title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Due to the fact that the disturbance already had tropical-storm-force winds, it was immediately declared a tropical storm by the JTWC on August 9. The next day, the tropical depression reached its peak intensity of 35 mph with an unusually high pressure of 1012 mbar. Soon afterwards 06W began to gradually weaken, and at 15:00 UTC on August 10, the JTWC downgraded 06W to a tropical depression.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After moving generally westward, the system began to move to the southwest and, at 20:00 UTC (4:00 am, August 13 PST), it entered the Philippine's area of responsibility and was given the name "Gener" by PAGASA.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Another area of persistent convection formed within the proximity of the trough that would also spawn Tropical Storm Jangmi On August 7, west of Luzon. As Jangmi became the dominant system in the area, this low-pressure area remained disorganized. However, on the next day, as Jangmi moved away from the area, the system began to organize, and on August 9, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a Tropical Depression. Soon after, at 8:00 pm. PST, the PAGASA followed and upgraded the storm and gave it the name Ferdie. At 07:30 CST on August 11 (23:30 UTC on August 10), Mekkhala made landfall at Zhangpu County in Fujian, China shortly after peak intensity.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Mekkhala forced a Signal No. 1 warning to be placed for the Ilocos region in the Philippines. Mekkhala brought monsoonal conditions to portions of Luzon, shortly after its formation. Although remain well offshore Taiwan, the storm still brought heavy rainfall to the island.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: In China, local officials suspended ferry services and told ships to return to port, in preparation for Mekkhala. The China Meteorological Administration issued a Level III emergency response, while flood control workers were sent to areas which were hit by Mekkhala. Mekkhala dropped torrential rainfall over China with amounts of up to 7.874 inches (200 mm) reported in some areas. Train services were halted and flights were canceled at local airports as Mekkhala moved onshore. In Zhangzhou, Fujian, damage from the storm reached 1.1 billion yuan (US$159 million).


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: A new tropical depression formed from the Intertropical Convergence Zone east of Luzon on August 16. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system "Helen" and began issuing severe weather bulletins for the tropical depression, but dropped the alerts as Helen left the Philippine area of responsibility after 4 hours. The Hong Kong Observatory and Macau Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau upgraded Higos into a marginal typhoon prior to landfall, with sustained hurricane-force winds in Macau indicating such an intensity. Higos made landfall over Zhuhai, Guangdong at peak intensity at around 06:00 CST on August 19 (22:00 UTC on August 18).


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: In preparation for Higos, the Hong Kong Observatory raised the number 9 tropical cyclone warning signal in Hong Kong to warn of the possibility of hurricane-force winds. Winds generally reached gale to storm force over the southern part of Hong Kong under the influence of Higos' small circulation. The Macao Meteorological and Geophysical Bureau issued the number 10 signal, the highest signal, at 05:00 am local time. Over 65,000 people evacuated and schools were closed across these areas. Although heavily populated areas of China were directly hit by Higos, damage was mostly limited to downed trees and power outages. Two campers who were unaware of the approaching storm had to be rescued from Tap Mun Island after arriving on August 14.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 19, the JTWC began monitoring a broad area of low pressure situated a couple hundred miles northeast of the Philippine archipelago. By the next day, the system rapidly organized, and the JTWC subsequently issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA). On August 21, the area of low pressure became Tropical Depression 09W. At 15:00 UTC, the PAGASA named the system "Igme" and issued a severe weather bulletin for it. By the next day, Igme intensified into a tropical storm, according to the JMA and was given the name Bavi, subsequently prompting the JTWC to follow suit and upgrade 09W from a tropical depression to a tropical storm. Favorable conditions allowed Bavi to rapidly intensify, and by 12:00 UTC on August 22, the system became a severe tropical storm. As the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the PAGASA stopped issuing weather bulletins for the severe tropical storm. Bavi's period of rapid intensification was brief, and it began a slow intensification phase on August 23.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On August 24, Bavi slowly intensified, and it was later upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Bavi intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. As Bavi moved closer to the Korean peninsula, one person died in Jeju island on August 25. At around 00:30 UTC on August 27, Bavi made landfall over North Pyongan Province, North Korea. After that, Typhoon Bavi transitioned into an extratropical storm in Manchuria, China.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area east of the Philippines consolidated into a tropical depression on August 27, and simultaneously, a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert was issued for the system. Early on August 28, PAGASA upgraded it to a tropical depression with the local name "Julian", shortly before the JMA upgraded it to a tropical storm and assigned the international name "Maysak". Subsequently, the JTWC upgraded Maysak to a tropical storm too, and then the JMA upgraded it to a severe tropical storm despite its elongated low-level circulation center. and two hours later, PAGASA followed and also upgraded the system to typhoon status. Later on that day, it became a Category 2-equivalent typhoon. By the next day, Maysak intensified even more to become a Category 3-equivalent typhoon. Then later on afternoon, it was upgraded to a Category 4-equivalent typhoon. Soon, Maysak began to weaken bit-by-bit as it passed the East China Sea, 1-minute winds slowing back down to Category 3-equivalent speeds.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Typhoon Maysak then made landfall near Busan, South Korea at 02:20 KST on September 3 (17:20 UTC on September 2), with 10-minute maximum sustained winds at and the central pressure at . equivalent to a Category 2 typhoon. After that, it crossed the Sea of Japan and hitting North Korea into Jilin, Manchuria in China. Soon after, Typhoon Maysak degenerated into an extratropical low in northeast China.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 2, the Panamanian-registered animal transport ship "Gulf Livestock 1" transmitted a Mayday and launched lifeboats, at least one of which was found. The ship was west of Japan's Amami Ōshima Island. The Japan Coast Guard has said that the freighter was carrying a crew including 39 Filipinos, 2 Australians, and 2 New Zealanders when it disappeared. The cargo was 5,867 cattle, loaded in Napier, New Zealand, and bound for the port of Jingtang in Tangshan, China. Two fatalities occurred in South Korea where also 120,000 households lost power. In North Korea, Maysak dropped 15.157 inches (385 mm) of precipitation in Wonsan.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: By the next day, the disturbance had quickly organized, and the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for the low-pressure area, and by the next day, it intensified into Tropical Depression 11W. Traversing generally southwestward, the depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Upon entering the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the Philippine Atmospheric, Geological and Atmospheric Services Administration (PAGASA) named the system "Kristine". Early on September 4, the JTWC assessed that Haishen became a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon – with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 135 kt (155 mph; 250 km/h), with a clear, symmetrical eye visible on satellite imagery. On September 5, as Haishen's latitude increased, the ocean heat content in the area decreased, which disrupted the system's core and caused its eye to appear ragged on satellite imagery, subsequently indicating weakening, and dropping below super typhoon status. Later that day, the system left the PAR and PAGASA issued its last bulletin on the typhoon.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: As the system continued its northward track toward the Japanese archipelago, it continued to weaken and became a Category 3-equivalent typhoon, and not too long after it weakened to a Category 2-equivalent typhoon as it neared the Southern Ryukyu Islands of Japan. A mandatory evacuation order was issued for western Japan as millions of people evacuated accordingly. Haishen made landfall in Ulsan, South Korea at around 09:00 KST (00:00 UTC) on September 7,


