title: Roanoke College

text: Approximately 70% of the student body resides on campus. Residence halls for freshman students include Bartlett Hall, Smith Hall, Crawford Hall, Marion Hall, Blue Ridge Hall, Shenandoah Hall, and Tabor Hall. Upperclass students reside in Afton Hall, Chalmers Hall, Wells Hall, Yonce Hall, Fox Hall, Catawba Hall, Augusta Hall, Caldwell Hall, Beamer Hall, Ritter Hall, Chesapeake Hall, Maxey Hall, and Elizabeth Hall.


title: Roanoke College

text: Wells Hall, Yonce Hall, and Fox Hall, known collectively as "The Sections", are Roanoke's most notable residence halls. Located on the Back Quad, the buildings were constructed in six stages from 1910 to 1958.


title: Roanoke College

text: The President's House is in a residential district approximately one-half-mile north of the Roanoke campus on North Market Street. The colonial revival mansion, one of the largest private homes in the area, was constructed in the late 1930s. It was purchased in the mid-1950s by John P. Fishwick, president of the Norfolk and Western Railway and a Roanoke & Harvard Law School alumnus, and was acquired by the college in 1968. Presidents Kendig, Fintel, Gring, O'Hara, and Maxey have lived in the house.


title: Roanoke College

text: In April 2011, the President's House and its garden were opened to the public during Virginia's Historic Garden Week. Selection of sites to participate is very competitive; only five Roanoke Valley residences were featured in 2011.


title: Roanoke College

text: Additional college facilities, mostly residence halls and athletic fields, are located on the site of Elizabeth College, a Lutheran women's college that closed in 1922. The area, approximately two miles east of the main campus, is referred to as Elizabeth Campus. Houses for Kappa Alpha Order, Pi Kappa Alpha, Pi Lambda Phi and Sigma Chi are on Elizabeth Campus along with Elizabeth Hall, a large residence hall with apartments for non-freshman students.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke acquired three office buildings on College Avenue across from West Hall in 2005–06. The buildings have been renovated to provide classroom and office space for various college departments.<ref name="http://roanoke.edu/x19936.xml"></ref> With the acquisitions, the Roanoke campus occupies both sides of College Avenue from Main Street north to the traditional campus entrance.


title: Roanoke College

text: In 2013, Roanoke purchased two Main Street buildings: the Bank Building, located on the corner of College Avenue and Main Street across from West Hall, and the Old Salem Post Office, located on the corner of Main and Market Streets. Roanoke had leased the bank building for several years preceding the purchase and will continue to use it for academic purposes. The post office building, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, is the seventh building on the Roanoke campus listed on the national register; it will be renovated for academic use.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke opened a new 200-bed residence hall in 2012; the building, the college's second LEED-certified building, completes the third quadrangle along with Kerr Stadium and Caldwell, Beamer, and Ritter Halls. The college previously completed an eight-court competition tennis complex on the Elizabeth Campus and a large parking lot on the main campus; the projects replaced existing facilities and made land available for the new residence hall. In addition, McClanahan Hall on the Elizabeth Campus reopened in 2012 as the Sigma Chi house; the Sigma Chi house on the main campus was razed and is now green space.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke's most recent major project opened in 2016; the Morris M. Cregger Center is a multi-purpose athletic and recreation center with a 2,500 seat performance arena (basketball and volleyball), a 200-meter indoor track and field facility, athletic department and faculty offices, classrooms, fitness facilities, and a sports medicine clinic. The center is on the north side of campus; Bowman Hall, a large residence hall that opened in 1965, was razed to make land available. Kerr Stadium was incorporated as a part of the western facade so the two facilities form a unified complex; the center overlooks the stadium.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke, in anticipation of future growth, has purchased a significant number of private homes on Market Street adjacent to campus, which will provide land for expansion.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke athletic teams are the Maroons. The college is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Old Dominion Athletic Conference (ODAC) since the 1976–77 academic year.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke competes in 23 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor), volleyball (starting in 2022–23) and wrestling; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, field hockey, lacrosse, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball.


title: Roanoke College

text: The college's athletic colors are maroon and gray. Roanoke is particularly noted for the strength of its men's lacrosse program and women's track and field.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke teams have won two national championships: the 1972 NCAA Division II men's basketball championship and the 1978 Division II men's lacrosse championship. In 2001, Roanoke student Casey Smith won an individual national championship in the Division III women's 10,000m track and field event. In 2009, student Robin Yerkes secured Roanoke's fourth national championship when she won an individual championship in the Division III women's 400m track and field event. Yerkes is the most decorated athlete ever to graduate from Roanoke, earning 12 All-American honors in multiple events.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke teams have won 101 conference championships as of May 2013 (47 in men's sports, 54 in women's sports) since the college joined the ODAC as a founding member in 1976. Roanoke has won more conference championships than any other ODAC school in men's lacrosse with 18 titles and women's basketball with 13 titles. Roanoke and Hampden–Sydney College are tied for the most conference championships in men's basketball with both schools owning 10 titles each.


title: Roanoke College

text: The Norfolk and Western Railway, now Norfolk Southern Corporation, has provided career opportunities for many Roanoke alumni; the NWR was headquartered in Roanoke until 1982 and is a major employer in western Virginia. Roanoke graduates who have advanced to leadership positions include Stuart T. Saunders and John Fishwick, former presidents of the NWR; John R. Turbyfill, retired vice-chairman, NSC; John S. Shannon, retired executive vice president, NSC; and William T. Ross Sr., retired assistant vice president, NWR.


title: Roanoke College

text: Roanoke has strong historic ties to the railway due in part to its alumni connections. The NWR named a Pullman car "Roanoke College" in honor of the college and Fishwick's Salem residence is now the college President's House. Saunders and Turbyfill served as chairman of Roanoke's board of trustees. In 2007, David R. Goode, retired chairman, NSC, endowed Roanoke's Center for Learning and Teaching in honor of his father, sister, and brother-in-law, all Roanoke graduates.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Shada is a story from the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Written by the series' script editor Douglas Adams, it was intended as the final serial of the 1979–80 season (season 17) but was never originally completed, owing to strike action at the BBC during studio recording. Entering production as a six-part story (6 x 25-minute episodes) in 1979, plans were later revised for the story to be broadcast as a four-part story (4 x 25-minute episodes) in 1980. Ultimately however, the story would never be completed in either format.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: The BBC released a completed version of "Shada" in 2017, with missing dialogue newly recorded by the original cast, using the same audio equipment employed in the initial shoot, and animated by the team that undertook the reconstruction of the 1966 serial "The Power of the Daleks". This version was released on DVD and Blu-ray in 2017, and finally broadcast on television as a feature length TV moviewhich was titled "The Lost Episode" rather than "Shada"in 2018.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: A new version with enhanced animation was released on 20 December 2021, as part of a Season 17 Blu-ray boxset.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Previous attempts to present the story include a narrated reconstruction for BBC Video; a re-imagined audio play by Big Finish Productions, also offered with basic Flash imagery on BBCi and the BBC's "Doctor Who" website; and a novelisation by Gareth Roberts, based on the latest shooting scripts, with the author's own additions.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: The Fourth Doctor answers a distress signal from Professor Chronotis, a Time Lord posing as a professor at St Cedd's College, Cambridge who loaned a Gallifreyan tome to his student Chris Parsons. The Doctor retrieves the book while Chronotis dies after his mind was extracted by the sphere of a mad scientist named Skagra, living long enough to warn Romana, K9 and Parsons of them and Shada. The Doctor locates Skagra's cloaked spacecraft, only for his companions to be captured while Skagra has his sphere extract the Doctor's mind to decode the book before taking Romana in the TARDIS to his carrier ship and Krarg creations. But the Doctor survived his ordeal with his mind intact and has the ship's computer release Chris and K9 and take them to a space station Skagra previously occupied. The group find Skagra's discarded colleagues and learn he is after a Time Lord named Salyavin.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Back on Earth, Clare Keightley accidentally revives Chronotis whose chambers are revealed as a TARDIS, the Professor explaining the book is a key to the prison planet Shada where Salyavin is held. Chronotis and Clare repair the TARDIS to reach Skagra's carrier, saving the Doctor and Chris after Skagra decoded the book and revealed his intent to absorb Salyavin's mind and use its telepathy to unite all life into a single Universal Mind.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: The group reach Shada as Skagra releases the prisoners, and Chronotis is revealed as Salyavin with Skagra extracting his mind and turning the prisoners and Chris into his thralls. Reminded that the Universal Mind contains a copy of his brain, the Doctor builds a telepathy helmet to wrestle control from Skagra while the Krarg are destroyed. Skagra ends up a prisoner in his own ship while the Doctor returns the restored prisoners to Shada and parts ways with Chronotis, musing over Chronotis' exploits being exaggerated while expecting a similar treatment within two centuries.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Originally, writer Douglas Adams presented a wholly different idea for the season's six-part finale, involving the Doctor's retirement from adventuring. Facing resistance from producer Graham Williams, Adams chose to avoid work on a replacement, under the expectation that time pressures would eventually force the producer's hand and allow his idea to be used. Ultimately, however, Williams forced Adams to conceive a new story as a last-minute replacement, which became "Shada".


