title: Jud Süß

text: After the war, all the cast members also disclaimed responsibility, pleading that they had been coerced into participating in the film. According to his biographer Friedrich Knilli, Marian never came to terms with his having accepted the role of Süß and became an alcoholic, dying shortly after the war in a 1946 car accident. Some have attributed the accident to suicide.


title: Jud Süß

text: Both Heinrich George and Werner Krauss were placed under arrest because of their past affiliation with the Nazi party. Although Heinrich George had been a member of the German Communist Party before the Nazi takeover, he was nonetheless interned as a Nazi collaborator at the Soviet special camp in Sachsenhausen where he died in 1946.


title: Jud Süß

text: Werner Krauss was banned from performing on stage and in films in Germany. He was required to undergo a de-Nazification process from 1947 to 1948. Ultimately, he was rehabilitated to the extent of being invited to German film festivals. In 1954, he was awarded the Order of the Federal Republic of Germany; in 1955, he received the High Decoration of the Republic of Austria.


title: Jud Süß

text: In the first few years after the war, Kristina Söderbaum was often heckled off the stage and even suffered the indignity of having rotten vegetables thrown at her.


title: Jud Süß

text: In subsequent years, she frequently expressed regret for her roles in antisemitic films. Although Söderbaum continued to play roles in film, she was never offered a leading role after the war. Eventually, she became a photographer of celebrities.


title: Jud Süß

text: Harlan was required by court order to destroy what was then believed to be the only remaining negative of "Jud Süß" and he reportedly did this in April 1954. A few years later, however, copies of the film began to turn up to the embarrassment of the


title: Jud Süß

text: West German government. After a lengthy investigation, it was determined that another negative existed in East Germany and it was used it to make prints that were dubbed in Arabic and distributed in Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt and Lebanon. Though that negative has never been located, it has been widely suspected that this version was produced and distributed by the Stasi or the KGB in order to arouse anti-semitism among Egyptians and Palestinians against the US-backed Israel (and henceforth, support for the Soviet-backed Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser).


title: Jud Süß

text: In 1983, the Los Angeles-based neo-Nazi National Socialist League under Russell Veh stirred controversy in the United States when it attempted mass distribution of "Jud Süß". The NSL was actively involved in the distribution of Nazi propaganda films in America, including "Triumph of the Will".


title: Jud Süß

text: Following the restoration of copyright under the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, the film is currently held by the F. W. Murnau Foundation. The Foundation only permits screenings of the film when accompanied by an introduction explaining the historical context and the intended impact. Distribution, sale and screening of the film are forbidden in Germany and Austria. Sale of the DVD is also prohibited in France and Italy.


title: Jud Süß

text: In July 2008, the film was publicly screened in Budapest by Sándor and Tibor Gede, Hungarian right-wing extremists. without the permission and consent of the Murnau Foundation. The Murnau Foundation protested to the Hungarian government through diplomatic channels.


title: Jud Süß

text: The film has been available for sale on VHS in the United States at least since 1983 (the copyright date on a commercially marketed video cassette). In 2008, a digitally restored subtitled DVD became generally available online with commentary by film historian Eric Rentschler.


title: Jud Süß

text: Although the film claimed to be "historically accurate", the plot presents only a few historically accurate details and significantly departs from the historical record on a number of key points. Some of these departures were based on the Feuchtwanger novel and the Mendes' film adaptation of it; others were introduced by Goebbels and Harlan. According to Wallace, it is generally recognized that the narratives of both films are only loosely related by being rooted in the same "chapter of Wurttemberg history".


title: Jud Süß

text: Joseph Süß Oppenheimer did serve Duke Karl Alexander as a court Jew. When the duke died suddenly, Süß was, in fact, brought to trial and subsequently executed in an iron cage more or less as depicted in the film. Haggith and Newman assert that much of the rest of Harlan's film is "pure invention." For example, the film presents the grounds for Süß's execution as being abuse of power and sexual relations with a Christian woman. According to Shay Hazkani, these accusations are not mentioned in any of the historical essays about the real Süß.


title: Jud Süß

text: Although Lion Feuchtwanger believed that Harlan's film relied heavily on his novel, Bergfelder and Cargnelli characterize the film as "based primarily on Wilhelm Hauff's novella" and assert that it only uses a few characters from Feuchtwanger's novel. Even these characters and their actions are distorted to support the film's antisemitic message.


title: Jud Süß

text: Because Goebbels envisioned a film that would be a response to Mendes' film adaptation of Feuchtwanger's novel, Harlan's plot shares a similar structure to the plot of the Mendes film with a few crucial changes which Feuchtwanger characterized as shameful distortions. Feuchtwanger himself referred to Harlan's film as a "Schandwerk" ("a shameful work") and wrote an open letter to seven Berlin actors, two of them having played lead roles in the film. He asserted that Harlan's film had distorted his novel so much that it was a perversion of it. He further called into question their motives for making the film in light of their familiarity with him and his novel.


title: Jud Süß

text: Haines and Parker characterize Feuchtwanger's works and the Mendes film adaptation as "diametrically opposed to Nazi anti-Semitism."


title: Jud Süß

text: For Feuchtwanger, Süß was a forerunner that symbolized the evolution in European philosophy and cultural mentality, representing a shift towards Eastern philosophy, from Nietzsche to Buddha, from "the old to the new covenant."


title: Jud Süß

text: In his novel, Feuchtwanger portrayed greed, pride and ambition as human weaknesses found in both Jews and Gentiles and which could be overcome by the denial of desire. In contrast to Feuchtwanger's philosophical meditation on the tension between Eastern and Western philosophy, Harlan's film casts these as uniquely Jewish traits and presents Jews as a "dangerous and recklessly underestimated threat."


title: Jud Süß

text: The film employs a number of negative stereotypes of Jews as being materialistic, immoral, cunning, untrustworthy and physically unattractive. At one extreme, Jews are portrayed as cut-throat capitalists; at the other, they are depicted as poor, filthy immigrants. Mike Davis writes that "A thousand years of European anti-semitism were condensed into the cowering rapist, Süß, with his dirty beard, hook nose and whining voice."


title: Jud Süß

text: The character of Süß is based on the stereotype of the grasping Jewish moneylender. There is an early scene in which Süß is shown to possess a fortune in jewels and jewelry. In another, he tells an innocent German girl that his home is "the world" (reflecting the Nazi stereotype of Jews as rootless wanderers in contrast to the Germans' love of their German homeland). Several conversations between Jewish characters perpetuate the Nazi line that Jews are inherently hostile to non-Jews. According to David Welch, the Nazis issued a guide to the press explaining how to interpret the film. The guide emphasized that a key point of the film was that once Jews like Süß got into positions of responsibility and power, "they exploited power, not for the good of the community, but for their own racial ends."


title: Jud Süß

text: In both Feuchtwanger's novel and Harlan's film, the dramatic climax is rape. However, Feuchtwanger posits that Süß has a hidden daughter whom the duke discovers, rapes and who then dies by drowning. The novel then focuses on Süß's grappling with the desire for revenge and the tragedy resulting from his decision to exact vengeance for the loss of his daughter. Harlan replaced the rape of Süß's daughter by the duke with Süß's rape of an Aryan woman, thus completely inverting Feuchtwanger's plot device from a father's tragic quest for vengeance to the punishment of a Jew for having sexual relations with a Christian.


title: Jud Süß

text: Christiane Schönfeld writes that, "[t]he Jew as sexual beast and vampire, sucking the life spirit from individual and community alike is an all too common motif in anti-Semitic propaganda and is put to effective use in Harlan's film." Michael Töteberg writes: "[Jud Süß] openly mobilized fears and sexual aggression and exploited them for anti-Semitic incitement." According to Michael Kater, the film was shown to "a large number of (German) girls" in order to warn them of the "sexual devastation that Jews had wrought in the past" and to remind them of the Nuremberg Race Laws of 1935. In an interview with "Der Film" given before the release of the film, Harlan pointed out that Süß was ultimately sentenced to death not for his financial machinations which were technically legal but for violating an ancient law which prohibited Jews from having sexual relations with Christian women. He then cites this as being "an interesting parallel to the Nuremberg Laws.


title: Jud Süß

text: There is also Süß's role as a purveyor of women for the Duke, and his relentless pursuit of an "Aryan" woman for sexual purposes, even after she rebuffs his first attempt to seduce her. From the Nazi perspective, this was "Rassenschande", a racial pollution, a crime against the German blood. The heroine's suicide is a proper response of a German to such a tragedy.


title: Jud Süß

text: One antisemitic theme that is introduced at the beginning of the film is the portrayal of Süß as the typical "Jew in disguise", a concept which Welch describes as "the inherent rootlessness of the Jew and his ability to assimilate himself into whichever society he chooses." Süß is presented to the audience first in traditional ghetto attire and then a quick cutaway to a shot of him in elegant clothes riding in a carriage on his way to Stuttgart. Thus, Süß is shown to be hiding his true identity as a marginalized Jew and posing as a respected member of German society. However, despite Süß's attempts to fit into Württemberg high society, Harlan will not let the audience forget that he is ultimately depicted as a "dirty Jew" and underlines this point by juxtaposing him with the elderly Rabbi Löw. In an interview with "Der Film", a German film magazine, Harlan explained:


title: Jud Süß

text: It is meant to show how all these different temperaments and characters – the pious Patriarch, the wily swindler, the penny-pinching merchant and so on – are ultimately derived from the same roots.


title: Jud Süß

text: Around the middle of the film we show the Purim festival, a victory festival which the Jews celebrate as a festival of revenge on the Goyim, the Christians. Here I am depicting authentic Jewry as it was then and as it now continues unchecked in Poland. In contrast to this original Jewry, we are presented with Süss, the elegant financial adviser to the Court, the clever politician, in short, the Jew in disguise.


title: Jud Süß

text: Stephen Lee writes that Hitler's vision of the kind of film that was likely to engage the German public proved to be less effective than the more subtle approach advocated by Goebbels. For example, the "documentary film" "Der Ewige Jude" ("The Eternal Jew") that Hitler commissioned was so crude and strident that many audiences were repelled by the grotesque imagery and the film was a box-office flop. The failure of "Der Ewige Jude" convinced Goebbels that the most effective approach for disseminating propaganda was subtle and indirect. Lee writes that Goebbels had learned to "introduce propaganda as a subliminal message within the context of a story with which the audience could identify." The Nazi antisemitic message was more subtly and artfully presented in the feature film format that Goebbels preferred.