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Haishen caused two fatalities in Japan, while four others went missing after a mudslide occurred in Miyazaki Prefecture. Two more fatalities occurred in South Korea and widespread flooding occurred in neighboring North Korea.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 10 at 00:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. At 15:00 UTC that day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert on the system. On September 11 at 18:00 UTC, the JTWC upgraded the disturbance to a tropical depression, designating it as "12W"; it was downgraded back to a tropical disturbance six hours later. The JMA had stopped tracking the depression by September 13th.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 14 at 12:00 UTC, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression. On the morning of September 15, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert for a tropical system forming in the Philippine Sea. The JTWC later upgraded it to a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC as they issued their first warning on the system as Tropical Depression 13W. Since the depression formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), the PAGASA immediately issued a severe weather bulletin on the storm and named the system "Leon". At 21:00 on September 16, the storm left the PAR and PAGASA issued its final warning on the system. At 03:00 UTC September 18, Noul made landfall between Quảng Trị and Thừa Thiên-Huế provinces. At 09:00 UTC, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After being downgraded to a low-pressure area (LPA), Noul followed a westward path and emerged in the Indian Ocean.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: A few days before the storm hit Vietnam, the Vietnamese government closed three airports and evacuated more than one million people in the affected areas. Noul damaged homes and knocked down trees and power lines in Hue, Vietnam. Heavy precipitation amounts peaking at 310 mm (12.20 inches) fell in Da Nang. The storm caused 6 deaths and 705 billion đồng (US$30.4 million) in damage.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On September 20 at 06:00 UTC, as a tropical disturbance strengthened in the extreme northeast corner of the Philippine Area of Responsibility, PAGASA upgraded the system to a tropical depression, giving it the local name "Marce". At the time, the JTWC only recognized the system as an area of convection and only issued a medium level of warning for the system. The JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical storm at 12:00 UTC. On September 21 at 03:00 UTC, the system left the Philippine Area of Responsibility. The system then intensified into a tropical storm south of Japan, and was given the international name Dolphin by the JMA. After the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone, the JTWC issued its final warning on the system on September 24 at 03:00 UTC.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: The storm drifted north-northwestwards before recurving to the northeast while intensifying into a Category 1-equivalent typhoon early on September 29. Kujira weakened to a tropical storm 12 hours after it intensified into a typhoon due to very high wind shear and cool waters. At 21:00 UTC, the JTWC issued the last advisory for the system.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 2, the JTWC began to monitor a large area of thunderstorms in the open Pacific Ocean. The system gradually organized, and it was classified as a tropical depression on October 4. On the next day, the JMA upgraded the storm to a tropical storm and named it "Chan-hom". On October 7, the system was upgraded by the JMA into a typhoon. The JMA issued their final warning on the system on October 12 at 00:45 UTC. The JTWC later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 09:00 UTC. The JMA, however, still tracked Chan-hom as a tropical depression until it was last noted on October 16.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 9, the JTWC began tracking a tropical system east-southeast of Da Nang, Vietnam. On October 10, the system was declared as a tropical depression by the JTWC and the JMA. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named it "Linfa". The system continued westward, making landfall on October 11 at 03:00 UTC in Vietnam. The JTWC issued their final warning on the system at 09:00 UTC that day. The JMA later followed, issuing their final warning on the system at 18:00 UTC.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Linfa brought historic amounts of rainfall to Central Vietnam, peaking at 90.16 inches (2,290 mm) in A Lưới (Huế), 59.842 inches (1,520 mm) in Hướng Linh (Quảng Trị). That made it the 12th wettest tropical cyclone in history. At least 370,000 people in Vietnam lost power after the storm. So far the storm and its flood have left 104 people dead and 38 remain missing in Vietnam and Cambodia. In Cambodia, severe flooding affected 16 provinces including Phnom Penh, killed at least 21 people, damaged over 25,000 homes over and over 180,000 hectares of farmland.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 11, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression off the west coast of Luzon. The PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC, and since the storm formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) the agency named the system "Nika". On the same day at 21:00, the JTWC began issuing warnings on the system. On October 12, the system was declared a tropical storm by the JMA, and was named "Nangka". At 09:00 UTC, the system left the PAR and the PAGASA issued its final bulletin on the system. At 19:20 CST (11:20 UTC) on October 13, Nangka made landfall over Qionghai, Hainan.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 13, the storm crossed the Gulf of Tonkin and made landfall in the Nam Định, Ninh Bình, and Thanh Hóa provinces in Northern Vietnam on October 14. On the same day, both the JMA and JTWC issued their final warnings for the system. The system dissipated on October 14, 2020.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After the passage of Nangka over Hainan Island, 2 people died and 4 are missing as a result of a capsized boat. In Northern Vietnam, the storm killed 2 people in Hòa Bình, another missing in Yên Bái. Over 585 houses were destroyed, while 135,731 others across central Vietnam were flooded.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: A low-pressure area formed in the Philippine Sea, east of Leyte, on October 13. Soon, the PAGASA declared the newly formed system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name "Ofel". The PAGASA immediately raised warning signals for the province of Sorsogon and for parts of the Samar province. On the same day at 18:30 UTC, Ofel made landfall over Can-avid, Eastern Samar. As the system entered the South China Sea in the early hours of October 15 UTC, the PAGASA lifted all tropical cyclone warning signals for Ofel. On the same day at 20:00 UTC, Ofel left the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and PAGASA issued their final bulletin for the system. While Ofel was inside the PAR, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center issued tropical cyclone formation alerts for the system, however it was canceled as the system entered a less favorable environment on October 16. The storm dissipated at 03:00 UTC on that day.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Flooding was reported due to moderate to heavy rains. According to the Department of Agriculture Regional Office 5, total damages have topped to an estimated ₱9.1 million (US$187,000).


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 16 UTC, the JTWC began tracking an area of convection approximately east-southeast of Palau. On October 18 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA upgraded the system into a tropical depression, and named the system "Pepito". A few hours later, the JMA also recognized the system into a tropical depression, and subsequently issued their first warning on the system. As the system intensified as it approached Northern Luzon, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm and named the system "Saudel". The PAGASA also declared the system as a tropical storm, and began issuing Signal #2 tropical cyclone warnings in preparation for its landfall. Saudel made landfall over the San Ildefonso Peninsula in Casiguran, Aurora on October 20 at 13:00 UTC (21:00 PHT) and began crossing the Luzon Island, emerging over the South China Sea hours later. As the storm left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, the developing severe tropical storm was upgraded into a typhoon by the JMA, the JTWC, and by the PAGASA in their final bulletin for the system.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 19, both the JMA and the JTWC began tracking a tropical depression, with the JTWC designating it as "20W". 20W formed over marginally favorable conditions for development, before turning southwest after originally moving northeastward, encountering strong wind shear. On October 21, the JTWC assessed that 20W was no longer a tropical depression, also assessing that it had transitioned into an extratropical cyclone the next day. The JMA stopped tracking 20W on October 23.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 23, the JMA began tracking a tropical depression approximately north of Palau. On the same day, PAGASA followed suit as the system formed inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), east of Mindanao, and named the system "Quinta". On October 24, the JTWC also recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 15:00 of the same day, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA and PAGASA doing the same a few hours apart from each other. Now a tropical storm, the system was named "Molave" by the JMA. On October 25, PAGASA upgraded the system into a severe tropical storm as it tracked closer to the Bicol Region. Later that day, the PAGASA then upgraded Molave into a typhoon as it headed for Albay and Camarines Sur, prompting the raising of Signal #3 tropical cyclone warnings for both and adjacent provinces. Moments later, the JMA also upgraded the system to a typhoon and the JTWC followed a few hours later. At 18:10 PHT (10:10 UTC), Molave made its first landfall on the San Miguel Island in Albay, with another in Malinao just 40 minutes later. Molave made a total of 5 landfalls in the Luzon area before entering the South China Sea on October 26. On October 27 at 00:00 UTC, Molave left the PAR, with PAGASA issuing their last bulletin for the system later at 15:00. After that, Typhoon Molave intensified even more and peaked as a Category 3-equivalent typhoon in the South China Sea.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: , the NDRRMC reported that 27 people were killed, 40 people were injured and four went missing after the typhoon. Damage from infrastructure and agriculture counted to be ₱1.56 billion (US$32.2 million) and ₱2.66 billion (US$54.9 million) respectively, with a total damage of ₱4.22 billion (US$87.1 million) nationwide. In Vietnam, Molave left 41 dead, 143 were injured and 42 people missing. Economic losses were estimated to be 12.92 trillion dong (US$558 million).


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After Typhoon Molave devastated the Philippines, the JMA announced the formation of a new tropical depression in the Pacific Ocean, west of the Mariana Islands, on October 27. By the next day, the JTWC had also followed and upgraded the system into a tropical depression. As the system continued tracking westward under favorable conditions in the Pacific Ocean, the JMA and JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical storm, with the JMA assigning the name "Goni" to the intensifying storm. Due to the warm waters surrounding the storm, the system underwent rapid intensification and became a typhoon. On October 29, at 9:30 UTC, Goni entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) and was named "Rolly" by the PAGASA. By 18:00 UTC, Goni had intensified into a Category 4-equivalent typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds at , and eventually the first Category 5-equivalent typhoon of the season a few hours later. Warm sea surface temperatures, low vertical wind shear and high ocean heat content continually supported Goni as it edged closer to the Philippines, and it maintained its intensity into the next day. At 18:00 UTC October 31 (2:00 PST November 1), PAGASA upgraded Goni to a super typhoon on the agency's tropical cyclone intensity scale at which time the JMA and PAGASA both reported 10-minute sustained winds of and , respectively, marking the second time Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal #5 was raised by PAGASA since Typhoon Haima in 2016 and Typhoon Megi in 2010. Goni made its first two landfalls at peak intensity over Bato, Catanduanes (20:50 UTC) and Tiwi, Albay (23:20 UTC). After that, it weakened into a strong typhoon and made a third landfall in San Narciso, Quezon. Due to three landfalls and land interaction, Goni lost its immense strength and weakened into a minimal typhoon as it made a fourth landfall in San Juan, Batangas. Before exiting the PAR, Goni slightly intensified, but further development was hampered by unfavorable conditions. The capital, Manila, experienced some tropical storm-force winds from Goni.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: , the NDRRMC has reported ₱12.9 billion (US$266 million) of infrastructure damages, along with ₱5 billion (US$103 million) of agricultural damage, with a combined total of ₱17.9 billion (US$369 million), and at least 25 deaths, 399 injured and 6 missing. Goni is estimated to have caused at least ₱48.058 billion (US$1.04 billion) in damages in the Philippines.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 28, the JTWC began tracking another tropical disturbance south-southwest of Chuuk in the Federated States of Micronesia. This disturbance would eventually strengthen into a new tropical depression in the early hours of October 29. Later that day, the JMA upgraded the system into a tropical storm. On November 1, at 00:00 UTC, Atsani entered the PAGASA's Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR), with the PAGASA naming the system "Siony". The storm tracked northwest through the Philippine Sea, passing through the Luzon Strait on November 4. The system left the PAR on November 7 at 21:00 UTC. Shortly afterwards, the system rapidly weakened and dissipated thereafter.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Atsani downed trees, caused landslides, and damaged street lights in parts of Taiwan. Rockfalls caused some roads to close in Taitung County. 3 minor injuries were reported within Taitung County in the townships of Haiduan and Jinfeng. The storm brought heavy rains to Batanes and the Babuyan Islands in the Philippines, causing ₱4.9 million (US$101 thousand) in agricultural damage.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On November 7, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) began tracking a tropical depression east-southeast of Manila. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression and assigned it the name "Tonyo" as it formed directly over Burias Island. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center recognized the system as a tropical depression at 15:00 UTC on November 8. Etau caused rains over Calabarzon, Mimaropa, and the Bicol Region before exiting the Philippine Area of Responsibility on November 9 at 21:00 UTC. It continued its way towards Vietnam, after crossing Philippines.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Etau killed two people in Quảng Nam and Bình Định and damaged 400 houses when it made landfall in central Vietnam on November 10. The storm produced over 250 mm (10 in) of rain in the provinces of Bình Định, Khánh Hòa, and Phú Yên, with peak at 858 mm in Lake Thủy Yên (Thừa Thiên Huế). The storm also caused gusty winds which uprooted trees and ripped roofs of buildings, many of which were still recovering from the adverse impacts of Typhoon Molave and the weakened Tropical Storm Goni. In addition, power outages locally affected the city of Tuy Hòa. Economic losses in Tuy An, Phú Yên were counted as 122 billion VND (US$5.26 million).


