title: Sailor Pluto

text: Setsuna is not shown using any special powers while in civilian form. She must first transform by either raising her hand or using a special device called the Lip Rod in the anime into the air and shouting a special phrase, originally "Pluto Planet Power, Make up!" In the manga she eventually gains her Pluto Crystal and this phrase changes to evoke "Pluto Crystal Power". In the anime, although she does upgrade to Super Sailor Pluto, the Sailor Crystal is never mentioned and her transformation is not shown on screen.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: She wields the Garnet Rod, a gigantic key which is topped by the Garnet Orb and a heart. The orb is one of three items necessary for Sailor Saturn's awakening and a reference to one of Japan's Imperial Regalia: the jewel. The reason for garnet specifically being associated with Sailor Pluto is probably due to an elaborate pun regarding her underworld-based powers and mythology. The Japanese name for garnet is "pomegranate stone" and pomegranates were the food of the underworld in the Greek myth of Persephone becoming Hades' (aka Pluto's) wife. Therefore, the Guardian of the underworld king planet (Pluto) incorporates garnet into her outfit and weapon. However, there being a heart-shaped region on Pluto was an accident as there was no way for Takeuchi to know what Pluto looked like in real life until 2015. The Time Keys around her waist look like mini Garnet Rods; these keys are the only way to travel through time.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: Sailor Pluto's powers over time and space are somewhat tied with the destructive power of Sailor Saturn for astrological and mythological reasons. The names of Sailor Pluto's attacks include frequent reference to the underworld (in Act 32 of the manga, she states that she "carries the protection of the planet of the underwold, Pluto."), which was the province of Pluto in Roman myth; this is evident in her first named power, , which is her primary attack throughout the first anime. Unlike any other attack in the series, its name is whispered rather than shouted when she uses it.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In the manga, Sailor Pluto demonstrates a few other named powers, including and the defensive force field "Garnet Ball".


title: Sailor Pluto

text: Sailor Pluto has enough power over time to stop it entirely and although she is forbidden to do so, she uses this power one time each in the anime and manga. In the manga, "Crystal", and the musicals "Tanjou! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady" and its revision "Tanjou! Ankoku no Princess Black Lady (Kaiteiban)-Wakusei Nemesis no Nazo", she uses it to stop Prince Demand from touching the Silver Crystals of the past and future together, which would destroy the universe in a time paradox. In the anime, she uses this power to allow Sailors Uranus and Neptune to escape from a helicopter explosion. In each case, she sacrifices herself on pain of death, but is reinstated later in the series.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In addition to these powers, when the Space-Time Door has been misused, Sailor Pluto is able to close off passage to other worlds. At the end of the manga's Infinity arc (corresponds to the anime's S season), Sailor Saturn asks her to seal off forever the gateway to the world Pharaoh 90 had come from. This is done with .


title: Sailor Pluto

text: All of Sailor Pluto's attacks require the use of the Garnet Rod, which is shaped like a giant key as a symbol of her stewardship over the Door of Space-Time. In Roman mythology, it is stated that the god Pluto holds a key because "they say that what is called Hades has been locked up by Pluto, and that nobody will return back again therefrom." Natale Conti cites Pausanias in noting that keys are an attribute of Pluto as the scepter is of Jove (Roman Zeus) and the trident of Neptune (Poseidon). The Pluto Crystal is perhaps her most important possession, as it is her Sailor Crystal and the source of all her power, which becomes especially important in the fifth story arc. It is given to her by Sailor Saturn.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: The statistics listed for Setsuna in the back of manga volume 10 are unusual in that most of them never come up in the series itself. Her favorite school subject is given as physics, which tracks with her stated college major in theoretical physics, and the love of green tea attributed to her is common among Japanese people. More incongruously, however, she is listed as skilled in sewing, with a dream of becoming a fashion designer. These interests are never spoken of in the actual story, although creator Naoko Takeuchi drew concept art of Setsuna in outfits worn by real-life supermodels. Likewise, Setsuna is never actually shown to enjoy shopping nor to dislike cockroaches, eggplant, or the study of music, yet all of these things are delineated by Takeuchi well after the character's introduction. In fact, almost nothing about her personal life or interests is ever revealed. It is not even clear whether she has a civilian history at all, as time travel and multiple deaths and reincarnations complicate any backstory. Her devotion to the life of a Sailor Guardian, too, may have cut her off from worldly dreams, as it did with Sailors Uranus and Neptune (which may be the reason she appears to be distant and lonely at first). Likewise she doesn't display any personality traits associated with Scorpios despite being born under the sign; it seems to have been picked solely for its astrological significance. Also, according to Naoko Takeuchi's notes in the various artbooks, she mentions that "Setsuna wears hotpants as well at home, but basically she also likes long skirts" and that she believes "Setsuna should forever wear white clothes".


title: Sailor Pluto

text: The kanji of Setsuna's surname translates as and . Together, they constitute most of the name of the dwarf planet Pluto in Japanese: . Her given name is in hiragana which is a loanword from India "ksana", means "moment" , fitting in with her time-based powers.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: The packaging of Irwin dolls released in Canada in 1998 called her by the name Celia. When her civilian form debuted in the third season originally dubbed by Cloverway Inc., she was instead called Trista (while her last name was kept as Meioh).


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In the Japanese dub of the first anime, she is voiced by Chiyoko Kawashima. In the Japanese dub of "Crystal" and all media since, she is voiced by Ai Maeda.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In the stage musicals, Setsuna has been portrayed by Miwa Hosoki, Rei Saitou, Yuki Kamiya, Seiko Nakazawa, Teruyo Watanabe, Yuko Hosaka, Yukiko Nakae, Miho Yokoi, and Mikako Ishii. In one show, "Usagi * Ai no Senshi e no Michi", she appeared only as a silhouette and was portrayed by Noriko Kamiyama.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In the DIC Entertainment English dub, when her voice is heard through Rini's Luna Ball, her voice is provided by Luna's voice actress Jill Frappier (the dubbers may have mistakenly thought Luna was talking instead of a new character). Sabrina Grdevich voices her during her physical appearances in "Sailor Moon R" and the two movies she appears in, where she sounds like a valley girl very much out-of-character with how Pluto is portrayed in the Japanese dub and manga. In the Cloverway English dub, she's voiced by Susan Aceron. In the Viz Media English dub, she's voiced by Veronica Taylor.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: The official "Sailor Moon" character popularity polls listed Setsuna Meioh and Sailor Pluto as separate entities. In 1994, with fifty one choices, Setsuna was the thirteenth most popular character and Pluto was fifth. In early 1996, with fifty one choices, Setsuna was the twenty-ninth most popular character and Pluto was the twenty-first.


title: Sailor Pluto

text: In her reviews of the second season of "Sailor Moon Crystal", IGN writer Meghan Sullivan considered the introduction of Sailor Pluto as one of the exciting twists of Act 19, noting that she takes her duties as a Sailor Guardian so seriously, "she's willing to kill her own allies just to protect the Door of Space-Time." Sullivan especially enjoyed the interaction between Pluto and Chibiusa over magic tricks, since the viewer had the chance to see "a more tender to side to her; it fleshed out her personality and made her endearing." The scene in which Queen Serenity talks with a young Sailor Pluto about the taboos she must not break was described by Sullivan as an "adorable moment" but that foreshadows "something dire was going to happen". Nonetheless, she enjoyed watching the younger Pluto taking her duties seriously. Finally, the author said that the penultime episode of the season should not be named "Showdown, Death Phantom" but "Heroine, Sailor Pluto", since she "knew she was going to die once she left the Space-Time door and used her Garnet Rod to stop time, but she didn't care. All she could think about was saving her friends from eminent destruction." Sullivan also praised the voice acting of Ai Maeda during the episode.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Nikumaroro, previously known as Kemins Island or Gardner Island, is a part of the Phoenix Islands, Kiribati, in the western Pacific Ocean. It is a remote, elongated, triangular coral atoll with profuse vegetation and a large central marine lagoon. Nikumaroro is about long by wide. The rim has two narrow entrances, both of which are blocked by a wide reef, which is dry at low tide. The ocean beyond the reef is very deep, and the only anchorage is at the island's west end, across the reef from the ruins of a mid-20th-century British colonial village, but this is safe only with the southeast trade winds. Landing has always been difficult and is most often done south of the anchorage. Although occupied at various times during the past, the island is uninhabited today.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Kiribati declared the Phoenix Islands Protected Area in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 425,300-km (164,200-mi) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Nikumaroro.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Nikumaroro has been the focus of considerable speculation and exploration as a location where pilot Amelia Earhart might have crashed in July 1937 during her ill-fated final flight, which attempted to circumnavigate the globe. However, to date, no evidence of her plane has been found on or in the vicinity of the island.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Thick scrub and "Pisonia" forest cover the land surface. The trees grow in height and result in decomposing leaf material in the soil. Coconut palms remain from the attempts to operate a plantation on the island from 1893 to 1894 and later from 1938 to 1963.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The scarcity of fresh water on Nikumaroro has proven problematic for residents in the past, and contributed directly to the failure of a British project to colonize the island from 1938 to 1963.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Nikumaroro is sporadically visited by biologists attracted to its extensive marine and avian ecosystems. The atoll has populations of coconut crabs and migratory birds, and rats abound. Several species of sharks and bottlenose dolphins have been observed in the surrounding waters.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The island is part of the Phoenix Islands Protected Area, and as such, has been named an Important Bird Area, especially for its breeding colony of red-tailed tropicbirds.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The 2000 surveys (Obura, et al.) identified that the leeward sites on the reef had 25-40% Live Coral Cover (LCC), in some places exceeding 75% LCC on the shallow reef platforms. Coralline algae, "Halimeda" and coral rubble were the three other dominant cover categories. The windward sites on the reef had an estimated 70% LCC and the lower cover on the reef slope was 30% LCC. The steep slope was dominated by "Halimeda" with plates of "Porites rus". In contrast to the leeward side, very little loose coral rubble was found with the majority of bare surfaces covered by encrusting coralline algae in shallow water. The most abundant coral species at Nikumaroro included: "Acroporidae" (staghorn corals), "Acropora cytherea", "Montipora efflorescens", "Favites pentagona", "Leptastrea purpurea", "Pocillopora verrucosa", "Pavona minuta" and "Pavona varians".


