title: Area code 513

text: NANP projections indicated exhaustion of central office prefixes in 513 by the fourth quarter of 2023. For relief, on December 15, 2021, the Public Utilities Commission of Ohio approved an all-service overlay plan for the numbering plan area with the new area code 283, scheduled for operation on April 28, 2023.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: The Mexican grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis, formerly Ursus arctos nelsoni) is an extinct population of the grizzly bear in Mexico.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: The holotype was shot by H. A. Cluff at Colonia Garcia, Chihuahua in 1899. The extinct California grizzly bear extended slightly south into Baja California. The bears in Durango, Chihuahua, Sonora and central Mexico were likely more related to the bears of Arizona, New Mexico and Texas than to those of California.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: Known in the Opatas language as the , the grizzly was one of the heaviest and largest mammals in Mexico. It reached a length up to and an average weight of . Due to its silver fur, it was often named in Spanish as "el oso plateado" (the silvery bear). This bear was also described to have been of a dark color and only rarely with a reddish coat.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: The Mexican grizzly was smaller than the grizzlies in the United States and Canada. The general color was pale buffy yellow varying to grayish-white, grizzled from the darker color of the underfur. Specimens in worn pelage varied to yellowish-brown and reddish. The longest fur hairs were on the throat and the flanks. The belly was sparsely haired, lacking the thick underfur of the back and the flanks.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: The bear inhabited the northern territories of Mexico, in particular the temperate grasslands and mountainous pine forests. Its previous range reached from across Aridoamerica, from Arizona to New Mexico, Texas and Mexico. It seems unlikely that the bears would have hibernated although they may have spent some time in winter dens.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: Like all brown bears, Mexican grizzlies were omnivores. Their diet mainly consisted of plants, fruits and insects, and it is reported that it was very fond of ants, like most brown bears. Occasionally it fed also on small mammals and carrion. Females produced one to three cubs every three years or so.


title: Mexican grizzly bear

text: The first Europeans to come in contact with the Mexican grizzly were the conquistadors in the 16th century, when Francisco Vásquez de Coronado went on an expedition to find the Seven Cities of Gold. His expedition began in Mexico City in 1540, and went north to New Mexico and the Great Plains in the modern-day U.S. states of Texas and Kansas. Because the bears hunted the cattle from time to time, they were considered as pests by farmers. Grizzlies were trapped, shot and poisoned, and had already become scarce by the 1930s. Its former range decreased to the three isolated mountains, Cerro Campana, Cerro Santa Clara, and Sierra del Nido north of Chihuahua City, within the State of Chihuahua. By 1960, only 30 individuals were said to remain. Despite its protected status, the hunting continued. By 1964, the Mexican grizzly was regarded as being extinct. After rumours of some surviving individuals on a ranch at the headwaters of the Yaqui River in the state of Sonora in 1968, American biologist Dr. Carl B. Koford went on a three-month survey but without success. A grizzly was shot in 1976 in Sonora, the fourth confirmed in Sonora, and the first in many decades. The Mexican grizzly is now presumed to be extinct, or perhaps only extirpated.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas is a neighborhood in South Delhi, its heart being the historic Hauz Khas Complex. Well known in medieval times, the Hauz Khas village has amazing buildings built around the reservoir. There are remnants of Islamic architecture roughly colored by splotches of urban culture. It is centrally located and offers both rural Hauz Khas Village and urban Hauz Khas Enclave, Market environments. Hauz Khas is surrounded by Green Park, SDA (Sri Aurobindo Marg) to the west, Gulmohar Park (Balbir Saxena Marg) towards the north, Sarvapriya Vihar (Outer Ring Road) towards the south and Asiad Village (August Kranti Marg) and Siri Fort to the east.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas is also home to various diplomatic missions such as the ones of Albania, Iraq, Guinea Bissau, Burundi, and North Macedonia. Historically Hauz Khas was known as Hauz-e-Alai and is the place where Khusro Khan of Delhi Sultanate was defeated by Ghazi Malik (Governor of Dipalpur) in 1320.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings. It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the Delhi Metro, making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hostels and cafes.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas is named after an ancient water reservoir by the same name, now part of the extensive Hauz Khas Complex. In Urdu language, 'Hauz’ means "water tank" (or lake) and ‘Khas’ means "royal", giving it the meaning — the "Royal tank". The large water tank or reservoir was first built by Alauddin Khalji (r. 1296–1316) (the plaque displayed at the site records this fact) to supply water to the inhabitants of Siri Fort.


title: Hauz Khas

text: It was developed during the 1960s by DLF (Delhi Land & Finance Ltd.) as Hauz Khas Enclave. Later it was made a district of South Delhi encompassing some more neighboring areas.<br>


title: Hauz Khas

text: E block is the Main market here and lies in the middle of the colony. It includes a multi-level parking lot. G block and Aurobindo Market are other markets close by.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Mayfair Gardens is an independent small private colony inside Hauz Khas, neighboured by Padmini Enclave.


title: Hauz Khas

text: As Hauz Khas now is administered as a district, it is also known as a reference for other areas like Mayfair Gardens, Padmini Enclave, Safdarjung Enclave, Hauz Khas Village, Kalu Sarai, IIT-Delhi, Shahpur Jat, Asiad Village, Katwaria Sarai and institutional areas like on Sirifort Road and Aurobindo Marg.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas village is a historic habitation around the region of the Hauz Khas Complex, dating to much before establishment of South Delhi city. It existed as an urban village at the edge of larger Hauz Khas area, developed by DLF after the 1960s. The village area started getting modernized in mid-1980s when designer boutiques of fashion designer like Bina Ramani, started moving in. Then, in the late 1990s restaurants started coming up in the area, today it has around 50 restaurants, bars, pubs and cafes.


title: Hauz Khas

text: The success of Hauz Khas village has led to the development of Shahpur Jat and Lado Sarai as fashion and design markets also in the South Delhi area.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Historical Places like the Hauz Khas Complex which consists of the Hauz Khas Lake or Royal Tank, a mosque and a tomb, all from the time of the Khalji dynasty. Neeli Masjid and Chor Minar, where the heads of executed thieves (chor) would be put on display in the earlier days, lie inside the colony.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Nearby landmarks include Siri Fort Auditorium, Siri Fort Sports Complex, HUDCO Place and Yusuf Sarai Community Centre.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas is witnessing the growth of trendy shops and lodgings. It is now becoming the center for domestic and international tourists and backpackers. The area also is home to historical monuments and has easy access to the Delhi Metro, making it a preferred location for many visitors to India and domestic middle-class visitors from other Indian states. The area attracts young tourists with numerous hip hostels and cafes.


title: Hauz Khas

text: The domestic terminal of Indira Gandhi International Airport (Terminal 1) is from Hauz Khas while the international terminal (Terminal 3) is .


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas houses engineering and management colleges like the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. Hauz Khas also houses the fashion college National Institute of Fashion Technology.


title: Hauz Khas

text: Hauz Khas also contains private schools such as Laxman Public School and General Raj's School and a school run by the Aurobindo society Mother's International School with Sahoday Senior Secondary School. Due to the location of the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi nearby, the area of Kalu Sarai has developed into an educational hub, with many private cram schools, like MADE EASY (Temple for ESE aspirants), Achievers Point, FIITJEE, Aakash Educational Services Limited, Resonance Eduventures Ltd., for helping the student with the goal of cracking the admission tests of Indian Institutes of Technology and All India Institute of Medical Sciences, and prestigious exams like Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana, National Talent Search Examination, International Mathematics Olympiad, and other competitive tests conducted in India. It also houses Institute of Home Economics, which is a college of University of Delhi. St. Anthony's senior secondary school


title: Hauz Khas

text: Fastbooktrip, Institute of Home Economics, Gaudiya Math, Panchshila Club, Chor Minar, IDGAH, DDA Sarvpriya Vihar Park


