title: Saw (video game)

text: On November 14, 2008, Brash Entertainment held a press conference announcing that they would be ceasing operations due to financial difficulties. Since Brash Entertainment was publishing the game with Twisted Pictures, the game itself may have been left in "possible state of limbo". Considering that the game was far into production, the owners of the "Saw" brand, Lionsgate considered publishing the game themselves. The idea was soon rejected, as Lionsgate is primarily a film company and has no experience in the video game industry. Konami picked the game up for distribution/development on February 6, 2009, after almost four months of uncertainty regarding the game's fate. The game, now under control of Konami, was redesigned to be a spiritual successor to Konami's other survival horror franchise, "Silent Hill". While key elements were retained, Konami did have a large influence in the development of the game. The only cast member to reprise their role from the films was Tobin Bell as the Jigsaw Killer. Other cast members were replaced with other actors prominent in the video game voice-over industry. Earl Alexander replaced Danny Glover as the voice of protagonist David Tapp. Instead of actress Shawnee Smith, Jen Taylor voiced Amanda Young. Other cast members include David Scully as Oswald McGullicuty and Kahn Doan as new character Melissa Sing. Konami plans to use "Saw" for its visual intensity rather than traditional psychological terror.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The PC version of "Saw" includes the Unreal Editor, which allows a user to create additional levels and modifications for the game. In order to launch it, SawGame.exe must be run with "editor" command-line parameter. There is only one released mod, Truth, where the player controls Melissa Sing. The mod continues the game's story after the Truth ending.


title: Saw (video game)

text: To advertise the game, Konami released a series of screenshots and viral videos prior to release. The screenshots depicted different areas of the asylum and victims in their traps. The videos demonstrated the first hour or so of the game and included certain gameplay elements. While a few of the videos are inaccurate due to the developer making dramatic changes to the environment and gameplay, they still maintained the general roots of the game and the storyline.


title: Saw (video game)

text: On August 8, 2009, the Konami website had lost the entire section on "Saw", including screenshots and information. The site was soon restored within a few days with updated information, including the official ESRB rating of Mature 17+ for blood and gore, drug reference, intense violence, and strong language. Other ratings were released later from the BBFC and the ACB, which gave "Saw" an 18 and a MA15+ rating respectively. The game has a PEGI rating of 18, citing violence and bad language.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The game was originally intended to include an online multi-player offering, but that was later canceled. Since the game was in early development stages at the time, no further details were released. On September 17, 2009, Konami released the full list of Xbox Live achievements for the Xbox 360 version of the game. The game was released in North America on October 6, 2009, for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, with other countries and the Microsoft Windows platforms being released at later times in 2009. The Microsoft Windows version, which was released on October 22, 2009, was originally intended to be released exclusively through Valve's Steam digital distribution service; this was later corrected when Konami announced that "Saw" would also be available through another online distributor, Direct2Drive.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The soundtrack for the game is an original score composed by Alex Guilbert. The theme for "Saw", a series of plunking piano keys joined by a bass drum and violins, can be heard during the menu screen and the end credits. At some points during the game, a quick tempo score similar to the opening piano track is used to increase suspense during trap and puzzle sequences. A high-pitched tune can be heard during slower parts of the game, which was used to make these parts more ominous. Variations or mixes of these tracks occur throughout the game. The game utilizes a minimalist approach to music, with most of the ambient sound being provided by other victims, screaming or taunting protagonist David Tapp. Because the tracks were meant for a video game, there are no vocals; the tracks are much shorter than typical songs and are more abundant.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The game is the first piece of digital "Saw" media not to feature the series' staple "Hello Zepp" theme, a piece composed by Charlie Clouser and traditionally used in every "Saw" film. Because of this, the music for the game is often miscredited to Clouser, even though it was clarified as early as 2008 that Guilbert would be composing, with no mention of Clouser.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The soundtrack includes three bonus tracks, which extend the total length from 1:08:04 to 1:08:43. These appear on the bonus features of the game, which include the "Saw VI" CGI trailer and the E3 2009 demo.


title: Saw (video game)

text: "Saw" received mixed reviews. The Xbox 360 version of the game currently holds an average score of 59 percent on the game aggregator Metacritic, based on 35 reviews; the PlayStation 3 version has 59 percent from 36 reviews. On another aggregator site, GameRankings, the Xbox 360 version has a 60.89 percent score based on 27 reviews, while the PlayStation 3 has 58.57 percent from 23 reviews. The PC version holds a lower score of 44.33 percent, based solely on three reviews. Although the game was nearly universally praised for the storyline and the two endings the game presented and critics consistently mentioned the immersive atmosphere and environment as being true to the "Saw" series, the quality level of puzzles were mixed, depending on the reviewer. The controls in general were not well received by many, and worse the combat system was panned by nearly every reviewer.


title: Saw (video game)

text: "Official Xbox Magazine" gave the game a 4.5 out of a possible 10, stating, "Whether you're swinging a pipe or a scalpel, the controls never feel responsive, and rotten collision detection will drive you mad before Jigsaw's twisted games even have the chance." David Clayman, writer for IGN, gave "Saw" a 7.5 out of a possible ten, earning it a rating of "Good". Clayman praised the unique take on the survival horror franchise and the omnipresence of Jigsaw, but criticized the repetitive puzzles and the flawed combat system. Clayman even called the combat the Achilles' heel of the game. He went on to say: Overall, "Saw" is a welcome entry in the horror genre that provides a good dosage of thrills. Depending on your tolerance for repetition, it's a good way to test your nerves and scare yourself silly during a dark and stormy night.


title: Saw (video game)

text: While reviewing the game, many critics pointed out the quality of Guilbert's soundtrack. Eric Qualls praised the soundtrack, calling it a high point of the game. He stated that "The same sound effects and similar music and everything just sounds right". Qualls went on to compliment Tobin Bell's voice as a good addition to the music and the environment. Reviewer Kadath Bird noted the absence of the "Hello Zepp" theme, though the review did not comment on the soundtrack itself.


title: Saw (video game)

text: While "Saw" received mixed reviews, a general consensus among reviewers was that fans of the film series would enjoy it. Reviewer for "Xbox 360 Achievements" Alan Pettit wrote that while he enjoyed the game, it was not an outstanding title. Pettit commented that the game suffered due to the choice of Zombie Studios as the developer and that the franchise could be successful if a sequel was made with changes in developer and budget. Although he claimed it was repetitive, Pettit mentioned that "If there was only one thing the game did well, I'd say the puzzles that are put before you are excellently constructed, well thought out and best of all, difficult enough that you may not get it on your first attempt." The resulting score from Pettit's review was a 74 out of 100.


title: Saw (video game)

text: Akin to the films, the "Saw" video game has been the subject of much controversy, often being classified as "torture porn" by its critics. Its violence and visual intensity sparked many allegations that the main goal of the game is to mutilate characters simply for the sake of doing so. It was compared to games such as "Grand Theft Auto IV", "MadWorld", and "Manhunt", but contrasted for the claim that the aforementioned games' violence served a somewhat humorous purpose or had some type of moral reprieve. William Usher of Cinema Blend wrote that "Saw" pushed controversial boundaries and called it a "tutorial for sadists to get pleasure from". Usher said that the lack of a moral message makes it even more controversial.


title: Saw (video game)

text: The game contains one scene that allows players to cut open bodies and sift through their insides to retrieve a key. This area was a particular focus for critics, chief among them being Cinema Blend. It was stated that this scenario was "sick" and "tasteless". Konami had already received indefinite BBFC and ESRB ratings, so the game was released in all regions without any censorship. Robert Workman of "Game Daily" agreed with the sentiment that moral messages presented an issue to the game and included it in the "top ten controversial games of 2009." "Mac World" writer Chris Holt showed surprise that Konami would choose to release "Saw" but refuse to publish "Six Days in Fallujah" due to controversial factors. Konami later stated that this was because the events that took place in Fallujah were real events that could cause offense to some while "Saw" was entirely fictional.


title: Saw (video game)

text: Despite the controversy surrounding the game, it was approved for release in Germany and Australia, countries that are known to ban explicit video games. Producer John Williamson stated in an interview, "I thought, just based on everything I always read online, that it would never get through, but it went through on the first pass." Williamson attempted to justify the release of the game by noting the intellectual elements of both the game and the film franchise. He pointed out: I think they reviewed the game based on everything that was in it, not just on a couple of minutes of it, just like the "Saw" movies themselves aren't really pure torture porn. If you pay attention, there's actually usually a big twist in them. He went on to comment that the "Saw" films would not continue to appeal to fans if they were stereotypical torture porn.


title: Saw (video game)

text: On April 9, 2010, Konami announced "Saw II: Flesh & Blood" and released a teaser trailer. The sequel is set between the first game and second film. The protagonist is David Tapp's estranged son Michael, who seeks the cause of his father's death, which leads him into conflict with the Jigsaw Killer and the second Pighead. It was released in October 2010 to coincide with the release of "Saw 3D", the seventh film in the series.


title: Dale Vince

text: Dale Vince (born 29 August 1961) is a British "green energy" industrialist. A former New Age traveller, he is the owner of the electricity company Ecotricity.


title: Dale Vince

text: Vince was born in Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. Leaving school at 15, he spent time as a New Age traveller.


title: Dale Vince

text: In 1991, he saw his first windfarm ("I thought, either I can carry on by myself with the windmill on my van, or I can get into the big stuff") and in 1995 he founded the Renewable Energy Company. In 1996, he launched his first wind turbine supplying "green electricity".


title: Dale Vince

text: In October 2020 "The Guardian" reported that he plans to create artificial diamonds by chemical vapor deposition using "carbon dioxide captured directly from the atmosphere to form the diamonds – which are chemically identical to diamonds mined from the earth – using wind and solar electricity, with water collected from rainfall."