title: Nikumaroro

text: Nikumaroro is in a naturally iron poor region. The introduction of iron to this environment from shipwrecks and anchor gear, is linked to proliferation of turf algae and benthic bacterial communities, and degraded ‘black reefs’. Monitoring from 2000 to 2015 recorded the black reef originating at the 1929 wreck of the SS "Norwich City" on Nikumaroro progressing northward to sites away.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Nikumaroro was known by sundry names during the early 19th century: Kemins' Island, Kemis Island, "Motu Oonga", "Motu Oona", and Mary Letitia's Island. The first record of a European sighting was made by Capt. C. Kemiss (or Kemin, Kemish) from the British whaling ship "Eliza Ann" in 1824. On 19 August 1840, the USS "Vincennes" of the U.S. Exploring Expedition confirmed its position and recorded the atoll's name as Gardner Island, originally given in 1825 by Joshua Coffin of the Nantucket whaler "Ganges". Some sources say the island was named after U.S. Congressman Gideon Gardner, who owned the "Ganges".


title: Nikumaroro

text: In 1856, Nikumaroro was claimed as "Kemins Island" by CA Williams & Co. of New London, Connecticut, under the American Guano Islands Act. No record exists of guano deposits ever being exploited, however. On 28 May 1892, the island was claimed by the United Kingdom during a call by HMS "Curacoa". Almost immediately, a license was granted to Pacific entrepreneur John T. Arundel for planting coconuts. Twenty-nine islanders were settled there and some structures with corrugated iron roofs were constructed, but a severe drought resulted in the failure of this project within a year. In 1916, it was leased to a Captain E.F.H. Allen of the Samoa Shipping Trading Co Ltd, but remained uninhabited until 1938.


title: Nikumaroro

text: During a storm on 29 November 1929, the SS "Norwich City", a large unladen British freighter with a crew of 35 men, ran aground on the reef at the island's northwest corner. A fire broke out in the engine room and all hands abandoned ship in darkness through storm waves across the dangerous coral reef. There were 11 fatalities. The survivors camped near collapsed structures from the abortive Arundel coconut plantation and were rescued after several days on the island. The devastated wreck of the "Norwich City" was a prominent landmark on the reef for 70 years, although by 2007, only the ship's keel, engine, and two large tanks remained. A Digital Globe satellite image taken 15 November 2016, shows one of the two tanks pushed inland by wave action, and the engine is now gone.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Amelia Earhart attempted her world flight in 1937, but she and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared after the plane left Lae, New Guinea and headed for Howland Island. Nikumaroro Island—then called Gardner Island—is about southeast of Howland Island. During the subsequent search for them and their plane, the United States Navy checked several nearby islands, including Gardner Island. A few months after their disappearance, a boat also visited Gardner Island, but found nothing. In 1938, recent skeletal remains were found on the island, but they were not linked to Earhart's flight.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery (TIGHAR) made several expeditions to Nikumaroro during the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. The group investigated the renewed hypothesis that Earhart and Noonan had landed on Gardner Island after they had failed to find Howland Island. TIGHAR found and cataloged artifacts: U.S. beauty and skin-care products that may have dated to the 1930s, such as flakes of rouge and a shattered mirror from a woman's cosmetic compact, parts of a folding pocket knife, traces of campfires bearing bird and fish bones, clams opened in the same way as oysters in New England, "empty shells laid out as if to collect rain water", and U.S. bottles dating from before World War II. What appeared to be the phalanx bone of a human finger had DNA tests done, but the tests were inconclusive as to whether it was turtle or human bone. A piece of aircraft grade aluminum found on the island closely resembles a patch that is in photographs of Earhart's airplane.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The TIGHAR hypothesis has many critics, with TIGHAR's founder and executive director, Richard Gillespie, described as a good showman who lacks credible results. A curator at the Smithsonian Institution's Air and Space Museum said: "Not to impugn [Gillespie], but I don't think he's found anything on any expedition." To date, TIGHAR has failed to connect any of their artifacts to Earhart, Noonan, or to any specific person or persons known to have been on the island from 1929 to present. TIGHAR has failed to provide any dating to establish how long any of the artifacts were in the ground, nor has it provided evidence as to when the artifacts may have arrived on the island.


title: Nikumaroro

text: Famed ocean explorer Robert Ballard led a 2019 expedition to locate Earhart's Lockheed Model 10-E Electra or evidence that it landed on Nikumaroro. After days of searching the deep cliffs supporting the island and the nearby ocean using state of the art equipment and technology, Ballard did not find any evidence of the plane or any associated wreckage of it. Allison Fundis, Ballard's chief operating officer stated: "We felt like if her plane was there, we would have found it pretty early in the expedition."


title: Nikumaroro

text: In their October 2019 documentary, ""Expedition Amelia"" tracing Robert Ballard's efforts, National Geographic stated regarding the Gardner Island (Nikumaroro) hypothesis, "It’s a nice story. But like all the other evidence obtained here over the decades, there is no provable link to Amelia or her plane."


title: Nikumaroro

text: On 1 December 1938, members of the British Pacific Islands Survey Expedition arrived to evaluate the island as a possible location for either seaplane landings or an airfield. On 20 December, more British officials arrived with 20 Gilbertese settlers in the last colonial expansion of the British Empire (other than formal annexations preparatory to withdrawal, etc.).


title: Nikumaroro

text: The British colonial officer Gerald Gallagher established a headquarters of the Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme in the village located on the island's western end, on the south side of the largest entrance to the lagoon. Efforts to clear land and plant coconuts were hindered by a profound lack of drinking water. By June 1939, a few wells had been successfully established and 58 I-Kiribati were on Gardner, comprising 16 men, 16 women, and 26 children. Wide coral-gravel streets and a parade ground were laid out and important structures included a thatched administration house, a wood-frame cooperative store, and a radio shack. Gallagher died and was buried on the island in 1941.


title: Nikumaroro

text: At his mother's request, Gallagher's remains were moved to Tarawa for reburial and the memorial plaque was retrieved. Although reasons cited for giving up on the struggling colony included unstable water lenses and uncertain copra markets, observers familiar with the colony's history remarked that after Gallagher's death a "will" or "nerve" to succeed seemed to vanish from the settlements.


title: Nikumaroro

text: From 1944 through 1945, the United States Coast Guard operated a navigational LORAN station with 25 crewmen on the southeastern tip of Gardner, installing an antenna system, quonset huts, and some smaller structures. Only scattered debris remains on the site.


title: Nikumaroro

text: The island's population reached a high of about 100 by the mid-1950s, but by the early 1960s, periodic drought and an unstable freshwater lens had thwarted the struggling colony. Nikumaroro (together with Manra and Orona) was evacuated by the British government in 1963. Its residents were evacuated to the Solomon Islands by the British, and by 1965, Gardner was officially uninhabited.


title: Nikumaroro

text: In 1971, the UK granted self-rule to the Gilbert Islands, which achieved complete independence in 1979 as Kiribati. That same year, the United States, after having recently surveyed the island for possible weapons testing, relinquished any claims to Gardner through the Treaty of Tarawa. The island was officially renamed Nikumaroro, a name inspired by Gilbertese legends and used by the settlers during the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Fiat 850

text: The Fiat 850 ("Tipo 100G") is a small rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive car manufactured and marketed by Italian car manufacturer Fiat from 1964 to 1973.


title: Fiat 850

text: Its technical design was an evolution of the successful Fiat 600. The internal name for the Fiat 600 development project was "Project 100" and consequently, the internal Fiat codename for the 850 project was 100G (G was a follow on of model designations for the 600 which ran from A to F). The engine of the 850 was based on that of the Fiat 600, but had its capacity increased to 843 cc. The 850 came in two versions: "normale" (standard) with and engine code 100G.000 and "super" with and engine code 100G.002. The maximum speed was approximately . While it was not a large step forward in technical development, it possessed a certain charm with its large rolling eyes and its short tail, in which the engine sat.


title: Fiat 850

text: At the time of their introduction into the United States the Sedan, Coupé and Spider were marketed with a reduced capacity, high compression engine in order to beat US emissions regulations at the time which applied only to engines equal to or larger than 50 cubic inches. Compression was raised from 8.8:1 to 9.2:1, requiring premium octane fuel.


title: Fiat 850

text: In order to separate the sportier variants Coupé and Spider from the basic version, apart from the increase of engine performance, the equipment was also extended and adapted to the higher expectations. Both received sport seats, a sport steering wheel and round speedometer; Spider even received a completely rearranged instrument panel. The front drum brakes were replaced with disc brakes, although drum brakes remained on the rear wheels.


title: Fiat 850

text: In 1968, Fiat revised the successful Spider and Coupé again and gave them an even stronger engine with 903 cc and . They were called Sport Spider (engine code 100GBS.000) and Sport Coupé (engine code 100GBC.000). The Sport Spider body stayed essentially the same, but with a restyled front. The headlamps were moved forward slightly and the glass covers were eliminated giving the car a "frog-eye" look, and the original flush front turn indicators were replaced with units hung below the bumper. Several limited special edition versions of the Spider were offered, including the Racer featuring a body-colored metal hard top and the Racer Berlinetta featuring a black vinyl hard top.


title: Fiat 850

text: There was a minivan and transporter model as a successor of the world's first minivan, "Fiat 600 Multipla", which was later renamed to "900T" and likewise received the larger capacity of 903 cc. The 850 Super was also license-built by NSU-Fiat in Heilbronn, Germany, who sold it as the "Neckar Adria." In 1968, NSU-Fiat changed to the more powerful 850 Special. Between June 1965 and September 1969, 6,619 Adrias were assembled in Germany. The establishment of the European Economic Community had gradually decreased Germany's protective tariffs, from 90 peercent in 1957 to none at all from July 1968, and thus there was no longer any reason to assemble Fiats in Heilbronn.


title: Fiat 850

text: Production of the Coupés ended in 1971, of the sedan in 1972, and of the Spiders in 1973, after altogether nearly 2.3 million models were sold worldwide, 140,000 of which were Spiders. Under the name SEAT 850, it was however further produced for some years in Spain, also in a four-door variant. As a successor the Fiat 127 was brought to the market in 1971 which combined the 903 cc push-rod OHV engine with the FIAT 128 transmission and suspension components in a fashionable fast- and later hatch-back 2-door sedan.


title: Fiat 850

text: Between 1978 and 1983, the U.S. government issued a highly unusual recall for the Fiat 850—going back 10 years—for rust problems.