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: A Return to Salem's Lot is a 1987 American vampire film co-written and directed by Larry Cohen and starring Michael Moriarty, Andrew Duggan, Samuel Fuller, Evelyn Keyes, and June Havoc. A theatrical sequel to the 1979 miniseries "Salem's Lot", the film follows an anthropologist and his son who encounter supernatural incidents and vampirism in the small town of Salem's Lot.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Cohen had previously written a screenplay for the 1979 "Salem's Lot" miniseries that had been rejected by Warner Bros. at the time. Years later, the studio approached Cohen to write and direct a low-budget feature for them; he proposed a sequel to "Salem's Lot". While writing the screenplay, Cohen was inspired by Thornton Wilder's play "Our Town", and sought to rework familiar tropes of the vampire film, presenting the vampires as typical Americans descended from Europe, having fled their native country to establish a colony in America in the 1600s.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Filmed in Vermont in late 1986, "A Return to Salem's Lot" was screened at the 1987 Cannes Film Market before receiving a limited theatrical release from Warner Bros. in the fall of that year.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Joe Weber, an anthropologist working in South America, is summoned back to the United States by his ex-wife, Sally, who informs him that their dysfunctional adolescent son, Jeremy, will be committed to a psychiatric institution if Joe does not intervene. Joe takes custody of Jeremy, and decides to return to his hometown of Salem's Lot, Maine, where he owns an abandoned, rundown farmhouse passed down to him by his deceased Aunt Clara.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Unbeknownst to Joe, Salem's Lot is in fact a vampire colony. One night, a group of teenagers are stopped by police officers who subsequently—along with other various townspeople—begin feeding on them. Sherry, one of the teenagers, manages to hide out in a church before fleeing to the outskirts of town, stumbling into Joe and Jeremy's home. Joe brings Sherry to meet with Judge Axel, the town mayor, to report the incident. Inside, Joe, Sherry, and Jeremy are welcomed to a dinner attended by various high society, among them Amanda Fenton, the young granddaughter of the town doctor. At the urging of her grandmother, Amanda takes Jeremy on a tour of the town while the adults congregate. When Sherry notices one of her attackers at the gathering, she becomes hysterical, and is escorted to another room to be killed and fed upon.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: To Joe's shock, Judge Axel reveals himself and the townspeople to be vampires. Axel attempts to appeal to Joe's objective anthropological methodology, hoping he can give their community mainstream exposure, and eventually write a religious text for their people. Axel gives Joe a tour of the town, during which he explains the dangers of drinking human blood in the late 20th-century, amongst them various contractible viruses such as hepatitis and AIDS. To remedy this, Axel has arranged for the locals to primarily feast on the blood of live cows at their local dairy. During the tour, Joe is met by his Aunt Clara, whom he believed to be dead—she, too, a vampire.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Bewildered by what he has learned, Joe no less decides to remain in Salem's Lot and renovate his familial home. At a nighttime school meeting, Jeremy and Joe learn that the townspeople have bred "drones", people who can safely be exposed to sunlight in order to oversee daily operations of the community, maintaining a façade of normalcy. The school principal also explains the vampires' origins, and how they traveled to the United States concurrent to the pilgrims. Joe soon rekindles a romance with Cathy (also a vampire), a woman whom he had an affair with as a teenager. Meanwhile, Jeremy attests to Joe that he plans to become a vampire and live eternally in the community. When Jeremy becomes sensitive to sunlight and grows ill, Joe realizes he has already begun his transformation. When Joe attempts to flee with Jeremy, he is attacked along a river by two of the local drones, one of whom he bludgeons to death with a rock, before being knocked unconscious himself.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Joe awakens from the attack in the Axels' home, where Aunt Clara, Cathy, and others reveal that Cathy is pregnant with Joe's child. They also inform him Jeremy is about to be "reborn". Shortly after, Joe is met by Van Meer, an eccentric Nazi hunter who has been surveilling the town. Joe and Van Meer bond together, hoping to save Jeremy from the vampires' influence. After staging a siege against the townspeople with Van Meer and burning down their homes, Joe and Jeremy are confronted by Axel, who reveals himself in his true, grotesque vampiric form. A fight ensues in a barn, culminating in Axel being impaled with an American flag. Van Meer, stealing a schoolbus, saves Joe and Jeremy. The trio drive away from Salem's Lot as sun rises, and the remaining vampires burn alive.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Larry Cohen biographer Tony Williams describes a unifying theme of "A Return to Salem's Lot" as that of "becoming a human being." Williams also notes the film's vampires as being presented as part of a capitalist consumer society, writing that the "ancient consumer society of vampires are really all-American... [the film] presents vampires as a fundamental part of America's economic and institutional structure."


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Author Mike Mayo, writing in "The Horror Show Guide: The Ultimate Frightfest of Movies" (2013), notes that Cohen "uses Stephen King's premise of a small town overrun by bloodsuckers as a platform from which he can satirize conservative American smugness."


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Cohen had previously written a draft screenplay for the 1979 miniseries based on Stephen King's novel of the same name, but it was rejected by Warner Bros. at the time. Years later, Warner Bros. approached Cohen to direct another low-budget feature for them, and he proposed a sequel to "Salem's Lot" that only loosely used King's source novel for its basis. Cohen was influenced by the Thornton Wilder play "Our Town" when writing the screenplay.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: "The intention was always to bring a sense of humor to the picture in playing with the established elements of vampire movies. Audiences recognize aspects of the mythology and know what they mean, but I don't like vampire movies particularly. In fact, I find them very tedious. With "A Return to Salem's Lot", I tried to revamp the vampire legend by making vampires the most persecuted race in Europe."


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Filming took place in Vermont in St. Johnsbury, as well as Newbury and Peacham, in the fall of 1986. Some additional photography took place in New York City.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Recalling the shooting experience in Peacham, Cohen said: "The inhabitants virtually gave us the entire town. I disrupted normal activities for several weeks. Since the film was about vampires, I shot late into the night and recruited the townspeople to be extras and their children to play young vampires." The film was shot by cinematographer Daniel Pearl, who had previously shot Tobe Hooper's "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974).


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: "A Return to Salem's Lot" opened at the Cannes Film Market on May 13, 1987 It was given a limited release theatrically in the United States by Warner Bros. in September 1987.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: "The Des Moines Register" gave the film a zero-star rating, referring to it as "a festival of bad acting" and "quite possibly the most amateurishly made vampire movie in memory," adding: ""Return", in fact, plays like a movie made by people who've heard about how movies are made but who've never seen one." Jim Schembri of "The Age" noted that the film "outstay[s] its welcome after about five minutes." William Thomas of "Empire" gave the film a one out of four star-rating, writing: "Larry Cohen, the man who helmed "Q" and "It’s Alive!", directs as if he has been possessed by some middling incubus of the film industry. Pallid doesn't do it. This is offensively bad in every department and should be left to rot in a vault somewhere."


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: Alan Jones of the "Radio Times" gave the film a favorable review, awarding it 3 out of 5 stars and writing: "Cohen happily whittles away at the American Dream, offering plenty of satire and allegory, as well as examining moral dilemmas, plus fine performances by old-timers June Havoc, Evelyn Keyes and director Samuel Fuller, who steals the show as a single-minded vampire hunter."


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: "A Return to Salem's Lot" was released on VHS by Warner Home Video the following year. The film was released to burn-on-demand DVD by the Warner Archive Collection in 2010.


title: A Return to Salem's Lot

text: In June 2021, it was announced that Shout! Factory, through their horror sub-label Scream! Factory, would be releasing the film for the first time on Blu-ray on August 21, 2021.


title: Omega X

text: Omega X () is a South Korean boy band formed by Spire Entertainment. The group consists of 11 members: Jaehan, Hwichan, Sebin, Hangyeom, Taedong, Xen, Jehyun, Kevin, Junghoon, Hyuk and Yechan.


title: Omega X

text: All of Omega X's members had appeared in survival shows or debuted in previous K-pop groups before debuting in Omega X. Hangyeom is a former member of Seven O'Clock who also participated in "Mix Nine", finishing in 6th place. Jaehan was a contestant on "Produce 101 Season 2" and a former member of Spectrum. Hwichan also participated in "Mix Nine" and is a former member of Limitless. Sebin is a member of Snuper and participated in "". Taedong participated in "Boys24" and "Produce 101 Season 2," and is a former member of Gidongdae. Xen and Jehyun are former members of 1Team. Kevin, Junghoon and Hyuk are former members of ENOi. Yechan participated in "Under Nineteen" and is a former member of 1the9.


title: Omega X

text: On June 30, Omega X debuted with the release of their first EP, "Vamos", and its lead single of the same name.


title: Omega X

text: On September 6, Omega X released their first single album, "What's Goin' On", and its lead single of the same name.


title: Omega X

text: On January 5, Omega X released their second EP, "Love Me Like", and its lead single of the same name.


title: Omega X

text: On June 15, Omega X released their first studio album, "Story Written in Music" and its title track "Play Dumb".


title: Omega X

text: On August 24, Omega X made their Japanese debut under Tokuma Shoten with the mini album "Stand Up!" and the title track of the same name was pre-released on July 1.


title: Omega X

text: On October 24, 2022, a video was leaked showing the CEO of Spire Entertainment physically and verbally abusing members of the group as one of them faints. On the same day, Spire Entertainment released a statement claiming that both Omega X and the label had "resolved all their misunderstandings" while the CEO denied any abuse having taken place. The following day, SBS shared a new video taken by a fan showing the CEO verbally abusing the members outside a concert venue, with one member undergoing a panic attack.


title: Omega X

text: On November 5, the group created a new Instagram separate from the label, where they announced their intentions to continue as a group and communicate with their fans. On November 7, Spire released another apology in response to the Instagram post by Omega X, as well as announcing the resignation of the company's CEO to prevent future incidents. On November 11, SBS revealed more allegations against the company such as them forcing the group to perform despite testing positive for COVID-19, and a new video of the initial yelling incident, revealing that the CEO yelled at the members for not properly thanking her or the company during their live concert. Despite this, the company only issued a brief statement reaffirming the earlier apology and resignation of the CEO.


title: Omega X

text: On November 14, it was announced that a press conference would be held with the members on November 16 for a special announcement. Ahead of the press conference the group filed a trademark for their name as well as the fanbase, For X. It was also revealed by their legal representative that the group suffered assault, intimidation, sexual harassment, gaslighting, and other forms of abuse. During the press conference, it was announced that Omega X would be filing a lawsuit to terminate their contracts against Spire Entertainment.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The International Commerce Centre (abbreviated ICC) is a 118-storey, commercial skyscraper completed in 2010 in West Kowloon, Hong Kong. It is a part of the Union Square project on top of Kowloon station. It was the 4th tallest building in the world (third in Asia) when its construction was completed in late 2010. As of June 2019, it is the world's 12th tallest building by height, world's 9th tallest building by number of floors, as well as the tallest building in Hong Kong and also the 6th tallest building within China if territories are included.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The ICC faces the second-tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, the 2 International Finance Centre (IFC) directly across Victoria Harbour in Central, Hong Kong Island. IFC was also developed by Sun Hung Kai Properties, along with another major Hong Kong developer, Henderson Land.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: MTR Corporation Limited and Sun Hung Kai Properties, Hong Kong's metro operator and largest property developer, were responsible for development of this skyscraper. Known in development as Union Square Phase 7, its current name was officially announced in 2005. The International Commerce Centre was completed in phases from 2007 to 2010. The tower opened in 2011, with the Ritz-Carlton opening in late March and the observatory in early April.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The height had been scaled back from the earlier plans due to regulations that did not allow buildings to be taller than the surrounding mountains. The original proposal for this building was called Kowloon Station Phase 7, and it was designed to be tall with 102 floors. It would have risen over the then-current tallest in Hong Kong, 2 International Finance Centre.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The tower was designed by the American architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates (KPF) in association with Wong & Ouyang.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: Construction work was temporarily halted on 13 September 2009, due to a lift shaft accident that killed six workers.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The building has 107 floors above ground and 4 below ground. Due to prevalence of tetraphobia in Hong Kong, floors that would have included the number "4" and “13” (4, 13, 14, 24, 34, 44 etc…) were omitted. Therefore, it is marketed as a 118-storey building.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: A five-star hotel, The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong occupies floors 102 to 118. The world's highest swimming pool and bar (OZONE) can be found on the top 118th floor.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The building also contains an observation deck on the 100th floor called Sky100 which opened to the public in April 2011. The 101st floor is leased to a number of five-star restaurants.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The rest of the building, except the lobby, contains class-A office space. Future apartment space may be leased for the public in coming years.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The LED light show set a new Guinness World Record for the “largest light and sound show on a single building” using a total of 50,000 square metres on two facades of the International Commerce Centre.