title: Dale Vince

text: In April 2022, Vince announced he planned to sell Ecotricity and go into politics. He said part of the reason was that a new owner "can achieve even more, faster. We’ve got a massive pipeline of projects that need to be built requiring £2 billion of investment." As well as developing his interest in politics, he would focus on renewable projects such as tidal lagoons and geothermal energy.


title: Dale Vince

text: In 2010 Vince became a major shareholder of Forest Green Rovers FC, and three months later was appointed club chairman. In February 2011, Rovers players were banned from eating red meat for health reasons, and a few weeks later the sale of all meat products was banned at the club's ground, leaving only vegetarian options and free-range poultry and fish from sustainable stocks.


title: Dale Vince

text: Vince has also introduced a number of different eco-friendly developments at the club including the installation of solar panels on its New Lawn home ground, the use of a solar-powered robot grass mower, and the creation of the world's first organic football pitch. In September 2015, Vince revealed Forest Green were using a player recruitment method similar to the 'Moneyball' model that had been initially used in baseball to sign players by using computer-generated analysis. In October 2015, Forest Green became the world's first all vegan football club.


title: Dale Vince

text: In 2021, the team became the first in the world to play in a football kit made from a composite material consisting of recycled plastic and coffee grounds.


title: Dale Vince

text: The United Nations has recognised Forest Green Rovers as the world's first carbon-neutral football club and it was described by FIFA as the “greenest team in the world”.


title: Dale Vince

text: Vince was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2004 New Year Honours for "services to the Environment and to the Electricity Industry".


title: Dale Vince

text: In 2013, he was given the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy by the University of Gloucestershire.


title: Dale Vince

text: While studying, Vince met and married Kathleen Wyatt in 1981. The couple subsequently became New Age travellers together, and had a son in 1983. They separated some years later, and Wyatt subsequently raised the couple's son alone. They divorced in 1992.


title: Dale Vince

text: After Vince had made his fortune, Wyatt, who had lived what was later described in court as "16 years of real hardship", lodged a financial claim of £1.9 million against Vince in 2011, nearly 20 years after their divorce.


title: Dale Vince

text: The Court of Appeal rejected the claim, stating it had "no real prospect of success" and was an "abuse of process". However, in March 2015 the Supreme Court set aside this decision, ruling that there was no time limit in law for claims for financial provision, and the claim could progress in the High Court. Lord Wilson said the court must have regard "to the contribution of each party to the welfare of the family, including by looking after the home or caring for the family", but the claim only had a prospect of "comparatively modest success" with a £1.9 million payout "out of the question".


title: Dale Vince

text: In a statement, Vince branded the court's decision "mad": "I feel that we all have a right to move on, and not be looking over our shoulders. This could signal open season for people who had brief relationships a quarter of a century ago."


title: Dale Vince

text: Prior to the case settlement, Vince paid the legal costs for both parties, of over £500,000, as divorce law permits costs to be charged to the combined resources of both parties.


title: Dale Vince

text: In 2016, the case was settled when Vince agreed to pay £300,000 to Wyatt. He commented that the case had been "a terrible waste of time and money" and the settlement barely covered Wyatt’s legal fees. He then repeated his opinion that he was "...disappointed that the supreme court decided not to throw out the case, given it was brought over 30 years since the relationship ended" before adding, "There clearly needs to be a statute of limitations for divorce cases – a time limit beyond which a claim cannot be made. Such a thing exists in commercial law for good practical reasons."


title: Dale Vince

text: Prior to the 2015 UK general election, he was one of several celebrities who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: Ingalls Shipbuilding is a shipyard located in Pascagoula, Mississippi, United States, originally established in 1938, and now part of HII. It is a leading producer of ships for the United States Navy, and at 12,500 employees, the second largest private employer in Mississippi.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: In 1938, Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation was founded by Robert Ingersoll Ingalls Sr. (1882–1951) of Birmingham, Alabama, on the East Bank of the Pascagoula River in Mississippi. Ingalls was located where the Pascagoula River runs into the Gulf of Mexico. It started out building commercial ships including , which took part in Liberty Fleet Day on 27 September 1941. In the 1950s, Ingalls started bidding on Navy work, winning a contract in 1957 to build 12 nuclear-powered attack submarines.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: Litton Industries acquired Ingalls in 1961 and in 1968 expanded its facilities to the other side of the river. Ingalls reached a high point of employment in 1977, with 27,280 workers. In April 2001, Litton was acquired by the Northrop Grumman Corporation.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 29 August 2005, Ingalls facilities were damaged by Hurricane Katrina; most of the ships in dock and construction escaped serious harm. While shipbuilding was halted for a while due to the destruction of many buildings, most vehicles and the large overhead cranes are the same that the facility continues to operate today.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 31 March 2011, Northrop Grumman spun off its shipbuilding sector (including Ingalls Shipbuilding) into a new corporation, Huntington Ingalls Industries.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: In 2015, Ingalls Shipbuilding Company signed a contract with US Navy for new destroyers, littoral combat ships, and new landing craft. was one of the first new destroyers and was launched on 28 March. The company is also building the , and .


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 21 March 2015, the new ship was ceremonially christened. The vessel was launched on 30 October and was commissioned in 2017.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 27 March 2015, the shipyard received construction contracts for their next destroyers. Ingalls Shipbuilding Company was awarded a $604.3 million contract modification for building .


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 31 March 2015, the shipyard also received another contract with a $500 million fixed price to build the eighth National Security Cutter (NSC) for the US Coast Guard. Most of them will be under construction until 2019. The cutters are the most advanced ships ever built for the Coast Guard.


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: On 30 June 2016, Ingalls Shipbuilding signed a contract with US Navy to build the U.S. Navy's next large-deck amphibious assault warship. The contract included planning, advanced engineering, and procurement of long-lead material, is just over $272 million. If options are exercised, the cumulative value of the contract would be $3.1 billion


title: Ingalls Shipbuilding

text: Ingalls' primary product has been naval ships and naval projects for Egypt, Israel, and Venezuela. In the 1940s, Ingalls attempted to enter the diesel locomotive market. They cataloged an extensive product line, but only one example, known as the model 4-S, was produced. It was sold to the Gulf, Mobile & Ohio Railroad. Ingalls also manufactured covered hopper railroad cars in the early 1980s, producing around 4,000 units, primarily for the lease market via North American Car.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The Battle of Coronel was a First World War Imperial German Navy victory over the Royal Navy on 1 November 1914, off the coast of central Chile near the city of Coronel. The East Asia Squadron ("Ostasiengeschwader" or "Kreuzergeschwader") of the "Kaiserliche Marine" (Imperial German Navy) led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee met and overpowered a British squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The engagement probably took place as a result of misunderstandings. Neither admiral expected to meet the other in full force. Once the two met, Cradock understood his orders were to fight to the end, despite the odds being heavily against him. Although Spee had an easy victory, destroying two enemy armoured cruisers for just three men injured, the engagement also cost him almost half his supply of ammunition, which was irreplaceable.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: Shock at the British losses led the Admiralty to send more ships, including two modern battlecruisers, which in turn destroyed Spee and the majority of his squadron on 8 December at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: At the outbreak of war the Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Navy, with assistance from New Zealand and Japanese naval and land forces in the Far East, had captured the German colonies of Kaiser-Wilhelmsland, Yap, Nauru and Samoa, instead of searching for the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Vice-Admiral Maximilian von Spee, which had abandoned its base at the German concession at Tsingtao in the expectation of war breaking out with Japan. The East Asia Squadron rendezvoused at Pagan Island in the Marianas in early August 1914. Eventually, recognising the German squadron's potential for disrupting trade in the Pacific, the British Admiralty decided to destroy it and searched the western Pacific Ocean after the East Asia Squadron had conducted the Bombardment of Papeete (22 September 1914), where a French steamer reported its presence.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 4 October 1914, the British learned from an intercepted radio message that Spee planned to attack shipping on the trade routes along the west coast of South America. Having correctly guessed the intention of the German commander, Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock patrolled the area with a squadron consisting of the armoured cruisers (flagship) and , the modern light cruiser , and the armed merchantman . The Admiralty had planned to reinforce the squadron by sending the newer and more powerful armoured cruiser from the Mediterranean, but temporarily diverted this ship to patrol the western Atlantic. "Defence" reached Montevideo two days after the battle, and Cradock instead received the pre-dreadnought battleship .


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The change of plan meant that the British squadron comprised obsolete or lightly armed vessels, crewed by inexperienced naval reservists. "Monmouth" and "Good Hope" had a large number of 6-inch guns but only "Good Hope" was armed with two 9.2-inch guns mounted in single turrets. Spee had a superior force of five modern vessels (the armoured cruisers and and the light cruisers , and ), led by officers hand-picked by Grand Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" carried eight 8.2-inch guns each, which gave them an overwhelming advantage in range and firepower; the crews of both ships had earned accolades for their gunnery before the war. The Admiralty ordered Cradock to "be prepared to meet them in company", with no effort being made to clarify what action he was expected to take should he find Spee. On receiving his orders, Cradock asked the Admiralty for permission to split his fleet into two forces, each able to face Spee independently. The two groups would operate on the east and west coasts of South America to counter the possibility of Spee slipping past Cradock into the Atlantic Ocean. The Admiralty agreed and established the east coast squadron under Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, consisting of three cruisers and two armed merchantmen.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The remaining vessels formed the west coast squadron, which was reinforced by "Canopus" on 18 October. At the outbreak of war and said to be in need of overhaul, "Canopus" had a top speed of . (After the fleet sailed, it was found that the ship could only make and that the senior engineer was mentally ill.) The Admiralty agreed that with "Canopus" the fleet would be too slow to force an engagement with the German cruisers and that without "Canopus" the west coast squadron stood no chance. Cradock sailed from the Falklands on 20 October, still under the impression that "Defence" would soon arrive and with Admiralty orders to attack German merchant ships and to seek out the East Asiatic Squadron. As the British squadron rounded Cape Horn, wireless transmissions from "Leipzig" increased in power and it seemed that the British would catch the ship while isolated, but Spee had made rendezvous with "Leipzig" on 14 October and had enforced wireless silence on the other ships.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 30 October, before the battle but due to communications delays too late to have any effect, Admiral Jackie Fisher was re-appointed First Sea Lord, replacing Prince Louis of Battenberg, who, along with Churchill, had been