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Under its original remit, Williams intended the story as a discussion about the death penalty, specifically how a civilisation like the Time Lords would deal with the issue and treat its prisoners.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: As composed by Adams, the story was scheduled to span six 25-minute episodes. Location filming in Cambridge and the first of three studio sessions at BBC Television Centre were completed as scheduled; however, when the scheduled second studio block was due to start, it fell foul of a long-running technicians' dispute at the BBC. The strike was over by the onset of rehearsals for the third recording session, but ultimately the studio time was redirected to other higher-priority Christmas programming, leaving the serial incomplete.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Following the departure of Williams from the role of producer, attempts were made by new producer John Nathan-Turner to remount the story; for various reasons, however, this never transpired. Consequently, in June 1980, the production was formally dropped. It is estimated that only 50% of the story was filmed.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: After the production halt, Adams expressed a low opinion of the script and was content to let it remain obscure, turning down offers to adapt the story in various forms. He once claimed that when he had signed the contract allowing the script's 1992 release (accompanying the serial's VHS reconstruction), it had been amongst a pile of papers sent over by his agent, and that he was unaware of what he was agreeing to.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: In 1983, footage from "Shada" was used in "The Five Doctors", the 20th Anniversary special. Tom Baker, the fourth actor to play the Doctor, had declined to appear in the special, and the plot was reworked to explain the events in the scenes.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Denis Carey was subsequently cast as the eponymous Keeper in Tom Baker's penultimate story, "The Keeper of Traken" (1981), and also appeared as the Borad's avatar in "Timelash" (1985).


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: A decade after the serial's abandonment, John Nathan-Turner set out to complete the story, in a fashion, by commissioning new effects shots and a score, and having Tom Baker record linking material to cover the missing scenes. The resulting shortened episodes (of between 14 and 22 minutes each) received a 111-minute VHS release in 1992. In its UK edition, the VHS was accompanied by a facsimile of a version of Douglas Adams's script. The release was discontinued in the UK in 1996.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: This VHS reconstruction, the 2003 BBCi/Big Finish adaptation, and the 1994 documentary "More Than Thirty Years in the TARDIS", were re-released together on DVD on 7 January 2013 as "The Legacy Collection" (UK) or simply "Shada" (North America).


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: On 24 November 2017, an effort to complete the serial officially, using newly recorded dialogue from the original cast (using the serial's original recording engineer and audio equipment), and new animated footage to complete the missing segments, was released as a digital download; DVD and Blu-ray releases followed on 4 December that year, in Region 2. The new sequences were animated by the same team that undertook the 2016 animated edition of the 1966 serial "The Power of the Daleks", including director Charles Norton, with lead character art by Martin Geraghty, character shading by Adrian Salmon, props by Mike Collins, and background art by Daryl Joyce.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: A two-disc Region 1 DVD release was originally set to be made available on 9 January 2018; this was later postponed in the US and Canada to 4 September that year. The serial was released on 10 January 2018 in Region 4.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: The final completed version received its US debut broadcast on 19 July 2018, on BBC America, with guide data giving the episode title as "The Lost Episode" rather than "Shada".


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Season 17 of "Doctor Who" was released on Blu-ray on 20 December 2021 as part of the Collection series, including a new version of Shada with enhanced animation. Whereas the 2017 version was only available in omnibus form, the new version was presented in the form of six separate episodes.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: In 2003, the BBC commissioned Big Finish Productions to remake "Shada" as an audio play which was then webcast in six episodic segments, accompanied by limited Flash animation, on the BBC website using illustrations provided by comic strip artist Lee Sullivan (comics). The play stars Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor and Lalla Ward as Romana. The audio play was also broadcast on digital radio station BBC7, on 10 December 2005 (as a 2½-hour omnibus), and was repeated in six parts as the opening story to the Eighth Doctor's summer season, which began on 16 July 2006.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: The webcast version (originally broadcast via BBCi's "Red Button") remains available from the BBC "Doctor Who" "classic series" website and an expanded audio-only version is available for purchase on CD from Big Finish. This expanded version was the one broadcast on BBC7.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Tom Baker was originally approached to reprise the role of the Doctor, but declined. The Eighth Doctor was then substituted and the story reworked accordingly.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Portions of the Big Finish version were reworked by Gary Russell to make the story fit into "Doctor Who" continuity. This included a new introduction, and a new explanation for the Fourth Doctor and Romana being "taken out of time" during the events of "The Five Doctors": the Eighth Doctor has come to collect Romana and K9 because he has begun to have a feeling that there was something they should have done at that time.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: When Skagra is investigating the Doctor, clips from three other Big Finish productions can be heard, exclusively on the CD version – "The Fires of Vulcan", "The Marian Conspiracy" and "Phantasmagoria". The original serial was to have used clips from "The Pirate Planet" (1978), "The Power of Kroll" (1978–79), "The Creature from the Pit" (1979), "The Androids of Tara" (1978), "Destiny of the Daleks" (1979), and "City of Death" (1979).


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: In Episode 2 of the webcast version, when Chris is in his lab showing Clare the book, a vending machine-like object in the background is labelled "Nutrimat", a reference to a similar device in Adams' "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". Two other references are a sequence where Skagra steals a Ford Prefect and when images of "Hitchhiker's Guide" characters appear as inmates on Shada itself.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: In 2010, Ian Levine funded an unofficial project to complete the original "Shada" story using animation and the original voice actors, minus Tom Baker and David Brierley, to complete the parts of the story that were never filmed. John Leeson would replace Brierley as the voice of K9, and Paul Jones (better known as a studio carpenter) would replace Tom Baker as the Doctor. The completed story was finished in late 2011 and announced by Levine, via his Twitter account, on 8 September 2011. J. R. Southall, writer for the science fiction magazine "Starburst", reviewed the completed version at Levine's invitation and scored it 10 out of 10 in an article published on 15 September 2011. The completed Levine version appeared on torrent sites over two years later, on 12 October 2013.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Elements of the story were reused by Adams for his novel "Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency", in particular the character of Professor Chronotis who possesses a time machine. Adams did not allow "Shada", or any of his other "Doctor Who" stories, to be novelised by Target Books. It is, therefore, one of only five serials from the 1963–1989 series not to be novelised by Target – along with Adams' other stories "The Pirate Planet" and "City of Death", plus Eric Saward's two Dalek stories ("Resurrection of the Daleks" and "Revelation of the Daleks").


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: A six-part adaptation of the story by Jonathan V. Way appeared in issues 13–18 of "Cosmic Masque", the Doctor Who Appreciation Society's fiction magazine. Adams granted permission for the adaptation on condition that it was never published in collected form.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: BBC Books published a novelisation of this serial on 15 March 2012, written by Gareth Roberts. Roberts drew on the latest versions of the scripts available, as well as adding new material of his own to "fix" what he viewed as various plotholes and unanswered questions. Nicholas Pegg, in his review of the book for "Doctor Who Magazine", heartily praised it, calling it a "successful duet".


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: AudioGo released an unabridged audiobook of Roberts' novelization on 15 March 2012. Narrated by Lalla Ward, with John Leeson voicing K9, it runs 11 hours and 30 minutes. It was made available for download or on 10 CDs (CD , Download ). Vanessa Bishop reviewed it favourably for "Doctor Who Magazine", singling out Simon E. Power's sound design for special praise.


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Paul Cornell, Martin Day, and Keith Topping gave the serial (at the time in the form of the 1992 VHS reconstruction) a mixed review in "The Discontinuity Guide" (1995), saying;


title: Shada (Doctor Who)

text: Patrick Mulkern reviewed the 2017 partially reconstructed version for "Radio Times", and thought that despite "pockets of magic to enjoy", it was a "sprawling but far-from-epic serial". He felt that the humour was repetitive and fell flat, and that the action was pedestrian. Mulkern recommended the novelisation by Gareth Roberts as a superior alternative.


title: Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

text: The state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq was held on 19 August 1988 in the Shah Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan. General Zia-ul-Haq, Chief of Army Staff (COAS) who was also serving as the President of Pakistan, was killed when a C-130 Hercules plane (Registration: 23494, call sign: Pak-1) crashed near the Sutlej river on 17 August 1988. Several conspiracy theories exist regarding this incident, as other high-profile civilian and military personnel also died in the crash including the Chairman Joint chiefs General Akhtar Abdur Rehman and the United States Ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Lewis Raphel, and the military attaché, Brigadier General Herbert M. Wassom.


text: The official announcement of Zia's death was announced by Ghulam Ishaq Khan, then-Senate Chairman and Acting President, simultaneously via radio and television transmission on 17 August 1988. The Government of Pakistan announced to hold the state funeral given the Zia-ul-Haq who was buried with military honors in a specially crafted white marble tomb, adjacent to Shah Faisal Mosque in Islamabad.


text: The funeral was attended by 30 heads of state, including the presidents of Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Iran, India, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates as well as the Aga Khan IV and representatives of the crowned heads of Saudi Arabia and Jordan. Key American politicians, U.S. Embassy staff in Islamabad, key personnel of the Pakistan Armed Forces, and chiefs of staff of the Army, Navy, Air Force also attended the funeral.


text: On 17 August 1988, President Zia ul-Haq, with his senior delegation, arrived in Bahawalpur where he was joined by the two American Christian missionaries to visit the local convent to condole the death of an American nun murdered in Bahawalpur a few days before making a brief stop at the Tamewali Test Range.


text: After witnessing and viewing the live fire demonstration of the U.S. Army's M1 Abrams at the Thamewali Test Range, President Zia and his delegation left by army helicopter. The demonstration was organized by Major-General Mahmud Ali Durrani, then-GOC of the 1st Armoured Division of the Armoured Corps as the M1 Abrams, the standard U.S. Army's weapon system was expected to join service with the Pakistan Army.


text: At 3:40 p.m. (Pakistan Standard Time) on 17 August 1988 the VIP flight took off from Bahawalpur Airport. On board the C-130 plane were a total of 30 people (17 passengers and 13 crew members); with Zia-ul-Haq were the United States Ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Raphel, Brigadier General Herbert M. Wassom, the chief of the U.S. military mission in Pakistan, and a group of senior officers from Pakistan army. The plane had been fitted with an air-conditioned VIP capsule where Zia and his American guests were seated. It was walled off from the flight crew and a passenger and baggage section in the rear.


text: The aircraft departed Bahawalpur early, ahead of a storm. For 2 minutes and 30 seconds, it rose into a clear sky. Takeoff was smooth and without problems. At 3:51pm (PST) Bahawalpur control tower lost contact, and the plane plunged from the sky and hit the ground with such force that it was blown to pieces and wreckage scattered over a wide area. Witnesses cited in Pakistan's official investigation said that the C-130 began to pitch "in an up-and-down motion" while flying low shortly after takeoff before going into a "near-vertical dive", exploding on impact, killing all on board. There were many investigations into this crash but no satisfactory cause was ever found.