title: International Commerce Centre

text: The ICC Light and Music Show is designed by lighting designer Hirohito Totsune who already designed the lighting system of the Tokyo Skytree. Similar to the daily “A Symphony of Lights Show” in Victoria Harbour, the ICC Light and Music Show creates a theme and storyline using light and music elements.


title: Empress Teimei

text: , born , was the wife of Emperor Taishō and the mother of Emperor Shōwa of Japan. Her posthumous name, "Teimei", means "enlightened constancy".


title: Empress Teimei

text: Sadako Kujō was born on 25 June 1884 in Tokyo, as the fourth daughter of Duke Michitaka Kujō, head of Kujō branch of the Fujiwara clan. Her mother was Ikuko Noma.


title: Empress Teimei

text: She married then-Crown Prince Yoshihito (the future Emperor Taishō) on 10 May 1900, at the age of 15. The couple lived in the newly constructed Akasaka Palace in Tokyo, outside of the main Tokyo Imperial Palace complex. When she gave birth to a son, Prince Hirohito (the future Emperor Shōwa) in 1901, she was the first official wife of a Crown Prince or Emperor to have given birth to the official heir to the throne since 1750.


title: Empress Teimei

text: She became Empress (Kōgō) when her husband ascended to the throne on 30 July 1912. Given her husband's weak physical and mental condition, she exerted a strong influence on imperial life, and was an active patron of Japanese Red Cross Society. The relations between the Emperor and Empress were very good, as evidenced by Emperor Taishō's lack of interest in taking concubines, thus breaking with hundreds of years of imperial tradition, and by her giving birth to four sons.


title: Empress Teimei

text: After the death of Emperor Taishō on 25 December 1926, her title became that of (which means "widow of the former emperor"). She openly objected to Japan's involvement in World War II, which might have caused conflict with her son, Hirohito. From 1943, she also worked behind the scenes with her third son Prince Takamatsu to bring about the downfall of Prime Minister Hideki Tōjō.


title: Empress Teimei

text: She was a Buddhist adherent who had the faith of the Lotus Sutra and prayed with the Shinto ritual ceremonies of the Tokyo Imperial Palace.


title: Empress Teimei

text: She died on 17 May 1951 at Omiya Palace in Tokyo, aged 66, and was buried near her husband, Emperor Taishō, in the "Tama no higashi no misasagi" (多摩東陵) at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Tokyo.


title: Le Gavroche

text: Le Gavroche ("The Urchin") is a restaurant at 43 Upper Brook Street in Mayfair, London. It was opened in 1967 by Michel and Albert Roux at 61 Lower Sloane Street, its premises until 1981. Albert's son Michel Roux Jr is the current chef patron. It was the first restaurant in the UK to be awarded three Michelin stars, which it held from 1982 to 1993.


title: Le Gavroche

text: The restaurant offers classical French food, although some dishes are more modern. Notable dishes are Soufflé Suissesse (cheese soufflé baked on double cream); Le Caneton Gavroche (whole poached duck in a light consommé served with three sauces for two); and Omelette Rothschild. Its name comes from the character Gavroche in Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables".


title: Le Gavroche

text: Chefs who have worked in the kitchen of Le Gavroche include Marco Pierre White, Gordon Ramsay, Marcus Wareing, Pierre Koffmann, Bryn Williams, Michael Smith, Konstantin Filippou and Monica Galetti.


title: Le Gavroche

text: Albert's son Michel Roux Jr is the current chef patron having taken over the running of the kitchen in 1991. Under his stewardship, Le Gavroche has been consistently placed in Restaurant's Top 50. The current Executive Chef is Rachel Humphrey and the Head Chef is Gaetano Farucci.


title: Le Gavroche

text: Le Gavroche was listed in the "Guinness Book of World Records" as having served the most expensive meal per head when three diners spent $20,945 on one meal (including cigars, spirits, and six bottles of wine costing $19,248) in September 1997.


title: Le Gavroche

text: In 2008, Silvano Giraldin, Le Gavroche's General Manager, retired after 37 years working there. He remains as one of Le Gavroche's directors.


title: Le Gavroche

text: David Coulson, runner-up in the 2010 BBC series "MasterChef: The Professionals", accepted an offer of employment from Michel Roux Jr during the final stages of the show and was to start work with Le Gavroche as chef de partie in January 2011. The current (2016) head chef is Rachel Humphrey.


title: Le Gavroche

text: In November 2016, it emerged that some employees were being paid as little as £5.50 per hour. This was considerably less than the 2016 legal UK minimum wage of £7.20 per hour. The restaurant has since committed to reviewing and increasing wages and the time that the restaurant is closed to reduce staff working hours. The restaurant was also further disadvantaging staff by treating the service charge as restaurant revenue, and not a tip, as it is commonly believed to be.


title: Le Gavroche

text: In 1974, Le Gavroche was the first restaurant in the UK to receive a Michelin star and was the first British restaurant to receive two Michelin stars, this in 1977 while still at Lower Sloane Street. In 1982, after a move to the larger Upper Brook Street premises, it became the first restaurant in the UK to be awarded three stars. It retained this rating until 1993 when it lost a star as the Chef Patron formally changed from Albert Roux to his son. Regarding the loss of the third star Michel Roux Jr said that "Certainly I would love three stars. I believe in the system and the recognition would be wonderful. But I am not cooking that style of food. There are dishes that are worthy of it but my style really doesn't suit that status."


title: Space Hulk

text: Space Hulk is a board game for two players by Games Workshop. It was released in 1989. The game is set in the fictional universe of "Warhammer 40,000". In the game, a "space hulk" is a mass of ancient, derelict space ships, asteroids, and other assorted space debris. One player takes the role of Space Marine Terminators, superhuman elite soldiers who have been sent to investigate such a space hulk. The other player takes the role of Tyranid Genestealers, an aggressive alien species which have made their home aboard such masses.


title: Space Hulk

text: In "Warhammer 40,000", a "space hulk" is any massive derelict space ship. Space hulks are often agglomerations of multiple ships, fused together by the magical influence of the Warp, a kind of hyperspace. Space hulks may house many threats: genestealers; human followers of the dark gods of Chaos; daemons; and Orks, who use space hulks as their standard method of interstellar travel. Genestealers were described in the first edition of "Warhammer 40,000", but they were very different from their Space Hulk incarnation, which was more influenced by the xenomorphs depicted in the "Alien" franchise. Since the 1990s, subsequent games have absorbed them as part of the overall Tyranid army, where they serve as the shock troops. Space Marine Terminators are described in game lore as veterans who have earned the right to don special armor. Space Marine Terminators were originally only used in Space Hulk-type scenarios, but rules were added in "White Dwarf" and subsequent releases of "Warhammer 40,000" and "Epic" for their deployment in conventional battles in limited numbers as elite troops. Besides a space hulk, similar skirmishes between Space Marine Terminators and Genestealers can also be set in other environments.


title: Space Hulk

text: The game is set on a modular board made up of various board sections which represent corridors and rooms and which can be freely arranged and locked together like a jigsaw puzzle to represent the interior of a space hulk. One player controls the Space Marine Terminators, and the other player controls the Tyranid Genestealers.


title: Space Hulk

text: The pieces are moved by the players through a system of "action points", where each piece has a certain number specified for it. A Terminator piece has few action points; a Genestealer piece has many action points.


title: Space Hulk

text: The game is notable for its hidden play mechanics, from which it derives much of its playability and tension.


title: Space Hulk

text: On the one hand, the Terminator player has a variable number of "command points" available each turn which are only revealed to the Genestealer player after they are used up; these command points may be used to move the Terminator pieces either during the Terminator player's own turn or during the Genestealer player's turn. (In the second edition, the extra points were not hidden from the Genestealer player.)


title: Space Hulk

text: On the other hand, the actual number of Genestealer pieces in play is hidden from the Terminator player, because the Genestealer pieces come into play as "blips" which may represent multiple creatures. (1-3 creatures in the 1st 3rd and 4th editions; 0-6 in the 2nd edition; 0-3 in the "Deathwing" expansion; and 1-6 in the "Genestealer" expansion.)


title: Space Hulk

text: In the basic version of the game, playing as the Terminators can be engaging and tactically challenging, partly because the Terminator player is constrained by a time limit for their turn, while playing as the Genestealers can be very straightforward. To overcome this asymmetry, players are encouraged to play each mission of the game twice, swapping between playing with Terminators and playing with Genestealers. The fairly fast play time (around half an hour per mission), driven by the Terminator player's time limitation, makes this feasible.


title: Space Hulk

text: The "Deathwing" expansion pack for the first edition included rules for playing the game as a one-player game—that is, playing the game as Terminators using different mechanics for moving the Genestealer pieces. The "Genestealer" expansion pack for the first edition included rules for human-genestealer hybrids, which could carry weapons and equipment, and for a Magus and for a Patriarch, adding more depth for the Genestealer player. However, these additions were not carried over in the second or the third or the fourth editions, although the third and the fourth editions did include rules for a Broodlord.