title: Battle of Coronel

text: preoccupied with fighting to keep his position as First Sea Lord in the face of widespread concern over the senior British Admiral being of German descent. Battenberg was a proven and reliable admiral but was replaced to appease public opinion. The crisis drew the attention of the most senior members of the Admiralty away from the events in South America: Churchill later claimed that if he had not been distracted, he would have questioned the intentions of his admiral at sea more deeply.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: A signal from Cradock was received by Churchill on 27 October, advising the Admiralty of his intention to leave "Canopus" behind because of her slow speed and, as previously instructed, to take his remaining ships in search of Spee. He re-stated that he was still expecting reinforcements in the form of "Defence", which he had previously been told was coming and that he had given orders for her to follow him as soon as possible. Although "Defence" had once been sent to reinforce Cradock, it had then been recalled part way, returned to the Mediterranean and then been sent again to form part of a new squadron patrolling the eastern coast of South America. A misunderstanding had arisen between Cradock and the Admiralty over how ships were to be assigned and used. Cradock believed he was expected to advance against Spee with those forces he had, whereas the Admiralty expected him to exercise caution, using "Canopus" for defence and merely to scout for the enemy or take advantage of any situation where he might come across part of the enemy force. Churchill replied to the signal, telling Cradock that "Defence" was to remain on the east coast and that Cradock was considered to have sufficient forces for his task, making no comment about his plan to abandon "Canopus". Churchill had passed on the message to the Admiralty staff, saying he did not properly understand what Cradock intended.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: Cradock probably received Churchill's reply on 1 November with the messages collected by "Glasgow" at Coronel, giving him time to read it before the battle. Thus, Cradock would have taken the message as final confirmation that he was doing what was expected. Departing from Stanley he had left behind a letter to be forwarded to Admiral of the Fleet Sir Hedworth Meux in the event of his death. In this, he commented that he did not intend to suffer the fate of Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, who at the time was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy. The governor of the Falklands reported that Cradock had not expected to survive, as did the governor's aide. Luce reported that "Cradock was constitutionally incapable of refusing or even postponing action if there was the smallest chance of success".


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 3 November, Fisher in London received news from Valparaiso that Spee had been sighted. He urgently gave orders for "Defence" to join Cradock and stressed the need to keep "Canopus" together with the other ships. On 4 November, German reports of the battle started to reach London.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 22 October, Cradock cabled the Admiralty that he was going to round Cape Horn and was leaving "Canopus" behind to escort his colliers. Admiral John Fisher replaced Battenberg as First Sea Lord on 27 October, and the following day Fisher ordered Cradock not to engage Spee without "Canopus". He then ordered HMS "Defence" to reinforce Cradock. The previous week Cradock had sent "Glasgow" to Coronel to pick up any messages the Admiralty might have sent. Spee, having learned of the presence of "Glasgow" off Coronel, sailed south from Valparaíso with all five warships with the intention of destroying her. "Glasgow" intercepted radio traffic from one of the German cruisers and informed Cradock, who turned his fleet north to intercept the cruiser.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: Given the German superiority in speed, firepower, efficiency and numbers, why Cradock chose to engage puzzles historians. At the time Rear Admiral Ernest Troubridge, a friend of Cradock, was awaiting court-martial for failing to engage the enemy, and he had been told by the Admiralty that his force was "sufficient". The accepted view among Cradock's colleagues was that he was "constitutionally incapable of refusing action". On 31 October, he ordered his squadron to adopt an attacking formation. Both sides are thought to have expected to encounter a single ship until they sighted each other at 16:40 on 1 November.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 31 October, "Glasgow" entered Coronel harbour to collect messages and news from the British consul. Also in harbour was a supply ship—"Göttingen"—working for Spee, which immediately radioed with the news of the British ship entering harbour. "Glasgow" was listening to radio traffic, which suggested that German warships were close. Matters were confused because the German ships had been instructed to all use the same call sign, that of "Leipzig". Spee decided to move his ships to Coronel to trap "Glasgow" while Admiral Cradock hurried north to catch "Leipzig". Neither side realised the other's main force was nearby.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: At 09:15 on 1 November, "Glasgow" left port to meet Cradock at noon, west of Coronel. Seas were rough so that it was impossible to send a boat between the ships to deliver the messages, which had to be transferred on a line floated in the sea. At 13:05, the ships formed into a line abreast formation apart, with "Glasgow" at the eastern end, and started to steam north at searching for "Leipzig". At 16:17 "Leipzig", accompanied by the other German ships, spotted smoke from the line of British ships. Spee ordered full speed so that "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau" and "Leipzig" were approaching the British at , with the slower light cruisers "Dresden" and "Nürnberg" some way behind.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: At 16:20, "Glasgow" and "Otranto" saw smoke to the north and then three ships at a range of . The British reversed direction, so that both fleets were moving south, and a chase began which lasted 90 minutes. Cradock was faced with a choice; he could either take his three cruisers capable of , abandon "Otranto" and run from the Germans, or stay and fight with "Otranto", which could only manage . The German ships slowed at a range of to reorganise themselves for best positions, and to await best visibility, when the British to their west would be outlined against the setting sun.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: At 17:10, Cradock decided he must fight, and drew his ships closer together. He changed course to south-east and attempted to close upon the German ships while the sun remained high. Spee declined to engage and turned his faster ships away, maintaining the distance between the forces which sailed roughly parallel at a distance of . At 18:18, Cradock again attempted to close, steering directly towards the enemy, which once again turned away to a greater range of . At 18:50, the sun set; Spee closed to and commenced firing.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The German ships had sixteen guns of comparable range to the two guns on "Good Hope". One of these was hit within five minutes of the engagement's starting. Of the remaining guns on the British ships, most were in casemates along the sides of the ships, which continually flooded if the gun doors were opened to fire in heavy seas. The merchant cruiser "Otranto"—having only eight guns and being a much larger target than the other ships—retired west at full speed.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: Since the British guns had insufficient range to match the German guns, Cradock attempted to close on the German ships. By 19:30, he had reached but as he closed, the German fire became correspondingly more accurate. "Good Hope" and "Monmouth" caught fire, presenting easy targets to the German gunners now that darkness had fallen, whereas the German ships had disappeared into the dark. "Monmouth" was first to be silenced. "Good Hope" continued firing, continuing to close on the German ships and receiving more and more fire. By 19:50, she had also ceased firing; subsequently her forward section exploded, then she broke apart and sank, with no one witness to the sinking.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: "Scharnhorst" switched her fire to "Monmouth", while "Gneisenau" joined "Leipzig" and "Dresden" which had been engaging "Glasgow". The German light cruisers had only guns, which had left "Glasgow" almost unscathed, but these were now joined by the guns of "Gneisenau". John Luce, captain of "Glasgow", determined that nothing would be gained by staying and attempting to fight. It was noticed that each time he fired, the flash of his guns was used by the Germans to aim a new salvo, so he also ceased firing. One compartment of the ship was flooded but she could still manage . He returned first to "Monmouth", which was now dark but still afloat. Nothing was to be done for the ship, which was sinking slowly but would attempt to beach on the Chilean coast. "Glasgow" turned south and departed.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: There was some confusion amongst the German ships as to the fate of the two armoured cruisers, which had disappeared into the dark once they ceased firing, and a hunt began. "Leipzig" saw something burning, but on approaching found only wreckage. "Nürnberg"—slower than the other German ships—arrived late at the battle and sighted "Monmouth", listing and badly damaged but still moving. After pointedly directing her searchlights at the ship's ensign, an invitation to surrender—which was declined—she opened fire, finally sinking the ship. Without firm information, Spee decided that "Good Hope" had escaped and called off the search at 22:15. Mindful of the reports that a British battleship was around somewhere, he turned north.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: With no survivors from either "Good Hope" or "Monmouth", 1,660 British officers and men were dead, including Admiral Cradock. "Glasgow" and "Otranto" both escaped (the former suffering five hits and five wounded men). Just two shells had struck "Scharnhorst", neither of which exploded: one 6-inch shell hit above the armour belt and penetrated to a storeroom where, in Spee's words, "the creature just lay there as a kind of greeting." Another struck a funnel. In return, "Scharnhorst" had managed at least 35 hits on "Good Hope", but at the expense of 422 shells, leaving her with 350. Four shells had struck "Gneisenau", one of which nearly flooded the officers' wardroom. A shell from "Glasgow" struck her aft turret and temporarily knocked it out. Three of "Gneisenau"s men were wounded; she expended 244 of her shells and had 528 left.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: This was Britain's first naval defeat since the Battle of Lake Champlain in the War of 1812 and the first of a British naval squadron since the Battle of Grand Port in 1810. Once news of the defeat reached the Admiralty, a new naval force was assembled under Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee, including the battlecruisers and her sister-ship . This found and destroyed Spee's force at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: "Glasgow", having escaped the battle, steamed south for three days at , passing through the Straits of Magellan. "Canopus"—warned by "Glasgow"s messages—turned about and headed back at the best speed she could manage, . On 6 November, the two ships met and proceeded slowly towards the Falklands. Twice during the voyage "Canopus" had to report that she was not under control. After coaling, both ships were ordered north but again "Canopus" broke down. She was finally ordered to be beached in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, where she could serve as a defensive battery.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: "Otranto" steamed out into the Pacific Ocean before turning south and rounding Cape Horn. On 4 November the Admiralty issued orders for the surviving ships to go to the Abrolhos Rocks, where a new force was being assembled. Rear-Admiral Archibald Stoddart, with the armoured cruisers and , were to meet them there and await the arrival of "Defence". Sturdee was ordered to travel with the battlecruisers and —then attached to the Grand Fleet in the North Sea—to command a new squadron with clear superiority over Spee.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: Despite his victory, Spee was pessimistic about his own chances of survival and dismissive with regard to the harm done to the British navy. The official explanation of the defeat as presented to the House of Commons by Winston Churchill was: "feeling he could not bring the enemy immediately to action as long as he kept with "Canopus", he decided to attack them with his fast ships alone, in the belief that even if he himself were destroyed... he would inflict damage on them which ...would lead to their certain subsequent destruction."