text: His funeral was held on 19 August 1988 in the capital of Islamabad, just 70 hours after the crash. It was held with full military honors that included a sounding by light artillery of a 21-gun salute. During the ceremony, nearly 1 million mourners chanted "Zia ul-Haq, you will live as long as the sun and moon remain above." He was buried in a 4-by-10-foot grave in front of the Faisal Mosque that Zia ordered the construction built of in honour of King Faisal of Saudi Arabia and the friendship between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia. In attendance was his successor President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, high-ranking military and civilian officials, as well as foreign dignitaries such as President Yang Shangkun of China, President Hussain Muhammad Ershad of Bangladesh and US Secretary of State George P. Shultz. Shultz called Zia "a great fighter for freedom," while Vice President George H. W. Bush called him a "great friend."


text: Washington sent a team of United States Air Force officers to assist the Pakistanis in the investigation, but the two sides reached sharply different conclusions, leading to distrust as well as many arguments and fights.


text: Mrs Ely-Raphel and Brigadier-General Wassom's widow were both told by U.S. investigators that the crash had been caused by a mechanical problem common with the C-130, and that a similar incident had occurred to a C-130 in Colorado which had narrowly avoided crashing. Mahmud Ali Durrani also blamed the C-130 which he said historically had issues.


text: Robert Oakley, who replaced Arnold Raphel as U.S. ambassador following the crash and helped to handle the investigation, has also expressed this view. He has pointed out that 20 or 30 C-130s have suffered similar incidents. He has identified the mechanical fault as a problem with the hydraulics in the tail assembly. Although USAF pilots had handled similar emergencies, the Pakistani pilots were less well equipped to do so, lacking C-130 experience and also flying low.


text: Ronan Farrow indicates that the FBI had a statutory authority to investigate the event but was ordered by Shultz "to stay away". Also, the CIA did not investigate. Air Force investigators who had been at the crash site ruled out mechanical failure but their report was not made public.


text: Some weeks after the crash, a 27-page summary of a secret 365-page report was released by Pakistani investigators in which they said that they had found evidence of possible problems with the aircraft's elevator booster package, as well as frayed or snapped control cables. Analysis by a U.S. lab found "extensive contamination" by brass and aluminium particles in the elevator booster package, but the report said "failure of the elevator control system due to a mechanical failure...is ruled out". It cited the aircraft-maker Lockheed as saying that "even with the level of contamination found in the system, they have not normally experienced any problems other than wear".


text: The report concluded that the contamination of the elevator booster package might at worst have caused sluggish controls leading to overcontrol but not to an accident. In the absence of a mechanical cause, the Pakistani inquiry concluded that the crash was due to an act of sabotage. They found no conclusive evidence of an explosion on the aircraft but said that chemicals that could be used in small explosives were detected in mango seeds and a piece of rope found on the aircraft. They also added that "the use of a chemical agent to incapacitate the pilots and thus perpetuate the accident therefore remains a distinct possibility".


text: Journalist and author Mohammed Hanif, who became head of Urdu-language service at BBC, told American journalist Dexter Finkins that, while working in London after 1996, he "became consumed" with determining how Zia was killed. Hanif "made phone calls and researched the lives of those around Zia", attempting to assess possible perpetrators—"the C.I.A., the Israelis, the Indians, the Soviets, rivals inside the Army". He stated he was "met with silence". "No one would talk—not Zia's wife, not the Ambassador's wife, no one in the Army... I realized, there's no way in hell I'll ever find out." Hanif later wrote the novel "A Case of Exploding Mangoes" which humorously describes four assassinations all occurring simultaneously. The possible assassins are a senior Pakistani Army officer, a Trade Union on behalf of a murder official, a crow on behalf of a blind woman imprisoned for fornication after a rape and the son of an army officer killed by Zia.


text: No evidence has come to light to prove a conspiracy, but there have been several theories variously implicating the United States and India as well as Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Zia also had high-level enemies within the Pakistani government.


text: General Hameed Gul, the head of Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence agency at the time, told "The Times" that the Pakistani President was killed in a conspiracy involving a "foreign power".


text: Early reports suggested that Raphel had only been summoned to join the flight at the last minute, which fueled conspiracy theories blaming the United States. However, Raphel's widow has stated that her husband always planned to join Zia on the aircraft, and that it was General Wassom who was added at the last minute.


text: Stoking the suspicion that the Soviets were involved in the plane crash, one of the fatalities was General Akhtar Abdur Rehman, the Chairman of the Pakistan's Joint Chiefs of Staff and former head of the nation's spy agency, Inter Service Intelligence (ISI); Rehman was a leader of the Afghan mujahedin's war against the Soviets.


text: Some have suspected the anti-Zia group al-Zulfiqar, led by Murtaza Bhutto, brother of Benazir Bhutto, the Pakistani politician who would ultimately gain most from Zia's departure. Zia's son Ijaz-ul-Haq told Barbara Crossette a year after the crash that he was "101 percent sure" that Murtaza was involved. Benazir Bhutto suggested that the fatal crash might well have been an "act of God".


text: Writing in the Fall 2005 issue of "World Policy Journal", former U.S. ambassador to India John Gunther Dean, blamed Mossad, the Israeli intelligence agency, for orchestrating Zia's assassination in retaliation for Pakistan developing a nuclear weapon to counteract India, and to prevent Zia, an effective Muslim leader, from continuing to influence U.S. foreign policy. However, Dean said he had no proof for his assertion.


text: People have also pointed to some senior dissatisfied generals of the Pakistan Army itself. General Mirza Aslam Beg, who became Chief of Army Staff following Zia's death, witnessed the crash from his aircraft, which had just taken off. Instead of returning to Bahawalpur, he headed for Islamabad, an action which later caused controversy and led some to allege that he was involved in the incident since he had reportedly been scheduled to fly with Zia in the flight, but had changed his plans at the last minute. He was later accused of being behind the attack by Zia's son Ijaz-ul-Haq.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" is a song by English singer Ellie Goulding from "Bright Lights" (2010), the reissue of her debut studio album, "Lights" (2010). Written by Goulding, Richard Stannard and Ash Howes, the song was inspired by Goulding's childhood fear of the dark. It was released on 13 March 2011 as the album's sixth single overall, and second from "Bright Lights". Originally a bonus track on the UK and German iTunes edition of "Lights", the song was re-edited for inclusion on "Bright Lights" in late 2010, serving as the single version.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" received positive reviews from most music critics, who praised the song's production and Goulding's "ethereal" vocals. The song was also a commercial success, reaching the top 20 in several countries. In the United States, "Lights" was a sleeper hit, reaching number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 after 33 weeks on the chart, and becoming one of the few songs to have spent more than a year on the Hot 100. The song has been certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: In 2022, "Lights" became viral on the video-sharing apps TikTok and Instagram. In response to its resurgence, Goulding and Speed Radio released a "Sped Up" remix on 1 July 2022.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" was originally announced as a single on 8 September 2010 on Goulding's official Twitter page, with a release date scheduled for 1 November 2010. It was set to be released as the lead single from the album's repackaging as "Bright Lights". However, this plan was scrapped in favour of releasing "Your Song" in order to capitalise on the John Lewis Christmas advert that it was featured in. This was followed by the reissue of the album "Lights" as "Bright Lights".


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: In January 2011, it was once again announced that the single version of "Lights" would be released. A digital EP was released in the United Kingdom on 13 March 2011, containing Goulding's acoustic cover version of Rihanna's "Only Girl (In the World)" as performed on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 10 December 2010.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: The single version of "Lights" also appears as a bonus track on the international edition of Goulding's second studio album, "Halcyon". The song is included on the soundtrack to the 2012 film "Spring Breakers" and is played during the closing credits.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony/ATV Music Publishing, "Lights" is written in the key of G-sharp minor with a moderate pop tempo of 120 beats per minute. Goulding's vocals span from F to D while the song follows a chord progression of Gm−F−E−Cm. Lyrically, the song discusses the fear of the dark that Goulding had as a child, and how she could only sleep with the lights on. In an interview with 97.1 AMP Radio in late July 2012, Goulding stated, "Sometimes if I've had a couple of drinks and I come back and just like lie on my bed and fall asleep I wake up and realize that there isn't a light on and I have to turn a light on." She also explained, "It can be seen as something like a lighthouse that kind of always guides you home. I've always felt comfort sleeping with the light on, and I've always felt comfort being with my siblings."


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" received mostly positive reviews from critics. Horatia Harrod of "The Daily Telegraph" commented that the song is "threaded with dark thoughts, but set to an airy pop production bordering on polite. Her voice is the real star. She has the magical ability, not unlike her heroine, Björk, to sing with a sort of controlled tremulousness: her voice aches with vulnerability but never breaks." "The Guardian" reviewer Johnny Dee described the song as "a welcome return to her patented folky-pop-with-some-tasteful-drum-and-bass-wobble sound".


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: Genevieve Koski of "The A.V. Club" was also positive of the song, giving it an A− and praising the song's "organic-sounding" production and Goulding's "ethereal, restrained" vocals, while Steven Hyden of "The A.V. Club" gave it a C, claiming that Goulding sounds too "restrained" and "aloof to the point of emotional constipation". About.com's Bill Lamb rated the song three-and-a-half out of five stars, calling it "a pleasing, catchy slice of electro-pop" and noting that "Goulding's voice has an edge of sadness and vulnerability that sets the song apart from standard dance pop", but concluded, "In a pop music world dominated by distinctive vocalists, it is too easy for a song like 'Lights' to feel polite and get lost in the shuffle."