title: Jud Süß

text: Richard Levy attributes the effectiveness of the film in part to an "arguably engaging story" and the casting of some of the leading German stars of that period including Ferdinand Marian, Heinrich George, Kristina Söderbaum, and Werner Krauss. He characterizes the film's antisemitic message as being "integrated into the film's story and strategy rather than overwhelming it or seeming to stand apart from it." Edgar Feuchtwanger attributes the success of the film to it being "a combination of virulent anti-Semitism with a compelling love story, full of sex and violence."


title: Jud Süß

text: However, Stephen Brockman cautions against making "all-too-sweeping assumptions" about how effective "Jud Süß" was as a propaganda tool. To support his argument, he points to anecdotal evidence that, rather than being perceived as a despicable Jew, Marian's portrayal of Süß was considered to be quite sympathetic; so much so that he received fan mail from women who had become infatuated with his character.


title: Jud Süß

text: David Culbert notes that "[t]hose who have condemned "Jew Süss" as a lifeless production are presuming—understandably—a morally abhorrent film cannot possibly have redeeming artistic merit." However, Culbert argues that, while one can understand such reasoning, it is actually a fallacy. He argues that those who dismiss Harlan as a "loud-mouthed opportunist who could direct crowd scenes" have failed to understand the structure of the script whose brilliance is due to Harlan rather than to his predecessors, Metzger and Möller. Culbert attributes much of the film's success to Marian's performance. He describes Marian as making use of "techniques and gestures perfected in his stage portrayal of Iago (in Shakespeare's "Othello")". According to Culbert, "the construction of [Harlan's] plot owes much to Shakespeare."


title: Jud Süß

text: From the early twenty-first century the film became the subject of a number of documentary films. In 2001 made a film titled "Jud Süß—Ein Film als Verbrechen?" ("Jud Süß—A Film as a Crime?"). The 2008 documentary "Harlan – In the Shadow of Jew Süss" by Felix Moeller explores Harlan's motivations and the post-war reaction of his large family to his notoriety. In 2010, Oskar Roehler directed a film titled "" (German: , "Jud Süss—film without conscience") that premiered at the 2010 Berlinale, receiving mixed reviews. It dramatizes the involvement of Austrian actor Ferdinand Marian who initially turns down the role, but then gives in to Goebbels' pressure and the promise of fame.


title: David Lee Smith

text: David Lee Smith (born September 8, 1963) is an American actor, known for his role as John Oldman, the protagonist of the 2007 science fiction film, "The Man from Earth" and its 2018 sequel, ";" he co-starred with John Billingsley and Tony Todd. He has also appeared in other movies, including "Fight Club", and dozens of television episodes, some as a recurring character such as in "".


title: David Lee Smith

text: Smith was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and attended Banks High School. He graduated from the University of Alabama and Southern Methodist University.


title: Certified copy

text: A certified copy is a copy (often a photocopy) of a primary document that has on it an endorsement or certificate that it is a true copy of the primary document. It does not certify that the primary document is genuine, only that it is a true copy of the primary document.


title: Certified copy

text: A certified copy is often used in English-speaking common law countries as a convenient way of providing a copy of documents. It is usually inexpensive to obtain. A certified copy may be required for official government or court purposes and for commercial purposes. It avoids the owner of important documents (especially identity documents) giving up possession of those documents which might mean a risk of their loss or damage.


title: Certified copy

text: It has some similarities to a notarized copy, which is a form used in some countries, and particularly in some US states. A notarized copy is signed by a notary public (not to be confused with a notary in a civil law country).


title: Certified copy

text: The certified copy is signed by a person nominated by the person or agency asking for it. Typically, the person is referred to as an authorised person. The person who is authorised to sign the certificate will vary between countries. Sometimes a person is authorised by legislation to do so (for example a court clerk, solicitor, or notary public), but this is not always so. In some countries, for example the United Kingdom and South Africa, identity documents can also be certified by authorised post office staff.


title: Certified copy

text: A copy of a primary document that is to be used internationally may have to be in the form of a notarized copy rather than a certified copy. A notarized copy may be more expensive to obtain. A copy of a document to be used internationally may also have to comply with special rules - Hague Convention Abolishing the Requirement of Legalisation for Foreign Public Documents.


title: Certified copy

text: If the primary document needs to be translated, an additional certificate is usually required. Typically, the document must be translated professionally and have the professional's certificate of accuracy attached to the translation together with a copy of the primary document. Then, the primary document, the translation, and the certificate of accuracy are photocopied in the form of a certified copy. For example, a Russian birth certificate used in an English-speaking country, a notarized copy will be required.


title: Certified copy

text: In Australia, certified copies are solely the creation of administrative practice. There is no specific legislation at federal, state, or territorial level.


title: Certified copy

text: Certified copies have long been used to give a veneer of authenticity to a photocopy of a primary document. In practice, they are very easy to obtain at almost no cost other than the photocopy, and are used in a wide range of situations, especially with identity documents.


title: Certified copy

text: In practice, and purely for convenience, a copy may usually be certified by a person who is able to witness a statutory declaration under federal legislation about Statutory Declarations. Categories of people are listed in Schedule 2 of the "Statutory Declarations Regulations 1993" (Cth).


title: Certified copy

text: Schedule 2 states that chiropractors, dentists, legal practitioners, medical practitioners, nurses, optometrists, patent attorneys, pharmacists, physiotherapists, psychologists, trade mark attorneys and Veterinary surgeons may certify copies. Part 2 of the schedule lists various other professions and positions, the members or occupants of which may also certify copies (for example, judges, police officers and members of parliament).


title: Certified copy

text: Certified copies can be quite basic in Australia due to the lack of legislation. More detail is often required by the person or agency requiring it. Sometimes the person or agency will contact the person certifying the copy to limit the possibility of a fraudulent copy.


title: Certified copy

text: In some states and territories, police stations and libraries have arrangements to enable documents to be certified or witnessed by a justice of the peace. This service is free.


title: Certified copy

text: Photocopies can be certified free at a police station. Certified copies, for example of the "Omang" state identity card, are widely used, and are often required for job applications, etc.


title: Certified copy

text: In India, under section 2(j)(ii) of The Right to Information Act, 2005, the Public Information Officer (PIO) is mandatorily 'required to provide the appellant "Certified copies of documents or records."' In such a case, the PIO is only certifying that copies of documents or records are true copies of those held on a 'X' page of a 'X' file of the Public Authority, irrespective of their original source.


title: Certified copy

text: In Sri Lanka, certified copy or true copy of an original document can be attested by an attorney, a notary public or a justice of the peace.


title: Certified copy

text: Except for notaries public in some states, there are no officials in the US who are authorized to make certified copies of any kind of document presented to them. If one is in a state where notaries public are not authorized to make certified copies, one must deal with the entity that issued the original document to obtain a certified copy.


title: Certified copy

text: Some states in the United States permit notaries public to certify copies; the laws or officials who regulate notaries should be consulted for details. The U.S. State Department in 2005 compiled a table summarizing the state laws and regulations. In the table below, notes from the State Department table have been omitted for states that do not authorize notaries to certify copies.


title: Certified copy

text: Notaries in many states keep journals of all their notarial acts. The table shows that in some states notaries may make certified copies of their journals but may not make any other kind of certified copies.


title: Certified copy

text: In cases where a bank, government agency, or foreign consulate requires a "notarized copy of photo identification," and the state prohibits notaries from making certified copies, many of these agencies will accept a copy with a form of affidavit from the holder of the photo identification himself or herself attesting to its authenticity, which is then notarized. Thus, all the notary is doing is taking and signing an affidavit and not certifying a copy. The example below is acceptable


title: Certified copy

text: In Vietnam, a certified copy or true copy of an original document can be attested by a Ward/District or higher People's Committee or Notary Office, not only Vietnamese official documents but also foreign documents.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast is a peri-urban region in New South Wales, Australia, lying on the Tasman Sea coast to the north of Sydney and south of Newcastle.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The local government area of the Central Coast Council has an estimated population of 333,627 as of June 2018, growing by 1% annually. Comprising localities such as Gosford, Wyong and Terrigal, the area is the third-largest urban area in New South Wales and the ninth-largest urban area in Australia. Geographically, the Central Coast is generally considered to include the region bounded by the Hawkesbury River in the south, the Watagan Mountains in the west and the southern end of Lake Macquarie, lying on the Sydney basin.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Politically, the Central Coast Council has administered the area since 12 May 2016, when the Gosford City Council and the Wyong Shire Council merged. In September 2006, the New South Wales government released a revised long-term plan for the region that saw the Central Coast classified as an urban area, along with Wollongong and the Hunter Region. , Scot MacDonald served as the parliamentary secretary for the Hunter and Central Coast. In November 2015 both Gosford and Wyong councils controversially voted to merge following a NSW Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal assessment which found the Gosford and Wyong Shire Councils did not meet the stand-alone operating criteria for the NSW State government's "Fit for the Future" plans for the Local Area Councils within the state.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Despite local opposition and concerns over Wyong Shire, in effect, being subsumed within the Gosford Council, and claims of councillors being bullied into the merger, as part of the process, amalgamation into a single Central Coast local government area passed all administrative and legislative requirements and came into effect in 2016. As of mid-2020, the amalgamation process had cost $49 million.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The region has been inhabited for thousands of years by Aboriginal people. The local Kuringgai people were the first Aboriginal people to come in contact with British settlers. An Aboriginal man from the region named Bungaree became one of the most prominent people of the early settlement of New South Wales. He was one of the first Aboriginal people to learn English and befriended the early governors Phillip, King and Macquarie. He accompanied explorer Matthew Flinders in circumnavigating Australia. Macquarie later declared Bungaree "The King of the Broken Bay Tribes".