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On November 8, the JMA began tracking a new tropical depression north-northwest of Palau. At 12:00 UTC on the same day, the PAGASA declared the system as a tropical depression inside of the Philippine Area of Responsibility and named it "Ulysses". The next day at 7:15 UTC, the system strengthened into a tropical storm, with the JMA giving it the name "Vamco", with the Joint Typhoon Warning Center later issuing their first warning on the system as a tropical depression.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: As the system tracked closer to southern Luzon, both the PAGASA and the JMA upgraded Vamco into a severe tropical storm. Vamco was then upgraded into typhoon status by the JMA on November 11, followed by the JTWC and the PAGASA shortly after, as the PAGASA raised Signal #3 tropical cyclone wind signals in preparation for the storm. At 14:30 UTC and 15:20 UTC, Vamco made its first two landfalls over the island towns of Patnanungan and Burdeos, respectively, both in Quezon Province. Later at 17:40 UTC, Vamco made its third landfall over General Nakar, Quezon, in the Luzon landmass. At 00:00 UTC, the system emerged over the western seaboard of Zambales and entered the South China Sea. The system left the PAR at 01:30 UTC as the PAGASA redeclared the system as a typhoon. Vamco rapidly re-strengthened in the South China Sea and peaked as a Category 4-equivalent typhoon briefly before weakening back into a Category 3-equivalent storm heading for Vietnam. The typhoon then weakened before making another landfall as a Category 1-equivalent typhoon in Vietnam.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: As of January 13, 2021, the NDRRMC reported a total of 196 casualties (Including 101 validated deaths, 85 injuries and 10 missing) caused by the typhoon, along with () worth of agriculture damages and () worth of infrastructural damages. The Cagayan Valley experienced the highest total amount of damage. At least 5,184,824 individuals were affected by the typhoon's onslaught. The Armed Forces of the Philippines and Philippine National Police reportedly rescued 265,339 and 104,850 individuals, respectively. According to Aon, total economic losses caused by the typhoon were estimated to top ().


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On December 17 at 21:00 UTC, the PAGASA began issuing bulletins for a system east-southeast of Davao. The PAGASA had already recognized the system as a tropical depression and named it "Vicky", however at the time, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) only recognized the system as a low-pressure area. The next day, the JMA followed suit and recognized the system as a tropical depression. At 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), the system made landfall in Baganga, Davao Oriental. 9 hours later, it emerged off the coast of Misamis Oriental and entered the Bohol Sea, later entering the Sulu Sea on the next day at 5:00 PHT (23:00 UTC). On December 19 at 23:00 PHT (15:00 UTC), Krovanh made its second landfall over central Palawan, emerging into the South China Sea shortly after. As the storm traversed the South China Sea, the system had strengthed into a tropical storm according to the JMA as it emerged into a region of relatively favorable atmospheric conditions, thus given the name "Krovanh". On December 20 at 14:00 PHT (6:00 UTC), Krovanh left the Philippine Area of Responsibility, although storm signals were still raised for the Kalayaan Islands. The PAGASA then upgraded Krovanh into a tropical storm, and issued a Signal No. 2 warning for the Kalayaan Islands. The next day, December 21, Krovanh was downgraded into a tropical depression by both the JMA and by the PAGASA in their final advisories for the storm. The JTWC then issued their final warning on Krovanh the next day shortly after most of its central convection had dissipated due to increasingly hostile wind shear.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Large swaths of Visayas and Mindanao were placed under Signal No. 1 warnings due to Krovanh. Floods and landslides were triggered in Cebu, Agusan del Sur, Davao de Oro, and in Leyte, where two senior citizens were killed in a landslide. In Lapu-Lapu City, 300 residents were forced to evacuate after 76 houses near the shore were swept into sea. Around 6,702 individuals were affected by the storm in the Philippines, with 5,646 in evacuation centers. Damages have been estimated to total up to ₱213.2 million (US$4.48 million). At least eight people were killed by the effects of Krovanh.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Late on July 27, the JMA began to track a weak tropical depression in the open Western Pacific. Later on the following day, the system was unofficially classified as a subtropical depression by the JTWC, having been given a low chance of transitioning to a tropical cyclone. In a marginal environment with cyclonic easterly flow, moderate to strong wind shear and 28–30 °C sea surface temperatures, the system was expected to recurve poleward and be absorbed by a larger extratropical low. The depression, however, dissipated on July 30.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: The JMA began monitoring on another tropical depression to the south of Japan on September 27. The system moved in a general northeastward direction until it was last noted on 18:00 UTC on September 29.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On October 7, the Vietnam Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting (VNCHF) monitored a tropical depression that had made landfall in the Khánh Hòa province. Enhanced by the seasonal northeast monsoon, the system caused many provinces nearby to experience heavy rainfall with average accumulations of 200–300 mm. In Sa Huỳnh (Quảng Ngãi), rainfalls peaked at 360 mm. By October 11, heavy floods killed 9 people.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: On December 5, a tropical depression formed to the south of Japan. The depression was short-lived, however, as it dissipated the next day after being embedded into a frontal zone.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: Within the Northwest Pacific Ocean, both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) assign names to tropical cyclones that develop in the Western Pacific, which can result in a tropical cyclone having two names. The Japan Meteorological Agency's RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center assigns international names to tropical cyclones on behalf of the World Meteorological Organization's Typhoon Committee, should they be judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . PAGASA assigns names to tropical cyclones which move into or form as a tropical depression in their area of responsibility located between 135°E and 115°E and between 5°N and 25°N even if the cyclone has had an international name assigned to it. The names of significant tropical cyclones are retired, by both PAGASA and the Typhoon Committee. Should the list of names for the Philippine region be exhausted then names will be taken from an auxiliary list of which the first ten are published each season. Unused names are marked in .


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: During the season, 23 tropical storms developed in the Western Pacific and each one was named by the JMA, when the system was judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of . The JMA selected the names from a list of 140 names, that had been developed by the 14 members nations and territories of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. During the season, the name Saudel was used for the first time after it replaced Soudelor, which was retired following the 2015 season.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After the season, the Typhoon Committee announced that the names "Vongfong", "Linfa", "Molave", "Goni", and "Vamco" would be removed from the naming lists. In 2022, they were replaced by "Penha", "Peilou", "Narra", "Gaenari" and "Bang-Lang" respectively.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: During the season PAGASA used its own naming scheme for the 22 tropical cyclones, that either developed within or moved into their self-defined area of responsibility. The names were taken from a list of names, that had been last used during 2016 and are scheduled to be used again during 2024. The names Kristine, Leon, Nika, Pepito and Vicky were used for the first time after the names Karen, Lawin, Nina, Pablo and Violeta were retired.


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: After the season, PAGASA announced that the names "Ambo", "Quinta", "Rolly" and "Ulysses" will be removed from its rotating naming lists due to the number of deaths and amount of damage they caused, and they will not be used again. On January 21, 2021, they will be replaced with "Aghon", "Querubin",


title: 2020 Pacific typhoon season

text: This table summarizes all the systems that developed within or moved into the North Pacific Ocean, to the west of the International Date Line during 2020. The tables also provide an overview of a system's intensity, duration, land areas affected and any deaths or damages associated with the system.


title: Curandero

text: A curandero (, healer; f. , also spelled , , f. ) is a traditional native healer or shaman found primarily in Latin America and also in the United States. A curandero is a specialist in traditional medicine whose practice can either contrast with or supplement that of a practitioner of Western medicine. A curandero is claimed to administer shamanistic and spiritistic remedies for mental, emotional, physical and "spiritual" illnesses. Some curanderos, such as Don Pedrito, the Healer of Los Olmos, make use of simple herbs, waters, or mud to allegedly affect their cures. Others add Catholic elements, such as holy water and pictures of saints; San Martin de Porres for example is heavily employed within Peruvian curanderismo. The use of Catholic prayers and other borrowings and lendings is often found alongside native religious elements. Still others, such as Maria Sabina, employ hallucinogenic media. Many curanderos emphasize their native spirituality in healing while being practicing Catholics. Most of the concepts related to "curanderismo" (the practice of curanderos) are words in Spanish language, often with Medieval, vernacular definitions.


title: Curandero

text: The term "curanderos" can be traced back to the Spanish colonization of Latin America. Curanderos in this part of the world are the result of the mixture of traditional Indigenous medicinal practices and Catholic rituals. There was also an influence from African rituals brought to Latin America by slaves. Curandero/a comes from the root "curar" in Spanish which literally translates to cure. Thus, a curandero/a is one who heals. Curanderos go beyond Western medicine, linking illness with evil spirits. This extends a curandero's duties to cover not only physical ailments but also psychological and interpersonal issues. Among the illnesses that Curandero/a's help with range from the mundane stomach ache to certain spiritual illnesses such as "susto, mal de ojo," and even reversing black magic. Traditional communities see all of these issues as a loss of spirit. They believe that the curanderos can enter different dimensions where they are able to find the solutions to a person's illness or problem. Furthermore, they believe that God or the Higher Creator gives curanderos difficult and painful experiences so that they are better able to assist their patients. In Colonial Latin America, female folk healers, or curanderas, were often conflated with "brujas" (witches), which refers to those who cast spells; although curanderas were persecuted during such times, it is likely because they were females in positions of authority, not because of their healing methods. Today many women and men continue the curandero tradition in Mexico and the southwestern United States.


title: Curandero

text: Historically, in the United States, curanderos were only found in concentrated Amerindian populations. It was largely thought that curanderos mainly practiced along the Mexico–United States border. However, recent historical research shows that the practice of "curanderismo" (traditional healing) was not restricted to the American Southwest. The practice of "curanderismo" was prevalent in the 1880s in Northeastern Tennessee.


title: Curandero

text: In the mid- to late 1970s the rise in ethnic minority and immigrant populations grew in tandem with the public presence of curanderos in areas outside of the historical geographic regions of the United States which had large Indigenous populations. Since the 1990s, it has become more commonplace to see curanderos in northern-tier cities in the United States.