title: Fiat 850

text: In 1967, "Road & Track" called the Fiat 850 coupé "one of the handsomest, best-balanced designs ever seen on a small car."


title: Fiat 850

text: Spanish manufacturer SEAT also built the 850 into the 1970s. They also offered a four-door saloon derivative in two different iterations. The Fiat 850 was also produced under the name Pirin-Fiat in Lovech, Bulgaria, on the basis of complete knock down (CKD) kits between 1967 and 1971.


title: Fiat 850

text: Abarth produced several tuned versions of the Berlina, Coupé, and Spider, with ever-increasing displacements. These belonged to the OT series of Abarth cars—standing for "Omologata Turismo" or "touring homologated", which also included two-seater sports racing cars.


title: Fiat 850

text: Italian coachbuilder designed and built a small sports car with fastback coupé body based on the 850, the 1968 Francis Lombardi Grand Prix. The car was also marketed by OTAS as the OTAS 820, equipped with Giannini engines, and in an Abarth version, the Abarth Scorpione.


title: Fiat 850

text: The Michelotti Shellette was a beach car based on the 850, styled and built by Giovanni Michelotti. Designed in the mould of Ghia's 500 and 600-based "Jolly", it was a more useful proposition, being faster and better equipped. Only about 80 were built, with some of the early ones using DAF underpinnings. The Shellette had the more powerful engine of the Special/Coupé.


title: Fiat 850

text: The Siata Spring was a 2-seater roadster built by Siata on the basis of the 850. Introduced in 1967, it featured retro styling with a mock upright radiator grille, separate wings and headlights, and running boards. In Italy it was initially priced at 795,000 Lire, 1050−795round1 thousand Lire cheaper than Fiat's Bertone 850 Spider. Top speed was .


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The IBM Personal Computer XT (model 5160, often shortened to PC/XT) is the second computer in the IBM Personal Computer line, released on March 8, 1983. Except for the addition of a built-in hard drive and extra expansion slots, it is very similar to the original IBM PC model 5150 from 1981.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: IBM did not specify an expanded form of "XT" on the machine, press releases, brochures or documentation, but some publications expanded the term as ""eXtended Technology"" or just ""eXTended"".


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT was regarded as an incremental improvement over the PC and a disappointment compared to the next-generation successor that some had anticipated. Compared to the original IBM PC, the XT has the following major differences:


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The number of expansion slots in the original IBM PC was a limiting factor for the product, since essential components (such as the video controller, disk controller and printer interface) each came as separate expansion cards and could quickly fill up all five available slots, requiring the user to swap cards in and out as tasks demanded. Some PC clones addressed this problem by integrating components into the motherboard to free up slots, while peripheral manufacturers produced products which integrated multiple functions into one card.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT addressed the problem by adding three extra expansion slots for a total of eight. While the slots themselves are identical to those in the original PC, the amount of physical space in the chassis differs, so two of the new slots (located behind the hard drive) cannot accept full-length cards. In addition, the spacing of the slots is narrower than in the original PC, making it impossible to install some multi-board cards.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The 5161 is an expansion chassis using an identical case and power supply to the XT, but instead of a system board, provides a backplane with eight card slots. It connects to the main system unit using an Extender Card in the system unit and a Receiver Card in the Expansion Unit, connected by a custom cable. The 5161 shipped with a 10 MB hard drive, and had room for a second one.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The Expansion Unit can also contain extra memory, but the Extender card inserts wait states for memory in the Expansion Unit, so it may be preferable to install memory into the main system unit.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: PC DOS 2.0 offers a 9-sector floppy disk format, providing 180K/360K (single- vs. dual-sided) capacity per disk, compared to the 160K/320K provided by the 8-sector format of previous releases.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT was not offered in a floppy-only model for its first two years on the market, although the standard ribbon cable with two floppy connectors was still included. At that time, in order to get a second floppy drive, the user had to purchase the 5161 expansion chassis.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: Like the original PC, the XT comes with IBM BASIC in ROM. The XT BIOS also displays a memory count during the POST, unlike the original PC.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT has a desktop case similar to that of the IBM PC. It weighs and is approximately wide by deep by high.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The power supply is 130 watts, an upgrade from the original PC. Those sold in the US are configured for 120 V AC only and could not be used with 240 V mains supplies. XTs with 240 V-compatible power supplies were later sold in international markets. Both were rated at 130 watts.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: Submodel 068 and 078, released in 1985, offered dual-floppy configurations without a hard drive as well, and the new Enhanced Graphics Adapter and Professional Graphics Adapter became available as video card options.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: Submodels 268, 278 and 089 came with 101-key keyboards (essentially the IBM Model M, but in a modified variant that used the XT's keyboard protocol and lacked LEDs).


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: Submodels 267, 277 and 088 had the original keyboard, but 3.5" floppy drives became available and 20MB Seagate ST-225 hard disks in 5.25" half-height size replaced the full-height 10 MB drives.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: Submodels 568, 588, and 589 were used as basis for the XT/370; they had an additional (co-)processor board that could execute System/370 instructions. An XT-based machine with a Series/1 co-processor board existed as well, but it had its own System Unit number, the IBM 4950.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: In 1986 the XT 286 (model 5162) was released with a 6 MHz Intel 80286 processor. Despite being marketed as a lower-tier model than the IBM AT, this system runs many applications faster than the ATs of the time with 6 MHz 286 processors, since it has zero-wait state RAM.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: It shipped with 640 KB RAM standard, an AT-style 1.2 MB high-density diskette drive and a 20 MB hard disk. Despite these features, reviews rated it as a poor market value.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT 286 uses a 157-watt power supply, which can internally switch between 115 or 230 V AC operation.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The XT was well received, although PC DOS 2.0 was regarded as a greater improvement than any of the hardware changes, and by the end of 1983 IBM was selling every unit they made.