title: Battle of Coronel

text: On 3 November "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg" entered Valparaiso harbour to a welcome by the German population. Spee refused to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave". He was to die with most of the men on his ships on 8 December 1914, at the Battle of the Falkland Islands.


title: Battle of Coronel

text: The Coronel Memorial Library at Royal Roads Military College, now Royal Roads University in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, was named in honour of the four Canadian midshipmen who perished in HMS "Good Hope" at the Battle of Coronel. In 1989 a memorial to those who perished in the battle was erected in the Plaza 21 de Mayo ("21st May Square") at Coronel, Chile. Along with two plaques depicting HMS "Good Hope" and HMS "Monmouth", it has a central dedication plaque (in Spanish) which reads


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Spring Awakening () (also translated as "Spring's Awakening" and "The Awakening of Spring") is the German dramatist Frank Wedekind's first major play and a foundational work in the modern history of theatre. It was written sometime between autumn 1890 and spring 1891, but did not receive its first performance until 20 November 1906 when it premiered at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin under the direction of Max Reinhardt. It carries the sub-title "A Children's Tragedy". The play criticises perceived problems in the sexually oppressive culture of nineteenth century ("Fin de siècle") Germany and offers a vivid dramatisation of the erotic fantasies that can breed in such an environment. Due to its controversial subject matter, the play has often been banned or censored.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: During an argument over the length of her skirt, Wendla Bergmann confides to her mother that she sometimes thinks about death. When she asks her mother if that is sinful, her mother avoids the question. Wendla jokes that she may one day wear nothing underneath the long dress.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: After school Melchior Gabor and Moritz Stiefel engage in small talk, before both confiding that they have recently been tormented by sexual dreams and thoughts. Melchior knows about the mechanics of sexual reproduction, but Moritz is woefully ignorant and proposes several hypothetical techniques (such as having brothers and sisters share beds, or sleeping on a firm bed) that might prevent his future children from being as tense and frightened as he is. As an atheist, Melchior blames religion for Moritz's fears. Before departing, Melchior insists Moritz come over to his house for tea, where Melchior will show him diagrams and journals with which he will teach Moritz about life. Moritz leaves hastily, embarrassed.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Martha, Thea, and Wendla, cold and wet from a recent storm, walk down the street and talk about how Melchior and the other boys are playing in the raging river. Melchior can swim, and the girls find his athletic prowess attractive. After Wendla offers to cut Martha's hair after noticing her braid has come undone, Martha confesses that her father savagely beats her for trivial things (e.g., wearing ribbons on her dress) and sometimes sexually abuses her. The three girls are united by the fact that they do not know why they seem to disappoint their parents so much these days. Melchior walks by; Wendla and Thea swoon. They remark on how beautiful he is and how pathetic his friend Moritz is, although Martha admits finding Moritz sensitive and attractive.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: As the boys watch from the schoolyard, Moritz sneaks into the principal's office to look at his academic files. Because the next classroom only holds 60 pupils, Moritz must rank at least 60th in his class in order to remain at school (a requisite he is unsure he can manage). Fortunately, Moritz safely returns, euphoric: he and Ernst Robel are tied academically—the next quarter will determine who will be expelled. Melchior congratulates Moritz, who says that, had there been no hope, he would have shot himself.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Wendla encounters Melchior in the forest. Melchior asks why she pays visits to the poor if they do not give her pleasure, to which Wendla answers that enjoyment is not the point, and after recounting a dream she had where she was an abused, destitute child, Wendla tells Melchior about Martha's family situation. Wendla, shameful that she has never been struck once in her life, asks Melchior to show her how it feels. He hits her with a switch, but not very hard, provoking Wendla to yell at him to hit her harder. Suddenly overcome, Melchior violently beats her with his fists and then runs off crying.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Days later, Moritz has grown weary from fear of flunking out. Seeking help, he goes to Melchior's house to study "Faust". There, he is comforted by Melchior's kind mother, who disapproves of reading "Faust" before adulthood. After she leaves, Melchior complains about those who disapprove of discussing sexuality. While Moritz idolizes femininity, Melchior admits that he hates thinking about sex from the girl's viewpoint.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Wendla asks her mother to tell her about "the stork," causing her mother to become suddenly evasive. Anxious, she tells Wendla that women have children when they are married and in love.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: One day, Wendla finds Melchior in a hayloft as a thunderstorm strikes. He kisses her, and insists that love is a "charade". Melchior rapes Wendla as she pleads with him to stop, having no knowledge of sexual intercourse or what is happening. She later wanders her garden, distraught, begging God for someone who would explain everything to her.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Despite great effort, Moritz's schoolwork does not improve and he is expelled. Disgraced and hopeless, he appeals to Melchior's mother, Mrs. Gabor, for money with which he can escape to America, but she refuses. Aware that Moritz is contemplating suicide, Mrs. Gabor writes Moritz a letter in which she asserts he is not a failure, in spite of whatever judgment society has passed upon him. Nonetheless, Moritz has been transformed into a physical and emotional wreck, blaming both himself and his parents for not better preparing him for the world. Alone, he meets Ilse, a former friend who ran away to the city to live a Bohemian life with several fiery, passionate lovers. She offers to take Moritz in, but he rejects her offer. After she leaves, Moritz shoots himself.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: After an investigation, the professors at the school hold that the primary cause of Moritz's suicide was an essay on sexuality that Melchior wrote for him. Refusing to let Melchior defend himself, the authorities roundly expel him. At Moritz's funeral, the adults call Moritz's suicide selfish and blasphemous; Moritz's father disowns him. The children come by later and pay their own respects. As they all depart, Ilse divulges to Martha that she found Moritz's corpse and hid the pistol he used to kill himself.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Mrs. Gabor is the only adult who believes Melchior and Moritz committed no wrongdoing, and that Melchior was made into a scapegoat. Mr. Gabor, however, brands his son's actions as depraved. He shows her a letter that Melchior wrote to Wendla, confessing his remorse over "sinning against her". Upon recognizing Melchior's handwriting, she breaks down. They decide to put Melchior in a reformatory. There, several students intercept a letter from Wendla; aroused, they masturbate as Melchior leans against the window, haunted by Wendla and the memory of Moritz.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Wendla suddenly falls ill. A doctor prescribes pills, but after he leaves, Wendla's mother informs her of the true cause of her sickness: pregnancy. She condemns Wendla for her sins. Wendla is helpless and confused, since she never loved Melchior, and she yells at her mother for not teaching her properly. An abortion provider arrives. Meanwhile, back at school, Hanschen Rilow and Ernst Robel share a kiss and confess their homosexuality to each other.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: In November, an escaped Melchior hides in a cemetery where he discovers Wendla's tombstone, which attests that she died of anemia. There, he is visited by Moritz's ghost, who is missing part of his head. Moritz explains that, in death, he has learned more and lived more than in his tortured life on earth. Melchior is almost seduced into traveling with Moritz into death, but a mysterious figure called the Masked Man intervenes. Moritz confesses that death, in fact, is unbearable; he only wanted to have Melchior as a companion again. The Masked Man informs Melchior that Wendla died of an unnecessary abortion, and that he has appeared to teach him the truth about life in order to rescue him from death. Melchior and Moritz bid each other farewell as the cryptic figure guides Melchior away.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Due to heavy subject matters such as puberty, sexuality, rape, child abuse, homosexuality, suicide, teenage pregnancy, and abortion, the play has often been banned or censored.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Anarchist Emma Goldman praised the play's portrayal of childhood and sexuality in her 1914 treatise "The Social Significance of the Modern Drama".


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: Camilla Eibenschütz played Wendla in the 1906 Berlin production. It was first staged in English in 1917 in New York City. This performance was threatened with closure when the city's Commissioner of Licenses claimed that the play was pornographic, but a New York trial court issued an injunction to allow the production to proceed. One matinee performance was allowed for a limited audience. "The New York Times" deemed it a "tasteless production of a badly translated version [of] the first and most celebrated play by the brilliant Frank Wedekind." The production at the 39th Street Theatre starred Sidney Carlyle, Fania Marinoff and Geoffrey C. Stein. Drama critic Heywood Broun panned the production but singled out Stein as giving "the worst performance we have ever seen on any stage."