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: In addition to Kuringgai-speaking people (referred to as the "Pittwater tribes" and "Broken Bay tribes" by early colonists), Awabakal lived around Lake Macquarie, and Darkinyung people lived inland, to the west of the Mooney Mooney Creek. The Kuringgai (Guriŋgai), Awaba and Darkinyung languages are related to each other, but are distinct from the Dharrug and Sydney languages that were spoken south of the central coast. Post-settlement disease and disruption greatly reduced the numbers of Aboriginal people.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: In 1811, the Governor of New South Wales, Lachlan Macquarie, gave the first land grant in the region to William Nash, a former marine of the First Fleet. No further grants were made in the area until 1821.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The region is a network of towns that have been linked in recent years by expanding suburban development. The main urban cluster of the region surrounds the northern shore of Brisbane Water and includes the Coast's largest population centre, Gosford, stretching east to the retail centre of Erina. Other major commercial "centres" on the Coast are Wyong, Tuggerah, Lakehaven, The Entrance, Terrigal, and Woy Woy. Large numbers of people who live in the southern part of the region commute daily to work in Sydney. The Central Coast is also a popular tourist destination and a popular area for retirement. The Central Coast has significant employment including services, tourism, manufacturing, finance, building, retail and industrial. As a result, the cultural identity of the region is distinct from that of the large and diverse metropolis of Sydney as well as from the Hunter region with its mining, heavy industry and port.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: On 2 December 2005, the Central Coast was officially recognised as a stand-alone region rather than an extension of Greater Sydney or the Hunter Valley.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa), with warm humid summers and mild winters. Rainfall is spread fairly evenly throughout the year, but is slightly more frequent during autumn. Winter is the driest time, with often minimal to no rain.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Australian Bureau of Statistics publishes population census data and regular population estimates on the Central Coast under a Significant Urban Area. As at June 2018 the estimated population of this region was 333,627, with population forecasts projecting it will grow by more than 20 per cent to 415,050 by 2035. Estimated resident population, 30 June 2018.Earlier, at the 2001 Census, the population was 304,753 with 146,926 males and 157,827 females. The median age was 41. The ABS also includes the Central Coast region population wholly within Greater Sydney which results in Greater Sydney's population being larger than that of Greater Melbourne, however the NSW government definition for the Central Coast region it has its own regional population definition.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: There are three campuses of the Hunter Institute of TAFE located at Gosford, Wyong and Ourimbah along with multiple private colleges.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast has four broadcast translators across the region, located at Bouddi (between Killcare & MacMasters Beach), Gosford and Wyong (Forresters Beach), and Mount Sugarloaf (Newcastle). Due to the Central Coast being split between the Sydney (metro) and Northern NSW (regional) licence areas, these translators carry stations from both areas.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Each station broadcasts a primary channel and several multichannels. Of the three main networks, NBN produces a bulletin containing regional, national and international news screening every night at 6:00pm on Channel 9. Both WIN Television and Prime7 produce short local updates to fulfill local content quotas. Foxtel is also available via satellite.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast has a number of local radio stations. The three large commercial stations are Triple M 107.7, Star 104.5, Hit 101.3, all being part of national networks.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The ABC has an outreach station on 92.5 FM that operates a locally produced breakfast show from 6am to 9am weekdays, outside this it broadcasts Sydney programming from ABC 702 AM. The community radio station CoastFM 96.3 has a considerable following as does Radio Five-O-Plus 93.3. A 24-hour Country music station TodayCountry94one is based in Gosford and broadcasts online and in syndication across the country. It also has a Christian radio station rheema fm on 94.9fm. As at Jan 2021 The Central Coast has a locally based internet Radio Station https://www.centralcoastradio.com providing locals with a radio station being broadcast by local presenters from their place of business/home. Offering local business and musicians a broader reach for their target market. Corporate prospectus is available at https://www.centralcoastradio.com/rates-offers


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: In most locations on the Central Coast, Sydney and Newcastle radio stations can be received at reasonable levels particularly on the AM band.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast is not serviced by its own daily print newspaper though has three thriving weekly local newspapers as well as a fortnightly paper and several popular monthly newsletters.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: A series of locally owned local papers have grown in popularity over time. "Coast Community News" services the Central Gosford region and the "Coast Community Chronicle" services the northern part of the region and the "Pelican Post" services the postcodes of 2256 and 2257. All are published by a local independent publishing house "Central Coast Newspapers" bucking the trend in declining newspaper sales. "The Peninsula News" run by a community association services the southern part of the region centred around the Woy Woy area with a fortnightly paper. In addition a popular monthly business publication Central Coast Business Review has been sold and published for over 20 years. Previously the major print publication of the region was the weekly "Central Coast Express Advocate", published by News Limited's News Local, though that ceased printing in 2019. It is now purely a subscription-based online service.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The area has three operating theatres. Laycock Street Theatre, located in North Gosford, has a proscenium arch configuration and seats 392 patrons. The venue also contains a multi-purpose space suitable for conferences, board meetings, annual general meetings, cabaret and small musical acts. The resident amateur theatre group, the Gosford Musical Society, currently contribute 5 shows a year.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The largest theatre on the Central Coast is The Art House, Wyong, which opened in May 2016 and replaced the old Wyong Memorial Hall which was used mainly by Wyong Musical Theatre Company and Wyong Drama Group. The Art House is a multipurpose venue with a 500-seat proscenium arch theatre with a 12m x 9m stage and automated fly tower as well as a 285m2 studio space with retractable tiered seating for 130 people and AV link to the main theatre. The Art House also features a 500m2 space suited to functions and events, as well as an exhibition wall ideal for visual art and photography displays. The opening of this venue saw a sudden growth in arts companies producing theatre in the region including Endless Night Theatre Company, Gosford Theatre Company, Nate Butler's Studio, Salt House Theatre Company, and the regions only youth theatre body, Jopuka Productions.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: In late 2018, the Elderslee Foundation purchased a large building along the Tuggerah Strait close to Wyong which has subsequently been renovated and repurposed into a community facility, including office facilities, hot desks, training rooms, a commercial kitchen and art exhibition space for use by the community and the Red Tree Theatre, a small adaptable space for forums, seminars, concerts, theatre rehearsals and productions. The Red Tree Theatre features a 144-seat ranked auditorium equipped with professional standard lighting and sound.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Peninsula Theatre at Woy Woy features a 122-seat raked auditorium, 49m2 stage area and professional standard staging, lighting and sound capabilities.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Central Coast Mariners represent the Central Coast in the A-League. The Mariners have been A-League premiers twice (2007-08 and 2011-12), and were A-League champions in 2013. The Mariners play out of Central Coast Stadium at Gosford, the largest stadium on the Central Coast with a capacity of 20,059.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Wyong Roos currently play in the Intrust Super Premiership at Morry Breen Oval in Kanwal. They are the feeder team of the Sydney Roosters National Rugby League team, who have developed an agreement to play one regular season fixture per year at Central Coast Stadium for five years, starting in 2015. The South Sydney Rabbitohs also play regular games.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast Rhinos played in the Australian Ice Hockey League from 2006 to 2008 and the Australian International Ice Hockey Cup from 2009 to 2012. They played out of Erina Ice Arena at Erina Fair, which is the Central Coast's only ice rink. The Erina Ice Arena has been closed since the 19th of August, 2019 for renovations and is looking to reopen on Saturday the 2nd of January, 2021.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Other teams include the Central Coast Crusaders - the elite senior basketball program of the Central Coast region and the Central Coast Centurions - the Central Coast's junior rugby league representative team who compete in the S.G. Ball Cup and the Harold Matthews Cup.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Several attempts have been made to have teams enter other national competitions. The most notable of these was the attempt to enter the Central Coast Bears as the 16th team into the NRL. This attempt was financed by a consortium led by John Singleton, but the Gold Coast Titans were ultimately successful. The Northern Eagles, a merger of NRL clubs Manly-Warringah and North Sydney began their tenure playing half of their games at Gosford; however, within three years the team was solely playing back at Brookvale. South Sydney were also unsuccessfully approached to play out of Gosford, despite the few games that are played on the Central Coast attracting large crowds. The Central Coast Storm rugby league team play in a number of NSWRL lower grade competitions, and the Central Coast Waves rugby union team plays in the Shute Shield. The Central Coast Rays rugby union club who competed in the ill-fated Australian Rugby Championship's only season late in 2007, called Central Coast Stadium home.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast has numerous sporting ovals, golf courses, skate parks, tennis courts and swimming pools that are open to the public and one target shooting facility. Attempts are underway to build a series of bicycle paths. A velodrome is also open to the public at West Gosford. National parks on the Central Coast have a large range of walking paths and mountain bike trails. Water sports like sailing, rowing and water skiing are popular activities on the Central Coast lakes. Attempts are being made to attract pro golf tournaments to Magenta Shores (a new resort north of The Entrance). In 2011, the frigate was scuttled off North Avoca Beach as an artificial reef.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast has two large public hospitals with Emergency departments. Gosford Hospital is the largest with 460 beds, Wyong Hospital is located at Kanwal and has 274 beds. Additionally, there is a small public hospital in Woy Woy and a Health Care Centre at Long Jetty. The largest private hospital on the Central Coast is Gosford Private Hospital located at North Gosford. Brisbane Waters Private in Woy Woy, Tuggerah Lakes Private at Kanwal and Berkeley Vale Private are also major healthcare providers. The region has 21 aged care facilities. New South Wales Ambulance has seven ambulance stations on the Central Coast located at Bateau Bay, Doyalson, Ettalong, Point Clare, Terrigal, Toukley and Wyong.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast is serviced by an extensive and burgeoning road system. A combination of bus and rail provide limited public transport options for locals. The region also has a number of taxis operated by Central Coast Taxis. Transport has been a constant issue for the region and has been cited as high a priority over the last 20 years in regional plans and priorities by local, state and federal government agencies, with incremental investments largely in road infrastructure.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The main access to the Central Coast by road is by the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway that carries the designation National Highway 1, known to most as the F3 Freeway. From January 2013 it is officially part of the M1 Pacific Motorway. The freeway provides the most important road link between Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle and the Hunter Region.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Since December 2009 the F3 freeway is three lanes in each direction for 43 kilometres between Wahroonga and the Kariong Interchange. There is a small 8 kilometre section from the Kariong interchange to Peats Ridge which is two lanes each way and the freeway is then three lanes in each direction between Peats Ridge and Tuggerah. From Tuggerah north to Beresfield the freeway is two lanes in each direction. The two lane section between Kariong and Peats Ridge, and a two lane section between Tuggerah and Doyalson interchange was widened to 3 lanes in each direction in 2020.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The roads that link Kariong with Doyalson (Pacific Highway, Dane Drive, Masons Parade, York Street, George Street, The Entrance Road, Oakland Avenue, Coral Street, Wilfred Barrett Drive, Budgewoi Road and Scenic Road) became known as the Central Coast Highway from 9 August 2006.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast's roads are maintained by both local councils as well as state roads by the NSW government; however, due to the relatively large geography maintenance issues often arise.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The western suburbs of the Central Coast are on the Main Northern railway line. The rail line is primarily used to provide mass transport for those that commute to Sydney and as such services are most frequent during peak commuter times (typically one hour before Sydney peak times in the morning and one hour after in the evening due to the distance). Gosford station is the central station on the line connecting with most bus services as well as taxis.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Trains terminate at both Gosford and Wyong stations which are also utilised by long-distance services.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Bus services in the region are operated by Busways which has depots at Kincumber and Charmhaven, Red Bus Services and Coastal Liner. All companies serve their own individual areas covering almost all areas of the region and rarely overlapping.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Busways operates services using Lake Haven, Tuggerah, Erina Fair and Gosford as central points. In the south services cover as far south as Woy Woy, Umina, Ettalong and Pearl Beach/Patonga, and also stretch out to Kincumber, Erina, Avoca Beach and Terrigal in the east. Occasional services are conducted to Kariong, then to Mangrove Mountain in the west. Busways' northern services cover from Gosford and north to Tuggerah (through the Narara Valley and Ourimbah), then continue north to Wyong via Tuggerah, which in turn services the northern section of Lake Haven, Charmhaven, Gorokan, Toukley, Noraville, Budgewoi, Buff Point and San Remo. Further services also utilise routes including Blue Haven, Gwandalan, and as far north as Swansea and Charlestown in Lake Macquarie.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Red Bus Services operate services mainly between Wyong and The Entrance as well as The Entrance and Gosford, although some services do reach Ourimbah and Wyong Hospital at Kanwal. Its services also operate to West Gosford, Wyoming, Holgate, Matcham, Point Frederick and Springfield. Although most services operate to/from Wyong Hospital via Berkeley Vale and Westfield Tuggerah, one service (Route 29) operates from Bay Village to Wyong Hospital via The Entrance, Magenta Shores, Toukley, Gorokan and Lake Haven. Red Bus have around 25 buses that are suitable for wheelchairs.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Coastal Liner operate limited route bus services around Westfield Tuggerah, Wyong, Wyee, Hamlyn Terrace, Woongarrah, Warnervale, Dooralong and Jilliby. Routes 10 (Tuggerah-Wyee via Hue Hue Road and Wyong), 12 (Tuggerah-Jilliby via Dicksons and Mandalong Roads) and 13 (Tuggerah-Dooralong via Jilliby Road) all operate only on weekdays with limited services. Route 11 is the most popular service, linking Lake Haven with Warnervale via Hamlyn Terrace and Woongarah. This service on weekdays occasionally extends to Westfield Tuggerah and Wyong Station via Hue Hue Road.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast falls in the fixed phone 43xx xxxx region and is classified Regional 1 for billing with the exception of northern suburbs Gwandalan and Summerland Point, which fall in the fixed phone region for Newcastle and Lower Hunter 49xx xxxx. Fixed-line telephone service is universally available. 3G and 4G mobile services are available from Optus, Telstra and Vodafone, though numerous black spots exist due to the topography and remoteness of some parts of the region. Steps to improve coverage areas along the railway have been announced by the Federal Government