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: On 8 October 2014, "Lights" was honoured as Song of the Year at American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers' (ASCAP) 34th annual awards in London.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" debuted at number 111 on the UK Singles Chart for the week ending 18 December 2010, based on digital sales from "Bright Lights". Three months later, during the week ending 12 March 2011, the single entered the top 100 for the first time at number 91. The following week, it rose to number 64, eventually peaking at number 49 in its sixth week on the chart.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: On the issue dated 20 August 2011, "Lights" debuted at number 85 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and at number 89 on the Canadian Hot 100, becoming Goulding's first single to chart in North America. The song re-entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 99 during the week of 14 January 2012. When "Lights" reached number 40 in its 19th week, on the issue dated 12 May, the song attained the third-slowest climb to the top 40 by a female artist, after Norah Jones's "Don't Know Why" and KT Tunstall's "Suddenly I See". In its 29th week, the song made Hot 100 history by achieving the longest climb to the chart's top five not aided by country-to-pop crossover success or multiple releases. The single reached number two in its 33rd chart week, on the issue dated 18 August 2012, and held that position for two consecutive weeks, behind "Call Me Maybe" by Carly Rae Jepsen and "Whistle" by Flo Rida, respectively, making it Goulding's highest-peaking single on the chart to date.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" ascended to number one on the Radio Songs chart on the issue dated 25 August 2012, making Goulding the first female solo artist to send a debut Radio Songs entry to number one since Adele led the list in 2011 and 2012 with her singles "Rolling in the Deep", "Someone Like You" and "Set Fire to the Rain". The song also topped the Mainstream Top 40 during the same week, matching Pink's "U + Ur Hand" (23 weeks, 2006–2007) for the longest climb to number one by a woman in the chart's almost-20-year history. The single also made a re-entry on the Canadian Hot 100 at number 87 on 28 April 2012, eventually peaking at number seven on 22 September. In late December 2012, "Lights" spent its 52nd week on the Hot 100 at number 43, becoming the 30th song in the chart's history to spend a year on the tally. In June 2013, it became the fifth best-selling digital song by a British female solo artist in the US. "Lights" was certified five-times Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 13 July 2015.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: "Lights" saw moderate success in mainland Europe, charting at number one in Poland, number eight in Austria, number 10 in Belgium and Slovakia, number 11 in Germany, number 14 in Switzerland, number 22 in the Czech Republic and number 29 in France. In New Zealand, the song debuted at number 25 on the RIANZ Singles Chart on 25 June 2012, reaching number 16 in its fifth and ninth weeks on the chart.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: The music video for "Lights" was filmed by Sophie Muller on 21 September 2010 before the lead single from the "Bright Lights" re-release was changed to "Your Song". It was officially released on 20 January 2011. The video shows Goulding dancing, playing the drums and the tambourine whilst different lighting effects including lasers surround her as she sings. It also shows her in numerous scenes swinging different hand-held lights and torches around giving the impression of a light painting, whilst the camera produces a bullet time effect like those used in "The Matrix". The lighting rig in the video was created by a small group of students from Middlesex University.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: Goulding performed the song live on "" on 21 February 2011. She performed a Saturday Session on Dermot O'Leary's BBC Radio 2 afternoon show on 26 February 2011, where she sang "Lights". She also performed "Lights" on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge on 12 March 2011, along with a cover of José González's version of The Knife's "Heartbeats". On 22 September 2013, Goulding performed the track as part of her setlist at the iTunes Festival at the Roundhouse in London.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: As part of promotion in the United States, Goulding performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" on 7 May 2011, along with "Your Song". She also performed both "Lights" and "Your Song" on "The Early Show" on 30 July 2011. On 18 January 2012, she performed the single on "Late Show with David Letterman". On 11 April 2012, she performed it on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show".


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: American rapper Lupe Fiasco sampled the Bassnectar remix of "Lights" for his song "Lightwork", from his 2011 mixtape "Friend of the People: I Fight Evil". American new wave band Blondie performed the song as an intro to "Atomic" in 2012 and 2013 while on tour. At the Drive-In and The Mars Volta guitarist Omar Rodríguez-López covered the song on his 2016 solo album "Blind Worms Pious Swine". American hard rock band Through Fire recorded a cover of "Lights" on their debut studio album, "Breathe" (2016). In 2022, American rapper Fivio Foreign sampled "Lights" for the song "World Watching" from his debut album B.I.B.L.E.


title: Lights (Ellie Goulding song)

text: In 2022, the song became a popular TikTok trend. Following the rise in popularity, "Lights" re-entered various Shazam, Spotify, iTunes and Apple Music charts worldwide. In response to its resurgence, Goulding and Speed Radio released a "Sped Up" remix on 1 July 2022.


title: Sunny 16 rule

text: In photography, the sunny 16 rule (also known as the sunny rule) is a method of estimating correct daylight exposures without a light meter. Apart from the advantage of independence from a light meter, the sunny 16 rule can also aid in achieving correct exposure of difficult subjects. As the rule is based on incident light, rather than reflected light as with most camera light meters, very bright or very dark subjects are compensated for. The rule serves as a mnemonic for the camera settings obtained on a sunny day using the exposure value (EV) system.


title: Sunny 16 rule

text: The basic rule is, "On a sunny day set aperture to and shutter speed to the [reciprocal of the] ISO film speed [or ISO setting] for a subject in direct sunlight."


title: Sunny 16 rule

text: As with other light readings, shutter speed can be changed as long as the f-number is altered to compensate, e.g. second at gives equivalent exposure to second at . More in general, the adjustment is done such that for each stop in aperture increase (i.e., decreasing the f-number), the exposure time has to be halved, and vice versa. This follows the more general rule derived from the mathematical relationship between aperture and exposure time—within reasonable ranges, exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the aperture ratio and proportional to exposure time; thus, to maintain a constant level of exposure, a change in aperture by a factor "c" requires a change in exposure time by a factor and vice versa. A change in the aperture of 1 stop always corresponds to a factor close to the square root of 2, thus the above rule.


title: Sunny 16 rule

text: An elaborated form of the sunny 16 rule is to set shutter speed nearest to the reciprocal of the ISO film speed / setting and f-number according to this table:


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Burton Michael Robinson (born February 6, 1983) is a former American football fullback. He was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the fourth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He is currently an analyst for the NFL Network.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson played college football at Penn State. He played quarterback and wide receiver, leading the team to a Big Ten Conference title in 2005 and being recognized as the Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year in 2005. He won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten's MVP.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: In 2011, he was elected to his first and only Pro Bowl as a member of the Seattle Seahawks. In his last year with the Seahawks, he helped the team win Super Bowl XLVIII over the Denver Broncos.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson attended Varina High School, where he was a four-year starter at quarterback. He was a two-time "Associated Press" first-team All-State selection and a three-time member of the "Richmond Times-Dispatch" All-Metro team, "Richmond Times-Dispatch" Offensive Player of the Year and the district and regional Player of the Year.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson led his team to four consecutive regional titles and two state runner-up finishes. He rushed for 3,046 yards on 371 carries, an 8.2 average, and 37 touchdowns, while passing for 2,409 yards in his career.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: As a senior, he accounted for a huge portion of the team's total offense, passing for 1,056 yards and rushing for 1,281 and scored 15 touchdowns. He was two-year team captain, who totaled 211 career tackles, 18 interceptions and 13 sacks as a safety. He also participated in the sprints for the track and field squad.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: In 2002 with the Nittany Lions, Robinson shifted around the offensive set from quarterback to running back, slot back, and split end to utilize his talents. He showed great running ability and helped spark the diversified Penn State offense. He started at tailback against Michigan and at slot back against Auburn in the Capital One Bowl. Robinson was Penn State's second leading rusher in 2002 with 263 yards and six touchdowns on 50 carries. He caught nine passes for 44 yards.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: In 2003, Robinson started eight games—three at quarterback and five at tailback. He completed 62-of-138 passes for 892 yards, five touchdowns, and five interceptions and finished second on the team with 396 yards and three scores on 107 carries.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: In 2004, Robinson again started eight games. He was second on the team with 33 receptions for 485 yards (14.7 avg) and three touchdowns. He completed 14-of-39 passes for 170 yards, a touchdown, and five interceptions. He was third on the squad with 172 yards on 49 carries.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: In 2005, Robinson compiled the best numbers of his college career. He was named Big Ten Conference Offensive Player of the Year by the league’s coaches and was a consensus second-team All-Big Ten choice. He was named to the Maxwell Award watch list and was a semi-finalist for the Davey O'Brien Award, given to the nation’s top passer. He completed 162 of 311 passes (52.1%) for 2,350 yards, seventeen touchdowns and ten interceptions. His 2,350 passing yards at the time ranked fifth on the school season-record list, topped only by Zack Mills (2,417 in 2002), Tony Sacca (2,488 in 1991), Anthony Morelli (2,651 in 2007) and Kerry Collins (2,679 in 1994). He was second on the team with 163 carries for 806 yards (4.9 avg) and eleven touchdowns, becoming the first player in school history to throw for over 2,000 yards and rush for over 500 yards in the same season. His 806 rushing yards set a school season-record for quarterbacks and he became the first quarterback in Penn State history to run for at least ten touchdowns in a season. His 28 touchdowns (17 passing, 11 rushing) was one shy of the school season-record of 29 (26 rushing, 3 catching) by Lydell Mitchell in 1971. Robinson also became the first Nittany Lion to throw three touchdown passes in three separate games during the same season since Todd Blackledge in 1982.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson captained the 2005 team, one of Penn State's most competitive teams in years, winning the Big Ten championship and the Orange Bowl over the Florida State Seminoles in a gut-wrenching triple-overtime victory. He finished fifth in Heisman voting.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson was drafted in the 4th round of the 2006 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. The 49ers converted him into a running back. 49ers head coach Mike Nolan was immediately impressed with Robinson's attitude and toughness during training camp. After a solid preseason, Robinson rose up to the number two running back position behind Frank Gore on the depth chart. Robinson scored his first and second career touchdowns against the Philadelphia Eagles and Robinson knocked veteran pro-bowl safety Brian Dawkins out of the game after running him over before his second touchdown of the game. Then, in week 3, Mike Nolan indicated that he intended to use Robinson more often in goal line situations. Despite Nolan's statement, Robinson's playing time actually would decrease over the course of the season, and he did not score another touchdown. He finished the year with 38 carries for 116 yards, 9 receptions for 47 yards, and 2 touchdowns.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Midway through the 2008 season, Robinson took over as the 49ers' starting fullback after teammate Zak Keasey suffered a season-ending tear in his biceps.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson was released by the 49ers on September 3, 2010, at the end of the 2010 preseason. He was signed on September 6, 2010, by the Seattle Seahawks at the urging of first-year assistant special teams coach and former 49ers' player, Jeff Ulbrich, who had been Robinson’s teammate for the previous four seasons.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: On December 12, 2011, against the St. Louis Rams, Robinson returned his first career special teams touchdown on a blocked punt.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: On January 19, 2012, Robinson made his first and only career Pro Bowl as an alternate, starting at fullback for the injured John Kuhn.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: On August 30, 2013, Robinson was released by the Seahawks during the final cuts, after the use of a prescription medication shut down his kidney and liver and caused him to lose 30 pounds. On October 22, the Seahawks re-signed him to a one-year deal after his health improved.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: On February 2, 2014, Robinson caught a pass for seven yards in Super Bowl XLVIII en route to a 43–8 win over the favored Denver Broncos. It would be the last game of his career as he retired after the game.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: After retirement, Robinson became an analyst for the NFL Network. Robinson guest-starred as himself in a couple of episodes on "The Young and the Restless", where he meets with Victor Newman.