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: There was a 1955 off-Broadway production at the Provincetown Playhouse. It was also produced in 1978 by Joseph Papp, directed by Liviu Ciulei.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: The play was produced several times in England, even before the abolition of theatre censorship. In 1963, it ran, but for only two nights and in censored form. The first uncensored version was in May 1974 at the Old Vic, under the direction of Peter Hall. The National Theatre Company took a cut-down version to the Birmingham Repertory Theatre that summer. Kristine Landon-Smith, who later founded the Tamasha Theatre Company, produced "Spring Awakening" at the Young Vic in 1985. The play has been produced in London, in Scotland, and at universities since then.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: The play was adapted into a 1924 Austrian silent film "Spring Awakening" directed by Luise Fleck and Jacob Fleck, and a 1929 Czech-German silent film "Spring Awakening" directed by Richard Oswald.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: In 1995 English poet Ted Hughes was commissioned by the Royal Shakespeare Company to write a new translation of the play.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: National Book Award-winning novelist Jonathan Franzen published an updated translation of the play in 2007. English playwright Anya Reiss wrote an adaptation which the Headlong theatre company took on a tour of Britain in the spring of 2014.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: A musical adaptation of the play opened off-Broadway in 2006 and subsequently moved to Broadway, where it garnered eight Tony Awards, including Best Musical. It was revived in 2014 by Deaf West Theatre, which transferred to Broadway in 2015. This production included deaf and hearing actors and performed the musical in both American Sign Language and English, incorporating the 19th-century-appropriate aspects of oralism in deaf education to complement the themes of miscommunication, lack of proper sex education, and denial of voice.


title: Spring Awakening (play)

text: The play was adapted for television as "The Awakening of Spring" in 2008, under the direction of Arthur Allan Seidelman. It starred Jesse Lee Soffer, Javier Picayo, and Carrie Wiita. In 2008 episodes of the Australian soap opera "Home and Away", the play is on the syllabus at Summer Bay High for Year 12 students and causes some controversy. The play was also adapted in 2010 by Irish playwright, Thomas Kilroy, who set the play in Ireland in the late 1940s/early 1950s. This adaptation was called "Christ Deliver Us!" and played at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin.


title: Fancy mouse

text: A fancy mouse ("Mus musculus domestica") is a domesticated form of the house mouse ("Mus musculus"), one of many mice species, usually kept as a type of pocket pet. Fancy mice have also been specially bred for exhibiting, with shows being held internationally. A pet mouse is inexpensive compared to larger pets, and even many other pet rodents, but mice are comparatively short-lived: typically only 2 to 3 years.


title: Fancy mouse

text: The term "fancy mouse" is used to describe a mouse that has been selectively bred for exhibition. Wild-caught specimens that become docile and are bred for many generations still fall under the "fancy" type. Fancy mice can vary greatly in size, from small pet mice that are approximately long from nose to the proximal start of the tail, to show mice that measure nose to tail. Pet mice weigh about but large show mice can weigh up to .


title: Fancy mouse

text: Artificial selection in fancy mice has created numerous available fur colours. These include colours like black, chocolate, blue, white, cream, lilac, red, fawn, champagne, cinnamon, golden agouti, silver agouti, silver, and dove. Depending on its colouration, a fancy mouse may have black or pink eyes.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Fancy mice have also been bred to exhibit multiple kinds of markings. Which of these markings are standardized and what those standards are, can vary from club to club. While not a comprehensive list of fancy mouse patterns, some notable markings in fancy mice include even marked mice (white mice with even patches of colour), broken marked mice (white mice with uneven patches of colour), banded mice (coloured mice with a band of white around their midsection), rump white mice (coloured mice with a white rump), Hereford mice (coloured mice with completely white faces and a white marking on the underside, resembling Hereford cattle), and Dutch mice (white mice with a coloured rump and cheek patches, resembling a Dutch rabbit). Mice with completely coloured undersides may be referred to as tan mice (when the underside colouration is a rich orange colour) or fox mice (when the underside colouration is white or near white). Completely solid coloured mice are referred to as self mice.


title: Fancy mouse

text: In addition to colouration, fancy mice exhibit multiple different coat types, referred to as varieties. Most fancy mice fall under the Standard variety, meaning that their coat is short, straight, smooth, and close to the body. However, some may be Satin mice (coats that are similar to Standard mice, but with higher sheen), Long Hair mice (Standard or Satin coats that are longer than usual), curly or wavy haired (specific names for these varieties vary depending on club), or even hairless.


title: Fancy mouse

text: The first written reference to mice kept as pets occurs in the "Erya", the oldest extant Chinese dictionary, from a mention in an 1100 B.C. version. In Europe the breeding of fancy mice became popular through the introduction of Japanese stock in the early 17th century. By 1895, Walter Maxey founded the National Mouse Club in Victorian England, with its first official show held in Lincoln that year. Since that time, mouse clubs have formed worldwide. Shows are held so competitive breeders can display their mice, where they are judged on colour, body shape and behaviour.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Mice are kept as pets in many countries for a number of reasons: Fancy mice are relatively small, inexpensive, never need bathing, and can learn to enjoy regular handling if provided with the correct care. Female mice are popular with many owners, since they tend to co-habitate with other mice better than males. Additionally, the urine of female fancy mice does not contain as strong an odor as that of male mice. Bucks will often fight with and kill each other when housed together, despite being raised together, due to their very strong and unchangeable territorial instincts. It is difficult to house male mice together without the risk of injury to one or both males. Some people, however, prefer the personality and curiosity of male mice. It is a good idea to keep fancy mice in groups of at least two if possible, as mice are sociable animals. However, if a buck and a doe of breeding age are put in the same cage, it is possible for them to reproduce at a maximum frequency of once every three weeks. Litters of five to 18 are not unusual.


title: Fancy mouse

text: A healthy fancy mouse will live on average 18 to 30 months, depending on genetic predisposition. Like most mammals, mice are susceptible to fleas, mites, ticks, and other skin parasites, as well as intestinal parasites. The cage should be cleaned regularly, and preferably treated with anti-mite spray. Mice are particularly sensitive to drafts and may pick up colds and other flu-like conditions. Mice can also over-groom when stressed, leading to skin irritations and fur loss. Older mice (older than a year) are susceptible to tumors, especially breast cancer in females, as the mammary tissue is distributed around much of the body. Other common cancers in mice are leukemia and lymphoma. The reason that mice, as well as many other small animals get ill easier is due to their genomes containing more viruses. Persistent problems should be referred to a veterinarian, although finding a veterinarian with experience in treating mice can be difficult, however not impossible.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Like people, fancy mice can become obese if they overeat and do not get enough physical activity. This can lead to them developing life-threatening cardiovascular disorders and diabetes as well as arthritis. Activity aids such as tubes and wheels are useful for ensuring mice get enough exercise, as well as mental stimulation. Mice also love to climb, and a wire cage with horizontal bars is perfect for this. A mouse set loose for exercise should be carefully observed, as they tend to scurry into a hiding spot and can be difficult to retrieve.


title: Fancy mouse

text: As rodents, mice must gnaw to keep their incisors from growing too long. Overgrown teeth can cause occlusion (blockage) of the mouth, which in extreme cases can lead to starvation. Hard foodstuffs, small pieces of wood or specially prepared blocks can suit this purpose, although some mice can grind their teeth together ("bruxing") to keep them short. In rare cases, a mouse may not be able to gnaw effectively, either from malformed incisors or jaws, and so its teeth must be trimmed by a veterinarian.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Mice self-groom and do not need to be bathed, unless they have a skin condition which requires special treatment.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Also, like people, mice can get diarrhea. For humans in developed countries with access to clean water, this is usually not a life-threatening condition. For mice though, it can be. Once a mouse gets diarrhea, since it is so small, it can very easily lose too much liquid, causing dehydration, and die.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Mice have a rapid reproduction rate; the gestation period is approximately 19 to 23 days. The average litter size is four to 12 young. In some instances, up to 30 young have been born. However females have 10 nipples so may only feed this many pups at any one time. The pups in larger litters are often weaker, smaller animals that can weaken the doe, increasing recovery time. Litters can be humanely culled to 10-12 mice at the very most. Males can mate with the female as soon as the litter is born, which means that a female could become pregnant with another litter within three days of giving birth. Female mice should not be bred before 12 weeks or after eight months; doing so can be very dangerous, and some mice can die while giving birth. Females come into heat around every three to five days, so the pair can be kept together for up to 10 days.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Baby mice, called "pinkies" or pups, are born blind, deaf, and naked. Their eyes are closed and their ears are stuck to the sides of their heads. Mothers may eat any dead or sickly offspring. Pups begin to grow hair at 2 to 4 days. Ears open at 3 to 5 days, and the pups will start vocalising. Eyes open at 14 days, and the pups will start exploring the world around them. At 3 weeks old, they look like miniature versions of adult mice. At 4 weeks the males in the litter should be removed, lest they impregnate their mother and sisters, while the females can be left with the mother.


title: Fancy mouse

text: There are several clubs all over the world who host shows for mice, similar to rat shows. Shows are most commonly held in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia. Clubs include the FMBA (Fancy Mouse Breeders' Association) and AFRMA (American Fancy Rat and Mouse Association) in the United States and NMC (National Mouse Club) in the United Kingdom.


title: Fancy mouse

text: A quote from the NMC describes the ideal mouse body type for showing: "The mouse must be long on body with long clean head, not too fine or pointed at the nose, the eyes should be large, bold and prominent. The ears large and tulip shaped, free from creases, carried erect with plenty of width between them. The body should be long and slim, a trifle arched over the loin and racy in appearance; the tail, which must be free from kinks should come well out of the back and be thick at the root or set-on, gradually tapering like a whip lash to a fine end, the length being about equal to that of the mouse's body. Unless the variety standard states otherwise, the coat should be short perfectly smooth, glossy and sleek to the hand. The mouse should be perfectly tractable and free from any vice and not subject to fits or other similar ailments. A mouse with absence of whiskers, blind in one or both eyes, carrying external parasites, having a tumor, sore or legs with fur missing, suffering from any obvious disease or deformity or kinked tail shall be disqualified."


title: Fancy mouse

text: A cage with wire bars and plastic flooring is the most common type of housing. A span between cage bars of less than prevents young mice from attempting to escape by forcing themselves through the bars, where they may get stuck. This can also help prevent predatory pets such as cats, dogs, arthropods, snakes, and other carnivores from killing and eating the mice.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Mice are naturally cautious of rats, who may kill and consume them. This behaviour is known as muricide (cf. Muricidal test). The mouse cage should be cleaned every week to prevent odour and disinfected only if a mouse has been unwell to prevent infection and disease. In the wild, mice are able to co-exist with other small rodent species. Compared with larger mammals, the mouse's small body makes it difficult to regulate body temperature effectively. Thus, drafts and large fluctuations in temperature can adversely affect the health of mice.