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: ADSL and good quality fixed-wireless broadband services are widely available; however, significant blackspots continue to exist. High speed ADSL2 is available at most exchanges through Telstra. Few other providers exist, leading to an expensive high speed broadband offering for the region. Many areas experience very slow and/or unreliable ADSL connections due to the age and quality of the infrastructure.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Fibre optic based broadband services are available in some areas serviced by the National Broadband Network NBN. These include Kincumber, Gosford, East Gosford, West Gosford, Springfield, Berkley Vale, Tumbi Umbi & Long Jetty. Customers in these areas have 50 retail broadband service providers to choose from. Connection to the network does not cost the customer anything, though customers are expected to sign a 12 - 18-month contract. Monthly charges range from $29.50/month.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: In 2011 the region was selected as one of the early roll out regions for the National Broadband Network's fibre to the premise installation which will offer stable speeds of 100/40 Mbit/s down/up load respectively. Two Points Of Interconnect (POI) are located in the region at Gosford and Berkley Vale exchanges. The regional rollout will radiate out from these two super exchanges. Services in areas around the two POI are now available.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The rollout of the NBN to the remainder of the region is in question following a change of government in September 2013. Trials of fibre to the node technology are planned for Umina and Woy Woy.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: The Central Coast is home to Erina Fair, the largest single level shopping centre in the Southern Hemisphere and the largest non-metropolitan shopping centre in Australia. It provides many of the area's amenities such as restaurants, cinema, fast food and shopping. Another large shopping centre exists to the north, Westfield Tuggerah.


title: Central Coast (New South Wales)

text: Other smaller local shopping centres are located throughout the region, including at Woy Woy, Umina, Kincumber, Gosford, Wyoming, Bateau Bay and Lake Haven.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Parvati Nair (born 5 December 1992) is an Indian model and actress who works in the South Indian film industry. Born into a Malayali family in Abu Dhabi, she trained as a software professional from Manipal Institute of Technology. She started modelling at the age of 15 .


title: Parvati Nair

text: Nair made her acting debut with the Malayalam film "Poppins" as a lead in the of the 5 segments directed by V. K. Prakash during her Christmas vacations in December 2012 , before appearing in a number of critically acclaimed films across all four South Indian film industries, including "Story Kathe" (2014 ) and "Yennai Arindhaal" (2015). Her performance as a young journalist in "Story Kathe" won her the Best Kannada Debut Actress Award at the South Indian International Movie Awards, while the role of a vengeful wife in "Yennai Arindhaal" won her praise from critics and received a Filmfare nomination. In 2015, she starred in the critical and commercial success "Vascodigama", portraying an English lecturer.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Parvati Nair was born in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates into a Malayali family and has an elder brother named Shankar who is works as a selector for the ipl team “Kings11 Punjab”. Her dad is a businessman based in Dubai and her mom is a professor . She attended Our Own English High School in Abu Dhabi and went on to graduate in Computer Science and Engineering in from Manipal Institute of Technology in Manipal, Karnataka, India, hoping to work as a software engineer. As a school student, she won a Guinness certificate for being part of the team that made the longest painting in the world. She became a full-time model after she participated in "Miss Karnataka", won the title and went on to be an ambassador for Mysore Sandal Soap. She won "Navy Queen Kerala", before appearing in numerous print and television commercials. As a model, she has endorsed the brands Anchor, Asian Paints, Malabar Gold, Mazaa, Prestige, Reliance , ANA Airlines Japan ,AbuDhabi T10 Abudhabi, Renault cars ,Peps, GRT gold and diamonds,Vanish, ,Tata Diamonds etc and several other national and international brands . Nair had also expressed interest in participating in the Femina Miss India pageant after winning the state-level title, but could not apply as a result of the competition's height eligibility. While working as a model, she began appearing in short films, music videos and documentaries.


title: Parvati Nair

text: After working in a jewellery commercial for director V. K. Prakash, Nair was offered a role in his feature film "Beautiful" (2011), but refused as she was unsure whether to pursue a career in films. She later made her acting début in Prakash's anthology film "Poppins" (2012), and worked on the project alongside commitments for other Malayalam films. She played further roles as a traditional bride in the horror film "Yakshi – Faithfully Yours" (2012) and in Shalil Kallur's drama film. She subsequently began working on bigger budget films in the Malayalam film industry and signed on to portray Jayasurya's wife in the action anthology "D Company" (2013), as a part of the segment "Gangs of Vadakkumnathan", which won positive reviews. Nair made her debut in the Kannada film industry through "Story Kathe" (2013) which earned her recognition as the Best Debut Actress in Kannada films at the 3rd South Indian International Movie Awards. Portraying a television journalist who tries to win patent rights for a medical student, her role was appreciated by critics and the film performed well at the box office. In 2013 Nair appeared as a judge in the first modelling based Malayalam reality show "Super Models" on Amrita Television. She also appeared in a music video, "Ariyathe Ninayathe" by Vineeth Sreenivasan and was included in "Bangalore Times"' "Most Desirable Women of 2013" list. She was also in the most desirable women of 2015, 2016, and 2017 lists from Kochi. She gave motivational talks at TEDx Bangalore and was invited to speak at a Rotary Club and various other venues.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Nair moved on to work on two big-budget Tamil films during the course of 2014 and shot for Gautham Vasudev Menon's "Yennai Arindhaal" (2015) and Kamal Haasan's "Uttama Villain" (2015). Nair was cast alongside Ajith Kumar, Trisha and Anushka Shetty in "Yennai Arindhaal" after a successful screen test. The actress stated it was "a dream-come-true" and to be cast in the project was "huge encouragement", and made reference to Menon's dignified portrayals of female characters. Portraying Elizabeth, the vengeful wife of Arun Vijay's character, the film and her performance received praise from Silverscreen.com, who stated she displays "awesome ruthlessness" and "nails the part". Nair also auditioned for "Uttama Villain", directed by Ramesh Aravind, and portrayed the girlfriend of Kamal Haasan's son. Featuring alongside an ensemble cast, her role was extended as the shoot progressed and Nair expressed her delight at working with Kamal Haasan, stating it was like "going to an acting school". The film opened to positive reviews and marked the actress's most high-profile project at that time. She then appeared in the Kannada film, "Vascodigama" (2015), as a college lecturer alongside Kishore. Nair also made her debut as a singer through the film, in a song which featured Kannada and English lyrics. The film opened to positive reviews from critics and performed well at the box office. Indiaglitz.com noting that she "suits the role precisely" and another reviewer stating she was "utilised well" in the film.