title: Michael Robinson (fullback)

text: Robinson earned a Bachelor of Arts in advertising/public relations from Penn State University in three years, graduating in December 2004, and earned a second B.A. in journalism in December 2005. He was named Academic All-Big Ten three times.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Shaunna Elizabeth Hall (born July 28, 1963) is an American composer and musician from the San Francisco Bay Area. As guitarist, she was a founding member of the band 4 Non Blondes and is currently a member of George Clinton's Parliament-Funkadelic.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall played trumpet in school, studying under Jon Simms, the founder of the San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Marching Band and Twirling Corps, at Benjamin Franklin Intermediate School in Daly City, California. She started taking the guitar seriously as a teenager at Serramonte High School, and studied songwriting at the Blue Bear School of Music in San Francisco with Bonnie Hayes.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall joined her first band, The Crash Puppies, in the early 1980s. In the late 1980s, she and bassist Christa Hillhouse formed Cool and Unusual Punishment, a new wave duo. Later, they joined, along with drummer Wanda Day, The Lesbian Snake Charmers, led by singer Jai Jai Noire.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall met vocalist Linda Perry, and when The Lesbian Snake Charmers broke up, they co-founded the alternative rock group 4 Non Blondes with Perry, Hillhouse, and Day in 1989.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: In 1990, 4 Non Blondes won the SF Weekly Award (Wammies) for Best Rock Band. "Bigger, Better, Faster, More!" by Interscope Records was released in 1992 and was the only studio album released by the band. It includes performances and five compositions by Hall ("Morphine & Chocolate", "Spaceman", and others). The album peaked at number 11 on the Billboard Top 200. "Spaceman" was released as a single in 1993 and peaked at number 39 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. Hall left the band in 1992 during the recording of "Bigger, Better, Faster, More!" over musical differences with the band as well as with the producer. The album was completed with session guitarist Louis Metoyer.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall and Pat Wilder subsequently founded Bad Dog Play Dead in 1992. The all-female ensemble played funk, rock, country and pop songs written largely by Hall and Wilder, and the group reunited Hall and 4 Non Blondes drummer Wanda Day. They recorded a demo, engineered and mixed by Garry Crieman at Hyde Street Studios, San Francisco. Janis Tanaka played bass on the demo but did not join the group. The band played live in San Francisco for several months until the permanent disability of Day in December 1992.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall played as a part of the agro-core hard rock band The Alcohol of Fame (named by studio engineer Garry Crieman) from 1993-95. The group began as an ensemble Hall put together to perform a benefit for Day at the I-Beam in San Francisco in early 1993. The band changed line-ups, with the core trio of Hall, Crash and Spingola finally teaming with drummer Becky Wreck from the Lunachicks later that year. Their first official performance was at Female Trouble's "The Dykemare Before Christmas" in December 1993. With the addition of bassist Erica Liss of MDC in early 1994, the lineup made a six-song demo, Mendocino Demo 1994, and played the New Music Seminar in New York, NY followed by an east coast summer tour in 1994.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Though Wreck remained on the east Coast, the core trio of Crash, Hall and Spingola returned to San Francisco. Drummer Peter French and a series of bass players including Dennis Dismore and the late Warner Harrison joined The Alcohol of Fame in 1995. The group recorded a second demo in the spring of 1995 at Gush Studios in Oakland, California. Warner announced his departure from the band only weeks after finishing the demo, and the group disbanded.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: In 1996, Hall and Tribe 8, Bay Area queercore pioneers, joined Nirvana, Soundgarden, Joan Jett, The Gits, and others on the "Home Alive! Compilation". The project raised funds and awareness for self-defense education for women in honor of Mia Zapata, the singer of The Gits who was beaten and murdered while walking home.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall appears on "Frat Pig" and another song from the Tribe 8 CD "Fist City" on Alternative Tentacles Records. She co-produced Tribe 8's "Role Models for America" released in 1998 on Alternative Tentacles.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Throughout the 1990s, Hall played with the theatrical six-piece group The Eric McFadden Experience. In 1998, the group received the SF Weekly Award (Wammies) for Best Americana Band and released "Our Revels Now are Ended". The CD includes one Hall composition, "Macaroon", which also appeared on an early 4 Non Blondes demo.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Alien Lovestock's 2000 CD "Planet of Fish" includes the composition "Alien Love" co-written by Hall, Eric McFadden and George Clinton.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall composed eight tracks with Storm, Inc. for the independent release "The Calm Years" in April 2001. Storm, Inc. started in the summer of 1999 when Hall sat in with singer Storm Large as a support guitarist for acoustic gigs. Hall and Storm, Inc. wrote and created "The Calm Years." and toured the US west coast following its release.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: As a sound designer, Hall helped create the first online video game developed by Shockwave in 2000. "Tamale Loco" is now available in the "Shockwave Favorites Vol. 1" game bundle or as a standalone download at Shockwave.com.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: In the summer of 2001, she played with Dog Ass, a trio with Los Angeles drummer Becky Wreck and bassist Christy Michel. Formed specifically to play a Breast Cancer Awareness Benefit presented by Loudithfaire, a festival celebrating lesser-known women in rock, the trio gave a few shows in San Francisco and Los Angeles before Hall moved to Barcelona, Spain in 2002.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall wrote, produced, and directed a short film called "The Beauty of Betrayal" in May 2002. Brick Seriously and Hall recorded the video in San Francisco. It features her composition "Beauty Sleeps" recorded in San Francisco and Los Angeles with drummer Kevin Carnes, EricMcFadden Experience members Sam Bass, Ben Barnes and Paula O'Rourke. Janis Tanaka plays the saw on the instrumental. Hall appears in the film along with actress Natalie Richie.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: In July 2002, Hall began touring with George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic. Since then, she has played on several US, Canadian and European tours as well as dates abroad. She was the monitor engineer from 2002–2004, and the "P-Funk Live at the 2004 Montreaux Jazz Festival" DVD credits her engineering work. She became the first official female guitarist of P-Funk in 2007.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall and Dutch artist Margot van Ham shared an art/music studio in Barcelona, Spain from 2004 to 2006. In 2004, Hall released a video called "The Third Eye". Van Ham produced the video in 2004 with a song Hall wrote with Paul Hill and Clip Payne of P-Funk in 2002. The video was released in 2006 as a part of Hall's multimedia project, "Electrofunkadelica: e3+FUNKnth = music for the body, mind & soul".


title: Shaunna Hall

text: In 2007, Hall appeared on the BBC program "The 100 Most Annoying Pop Songs We Hate To Love", which featured the 4 Non Blondes song ""What's Up?" at number 91 on the list.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall joined a number of artists for former artist liaison and backstage manager Tiffany Travalent's benefit at 12 Galaxies in San Francisco in 2007. Led by Eric McFadden, a large group of musicians including Bernie Worrell (Parliament-Funkadelic), Dawn Silva (Brides of Funkenstein/Sly and the Family Stone), Jerry Harrison (Talking Heads), Pete Sears, Carol Hernandez, and The Meters' drummer Ziggy Modeliste gave their time to benefit Travalent, who suffers from severe chronic pain, is unable to work, and had large outstanding medical bills. A DVD of the event was released with footage from the show and related content.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall earned two engineering credits in 2008—the first for Clinton's vocals on the song "Heads Will Roll", for Lee "Scratch" Perry's "Return of the Super Ape". The second, "George Clinton and his Gangsters of Love", charted on both the Billboard R&B and Independent Charts.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall returned to the United States in 2005, and continues to tour the world as a guitarist with George Clinton and Parliament-Funkadelic in The P-Funk Allstars. She became an official band member in 2007 after five years of touring as a part-time player, monitor engineer, and crew member.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: She released a solo project, "Electrofunkadelica", in 2006. She wrote, produced, and recorded most of the project on a Macintosh laptop with a portable studio while touring the world with P-Funk on the road between 2002 and 2005, and the tracks feature many P-Funk members and musician friends. The 2006 release "Electrofunkadelica: e3+FUNKnth = music for the body, mind & soul", is a collection of audio recordings and three videos. It consists of contemporary music and projected visual imagery performances described as "containing some social and political messages, some emotional and inspirational, and some are just plain fun". The Electrofunkadelica live performances feature Hall on guitar, electronic sources including looping samplers, Kevin Carnes on drums, Stephan G. as VJ, and occasional guest vocalists or instrumentalists. Projected visual imagery plays a large part in the show, with VJ mixing, animation and film.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: She is currently creating the next "Electrofunkadelica" collection, which will again feature many musical guests and the recording debut of drag king character BB Kink. Hall created BB Kink as an Electro-GoGo-Love-Blues guitar player. She introduced the character in late 2008 with performances in Barcelona at Sala Monasterio and San Francisco at Anon Salon.


