: Ur-Nammu

text: The king seems to have married family members to important people all over the empire to secure loyalty in provinces. One example is his daughter Simat-Ištaran, who was married to a local general.


title: Ur-Nammu

text: Several of the year names of Ur-Nammu are known, documenting the major events of his reign. The main year names are:


title: Mahdist State

text: The Mahdist State, also known as Mahdist Sudan or the Sudanese Mahdiyya, was a state based on a religious and political movement launched in 1881 by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah (later Muhammad al-Mahdi) against the Khedivate of Egypt, which had ruled the Sudan since 1821. After four years of struggle, the Mahdist rebels overthrew the Ottoman-Egyptian administration and established their own "Islamic and national" government with its capital in Omdurman. Thus, from 1885 the Mahdist government maintained sovereignty and control over the Sudanese territories until its existence was terminated by the Anglo-Egyptian forces in 1898.