title: IBM Personal Computer XT

text: The Compaq Portable also came out in March 1983, and would prove a popular competitor. Sometimes called the "first PC clone" and first "legal clone", that distinction may go to another offering: Columbia Data Products' MPC 1600 "Multi Personal Computer", in June 1982.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: The congressional district covers parts of DeKalb, Ford, Stark, Will and Winnebago counties, and all of Boone, Bureau, Grundy, Iroquois, LaSalle, Lee, Livingston, Ogle and Putnam counties, as of the 2011 redistricting which followed the 2010 census. All or parts of Belvidere, Channahon, DeKalb, Dixon, Loves Park, Machesney Park, Ottawa, Morris, Pontiac, Rockford and Streator are included. The representatives for these districts were elected in the 2012 primary and general elections, and the boundaries became effective on January 5, 2013.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Due to the 2020 redistricting, this district will shift encompass most of central Northern Illinois, including covering the majority of the Wisconsin-Illinois border. The district takes in Jo Daviess, Ogle, Lee, Stark, Marshall, and Grundy Counties; most of Winnebago, Boone, Bureau, Henry, and McLean Counties; half of Stephenson, Peoria, Tazewell, Putnam, and Livingston Counties; and part of DeKalb and Ford Counties.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Winnebago County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by West State Road, West State St, School St, Monroe St, Victory St, North Springfield Ave, Auburn St, North Central Ave, West Riverside Blvd, Eagle Dr, Soo Line Railroad, Park Ridge Rd, East Dr, River Ln, N 2nd St, Windsor Rd, N Alpine Rd, E Riverside Blvd, Forest Hills Rd, Pepper Dr, Cardamon Ln, Sage Dr, Gingeridge Ln, Applewood Ln, Windsor Rd/Broadcast Parkway, McFarland Rd, Harlem Rd, Illinois Highway 39, Keith Creek, Olde Creek Rd, N Trainer Rd, Spring Brook Rd, N Mulford Rd, Spring Creek Rd, Delcy Dr, Taliesen Ln/Jonquil Rd, Arbutus Rd, Saratoga Ln, Norwich Dr, Monticello Ln, Guilford Rd, Mauh-Nah-Tee-See, Inverness Dr, Donna Dr, Garrett Ln, Triton Ave, Apawamis Way E, Shiloh Rd, N Perryville Rd, Argus Dr, Deane Dr, US Highway 20, S Trainer Rd, Laurel Cherry Dr, Stony Creek Way, Newburg Rd, Homewood Dr, Dorchester Dr, Villanova Dr, Highland Ter, Wichita Dr, Capetown Ave, Charles St, S Mulford Rd, Forest Trail Dr, Samuelson Rd, 35th St, Tesa Rd, Sonja Ln, Lockout Dr, Houston Rd, Scarlet Oak Rd, Fruitland Dr, 20th St, Mobile Home Ave, 11th St, Falcon Rd, Beltline Rd, Kishwaukee Rd, Rock River, S Springfield Ave, Prairie Rd, and Tipple Rd. The 15th district takes in the municipalities of South Beloit, Roscoe, New Milford, Machesney Park, and Rockton; and most of Loves Park.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Boone County is split between this district and the 11th district. They are partitioned by Orth Rd, Poplar Grove Rd, Woodstock Rd, McKinley Ave, Squaw Prairie Rd, Beloit Rd, Illinois Business Route 20, Kishwaukee River, Wynwood Dr, N Appleton Rd, S Appleton Rd, Illinois Highway 5, and Stone Quarry Rd. The 11th district takes in half of the municipality of Belvidere.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Bureau County is split between this district and the 14th district. They are partitioned by Illinois Highway 26, US Highway 180, 2400 St E, and 2400 Ave N. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Princeton, Wyanet, Buda, and Sheffield.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Henry County is split between this and the 17th district. They are partitioned on the northwest side by Shaffer Creek, Oakwood Cir, Oakmont Dr, Oakwood Country Club, Glenwood Rd, US Highway 6, E 450th St, Illinois Highway 280, Green River Rd, and Kings Dr. They are partitioned on the southeast side by E 1770th St, N 650th Ave/N 570th Ave, Timber Rd, E 2400th St, and N 1200 St. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Cambridge, Geneseo, Orion, Atkinson, and Annawan.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: McLean County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by E 1000 North Rd, N 250 East Rd, E 1200 North Rd, Middle Fork Sugar Creek, E 1250 North Rd, N 750 East Rd, E 1300 North Rd, E 1280 North Rd, N 900 East Rd, E 1350 North Rd, E 1400 North Rd, N 1100 East Rd, N Rivian Motorway, King Mill Creek, Illinois Highway 74, Hovey Ave, S Cottage Ave, Gregory St, N Adelaide St, W Raab Rd, N Towanda Ave, E Shelbourne Dr, Old Route 66, Hershey Rd, E College Ave, Illinois Highway 55, Sugar Creek, General Electric Rd, Rainbow Ave, Mill Creek Rd, Clearwater Ave, Newcastle Dr, Illinois Highway 9, S Towanda Barnes Rd, Central Illinois Airport, Winchester Dr, S Hershey Rd, E Oakland Ave, S Veterans Parkway, S Mercer Ave, Norfolk and Southern Railroad, Rhodes Ln, E Hamilton Rd, S Morris Ave, Six Points Rd, W Oakland Ave, Fox Creek Rd, Crooked Creek Rd, Carrington Ln, and N 1200 East Rd. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Lexington, Le Roy, Chenoa, El Paso, and Hudson; northern Normal; and part of Bloomington.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Stephenson County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by Daws Rd, Howardsville Rd, Cedarville Rd, N Fawver Rd, and Maize Rd. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Lena, Davis, Dakota, Orangeville, and Winslow.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Peoria County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by W Gerber Rd/W Rosenbohm Rd, W Southport Rd, BN & SF Railroad, W Southport Rd, N Townhouse Rd, W Cottonwood Rd, N McAllister Rd, W Greengold Rd, W Farmington Rd, N Kickapoo Creek Rd, Saint Mary's Cemetery, N Swords Ave, N Northcrest Dr, C & NW Railroad, Weaverridge Golf Club, W Charter Oak Rd, Illinois Highway 6, W War Memorial Dr, N Allen Rd, W Northmoor Rd, Big Hollow Creek, West Imperial Dr, West Willow Knolls Dr, North University St, Manning Park, West Teton Dr, Illinois Highway 40, North Prospect Rd, East Prospect Ln, North Montclair Ave, East Euclid Ave, North Grandview Dr, Forest Park Nature Center, Forest Park Apartments, North Galena Rd, Illinois Highway 29, and Forest Park Riverfront-Longshore. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Chillicothe and Brimfield; and northern Peoria.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Tazewell County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by Illinois River, S 3rd St, Prince St, Elm St, Maple St, Mechanic St, Koch St, 5th St, Illinois Central Railroad, Townline Rd, Highway I-55, Illinois Highway 122, Indian Creek, Southwest Lincoln St, Southeast Main St, Hopedale Rd, Springtown Rd, Mackinaw Rd, and Lagoon Rd. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Pekin, East Peoria, Washington, Morton, Hopedale, Minier, and North Pekin.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Putnam County is split between this district and the 17th district. They are partitioned by Illinois River, S Front St, E High St, N 2nd St, E Court St, E Mulberry St, N 3rd St, N 4th St, N 6th St, E Sycamore St, S 5th St, Coffee Creek, Illinois Highway 26, and N 600th Ave. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of McNabb and Magnolia; and part of Hennepin.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Livingston County is split between this district and the 2nd district. They are partitioned by N 1800 Rd East, E 1550 Rd North, N 1600 Rd East, E 1500 Rd North, N 1500 Rd East, W Reynolds St, Highway 55, The Slough, E 1830 Rd North, Old IL-66 South, N 1700 Rd East, N 2125 Rd North, and N 1800 Rd East. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Cornell and Flanagan.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: DeKalb County is split between this district, the 11th district, and the 14th district. They are partitioned by Myelle Rd, Bass Line Rd, Illinois Highway 23, Whipple Rd, Plank Rd, Swanson Rd, and Darnell Rd. The 16th district takes in the municipalities of Wilkinson, Kirkland, Fairdale, and Esmond.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Ford County is split between this district and the 2nd district. They are partitioned by E 900N Rd, N Melvin St, E 8th St, and N 500E Rd. The 16th district takes in the municipality of Gibson City.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: Prominent past representatives from the 16th district have included Everett Dirksen, who went on to become the Republican leader in the United States Senate; John B. Anderson, who became the 3rd highest ranking Republican in the House and went on to run as a major independent candidate in the 1980 Presidential election; and Lynn Martin, who later served as United States Secretary of Labor.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: For more than six decades, the shape of the 16th district fluctuated far less than that of any other Illinois congressional district. In this time, it generally included the northwest corner of the state, extending just far enough to the east to grab its largest city, Rockford. By the 1990s, it also extended eastward to include part of McHenry County, an outer suburb of Chicago. This geographic stability also contributed to electoral stability. It first became a Rockford-based district for the 1948 election, and from then until 2012 it was represented by just five people, all but one of whom was a Republican. The sole Democrat to have held it in that period, John W. Cox, Jr., only did so for one term.


title: Illinois's 16th congressional district

text: However, with the new map drawn for 2012, the 16th was significantly redrawn. It was pushed well to the east to include the southwestern exurbs of the Chicago metropolitan area, and stretches from the Wisconsin border to the Indiana border. While it still included most of Rockford's suburbs, half of Rockford itself—essentially the more Democratic western portion of the city—was shifted to the 17th district.


title: Tessenjutsu

text: Tessenjutsu () is the martial art of the Japanese war fan (tessen). It is based on the use of the solid iron fan or the folding iron fan, which usually had eight or ten wood or iron ribs.


title: Tessenjutsu

text: The use of the war fan in combat is mentioned in early Japanese legends. For example, Minamoto no Yoshitsune, a hero of Japanese legend, is said to have defeated an opponent named Benkei by parrying the blows of his opponent's spear with an iron fan. This use of the iron fan was said to have been taught to him by a mythological creature, a tengu, who had also instructed him in the art of swordsmanship.


title: Tessenjutsu

text: The practitioners of "tessenjutsu" could acquire a high level of skill. Some became so skilled, in fact, that they were able to defend themselves against an attacker wielding a sword, and even kill an opponent with a single blow. Like so many other Japanese arts of combat during this era, "tessenjutsu" reached a high level of sophistication. For example, in the late 16th century:


title: Tessenjutsu

text: Apart from using it in duels against enemies armed with swords and spears, the skilled wielder could also use it to fence and fend off knives and poisoned darts thrown at him. Like a sword, the tessen could be dual-wielded to parry with one hand and attack with the other.


title: Raven Riley

text: Raven Riley is an Italian American former pornographic actress, appearing online and on DVDs. Riley won the top spot on "Front" magazine's "Top 20 Girls of the Web" and appeared on its March 2007 cover.


title: Raven Riley

text: Riley started modeling in 2004 after first accompanying a friend to a bikini model shoot. She met Jay Man, who was a content producer, and he shot her for amateurfacials.com. Jay Man, his business partner, and Riley started a company called Third Pentacle which launched her solo website in December 2004. Riley, with partners from jaYManCash and Third Pentacle, started Evil Motion Pictures, whose goal was to break into mainstream horror movie production. Evil Motion Pictures released its first horror porn film starring Riley in November 2007, which was entitled "Succubus".


title: Raven Riley

text: In May 2008, Thomas Leach, the owner of jaYManCash, announced that the rumors that Riley was leaving the adult industry were true, saying "while no official documents have been signed, Raven has communicated that the adult industry is no longer in her future and she was going to leave the adult industry." Riley contacted XBIZ and disputed the rumors and reports: "I am still here and I’m not retired... That was false information that was given." As a result of a lawsuit, Leach took full ownership of Third Pentacle. This dispute also affected their relationship with Interactive Life Forms, the company that makes Fleshlight. Leach sued both Riley and ILF, alleging trademark infringement for continuing to use Riley's name in selling their Fleshlight. Leach settled with ILF in 2010.


title: Raven Riley

text: Her last shoot for her site was posted in 2012, and the site was taken offline in 2014 with the page showing only a link to The Wayback Machine and their PetaBox. As of April 2018, the domain redirects to religious material. On June 3, 2016, documentary filmmaker David Pilot debuted "Skin in the Game: The Raven Riley Story" at the New Haven Documentary Film Festival in New Haven, Connecticut, following Raven's rise into and departure from online pornography.


title: Raven Riley

text: Raven Riley's photos have been used by online scammers to defraud men looking for sexual encounters through social networking sites since at least 2007.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Francis Joseph Spellman (May 4, 1889 – December 2, 1967) was an American bishop and cardinal of the Catholic Church. From 1939 until his death in 1967, he served as the sixth Archbishop of New York; he had previously served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Boston from 1932 through 1939. He was created a cardinal in 1946.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Francis Spellman was born in Whitman, Massachusetts, to William Spellman (1858–1957) and Ellen (née Conway) Spellman. His father was a grocer whose own parents had emigrated to the United States from Clonmel and Leighlinbridge in Ireland. The eldest of five children, Spellman had two brothers, Martin and John, and two sisters, Marian and Helene. As a child, he served as an altar boy at Holy Ghost Church.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman attended Whitman High School (now Whitman-Hanson Regional High School) because there was no local Catholic school. He enjoyed photography and baseball; he was a first baseman during his first year of high school until a hand injury forced him to stop playing, and later managed the team. Following his high school graduation, Spellman entered Fordham University in New York City in 1907. He graduated in 1911 and decided to study for the priesthood. He was then sent by Archbishop William Henry O'Connell to study at the Pontifical North American College in Rome.


title: Francis Spellman

text: During his years in Rome, Spellman befriended such figures as Gaetano Bisleti, Francesco Borgongini Duca and Domenico Tardini. He suffered from pneumonia, however, leaving his state of health so poor that the seminary administration wanted to send him home. He nevertheless remained and managed to complete his theological studies.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman was ordained a priest by Patriarch Giuseppe Ceppetelli on May 14, 1916. Upon his return to the United States, he did pastoral work in the Archdiocese of Boston. Cardinal O'Connell, who had earlier sent Spellman to Rome, took an apparent dislike to the young priest. O'Connell referred to him as a "little popinjay" and later said, "Francis epitomizes what happens to a bookkeeper when you teach him how to read." Spellman served a series of relatively insignificant assignments.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Following the United States' entry into World War I in 1917, Spellman applied to become a military chaplain in the Army but did not meet the height requirement. Spellman's comparable application to the Navy was personally rejected, twice, by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Finally, O'Connell assigned him to promote subscriptions for the archdiocesan newspaper, "The Pilot", instead. He was named assistant chancellor in 1918 and in 1924 archivist of the Archdiocese. After translating into English two books written by his friend Borgongini Duca, Spellman was made the first American attaché of the Vatican Secretariat of State in 1925. He also worked with the Knights of Columbus in running children's playgrounds in Rome, and was raised to the rank of Privy Chamberlain on October 4, 1926, by Pope Pius XI.