title: Shaunna Hall

text: Hall was a panelist for the 2000 and 2005 ROCKRGRL Music Conference, and has been a volunteer performer for Bread and Roses since 1997. She is a member of ASCAP.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Jasmine Adams (professionally known as Jazmin Bean) (born February 7, 2003) is an English singer, songwriter, social media personality, and makeup artist. Based in London, they first gained attention online for their "extreme" makeup looks. They self-released their debut extended play "Worldwide Torture" in 2019, which was later reissued in 2020 through Interscope & Island Records.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean's mother, Angela Adams, is a drummer and former member of the punk rock band Fluffy. Their father is singer Ginger Wildheart. They have Filipino heritage. They have stated that they had "minimal to no friends" and were "often isolated" during high school.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean began performing music at age 15. Their first live performance involved them singing while rubbing chicken liver on themselves at a bar.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean released their debut single, "Worldwide Torture", in 2019. They self-released their debut extended play, "Worldwide Torture", in October 2019, under their personal label "Aswang Birthday Cake". It was later reissued by Island and Interscope Records in November 2020 with four additional tracks. A music video for their song "Saccharine", taken from "Worldwide Torture", was also released in October 2019. They've released solo singles, including "Hello Kitty" in December 2019 and "Yandere" in October 2020, and collaboration singles "Princess Castle" featuring Cottontail and "Monster Truck" featuring Zheani were both released in November 2020.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Jazmin promoted another single called "Puppy Pound" via an Instagram post, where fans could text a mobile number on a 'lost dog' poster to sign up for updates for their music. The record was released on March 25th, 2022, along with a music video on YouTube. The video was directed by Shan Phearon and Jazmin themself, and the single has amassed over 2 million streams on Spotify. They also released merch following the single 5 days later.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean stated on their TikTok account that their next project will be more pop focused rather than metal like their previous album was.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: After teasing snippets through Instagram and TikTok, Bean released "Carnage" featuring Lucy Loone on November 18th, 2022. A music video was also released on Youtube the same day.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean became known on social media for their "extreme", "doll-like" makeup looks and pastel goth style, which they have described as "genderless monster". They first started doing makeup as an early teenager while trying to recreate the looks of their "Monster High" dolls. They run Cult Candy Cosmetics, a cruelty-free, vegan makeup brand.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean's music has been described as pop metal, trap metal, hyperpop, alt-pop, grunge, and horror pop. "Paper"s Jael Goldfine described their music as "freaky", "eerie", and "genre-bending". They have stated that their music is inspired by film soundtracks, including those of the 2019 horror film "Midsommar" and the 2005 fantasy film "Corpse Bride".


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean has stated that their style is inspired by Hello Kitty, Aswangs, "Fraggle Rock", and Tim Burton films, and they have described it as a form of escapism.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: A pop-up exhibition titled "R U Looking 4 Me Now" was opened from late November to early December of 2021 in Harajuku, Japan. The pop-up was in collaboration with Hysteric Glamour and featured behind the scenes props from their music videos and their own art.


title: Jazmin Bean

text: Bean is on the autism spectrum. They are agender and use they/them pronouns. They sometimes wear a chest binder, and in April 2021 announced plans to undergo top surgery. They are based in London. In June 2022, they announced that they had been in rehab for a ketamine addiction and were on the road to recovery.


title: Taiga drama

text: Taiga dramas are very costly to produce. The usual procedure of a taiga drama production would have one-third of the total number of scripts finished before shooting begins. Afterwards, audience reception is taken into account as the rest of the series is written. Many times, the dramas are adapted from a novel (e.g. "Fūrin Kazan" is based on "The Samurai Banner of Furin Kazan"). Though taiga dramas have been regarded by Japanese viewers as the most prestigious among dramas in Japan, viewership ratings have considerably declined in recent years.


title: Taiga drama

text: "Saka no Ue no Kumo" was originally set for a 2006 broadcast as "21st Century Taiga Drama". However, the scriptwriter of the series committed suicide, causing a delay in production. The series was aired as "NHK Special Drama" in three parts, each part airing from late November to late December of each year.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The Dornier Do X was the largest, heaviest, and most powerful flying boat in the world when it was produced by the Dornier company of Germany in 1929. First conceived by Claude Dornier in 1924, planning started in late 1925 and after over 240,000 work-hours it was completed in June 1929.


title: Dornier Do X

text: During the years between the two World Wars, only the Soviet Tupolev ANT-20 "Maksim Gorki" landplane of a few years later was physically larger, but at 53 metric tonnes maximum takeoff weight it was not as heavy as the Do X's 56 tonnes.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The Do X was financed by the German Transport Ministry and in order to circumvent conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which forbade any aircraft exceeding set speed and range limits to be built by Germany after World War I, a specially designed plant was built at Altenrhein, on the Swiss side of Lake Constance.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The type was popular with the public, but a lack of commercial interest and a number of non-fatal accidents prevented more than three examples from being built.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The Do X was a semi-cantilever monoplane. The Do X had an all-duralumin hull, with wings composed of a steel-reinforced duralumin framework covered in heavy linen fabric, covered with aluminium paint.


title: Dornier Do X

text: It was initially powered by twelve Siemens-built Bristol Jupiter radial engines in tandem push-pull configuration mountings, with six tractor propellers and six pushers mounted on six strut-mounted nacelles above the wing. The nacelles were joined by an auxiliary wing to stabilise the mountings. The air-cooled Jupiter engines were prone to overheating and could barely lift the Do X to an altitude of . The engines were managed by a flight engineer, who controlled the 12 throttles and monitored the 12 sets of gauges. The pilot would relay a request to the engineer to adjust the power setting, in a manner similar to the system used on maritime vessels, using an engine order telegraph. Many aspects of the aircraft echoed nautical arrangements of the time, including the flight deck, which bore a strong resemblance to the bridge of a vessel. After completing 103 flights in 1930, the Do X was refitted with Curtiss V-1570 "Conqueror" water-cooled V-12 engines. Only then was it able to reach the altitude of necessary to cross the Atlantic. Dornier designed the flying boat to carry 66 passengers on long-distance flights or 100 passengers on short flights.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The luxurious passenger accommodation approached the standards of transatlantic liners. There were three decks. On the main deck was a smoking room with its own wet bar, a dining salon, and seating for the 66 passengers which could also be converted to sleeping berths for night flights. Aft of the passenger spaces was an all-electric galley, lavatories, and cargo hold. The cockpit, navigational office, engine control and radio rooms were on the upper deck. The lower deck held fuel tanks and nine watertight compartments, only seven of which were needed to provide full flotation. Similar to the later Boeing 314, the Do X lacked conventional wing floats, instead using fuselage mounted "stub wings" to stabilise the craft in the water, which also doubled as embarkation platforms for passengers.


title: Dornier Do X

text: Three Do Xs were constructed in total. The original operated by Dornier, and two other machines based on orders from Italy. The X2, named "Umberto Maddalena" (registered I-REDI), and X3, named "Alessandro Guidoni" (registered I-ABBN). The Italian variants were slightly larger and used a different powerplant and engine mounts. Dornier claimed the X2 was the largest aircraft in the world at that time. Each was powered by Fiat A-22R V12 water-cooled engines, with the six engine mounts being covered by a streamlined fairing.


title: Dornier Do X

text: A proposed improved version of the Do X designated the Dornier Do 20, in which the pylon-mounted engines were to be replaced by four pairs of diesel engines in nacelles fared into the wing's leading edge and driving four propellers, was promoted in 1936, but never advanced beyond a design study.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The "Flugschiff" ("flying ship"), as it was called, was launched for its first test flight on 12 July 1929, with a crew of 14. To satisfy skeptics, on its 70th test flight on 21 October there were 169 on board of which 150 were passengers (mostly production workers and their families, and a few journalists), ten were aircrew and nine were stowaways. The flight set a new world record for the number of people carried on a single flight, a record that would stand for 20 years. After a takeoff run of 50 seconds the Do X slowly climbed to an altitude of . Passengers were asked to crowd together on one side or the other to help make turns. It flew for 40 minutes Flug Revue claims it was the 42nd flight and lasted 53 minutes, and a historical film shows "") at a maximum speed of before landing on Lake Constance.


title: Dornier Do X

text: To introduce the airliner to the potential United States market the Do X took off from Friedrichshafen, Germany, on 3 November 1930, under the command of Friedrich Christiansen for a transatlantic test flight to New York. The route took the Do X to the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Portugal. The journey was interrupted at Lisbon on 29 November, when a tarpaulin made contact with a hot exhaust pipe and started a fire that consumed most of the left wing. After sitting in Lisbon harbour for six weeks while new parts were fabricated and the damage repaired, the flying boat continued with several further mishaps and delays along the Western coast of Africa and by 5 June 1931 had reached the islands of Cape Verde, from which it crossed the ocean to Natal in Brazil.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The flight continued north via San Juan to the United States, reaching New York on 27 August 1931, almost ten months after departing Friedrichshafen. The Do X and crew spent the next nine months there as its engines were overhauled, and thousands of sightseers made the trip to Glenn Curtiss Airport (now LaGuardia) for sightseeing tours. The Great Depression dashed Dornier's marketing plans for the Do X, and it departed from New York on 21 May 1932 via Newfoundland and the Azores to Müggelsee, Berlin, where it arrived on 24 May and was met by a cheering crowd of 200,000.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The Do X2 entered service in August 1931, and the X3 followed in May 1932. Both were initially based at the seaplane station at La Spezia, on the Ligurian Sea, and reassigned to various other bases during their service.