title: Fancy mouse

text: The best products for use in cage bedding are aspen wood shavings. Paper-pulp-based products are also available, as well as a variety of recycled products, though newspaper products may contain inks, dyes and other chemicals from the paper making process. Cedar and pine, even kiln-dried, should not be used as they release aromatic oils that damage the respiratory system and can cause or exacerbate chronic respiratory disease. Recent research suggests that paper-pulp bedding may allow very high concentrations of ammonia to build up in cages, especially those with little ventilation. Small hideaways and toys (such as a cardboard tube) are good to have in the cage. Commercial toys are also available. Mice love to run on a wheel, which provides stimulation as well as exercise.


title: Fancy mouse

text: In the U.K., most show breeders keep their mice in wooden boxes measuring about by by , although there has been increasing use of plastic storage boxes.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Food for fancy mice can range from specially formulated feed mix to kitchen scraps. Carrot, spinach, lettuce and other vegetables are often enjoyed by mice but should be given sparingly as such foods can result in diarrhoea and life-threatening dehydration. Bread crumbs, wheat and rice can also be good for mice. Laboratories keeping mice as experimental subjects almost uniformly use a product called lab block, a scientifically formulated blend originally designed for mice in laboratories. In order to keep variety in their diets, mice can also eat oats, oily seeds, clean eggshell, breakfast cereal, and stale bread. Fruit and vegetables are part of a more natural and healthful diet. Some owners give it to them as a treat after they do a trick. Mice often chew wood and other hard substances, which keeps their teeth from growing too long. As mice and rats have similar diets, some pet mouse owners choose to feed them rat food. Although it is common practice to feed premixed diets designed for other rodents, for the longevity and health of the animal it is best to feed mouse-targeted diets. Diets for hamsters, for instance, are known to contain higher protein than what is required for mice or rats.


title: Fancy mouse

text: House mice primarily feed on plant matter, but they will also accept meat and dairy products. Meats are full of protein and are good for pregnant or nursing mice. They will drink water, but require little of it, relying mainly on the moisture present in their food. If a water source is provided, then a gravity bottle feeder is necessary for maintaining the cleanliness of the water supply. They will eat their feces to acquire nutrients produced by bacteria in their intestines, a behavior they share with rabbits and guinea pigs called coprophagy. House mice, like other rodents, do not vomit.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Although mice are small animals and care must be taken to avoid injury, they are also surprisingly robust and inquisitive. Once out of the cage many enjoy running along their owners' arms, investigating pockets, or just sitting on the owner's lap and grooming. Some mice also tolerate gentle petting. Care must be taken, as mice have poor eyesight and may try to lean too far over an edge and fall. Care must especially be taken when being handled by small children, as they may be overly rough. Fancy mice very rarely bite except when hurt or very frightened. Biting behaviour may result from improper handling, as they are generally considered non-aggressive. Mice, especially males who are wild and territorial, have a greater likelihood of biting unfamiliar people.


title: Fancy mouse

text: Unfortunately, mice cannot be house trained and will often defecate and urinate while first being handled, especially if they are nervous. The feces of a healthy mouse consist of a relatively innocuous solid pellet a few millimetres long. However, their urine is often pungent, particularly with males, and can stain fabric.


title: Coba

text: Coba () is an ancient Maya city on the Yucatán Peninsula, located in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. The site is the nexus of the largest network of stone causeways of the ancient Maya world, and it contains many engraved and sculpted stelae that document ceremonial life and important events of the Late Classic Period (AD 600–900) of Mesoamerican civilization. The adjacent modern village bearing the same name, reported a population of 1,278 inhabitants in the 2010 Mexican federal census.


title: Coba

text: The ruins of Coba lie 47 km (approx. 29 mi) northwest of Tulum, in the State of Quintana Roo, Mexico. The geographical coordinates of Coba Group (main entrance for tourist area of the archaeological site) are North 19° 29.6’ and West 87° 43.7’. The archaeological zone is reached by a two-kilometer branch from the asphalt road connecting Tulum with Nuevo Xcán (a community of Lázaro Cárdenas, another municipality of Quintana Roo) on the Valladolid to Cancún highway.


title: Coba

text: Coba is located around two lagoons, Lake Coba and Lake Macanxoc. A series of elevated stone and plaster roads radiate from the central site to various smaller sites near and far. These are known by the Maya term "sacbe" (plural "sacbeob") or white road. Some of these causeways go east, and the longest runs over westward to the site of Yaxuna. The site contains a group of large temple pyramids known as the "Nohoch Mul", the tallest of which, Ixmoja, is some in height. Ixmoja is among the tallest pyramids on the Yucatán peninsula, exceeded by Calakmul at .


title: Coba

text: Coba was estimated to have had some 50,000 inhabitants (and possibly significantly more) at its peak of civilization, and the built up area extends over some 80 km. The site was occupied by a sizable agricultural population by the first century. The bulk of Coba's major construction seems to have been made in the middle and late Classic period, about 500 to 900 AD, with most of the dated hieroglyphic inscriptions from the 7th century (see Mesoamerican Long Count calendar). However, Coba remained an important site in the Post-Classic era and new temples were built and old ones kept in repair until at least the 14th century, possibly as late as the arrival of the Spanish.


title: Coba

text: The Mayan site of Coba was set up with multiple residential areas that consisted of around 15 houses in clusters. All clusters were connected by sacbeobs, or elevated walkways.


title: Coba

text: Six major linear features were found at the Coba site. The first feature that was often found at Coba was the platforms that were connecting the clusters to the sacbeobs. These were found at almost every single cluster of houses. Single or doubled faced features that were found around the majority of the household clusters. These were often linked to the platforms that led to the sacbeobs. A lot of features found tended to connect to something or lead to something but the other end was left open-ended. Coba has many features that are platforms or on platforms. The last major linear feature that was constantly found was sacbeob-like paths that were someway associated with natural resources of the area.


title: Coba

text: Cobá lies in the tropics, subject to alternating wet and dry seasons which, on average, differ somewhat from those in the rest of the northern peninsula, where the rainy season generally runs from June through October and the dry season from November through May. At Cobá, rain can occur in almost any time of the year, but there is a short dry period in February and March, and a concentration of rain from September through November.


title: Coba

text: Sacbeob (Maya plural of sacbe), or sacbes, were very common at the Coba site. They are raised pathways, usually stone paths at this site, that connected the clusters of residential areas to the main center of the site and the water sources. These paths were the connecting points to most areas of the Coba site and the major features discovered and preserved. Sacbeobs were the main reason why maps of Coba could be created. The sacbeobs were one of the ways anthropologists figured out how to excavate the site and transect the area. The sacbes also were used by the anthropologists to help determine the size of Coba. Although the Maya used wheels in artifacts such as toys, anthropologists note that without indigenous animals suitable for draft, they did not implement the wheel for transportation of goods or people.


title: Coba

text: Archaeological evidence indicates that Cobá was first settled between 50 BC and 100 AD. At that time, there was a town with buildings of wood and palm fronds and flat platforms. The only archaeological evidence of the time are fragments of pottery. After 100 AD, the area around Coba evidenced strong population growth, and with it an increase in its social and political status among Maya city states which would ultimately make Coba one of the biggest and most powerful city states in the northern Yucatán area. Between 201 and 601 AD, Coba must have dominated a vast area, including the north of the state of Quintana Roo and areas in the east of the state of Yucatán. This power resided in its control of large swaths of farmland, control over trading routes, and — critically for a Maya city — control over ample water resources. Among the trading routes, Coba probably controlled ports like Xel Há.


title: Coba

text: Coba must have maintained close contacts with the large city states of Guatemala and the south of Campeche like Tikal, Dzibanche, or Calakmul. To maintain its influence, Coba must have established military alliances and arranged marriages among their elites. It is quite noteworthy that Coba shows traces of Teotihuacan architecture, like a platform in the Paintings group that was explored in 1999, which would attest of the existence of contacts with the central Mexican cultures and its powerful city of the early Classic epoch. Stelae uncovered at Coba are believed to document that Coba had many women as rulers, Ajaw.


title: Coba

text: After 600 AD, the emergence of powerful city states of the Puuc culture and the emergence of Chichén Itzá altered the political spectrum in the Yucatán peninsula and began eroding the dominance of Coba. Beginning around 900 or 1000 AD, Coba must have begun a lengthy power struggle with Chichén Itzá, with the latter dominating at the end as it gained control of key cities such as Yaxuná. After 1000 AD, Coba lost much of its political weight among city states, although it maintained some symbolic and religious importance. This allowed it to maintain or recover some status, which is evidenced by the new buildings dating to the time 1200-1500 AD, now built in the typical Eastern coastal style. However, power centers and trading routes had moved to the coast, forcing cities like Coba into a secondary status, although somewhat more successful than its more ephemeral enemy Chichén Itzá. Coba was abandoned at the time the Spanish conquered the peninsula around 1550.


title: Coba

text: The names of fourteen leaders, including a woman named Yopaat, who ruled Cobá between AD 500 and 780, were ascertained in 2020.


title: Coba

text: The first mention of Coba in print is due to John Lloyd Stephens where he mentioned hearing reports of the site in 1842 from the cura (priest or vicar in Spanish) of Chemax, but it was so distant from any known modern road or village that he decided the difficulty in trying to get there was too daunting and returned to his principal target of exploring Tulum instead. For much of the rest of the 19th century the area could not be visited by outsiders due to the Caste War of Yucatán, the notable exception was Juan Peón Contreras (also used the nom de plume Contreras Elizalde) who was then director of the Museum of Yucatán. He made the arduous journey in September 1882, and is now remembered for the four naive pen-and-ink sketches that he made at the ruins (prints made from them exist in the Peabody Museum and in the collection of Raúl Pavón Abreu in Campeche). Teoberto Maler paid Coba a short visit in 1893 and took at least one photograph, but did not publish at the time and the site remained unknown to the archeological community.