title: Francis Spellman

text: During a trip to Germany in 1927, Spellman established a lifelong friendship with Archbishop Eugenio Pacelli, who was serving as Apostolic Nuncio. He translated Pius XI's first broadcast over Vatican Radio in 1931. Later that year, Spellman was charged with smuggling "Non abbiamo bisogno", the papal encyclical condemning Benito Mussolini, out of Rome to Paris, where he then delivered it to the press; he was subsequently attacked by Italian newspapers. He also served as secretary to Cardinal Lorenzo Lauri at the 1932 International Eucharistic Congress in Dublin, and helped reform the Vatican's press office, introducing mimeograph machines and issuing press releases.


title: Francis Spellman

text: On July 30, 1932, Spellman was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Boston and Titular Bishop of Sila by Pope Pius XI. He had originally been considered for the Dioceses of Portland, Maine, and Manchester, New Hampshire. He received his consecration on the following September 8 from Pacelli (wearing the vestments Pacelli wore when he was consecrated by Benedict XV), with Archbishops Giuseppe Pizzardo and Francesco Borgongini Duca serving as co-consecrators, at St. Peter's Basilica. His was the first consecration of an American bishop ever held at St. Peter's. Borgongini-Duca designed for him a coat of arms incorporating Columbus's ship the "Santa Maria". Pope Pius XI gave him the motto "Sequere Deum" (to follow God).


title: Francis Spellman

text: After his return to the United States, Spellman resided at St. John's Seminary in Brighton, Massachusetts. He was later made pastor of Sacred Heart Church in Newton Centre; there he erased the church's $43,000 debt through different fundraising activities. When his mother died in 1935, her funeral was attended by Governor James Curley, Lieutenant Governor Joseph Hurley, and many members of the clergy, with the exception of O'Connell.


title: Francis Spellman

text: In the autumn of 1936, Cardinal Pacelli came to the United States, visiting New York City, Washington, D.C., Boston, Saint Paul, MN, and Chicago. The ostensible purpose of the trip was personal; he was to be the guest of Genevieve Brady, the wealthy widow of Nicholas Brady. However, during the trip Pacelli met with Roosevelt to discuss diplomatic recognition of the sovereignty of Vatican City. Spellman was present at the meeting, which he arranged to take place at the president's boyhood home at Hyde Park, New York, on November 5, 1936, two days after his reelection to a second term.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Pacelli also looked into "the radio priest" Father Charles Coughlin of Detroit. Though an early supporter of Roosevelt, Coughlin became increasingly disenchanted with him and made increasingly sharp national radio attacks on Roosevelt and the New Deal. He also expressed sympathy for the governments of Hitler and Mussolini as opponents of Communism. The Catholic hierarchy for its part did not like Coughlin. The Vatican and the Apostolic Legation in Washington, D.C. wanted him silenced. Spellman worked with Joseph P. Kennedy and Pacelli to stop Coughlin. However, only Coughlin's superior, Bishop Michael Gallagher of Detroit, had the canonical authority to curb him, and Gallagher supported Coughlin. Coughlin was in Boston at the same time as Pacelli, but they did not meet. In 1939, Coughlin was finally forced off the air under rules adopted by the Code Committee of the National Association of Broadcasters.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Following the death of Pope Pius XI, Pacelli was elected as Pope Pius XII, and one of his first acts was to appoint Spellman the sixth Archbishop of New York on April 15, 1939. He succeeded the late Cardinal Patrick Joseph Hayes, and was formally installed as Archbishop on the following May 23. He was painted twice in 1940 and again in 1941 by the prominent Roman Catholic Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury. The first regularly scheduled Masses in Spanish in New York began when Spellman gave authorization to the Redemptorists at St. Cecilia's parish in East Harlem.


title: Francis Spellman

text: In addition to his duties as diocesan bishop, he was named Apostolic Vicar for the U.S. Armed Forces on December 11, 1939. He spent many Christmases with American troops in Japan, Korea and Europe in this capacity.


title: Francis Spellman

text: During his tenure in New York, Spellman's considerable national influence in religious and political matters earned his residence the nickname of "the Powerhouse". He hosted such prominent figures as Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Bernard Baruch, David I. Walsh, John William McCormack, and numerous other politicians, entertainers, and clergymen. In 1945, he instituted the Al Smith Dinner, an annual white tie fundraiser for Catholic Charities of the Archdiocese which is attended by prominent national figures, including presidential nominees.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Following his promotion to New York, Spellman also became a close confidant of President Roosevelt. During World War II, he was chosen by Roosevelt to act as the latter's agent and visit Europe, Africa, and the Middle East in 1943, visiting a total of 16 countries in four months. As archbishop and a military vicar, he would have greater freedom than official diplomats. Spellman also acted as a liaison between Pope Pius XII and Roosevelt in the Pope's attempts to have Rome declared an open city, in order to save it from the relentless bombing other European capitals had suffered and potentially destroying Rome's historical sites and ruins, including Vatican City. In 1946, he received The Hundred Year Association of New York's Gold Medal Award "in recognition of outstanding contributions to the City of New York".


title: Francis Spellman

text: Pope Pius XII created him Cardinal-Priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo in the consistory of February 18, 1946; his titular church was the same one held by Pius before his election to the papacy.


title: Francis Spellman

text: According to historian William V. Shannon, "Spellman was deeply reactionary in his theology and secular politics." Vehemently anti-Communist, Spellman once said that "a true American can neither be a Communist nor a Communist condoner" and that "the first loyalty of every American is vigilantly to weed out and counteract Communism and convert American Communists to Americanism". Spellman defended Senator Joseph McCarthy's 1953 investigations of Communist subversives in the federal government, stating at an April 1954 breakfast attended by the Senator that McCarthy had "told us about the Communists and about Communist methods" and that he was "not only against communism—but ... against the methods of the Communists". In 1949, when gravediggers at Calvary Cemetery in Queens went on strike for a pay raise, the Cardinal accused them of being Communists and recruited seminarians of the Archdiocese from St. Joseph's Seminary as strikebreakers. He described the actions of the gravediggers, who belonged to the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers Union of America, as "an unjustified and immoral strike against the innocent dead and their bereaved families, against their religion and human decency". The strike was supported by such figures as the religious activist (now Servant of God) Dorothy Day and Ernest Hemingway, who wrote a scathing letter to Spellman.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman denounced the efforts of Congressman Graham Arthur Barden to provide federal funding only to public schools as "a craven crusade of religious prejudice against Catholic children", even calling Barden himself an "apostle of bigotry". The cardinal engaged later in a heated public dispute with former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt in 1949 when she expressed her opposition to providing federal funding to parochial schools in her column, "My Day". In response, Spellman accused her of anti-Catholicism and called her column a "[document] of discrimination unworthy of an American mother". He eventually met with her at her Hyde Park home to quell the dispute.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman frequently criticized films he perceived to be immoral or indecent. He described "Two-Faced Woman" as "an occasion of sin ... dangerous to public morals", "The Miracle" (which led to "Joseph Burstyn, Inc v. Wilson") as a "vile and harmful picture ... a despicable affront to every Christian", and "Baby Doll" as "revolting" and "morally repellent". His condemnation of "Forever Amber" caused producer William Perlberg to publicly refuse to "bowdlerize the film to placate the Roman Catholic Church".


title: Francis Spellman

text: He was instrumental in getting William Brennan appointed to the Supreme Court in 1956, but would later regret the decision. Justice William O. Douglas once said, "I came to know several Americans who I felt had greatly dishonored our American ideal. One was Cardinal Spellman."


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman participated in the 1958 papal conclave, which elected Pope John XXIII. He was considered dismissive of Pope John and is reported to have said, "He's no Pope. He should be selling bananas." In 1959, he served as papal delegate to the Eucharistic Congress in Guatemala; during his journey, he stopped in Nicaragua and, contrary to the Pope's orders, publicly appeared with dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle.


title: Francis Spellman

text: According to Catholic journalist Raymond Arroyo's foreword written for a 2008 edition of Fulton Sheen's autobiography, "Treasure in Clay: The Autobiography of Fulton J. Sheen", "It is widely believed that Cardinal Spellman drove Sheen off the air." Besides being pressured to leave television, Sheen also "found himself unwelcome in the churches of New York City. Spellman cancelled Sheen's annual Good Friday sermons at St. Patrick's Cathedral and discouraged clergy from befriending the Bishop."


title: Francis Spellman

text: Although John F. Kennedy was a Catholic, Spellman supported Richard Nixon in the 1960 presidential election, due to Kennedy's opposition to federal aid for parochial schools and to appointing a U.S. Ambassador to the Holy See. His support for Nixon ended a long partnership with Kennedy's father, Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. Kennedy aide David Powers recalled that in 1960, Kennedy asked him "Why is Spellman against me?", to which he replied, "Spellman is the most powerful Catholic in the country. When you become president, you will be." Spellman had previously presided over the weddings of Robert, Jean, Eunice and Ted Kennedy.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Historian Pat McNamara views Spellman's outreach to the city's growing Puerto Rican community as years ahead of its time. He sent priests overseas to study Spanish, and by 1960 a quarter of all the archdiocese's parishes had an outreach to Spanish-speaking Catholics. In his years as a cardinal Spellman built 15 churches, 94 schools, 22 rectories, 60 convents, and 34 other institutions. He also visited Ecuador, where he founded three schools: Cardinal Spellman High School and Cardinal Spellman Girls' School, both in Quito; and Cardinal Spellman High School in Guayaquil. All of these schools are still currently open.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, and sat on its Board of Presidency. The cardinal believed that predominantly liberal clergymen were being appointed to the council's commissions, and opposed the introduction of vernacular into the Mass, saying, "The Latin language, which is truly the Catholic language, is unchangeable, is not vulgar, and has for many centuries been the guardian of the unity of the Western Church." A theological conservative, he supported ecumenism on pragmatic grounds. However, in April 1963 Spellman brought to the Second Vatican Council John Courtney Murray as a "peritus" (expert) despite Cardinal Ottaviani's well-known animosity towards him. With Apostolic Delegate to the U.S. Archbishop Egidio Vagnozzi attempting to silence Murray, Spellman, along with Murray's Jesuit superiors, continued to shield him from most attempts at Curial interference. Murray's work helped shape the council's declaration on religious freedom.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman, following the death of John XXIII, participated in the conclave of 1963, which resulted in the election of Pope Paul VI. When "The Deputy", a controversial play about Pius XII's actions during the Holocaust, opened on Broadway in 1964, Spellman condemned the play as "an outrageous desecration of the honor of a great and good man". The play's producer, Herman Shumlin, responded by calling Spellman's words a "calculated threat to really drive a wedge between Christians and Jews".