title: Dornier Do X

text: Both orders originated with SANA, then the Italian state airline, but were requisitioned and used by the Italian Air Force primarily for prestige flights and public spectacles. After plans for a first-class passenger service (Genoa–Gibraltar) were deemed unfeasible, the X2 and X3 were used for officer training cruises, aeronaval manoeuvres, and publicity flights.


title: Dornier Do X

text: In April 1936, a plan was floated for a trans-Atlantic service between Berlin and New York via Lisbon and Charleston, South Carolina, with intermediate stops in the Azores and Bermuda, but it never came to pass.


title: Dornier Do X

text: Germany's original Do X was turned over to Deutsche Luft Hansa, the German national airline, after the financially strapped Dornier company could no longer operate it. After a successful 1932 tour of German coastal cities, Luft Hansa planned a Do X flight to Vienna, Budapest, and Istanbul for 1933. The voyage ended after nine days when the flying boat's tail section tore off during a botched, overly-steep landing on a reservoir lake near Passau. While the accident was successfully covered up, the Do X was out of service for three years, during which time it changed hands several times before reappearing in 1936 in Berlin, Hormann writes ""Am 5.September 1933 flog Chefeinflieger Wagner die DO-X zum Bodensee zurück. Mit dem Fiasko von Passau begann für DO-X der Weg ins Museum." ("On 5 September 1933 chief test pilot Wagner flew the DO X back to the Bodensee (Lake Constance). The Passau fiasco started the DO X's trip to the museum.")" The Do X then became the centerpiece of Germany's new aviation museum "Deutsche Luftfahrt-Sammlung" at Lehrter Bahnhof.


title: Dornier Do X

text: The Do X remained an exhibit until being destroyed during World War II in a Royal Air Force air raid on the night of 23–24 November 1943. Fragments of the torn-off tail section are displayed at the Dornier Museum in Friedrichshafen. While never a commercial success, the Dornier Do X was the largest heavier-than-air aircraft of its time, and demonstrated the potential of an international passenger air service.


title: Dornier Do X

text: In an accident identical to that of Lufthansa's Do X1a, the Italian Do X2 lost its tail section in a botched landing only one month later. After scaling back flights and crew complements during 1934, they were mothballed at Marina di Pisa in 1935, and broken up for scrap in 1937.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: "Bitch" (also known by its censored title "Nothing In Between" and later as "Bitch (Nothing In Between)") is a song by American singer-songwriter Meredith Brooks and co-written with Shelly Peiken. The song was released to American radio in March 1997 as the lead single from Brooks' second album, "Blurring the Edges" (1997), and was issued as a commercial single on May 20, 1997. The song was produced by punk notable Geza X.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: In the United States, the song steadily rose on the "Billboard" Hot 100, eventually peaking at number two for four weeks. The song also peaked at number two in Australia and Canada and reached number six in the United Kingdom. In Australasia, at the APRA Music Awards of 1998, it won the award for Most Performed Foreign Work. The song ranked at number 79 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the '90s", and was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance and Best Rock Song at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: "Bitch" was written by Brooks and Shelly Peiken. The song originated from feelings of frustration that Peiken felt in regards to her stalling music career. These feelings of frustration inspired the song's opening lyrics—"I hate the world today"—which resulted in Peiken conceptualizing a song titled "Bitch". Peiken reached out to Brooks to collaborate on the song, commenting: "[Brooks] had a lot of spunk, and I knew she could relate to this idea." Brooks claimed that she was additionally inspired to write the song after reading the writings of psychiatrist Carl Jung. The song was written in a single day in a spare bedroom of Peiken's home in Laurel Canyon, Los Angeles. In an interview with "Billboard", Brooks described the song as being about self-acceptance, referring to the word "bitch" as a term of endearment. Brooks intended to reclaim the word, removing the pejorative connotations surrounding it. She further explained the meaning of the song:


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: I'm not "an angry young girl" - or whatever the phrase of the moment is - but I'm human. It's not to excuse ranting and raving, but I don't think there's anything wrong with having "a mood". I don't think we all need to keep the mask on all the time.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: Capitol Records was initially hesitant to release "Bitch" as the lead single from "Blurring the Edges" (1997) due to the song's explicit lyrical content. The label's vice president of artists and repertoire, Perry Watts-Russell, and producer Geza X both expressed their concerns about the song's lyrics potentially having a negative impact on its commercial performance. Peiken explained that the record label considered censoring the song, although she and Brooks convinced the label to release the song to airplay with the lyrics intact. Following the release and subsequent success of the song, Brooks commented that she believed "Bitch" achieved its intended purpose of being a "celebration of Everywoman's multiple psyches."


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Publishing, the song is written in the key of A major and is set in time signature of common time with a tempo of 92 beats per minute. Brooks' vocal range spans two octaves, from E to C.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic cited "Bitch" as an "Alanis clone", critiquing the "semi-profane lyrics to the caterwauling chorus". Other music critics similarly compared the song to that of singer-songwriter Alanis Morissette with "Billboard", "Entertainment Weekly", and the "Los Angeles Times", all making note of the musical similarities between Morissette's work at the time in comparison with "Bitch". Record producer Geza X deliberately sought a hit single that sounded like Morissette's songs, yet he was fired soon afterward even when "Bitch" achieved major success, due to conflicts with Brooks' record label.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: In the United States, "Bitch" debuted at number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for the issue dated April 26, 1997. The song spent a total of 35 weeks on the chart, peaking at number two for the issue dated July 12, 1997. The song was blocked from the number one position for four weeks by Puff Daddy and Faith Evans' "I'll Be Missing You".


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: The music video was directed by Paul Andressen in Los Angeles, California. The video features Brooks on guitar while performing the song on a shimmering floral background. Throughout the course of the song, several objects typically associated with women are shown floating around the singer.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: The song was performed as part of Brooks' opening set on the Rolling Stones' Bridges to Babylon Tour. Brooks left the stage early after the audience began booing and throwing bottles, batteries, and coins at her. In response, Brooks cited the crowd's behavior as misogynistic and illustrative of the dangers of mob mentality.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: In 2000, Australian comedian Chris Franklin released a parody of the song titled "Bloke" with the lyrics changed to reflect the stereotypical Australian male lifestyle. The song peaked at number one on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart.


title: Bitch (Meredith Brooks song)

text: American comedy music group Raymond and Scum parodied the song as "Blair Witch", a parody about the film "The Blair Witch Project" (1999). Kim Gordon of the band Sonic Youth has stated that their song "Female Mechanic Now on Duty" was inspired by "Bitch". "It's worth mentioning," says Kim, "that the song, 'Female Mechanic on Duty' was inspired by 'Bitch' by that famous Lilith-type female singer, Meredith Brooks. It's an answer song." In 2016, Britney Spears gave a spoken word performance of the song during her "" concert residency.


title: Binary opposition

text: A binary opposition (also binary system) is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning. Binary opposition is the system of language and/or thought by which two theoretical opposites are strictly defined and set off against one another. It is the contrast between two mutually exclusive terms, such as on and off, up and down, left and right. Binary opposition is an important concept of structuralism, which sees such distinctions as fundamental to all language and thought. In structuralism, a binary opposition is seen as a fundamental organizer of human philosophy, culture, and language.


title: Binary opposition

text: Binary opposition originated in Saussurean structuralist theory. According to Ferdinand de Saussure, the binary opposition is the means by which the units of language have value or meaning; each unit is defined in reciprocal determination with another term, as in binary code. It is not a contradictory relation but a structural, complementary one. Saussure demonstrated that a sign's meaning is derived from its context (syntagmatic dimension) and the group (paradigm) to which it belongs. An example of this is that one cannot conceive of 'good' if we do not understand 'evil'.


title: Binary opposition

text: Typically, one of the two opposites assumes a role of dominance over the other. The categorization of binary oppositions is "often value-laden and ethnocentric", with an illusory order and superficial meaning. Furthermore, Pieter Fourie discovered that binary oppositions have a deeper or second level of binaries that help to reinforce meaning. As an example, the concepts "hero" and "villain" involve secondary binaries: good/bad, handsome/ugly, liked/disliked, and so on.


title: Binary opposition

text: A classic example of binary opposition is the presence-absence dichotomy. According to structuralism, distinguishing between presence and absence, viewed as polar opposites, is a fundamental element of thought in many cultures. In addition, according to post-structuralist criticisms, "presence" occupies a position of dominance in human society over "absence", because "absence" is traditionally seen as what you get when you take away "presence". (Had "absence" been dominant, "presence" might have most naturally been seen as what you get when you take away an "absence".)


title: Binary opposition

text: According to Jacques Derrida, meaning is often defined in terms of binary oppositions, where "one of the two terms governs the other."


title: Binary opposition

text: An example of binary opposition is the male-female dichotomy. A post-structuralist view is that "male" can be seen, according to traditional thought, as dominant over "female" because "male" is the presence of a phallus, while the vagina is an absence or loss. John Searle has suggested that the concept of binary oppositions—as taught and practiced by postmodernists and poststructuralists—is specious and lacking in rigor.


title: Binary opposition

text: The political (rather than analytic or conceptual) critique of binary oppositions is an important part of third wave feminism, post-colonialism, post-anarchism, and critical race theory, which argue that the perceived binary dichotomy between man/woman, civilized/uncivilised, and white/black have perpetuated and legitimized societal power structures favoring a specific majority. In the last fifteen years it has become routine for many social and/or historical analyses to address the variables of gender, class, sexuality, race and ethnicity. Within each of these categories there is usually an unequal binary opposition: bourgeoisie/working class man; men/women; heterosexual/homosexual. In critical race theory, the paradigm is known as the black–white binary.


title: Binary opposition

text: Post-structural criticism of binary oppositions is not simply the reversal of the opposition, but its deconstruction, which is described as apolitical—that is, not intrinsically favoring one arm of a binary opposition over the other. Deconstruction is the "event" or "moment" at which a binary opposition is thought to contradict itself, and undermine its own authority.