title: Coba

text: Amateur explorer (and successful writer of popular books wherein he described his adventures and discoveries among Maya ruins) Dr. Thomas Gann was brought to the site by some local Maya hunters in February 1926. Gann published the first first-hand description of the ruins later the same year. Dr. Gann gave a short description to the archeologists of the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) project at Chichen Itza, he spoke of the large mounds he had sighted, but not visited for lack of time, lying to the northeast of the main group. It was to examine these that Alfred Kidder and J. Eric S. Thompson went for a two-day inspection of the site in March. Two months later Thompson was again at Coba, forming with Jean Charlot the third CIW expedition. On this trip their guide, Carmen Chai, showed them the "Macanxoc Group", a discovery that led to the departure of a fourth expedition, since Sylvanus Morley wanted Thompson to show him the new stelae. Eric Thompson made a number of return visits to the site through 1932, the same year he published a detailed description.


title: Coba

text: In 1948 two graduate students in archaeology, William and Michael Coe, visited Coba, intent on seeking the terminus of Sacbe 15. They were unaware that E. Wyllys Andrews IV already reported it ten years prior. In an editor's note following their report Thompson blames himself as editor for failing to detect the repetition of prior work in their contribution, while excusing the young authors for ignorance of a paper published in a foreign journal. But the Coes reported the previously unknown Sacbes 18 and 19 and mapped the large mound at the terminus of Sacbe 17, which they named Pech Mul (they were unlucky again in failing to complete their circuit of its platform, or they might have discovered the sacbe leading out of it, no. 21).


title: Coba

text: The site remained little visited due to its remoteness until the first modern road was opened up to Coba in the early 1970s. As a major resort was planned for Cancún, it was realized that clearing and restoring some of the large site could make it an important tourist attraction. The Mexican National Institute of Anthropology & History (INAH) began some archeological excavations in 1972 directed by Carlos Navarrete, and consolidated a couple of buildings. Expectations of new discoveries were borne out when El Cono (Structure D-6) and Grupo Las Pinturas came to light, among other features. In the same year, much of Grupo Coba was cleared on the instructions of Raúl Pavón Abreu; not even its tall ramón trees were spared.


title: Coba

text: In 1975 a branch road from the asphalted highway being built from Tulum to Nuevo X-Can reached Coba (the road engineers heeded objections by archaeologists and abandoned their original plan of incorporating Sacbe 3 in the roadbed). A project camp was built in 1973, and in 1974 the Project Coba proper, under the auspices of the Regional Center of the Southeast of INAH was able to begin its operations. During the three-year existence of the project, portions of the site were cleared and structures excavated and consolidated, (the Castillo and the Pinturas Group by Peniche; the Iglesia by Benavides and Jaime Garduño; El Cono by Benavides and Fernando Robles); the sacbes were investigated by Folan and by Benavides, who added 26 to the list of 19 previously known; the ceramics from test pits and trenches were studied by Robles; and Jaime Garduño surveyed two transects of the site, one of 10 km north–south and another of 5 km east–west.


title: Coba

text: At the start of the 1980s another road to Coba was opened up and paved, and a regular bus service begun. Coba became a tourist destination shortly thereafter, with many visitors flocking to the site on day trips from Cancún and the Riviera Maya. Only a small portion of the site has been cleared from the jungle and restored by archaeologists.


title: Coba

text: In the past, the people of Coba had traded extensively with other Mayan communities, particularly the ones further south along the Caribbean coast in what is now Belize and Honduras. It utilized the ports of Xcaret, Xel-Há, Tankah, Muyil, and Tulum as well as the many sacbeob that sprout from this cultural center. Typical items of trade of the Maya of this area were: salt, fish, squash, yams, corn, honey, beans, turkey, vegetables, chocolate drinks and raw materials such as limestone, marble, and jade. There was specialization in different areas on the site which were because of who was living and working where and what their trade was. Almost all of the commerce was controlled by wealthy merchants. These merchants used cacao beans for currency, and the beans had a fixed market price. Today's economy is based on the rising popularity of tourism to the archaeological site.


title: Coba

text: The archaeological site of Coba received 702,749 visitors in 2017. One of Coba's main attractions is the Ancient Pyramid which, unlike Chichen Itza's Kukulkan Pyramid, was still open for the public to climb its 130 steps up to the top of the site (prior to being closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic).


title: Coba

text: There are also three hotels, one campsite and seven restaurants scattered throughout the site and there is a small pueblo near the ruins, with some restaurants and small shops selling local crafts.


title: Coba

text: Outlined are the important artifacts and structures that can be viewed and experienced within the ruins of Coba:


title: Coba

text: Considered a tropical savanna climate typically with a pronounced dry season. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Aw" (Tropical Savanna Climate).


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: The Burgman series of scooters (known in Japan as Skywave) is produced by Suzuki with engine capacities from 125 cc up to 638 cc.


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: Launched in 1998, the original model line-up consisted of the AN250 and AN400Y models. In 2002 the AN250 was dropped, replaced by the European-legislation compliant for learner-license purposes UH125. However, the AN250 continued to be released in other countries. The UH prefix was used on this model due to a current model of non Burgman heritage still being produced. This is the AN125 and bears no resemblance nor lineage with the Burgman series.


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: In 2002, the fuel injected AN2 series was launched in UH125, AN400 and AN650 (L2) variants. With a redesigned fairing package allowing for better lighting, more storage capacity and 1litre more fuel capacity, there was also the option for ABS on the AN400 and AN650 models. The AN400 was available in USA markets in 2002 and the following year the AN650 (L3) came to USA. Changes to the eCVT and computer on the AN650 (L5) in 2005.


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: In 2004, Suzuki launched an up-market AN650A Executive (Non-USA), which involved a full ABS and accessories package.


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: 2005-2006? Burgman 400S became available, featured chrome handle bars, a lower sport like bike windshield, and white and red gauges


title: Suzuki Burgman

text: Suzuki has made a hydrogen fuel cell-electric hybrid scooter called the Suzuki Burgman fuel cell scooter. It received "whole vehicle type" approval in the EU.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: Greg Alexander James Stewart (born 17 March 1990) is a Scottish professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Indian Super League club Mumbai City.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: He has previously played for Scottish clubs Cowdenbeath, Dundee, Aberdeen, Kilmarnock and Rangers, as well as for Birmingham City of the EFL Championship and Jamshedpur of the Indian Super League.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: Stewart started his footballing career at Rangers' Academy and played there until he was 13. He then played in the Hearts youth system, but was released due to his height. He then trained with Falkirk and Stirling Albion for almost a year, before joining Syngenta Amateurs in 2007.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: In July 2010, Stewart signed with Cowdenbeath of the Scottish First Division. He made his league debut on 7 August, in a 2–0 home loss against Ross County. On 6 November, he scored his first professional goal. He finished the season as the club's top scorer with nine goals.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 7 April 2014, it was confirmed that Stewart had signed a pre-contract agreement with Dundee and would join the club upon the expiry of his Cowdenbeath contract. He scored on his debut as Dundee beat Peterhead 4–0 in the first round of the Scottish League Cup on 2 August 2014. In January 2015, he signed a new contract until 2017. Stewart was named as SPFL Player of the Month for January 2015, after scoring five goals in seven matches during the month. He was named as one of four players on the shortlist for the 2014–15 PFA Scotland Players' Player of the Year award, and was nominated for a second consecutive season in April 2016.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: Having rejected an extension, Stewart began the last year of his Dundee contract with six goals in three League Cup matches, amid rumours linking him with a move to other SPFL clubs or to the English Championship.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 12 August 2016, Stewart signed a three-year contract with Birmingham City; the fee was officially undisclosed, but reported by the Dundee "Evening Telegraph" as an initial £500,000, potentially rising to more than £1 million. Stewart made his debut as a late substitute in a 1–1 draw with Wigan Athletic on 16 August, and continued off the bench until making what the "Birmingham Mail" dubbed a deserved first start in an unusually attacking lineup at home to Preston North End. His team came back from 2–0 down to draw, and Stewart's own performance was ineffective. He had a run of four starts in December, after Gianfranco Zola had replaced Gary Rowett as manager, but ended the season as a fringe player, with 21 league appearances, of which 6 were in the starting eleven, without scoring.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 27 June 2017, Stewart signed for Aberdeen of the Scottish Premiership on loan for the 2017–18 season. He made 34 appearances and scored three goals in all competitions for the club. Stewart was loaned to Kilmarnock, also of the Scottish Premiership, in August 2018. He scored on his debut after "a run from half way that ended with an exquisite chip over the goalkeeper" to clinch a 2–0 win away to his former club Aberdeen, and scored again in his second match, albeit in a losing cause away to Hibernian. Stewart scored eight goals in 16 appearances for Kilmarnock in the first part of the 2018–19 season, which helped them into third place in the league.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: Birmingham City opted to recall Stewart from his loan to Kilmarnock in January 2019, and then loaned him to Aberdeen again, until the end of the season. He went straight into the starting eleven for the following day's Scottish Cup match, played the whole match, and shot against the crossbar from , as Aberdeen drew 1–1 at home to third-tier Stenhousemuir. He ended the season with two goals from 20 appearances in all competitions (one from 15 in the league).