title: Space Hulk

text: The first edition of "Space Hulk" was released in May 1989.<ref name="UK White Dwarf WD113 05/1989">UK "White Dwarf" WD113 05/1989</ref>


title: Space Hulk

text: This edition was further expanded with additional scenarios and rules in articles in the magazines "White Dwarf" and "Citadel Journal".


title: Space Hulk

text: The early articles from "White Dwarf" were collected and published as two separate expansion packs, and most of the later articles from "White Dwarf" were collected and published as a book:


title: Space Hulk

text: The second edition of "Space Hulk" was released in April 1996.<ref name="UK White Dwarf WD196 04/1996">UK "White Dwarf" WD196 04/1996</ref>


title: Space Hulk

text: This edition featured revamped board artwork and miniatures. It featured two identical plastic five-man Terminator squads with standard weaponry and assorted Genestealers.


title: Space Hulk

text: This edition significantly simplified the rules compared to those of the 1st edition, and it offered less opportunity for expansion, due to the specific dice used for the game. A critical change was made to the Command Point system, no longer allowing them to be used in the enemy turn, altering the strategic complexity of the game. The rules for the heavy flamer were also changed, and the difference between the standard weapons and the area effect flamer was reduced.


title: Space Hulk

text: This edition was further expanded with additional scenarios and rules in articles in the magazines "White Dwarf" and "Citadel Journal", such as "Defilement of Honour"<ref name="UK White Dwarf WD197 05/1996">UK "White Dwarf" WD197 05/1996</ref> which involves rules for air ducts, a new kind of board section which allows Genestealers to move off the main board and back onto it from one place to another place, and "Fangs of Fenris" which involves Wolf Guard Terminators of the Space Wolves Space Marines Chapter.


title: Space Hulk

text: The third edition of "Space Hulk" was released in September 2009.<ref name="UK White Dwarf WD257 09/2009">UK "White Dwarf" WD257 09/2009</ref>


title: Space Hulk

text: The mail order stocks sold out three days before release, and most Games Workshop retail outlets were sold out within a week of release. Games Workshop announced no plans to reprint this edition of the game as it was intended to be a limited release.


title: Space Hulk

text: This edition featured new sculpts designed specifically for "Space Hulk", instead of being shared with the sets for the tabletop game "Warhammer 40,000". Advancements in sculpting and moulding have allowed Games Workshop's Alex Hedström to add a greater level of detail to the miniatures. Each of the twelve miniatures representing Terminators has a distinct appearance, such as Brother Omnio being shown consulting a scanner mounted in his Power Fist. The miniatures representing Genestealers were depicted in various poses, with one bursting up from the floor and another climbing down from the wall. The counters and the board sections of the game were made using new debossing techniques which applied shallow depressions into the cardboard. These board sections were additionally much thicker and heavier than those of previous editions. The Games Workshop studio and box art represents the Blood Angels Space Marine Chapter.


title: Space Hulk

text: The rules were modernised to some extent, but were largely similar to those of the 1st edition. One critical rule change was that a Terminator jamming his gun on overwatch does not lose the overwatch status. Also, a new rule, allowing a Terminator to go on guard (essentially a close combat version of overwatch), was added.


title: Space Hulk

text: Although the Games Workshop website sold out of Space Hulk less than 24 hours after it was available for pre-order, most stores had a number of copies available to buy on release day.


title: Space Hulk

text: The game was largely a re-release of the third edition with a few rules tweaked. It featured additional board sections and missions, plus refreshed graphical presentation of the existing art assets.


title: Space Hulk

text: These campaigns chronicle other Space Marine chapters, and they include rules for additional Space Marine Terminator troopers and weapons.


title: Space Hulk

text: "Space Hulk", released in 1993, is a real-time tactical game for PC (MS-DOS) and Amiga, developed and published by Electronic Arts. Using overhead maps, the player orders the Marine squads, and controls individual Marines via first-person shooter interfaces. The game features a time-limited option to pause the action while enabling the player to continue issuing commands. The Space Marines featured in this game are the Deathwing (1st Company) from the Dark Angels Chapter.


title: Space Hulk

text: A game titled "Aspect Warriors" was under development and planned to be published by Electronic Arts for the Sega Mega Drive but it was never released.


title: Space Hulk

text: "" was released by Electronic Arts in 1995 and 1996, on PC, PlayStation, Sega Saturn, and 3DO. The sequel to the 1993 video game, "Vengeance of the Blood Angels" combines first-person shooter gameplay with real-time tactical elements.


title: Space Hulk

text: In 2005, a mobile phone version called "Warhammer: Space Hulk" was released. This game replicated the board game's play mechanics and allowed play as either Space Marines or Genestealers.


title: Space Hulk

text: In 2008, a small group of hobbyists released a PC conversion of the board game, along with assorted scenarios, for free over the Internet. However, within a month the game was removed from the developers' site. They noted that the web download traffic was creating problems, and that Games Workshop were threatening legal action due to THQ's current ownership of the "Warhammer 40,000" video game license. According to the development team, their attempts to negotiate for the release of the game with THQ were refused, resulting in the game being rebranded under the name "Alien Assault". A fan-made game called "NetHulk" is currently available as freeware. It allows two players to compete head-to-head over an internet or LAN connection, or in a hotseat mode. The game's rules do not strictly adhere to the board game, but are a hybrid of the first and second editions. "QSpacehulk" is another fan-made freeware available which strictly follows the rules of the second edition.


title: Space Hulk

text: "Space Hulk" is a video game for PC (Windows) and Mac and Linux by Copenhagen-based game developer Full Control ApS. It was released in August 2013. The game has received mixed reviews, holding a rating of 59 (out of 100, based on 4 reviews) on review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Space Hulk

text: "" is a video game for PC (Windows), Mac, Linux and PlayStation 4 by Full Control ApS. It was released in November 2014 for PC.


title: Space Hulk

text: "" is a tactical first-person shooter developed by Streum On Studio released in 2016 for the PC and PlayStation 4. It expands the gameplay environment, beyond the narrow maze-like corridors of the original board game and earlier video games, to include massive space ship interiors such as a cathedral. The story is co-written by Gav Thorpe, a longtime Games Workshop author and games designer.


title: Space Hulk

text: , released in 2018, is a video game for PlayStation 4, Windows PC and Xbox One. It was developed by Cyanide Studio and published by Focus Home Interactive.


title: Space Hulk

text: "Space Hulk: Death Angel — The Card Game" is a card game using a special die for one to six players by Fantasy Flight Games. It was released in 2010.


title: Space Hulk

text: In the August 1989 edition of "Games International" (Issue #8), Brian Walker admired the professional production quality of this game. However, he found the game lacked play balance, since the space marines nearly always lost badly. He concluded by giving the game a poor rating of only 2 out of 5, saying, "There are some great ideas buried deep in the bowels of "Space Hulk", but at the moment ideas is all they are."


title: Space Hulk

text: Two issues later, in the November 1989 edition of "Games International" (Issue 10), "Space Hulk"s rating was raised to 3 out of 5, with the comment "Upgraded one star since our original review [...] as subsequent scenarios proved to be more balanced."


title: Space Hulk

text: In Issue 43 of "Challenge", John Theisen commented, "There's something very different about this game. Maybe it’s the ugly nature of the opponent, or maybe it’s just the odds." Theisen liked the components and artwork, calling them "up to Games Workshop’s usual high standard for quality and use of color." He found that ""Space Hulk" is easy to learn and (I would venture to guess) very difficult to master." Theisen concluded, ""Space Hulk" possesses too many tactical subtleties to evaluate and has the potential for too many new scenarios to design to permit any dust to accumulate on it for very long. [...] Despite its high price, I recommend "Space Hulk" — or, to quote an Australian friend of mine, 'This one’s a ripper!'"


title: Space Hulk

text: In the April 1991 edition of "Dragon" (Issue 168), Ken Rolston called the 1st edition of the game "excellent", commenting on the "Expensive and elegant components, lovely alien Genestealer and Space Marine models, simple systems, and exceptionally clear rules with lots of helpful diagrams." He also complimented the "fast pace of play and lots of action and mayhem."


title: Space Hulk

text: In Issue 22 of "Magia i Miecz", Artur Marciniak reviewed the Polish language version of the game, and although he found the translation almost as good as the original edition, he bemoaned some of the translation issues, saying, "Unfortunately, the translation of the rules of the game leaves a lot to be desired. Bizarre syntax, English terms left untranslated (including some quite important ones), it all worked to reduce my satisfaction with the Polish release of this game."


title: Space Hulk

text: In the May 1996 edition of "Arcane" (Issue 6), Mark Donald questioned its replayability and rated the 2nd Edition of "Space Hulk" a 7 out of 10, saying, "It's a fun game, a doddle to play, but it'll probably fade away to nothing once the initial playing frenzy is spent and all the missions have been played through to completion."


title: Space Hulk

text: "Space Hulk" was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book "". Matt Forbeck commented, ""Space Hulk" taught me more about elegance in design than any other game. It's an icon of well-nested mechanics that build a system far greater than its parts. Better yet, every part of the game works to support not only each other but the game's underlying metaphor, giving a united play experience that's unmatched."


title: Dual power

text: "Dual power" () was a term first used by communist Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) in the "Pravda" article titled "The Dual Power" which described a situation in the wake of the February Revolution, the first of two Russian Revolutions in 1917. Two powers coexisted with each other and competed for legitimacy: the Soviets (workers' councils), particularly the Petrograd Soviet, and the continuing official state apparatus of the Russian Provisional Government of the Social Revolutionaries.


title: Dual power

text: Lenin argued that this essentially unstable situation constituted a unique opportunity for the Soviets and Bolsheviks to seize power by smashing the weak Provisional Government and establishing themselves as the basis of a new form of state power.


title: Dual power

text: This notion has informed the strategies of subsequent communist-led revolutions elsewhere in the world, including the Chinese Revolution of 1949 led by Mao Zedong (1893–1976) after the Chinese Civil War (1927–1936 and 1946–1949) and in eastern Europe after World War II (1939–1945).