title: Francis Spellman

text: Although he once expressed his personal opposition to demonstrations during the civil rights movement, Spellman declined J. Edgar Hoover's requests to condemn Martin Luther King Jr., while also funding the trip of a group of New York priests and Religious Sisters to the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches. He opposed racial discrimination in public housing but also the social activism of such priests as Daniel Berrigan and his brother, Philip Berrigan, as well as a young Melkite priest, David Kirk.


title: Francis Spellman

text: During the 1964 presidential election, Spellman supported Lyndon B. Johnson, whose Higher Education Facilities Act and Economic Opportunity Act had greatly benefited the Church. The Cardinal later agreed to Johnson's requests to send priests to the Dominican Republic to defuse anti-American sentiments following the invasion of 1965.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman was an outspoken supporter of the Vietnam War, to the extent that the conflict became known as "Spelly's War" and the Cardinal as the "Bob Hope of the clergy". He met Ngo Dinh Diem in 1950 and, favorably impressed by his strongly Catholic and anti-Communist views, promoted his career; however, he disassociated from Diem before the latter's assassination in 1963. Fearful of Communist gains in Vietnam, Spellman had urged American intervention since late 1954, but by the 1960s his views were strongly criticized by antiwar activists and even his fellow religious leaders.


title: Francis Spellman

text: When Pope Paul VI visited the United States in October 1965, he indirectly rebuked Spellman's hawkish stance by pleading for peace before the United Nations. A group of college students protested outside his residence in December 1965 for suppressing antiwar priests, and he later spent that year's Christmas with troops in South Vietnam. While in Vietnam, Spellman quoted Stephen Decatur in declaring, "My country, may it always be right, but right or wrong, my country". He also described Vietnam as a "war for civilization" and "Christ's war against the Vietcong and the people of North Vietnam". One priest accused Spellman of "[blessing] the guns which the pope is begging us to put down". In January 1967, antiwar protestors disrupted a Mass at St. Patrick's Cathedral. His support for the Vietnam War, along with his opposition to church reform, greatly undermined Spellman's clout within the church and country.


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman was awarded the Sylvanus Thayer Award by the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1967. Illustrator Edward Sorel designed a poster in 1967 titled "Pass the Lord and Praise the Ammunition", showing Spellman carrying a rifle with bayonet, but the poster was never distributed because Spellman died right after it was printed.


title: Francis Spellman

text: In 1966, Spellman offered his resignation to Pope Paul VI after the latter instituted a policy whereby bishops retire at age 75, but Paul VI asked him to remain in his post. He led his archdiocese through an extensive period of building the Catholic infrastructure, particularly the construction of numerous churches, schools, and hospitals. He consolidated all parish building programs into his own hands, thereby getting better interest rates from bankers, and convinced Pius XII of the need to internationalize the Vatican's Italy-centered investments after World War II; for his financial skill, he was sometimes called "Cardinal Moneybags".


title: Francis Spellman

text: Spellman died in New York City on December 2, 1967, at age 78, and was interred in the crypt under the main altar at St. Patrick's Cathedral. His funeral Mass was attended by President Johnson, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Robert F. Kennedy, Jacob Javits, Nelson Rockefeller, John Lindsay, Arthur Goldberg, and Greek Orthodox Archbishop Iakovos. To date, Spellman's twenty-eight year tenure as archbishop is the longest in the history of the Archdiocese of New York.


title: Francis Spellman

text: John Cooney published a 1984 biography of Spellman entitled "The American Pope". Before publication, he circulated galley proofs of the book, which included several pages arguing that Spellman had been a homosexual, based on multiple anonymous sources. This draft of the book was covered in the press. However, the final published version removed this material, replacing it with two sentences: "For years rumors abounded about Cardinal Spellman being a homosexual. As a result, many felt – and continue to feel – that Spellman the public moralist may well have been a contradiction of the man of the flesh."


title: Francis Spellman

text: Journalist Michelangelo Signorile describes Spellman as "one of the most notorious, powerful and sexually voracious homosexuals in the American Catholic Church's history." Signorile reported that Cooney's manuscript initially contained interviews with several people with personal knowledge of Spellman's homosexuality, including researcher C. A. Tripp. According to Signorile, the Catholic Church pressured Cooney's publisher, Times Books, to reduce the four pages discussing Spellman's sexuality to a single paragraph. Both Signorile and John Loughery cite a story suggesting that Spellman was sexually active and carrying on a relationship with a male member of the chorus in the Broadway revue "One Touch of Venus".


title: Francis Spellman

text: Additionally, Curt Gentry, biographer of J. Edgar Hoover, says that Hoover's files also had "numerous allegations that Spellman was a very active homosexual."


title: Francis Spellman

text: Russell Shaw states that Spellman "embodied the fusion of Americanism and Catholicism" in the mid-twentieth century. Spellman's support of John Courtney Murray contributed to Murray's significant influence on the drafting of "Dignitatis humanae", the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Freedom. "Spellman's enduring accomplishments were his personal acts of kindness toward individuals and the religious and charitable institutions he founded or strengthened."


title: Francis Spellman

text: Henry Morton Robinson's novel "The Cardinal" (1950) was based in part on Spellman's career that was made in 1963 into a film of the same name with Tom Tryon as the eventual Cardinal.


title: Francis Spellman

text: In July 1947, a Jesuit residential building opened on the campus of Fordham University, Spellman's alma mater, named in his honor.


title: Storm glass

text: The storm glass or chemical weather glass is an instrument proposed as a method for predicting weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather. The inventor is unknown but the device became popular in the 1860s after being promoted by Royal Navy Admiral Robert FitzRoy who claimed that The compositions of the liquid in a storm glass varies but usually contains "camphor, nitrate of potassium and sal-ammoniac, dissolved by alcohol, with water and some air." These devices are now known to have little value in weather prediction but continue to be a curiosity.


title: Storm glass

text: The liquid within the glass is a mixture of several ingredients, most commonly distilled water, ethanol, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and camphor. This specific mixture was promoted by Admiral Robert FitzRoy although similar devices existed even two decades earlier with variants in Italy, France and Germany.


title: Storm glass

text: A version of the device was available in the 18th century in France and the inventor is unknown. In 1859, violent storms struck the British Isles. In response, the British Crown distributed storm glasses, then known as "FitzRoy's storm barometers," to many small fishing communities around the British Isles for consultation by ships in port before setting sail.


title: Storm glass

text: In 1863 Charles Tomlinson published an analysis in "The Philosophical Magazine" concluding that while attractive


title: Storm glass

text: "I think it may fairly be concluded from these experiments and observations that the storm-glass acts as a crude kind of thermoscope, inferior, for most of the purposes of observation, to the thermometer."


title: Storm glass

text: In 2008 an article in the "Journal of Crystal Growth" similarly concluded that temperature change is the sole cause of crystal growth in storm glasses.


title: Jury selection

text: Jury selection is the selection of the people who will serve on a jury during a jury trial. The group of potential jurors (the "jury pool", also known as the "venire") is first selected from among the community using a reasonably random method. Jury lists are compiled from voter registrations and driver license or ID renewals. From those lists, summonses are mailed. A panel of jurors is then assigned to a courtroom.


title: Jury selection

text: The prospective jurors are randomly selected to sit in the jury box. At this stage, they will be questioned in court by the judge and/or attorneys in the United States. Depending on the jurisdiction, attorneys may have an opportunity to mount a "challenge for cause" argument or use one of a limited number of peremptory challenges.


title: Jury selection

text: In some jurisdictions that have capital punishment, the jury must be death-qualified to remove those who are opposed to the death penalty. Jury selection and techniques for "voir dire" are taught to law students in trial advocacy courses. However, attorneys sometimes use expert assistance in systematically choosing the jury, although other uses of jury research are becoming more common. The jury selected is said to have been "empaneled".


title: Jury selection

text: Selected jurors are generally subjected to a system of examination whereby both the prosecution (or plaintiff, in a civil case) and defence can object to a juror. In common law countries, this is known as "voir dire". "Voir dire" can include both general questions asked of an entire pool of prospective jurors, answered by means such as a show of hands, and questions asked of individual prospective jurors and calling for a verbal answer. In some jurisdictions, the attorneys for the parties may question the potential jurors; in other jurisdictions, the trial judge conducts the "voir dire".


title: Jury selection

text: In the United States the process of "voir dire" is often much more in-depth than in other countries and its practical implementation is somewhat controversial because of this. The amount of privacy that the potential jurors are afforded when asked questions raises the issue of the definition of "impartial jury". Some people are skeptical as to whether the intensive questioning of potential jurors looks not just for inherent bias but for a potential to be emotionally swayed. On the other hand, proponents argue that this method gives both sides more confidence in the verdict.


title: Jury selection

text: Part XX of the "Criminal Code of Canada" allows for a jury in a Canadian murder trial to consist of twelve jurors. However, a minimum of ten jurors and a maximum of 14 jurors may hear the evidence a trial. At the end of the trial, a maximum of twelve jurors and minimum of ten jurors may deliberate.


title: Jury selection

text: Section 631(2.2) as well as section 643 of the "Criminal Code" specify that a jury may consist of either 12, 13 or 14 members, however, 12 is most common. Section 631(2.2) allows a judge to order that 13 or 14 jurors be sworn in under certain circumstances.


title: Jury selection

text: Jurors may also be excused during trial. According to section 644(1) of the "Criminal Code", a judge may discharge any juror during the trial due to illness or “other reasonable cause” such as impartiality (see "R v Tsouma" (1973) and R v Holcomb (1973)). Section 644(2) further specifies that a jury is still properly constituted to complete its duties even if a juror is discharged during the trial as long as the number of jurors is not reduced below ten.