title: Curandero

text: There are many different types of curanderos. "Yerberos" are primarily herbalists. "Hueseros" are bone and muscle therapists who emphasize physical ailments. "Parteras" are midwives. "oracionistas" work primarily through the power of prayer. Other types include "sobadors," who are masseurs, and "brujos" or "brujas", who are witch doctors.


title: Curandero

text: Among these broader terms, there are several subspecialties. For instance, "yerberos" who work primarily with tobacco to heal patients are known as "tabaqueros". Healers who work primarily with ayahuasca are known as "ayahuasqueros". Healers who work with peyote are known as "peyoteros".


title: Curandero

text: Although many curanderos do have a specialty and may identify with it, that does not mean that these healing modalities are necessarily strict and do not overlap. As an example, an oracionista may also be a yerbera, and so on.


title: Curandero

text: Hispanics might seek out curanderos if the properties of their bodies are "hot" and "cold". Most of these practicing curanderos do not have formal medical training and inherit their gift or learn through being an apprentice. Often these faith healers have no office and work out of their homes. A significant factor why Hispanics seek out help from a curandero is because it is more affordable. Western medicine can often be more expensive, and some Hispanic families do not have the resources needed to be able to pay for them. Depending on the curandero, they might not charge for their services or just ask for a small offering or fee. You can find them in Hispanic communities to allow the members more accessibility to their services. Other reasons these communities might seek out services offered by curanderos are the language barrier and their immigration status. Curanderos are found in Spanish communities and can communicate better about their diagnoses and treatment. Unlike hospitals or healthcare workers that might have difficulty with a language barrier and complex medical terminology.


title: Curandero

text: Communicating correctly to your patients is essential, but it is even more challenging if you do not speak the language or do not have an interpreter. As for their immigration status, it can be challenging to get health care from government support, especially for undocumented. Many of these Latinos will pay in cash for health care services they do receive out of fear of getting their immigration status reported.


title: Curandero

text: Curanderos and at-home remedies come as an advantage to these individuals if they cannot pay cash but will do so if things get severe and do not better with other remedies first. Considering that these practices align more with Hispanic cultural views and beliefs, many of these individuals used curanderos and traditional medicine or alternative medicine in their home country. It can also be seen as a way of preserving these cultural views. Spiritual healing is another reason why curanderos might be seeking out, and Hispanics feel that medical providers cannot help heal spiritual issues that the body might deal with.


title: Curandero

text: Clients find that curanderos are healers of both the body and spirit. If needed, a curandero can cast out the evil spirits that might reside in someone's body and do a full spiritual cleanse. This is stuff that you will not find your medical provider doing or trying to achieve. It is found that most Hispanics who seek curanderos for their services are born in their home country as opposed to Hispanics born in the United States. Hispanics who are less integrated into life in the United States seek these healers to connect and feel familiar with their home countries' traditionalism. These Hispanic community members can be dissatisfied with diagnoses or Western medicine practices. They feel that their provider does not believe in their folk illnesses, much less know how to approach and treat them.


title: Curandero

text: Among some of the illnesses that curanderos treat are: "espanto" ("scare") or "susto" ("fright"); detaching or warding off vampiric "espiritus" (spirits); defending against or negating "brujeria" ("witchcraft" or "sorcery"), such as "mal de ojo" ("evil eye") or other ill intent; clearing illnesses associated with "mal aire" or "mal viento" ("evil air" or "evil wind"); treating "mal projimo" ("bad neighbor"), an illness caused by having negative thoughts or feelings towards another individual, or conversely, a group of people feeling negatively towards the patient being treated, both of which can lead to harm to the individual.


title: Curandero

text: A curandero can treat the negative consequences of encounters a person has had had with a "duende" (a "spirit creature" such as a pixie, imp, fairy, leprechaun, brownie, dwarf, gnome, or troll. A "duende" can be a beneficial, neutral, or malicious spirit. "Duendes" are believed to live in the countryside of Latin American countries.


title: Curandero

text: "Mal aire" or "mal viento" is something invisible movements of the air are believed to cause. These can be defined as the result of "bad" or "evil" air or an illness caused by hot or cold air. For example, if a person is outside on a hot day but enters a much cooler building, they can catch an "aire". This can also be caused by supernatural forces carried through the wind. Something can be caught by walking around or encountering places with bad energy. Examples of such places can be graveyards, abandoned houses, and other places where these "bad" forces reside. The harmful energy attaches itself to a person when such forces are encountered and can quickly takes over their entire body. It is believed that this harmful energy can also result in the decaying of a person's internal organs and can be fatal if left untreated. Many other common symptoms of "mal aire" include headaches, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, and paleness.


title: Curandero

text: A person can "lose their soul" (also known as soul loss) when being frightened or experiencing a frightening experience. This is called "espanto" or "susto". Usually, susto has much milder symptoms, and children and babies are more prone to getting in regarding this illness. Examples of such experiences that can cause this is having scary dreams, receiving devastating news, facing a wild animal, etc. Symptoms associated with this disease can be nausea, crying, bad dreams, and insomnia.


title: Curandero

text: For all of the illnesses mentioned above, a curandero can perform a "mal limpieza" ("purge of evil" or "cleansing of evil") in order to get rid of the "bad" and restore the client to health. Examples of materials used in these limpizas are sugar, liquor, holy water, perfume, eggs, chickens, and Guinea pigs. Others include a dog's skull, a dove's blood, and a head from a doll, or some other power object. Limpieza can also be performed with plants. These magical plants can be helpful in cleaning houses as well. If a house has been abandoned or something terrible has happened in it, such as a sudden death or act of violence, a curandero will do a ritual that cleanses the home from all the "mal" ("evil"). Once a limpieza has occurred, the materials used in it are disposed of. Given that the "mal" has been transferred to them, the must be disposed of far from human inhabitants in order to prevent others being harmed.


title: Curandero

text: In the 21st century as the popularity of alternative medicines grow, some curanderos are concerned about the appropriation of these practices.


title: Curandero

text: In the Andes, one of the instruments of the "curandero" is the "chonta", a lance carved from the chonta palm, "Bactris gasipaes", thought to be imbued with magical powers. The palm grows only in the Amazon basin and is the object of a brisk commerce. The Jivaro people of the Amazon Rainforest use the hardwood of the chonta to carve their spears. The shaman is also known as "chonteador", and his most important wand is the "chonta defensa"; if he dies without disciples, the "chonta" is thrown, wrapped in rubands and weighted with stones, to the bottom of a lake with the belief that its power will reemerge when a new shaman will take office. The shamans also use wands of "huatulco" wood, "Loxopterygium huasango".


title: Curandero

text: Curanderos, probably because of the mystery and intrigue that surrounds them, are frequently included in fictional works:


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra is a British nu jazz and downtempo music group created in 1999 by Jason Swinscoe. The group is signed to independent record label Ninja Tune.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra have produced four studio albums, "Motion" (1999), "Every Day" (2002), "Ma Fleur" (2007) and "To Believe" (2019), and two film soundtrack albums, "Man with a Movie Camera" (2003) and "" (2009).


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: In addition to Swinscoe, the band includes former DJ Food member PC (Patrick Carpenter) on turntables, Luke Flowers on drums, Tom Chant on saxophone, Nick Ramm on piano, Stuart McCallum on guitar, and Phil France on double bass. Former members include Jamie Coleman (trumpet), T. Daniel Howard (drums), Federico Ughi (drums), Alex James (piano), and Clean Sadness (synthesizer, programming).


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra's sound, in both live and studio contexts, employs a live band which improvises along with a turntablist and electronic elements such as samples provided by Swinscoe. In their studio releases Swinscoe will often remix the live source material to produce a combination of live jazz improvisation with electronica, such that it is difficult to tell where the improvisation ends and the production begins.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: Swinscoe first formed a group called "Crabladder" in 1990, whilst studying Fine Art at Cardiff College, releasing one official single on his own "Power Tools" label. In 1994, Swinscoe was given a DJ spot on Heart FM, a pirate radio station in south London.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra's debut album, "Motion," was released in 1999. The critical success of that album led to them being asked to perform at the Director's Guild Awards ceremony for the presentation of the Lifetime Achievement Award to film director Stanley Kubrick.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The band were asked by the organisers of the Porto European City of Culture 2001 festival to write a new score to Dziga Vertov's classic 1929 Soviet Union film "Man with a Movie Camera," to be performed live in accompaniment with a showing of the silent film. The work differed from the band's usual compositions due to its live performance, ruling out the post production work that was present on "Motion." The Cinematic Orchestra toured the work and later released it as an album. Many of the compositions originally created for that album, "Man with a Movie Camera," were later adapted from live form (adding in vocal tracks and electronic elements, among other changes) for their next album, "Every Day". It reached #54 in the UK Albums Chart in May 2002.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: In 2006, The Cinematic Orchestra created a cover version of Radiohead's "Exit Music (For a Film)" that appeared on an album titled "." In this piece the band slowed down the tempo of the original, divided the timbre into four sections beginning with saxophone, to the classical guitar, to the electric guitar, ending the piece with the same simple acoustic guitar rhythm as the original.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra released the album "Ma Fleur" in May 2007. Several songs feature Patrick Watson, Fontella Bass, or Lou Rhodes on vocals, with Rhodes and Watson sharing vocals on one song.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Cinematic Orchestra recorded the soundtrack to the Disneynature film "," released in France in December 2008 (originally as "Les ailes pourpres: Le mystère des flamants)." The score was produced by the band and Steve McLaughlin. The score was performed live with the London Metropolitan Orchestra at Union Chapel, Islington in September 2009 and won the award for Best Original Score for a Documentary Film at the Jackson Hole Wildlife Film Festival in Wyoming, USA in October 2009.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: Ninja Tune invited The Cinematic Orchestra to perform at the twentieth anniversary gala performance of the label at the Royal Albert Hall in November 2010.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: In 2011, The Cinematic Orchestra commissioned a series of compositions for avant-garde short films that were performed at the Barbican Centre under the auspices of its curating a series entitled "In Motion" (also featuring Dorian Concept with saxophonist Tom Chant, Grey Reverend, and Austin Peralta). It subsequently released the album "In Motion #1" in 2012.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: In 2015 they created their own version of Melanie De Biasio’s track "I’m Gonna Leave You" for the album "Gilles Peterson presents - No Deal Remixed".