title: Dual power

text: After Tsar Nicholas II abdicated the throne, the resulting February Revolution led to the establishment of the Provisional Government and its counterpart, the Petrograd Soviet. The Provisional Government was composed of former State Duma representatives with approval from the Petrograd Soviet, whereas the Petrograd Soviet was made up of socialist leaders elected by a proletariat constituency. With the Russian government moving from an autocracy to this system of "dual power" with the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet constantly vying for power, there was much confusion on how both could coexist and govern effectively.


title: Dual power

text: In this confusion, the Provisional Government realized the Soviet had the people's trust and enthusiasm. In the hopes of appeasing the Soviet and keeping the support of the population, the Provisional Government launched several very bold liberal acts and promoted civil liberties through means of freedom of speech, press, and assembly. Yet, other than strategic political motives, the Provisional Government understood that their power was illegitimate, due to the fact that they were not elected by the people. To solve the problem of illegitimacy, the Provisional Government was in the process of establishing the Constituent Assembly, whose members would be democratically elected by the people. The Constituent Assembly would never come to be under the Provisional Government's rule, as the elections were set after the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution.


title: Dual power

text: After the February Revolution, Lenin published his April Theses and in it he expressed unhappiness with the February Revolution as he described it as a "Bourgeois Revolution". He pushed for the slogan "All Power to the Soviets". Lenin mentioned that a Proletarian Revolution was necessary, and expressed that he had no interest in cooperating with the Provisional Government or the other Soviet leaders who were willing to compromise. Other members of Soviet leadership were skeptical of Lenin's ideas since they were afraid that Lenin and the Bolsheviks were advocating for anarchism. Lenin also criticized the Petrograd Soviet for governing alongside the Provisional Government, and accused them of forgetting and abandoning socialist ideas and the proletarian revolution.


title: Dual power

text: The Provisional Government's members primarily consisted of former State Duma members under Nicholas II's reign. Its members were mainly members of the Constitutional Democratic Party (known as the Kadet party), as the Kadets were the only formal political party functioning in the Provisional Government at its conception. The ideological and political ideas differed wildly throughout the party's leadership and members, but most were moderates, offering both liberal and conservative views at times. The Kadets and the Provisional Government alike pushed for new policies including the release of political prisoners, a decree of freedom of press, cessation of the Okhrana, abolition of the death penalty, and rights for minorities. The Provisional Government and the Kadets also wanted Russia to continue to be involved in World War I, much to the dismay of the Soviets. Despite certain political ideas, the Kadets became slightly more conservative overall with the rise of left-wing parties and left-wing thought within both the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet. The Provisional Government realized that their power was not legitimate since they were former Duma members, and not elected by a general public. They knew that to be seen as a legitimate government body, they would need to be elected by the people, and they established the Constituent Assembly and scheduled popular elections to take place later in the year.


title: Dual power

text: Alexander Kerensky, a former member of the Fourth Duma and a chairmen of the Soviet Executive Committee and eventually the Prime Minister for the Provisional Government, was brought into the Provisional Government as a way to gain support from left-wing parties and the Petrograd Soviet. Kerensky was a moderate socialist, and believed that cooperation with the Provisional Government was necessary. Historian S. A. Smith explains that after the appointment of Kerensky "Thus was born 'dual power', an institutional arrangement under which the Provisional Government enjoyed formal authority, but where the Soviet Executive Committee had real power." The Provisional Government feared the Soviets immense growing power, and through this fear they tried to appease them as much as possible. When Kerensky became Prime Minister, he attempted to work with the Soviets including arming the Soviets and their followers during the Kornilov affair. The attempts of Kerensky would not last for a while, as the Bolsheviks did not believe in compromise and overthrew the Provisional Government in the October Revolution.


title: Dual power

text: The Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in Petrograd served as the voice of the smaller councils of deputies elected by commoners, specifically soldiers and workers. The Petrograd Soviet, therefore, could claim a much better understanding of the people's will, since it was composed of many orators whom the lower class population elected. The Soviet was established after the February Revolution, composed of numerous socialist revolutionaries.


title: Dual power

text: The workers and soldiers of Russia saw hope in the Petrograd soviets, and elected deputies to it "en masse", causing it to gain membership at an alarming rate (1,200 seats had been filled in a week). The Petrograd Soviet was seen as a benefactor that would bring them land, bread, and peace.


title: Dual power

text: The executive committee was initially made up of Nikolai Ckheidze, Matvei Skobelev, and Alexander Kerensky. These men were socialists, but feared radicalism. To keep radical mentality from spreading and provoking a "counter-revolutionary movement", they chose to support the Provisional Government where necessary. This led to the uneasy balance of power called "dual power".


title: Dual power

text: The events of the July Days would solidify the issues of dual power within government between the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet. Between the dates of 3 and 7 July (Julian Calendar date), a Bolshevik uprising, still disputed whether intentional by Lenin, occurred. In what is seen as a "grassroots" uprising, workers and lower ranks of soldiers violently demonstrated in the streets, calling for the Soviet to take power over the Provisional Government. The uprising was supported by the Bolshevik Military Organization and Petersburg Committee, who sent in more support, but the leaders of the party had less concrete opinions about the demonstration.


title: Dual power

text: Alexander Kerensky, head of the Provisional Government, led a crackdown on those involved with the events of the July Days and overthrow of the Provisional Government. The military was used to gather and arrest violent demonstrators, retake government buildings from Bolshevik forces, and dissolve military units that had participated in the attempted overthrow. The Provisional Government also attempted to undermine Lenin and his party by revealing their investigation of his ties to Germany, Russia's enemy during World War I. These combined actions would quell the Bolshevik uprising and support until August 1917 (Julian).


title: Dual power

text: The reinstatement of the death penalty for soldiers, and Kerensky transferring the Provisional Government into the Winter Palace were among the actions that led to accusations of counterrevolutionary activity (reestablishment of autocratic government) by the Provisional Government. A new kind of duality between the classes (proletariat and bourgeoisie) was a split noticeable not only in government, but also in everyday life for Russians. This led to increased tensions between both theaters, and made it difficult for groups to collaborate. The Petrograd Soviet represented the Proletariat, while the Provisional Government members were part of the former State Duma, representing the old government under the tsar. This divide was also evident in the military, between rank-and-file soldiers and military officers. As World War I continued on, soldiers started to mutiny or to disobey orders from their superiors, while supporting the soviets, hoping to bring an end to Russia's involvement in the war.


title: Dual power

text: Although the Bolshevik party was largely put down after the events of the July Days, Lenin still believed that the group could gain power in government because of unsteadiness due to the dual power situation. In April he wrote that the time was not yet right for revolution, as the Petrograd Soviet was still involved and working with the Provisional Government, as well as stating, "we do not as yet know a type of government superior to and better than the Soviets." With the July Days seen as "Lenin's worst blunder", even though it was not necessarily his intention, the Bolsheviks were still not in place to take over the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet.


title: Dual power

text: However, with the Kornilov affair of August 1917 (Julian-style date), the Bolsheviks regained both power in their party, but also with the masses. With Kornilov's soldiers moving towards the capital of Petrograd (modern day Saint Petersburg) and the Provisional Government, Kerensky had released many Bolshevik leaders arrested during the July Days and also provided arms in order for the Bolsheviks to defend the Provisional Government. By arming and calling on those who he had earlier punished, the Bolsheviks saw that they truly were gaining power in the government and Russian society. The Russian population lost faith in the Provisional Government because of how it handled Kornilov's coup, and many began supporting the Bolsheviks, with the group winning elections throughout Petrograd, especially in districts made up of the working class. This event, coupled with food shortages, the continuation of Russian involvement in World War I, and mass unemployment, worked in the Bolsheviks favor, turning people away from the government in charge and toward the party that promised "Bread, Peace, Land."


title: Dual power

text: When the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government during the October Revolution, they were able to do so with little resistance. The Provisional Government realized that their power was limited at the point of takeover, as the Bolsheviks had been gaining supporters and had more revolutionaries. When the actual overthrow occurred between the days of October 25 and 26 (Julian), Bolsheviks first seized means of transportation and communication, such as roads, bridges, railways, and post offices. Lenin then went to the Second Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies to present the overthrow of the Provisional Government and state authority by the Bolshevik party. The Winter Palace (at the time, the home of the Provisional Government) was seized without a casualty the morning of the 26th, and the Congress had no choice but to approve Lenin's decree. With this, the period of dual power between the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet came to a close.


title: Dual power

text: As the ideological monopoly of dominant institutions is broken and people increasingly rely on Alternative Institutions (AIs), those who benefited from existing arrangements may seek to dismantle their upstart competitors. At the same time, those who seek fundamental changes in society or who find the alternative ways of organizing it valuable may seek to enlarge and strengthen the alternative infrastructure. Counter institutions (XIs) are created both to defend the AIs and to promote their growth. These work to challenge and attack the status quo while creating, defending, and securing space for opposition and alternative institutions. They do this with everything from political protests, to direct appropriation (of plantations, government buildings, factories, etc.) for the use of alternative institutions, to civil disobedience or armed resistance. The line between AIs and XIs is seldom entirely clear as many alternative institutions are also self-promoting or defending. Together the AIs and XIs form an alternative source of power in society which is "necessarily autonomous from, and competitive with, the dominant system, seeking to encroach upon the latter's domain, and, eventually, to replace it."


title: Dual power

text: Successful dual-power rebellions end with the acceptance of the new social forms by much of the populace and the realization by the old rulers that they are no longer capable of using their systems of force against the revolutionary movement. This can occur because noncooperation has crippled the old structures of power, because too few people remain loyal to the old rulers to enforce their will, or because the rulers themselves undergo an ideological conversion. At this point, there is not general confusion. The disappearance of old leaders and structures of power is accommodated by the expansion of the alternative system. The alleged "necessity" for a revolutionary vanguard to guide the revolutionary impulse is shown to have no basis: because the people have already learned how to govern their own affairs, they need no tutelage from above. The possibility of co-option is minimized: "When the people recognize their true power, it cannot be taken away by rhetoric or ... imposition."


