title: Romeo Void

text: Romeo Void has generally been classified as a new wave or post-punk band. Some critics have noted dance elements in the music. According to Stewart Mason, writing for AllMusic, "[The] band's muscular blend of Joy Division's atmospherics and the Gang of Four's rattling momentum, with Benjamin Bossi's splattering free jazz saxophone coloring everything, made Romeo Void one of the strongest of the American post-punk bands. The "St. Petersburg Times" wrote that they "had no trouble creating a signature sound for [themselves with a] scratchy guitar, soulful sax, [and] tight, precise drums." "The New York Times" stated that they sounded like "an art-school band, with its textural complexity [and] touches of jazz and funk" Saxophone player Benjamin Bossi has been observed as the ingredient that "set the band apart" and showed a "talent for both improvisation and arrangement." Alan Niester, writing for "The Globe and Mail", said that he weaved "in and out [...] like a snake charmer" and reminded him of Andy Mackay, a saxophonist that played with Roxy Music.


title: Romeo Void

text: Liam Lacey, also writing for "The Globe and Mail", described Iyall's voice as "sultry [and] sexy", while Mason called it "powerful". Her style has sometimes been compared to Chrissie Hynde, vocalist for the Pretenders. Richard Harrington of "The Washington Post" acknowledged the similarity, but also noted the influence of other singers in "Never Say Never" where Iyall mixed the "aggressive bitchiness of [Hynde], the coy confrontational tactics of Patty Donahue of the Waitresses and the slack sensuality of Debbie Harry of the earliest Blondie." Iyall used to find the comparison annoying, but eventually warmed to it: "When people said I sounded like her, I'd say, 'Oh yeah, thanks a lot.' But this year, I've fallen in love with "Learning To Crawl" so now I don't care if people want to make comparisons." After a live show in 1982, Niester contended that she was the weakest part of the group and had the "vocal range of an automobile horn". "Billboard" writer Kathy Gillis wrote after a concert two years later that Iyall exhibited a "dramatic range that, while not extreme in either direction, was touching."


title: Romeo Void

text: Patti Smith had a great influence on Iyall. "[She was] someone who was both a rock singer and a poet," she said. "She combined things I was interested in. Plus, she wasn't a trumped-up sex symbol. She was herself on stage. That appealed to me. It looked like something I could do. You didn't have to look like all the other singers." Iyall was highly critical of the music of the day and found inspiration in other mediums. "I hate rock and roll right now. It's turned into some new kind of stupid religion... I'd rather listen to Billie Holiday, maybe Tom Waits. Actually, I'll admit I like The Bangles – they have a great sound. But I'd just as soon read novels or paint pictures as listen to music. I love language – plain speech, used in an enigmatic, subliminal way; I'm not much tied to the literal."


title: Romeo Void

text: Iyall was observed by "Mother Jones" to be among a new group of female fronted rock bands that displayed a "tough, wry, street-wise, [and] cynical" attitude and sought to redefine the role of women in rock music. She developed a sizable following for her writing that covered topics like "frustrated desire [and] sexually motivated rage" from a female perspective. Critics praised her lyrics for their "searing imagery", "seething poetics", and "[dark intelligence]" "My approach was always that I had something to say, I had a point of view," Iyall said, commenting on her outspokeness. "I remember seeing Penelope from the Avengers at the Mabuhay Gardens and thinking, I can do that. I have something to say."


title: Romeo Void

text: Romeo Void's best known song is "Never Say Never", which contains the famous line "I might like you better if we slept together." AllMusic writer Heather Phares has argued that Iyall's "teasing, existential musings [...] predated and predicted the aloof yet frank sexuality of early- and mid-'90s artists such as Elastica and Liz Phair". Phares concluded that the song was "a subversive, influential classic" and "one of new wave's most distinctive and innovative moments. " The song has been covered by many artists, among them are Queens of the Stone Age and Amanda Blank. The song "A Girl in Trouble (Is a Temporary Thing)", their highest-charting single, was reportedly written as a response to Michael Jackson's hit song "Billie Jean", but can also be seen as a tribute to women who have experienced traumatizing events. Iyall also wrote songs that touched on themes like social alienation ("Undercover Kept") and generation gaps ("Chinatown").


title: Antonia Bennett

text: Antonia Bennett (born April 7, 1974) is an American singer of adult alternative music, standards, and jazz. She is the daughter of singer Tony Bennett and actress Sandra Grant.


title: Antonia Bennett

text: Bennett trained as an actor at the Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute in New York. She then became an alumna of the Berklee College of Music in Boston. Beginning in the mid-2000s, she began to appear as an opening act or guest at her father's shows. In 2013 she was married to Ronen Helmann, an Israeli; around the same time, she converted to Judaism.


title: Antonia Bennett

text: In 2002, "The New York Times" Stephen Holden compared Bennett's voice to that of Billie Holiday, Rickie Lee Jones, and Betty Boop. A "JazzTimes" profile from 2010 said that her voice does not resemble her father's and instead compared her to Jane Monheit and Nellie McKay.