title: Parvati Nair

text: She played the lead in the first Tamil production of Eros International, the period film "Enkitta Mothathe". She later appeared "James and Alice". Her next release was the Tamil film "Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga" directed by R. Parthiepan with Shanthanu Bhagyaraj as male lead in which her performance stood out and was widely appreciated. The road thriller "Overtake" was her next Malayalam film in which she performed stunts without a double. The movie opened to good reviews at the Kerala box office and the concept was fresh to Malayalam cinema . She paired up with Mohanlal for the movie "Neerali", directed by AJoy Varma which opened to positive reviews. She later appeared in Amazon Prime's first exclusive series in Tamil named "Vella Raja".


title: Parvati Nair

text: Nair received the Indian Affairs "Most Promising Actress 2017" award at the 8th Annual India Leadership Conclave in Mumbai on 4 August 2017.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Parvati Nair collaborated with a US-based fashion brand Yog The Label selling her pictures featured products manufactured in USA and Europe worldwide.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Nair has been a regular guest model at Indian fashion weeks, often appearing in the main display of shows. At the 2013 Chennai International Fashion Week, Nair was the main model for Sakshi Bindra's clothing line and was the first day's "showstopper". She wore costumes styled by Vivek Karunakaran as a part of the Walk of Pride charity event held at the Park, Chennai in April 2015. During August 2015, she attended the India Luxury Style Week and Chennai's Fashion Culture Week within a fortnight, to promote the fashion industry in the city. In 2016, she was showstopper in the first day of the Bangalore Fashion Week, wearing traditional wear by designer Mable Thomas, and then at the Keralan Fashion League. Her experience as a successful model saw her as a main judge on Amrita TV's reality show, "Supermodels" during 2013. She also appeared alongside four other actresses as the judges of the beauty pageant, Miss India Bangalore 2015 during December of that year. Her popularity as a model had initially helped her make a breakthrough into the film industry, and saw her get recognition across all four South Indian states.


title: Parvati Nair

text: Nair was announced as the brand ambassador of the Karnataka Bulldozers team during the 2016 Celebrity Cricket League and attended the team's fixtures across South India as a part of her role. She shared ambassadorial duties with actress Sharmiela Mandre, stating that she had grown up following the sport during her childhood in the United Arab Emirates, where her father and brother had played regularly. The actress also attended matches played by Royal Challengers Bangalore during the IPL Season of 2015 and played cricket as part of shooting for "Uttama Villain" (2015). In 2016, she was announced as one of the ambassadors of the Nellai Dragons team led by Jayam Ravi at the Nadigar Sangam's Star Cricket competition. Nair has also been a part of charity events including the Clean Bengaluru Challenge in November 2014 initiated by Times Foundation, where she helped sweep the streets of Vasanthnagar in the city. She has been chosen by Peta India as an ambassador for the adopt a stray dog campaign. She was brand ambassador for the World Junior Squash Championships held in Chennai along with Ashok Selvan. She was the brand ambassador of the Abudhabi T 10 league in the year 2019 and well as 2021.


title: Har gow

text: Har gow (sometimes anglicized as "ha gow", "haukau", "hakao"; ) is a traditional Cantonese dumpling served as dim sum.


title: Har gow

text: The dumpling is sometimes called a shrimp bonnet for its pleated shape. This dish is often served together with "siumaai"; when served in such a manner the two items are collectively referred to as "gar gow"-"siu mai" ().


title: Har gow

text: "Har gow", "siu mai", "cha siu bao", and egg tarts are considered the classic dishes of Cantonese cuisine and referred to as "The Four Heavenly Kings". ().


title: Har gow

text: The name in Cantonese also means "wedding gown" as the shape of the dumpling resembles the traditional gown worn by a woman on her wedding day.


title: Har gow

text: These shrimp dumplings are transparent and smooth. The prawn dumplings first appeared in Guangzhou outskirts near the creek bazaar Deli. This dish is said to be the one that the skill of a dim sum chef is judged on. Traditionally, "ha gow" should have at least seven and preferably ten or more pleats imprinted on its wrapper. The skin must be thin and translucent, yet be sturdy enough not to break when picked up with chopsticks. It must not stick to the paper, container or the other ha gow in the basket. The shrimp must be cooked well, but not overcooked. The amount of meat should be generous, yet not so much that it cannot be eaten in one bite.


title: Gay agenda

text: "Gay agenda" or "homosexual agenda" is a term used by sectors of the Christian religious right as a disparaging way to describe the advocacy of cultural acceptance and normalization of non-heterosexual sexual orientations and relationships. The term originated among social conservatives in the United States and has been adopted in other nations with active anti-LGBT movements such as Hungary and Uganda.


title: Gay agenda

text: The term refers to efforts to change government policies and laws on LGBT rights–related issues. Additionally, it has been used by social conservatives and others to describe alleged goals of LGBT rights activists, such as recruiting heterosexuals into what conservatives term a "homosexual lifestyle".


title: Gay agenda

text: In the United States, the phrase "gay agenda" was popularized by a video series produced by a California evangelical religious group called Springs of Life Ministries. The first video of the series, "The Gay Agenda", was released in 1992 and distributed to hundreds of Christian right organizations.


title: Gay agenda

text: Tens of thousands of copies of the video were sold, it was distributed to the United States Congress, and Commandant of the Marine Corps Carl Mundy Jr. gave it to the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.


title: Gay agenda

text: In 1992, the Oregon Citizens Alliance (OCA), a conservative Christian activist organization, used "The Gay Agenda" as part of their campaign for Oregon Ballot Measure 9, opposing what the OCA called "special rights" for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals.


title: Gay agenda

text: "The Gay Agenda" was followed by three other video productions made available through Christian right organizations and containing interviews with opponents of LGBT rights, intended to expose the lesbian and gay movement's secret plans for America: "The Gay Agenda in Public Education" (1993), "The Gay Agenda: March on Washington" (1993), and a feature-length follow-up to the original, "Stonewall: 25 Years of Deception" (1994).


title: Gay agenda

text: The term "gay agenda" or "radical gay agenda" has been used by members of the Christian right to refer to efforts to change government policies and laws on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues, for example, same-sex marriage and civil unions, LGBT adoption, recognizing sexual orientation as a protected civil rights minority classification, LGBT military participation, inclusion of LGBT history and themes in public education, introduction of anti-bullying legislation to protect LGBT minors—as well as non-governmental campaigns and individual actions that increase visibility and cultural acceptance of LGBT people, relationships, and identities. The term has also been used by some social conservatives to describe alleged goals of LGBT rights activists, such as supposed recruitment of heterosexuals into a "homosexual lifestyle".


title: Gay agenda

text: Columnist James Kirchick writes that the idea of a "homosexual agenda" to subvert American cultural and family institutions largely replaced earlier panic over the "Homintern", an alleged gay conspiracy to undermine the U.S. government.


title: Gay agenda

text: The term has been used in response to efforts to include protections for LGBT people under local and state anti-discrimination laws, as well as U.S. Supreme Court cases that granted new rights to LGBT individuals, such as "Lawrence v. Texas" and "Obergefell v. Hodges", which respectively held that private acts of consensual sex between same-sex couples and the right of same-sex couples to marry were fundamental rights guaranteed under the Equal Protection Clause of the U.S. Constitution.


title: Gay agenda

text: In his 2003 dissent in "Lawrence", U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia said the court had become embroiled in a culture war by seeking to protect homosexuals from discrimination, writing that the decision reflected a "law-profession culture, that has largely signed on to the so-called homosexual agenda".


title: Gay agenda

text: Conservative Christian groups such as the Alliance Defending Freedom (ADF), the Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute (C-Fam), and the World Congress of Families (WCF) have used the term in their literature.


title: Gay agenda

text: According to its website, ADF has litigated numerous anti–gay rights cases in countries outside the US, in order to combat the "homosexual agenda" which it claims will "destroy marriage and undermine religious freedom".


title: Gay agenda

text: ADF president Alan Sears published a book in 2003 titled "The Homosexual Agenda: Exposing the Principal Threat to Religious Freedom Today", which argues that overturning anti-sodomy laws would lead to the legalization of pedophilia, incest, polygamy, and bestiality.


title: Gay agenda

text: In 2004, Oklahoma Senator Tom Coburn called the "gay agenda" the "greatest threat" to Americans' freedoms.


title: Gay agenda

text: In 2005, James Dobson, director of Focus on the Family, said the goals of the "homosexual activist movement" were:


title: Gay agenda

text: American conservative Christian groups such as the Family Research Council (FRC) have cited fears of a "homosexual agenda" in lobbying against extending hate-crime legislation to cover acts motivated by bias against a person's sexual orientation or gender identity,


title: Gay agenda

text: as well as public-school curricula about homosexuality introduced in an effort to reduce bullying. In 2010, the FRC produced a graphic labelled "Homosexual Agenda" which consisted of the phrases "Innocence", "Family", "Local Community", "Public Health", and "Parental Authority" struck out with red lines.


title: Gay agenda

text: American conservative Christian organizations have continued public screenings of videos alleging a homosexual agenda as of 2022.


title: Gay agenda

text: American Christian right organizations that are losing acceptance among Americans have had more success promoting the notion of a gay agenda in Africa. Examples include Human Life International, American Center for Law & Justice and Family Watch International. Zambian scholar Kapya John Kaoma considers these organizations colonial powers, working to expand American dominance of Africa. In Africa, fear of a "Western gay agenda" is frequently used by opponents of LGBT rights.


title: Gay agenda

text: The concept was used in a series of talks in 2009 by American evangelical Christians in Kampala. A speaker at one such workshop said, feels it is necessary to draft a new law that deals comprehensively with the issue of homosexuality and [...] takes into account the international gay agenda." The eventual result of this campaign was the Anti-Homosexuality Bill of 2009 (nicknamed the "Kill the Gays Bill"), which imposed the death penalty for homosexual behavior; this was altered to life imprisonment after the loss of foreign aid was threatened by other countries including the U.S.