title: Dual power

text: The French Marxist writer and guerilla partisan Régis Debray identified the concept of dual-power with that of the movement of Trotskyism in his popular 1967 work "Révolution dans la Révolution?" ("Revolution in the Revolution?"). Within the theory of dual-power, according to Debray, the guerilla movement is subordinated to that of the vanguard party which both inhibits the flexibility of tactics available to revolutionary guerilla armies and places them in a defensive position to protect vanguard party officials and assets. Debray's strategical framework largely identified with that of the Cuban Revolution, in particular that of Fidel Castro and Ernesto "Che" Guevara.


title: Dual power

text: Libertarian socialists have more recently appropriated the term to refer to the nonviolent strategy of achieving a libertarian socialist economy and polity by means of incrementally establishing and then networking institutions of direct participatory democracy to contest the existing power structures of state and capitalism. This does not necessarily mean disengagement with existing institutions; for example, Yates McKee describes a dual-power approach as "forging alliances and supporting demands on existing institutions – elected officials, public agencies, universities, workplaces, banks, corporations, museums – while at the same time developing self-organized counter-institutions." In this context, the strategy itself is sometimes also referred to as "counterpower" to differentiate it from the term's Leninist origins.


title: Shaggy defense

text: A Shaggy defense is a legal defense strategy in which a person denies an accusation with the simple defense of "it wasn't me", despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary. The strategy's name is derived from reggae musician Shaggy's 2000 single "It Wasn't Me", which narrates a story of shamelessly denying one's infidelity; it was coined by "Slate" writer Josh Levin in 2008 to describe the defense tactics used by singer, songwriter, and producer R. Kelly while on trial for child pornography charges.


title: Shaggy defense

text: "It Wasn't Me" by reggae musician Shaggy was released in September 2000 as the first single from his fifth album "Hot Shot", eventually reaching #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and other countries. The lyrics of the song depict one man asking his friend what to do after his girlfriend catches him having sex with another woman. His friend's advice is to deny everything, despite clear evidence to the contrary, with the phrase "It wasn't me". As the narrator describes all the evidence his girlfriend has against him, from a video recording to witnessing the cheating herself, his friend adamantly repeats "it wasn't me". Ultimately, the narrator says that the advice "makes no sense at all".


title: Shaggy defense

text: On February 3, 2002, a video surfaced showing popular R&B musician R. Kelly statutorily raping, and urinating on, an underage girl. The story, which was released by an unknown source, was sent to the "Chicago Sun-Times", the newspaper that broke the story on February 8, 2002. This news surfaced on the day Kelly was to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2002 Winter Olympics. In interviews with WMAQ television of Chicago and MTV News, Kelly said that he was not the man in the video. In June 2002, Kelly was indicted in Chicago on 21 counts of child pornography. That same month, Kelly was apprehended by the Miami Police Department on a Chicago arrest warrant.


title: Shaggy defense

text: The case earned media attention, and Kelly's insistence that he was not the man in the video as his only line of defense earned mockery. As comedian Chris Rock commented on the case during his 2004 stand up special "Never Scared", "What the fuck is wrong with R. Kelly? He's got a lot of balls, ok? Talkin' about 'it ain't me'. Got a damn sex tape out, 'it ain't me'. Motherfucker we know what you look like!" When the case went to trial in 2007, Kelly based his defense on denying that it was him in the video, which led "Slate" writer Josh Levin to coin the term the "Shaggy defense" in reference to the song to describe Kelly's strategy: "I predict that in the decades to come, law schools will teach this as the 'Shaggy defense'. You allege that I was caught on camera, butt naked, banging on the log cabin floor? It wasn't me." Levin repeated the term on NPR. Ultimately, Kelly was found not guilty on those charges.


title: Shaggy defense

text: According to Josh Levin of "Slate", "As Kelly's lawyers mentioned multiple times, the alleged victim in this case—now a 23-year-old woman—told a grand jury that it wasn't her. While 15 friends and relatives testified that the girl in question was indeed on the video, neither the alleged victim nor her parents showed up in court to testify for either side." The prosecution witness Lisa Van Allen was easily impeached as a witness due to her clearly sordid history with R. Kelly, others, and even soliciting a bribe from an investigator in the case. One juror told the "Chicago Tribune", "At some point we said there was a lack of evidence."


title: Shaggy defense

text: Although the term remains most commonly associated with the R. Kelly trial, it has been subsequently used to describe any case where the defendant simply denies they are the individual who committed the crime in the face of overwhelming evidence. For example, in the 2010 Virginia court case "Preston v. Morton", in which an allegation against a driver accused of striking a man with a tractor trailer while he was installing traffic lights was refuted by the defendant claiming that he was not the one driving the truck in question, U.S. District Judge Jackson Kiser specifically cited the alleged driver as using the Shaggy defense in his written judgement. Writing about the case, Josh Levin noted the endurance of the term he coined: "The Shaggy defense, like the jury system and the principle of habeas corpus, is one of the pillars underpinning American jurisprudence."


title: Shaggy defense

text: Additionally in 2010, Chris Hayes accused BP of using the Shaggy defense over their refusal to accept responsibility for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.


title: Shaggy defense

text: In 2013, "The Atlantic" accused the United States Department of Justice of using the Shaggy defense in regards to their refusal to respond to a lawsuit filed against them by the American Civil Liberties Union over the CIA's use of unmanned drones in warfare by claiming that the program was a state secret, even though it had been acknowledged and even defended multiple times by the Obama administration.


title: Shaggy defense

text: In February 2019, Virginia governor Ralph Northam was accused of using the Shaggy defense after photographs from his medical school yearbook page surfaced showing a man in blackface next to a man wearing Ku Klux Klan robes. When the story first came out, Northam stated that he apologized for being in the image. However, a day later, Northam changed his story, claiming that it wasn't him. Multiple commentators, including CNN political analyst April Ryan and Michael Eric Dyson, cited the R&B song in their remarks on his conflicting explanations.


The 2018 United States Senate election in California took place on November 6, 2018, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent California, concurrently with other elections to the United States Senate, elections to the United States House of Representatives, and various state and local elections.


title: 2018 United States Senate election in California

text: Under California's non-partisan blanket primary law, all candidates appear on the same ballot, regardless of party. In the primary, voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of their party affiliation. In the California system, the top two finishers — regardless of party — advance to the general election in November, even if a candidate receives a majority of the votes cast in the primary election. Washington and Louisiana have similar "jungle primary" style processes for U.S. Senate elections, as does Mississippi for U.S. Senate special elections.


text: Four-term Democratic incumbent Dianne Feinstein won re-election in 2012 with 63% of the vote, taking the record for the most popular votes in any U.S. Senate election in history, with 7.86 million votes. Feinstein, at the time, was the ranking member of the Senate Judiciary Committee. She turned 85 years old in 2018, leading some to speculate that she would retire in January 2019, as her long-time colleague Barbara Boxer did in January 2017. However, Feinstein ran for reelection to her fifth consecutive term, winning 44.2% of the vote in the top-two primary; she faced Democratic challenger Kevin De León in the general election, who won 12.1% of the primary vote. For the second time since direct elections to the Senate began after the passage of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, no Republican appeared on the general election ballot for U.S. Senate in California. The highest Republican finisher in the primary won only 8.3 percent of the vote, and the 10 Republicans only won 31.2 percent of the vote among them.


text: In the general election, Feinstein defeated De León by an eight-point margin, 54% to 46%. This was Feinstein's closest election since 1994.


text: Democratic candidates won a combined total of 4,231,444, Republican candidates 2,216,223 votes, and other candidates 223,053 votes.


text: Because of California's top-two runoff system, the seat was guaranteed to be won/held by a Democrat since the initial primary produced two Democratic candidates.


text: The race had an undervote of around 1.3 million votes compared to the gubernatorial election, likely by Republican voters choosing neither candidate. De León won many of the same counties and congressional districts won by Republican gubernatorial nominee John Cox, as many voters may have expressed opposition to the incumbent senator. No county voted for both Feinstein and Cox. Congressional districts 39, 45, and 48 were the only congressional districts that voted for both Feinstein and Cox.


text: Results by county. Blue represents counties won by Feinstein. Cyan represents counties won by de León.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Queen's College is a constituent college of the University of Oxford, England. The college was founded in 1341 by Robert de Eglesfield in honour of Philippa of Hainault. It is distinguished by its predominantly neoclassical architecture, which includes buildings designed by Sir Christopher Wren and Nicholas Hawksmoor.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: In 2018, the college had an endowment of £291 million, making it the fourth-wealthiest college (after Christ Church, St. John's, and All Souls).