title: Binary opposition

text: Deconstruction assumes that all binary oppositions need to be analyzed and criticized in all their manifestations; the function of both logical and axiological oppositions must be studied in all discourses that provide meaning and values. But deconstruction does not only expose how oppositions work and how meaning and values are produced in a nihilistic or cynic position, "thereby preventing any means of intervening in the field effectively". To be effective, and simply as its mode of practice, deconstruction creates new notions or concepts, not to synthesize the terms in opposition but to mark their difference, undecidability, and eternal interplay.


title: Binary opposition

text: Logocentrism is an idea related to binary opposition that suggests certain audiences will favor one part of a binary opposition pair over the other. This favoritism is often most strongly influenced by readers' cultural backgrounds. The strong patriarchal themes in 'The Women and the Pot', an Amharic folktale, would be one such example of logocentrism. This tells the story of two women who are upset at their diminished role in society, and who consequently go to their King for help. He effectively conveys the message that women cannot be relied upon to take on a greater role in society, which becomes the moral of the tale. Prasad explains this idea: "The logocentric value is seen through the 'Eternal Knowledge'—the naturalness of male superiority—that is conveyed through the folktale. The hidden a priori binary opposition is 'Man over Woman'." In relation to the cultural heritage of an audience having an influence on their unconscious preference for one part of binary opposition, Prasad says; "By way of studying a selection of Ethiopian folktales, the paper uncovers the presence of logocentrism and a priori binary opposition being at work in Ethiopian folktales. These two elements attempt to endorse and validate the 'given' subservient position of women in society".


title: Binary opposition

text: Binary opposition is deeply embedded within literature as language, and paired opposites, rely upon a relation with adjoining words inside a paradigmatic chain. If one of the paired opposites were removed the other's precise meaning would be altered. In addition, binary opposition was explored in children's literature and it was found that authors were reinforcing Westernized images and philosophies of feminism via the binary hierarchy. Western authors were creating a representation of non-Western countries based on colonial discourse, using binary oppositions to categorize human behaviour into one term or another—not both. The non-Western woman, therefore, was "the opposite or 'other' to women and girls from the West".


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: Gentlemen Broncos is a 2009 American comedy film written by Jared and Jerusha Hess and directed by Jared Hess.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: Benjamin Purvis lives with his mother Judith, who designs tacky clothes and makes rock-hard popcorn balls. Judith and Benjamin make ends meet by working at a women's retail clothing store. Benjamin spends his spare time writing science fiction stories, and he has recently completed a story called "Yeast Lords," which centers on a hero named Bronco, modeled after his long-dead father.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: At various times, portions of "Yeast Lords" are seen as Benjamin imagines them. Bronco is obliquely masculine, and he valiantly struggles with a villain over yeast production.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: At a two-day writing camp for aspiring fantasy and science fiction authors, Benjamin attends lectures by his idol, the prolific and pretentious writer Ronald Chevalier. Chevalier announces a contest for the writers, in which the winner's story will be published nationally. After encouragement from fellow camper Tabatha, Benjamin submits "Yeast Lords". Tabatha shows the story to her friend Lonnie Donaho who runs an ultra low-budget video production company. Lonnie gives Benjamin a post-dated check for $500 and begins adapting "Yeast Lords" into a film.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: As Chevalier reviews the stories from the campers, he gets a call from his publisher, rejecting his latest manuscript. Panicked, he picks up Benjamin's story, and it sparks his imagination. Chevalier changes Purvis' Bronco into Brutus, an extremely effeminate and comically flamboyant hero, changes the other character names and title, but otherwise leaves the story intact. His publisher loves it, and the novel is rushed into production under the title "Brutus and Balzaak."


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: Portions of Chevalier's version are now seen playing out alongside Benjamin's original vision of the story.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: At the local premiere of Donaho's version of "Yeast Lords", Benjamin is nauseated to see how badly Donaho has adapted his work, and he abruptly leaves the film with Tabatha. They go to a bookstore where he discovers Chevalier's plagiarism after reading a paragraph from "Brutus and Balzaak". He confronts Chevalier at a local book signing, and assaults him with some merchandise Chevalier had offered him in exchange for keeping his theft quiet. Two policeman hustle him out of the store and he is placed in jail.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: Judith comes to visit her son in jail to give him his birthday present. She hands him a box of manuscripts, all officially bound by the Writers Guild of America. She explains that she has been registering all his stories with them since he was seven years old, thinking they would make a nice keepsake for his children. "Yeast Lords" is one of the registered stories.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: Copies of Chevalier's novel are unceremoniously dumped from store shelves and replaced with Benjamin's original novel.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: In December 2007, "JoBlo.com" reported that Jared and Jerusha Hess had signed with Fox Searchlight Pictures to produce "Gentlemen Broncos", based on a spec script they had written. The deal called for Jared Hess to direct and Mike White, who co-wrote "Nacho Libre" with them, to produce. Hess brought Angarano onto the project based on his performance in the film "Snow Angels", which also starred Rockwell. Filming began in March 2008 in Utah. Much of the film was shot in Tooele, Utah.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: In early August 2008, work on an Internet viral marketing began, which had a video introducing the character of Ronald Chevalier. A second video was released in October 2008. A trailer was released on August 19, 2009. Some of the artwork in the opening credits is by fantasy and science fiction artist David Lee Anderson.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: "Gentlemen Broncos" was intended to be released theatrically on October 30, 2009, but due to poor reviews the national release was pulled from theaters.


title: Gentlemen Broncos

text: The film received mostly negative reviews and holds a 19% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 79 reviews by critics and the sites consensus reads: "Unselfconsciously juvenile and overwhelmingly quirky, "Gentlemen Broncos" offers a lot of potty humor but isn't terribly funny". Metacritic gave it a generally unfavorable 28 out of 100 based on 21 reviews. Roger Ebert gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, writing that while "Hess invents good characters" they quickly become lost in a disjointed and meandering story. However, Richard Brody, writing for "The New Yorker", lauded the film, and in 2018 described "Gentlemen Broncos" as "a truly great film, with no asterisk whatsoever".


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Polyacrylamide (abbreviated as PAM) is a polymer with the formula (-CHCHCONH-). It has a linear-chain structure. PAM is highly water-absorbent, forming a soft gel when hydrated. In 2008, an estimated 750,000,000 kg were produced, mainly for water treatment and the paper and mineral industries.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Polyacrylamide is a polyolefin. It can be viewed as polyethylene with amide substituents on alternating carbons. Unlike various nylons, polyacrylamide is not a polyamide because the amide groups are not in the polymer backbone. Owing to the presence of the amide (CONH) groups, alternating carbon atoms in the backbone are stereogenic (colloquially: chiral). For this reason, polyacrylamide exists in atactic, syndiotactic, and isotactic forms, although this aspect is rarely discussed. The polymerization is initiated with radicals and is assumed to be stereorandom.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Linear polyacrylamide is a water-soluble polymer. Other polar solvents include DMSO and various alcohols. Cross-linking can be introduced using N,N-methylenebisacrylamide. Some crosslinked materials are swellable but not soluble, i.e., they are hydrogels.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Partial hydrolysis occurs at elevated temperatures in aqueous media, converting some amide substituents to carboxylates. This hydrolysis thus makes the polymer particularly hydrophilic. The polymer produced from N,N-dimethylacrylamide resists hydrolysis.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, the proportionately largest use of these polymers was in water treatment. The next major application by weight is additives for pulp processing and papermaking. About 30% of polyacrylamide is used in the oil and mineral industries.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: One of the largest uses for polyacrylamide is to flocculate solids in a liquid. This process applies to water treatment, and processes like paper making and screen printing. Polyacrylamide can be supplied in a powder or liquid form, with the liquid form being subcategorized as solution and emulsion polymer.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Even though these products are often called 'polyacrylamide', many are actually copolymers of acrylamide and one or more other species, such as an acrylic acid or a salt thereof. These copolymers have modified wetting and swellability.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: The ionic forms of polyacrylamide has found an important role in the potable water treatment industry. Trivalent metal salts, like ferric chloride and aluminum chloride, are bridged by the long polymer chains of polyacrylamide. This results in significant enhancement of the flocculation rate. This allows water treatment plants to greatly improve the removal of total organic content (TOC) from raw water.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: In oil and gas industry polyacrylamide derivatives especially co-polymers have a substantial effect on production by enhanced oil recovery by viscosity enhancement. High viscosity aqueous solutions can be generated with low concentrations of polyacrylamide polymers, which are injected to improve the economics of conventional water-flooding. In a separate application, hydraulic fracturing benefits from drag reduction resulting from injection of these solutions. These applications use large volumes of polymer solutions at concentration of 30–3000 mg/L.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: The primary functions of polyacrylamide soil conditioners are to increase soil tilth, aeration, and porosity and reduce compaction, dustiness and water run-off. Typical applications are 10 mg/L, which is still expensive for many applications. Secondary functions are to increase plant vigor, color, appearance, rooting depth, and emergence of seeds while decreasing water requirements, diseases, erosion and maintenance expenses. FC 2712 is used for this purpose.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: The polymer is also used to make Gro-Beast toys, which expand when placed in water, such as the Test Tube Aliens. Similarly, the absorbent properties of one of its copolymers can be utilized as an additive in body-powder.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Polyacrylamide is also often used in molecular biology applications as a medium for electrophoresis of proteins and nucleic acids in a technique known as PAGE.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Polyacrylamide was first used in a laboratory setting in the early 1950s. In 1959, the groups of Davis and Ornstein and of Raymond and Weintraub independently published on the use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to separate charged molecules.</ref> The technique is widely accepted today, and remains a common protocol in molecular biology labs.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Acrylamide has other uses in molecular biology laboratories, including the use of linear polyacrylamide (LPA) as a carrier, which aids in the precipitation of small amounts of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). Many laboratory supply companies sell LPA for this use. In addition, under certain conditions, it can be used to selectively precipitate only RNA species from a mixture of nucleic acids.