title: Jury selection

text: At the conclusion of the trial and following the jury charge, a maximum of twelve jurors may deliberate. It requires the judge to pull numbers from a box to determine which jurors should be discharged in order to reduce the number of jurors down to twelve.


title: Jury selection

text: When empanelling the jury, section 631(3) of the Criminal Code states that the court clerk will draw out the appropriate number of juror cards and read out the name and number of each card in the courtroom. In this sense, the identity of the jurors will be revealed to all parties. However, s. 631(3.1) goes on to say that judge can order that the clerk of the court shall only call out the number on each card, thereby withholding the names of the jury members. This generally takes place upon application by the prosecutor or when the judge deems it necessary in order to protect the safety and privacy of the jury members.


title: Jury selection

text: Under s. 631(6) of the Code, the presiding judge may then make an order either directing that the identity of a jury member or any information that could reveal their identity not be published or broadcast in any way; or limiting access to or the use of that information. These amendments to s. 361 were introduced in 2001, with the purpose of “protecting jurors from intimidation, and enabling jurors to participate effectively by making them free to act without being subjected to threats, prejudice, intimidation or physical injury”.


title: Jury selection

text: In Canada, the number of peremptory challenges (i.e., challenges for which no reason be given) for jury selection was governed by Section 634 of the Criminal Code of Canada.


title: Jury selection

text: §634 of the Criminal Code of Canada was repealed by Bill C-75 which came into effect on September 19, 2019, and peremptory challenges have been therefore eliminated.


title: Jury selection

text: Section 638 of the Criminal Code of Canada provides the basis upon which an individual juror may be challenged for cause. A party seeking to challenge a prospective juror’s partiality must first demonstrate to the court that there is an ‘air of reality’ to the application. A party may do this by establishing that there is a realistic potential for partiality.


title: Jury selection

text: Section 640 of the Criminal Code sets out the procedures for dealing with a challenge for cause. A challenge for cause based on the enumerated grounds under section 638, other than the juror’s name not appearing on the panel, will be tried by the last two jurors to be sworn. If no Jurors have been sworn the judge will appoint two persons to try the challenge for cause. Upon application by the accused, the court may exercise its discretion to exclude all sworn and unsworn jurors from the courtroom until the challenge for cause is decided. The two triers of the challenge for cause must decide the question on a balance of probabilities.


title: Jury selection

text: A pre-hearing conference is a conference held prior to the beginning of a trial. It is held between the prosecutor and the accused (or counsel for the accused) and is presided over by the court. The purpose of a pre-hearing conference is to promote a fair and expeditious trial. It considers matters that would be better decided before the start of the trial and makes arrangements for the decisions of those matters.


title: Jury selection

text: A pre-hearing conference is mandatory for any case to be tried by jury (per s. 625.1(2) of the Criminal Code of Canada). It must be presided over by a judge of the court that will try the accused and must be held in accordance with the rules of court made under sections 482 and 482.1.


title: Jury selection

text: Case Law: A pre-hearing conference judge does not have the jurisdiction to review the Crown disclosure decisions or to order disclosure.


title: Jury selection

text: In United States capital cases (cases where the prosecution pursues the death penalty), the jury must often be "death-qualified". A death-qualified jury is one in which all members of the venire that categorically object to capital punishment are removed. This has the effect of ensuring that the jury will be willing to hand down a sentence of death, if they feel the crime warrants it. The United States Supreme Court has ruled that the practice is constitutional. Critics object to death-qualification because empirical evidence has shown that death-qualified jurors are more likely to convict defendants of crimes than are jurors generally.


title: Jury selection

text: In the 1970s and 1980s in the United States, scientific jury selection—the use of expert assistance to more effectively use peremptory challenges — became more common. The practice has proven controversial because of fears that it gives lawyers the ability to "fix" the jury and enhances the distorting effect of money. However, research indicates that the effect of the practice is modest at best.


title: Jury selection

text: Currently, the more generic jury consulting or jury research is increasingly more common as attorneys trying high-stakes cases demand assistance through all parts of the trial process. The still more generic field of trial consulting also contains a myriad of other tools and techniques not directly related to juries.


title: Jury selection

text: "Jury packing" is "illegally or corruptly influencing a jury by making available for jury service persons known to be biased or partial in a particular case to be tried". The term also is applied pejoratively to jury selection procedures which are legal but perceived as unfair. In the nineteenth century, the prosecution had unlimited peremptory challenges in England and Ireland, whereas the defence were limited to six in England or 20 in Ireland. Peter O'Brien as Crown Prosecutor during the Irish Land War was nicknamed "Peter the Packer" by supporters of the Irish Land League. The pool from which a jury panel is selected may not have the same demographics as the general population; until the nineteenth century or later in many jurisdictions, jury service, as with the electoral franchise, was restricted to male property owners.


title: Jury selection

text: In three studies of legal authoritarianism, attitudes toward psychiatrists, and attitude toward the insanity defense were examined as predictors of conviction-proneness in insanity defense cases. Some experts believe that 85% of cases litigated are won or lost in the jury selection phase.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: Branded is an American Western series that aired on NBC from 1965 through 1966. It was sponsored by Procter & Gamble in its Sunday night, 8:30 p.m. Eastern time period. The series is set in the Old West, following the end of the American Civil War. The show starred Chuck Connors as Jason McCord, a United States Army cavalry captain who had been court-martialed and drummed out of the service following an unjust accusation of cowardice.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: The opening title credits of each episode in the series feature a depiction of McCord's court-martial with the stripping of rank shoulder patches and his Light Cavalry Saber broken in two. He experienced cashiering and drumming out of the military. McCord retained the handle of his broken saber with attached pommel. He had the remaining blade sharpened into a long knife, which he used in many episodes. McCord is sent out of the fort where this ceremony occurred, and the gates are closed behind him. Although the exact date of McCord's cashiering is never given, events and people depicted in episodes place the events of the series itself as sometime during the first administration of President Ulysses S. Grant (1869–72) and after William Seward negotiated the Alaska purchase. The name and location of the fort are also not given; but since Bitter Creek, where the battle that caused McCord's discharge took place, is in southern Wyoming, the location of the fort is presumably within what was in 1869 the Wyoming Territory. U.S. military forts known to be in operation at that time in the territory included Fort Bridger, Fort Fetterman and Fort Laramie.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: In the pilot episode, "The Vindicator", McCord is confronted by a newspaper reporter (Claude Akins) who wants a follow-up story on the Bitter Creek massacre. McCord refuses to cooperate. He knows that General James Reed, McCord's mentor, was on a peace mission to meet representatives of the Cheyenne nation at Bitter Creek. His unit of 31 men was attacked by a group of renegade Indians known as Dog Soldiers. During the attack, McCord realized that the old general had taken leave of his senses. McCord assumed command, but it was too late. McCord was wounded in the battle and left for dead, the only survivor. He remained in a coma for 10 days after the attack. McCord was later charged with desertion, convicted at court-martial and cashiered out of the Army.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: The reporter tracks down a widow of the Bitter Creek massacre (June Lockhart). Her husband was third in command and had written several letters questioning Reed's mental state. Those letters would have been enough to grant McCord a new trial and possibly exonerate him, but McCord convinced the widow to burn the letters to protect Reed's reputation. McCord feared that if Reed's reputation were damaged, certain people in Washington, DC, would try to start a new war with the Apaches. McCord chose never to speak about what really happened at Bitter Creek.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: He traveled throughout the Old West, continually confronted by people who refused to believe his innocence, requiring him to prove them wrong.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: John M. Pickard appeared in six episodes as General Phil Sheridan. Other notable guest stars included Chris Alcaide, Russ Conway, Don Collier, Burgess Meredith, John Carradine, Pat Conway, Alex Cord, Janet De Gore, Dolores del Río, Chad Everett, I. Stanford Jolley, Martin Landau, June Lockhart, Warren Oates, Gregg Palmer, Larry Pennell, Burt Reynolds, Lee Van Cleef, Dick Clark, Bruce Dern and Michael Rennie.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: Created by Larry Cohen, the show was co-produced for most of its run by Mark Goodson-Bill Todman Productions (which later folded ultimately into Fremantle), more widely associated with their productions of various game shows, in association with Sentinel Productions. Current distribution rights are possessed by CBS Television Distribution, the successor in interest to original distributor KingWorld. Historically, stations that air "Branded" have paired it with another Western series, the early Aaron Spelling production "The Guns of Will Sonnett"; this series, which starred veteran Western actor Walter Brennan in the title role, is also distributed by CBSTD.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: The series followed Chuck Connors's series "The Rifleman", but it did not have that show's longevity, lasting only 48 episodes over two seasons. For the first season, 13 episodes were shot in black-and-white; the three-part story "The Mission" was shot in color. The second season of 32 episodes was made entirely in color.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: Andrew J. Fenady served as the producer, later executive producer, on the series. Fenady was also the producer of "The Rebel".


title: Branded (TV series)

text: All episodes in black-and-white except for the three-part episode, "The Mission," which was made in color


title: Branded (TV series)

text: Parts One, Two and Three of the color episode "The Mission" were later released as a movie titled "Broken Sabre", with new footage. According to Western Clippings, the re-edited movie version ends with Jason "regaining his commission and resuming his army career," thus giving an ending to the series. It also ends with Jason asking a woman to marry him and she says yes. The movie was released to theaters on May 30, 1965.