title: Gay agenda

text: In 2021 the Ghana Catholic Bishops’ Conference called for LGBT rights organizations to be kicked out of their office space in Accra because of the belief that they promote the homosexual agenda.


title: Gay agenda

text: In Hungary, László Toroczkai, former vice president of the far-right political party Jobbik, has complained of the perceived "homosexual agenda."


title: Gay agenda

text: Before decriminalization of homosexuality in Belize, the LGBT and anti-AIDS organization United Belize Advocacy Movement (UNIBAM) was lambasted in the "Amandala" newspaper and by American evangelicals who accused the group of trying to bring the "gay 'agenda to the country.


title: Gay agenda

text: In 2019, two prominent Roman Catholic cardinals – Raymond Leo Burke and Walter Brandmuller – wrote an open letter to Pope Francis calling for an end of "the plague of the homosexual agenda" to which they in part attributed the sexual abuse crisis engulfing the Catholic Church. They claimed the agenda was spread by "organized networks" protected by a "conspiracy of silence".


title: Gay agenda

text: Speakers from many nations inveigh against the perceived homosexual agenda at the World Congress of Families annual summit, a focal point of the worldwide "pro-family" movement.


title: Gay agenda

text: The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) describes the terms "gay agenda" and "homosexual agenda" as a "rhetorical invention of anti-gay extremists seeking to create a climate of fear by portraying the pursuit of civil rights for LGBT people as sinister".


title: Gay agenda

text: Such campaigns based on a presumed "gay agenda" have been described as anti-gay propaganda by researchers and critics.


title: Gay agenda

text: At a press conference on December 22, 2010, U.S. Representative Barney Frank said that the "gay agenda" is


title: Gay agenda

text: A satirical article by Michael Swift which appeared in the "Gay Community News" in February 1987 entitled "" describes a scenario in which homosexual men dominate American society and suppress all things heterosexual. It was reprinted in "Congressional Record" without the opening line: "This essay is an outré, madness, a tragic, cruel fantasy, an eruption of inner rage, on how the oppressed desperately dream of being the oppressor".


title: Gay agenda

text: The article has often been cited by conservative Christian authors as proof of a secretive conspiracy to corrupt American youth and subvert the nuclear family, particularly the paragraph:


title: Gay agenda

text: The term is sometimes used satirically as a counterfoil by people who would normally find the term offensive, such as the spoof agenda found on the Betty Bowers website, and as the name of a stand-up comedy show in Prague that is a fundraiser for AIDS relief efforts.


title: Gay agenda

text: On a 2007 episode of "The Daily Show", Jon Stewart defined the gay agenda as "gay marriage, civil rights protection, Fleet Week expanded to Fleet Year, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) assistance for when it's raining men, Kathy Griffin to host everything and a nationwide ban on pleated pants".


title: Gay agenda

text: In 2008, openly gay Bishop Gene Robinson declared that "Jesus is the agenda, the homosexual agenda in the Episcopal Church" and that the "homosexual agenda [...] is Jesus".


title: Gay agenda

text: A political action committee (PAC) named Agenda PAC was inspired by the notion of the gay agenda. The PAC is lead by LGBT politicians including Malcolm Kenyatta and Megan Hunt, and advocates for greater LGBT political representation.


title: Gay agenda

text: American rapper Lil Nas X thanked the "gay agenda" in his acceptance speech at the 2021 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Open-circuit voltage

text: Open-circuit voltage (abbreviated as OCV or V) is the difference of electrical potential between two terminals of an electronic device when disconnected from any circuit. There is no external load connected. No external electric current flows between the terminals. Alternatively, the open-circuit voltage may be thought of as the voltage that must be applied to a solar cell or a battery to stop the current. It is sometimes given the symbol V. In network analysis this voltage is also known as the Thévenin voltage.


title: Open-circuit voltage

text: The open-circuit voltages of batteries and solar cells are often quoted under particular conditions (state-of-charge, illumination, temperature, etc.).


title: Open-circuit voltage

text: The value of the open-circuit voltage of a transducer equals its electromotive force (emf), which is the maximum potential difference it can produce when not providing current.


title: Open-circuit voltage

text: If we want to find the open-circuit voltage across the 5Ω resistor, first disconnect it from the circuit:


title: Open-circuit voltage

text: Find the equivalent resistance in loop 1 to find the current in loop 1. Use Ohm’s law with that current to find the potential drop across the resistance C. Note that since no current is flowing through resistor B, there is no potential drop across it, so it does not affect the open-circuit voltage.


title: Australian Idol

text: Australian Idol is an Australian singing competition, which began its first season in July 2003 and ended its initial run in November 2009. As part of the "Idol" franchise, Australian Idol originated from the reality program "Pop Idol", which was created by British entertainment executive Simon Fuller. Australian Idol was televised on Network 10 for all seven series and was broadcast on the Southern Cross Austereo Radio Network between 2005 and 2007. The series will return in 2023 after Seven Network announced they will be picking up the show.


title: Australian Idol

text: "Australian Idol" sought to discover the most commercial young singer in Australia through a series of nationwide auditions. The outcomes of the later stages of this competition were determined by public voting. It was the first show to use this system of voting in Australia. The original judging panel featured Mark Holden, Marcia Hines and Ian 'Dicko' Dickson. In 2005, this was changed as Dickson was replaced by Kyle Sandilands.


title: Australian Idol

text: In 2007, Dickson again returned to the program, when Holden left at the end of the season. In 2009, Sandilands was replaced by Jay Dee Springbett.


title: Australian Idol

text: Network Ten made the decision to "rest" the program for 2010 after poor ratings in 2009. No further comment was formally made regarding the future of "Australian Idol" on Network Ten until early 2013, following the network's acquisition of rights to the American series, when program chief Beverley McGarvey hinted it may return. However, later that same year, a Ten spokesperson confirmed that it would not be returning.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 21 October 2020, Seven Network announced at their annual upfronts that they will be reviving the series, originally slated for 2022.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 28 September 2022, Seven announced that Ricki-Lee Coulter and Scott Tweedie would be the new hosts, with the judging panel consisting of former "American Idol" judge Harry Connick Jr., former "Idol" judge Kyle Sandilands, Amy Shark and Meghan Trainor. Original judge Marcia Hines will appear as a guest judge. The revival is set to premiere in January 2023.


title: Australian Idol

text: Auditions were held in major cities around Australia to find each season's contestants. Any contestant who got a "yes" from a majority of judges was put through to the top 100 in Sydney. The TV episodes showed the most interesting auditions, which generally meant the worst and the best.


title: Australian Idol

text: Around 100 people made it to Sydney to compete in the Top 100. Over a few days, these contestants were narrowed down to the semi-finalists.


title: Australian Idol

text: Over different seasons, the number of semi-finalists varied between 24 and 40, with between 8 and 10 contestants. Each semi-final was spread over two nights. On the first night, each semi-finalist sang a song, and was critiqued by each judge. Then over the next day, the public voted (by phone or SMS). The second night was results night, and the top 2 or 3 went through to the top 12. There was also included a "wild card" semi-final, to give some contestants a second change to make the top 12.


title: Australian Idol

text: For seasons 1 to 3, each semi-final took a week, with performances on Sunday night and results on Monday night. For seasons 4 onwards, the semi-finals were all in a single week, because there was greater viewer interest in the finals than the semi-finals.


title: Australian Idol

text: Season 1 had 5 semi-finalis of 8 contestants each. The top 2 in each semi-final made the top 12. A wild card round decided 2 more finalists (it turned out to be 3 after one contestant withdrew) - one judges' choice, two by public vote.


title: Australian Idol

text: Seasons 2 and 3 had 3 semi-finals of 10 contestants each, with the top 3 in each semi-final making the top 12. Then a further 3 were progressed from the wild card round (2 by judges' choice, 1 by public vote). (The wild card episode in the 3rd season had a little twist, when the judges announced a third person, namely, Roxanne Lebrasse, who also had the 2nd highest number of votes, would be included in the finals, making it a Top 13.)


title: Australian Idol

text: Season 4, 5 and 6 had 4 semi-finals of 6 contestants each, with the top 2 in each semi-final making the top 12. Then a further 4 made the Top 12 from the wild card round. Seasons 4 and 5 had same gender semi-finals, while Season 6 had 3 males and 3 females in each semi-final. For the wild card show, Seasons 4 and 6 selected 3 by judges' choice and 1 by public vote; Season 5 selected 2 by judges' choice and 2 by public vote;.


title: Australian Idol

text: For the first 5 seasons, contestants who made the semi-finals in previous seasons were not eligible to audition. From the 2008 season onwards, only Top 12 contestants from previous seasons were ineligible.


title: Australian Idol

text: In the finals, one contestant was eliminated per week. (With the exception of Season 1, which eliminated 2 in the first 3 weeks of the finals, and Season 3, which eliminated 2 in the first week of finals due to having a final 13).


title: Australian Idol

text: Each week, contestants chose a song to a weekly theme on the Sunday night. (As the number of contestants got smaller, they sang two or three songs each). As in the semi-finals, each performance was critiqued by the judges, and then there was (approximately) 24 hours of voting by phone or SMS, before the results were announced on the Monday night. The eliminated competitor(s) then presented a final song – usually the number they sang the previous night.


title: Australian Idol

text: The final results night, the Grand Finale, was held at the Sydney Opera House. It usually featured fireworks and an outdoor concert with many past "Idol" stars and other Australian musicians. It had been the highest rating episode of each season. The top 12 were celebrated and at the end of the night the winner was announced. Seasons 1–5 were held inside Sydney Opera House on the concert hall stage. For seasons 6 and 7, the finale was held on a stage erected on the Opera House forecourt.


title: Australian Idol

text: After the first two seasons, the top 12 and top 10 went on a national tour. There were no tours for later seasons. However, there was a "Winner's Journey Tour" involving the winner with some guest performances from the Top 12 for seasons 4 and 5.