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: "To Build a Home", from the album "Ma Fleur" and featuring the vocals of the Canadian singer-songwriter Patrick Watson, has been used extensively in film and television. In 2008, the song was used for the Chivas Regal "Live with Chivalry" advertisement. It was used for Sam "OB" O'Brien's departure in a 2008 episode of the British soap "Hollyoaks". It has been featured in the films "Trinidad", "The Tree", "Polytechnique", and the 2011 shorts "Rapha Continental" and "This Is Brighton". The song had also been used for episodes of "jPod", "Friday Night Lights", "Grey's Anatomy", "One Tree Hill", "Criminal Minds", "Packed to the Rafters", "Ugly Betty", "On Thin Ice", "Suits", "Top Gear", Orange Is the New Black, on the 2013 broadcast of Comic Relief, on "Supersize vs Super Skinny", the Australian reality series "The Block Sky High" and on "The Big C". It was also featured in August 2013 for an extended trailer of the upcoming third series of "Homeland" on Showtime. It appeared in the 2009 documentary "Ingredients: Who's Your Farmer?" about the local food movement. The song's slow, melancholy melody provided an easy, smooth transition from the first half of the documentary to the next. In 2012 the song was used in a video named "The Most Astounding Fact", in which science communicator Neil deGrasse Tyson answers a question posed by a Time magazine reader. The video was edited by freelance videographer Max Schlickenmeyer who posted it to YouTube, where it garnered more than 9 million views. In 2013, the song was used in an advertisement for Guinness featuring wheelchair basketballers. The song was also used in a UK advert for Sky Atlantic featuring Dustin Hoffman in front of a New York skyline. The advert was produced by WCRS. It is featured in the concluding scene of the 2013 Vanessa Hudgens film "Gimme Shelter". More recently, it appeared in the 2016 film "The Edge of Seventeen", and the 2016 Ubisoft Annecy video game "Steep". The 26 January 2016 episode of British soap "EastEnders" featured the song during the scenes following a serious bus accident. In 2017, the season five finale of "Orange Is the New Black" featured the song in its final scenes. In January 2018, the TV series "This is Us" used the song during the ending of a second season episode. The song reappeared during the closing scene of a fourth season episode. It also featured in the documentary "Best Wishes, Warmest Regards: A Schitt's Creek Farewell" in 2020. It was also used in 2020 in a tribute video by the daughter of author Helen Harris, biographer of Edward Payson Weston.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: A shorter version of the song "That Home", with a slightly different composition, has also been used on occasion, such as an episode of "Teen Wolf", in an episode of "Suits",


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: in the trailer for the 2011 Sundance award-winning film "Another Earth" and in the ABC drama "Defying Gravity". It also featured in the seventh-season finale of the FOX dance competition "So You Think You Can Dance". It was also featured in a trailer for the NBC drama "Awake". Most recently it was featured as one of the dance performance songs in the 2012 motion picture "Step Up Revolution".


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The Public Radio Exchange radio show "This American Life" often uses The Cinematic Orchestra song "Drunken Tune" from the album "Man with a Movie Camera".


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The final scene and closing credits of the 2006 film "Kidulthood" feature the song "All Things To All Men" from the album "Every Day". An instrumental version of the song had previously been used in the British television drama "Hustle". The song also featured on the British soap "Hollyoaks" in December 2009, and appears on "Wonders of the Solar System" briefly ("Thin Blue Line"), narrated by Professor Brian Cox.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: In December 2012, the song "Arrival of the Birds" from the soundtrack for "" appears in a commercial for the women's perfume Acqua di Gioia by Giorgio Armani. The song also appears at the end of the 2014 film "The Theory of Everything" and in the short film Together Apart from the Cornetto Cupidity Series.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: An excerpt near the 16 minute mark of the "In Motion #1" track "Entr'acte" was used in part two of "Top Gear's Africa Special" that originally aired on 10 March 2013.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The second half of Manhatta was used in the closing sequence of the BBC's coverage of the UK general elections in 2015 and 2017.


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The song "To Believe" was featured in the TV show "Fear the Walking Dead (season 6)" episode 8, "The Door".


title: The Cinematic Orchestra

text: The song "A Caged Bird/Imitations of Life (featuring Roots Manuva)" from the album "To Believe", was featured in racing video game "".


title: Freddy Heineken

text: Alfred Henry "Freddy" Heineken (4 November 1923 – 3 January 2002) was a Dutch businessman for Heineken International, the brewing company bought in 1864 by his grandfather Gerard Adriaan Heineken in Amsterdam. He served as chairman of the board of directors and CEO from 1971 until 1989. After his retirement as chairman and CEO, Heineken continued to sit on the board of directors until his death and served as chairman of the supervisory board from 1989 till 1995. At the time of his death, Heineken was one of the richest people in the Netherlands, with a net worth of 9.5 billion guilders.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: Heineken was born on 4 November 1923 in Amsterdam. He was the grandson of Gerard Adriaan Heineken, who was the founder of the brewery Heineken International.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: On 1 June 1941, he entered the service of the Heineken company, which by then was no longer owned by the family. He bought back stock several years later, to ensure the family controlled the company again. He created the Heineken Holding that owned 50.005% of Heineken International; he personally held a majority stake in Heineken Holding. By the time of his resignation as chairman of the board in 1989 he had transformed Heineken from a brand that was known primarily in the Netherlands into a brand name recognized worldwide.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: Freddy Heineken and his driver Ab Doderer were kidnapped in 1983 and released on a ransom of 35 million Dutch guilders (around 15,800,000 euros). The kidnappers – Cor van Hout, Willem Holleeder, Jan Boellaard, Frans Meijer, and Martin Erkamps – were eventually caught and served prison terms. Before being extradited, Van Hout and Holleeder stayed for more than three years in France, first on the run, then in prison, and then, awaiting a change of the extradition treaty, under house arrest, and finally in prison again. Meijer escaped and lived in Paraguay for years, until he was discovered by reporter Peter R. de Vries and imprisoned there. In 2003, Meijer stopped resisting his extradition to the Netherlands, and was transferred to a Dutch prison to serve the last part of his term.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: The films "The Heineken Kidnapping" (2011) and "Kidnapping Freddy Heineken" (2015) are based on this incident.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: Heineken married Lucille Cummins, an American from a Kentucky family of bourbon whiskey distillers. Heineken died from pneumonia on 3 January 2002 at the age of 78 in his home in Noordwijk in the presence of his immediate family, including his daughter Charlene de Carvalho-Heineken. Heineken struggled for some time with deteriorating health; in 1999 he suffered a mild stroke but recovered. Shortly before his death he broke his arm in a fall. Heineken was buried at the General Cemetery in Noordwijk. Heineken's daughter inherited his fortune. Heineken was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD).


title: Freddy Heineken

text: Heineken, in 1989, illegally destroyed the Villa Böhler in Oberalpina, designed by Heinrich Tessenow from 1916-18.


title: Freddy Heineken

text: A film of the kidnapping, "De Heineken Ontvoering", with Rutger Hauer playing Freddy Heineken, was released in October 2011. A second film, "Kidnapping Mr. Heineken", based on De Vries' book about the kidnapping, was produced by Informant Media in 2013 based on the scenario written by William Brookfield. In this film Heineken is played by Anthony Hopkins with the kidnappers played by Jim Sturgess, Sam Worthington, Ryan Kwanten, Mark van Eeuwen and Thomas Cocquerel.


title: Storror

text: Storror (stylized as STORROR) is a group of seven parkour and freerunning athletes from Britain. They have produced two documentaries and run a YouTube channel that has over 7 million subscribers and 800 million views.


title: Storror

text: Storror was established in 2010 by seven parkour athletes from Horsham (West Sussex), and Peacehaven (East Sussex) who met as teenagers. The team started with the Cave brothers and Drew Taylor, who were inspired by "Jump London" (2003) and "Jump Britain" (2005) documentaries. They began uploading videos to their YouTube channel, originally called "StorrorBlog". They later met other members of British parkour communities and in 2010 established the Storror group and YouTube channel.


title: Storror

text: In 2011 and 2012, the team filmed two cliff jumping videos in Malta that included jumps from Azure Window. In 2016, team member Max Cave leaped between the roofs of two Hong Kong skyscrapers and uploaded it to Instagram. They also filmed several other videos in Hong Kong which were published later.


title: Storror

text: In September 2017, the team released their first documentary "Roof Culture Asia", which features stunts made on the rooftops of Hong Kong, Tokyo and Seoul. They monetized this video through Vimeo. Storror made their feature film debut in Netflix's "6 Underground", released on 13 December 2019. They worked closely with director Michael Bay to perform parkour stunts on famous sites, such as the Florence Cathedral in Italy.


title: Storror

text: In December 2019, the team joined actor Ben Hardy on the red carpet of the New York premiere of "6 Underground".


title: Storror

text: In winter 2018, Drew Taylor appeared in adverts for Italian sportswear brand Ellesse alongside actress Jessica Barden.


title: Storror

text: In December 2017, the team flew to Singapore with Asics to lead parkour workshops and demonstrations.


title: Camel urine

text: Camel urine is a liquid by-product of metabolism in a camel's anatomy. Urine from Arabian camels has been used in the Arabian Peninsula as prophetic medicine for centuries, being a part of ancient Bedouin practices. After the spread of MERS-CoV infections, the World Health Organization urged people to refrain from drinking "raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat that has not been properly cooked".


title: Camel urine

text: The kidneys and intestines of a camel are very efficient at reabsorbing water. Camels' kidneys have a 1:4 cortex to medulla ratio. Thus, the medullary part of a camel's kidney occupies twice as much area as a cow's kidney. Secondly, renal corpuscles have a smaller diameter, which reduces surface area for filtration. These two major anatomical characteristics enable camels to conserve water and limit the volume of urine in extreme desert conditions.