title: Branded (TV series)

text: Timeless Media Group released both seasons of "Branded" on DVD in Region 1 in 2004–2005. Season 1 was released on August 3, 2004, and season 2 was released on February 8, 2005. On February 16, 2010, Timeless Media Group released "Branded: The Complete Series," a six-disc box set featuring all 48 episodes of the series and several bonus features. More-recent prints cut for syndication are used for the set, and as a result, three minutes are missing from each episode. "Broken Saber" (the film re-editing of "The Mission Parts One, Two, And Three") is not included.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: USS "Tarawa" (LHA-1), the lead ship of her class, is an amphibious assault ship that served in the United States Navy from 1976 to 2009. She is the second ship to be named for the Battle of Tarawa, fought during World War II. "Tarawa" was decommissioned on 31 March 2009, at San Diego Naval Base.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: The ship was laid down in November 1971 at Pascagoula, Mississippi, by Ingalls Shipbuilding, launched 1 December 1973, sponsored by Audrey B. Cushman, the wife of Robert E. Cushman, Jr., former Commandant of the Marine Corps, and commissioned on 29 May 1976.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: "Tarawa" was the first of five ships in a new class of general-purpose amphibious assault ships, and combined in one ship type the functions previously performed by four different types: the amphibious assault ship (LPH), the amphibious transport dock (LPD), the amphibious cargo ship (LKA), and the dock landing ship (LSD). She was capable of landing elements of a Marine Corps battalion landing team and their supporting equipment by landing craft, helicopters, or a combination of both.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: The ship departed Pascagoula on 7 July 1976 and set a course for the Panama Canal. She transited the canal on 16 July and, after a stop at Acapulco, Mexico, arrived at San Diego, California on 6 August. During the remainder of 1976, the ship conducted sea trials, tests, and a shakedown cruise in the southern California operating area. During the first half of 1977, "Tarawa" was engaged in training exercises off the California coast. On 13 August, she entered Long Beach Naval Shipyard for post shakedown availability, which was completed on 15 July 1978. Following four and one half months of intensive individual ship and amphibious refresher training with embarked marines, "Tarawa" ended 1978 in her home port of San Diego on Christmas stand down.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: Her first Western Pacific (WESTPAC) deployment came in 1979, where, among other memorable actions including port visits to Pearl Harbor, the Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Pattaya, and Okinawa, as well as Hong Kong while it was still under British control. She successfully engaged in experimental launch and recovery operations with Marine close air support AV-8 Harrier jets and later rescued over 400 South Vietnamese refugees adrift in the South China Sea; her corpsmen delivering Grace Tarawa Tran during the rescue effort, who returned to a decommissioned "Tarawa" at Pearl Harbor in 2010 to meet the man who delivered her.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: After a second deployment WESTPAC, beginning in 1980 and spanning into 1981, "Tarawa" was in the Indian Ocean.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In 1983, during her third deployment, "Tarawa" went to the Mediterranean to support the United Nations (UN) peacekeepers in Beirut, Lebanon. Several additional cruises followed.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In 1985 as part of the US 7th Fleet, "Tarawa" participated in Operation Valiant Blitz with the US Marines 3rd Marine Division. The 1st Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment conducted amphibious landing and helicopter operations off the coast of Okinawa, including visits to Hong Kong and Subic Bay for liberty call.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In June 1989, "Tarawa" deployed for a six-month WESTPAC tour as the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), composed of the Marines from Camp Horno, Camp Pendleton, California, 1st Battalion 9th Marines (redesignated as 2nd Battalion 1st Marines on 9 September 1994).


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In December 1990, "Tarawa" was the flagship of a 13-ship amphibious task force in support of Operation Desert Shield. She participated in the "Sea Soldier IV" landing exercise in January, which was a deception maneuver suggesting an amphibious assault in Kuwait, and then on 24 February landed Marines in Saudi Arabia just south of the Kuwaiti border.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In May 1991, "Tarawa" went to Bangladesh in support of Operation Sea Angel, providing humanitarian assistance to victims of a cyclone, delivering rice and water purification equipment.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In May 1992, "Tarawa" deployed for the eighth time to the Western Pacific, participating in Eager Mace 1992–93, a joint U.S./Kuwait exercise. The ship also supported the insertion of Pakistani troops into Somalia in support of UN humanitarian relief, and returned to San Diego in November 1992. "Tarawa" was awarded her fourth Admiral Flatley Award and her first Commander, Seventh Fleet, Amphibious Warfare Excellence Award for they deployment. Her 1992 deployment included visits to Hong Kong, Singapore, the Persian Gulf, Somalia, and Australia.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In April 1996, following another complex overhaul at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, "Tarawa" left from San Diego on her ninth Western Pacific deployment. She took part in US/Thailand amphibious training exercise in the Gulf of Thailand, exercise "Indigo Serpent", with the Royal Saudi Navy, and exercise "Infinite Moonlight", the first-ever exercise between US and Royal Jordanian Navy, in the Red Sea. The last preceded "Tarawa"s visit to the Persian Gulf in support of Operation Southern Watch, enforcing the no-fly zone over southern Iraq. "Tarawa" was also part of Operation Desert Strike. Returning to San Diego in October 1996, "Tarawa" earned both the Federal Energy Conservation Award and the Secretary of the Navy Energy Conservation Award.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: On 7 February 1998, "Tarawa", along with , and more than 4,000 Sailors and Marines, departed San Diego for a six-month deployment. They departed five days ahead of schedule as part of a buildup of US forces in the Persian Gulf. The "Tarawa" Amphibious Ready Group (ARG), consisting of more than 2,100 Marines from the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), operated in the western Pacific, Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. "Tarawa" conducted special operations certification exercises before leaving on a 10th deployment to the Western Pacific. As the possibility of renewed conflict with Iraq loomed on the horizon, the "Tarawa" ARG made a dash straight to the Persian Gulf within 31 days, at a speed averaging 17 knots. Just as the ARG neared the Persian Gulf, the threat passed but, according to Commander, Amphibious Group 3, the 12,500-mile, high-speed transit set a record and won the respect of senior Navy officials. The "Tarawa" ARG and the 11th MEU arrived in the Persian Gulf 11 March 1998. "Tarawa", "Denver", and "Mount Vernon" relieved and her ARG to continue the commitment to security and stability in the region. In the early summer of 1998 the Amphibious Ready Group conducted an evacuation operation that rescued 250 people from Eritrea's capital, Asmara. The three ships returned home 7 August after having spent six months deployed to the western Pacific, Indian Ocean and Persian Gulf.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In mid October 2000, "Tarawa" was passing through the Strait of Hormuz on her way into the Persian Gulf when the destroyer was attacked. On hearing news of the attack, "Tarawa" came about and steamed full ahead to the Port of Aden in Yemen, where she joined , , and the Royal Navy ship , already providing logistical support and harbor security, as the command ship in charge of force protection in what became "Operation Determined Response". Other US Naval ships involved were , , , and . "Tarawa" remained with the damaged "Cole" until she was secure aboard the Norwegian heavy-lift semi-submersible salvage ship for passage to the US before returning to duty in the Persian Gulf.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: On 17 January 2001, "Tarawa" lost her port anchor and chain while on deployment. The Navy used a video of this loss as a training tool to prevent similar incidents.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: On 6 January 2003, the "Tarawa" (ARG), carrying the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU/SOC), departed for deployment. In mid-February, elements of the MEU off-loaded and established a training camp in Northern Kuwait while other members of the MAGTF, primarily the helicopter squadron, remained on board the ARG in the Persian Gulf.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: "Tarawa" deployed from mid-2005 to early 2006 to the Middle East in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom and a multinational training exercise (Operation Bright Star) in Egypt. She transported the 13th Marine Expeditionary Unit. During this deployment, she visited Darwin, Australia, Dubai, UAE, Bahrain, Singapore, and Hong Kong.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: She was redeployed to Bangladesh, this time as part of the Cyclone Sidr relief efforts with . The code name for the mission was "Operations Sea Angel II" in recognition of "Tarawa"s previous support to Bangladesh in 1991. These humanitarian assistance efforts were instrumental in the ship being awarded the 2007 Battle Efficiency Award.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: Her last deployment was from 7 November 2007 to 8 June 2008, with the 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit, composed of 1st Battalion, 5th Marines Charlie and Weapons company, in the Middle East in Support of Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom. She returned to her home port of San Diego, finishing a seven-month deployment. She visited Bangladesh for a third time to offer aid for tsunami victims, Singapore, Bahrain, UAE, Djibouti, Perth and Hobart, Australia and Hawaii.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: "Tarawa" was transferred by the to the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility at Middle Loch, Pearl Harbor. According to FY2011 plans, two "Tarawa"-class ships were in Category B Reserve to satisfy Marine Sealift Requirements.


title: USS Tarawa (LHA-1)

text: In July 2014 the "US Naval Amphibious Ship Historical Society" was formed by members of "Tarawa"s original commissioning crew, also known as plankowners, with plans to make her the first Navy amphibious ship museum. The organization is executing plans to acquire the ship and give her a permanent home on the West Coast as a museum.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: Patricio Nehuén Pérez (born 24 June 2000) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre-back for Serie A club Udinese and the Argentina national team.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: Pérez joined Argentinos Juniors' system in 2007, after spells with La Quinta de Los Pibes and Unión de Tesei. He first appeared in the club's first-team squad under manager Alfredo Berti during the 2017–18 Argentine Primera División season which culminated with the defender making his debut in a Copa Argentina tie with Independiente de Chivilcoy on 9 May 2018. In July, Pérez was signed by La Liga's Atlético Madrid. He was immediately loaned back to Argentinos Juniors. Pérez was an unused substitute ten times in 2018–19, prior to making his league debut during a 2–1 defeat to Tigre on 12 November.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: On 10 July 2019, Pérez joined newly promoted Primeira Liga side Famalicão on a season-long loan. His opening appearance for them came in the Taça da Liga versus Covilhã on 3 August. He scored his first senior goal on 31 August, netting in a league victory away from home against Aves. He was named as the league's best defender for August. In total, Pérez appeared twenty-five times during his time with Famalicão as they placed sixth. He returned to his parent club ahead of the 2020–21 season, subsequently going unused on the bench for all three of Atlético's opening La Liga fixtures.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: On 5 October 2020, Pérez was loaned to fellow La Liga side Granada. He made his debut on 25 October away to Getafe, which preceded his first UEFA Europa League appearances arriving on 5 November in Cyprus against Omonia.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: On 28 August 2021, Pérez joined Italian side Udinese on a season-long loan. On 29 July 2022, he transferred to Udinese, signing a five-year contract.


title: Nehuén Pérez

text: Pérez represented Argentina at U17 level, making four appearances at the 2017 South American U-17 Championship in Chile. He also trained with the senior squad in June 2017 and at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In December 2018, Pérez was selected for the 2019 South American U-20 Championship. Fernando Batista called up Pérez for the subsequent 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Poland, where he scored once in three games. Batista also picked Pérez for the U23s in the succeeding September for a Bolivia friendly. Pérez received his first senior call for November 2019 friendlies with Brazil and Uruguay.


title: The Rosie O'Donnell Show

text: The Rosie O'Donnell Show is an American daytime variety television talk show created, hosted, and produced by actress and comedian Rosie O'Donnell. It premiered on June 10, 1996, and concluded after six seasons on May 22, 2002.