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The college was founded in 1341 as "Hall of the Queen's scholars of Oxford" by Robert de Eglesfield (d'Eglesfield), chaplain to the Queen, Philippa of Hainault, after whom the hall was named. Robert's aim was to provide clergymen for his native Cumberland and where he lived in Westmorland (both part of modern Cumbria). In addition, the college was to provide charity for the poor. The college's coat of arms is that of the founder; it differs slightly from his family's coat of arms, which did not include the gold star on the breast of the first eagle. The current coat of arms was adopted by d'Eglesfield because he was unable to use his family's arms, being the younger son. d'Eglesfield had grand plans for the college, with a provost, twelve fellows studying theology, up to thirteen chaplains, and seventy-two poor boys. However, the college did not have the funding to support such numbers, and initially had just two fellows.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The college gained land and patronage in the mid-15th century, giving it a good endowment and allowing it to expand to 10 fellows by the end of the century. By 1500, the college had started to take paying undergraduates, typically sons of the gentry and middle class, who paid the fellows for teaching. There were 14 of these in 1535; by 1612, this had risen to 194. The college added lectureships in Greek and philosophy. Provost Henry Robinson obtained an Act of Parliament incorporating the college as "The Queen's College" in 1585, so Robinson is known as the second founder.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Following the new foundation, the college had a good reputation and flourished until the 1750s. Joseph Williamson, who had been admitted as a poor boy and went on to become a fellow, rose to Secretary of State and amassed a fortune. He funded a new range on Queen's Lane built in 1671–72. Following a bequest of books from Thomas Barlow, a new library was built between 1693 and 1696 by master builder John Townesend. A further bequest from Williamson of £6,000, along with purchase of the buildings along the High Street, allowed a new front quad to be built and for the remaining medieval buildings to be replaced. This was completed by 1759 by John's son William Townesend. The college gained a large number of benefactions during this time, which helped to pay for the buildings and bring in more scholars from other, mostly northern, towns.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: From the 1750s, as with other Oxford colleges, standards dropped. The Oxford commission of 1850–1859 revised the statutes and removed the northern preference for fellows and most of the students. Over the coming years, requirements for fellows to be unmarried were relaxed, the number of fellows required to have taken orders and studied theology was reduced, and in 1871 the Universities Tests Act allowed non-conformists and Catholics.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Like many of Oxford's colleges, Queen's admitted its first mixed-sex cohort in 1979, after more than six centuries as an institution for men only.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The college is named for its first patroness, Queen Philippa. Established in January 1341 'under the name of the Hall of the Queen's scholars of Oxford' ("sub nomine aule scholarium Regine de Oxon"), the college was subsequently called the 'Queen's Hall', 'Queenhall' and 'Queen's College'. An Act of 1585 sought to end this confusion by providing that it should be called by the one name "the Queen's College"; in practice, the definite article is usually omitted. The full name of the College, as indicated in its annual reports, is "The Provost and Scholars of The Queen’s College in the University of Oxford". Queens' College in Cambridge positions its apostrophe differently and has no article, as it was named for multiple queens (Margaret of Anjou and Elizabeth Woodville).


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: In April 2012, as part of the celebrations of the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II, a series of commemorative stamps was released featuring A-Z pictures of famous British landmarks. The Queen's College's front quad was used on the Q stamp, alongside other landmarks such as the Angel of the North on A and the Old Bailey on O.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: One of the most famous feasts of the College is the Boar's Head Gaudy, which originally was the Christmas dinner for members of the College who were unable to return home to the north of England over the Christmas break between terms, but is now a feast for old members of the College on the Saturday before Christmas.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The main entrance on the High Street leads to the front quad, which was built between 1709 and 1759. There are symmetrical ranges on the east and west sides, while at the back of the quad is a building containing the chapel and the hall. Nicholas Hawksmoor provided a number of designs that were not used directly but that heavily influenced the final design. In the cupola above the college entrance is a statue of the British queen Caroline of Ansbach by the sculptor Henry Cheere; the legend 'Carolina Regina, Nov. 12, 1733' may be found marking the laying of the foundation stone of the screen wall, which is visible from the High Street.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: A second and older quad lies to the north of the hall and chapel. The west side consists of the library. The east side is the Williamson building, which was originally built to a design by Christopher Wren but has been largely rebuilt since then.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The chapel is noted for its Frobenius organ in the west gallery. It was installed in 1965, replacing a Rushworth and Dreaper organ from 1931. The earliest mention of an organ is 1826. The Chapel Choir has been described as "Oxford's finest mixed-voice choir" and continues to perform termly concerts, recent examples of which include Handel's "Messiah" and Bach's "St John Passion". The chapel has stood virtually unchanged since it was consecrated by the Archbishop of York in 1719.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Holy Communion is celebrated every Sunday morning and at other times, and is open to all communicant members of any Christian church or denomination. The Sunday evening service takes the traditional form of Choral Evensong, which is also held on Wednesday and Friday evenings during term. Morning and evening prayer is said daily, and at other times some like to use the stillness for their own prayer. Baptisms, confirmations, and weddings are also conducted for members or former members of the College.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Upper Library has been a focal point for the College ever since its construction at the end of the 17th century. Unlike many other similar rooms in Oxford libraries, the Upper Library remains as a silent reading room for students open during staffed hours.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: On display in the middle of the library are two eighteenth century papier maché Senex globes and an orrery from the same period. John Senex was the foremost globe maker of the eighteenth century, and also crafted the miniature globe featured in the orrery. The globes are now found in cases that were designed and fitted by Welsh furniture designer Bernard Allen in 2007, after being removed from the library for a period of time in 2002 for structural repair and restoration by renowned English globe conservator Sylvia Sumira.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Benjamin Cole orrery was a gift to the College from a Group of Gentleman Commoners of the College, recorded in two entries in the Benefactors’ Book in April, 1694, as well as on an inscription in the lunar calendar scale. The instrument is made of brass, steel, and wood, contained within a wooden case and resting on a mahogany stand with a glazed cover. Johnathan Betts, in an "Excerpt from A report following the servicing and inspection of The Queen’s College Grand Orrery" in 2016, describes the instrument as standingon a fine mahogany table with six finely carved cabriole legs, the whole covered with a multi-panelled protective glass shade which can be locked securely onto the table, preventing access to the orrery.In the same article, Betts illustrates the orrery,fitted in a mahogany twelve-sided case, with lacquered brass mounts and surmounted, on a brass pillared gallery, with a large lacquered brass hemispherical armillary structure. The mechanical orrery itself incorporates within its compass the solar system out to Mars, including the Earth and Moon, with additional mountings fixed on the outside of the case for attaching static models of Jupiter and Saturn.The turning of the orrery is a traditional event at Queen's, done by hand only once every few years or on special occasions. Only two people are permitted to turn the orrery: the Patroness of the College, a position most recently occupied by The Queen Mother, and the Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy, a Fellow of Queen’s. This event most recently took place on the 4th of February, 2020, during the Hilary term, with Professor Jonathan Keating as the honorary orrery-turner.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The open cloister below the Upper Library was enclosed in the 19th century to form the Lower Library, which now houses the bulk of the lending collection. The lending collection consists of around 50,000 with an additional 70,000 items in the special collections available by appointment. In April 2017 the New Library opened beneath the Provost's Garden, with an official opening by Old Member Rowan Atkinson taking place in November of the same year.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Queen's is able to provide accommodation for all of its undergraduates, who are divided between the college's main buildings and annexes nearby. Adjacent to college is Carrodus Quad, located just across Queen's Lane. It has been completely refurbished, and now has approximately 80 en-suite rooms for first-year students, as well as a few second- and third-/final-year students with access requirements. The building also houses a conference room, one of the college's music practice rooms (the other one being located in the Back Quad of the main college), and the college gym. The college also owns the Cardo Building opposite the Oxford University Sports centre on Iffley Road (where Roger Bannister ran the first ever four-minute mile in 1954). This building is home to a mixture of second and third years, and features a common room, breakfast room and the college's two squash courts. Near the Cardo Building is the James Street Building, the smallest of the annexes with twelve rooms.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Florey Building in St Clement's, designed by James Stirling and named after former Queen's Provost and Nobel Prize winner Howard Florey, is a former annex that housed most of the college's first years until 2018, when it fell into disuse following complications that arose in attempts to refurbish the building. It contains nearly 80 rooms; those on the top floor have a mezzanine level where the students' beds were located. At one end of the building on the ground floor, there is a common room and a breakfast room. Following the closure of the Florey Building in 2018, the former post-graduate annex, St Aldate's House, became the largest undergraduate annex at Queen's, with three floors, 90 en suite rooms, and kitchens shared with up to nine other students. The annex is situated down St Aldate's directly opposite the Christ Church Meadows, near Folly Bridge.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: While many postgraduate students choose to live outside College accommodation, two postgraduates annexes are provided: Oxley-Wright House, which is owned by the College, and a portion of the Venneit Close complex, which is rented from North Oxford Property Services (NOPS). The former is a large Victorian house on Banbury Road, near Summertown, with 13 rooms and a large garden. None of the rooms are en suite, and there are 3 bathrooms in the building, each shared between approximately 4 people. The latter includes 18 apartments, each with three study bedrooms, two bathrooms, a kitchen (with a washing machine) and a dining/sitting room. Both annexes are within a 10- to 20-minute walk from the city centre.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Queen's is an active community performing strongly in intercollegiate sport competitions, having a variety of societies and, as one of the larger colleges, hosting triennial Commemoration balls. The 2007 ball coincided with the 666th anniversary of the college.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: Queen's is host to a number of dining, drinking and sports societies, as well as some which are more academically orientated such as a medical society.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Junior Common Room (JCR) consists of the collective body of undergraduates at the college, and also refers to the room under the same name, located in the Back Quad, which is the only common room in the college that cannot be booked. The JCR is not to be confused with the JCR Executive members (known commonly as the "JCR exec"), which consist of a President, Vice President, the Chair, Treasurer, Welfare Reps (male and female), Entertainment Reps (Entz), Environment and Ethics Rep (E&E), Arts Rep, Access and Outreach Rep (A&O), Charities Rep, Disabilities Rep, Student Union Rep (SU), Food Reps, Academics and Careers Rep, and Internationals Rep. Non-committee roles include the Bike Rep, and the Keeper of the Bees, Boars, and Eagles. As of 2020, Webmasters have also been inaugurated as a new role in the Exec.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Middle Common Room (MCR) refers to the postgraduates of the college. Like the JCR, the MCR have an Executive team, which includes the President, Victualler, Vice-President Secretary, Treasurer, Social Secretary, SCR Liaison Officer, LGBTQ+ Officer, Welfare Officer, Environment and Charities Representative, IT Officer, Sports Secretary, Oxford SU Representative, First Year Representative, and Entz Representative (the last four positions being empty as of 2020). The MCR and JCR will often liaise with one another in order to organise events in the college.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Old Taberdar's Room is a room unique to Queen's, described by the college asa traditional wood-panelled room, furnished with comfortable sofas and chairs. The room is ideal as a lounge space or for informal discussion based session.It is open for use by all members of the college, though it is possible to book it for events such as welcome drinks, pre-dinner drinks, student production rehearsals, and society meetings. A Taberdar is specifically "a holder of a scholarship at Queen's College, Oxford".