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 13 June 2019, Rangers announced that Stewart had joined the Scottish Premiership club on a two-year contract. Stewart was a free agent with his contract at Birmingham City allowed to expire. He made his competitive debut for Rangers on 9 July 2019 in a 4–0 win over St Joseph's of Gibraltar in the first leg of the first qualifying round of the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: After he won the Scottish Premiership title with the club, Rangers officially announced Stewart's departure in June 2021 and thanked him for his contributions.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 12 September 2021, Indian Super League club Jamshedpur announced that Stewart had joined the team on a one-year deal.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: On 14 December, Stewart scored a hat-trick against Odisha FC in their 4–0 win. Later on 26 December, he scored a "stunning" long-range, bending free kick in a 1–1 draw against Kerala Blasters. He finished the season with ten goals and ten assists, and was named Indian Super League Hero of the League for 2021–22.


title: Greg Stewart (footballer)

text: In July 2022, Indian Super League club Mumbai City announced the arrival of Stewart on a two-year deal. On 18 August, he scored a penalty on his debut for the club against Indian Navy in the Durand Cup, which ended in a 4–1 win. Stewart scored a hat-trick in the Durand Cup quarter-finals against Chennaiyin.


title: Mass wasting

text: Mass wasting, also known as mass movement, is a general term for the movement of rock or soil down slopes under the force of gravity. It differs from other processes of erosion in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. Types of mass wasting include creep, solifluction, rockfalls, debris flows, and landslides, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth, Mars, Venus, Jupiter's moons Io, and on many other bodies in the Solar System.


title: Mass wasting

text: Subsidence is sometimes regarded as a form of mass wasting. A distinction is then made between mass wasting by subsidence, which involves little horizontal movement, and mass wasting by slope movement.


title: Mass wasting

text: Rapid mass wasting events, such as landslides, can be deadly and destructive. More gradual mass wasting, such as soil creep, poses challenges to civil engineering, as creep can deform roadways and structures and break pipelines. Mitigation methods include slope stabilization, construction of walls, catchment dams, or other structures to contain rockfall or debris flows, afforestation, or improved drainage of source areas.


title: Mass wasting

text: Mass wasting is a general term for any process of erosion that is driven by gravity and in which the transported soil and rock is not entrained in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. The presence of water usually aids mass wasting, but the water is not abundant enough to be regarded as a transporting medium. Thus, the distinction between mass wasting and stream erosion lies between a mudflow (mass wasting) and a very muddy stream (stream erosion), without a sharp dividing line. Many forms of mass wasting are recognized, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years.


title: Mass wasting

text: Based on how the soil, regolith or rock moves downslope as a whole, mass movements can be broadly classified as either creeps or landslides. Subsidence is sometimes also regarded as a form of mass wasting. A distinction is then made between mass wasting by subsidence, which involves little horizontal movement, and mass wasting by slope movement.


title: Mass wasting

text: Soil creep is a slow and long term mass movement. The combination of small movements of soil or rock in different directions over time is directed by gravity gradually downslope. The steeper the slope, the faster the creep. The creep makes trees and shrubs curve to maintain their perpendicularity, and they can trigger landslides if they lose their root footing. The surface soil can migrate under the influence of cycles of freezing and thawing, or hot and cold temperatures, inching its way towards the bottom of the slope forming terracettes. Landslides are often preceded by soil creep accompanied with soil sloughing — loose soil that falls and accumulates at the base of the steepest creep sections.


title: Mass wasting

text: Solifluction is a form of creep characteristics of arctic or alpine climates. It takes place in soil saturated with moisture that thaws during the summer months to creep downhill. It takes place on moderate slopes, relatively free of vegetation, that are underlain by permafrost and receive a constant supply of new debris by weathering. Solifluction affects the entire slope rather than being confined to channels and can produce terrace-like landforms or stone rivers.


title: Mass wasting

text: A landslide, also called a landslip, is a relatively rapid movement of a large mass of earth and rocks down a hill or a mountainside. Landslides can be further classified by the importance of water in the mass wasting process. In a narrow sense, landslides are rapid movement of large amounts of relatively dry debris down moderate to steep slopes. With increasing water content, the mass wasting takes the form of debris avalanches, then earthflows, then mudflows. Further increase in water content produces a sheetflood, which is a form of sheet erosion rather than mass wasting.


title: Mass wasting

text: On Earth, mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes. Submarine mass wasting is particularly common along glaciated coastlines where glaciers are retreating and great quantities of sediments are being released. Submarine slides can transport huge volumes of sediments for hundreds of kilometers in a few hours.


title: Mass wasting

text: Mass wasting is a common phenomenon throughout the Solar System, occurring where volatile materials are lost from a regolith. Such mass wasting has been observed on Mars, Io, Triton, and possibly Europa and Ganymede. Mass wasting also occurs in the equatorial regions of Mars, where stopes of soft sulfate-rich sediments are steepened by wind erosion. Mass wasting on Venus is associated with the rugged terrain of tesserae. Io shows extensive mass wasting of its volcanic mountains.


title: Mass wasting

text: Mass wasting affects geomorphology, most often in subtle, small-scale ways, but occasionally more spectacularly.


title: Mass wasting

text: Soil creep is rarely apparent but can produce such subtle effects as curved forest growth and tilted fences and telephone poles. It occasionally produces low scarps and shallow depressions. Solifluction produced lobed or sheetlike deposits, with fairly definite edges, in which clasts (rock fragments) are oriented perpendicular to the contours of the deposit.


title: Mass wasting

text: Rockfall can produce talus slopes at the feet of cliffs. A more dramatic manifestation of rockfall is rock glaciers, which form from rockfall from cliffs oversteepened by glaciers.


title: Mass wasting

text: Landslides can produce scarps and step-like small terraces. Landslide deposits are poorly sorted. Those rich in clay may show stretched clay lumps (a phenomenon called boudinage) and zones of concentrated shear.


title: Mass wasting

text: Debris flow deposits take the form of long, narrow tracks of very poorly sorted material. These may have natural levees at the sides of the tracks, and sometimes consist of lenses of rock fragments alternating with lenses of fine-grained earthy material. Debris flows often form much of the upper slopes of alluvial fans.


title: Mass wasting

text: Triggers for mass wasting can be divided into passive and activating (initiating) causes. Passive causes include:


title: Mass wasting

text: Mass wasting causes problems for civil engineering, particularly highway construction. It can displace roads, buildings, and other construction and can break pipelines. Historically, mitigation of landslide hazards on the Gaillard Cut of the Panama Canal accounted for of the of material removed while excavating the cut.


title: Mass wasting

text: Rockslides or landslides can have disastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed. The Oso disaster of March 2014 was a landslide that caused 43 fatalities in Oso, Washington, US. Delayed consequences of landslides can arise from the formation of landslide dams, as at Thistle, Utah in April 1983.


title: Mass wasting

text: Volcano flanks can become over-steep resulting in instability and mass wasting. This is now a recognised part of the growth of all active volcanoes. It is seen on submarine volcanoes as well as surface volcanoes: Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Loihi) in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain and Kick 'em Jenny in the Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc are two submarine volcanoes that are known to undergo mass wasting. The failure of the northern flank of Mount St. Helens in 1980 showed how rapidly volcanic flanks can deform and fail.


title: VistaJet

text: VistaJet is a global business aviation company founded in 2004 by Thomas Flohr. The firm flies between any two points, under a "pay for hours flown" fare structure.


title: VistaJet

text: Its fleet consists of 73 privately-owned, mid-to-large-cabin, ultra-long-range Bombardier Global and Challenger business jets. As of 2018, it has flown to 187 countries, 1900 airports and served 367,000+ passengers. Its headquarters are in Malta, with further offices in London, New York, Los Angeles, Hong Kong and Dubai.


title: VistaJet

text: VistaJet has a European Aircraft Operating Certificate (AOC) in Malta. It partners with local operators in countries where airlines are obliged to fly domestically and cannot be the majority owner of an AOC, e.g., the US, where VistaJet-owned and U.S.-registered aircraft are operated by licensed U.S. direct air carriers.


title: VistaJet

text: VistaJet was originally named Air Executive when Flohr founded the business in 2004. Its then-headquarters were in Switzerland, with operations in Austria.


title: VistaJet

text: In 2003 Flohr bought a plane for his own use. He was able to buy this plane and subsequent planes at discounted rates, as sales for private jets had severely weakened post-9/11, a development which Flohr has since attributed as key to the subsequent growth of the business, along with expansion in Eastern European markets and a favourable dollar/euro exchange rate.


title: VistaJet

text: In 2004 Flohr placed his plane with a small local operator. It was chartered out within two months, making it self-financing; this prompted Flohr to buy a second, bigger plane, which was flying 100 hours per month within three months of purchase.


title: VistaJet

text: Flohr's interest in private aviation led him to commission a financial analysis of the industry. This study suggested a single global brand was absent; it also indicated that many private jets for hire were owner-operated, available for hire only when not in use by the owner. To offer "not-subject-to-owner-availability" flights, Flohr departed from the aviation industry norm of home bases, where privately owned charter planes must return to a fixed location to be at their owner's disposal. By dispensing with home bases, a jet could pick up a client from whichever airport was closest to the client's location.


title: VistaJet

text: Flohr formally launched a three-plane fleet in 2005, with flights across the European Union and CIS region.


title: VistaJet

text: In 2008 the firm acquired Bombardier Skyjet International, effectively assuming control of the aircraft manufacturer's executive aircraft charter program, at the same time placing a US$1.2 billion order for 35 Bombardier business jets. It was reported to be Bombardier Business Aircraft's largest-ever single order. The deal included taking over Skyjet's bases in Farnborough, Dubai and Hong Kong, and made VistaJet the second-largest private jet company outside America. During this period the firm entered private aviation markets in Africa, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East It also re-designed its marketing and aircraft cabins to position itself as a branded luxury good.


title: VistaJet

text: In 2012, VistaJet ordered 142 Bombardier Global 5000, 6000, 7000, and 8000 aircraft, potentially to a value of $7.8 billion. In 2013, VistaJet placed a further order 20 Bombardier Challenger aircraft, with options for another 20, in a deal worth around $518 million.