title: Australian Idol

text: A "touchdown" was awarded by judge Mark Holden when, in his own opinion, a contestant's performance was particularly good. Holden awarded his first ever "touchdown" to Cosima De Vito for her rendition of Cold Chisel's "When the War Is Over" in the Top 8 on Australian Made night in Season 1. De Vito also received a touchdown for her rendition of Respect, a classic hit by Aretha Franklin. Season 4 winner, Damien Leith and Season 2 winner, Casey Donovan have the record for the highest number of touchdowns at four apiece. Leith is the only contestant to receive two touchdowns in the same night. Emily Williams, and Matt Corby, runners-up of seasons 3 and 5 respectively both hold the record of receiving the most touchdowns without winning, at three apiece. In 2004, Top 8 contestants choice night, he awarded his only ever 'Grand Royal' Touchdown when Anthony Callea sang his stunning rendition of "The Prayer" which is still regarded as one of the most memorable performances of all seven series. Another two of Holden's most memorable "touchdowns" were awarded to Guy Sebastian for his rendition of "Climb Every Mountain" on the Top 3 show in Season 1 and to Jessica Mauboy for her rendition of Christina Aguilera's "Beautiful" on the Top 10 Number 1 Hits show in Season 4. Holden's final touchdown went to 2007 winner Natalie Gauci in the Top 4 on Big Band night during Season 5.


title: Australian Idol

text: During Season 6, due to Holden's departure from the judging panel, the other judges awarded "touchdowns" themselves. The first "touchdown" was delivered by Kyle Sandilands to Chrislyn Hamilton on top 12 night. She later received another on Motown night by guest judge and first series winner, Guy Sebastian. Thanh Bui received one from Marcia Hines during ABBA night and Mark Spano was also delivered one by Ian "Dicko" Dickson during Top 6 Rolling Stones night. Eventual winner, Wes Carr was awarded two; one by Hines and guest judge Jermaine Jackson on Michael Jackson night and another on Top 3 night by Dickson.


title: Australian Idol

text: An alternate version of a "touchdown" was done by Dickson if he believes the performance was extraordinary saying "big ticko from Dicko". This was used in one of Natalie Gauci's performances and a few other performances when Holden was around.


title: Australian Idol

text: When Network Ten paid $15 million for the first season of Australian Idol they anticipated it to be a critical and financial success like it had been in other countries such as the UK and the USA. When the show aired for the first time in August 2003 it was a ratings bonanza attracting diverse ranges of viewers, from people wanting the crazy auditions to people who wanted to hear great voices. The audition process went through several major cities in Australia including Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Darwin. Australian Idol became the most popular TV show in the country with more ratings than major events such as the AFL Grand Final. The Grand Final at the Sydney Opera House attracted more than 3 million viewers. It was listed as the ninth highest rating TV show in Australia in the past century in 2007. The eventual winner of the competition was Guy Sebastian with Shannon Noll finishing in 2nd place.


title: Australian Idol

text: Guy Sebastian has released ten top 10 albums, with eight reaching the top 5, including three No. 1's. His debut album "Just As I Am" was certified 6× platinum and sold in excess of 480,000 units. "Beautiful Life", "Closer to the Sun" and "Like It Like That" were all platinum sellers, with The Memphis Album, "Twenty Ten" and "Armageddon" reaching double platinum. "Madness" has been certified gold. His most recent album, "T.R.U.T.H." became his third number one album and has been certified gold. He has also released 23 top 20 singles, with 14 reaching the top ten, including six No. 1's. Sebastian is the only Australian male artist in Australian music history to achieve six No. 1 singles, and is third overall for all Australian acts. His debut single Angels Brought Me Here was the highest selling single in Australia in 2003, reaching 5× platinum certification. It won the 2004 ARIA for Highest Selling Single, and in 2010 ARIA announced it was the highest selling song of the previous decade.<ref name="www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/music/delta-goodrems">Daily Telegraph Delta Goodrem's talents top the charts 7 January 2010 – retrieved 7 January 2010</ref> "Like It Like That" the title track from his fifth album reached 4× platinum and was the highest selling Australian artist single of 2009. "Who's That Girl", "Twenty Ten"'s only single, reached 5× platinum certification and won the 2011 ARIA Award for Highest Selling Single. "Don't Worry Be Happy, the lead single of Sebastian's seventh album "Armageddon" also reached 5× platinum. The third single "Battle Scars" featuring Lupe Fiasco debuted at No. 1, becoming his sixth No. 1 single in Australia, and achieved 12× platinum certification. Sebastian has been awarded 69 platinum and seven gold certifications for albums and singles in Australia, the highest for any Australian Idol contestant.


title: Australian Idol

text: "Angels Brought Me Here" reached No. 1 in Malaysia, Singapore, The Philippines, Indonesia and New Zealand. Sebastian achieved a second No. 1 on the New Zealand Charts with "Who's That Girl", and reached the Top 10 with his debut album and four other singles, and has six platinum and three gold certifications there. Sebastian is currently the Australian Idol contestant to chart in the US. "Battle Scars" reached No. 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, No. 23 on the "Billboard" Digital Songs Chart and No. 1 on the "Billboard" R&B/Hip-hop Digital Song Chart. It has spent 20 weeks in the Hot 100 and has been certified platinum in the US for sales of one million. "Battle Scars" also reached No. 2 in Norway. In 2015 Sebastian was selected to represent Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest. He finished 5th, and his song "Tonight Again" charted in the top 50 in a number of European countries, including No.6 in Iceland and 16 in Austria. During his career Sebastian has received 32 ARIA Award nominations, winning six of them, including Best Pop Release and Best Live Act.


title: Australian Idol

text: Shannon Noll has released five top 10 albums. His debut album "That's What I'm Talking About" gained 5× platinum certification and his second album Lift reached 3× platinum, both debuting at No. 1 on the ARIA charts. His third album, "Turn It Up", peaked at No. 3 and achieved platinum certification, His fourth album "" reached No. 7, with his fifth album "A Million Suns" peaking at #8. Neither of these albums have gained certification. Between 2004 and 2007 Noll released ten top 10 singles including three #1's, and he is the only Australian male artist to have achieved 10 consecutive top 10 singles. Since then he has released seven more singles, with two reaching the top 50, the highest one peaking at #26. "What About Me" was the highest selling single in Australia in 2004 and he received ARIA nominations for highest seller for it and his debut album at the 2004 Aria Awards. He also received nominations for best pop release for his second album "Lift" and a highest selling single nomination for its lead single "Shine" in 2006. "Don't Give Up" a duet with Natalie Bassingthwaighte was nominated for highest selling single at the 2007 ARIA Awards. He has a total of 17 platinum and three gold certifications for albums and singles in Australia. Noll's first single "What About Me" also reached No. 2 in Ireland and No. 10 in New Zealand, with his debut album peaking at No. 31 in NZ.


title: Australian Idol

text: Paulini who came fourth has released two albums as a solo artist, One Determined Heart which reached No. 1 and gained platinum certification, and Superwoman which peaked at #77. She has also released four top 50 singles including the No. 1 "Angel Eyes", a platinum seller which was nominated for highest selling single at the 2004 ARIA Awards. In 2007, Paulini was nominated for "Urban Music Awards" for "Best R&B Album" & "Best Female Artist" for "Superwoman". Paulini was also a member of The Young Divas, who released two Top 10 albums and four Top 50 singles.


title: Australian Idol

text: The other top 5 contestants in season one were Cosima De Vito who came 3rd, & Rob Mills who finished in 5th place. After Idol it was these five, the Final 5, who were the most successful out of the Top 12. Other Idol contestants from Season 1 to release music were Levi Kereama, Rebekah LaVauney, Peter Ryan and Courtney Act. All of these independent acts achieved limited success.


title: Australian Idol

text: As well as the five larger cities, the judges also visited Canberra, Hobart, Darwin and Tamworth this year. Of the twelve finalists, three were from Sydney, two were from Melbourne, and one each from Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Hobart, Perth, Canberra, Adelaide and Bega.


title: Australian Idol

text: The winner was Casey Donovan. The runners up (in descending order) were Anthony Callea, Courtney Murphy, Hayley Jensen & Chanel Cole. The final two, as well as Ricki-Lee Coulter (7th), were the only contestants from the Top 12 to be signed to a record company. Callea was the highest seller of the three, with his first release "The Prayer" spending five consecutive weeks at No 1, and becoming the second highest selling song in Australia last decade overall and for an Australian artist. Chanel Cole and Daniel Belle teamed up under the name Spook to release an album in October 2005; a bootleg album for Chanel was also released in November 2005. Top 30 contestants Ngaiire Joseph and Marty Worrall each released a single in late 2005, and Hayley Jensen an album in September 2007. Daniel O'Connor, another of the Top 12, gained a role on "Neighbours".


title: Australian Idol

text: The Grand finale of this series remains the highest rated show out of all broadcast over the five seasons.


title: Australian Idol

text: On a darker note, Telstra, a major sponsor of the series, made an embarrassing error when they issued a series of half-page advertisements in major newspapers congratulating Donovan on her victory, with a reference to her website. However, the address was incorrect, leading to a website about gay porn star Casey Donovan, rather than the singer's. The company issued a prompt apology upon realising their mistake.


title: Australian Idol

text: After this season, judge Ian Dickson left the series, later to appear in the Seven Network reality TV shows "My Restaurant Rules, Dancing with the Stars" and most recently, "Australian Celebrity Survivor". The 2004 season was also notable for an Asian contestant named "Flynn", who sang the Freestylers song "Push Up" after being found from a terrible audition, in the same vein as William Hung.


title: Australian Idol

text: For the first time in 'Australian Idol' history there were 13 finalists. This came about during the Wildcard Verdict show on 5 September 2005. The judges initially chose James Kannis and Emily Williams to go through to the final. This left one spot which was chosen by the Australian public. Out of the remaining contestants the two that received the highest votes were Daniel Spillane and Roxane Lebrasse. With only 1% between them, Dan was announced as the final member of the Top 12. This meant Roxane had missed out yet again. The judges decided however that Roxane was too good to be left out of the Top 12 so they made it a Top 13. The catch was that two contestants were eliminated in the first round of the finals.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 21 November 2005, the winner was announced and it was Kate DeAraugo. Kate was an outside chance to win throughout the whole season and after the show had ended Kate released a No. 1 single, a platinum selling album and a further Top 10 hit single through Sony BMG. Kate is currently working with all-girl group Young Divas, which is made up of past "Idol" contestants which include Paulini Curuenavuli, Jessica Mauboy and Emily Williams.