title: Camel urine

text: Each kidney of an Arabian camel has a capacity around 0.86 litres and can produce urine with high chloride concentrations. Like the horse, the dromedary has no gall bladder, an organ that requires water to function. Consequently, bile flows constantly. Most food is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine. Any remaining liquids and roughage move into the large intestine.


title: Camel urine

text: A hadith in Book 4 ("Ablution") of al-Bukhari's collection narrated by Anas ibn Malik was used to promote the consumption of Arabian camel urine as a medicine. The Islamic prophet Muhammad is said to have advised some diseased people to use it "till their bodies became healthy". The authentic hadith also states "Some people of ‘Ukl or ‘Uraina tribe came to Medina and its climate did not suit them ... So the Prophet ordered them to go to the herd of Milch camels and to drink their milk and urine (as a medicine). ... So they went as directed and after they became healthy". Bukhari also narrated, an otherwise identical version of this Hadith, without the mention of "urine". The event has also been recorded in "Sahih Muslim", "History of the Prophets and Kings" and "Kitāb aṭ-ṭabaqāt al-kabīr."


title: Camel urine

text: Indian Islamic scholar Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi notes various theories proposed by Hanafi and Shaafi’e scholars for a canonical understanding of the implications. This book refers to topical application of milch camel urine as the actual word of the saying has the word "Azmadu" which means to apply a layer of something. However, Bachtiar Nasir, an Islamic scholar, advocated for and defended the consumption of camel urine, claiming the mixture of camel urine and milk has medicinal benefits. In response, scientists in Muslim and non-Muslim majority countries rejected those claims and actually link the consumption of camel urine to the spread of a disease known as Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS).


title: Camel urine

text: Avicenna in "The Canon of Medicine" noted that a diet of camel milk and Arabian camel urine can be beneficial for diseases of the liver.


title: Camel urine

text: In Yemen, camel urine is consumed and used for treating ailments, though it has been widely denounced. Some salons are said use it as a treatment for hair loss. The camel urine from a virgin camel is priced at twenty dollars per liter, with herders saying that it has curative powers. It is traditionally mixed with milk.


title: Camel urine

text: In 2012, a study conducted at the Department of Molecular Oncology of King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, and published in the "Journal of Ethnopharmacology", found that camel urine contains anti-cancerous agents that are cytotoxic against various, but not all, human cancer cell lines "in vitro".


title: Camel urine

text: In 2017, experimental infections of dromedaries with MERS‐CoV didn't show any evidence of virus in the urine. Therefore, the camel urine is an unlikely source of virus transmission to humans.


title: Camel urine

text: In 2019 the World Health Organization has said that camels are the source of the Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus and has urged people who have "diabetes, renal failure, chronic lung disease, and immunocompromised persons are considered to be at high risk of severe disease from MERS-CoV infection" to avoid contact with camels, drinking raw camel milk or camel urine, or eating meat that has not been properly cooked.


title: Camel urine

text: In 2020, the WHO said, "People should avoid drinking raw camel milk or camel urine or eating meat that has not been properly cooked".


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Textron AirLand Scorpion is an American jet aircraft proposed for sale to perform light attack and Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) duties. It is being developed by Textron AirLand, a joint venture between Textron and AirLand Enterprises. A prototype was secretly constructed by Cessna at their Wichita, Kansas facility between April 2012 and September 2013 and first flown on 12 December 2013.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: In October 2011, a group of outside investors known as AirLand Enterprises LLC approached Textron with the concept of building the "world’s most affordable tactical jet aircraft." The two companies created a joint venture called Textron AirLand and development of an aircraft began in January 2012. Neither Textron nor its subsidiaries had much experience designing fixed-wing combat aircraft. Textron saw a market for the type: while military aircraft typically grew more expensive, defense budgets declined. Named Scorpion, the first concept had a single engine. In early 2012, engineers reviewed over 12 design configurations that would meet their goals and shortlisted four designs; the team eventually settled on the tandem-seat, twin-engine configuration.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The aircraft was kept secret, being identified by the code name "SCV12-1", or simply "the project". At its peak, the production team was 200 people, which eventually decreased to 170, including 120 engineers. The outside contours were made in May 2012, and wing production started in August 2012. Unconventionally, wind tunnel tests were performed after wing parts were already being made. In a traditional aircraft development program, the Department of Defense or a military service would issue detailed requirements, potentially hundreds of pages long. Instead, Textron AirLand did a market and capability analysis to determine what domestic and foreign forces required but did not have.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The design team made up of personnel from Textron, Cessna, and Bell Helicopter was assembled in one building with everyone focused on the task, enabling decisions to be made in hours instead of days. To not alert any potential competitors, development was kept secret through non-disclosure agreements, obtaining parts from local suppliers, and the natural close-knit, "small town" nature of Wichita, Kansas. Technology from the Cessna inventory or other existing, readily-available components and hardware were used. In November, Textron spokesman David Sylvestre confirmed that Cessna had been involved in building the prototype Scorpion, but may not build any production models. Sylvestre stated, "depending on demand and manufacturing capacity needs, the final site of Scorpion manufacturing beyond the initial low rate production (2015) is yet to be decided. It may be built 'at' Cessna, but by the joint venture called Textron AirLand."


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Scorpion was unveiled on 16 September 2013. In 2014, the development-to-flight time was expected to take 4–5 years, the goal of the first flight within at least 24 months was achieved. The phrase "speed is paramount" serves as impetus for the program, with the objective of creating the plane, flying it, and selling it as fast as possible to not miss opportunities. If a customer can be found, production could begin in 2015, and deliveries from 15 to 18 months after an order is received. The plan is to secure a contract first, then begin low-rate production and transition to full-rate production. Textron AirLand sees a market for up to 2,000 Scorpion jets.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Scorpion demonstrator completed pre-flight taxi trials on 25 November 2013 in preparation for its first flight. The Scorpion first flew on 12 December 2013 for 1.4 hours. The aircraft has the civilian registration N531TA and is designated as a Cessna E530. The flight occurred 23 months after the aircraft's conception, and the flight certification program will last two years. Textron AirLand aimed to complete 500 flight hours and verify basic performance features by the end of 2014. Initial flight tests showed positive results in evaluations of performance and mechanical and electronic systems. On 9 April 2014, Textron AirLand announced that the Scorpion had reached 50 flight hours over 26 flights. It was flown as high as , at speeds up to and , and subjected to accelerations ranging from 3.7 to −0.5 g. Stall speed was identified at slower than . Other tests performed included single-engine climbs and in-flight engine shutdown and restart. Pilots reported that the Scorpion was nimble, agile, and powerful even when flown on one engine, with good low speed characteristics. It also demonstrated an intercept of a Cessna 182. Few issues were encountered, attributed to the use of mature, non-developmental systems.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Scorpion had flown 76.4 hours in 41 test flights by 19 May 2014; no planned flights were cancelled due to mechanical or maintenance issues. Incremental improvements were to be made to the aircraft over the course of testing. Participation in the Farnborough International Airshow in 2014 accelerated changes; modifications included an engine inlet ice protection system and a metal inlet leading edge in place of the composite one for flying in a broader range of weather conditions, a cockpit ladder so the pilot does not need a ground crew ladder, an onboard oxygen-generating system in place of oxygen bottles, and other non-urgent items. The modified Scorpion resumed flights on 1 June 2014. In July 2014, the Scorpion made its first public appearance at Farnborough Airshow.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The first production-standard aircraft first flew on the 22 December 2016. It has a simplified landing gear, increased wing sweep and new avionics including hands-on-throttle-and-stick controls.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Scorpion is a tandem-seat twinjet aircraft with an all-composite material fuselage designed for light attack and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. Production costs were minimized by using common commercial off the shelf technology, manufacturing resources and components developed for Cessna's business jets; such as the flap drive mechanism is from the Cessna Citation XLS and Cessna Citation Mustang, the aileron drive mechanism is from the Citation X. Textron AirLand calls the Scorpion an ISR/strike aircraft, instead of a "light attack" aircraft. The joint venture also states the Scorpion is intended to handle "non-traditional ISR" flights such as those performed by U.S. fighters in Iraq and Afghanistan. The Scorpion is designed to cheaply perform armed reconnaissance using sensors to cruise above 15,000 ft, higher than most ground fire can reach, and still be rugged enough to sustain minimal damage.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Scorpion is designed to be affordable, costing US$3,000 per flight hour, with a unit cost expected to be below US$20 million. Although it is a two-seat aircraft, it can be flown by a single pilot. Textron AirLand selected Cobham plc to design the cockpit, which will feature modern flat-panel displays. The aircraft will not have fly-by-wire to keep costs down and simplify the design. The demonstrator, as well as production versions, are powered by two Honeywell TFE731 turbofans producing of thrust total. According to Textron AirLand, endurance is optimized for spending 5 hours carrying out a loiter up to 150 miles from base. Kaman Composites, a subsidiary of Kaman Aerosystems, provided several components for the Scorpion prototype, including the wing assembly, vertical and horizontal stabilizers, wing fuel access panels, main landing gear doors, and several closeout panels.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: Except for the landing gear and engine fittings and mounts, the airframe is all-composite with an anticipated service life of 20,000 hours. The Scorpion is to have a payload of precision and non-precision munitions or intelligence-collecting equipment in a simplified and reconfigurable internal bay. The wings are largely unswept and have six hardpoints. A modular design allows for the wings to be removed and replaced by different wing designs. The internal payload bay has a payload capacity of . The external hardpoints have a payload capacity of .