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The college playing field, less than a mile from the main buildings, runs down to the banks of the Isis. It has a football and a hockey pitch, together with hard tennis courts, a netball court and a pavilion. The football ground is nicknamed Fortress Riverside by the club and its supporters, owing to its close proximity to the Isis . Queen's College shares a rugby pitch nearby with University College. In the summer, the goalposts go down and a cricket square appears in the middle.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: On the opposite bank of the river is a boathouse, shared with two other colleges. The college's two squash courts are located at the Cardo Building on Iffley Road. The college has a designated table tennis room.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: College sport is organised and funded through the Amalgamated Sports Clubs Committee, consisting of individual club captains and other representatives of college sport. The Queen's College competes in most of the intercollegiate Cuppers (tournament style) and league sports, with many 1st teams competing in top divisions.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The College is notable for having one of the oldest boat clubs in the world, along with many other colleges. In 1837, the Queen's College Boat Club represented Oxford in a Boat Race against Lady Margaret Boat Club, representing Cambridge, and won. This event, held on the River Thames at Henley-on-Thames, is credited with contributing to support from the town for the establishment of the Henley Royal Regatta, one of the most famous rowing events in the world, in 1839. The college's colours were changed thereafter from red and white to navy blue and white, the colours of the university. Rowing is still a major sport in the College, with the men's first boat winning blades in Torpids 2021.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: The Queen's College is host to a mixed-voice Chapel Choir. The singers include Choral Scholars (up to eighteen at any one time) and volunteers, all of whom are auditioned. The Choir sings Evensong three times a week during term, and performs one major concert each term, often with a noted orchestral ensemble. The choir also undertakes regular tours and short visits both within this country and abroad. The Eglesfield Musical Society, named after the founder, is the oldest musical society in Oxford. It organises a substantial series of concerts each year, ranging from chamber music to orchestral works.


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: As is the case with many Oxbridge colleges, Queen's uses a Latin grace which is recited every evening before the second sitting of dinner:


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: "Benedic nobis, Domine Deus, et his donis, quae ex liberalitate Tua sumpturi sumus; per Jesum Christum Dominum nostrum. Amen."


title: The Queen's College, Oxford

text: A rough English translation: "Bless us, Lord God, and these gifts which we are about to receive through your bounty; through Jesus Christ, our Lord, Amen"


title: Marc Robinson

text: Marc Robinson is an Indian actor and former model. He is also a beauty pageant director and a grooming expert. Robinson initiated his career in the fashion, entertainment and media industry as a leading supermodel and later moved on as a television presenter for channel V. As an actor he has played the male lead roles in "Bada Din" (1998), opposite Shabana Azmi and Tara Deshpande.


title: Marc Robinson

text: Robinson is the founder and fashion director of Dubai Fashion Week. Robinson has worked as a fashion and show director at Lakme Fashion Week. He has been also the National Director for the Femina Miss India beauty pageant as well as the contestant and show director for "Ford Models Supermodel of the World", the Indian chapter. In addition to this he is the creative and fashion director for the BMW India Bridal Fashion Week.


title: Marc Robinson

text: Robinson is the organizer and licensee for Elite Model Look India. Robinson is the Project Head for Max Design Awards Student Edition, Max Emerging Star, and Max Fashion Icon India.


title: Marc Robinson

text: Robinson also participated in the first and only season of the reality show "Iss Jungle Se Mujhe Bachao" in 2009.


title: Marc Robinson

text: Robinson is a diehard Manchester United supporter. He is also an avid sportsman and currently plays soccer for the All Stars Football Club in Mumbai.


title: Marc Robinson

text: Robinson married Waluscha D'Souza in Goa in 2002; the couple have three children, Chanel, Brooklyn, and Sienna. The couple separated in 2013. He is currently residing in Bombay


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: David Wannstedt (born May 21, 1952) is a former American football coach. He has been the head coach of the Chicago Bears and Miami Dolphins of the National Football League. He was also the head coach of the University of Pittsburgh football team from 2005 to 2010. He also was a long-time assistant to Jimmy Johnson with the Dallas Cowboys, Miami Hurricanes, and Oklahoma State Cowboys as well as an associate of Johnson when both were assistants at the University of Pittsburgh.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt was born in Baldwin, Pennsylvania and attended Baldwin High School. He earned an athletic scholarship to the University of Pittsburgh playing offensive tackle and blocking for future Heisman Trophy winner Tony Dorsett. After a successful career with the Panthers, he was chosen in the fifteenth round of the 1974 NFL draft by the Green Bay Packers, but spent his only NFL season on the injured reserve list with a neck injury.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: In 1975, Pitt coach Johnny Majors hired him as a graduate assistant coach. The following year, while at Pitt, he earned his master’s degree. He was on the staff when the Panthers won the 1976 NCAA Division I-A national football championship with a victory over the Georgia Bulldogs in the 1977 Sugar Bowl. In 1977, Jimmy Johnson joined the staff of the Pitt Panthers and the two would forge a long lasting personal and professional bond. When Johnson left to become the head coach of the Oklahoma State Cowboys in 1979, he invited Wannstedt to join his staff.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt served as defensive line coach for the Oklahoma State Cowboys for the 1979 and 1980 seasons and was promoted to defensive coordinator in 1981, a spot he held for two seasons. He moved on to the University of Southern California in 1983 to coach the Trojans and served as the defensive line coach for three years. In 1986, Wannstedt became defensive coordinator for the Miami Hurricanes under friend and mentor Jimmy Johnson, where they won a national championship in 1987.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: When Johnson was hired as head coach of the Dallas Cowboys in 1989, Wannstedt joined Dallas' staff as defensive coordinator. The Cowboys defense was considered one of the best in the NFL under Wannstedt's leadership and he became a prime candidate to become an NFL head coach. When Chuck Noll retired as head coach of the Pittsburgh Steelers, in 1992, Wannstedt was one of the finalists for the job, but was ultimately edged out by fellow Pittsburgh-area native Bill Cowher.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: On January 19, 1993, he was hired as the head coach of the Chicago Bears replacing legendary coach Mike Ditka, another former Pitt Panther. Wannstedt's tenure at Chicago was tumultuous. He led the Bears to only one postseason appearance in his 6 years at Chicago and compiled a 41–57 record. After Wannstedt posted back-to-back 4–12 seasons and a 1–11 overall record against long-time rival, the Green Bay Packers, Bears owner Michael McCaskey fired Wannstedt on December 28, 1998, a day when five NFL head coaches – one sixth of the league – lost their jobs. Four of those coaches—Wannstedt, Ted Marchibroda, Ray Rhodes, and Dom Capers—were fired within one hour, while Dennis Erickson was fired later that day.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: In 1999, Wannstedt again joined coach Jimmy Johnson's staff—this time, as defensive coordinator and assistant head coach of the Miami Dolphins. When the then-56-year-old Johnson suddenly announced his retirement on January 16, 2000, Wannstedt was immediately named Johnson's successor. Under Wannstedt, the Dolphins' regular season record was 42–31, with playoff appearances in his first two seasons. Wannstedt earned a great deal of praise for guiding the Dolphins through the first few seasons after the retirement of Dan Marino, but his in-game coaching became increasingly unpopular with Dolphins fans, not least in 2002 when the team stopped giving the ball to Ricky Williams and inexplicably gave the New England Patriots several chances to come back and tie the game and then win it in overtime, starting a six-season playoff drought. Fans were further enraged when Wannstedt, whose contract as head coach also gave him the right to overrule then-Dolphins general manager Rick Spielman on draft decisions, nixed Spielman's plan to take Anquan Boldin in the second round and instead chose a linebacker named Eddie Moore. Boldin was an immediate star, winning NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year in 2003, was a three-time Pro Bowler, and was a stand-out receiver in his 13-year career. Moore was unable to help Miami on either defense or special teams and was gone from the team (and then the NFL) in just a few years. Along with another late-season collapse in 2003 and no playoff appearance that year, Wannstedt became the face of a rapidly declining franchise who most fans and many players no longer believed in.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt resigned as head coach midway through the 2004 season, with the Dolphins' record standing at 1–8. Less than two months later, he agreed to return home to fill the head coach vacancy at his alma mater, the University of Pittsburgh. Wannstedt finished his tenure in Miami with a 42-31 record and to date, is the team's last head coach with prior NFL head coaching experience. Wannstedt has served longer than any other coach in Dolphins history except Don Shula.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: When University of Pittsburgh head coach Walt Harris was forced to resign, Wannstedt, with NFL experience and a proven college recruiting record, immediately became a candidate to replace him. As a Pittsburgh area native, former Pitt player (offensive tackle from 1971–73), Pitt graduate (B.S. in 1974; M.Ed. in 1976), and previous graduate assistant coach at the university under Johnny Majors and Jackie Sherrill (1975–78), Wannstedt had strong ties to both the university and the city. Wannstedt was initially interested in the job but pulled back over salary issues and concerns about his ability to keep a quality staff. After working out several issues with the Pitt athletic department including pay raises for assistant coaches, Wannstedt agreed to Pitt's offer and was named head coach on December 23, 2004.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt said that recruiting would be a top priority under his leadership. Harris had been roundly criticized during his tenure for not recruiting top high school talent, especially in the crucial and talent-laden western Pennsylvania area. Wannstedt retained some of Harris' staff including Paul Rhoads, the defensive coordinator, but made several key changes including bringing in former Baltimore Ravens offensive coordinator Matt Cavanaugh to run his offense. Cavanaugh was Pitt's starting quarterback in 1976 and 1977 when Wannstedt was a graduate assistant coach.