title: Australian Idol

text: Runner up Emily Williams lost by 1% in the closest percentage ever in an "Idol" finale. She was originally signed to Sony BMG as a solo artist, but the agreement fell through. She is also a member of Young Divas and has had much success with them.


title: Australian Idol

text: Lee Harding finished in third position and was signed to Sony BMG and released a # 1 single and a platinum selling album. His second single from his debut album proved to be less successful and in mid-2006 Harding was released from his contract with the label. He is currently touring and performing with Bedrock.


title: Australian Idol

text: Dan England came 4th and didn't score a recording contract with a major label but recorded several independent releases and has toured with Season 2 winner Casey Donovan and Season 1 runner-up Shannon Noll.


title: Australian Idol

text: Anne Robertson who finished in sixth position was negotiating a deal with Sony BMG, but it was rumoured that Sony BMG was reluctant in signing her as they believed she was too similar to Season 1 contestant Paulini Curuenavuli who had been signed to the label for several years.


title: Australian Idol

text: Other Idol contestants from Season 3 have released numerous independent material and have toured and performed with several bands and music groups.


title: Australian Idol

text: Although averaging around the 1.5 million viewer mark, ratings were down by up to 40% on average during the third season compared to the first two seasons, which regularly drew more than 2.5 million viewers during the latter half of the competition. This created a serious situation for Ten, which was airing three "Australian Idol" shows every week at the time, and forced them to give away free commercial airtime to program sponsors expecting higher ratings. Commentators has theorised over the reasons why this has occurred, ranging from the viewing public being tired of the format due to Sandilands replacing the popular Dickson. This caused a major "Idol" revamp for Season 4 which meant Season 4 being one of the highest rating seasons yet.


title: Australian Idol

text: Changes for the fourth season of "Australian Idol" included the cancellation of "Inside Idol"; a "streamlined" semi-finals (replaced with a variant of the 12 females, 12 males format popularised by "American Idol"); and the contestants will be able to bring instruments with them on stage for at least one of the final shows. Also, the fourth season's television promos promised a change in the viewer's role in the show, revealed to be an SMS service called 199-JUDGE which allows viewers to SMS their opinions on the judges' reactions.


title: Australian Idol

text: Damien Leith was named the winner of Australian Idol 2006 on 26 November, beating Jessica Mauboy for the title. Leith is the fifth most successful Australian Idol contestant behind Guy Sebastian, Shannon Noll, Mauboy and Anthony Callea. He has been awarded 7 platinum and one gold certification and achieved sales of 525,000+. He has the third highest album sales for a contestant. He achieved two No. 1 albums, "The Winner's Journey" which sold 4× platinum and Where We Land which gained platinum certification. His first single, Night of My Life stayed at No. 1 for four consecutive weeks and was certified platinum after one week of sales. It was the fastest selling debut single for 2006. Leith won 4 ARIA No. 1 Chart Awards, and the 2007 ARIA Award for Highest Selling Album for "The Winner's Journey". His third studio album peaked at No. 2, reaching gold status. His fourth album "Remember June" released in 2009 peaked at No. 25. In 2010 Leith released a covers album of Roy Orbison songs titled "Roy" which reached No. 2 and platinum certification. His sixth album "Now and Then" released in 2012 peaked at #12. He has also released two novels and hosted Network Ten's television series "Saving Kids".


title: Australian Idol

text: Jessica Mauboy went on to join ex-Idol girl group Young Divas, after member from season 2, Ricki-Lee Coulter, left the group. Mauboy has since gained much success as a solo artist. Her first studio album Been Waiting peaked at No. 11, spent 59 weeks on the charts and achieved 2× platinum status. Mauboy has also enjoyed success with her singles "Running Back" which was certified 2× platinum and second single "Burn" which reached No. 1 and achieved platinum status. Her third single "Been Waiting" peaked at No. 12, fourth single "Because" peaked at No. 9 and her 5th single "Up/Down" peaked at #11. These three singles all reached gold certification. Her second studio album "Get 'Em Girls" peaked at No. 6 and achieved gold certification. Five top 20 singles were released from the album, including 2 which achieved platinum and 2 double platinum certification. Mauboy has achieved 11 platinum and 5 gold certifications and received 12 ARIA Award nominations, including one win during her career as a recording artist. Third place getter Dean Geyer later released his debut album "Rush" and top ten single "If You Don't Mean It" and starred on the Australian long-time running soap "Neighbours" from 2008 to 2009.


title: Australian Idol

text: Ian "Dicko" Dickson rejoined the show as one of the judges, along with Mark Holden, Marcia Hines and Kyle Sandilands from 2006. The series was again hosted by Andrew G and James Mathison. The show continued with the format from Season 4 where contestants could use instruments throughout the show and for their audition they could perform original material rather than covering other artist's work.


title: Australian Idol

text: Natalie Gauci went on to win the series, beating Matt Corby for the title. Natalie released her debut platinum selling album "The Winner's Journey". After the winner's single "Here I Am" debuted at No. 2 on the ARIA Charts, and the album debuted at No. 11. Natalie released her second album in 2012.


title: Australian Idol

text: Carl Riseley, who finished third in the contest went on to release a swing-style album titled "The Rise", debuting at No. 5 on the ARIA Charts. Carl Riseley's 2nd cd "the stillest hour" was released 24 April 2009 and peaked at NO#1 on the ARIA jazz chart.


title: Australian Idol

text: Changes to the Australian Idol format for season 6 include judge Mark Holden leaving the show and temporary absence of host Andrew Günsberg, and auditions held for the first time in the United Kingdom. This was also the first season where the Top 4 contestants were all male, and the second time with two male grand finalists, after Season 1 Finale with Guy Sebastian and Shannon Noll. On 23 November, Wes Carr was announced as Australian Idol for 2008, beating Luke Dickens.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 10 November 2008, it was announced that a seventh season of "Australian Idol" will be produced and aired in late 2009.


title: Australian Idol

text: James Mathison announced on 31 March 2009 that he was leaving the show after six seasons. Andrew G continued hosting along with Ricki-Lee Coulter who was once again co-host.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 1 June 2009, musical director John Foreman announced that he was also leaving the show after six seasons. Foreman's right-hand man, David Pritchard-Blunt, was announced as his replacement.


title: Australian Idol

text: On 3 August, Kyle Sandilands was let go as a judge on "Australian Idol", after an on-air radio stunt went wrong. "Australian Idol is very much a family program and its appeal is very much right across the board, and we'd like to think that all families can enjoy the program in front of the TV," "Idol" Executive David Mott stated on the daily news.


title: Australian Idol

text: It was announced on 3 August 2009, via a press statement from Network Ten, that Sandilands had been sacked from "Australian Idol" due to this incident. He was replaced by Jay Dee Springbett, a Sony music executive.


title: Australian Idol

text: "Idol has remained a family-focused show, even more so this year with the 6.30 pm Sunday timeslot. His radio persona has taken on a more controversial position ... which is not in the interest of the show."


title: Australian Idol

text: Of being fired from "Australia Idol", Sandilands said in a statement that "I'm disappointed at Channel Ten's decision to remove me from Australian Idol. I have truly loved being a part of the show." Network Ten had held crisis talks with advertisers in the days prior to his firing amid concerns Sandilands would damage their brands. Idol creator Simon Fuller reportedly gave Ten his blessing to fire Sandilands. It was believed Sandilands earned $1 million of his estimated annual $2.8 million income from Idol.


title: Australian Idol

text: The promotional commercial for the season featured various "Legends". It featured impersonations of Elvis, Madonna, Michael Jackson, the Supremes, Christina Aguilera, and Mariah Carey among others. The Australian Idol hopefuls were featured covering Mariah Carey's "Emotions" as the soundtrack to this commercial.


title: Australian Idol

text: The 7th season began on 9 August at 6.30 pm. This was the first year that previously rejected contestants could return to audition again. The only ineligible contestants were those who previously made the Top 12/13. Semi-finalists (Top 24/30) had the opportunity to re-audition for the show.


title: Australian Idol

text: Season 7 was also broadcast in New Zealand, five days after the initial airing in Australia. This marked the return of the show to New Zealand screens after a 4-year absence.


title: Australian Idol

text: After a performance, judge Ian "Dicko" Dickson told Paulini Curuenavuli that to wear the dress she had chosen she would need to "shed some pounds". This caused outrage and heated debate. The TV show "20 to 1" named the controversy in an episode of its show titled "Aussie Scandals". Kyle Sandilands claimed that 2005 winner, Kate DeAraugo, had “tuck-shop arms”.


title: Australian Idol

text: In October 2007, criticism was levelled at the fairness of the program's telephone voting system, where 50% of the remaining contestants were stated by the media to be members of the Hillsong Church. The 50% of remaining contestants dispute was put to rest- when Daniel and Ben both said they did not have any affiliations with the Assemblies of God, and raising concerns of vote-stacking by the church congregation. Since the members associated with the Assemblies of God were voted week by week, some media analysts also claim discrimination against those who admit being Christian, noting it being out of line with the "family-friendly" product placement.


title: Australian Idol

text: In November, reporter Neil Wooldridge stated that although the producers are coy about how much was being made from SMS promotions that "some commentators estimate Telstra and Network Ten, partners in the 'Australian Idol' program, made up to $900,000 profit each episode."


title: Australian Idol

text: In 2003, it is estimated that viewers cast 20 million votes for their favourite Australian Idol contestant. At 55 cents for each telephone call or text message, that equates to $11 million even before advertising revenue. In Season 2, it is estimated that 29 million votes were cast, making $16 million. Season 3 saw a slight drop with 18 million votes cast, making $10 million. In Season 4, 26 million were cast, making $14.3 million; and, in Season 5, 22 million were cast, making $12.2 million. Network Ten paid around $13 million for each season.


title: Metropolitan City of Naples

text: The Metropolitan City of Naples () is an Italian metropolitan city in Campania region, established on 1 January 2015. Its capital city is Naples; within the city there are 92 comunes (municipalities).


title: Metropolitan City of Naples

text: It was first created by the reform of local authorities (Law 142/1990) and established by Law 56/2014, thus replacing the Province of Naples in 2015.