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: In August 2014, the Scorpion participated in a scenario which involved a mock large chemical spill, requiring cleanup and search-and-rescue operations. A Textron test pilot flew the Scorpion, which circled the area for a few hours while transmitting full motion video to U.S. Air National Guard members. The purpose was to demonstrate the aircraft's intelligence and reconnaissance capabilities to fill a niche for Air National Guard missions, and be a promotional exercise. The Scorpion achieved 100 percent mission availability, providing color HD full motion video and communications with other aircraft and ground stations.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The aircraft is intended to handle mission profiles typically performed by the U.S. Air National Guard, including domestic interdiction, quick-reaction natural disaster support, air sovereignty patrols, and low-threat battlefield missions. The manufacturer claims it to be low-cost and operate for about US$3,000 per hour. The light attack and reconnaissance roles are typically filled by turboprop airplanes and UAVs, often at lower cost. A concept for U.S. military adoption revolves around the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, a high-cost aircraft for high-threat missions; a requirement could emerge for the low-cost Scorpion to handle low-threat missions. It could reopen the historically small market for tactical aircraft; a projected 60 nations may require tactical aircraft but cannot afford high-end types. Nations operating turboprop aircraft may view the Scorpion as a cost-effective jet replacement, and F-16 operators may see a less capable aircraft as being able to meet many of their requirements.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The target market is the U.S. Air National Guard and foreign nations that cannot afford the F-35, but want an aircraft to perform ISR and light attack missions better than turboprop planes. Buying and sustaining the Scorpion would cost less than A-10 or F-16 upgrades. For air patrol, the Scorpion requires radar and the capability of supersonic flight, similar to the unsuccessful 1980s-era Northrop F-20 Tigershark. The market for light fixed-wing attack jets had declined in the 1980s as richer countries opted for more capable aircraft and poorer countries pursued turboprops and attack helicopters. It is uncertain if the Scorpion will be cheaper or outperform turboprops or remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) in terms of range, endurance, low-altitude performance, and sensors.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The U.S. Air Force has made plans to retire the A-10 Thunderbolt II, with its close air support mission to be initially covered by F-16s and F-15Es until it can transition to the F-35A. An inexpensive replacement aircraft may be considered to perform CAS against enemies without sophisticated air defenses. Analysts believe that the Scorpion will be difficult to sell to the Air Force; Textron AirLand believes it can sell without a requirement or lengthy competition. Budget cuts make new programs unattractive, and its missions of irregular warfare, border patrol, maritime surveillance, emergency relief, counter narcotics, and air defense operations are performed by RPAs. However, the Air Force pursued fully developed aircraft, excluding the Scorpion that lacked data on the cost of sustainment.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: The Air National Guard has been under pressure by active Air Force officials to replace aging and costly F-16s and A-10s, and promoted unmanned aircraft. Air National Guard leaders feel losing manned aircraft to remotely piloted types would leave them ill-equipped for domestic emergencies, such as natural disasters and homeland security crises. While potentially politically motivated, some state governments have voiced apprehension of drones, fearing regulatory restrictions that could cripple a drone's ability to respond during disasters.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: Following the first flight, discussions were scheduled with an unnamed foreign customer. U.S. military components and at least one more foreign country are also interested in discussions. The company stated that interest from military and paramilitary organizations had been positive and that they intended to sell the aircraft for under US$20M each. Preliminary discussion were held with the militaries of Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines, Indonesia, Bahrain, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. In November 2014, sources confirmed that the United Arab Emirates had held discussions on using the Scorpion for the Al Fursan aerobatic squadron and Textron believed this could lead to an expanded military role. However, the UAE was reluctant to be the launch customer for a new aircraft and wanted another customer to be found first before officially signing on. A deal was intended to have been finalized by 2016, but was not completed.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: In November 2014, the Nigerian Air Force expressed interest in up to a squadron's worth of Scorpions to counter the Boko Haram insurgency. The Scorpion would combine surveillance and effective strike capabilities in one airframe. Nigeria operates the unarmed ATR 42 to detect targets, which are then relayed to a Chengdu F-7Ni, which are armed but lack precision guided weapons. Given a previous rejection for attack helicopters, approval for Nigeria may not be guaranteed.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: On 27 April 2015, the Scorpion made a series of display flights for the Colombian Air Force at the Apiay Air Base. Colombia is currently looking to replace their fleet of Cessna A-37 Dragonfly with similar aircraft.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: U.S. Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter was expected to offer the Scorpion to the Indian Air Force during his visit to the country in June 2015. Although designed for reconnaissance and light strike, India has expressed interest in using it as an intermediate jet trainer due to repeated delays to the HAL HJT-36 Sitara jet trainer aircraft.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: On 12 July 2016, QinetiQ, Thales and Textron AirLand announced a collaboration to bid for the UK Ministry of Defence's upcoming Air Support to Defence Operational Training (ASDOT) program. The three companies’ CEOs met at Farnborough International Airshow to announce the signing of their Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) setting the foundation for the bid. The operational training activities that will comprise the ASDOT program are being fulfilled by a number of providers, both military and civilian. This team plans to propose an innovative, cost effective, technologically advanced, and reliable managed service using the Textron AirLand Scorpion equipped with Thales and QinetiQ sensors to provide a broad spectrum of training for all three armed services. The competitive contract, expected to be awarded in September 2018 with a service delivery start in Jan 2020, is anticipated to be worth up to £1.2 billion over 15 years.


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: In February 2018 the Scorpion was eliminated from the USAF's Light Attack/Armed Reconnaissance aircraft competition, in favor of the Beechcraft AT-6 Wolverine and the Embraer A-29 Super Tucano. Air Force Secretary Heather Wilson described the AT-6 and A-29 as "most promising".


title: Textron AirLand Scorpion

text: On 23 August 2014, Textron AirLand confirmed that the Scorpion would be entered in the U.S. Air Force's T-X trainer program competition. Only small modifications would be made, including shortening the wings to less than and making them more aerodynamic, as well as increasing the engine's thrust at the expense of fuel efficiency for greater maneuverability; the twin-engine, twin-tail design would be retained. The trainer variant could also help secure international orders. The Scorpion's per hour flight cost is relatively close to the $2,200 per hour cost of the T-6 Texan II propeller trainer and international markets have a history of using one aircraft type to perform both training and light attack missions. However, in September 2015 the company revealed that they would not offer a modification of the Scorpion for the T-X, given the change in Air Force requirements favoring a high-performance aircraft.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Dana Carl Holgorsen (born June 21, 1971) is the head football coach at the University of Houston. He was the head coach at West Virginia University from 2011 to 2018. During his coaching career he has served under coaches such as Hal Mumme, Mike Leach, Kevin Sumlin, and Mike Gundy.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen spent time at Valdosta State (1993–95) as the quarterbacks, receivers and special teams coach under head coach Hal Mumme, at Mississippi College (1996–98) as the quarterbacks, receivers and special teams coach and at Wingate (1999) as the quarterbacks and receivers coach.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen was a member of the coaching staff at Texas Tech from 2000–07, serving as the inside receivers coach from 2000–04, before being elevated to co-offensive coordinator alongside Sonny Dykes from 2005–06 and offensive coordinator in 2007. The move reunited him with head coach Mike Leach, whom Holgorsen had previously coached with at Valdosta State under Hal Mumme. While there, his offenses increased the amount of yardage from 324.8 yards of total offense to 529.6, an increase of more than 200 yards per game. The Red Raiders were No. 7 nationally prior to Holgorsen becoming offensive coordinator and raised their yardage total to No. 4 in 2005, his first season directing the offense. In his two years as offensive coordinator, his squad was nationally ranked No. 8 in 2006 and No. 3 in 2007. In 2007, Texas Tech led the nation in passing (470.31), was No. 2 in total offense (529.62) and was No. 7 in scoring offense (40.9). Quarterback Graham Harrell led the nation in total offense and Biletnikoff Award winner Michael Crabtree led the nation in receptions per game and receiving yards per game. In 2006, the Red Raiders ranked No. 3 nationally in passing offense and No. 6 in total offense. Harrell once again was outstanding, finishing No. 3 nationally in total offense with 344.38 yards per game. Texas Tech led the nation in passing in 2005, was No. 4 in scoring offense (39.4) and No. 6 in total offense (495.83). Quarterback Cody Hodges was No. 2 in the nation with 396.08 yards per game.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Houston had long been known for high-scoring offenses, from the Veer, which tallied 100 points in one game, to the Run and Shoot of the late 1980s, which set numerous college football records. As offensive coordinator at Houston, Holgorsen gained prominence and recognition as one of the most promising, up-and-coming offensive coaches in the country, and his success running the Cougar offense set the table for future coaching opportunities. During his two-year tenure with the Cougars, Holgorsen's offenses accounted for 563 yards of total offense per game, including 433.7 yards passing, and 42.2 points per game. His offense ranked No. 3 in total offense in 2008 with a duo of freshmen quarterbacks and No. 1 in 2009 behind the arm of Heisman finalist and All-Conference quarterback Case Keenum. In 2008–2009, quarterback Case Keenum led the nation in total offense, averaging 403.2 yards per game as a sophomore and 416.4 yards his junior season. He also ranked among the top 10 nationally in pass efficiency both years. Under Holgorsen's tutelage, Case Keenum would go on to become college football's all-time leading passer in yards gained and touchdowns. At Houston, Holgorsen demonstrated his own brand of the Air Raid offense that often used motion to confuse opposing defenses, as well as wearing them down. In 2009, Holgorsen developed a set called the "diamond formation," which features multiple diverging running backs in the backfield who use spread formations to gain yards after catching short passes. Houston's fast wide receivers were ideal to the style of spread Holgorsen ran, and Houston continued using much the same offense after Holgorsen departed to lead the NCAA with over 50 points per game, and 600 yards of offense per game in 2011. At Houston, Holgorsen mentored not only Case Keenum but offensive coaches including Kliff Kingsbury and Jason Phillips, who continued running a Holgorsen-inspired Air Raid offense at Houston.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: When Holgorsen was hired at Oklahoma State, the Cowboys' offense was ranked No. 61 nationally in total offense. In his first season the offense led the nation in total offense, averaging 537.6 yards per game, was No. 2 in passing offense, averaging 354.7 yards per game, and No. 3 in scoring offense, averaging 44.9 points per game. The postseason accolades have been plentiful for Holgorsen's offensive players in 2010, quarterback Brandon Weeden became the first OSU passer to ever earn first team All-Big 12 honors. He was also a finalist for the Manning Award, given to the top quarterback in the nation. Wide receiver Justin Blackmon was named the recipient of the 2010 Biletnikoff Award, given to the top receiver in the nation, and running back Kendall Hunter was a finalist for the Doak Walker Award, given to the nation's top running back. Weeden, Hunter, and Blackmon became only the second trio in NCAA history to pass for at least 3,000 yards, run for more than 1,500 yards and finish with more than 1,500 yards receiving in the same season. Holgorsen was a 2010 finalist for the Broyles Award, given annually to the nation's top assistant coach.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: These are the school records set by the Holgorsen-coordinated Oklahoma State offense during the 2010 season:


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: On December 22, 2010, Holgorsen moved to West Virginia as offensive coordinator. At that time, athletic director Oliver Luck also announced that Holgorsen would replace Bill Stewart as head coach in 2012, saying that he didn't think Stewart was capable of leading the Mountaineers to a national championship.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: The relationship between Stewart and Holgorsen was strained from the start and finally came to a head when Colin Dunlap, a former reporter from the "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette," claimed Stewart had asked him and another reporter from the "Charleston Gazette" to dig up negative information about Holgorsen's behavior. Holgorsen did apologize for an early morning incident when he was asked to leave a West Virginia casino; no further negative information came forth. Although Luck was unable to fully substantiate the claims, he decided that Stewart had become too much of a distraction and forced Stewart to resign on June 10, naming Holgorsen head coach immediately.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Luck had anticipated that the coach-in-waiting arrangement might not work as originally planned. Holgorsen's contract stated that his salary would be prorated at $1.4 million for the remainder of the season should he become head coach before 2012. In addition, the $250,000 annual bonus applied to the head-coaching salary would begin a year early, resulting in an additional $2 million over the six-year period addressed by his contract.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen coached the Mountaineers to a share of the Big East Conference crown in his first season at WVU and a Bowl Championship Series berth in the 2012 Orange Bowl, WVU's first appearance in the Orange Bowl. WVU defeated Clemson 70–33 in that record-setting game. The successful season triggered $225,000 worth of bonuses for Holgorsen – $100,000 for a 10-win season, $75,000 for a BCS appearance and $50,000 for a BCS win.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: In August 2012, Holgorsen received a new six-year contract. He received $2.3 million in the first year, with raises bringing his salary to $2.9 million at the end of the contract. He also was eligible for up to $600,000 in bonuses each year. The deal brought Holgorsen's compensation in line with other Big 12 coaches. In only his second year as a head coach, he ranked seventh in the 10-school conference in salary.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen resigned from his West Virginia job on January 1, 2019, to accept the head-coaching position at Houston, where he previously was the offensive coordinator under head coach Kevin Sumlin. In 2022, he received a contract extension to go until 2027.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen is a native of Mount Pleasant, Iowa, where he graduated from Mount Pleasant Community High School in 1989. Holgorsen played wide receiver at Iowa Wesleyan College, earning a degree in 1993 and a master's in health and physical education from Valdosta State University in 1995. Holgorsen had been recruited to Iowa Wesleyan by head coach Hal Mumme and offensive coordinator Mike Leach, both of whom he coached with later in their careers.


title: Dana Holgorsen

text: Holgorsen has three children: McClayne, Logan, and Karlyn. He built his home in Morgantown in 2014. The home is the first luxury residence in the U.S. to be built completely of cross-laminated timber.


title: Jerry Maren

text: Jerry Maren (born Gerard Marenghi; January 24, 1920 – May 24, 2018) was an American actor who played a Munchkin member of the Lollipop Guild in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film "The Wizard of Oz." He became the last surviving adult Munchkin following the death of Ruth Duccini in 2014, and was also the last surviving cast member with a specifically identifiable speaking or singing role.


title: Jerry Maren

text: Gerard Marenghi, eventually known as Jerry Maren, was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the youngest of eleven or twelve children. His father, Emil Marenghi, worked at a shoe factory. His four brothers were six feet (c. 182 cm) or taller by 1939.


title: Jerry Maren

text: At the age of 12, Maren started taking dancing lessons with his sister. He toured around New England with his dance instructor with an act called "Three Steps and a Hop" and was noticed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer scouts who were looking for three little guys who could sing and dance.


title: Jerry Maren

text: Maren received a telegram, just after graduating from high school, asking him to come to California to work on a film. He was offered nearly $100 per week plus expenses.


title: Jerry Maren

text: In "The Wizard of Oz", he played the green-garbed member of the Lollipop Guild (between Jakob "Jackie" Gerlich and Harry Earles), handing a lollipop to Dorothy Gale (Judy Garland). Maren was 18 or 19 years old when he shot his scenes for "The Wizard of Oz" in the latter part of 1938 and early 1939. At that time he stood just . (Hormone treatments allowed Maren to reach a height of later in life.)


title: Jerry Maren

text: Maren began to cultivate his performance talents by creating a persona as a thirteen-year-old during school vacations. He began attending singing and dancing lessons in his early teens, and enjoyed them so much that he opted to team up with his teacher in an act known as "Three Steps and a Hop." The idea was a success on stage, and the group toured the New England circuit for a considerable length of time. In the same year as "The Wizard of Oz", Maren appeared in an Our Gang short "Tiny Troubles" as the criminal "Light-Fingered Lester", and was an extra in the Western film "The Terror of Tiny Town".


title: Jerry Maren

text: After "The Wizard of Oz", Maren had roles in several movies and television shows, including a circus performer in the Marx Brothers film "At The Circus" (1939) and as an ape in "Battle for the Planet of the Apes" (1973). He is also featured, along with fellow Munchkin Billy Curtis, in American International Pictures' release "Little Cigars" (1973), about a gang of "midgets" on a crime spree.


title: Jerry Maren

text: In the 1950s, Maren worked as Little Oscar for the Oscar Mayer Company and as Buster Brown in television and radio commercials. He later joined his friend Billy Barty in organizing Little People of America. He also portrayed Mayor McCheese and The TurkeyBoy in commercials for McDonald's. Maren was a stuntman on the 1975 film "The Apple Dumpling Gang" and said he "nearly got killed" filming a scene where a buckboard went out of control.


title: Jerry Maren

text: From 1969 until 1971, Maren appeared on The Andy Williams Show on a regular basis as the Little General. In the late 1970s, Maren was the dapper little man in top hat and tuxedo on "The Gong Show", heralding each show's big finish with an onslaught of confetti as Milton DeLugg's band played "Hoop Dee Doo". He made a notable appearance in the episode "Felix the Horseplayer" of "The Odd Couple" as Harry Tallman, a racehorse exerciser who gives Oscar tips on winning horses. In 1982 he played Morris the bellboy, a regular character in the ABC sitcom "No Soap, Radio".


title: Jerry Maren

text: Maren had a walk-on role in an episode of "Seinfeld" ("The Yada Yada") and played a mime in the 2010-released comedy horror movie "Dahmer vs. Gacy". He also starred in the Eric Swelstad-directed horror movie "Frankenstein Rising" (2009). In February 2009, Maren performed in "Project Lodestar Sagas" as Thaddeus, opposite former MGM child actress Margaret O'Brien in the lead role of Livia Wells.


title: Jerry Maren

text: On November 21, 2007, Maren appeared with six other Munchkin actors at the unveiling of a Hollywood Star for the "Wizard of Oz" Munchkins on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The other actors were Mickey Carroll, Ruth Duccini, Margaret Pellegrini, Meinhardt Raabe, Karl Slover, and Clarence Swensen.


title: Jerry Maren

text: On June 3, 2010, Maren appeared at Turning Stone Resort & Casino in Verona, New York, to promote a new Wizard of Oz slot machine.


title: Jerry Maren

text: After 2011, Maren stopped traveling or appearing at any of the Oz Festivals held throughout the country, but he did appear for a handprint and footprint ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood on September 18, 2013.


title: Jerry Maren

text: Maren was married to Elizabeth Barrington from 1975 until her death at age 69 on January 27, 2011. He lived in southern California.


title: Jerry Maren

text: On February 29, 2016, it was reported that Maren had died of pancreatic cancer, but these reports were false. He posted a video on Instagram to say that he was alive and well, and according to friend Steve Cox, he didn't have cancer.


title: Jerry Maren

text: When "The Hollywood Reporter" attempted to contact Maren for a story on little people in Hollywood in August 2016, Maren's caretakers informed the reporter that he was too frail to make further appearances or conduct interviews.


title: Jerry Maren

text: Maren died at a nursing facility center in La Jolla, California on May 24, 2018, aged 98, from a combination of old age-related diseases including cachexia, heart failure and senile dementia. He outlived all the major cast members, including original Tin Man Buddy Ebsen. Maren left no immediate survivors. He was the last surviving member of "The Wizard of Oz"s adult Munchkin cast, the only Munchkin alive when extra Shep Houghton died in 2016, as well as the last surviving actor to have co-starred in a film starring the Marx Brothers.


title: Divi's Laboratories

text: Divi's Laboratories Limited is an Indian multinational pharmaceutical company and producer of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates, headquartered in Hyderabad. The company manufactures and custom synthesizes generic APIs, intermediates. The company also manufactures and supplies nutraceutical ingredients through its subsidiary, Divi's Nutraceuticals. Divi's Laboratories is India's second most valuable pharmaceutical company by market capitalization.


title: Divi's Laboratories

text: Divi's Laboratories was established in 1990 as Divi's Research Centre. The company initially started developing commercial processes for the manufacturing of APIs and intermediates. Divi's Research Centre changed its name to Divi's Laboratories Limited in 1994 to signal its intent to enter the API and intermediates manufacturing industry. Following this, the company established its first Manufacturing facility in 1995 at Choutuppal, Telangana. In 2002, the company's second manufacturing facility commenced operations at Chippada near Visakhapatnam.


title: Divi's Laboratories

text: The company went public with its initial public offering (IPO) on 17 February 2003. In 2010, the company established a research centre in Hyderabad.