title: Antonia Bennett

text: Bennett's debut album "Embrace Me", a treatment of standards from the Great American Songbook, was released on Perseverance Records in 2014. It followed the release of EP in 2010 called "Natural" and a digital-only album in 2012.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: Hip-Hop Evolution is a Canadian music documentary series that originally aired on HBO Canada in 2016. Hosted by Juno Award-winning artist Shad, the series profiles the history of hip-hop music through interviews with many of the genre's leading cultural figures. The series is produced by Darby Wheeler, Rodrigo Bascuñán, Russell Peters, Scot McFadyen, Sam Dunn and Nelson George. It won the 2016 Peabody Award, and the 2017 International Emmy Award for Best Arts Programming.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: The series was screened at the 2016 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival before being picked up for broadcast by HBO. In December 2016, it was added to Netflix for international distribution.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: "Hip-Hop Evolution" features in-depth, personal interviews with the progenitors of DJing, rapping, and production, culminating in what is now taken to be hip hop music and rap, adding to the existing understanding of hip-hop's earliest decades. Such original artists, producers, DJs, and promoters include: DJ Kool Herc, Coke La Rock, Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five, Fab Five Freddy, Marley Marl, Afrika Bambaataa, Kool Moe Dee, Kurtis Blow, Doug E. Fresh, Whodini, Warp 9, DJ Hollywood, Spoonie Gee, The Sugarhill Gang, Russell Simmons, Slick Rick, LL Cool J, Rick Rubin, Dana Dane, Vanilla Ice, Public Enemy, Michael Jackson, Perri "Pebbles" Reid, Jermaine Dupri & The Fat Boys.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: The first episode documents the history of the inceptive hip-hop party at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue in The Bronx where DJ Kool Herc, who thus emerged as a godfather of the tradition, DJed his sister's birthday party.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: The series went on to feature some of the most influential artists of the genre, without whom its current form would not exist, such as Public Enemy, Beastie Boys, N.W.A, Ice-T, Rakim, Big Daddy Kane and LL Cool J, as well as documenting Schooly D, from Philadelphia, as the influence for gangsta rap on the West Coast, as told by the words of Ice T. It limits its telling of the history at that point, as it documents that was the turning point in which Hip Hop had turned from an underground movement within music to a mainstream genre, that ripples its influence throughout contemporary culture.


title: Hip-Hop Evolution

text: In 2016 the series was awarded a Peabody Award. The series garnered four Canadian Screen Award nominations at the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017, for Best Biography or Arts Documentary Program or Series, Best Editing in a Documentary Program or Series (Steve Taylor and Mark Staunton) Best Writing in a Documentary Program or Series (Rodrigo Bascunan) and Best Direction in a Documentary or Factual Series (Darby Wheeler). It won the awards for Best Biography or Arts Documentary and Best Editing. The series was also awarded with a 2017 International Emmy for Best Arts Programming.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark (Ingeborg Charlotte Caroline Frederikke Louise; 2 August 1878 – 12 March 1958), was a Princess of Sweden by marriage to Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland. She was the daughter of Frederick VIII of Denmark, and the maternal grandmother of Harald V of Norway, Baudouin and Albert II of Belgium, the matrilineal great grandmother of Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, the paternal grand-aunt of Margrethe II of Denmark, and the great-grandaunt of Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Princess Ingeborg was born on 2 August 1878 at her parents' country residence, the Charlottenlund Palace north of Copenhagen, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, King Christian IX. She was the second daughter and fifth child of Crown Prince Frederick of Denmark, and his wife Princess Louise of Sweden. Her father was the eldest son of King Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel, and her mother was the only daughter of King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway and Louise of the Netherlands. She was baptised with the names "Ingeborg Charlotte Caroline Frederikke Louise", and was known as Princess Ingeborg.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: As a granddaughter of Christian IX, the "Father-in-Law of Europe", she was a first cousin of King George V of the United Kingdom, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and King Constantine I of Greece.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Princess Ingeborg was raised with her siblings at the royal household in Copenhagen, and grew up between her parents' city residence, the Frederick VIII's Palace, an 18th-century palace which forms part of the Amalienborg Palace complex in central Copenhagen, and their country residence, the Charlottenlund Palace, located by the coastline of the Øresund strait north of the city. In contrast to the usual practise of the period, where royal children were brought up by governesses, the children were raised by Crown Princess Louise herself.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: In May 1897, Princess Ingeborg was engaged to Prince Carl of Sweden, Duke of Västergötland. Prince Carl was the third son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway and Sophia of Nassau. They were, therefore, first cousins once-removed.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: They married on 27 August 1897 in the chapel at Christiansborg Palace in Copenhagen and spent their honeymoon in Germany.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: In 1947, on the occasion of their wedding anniversary, her spouse admitted that their marriage had been completely arranged by their respective fathers, and Ingeborg herself added: "I married a complete stranger!"


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: The marriage was popular because she was the granddaughter of the popular king Charles XV of Sweden and IV of Norway, and she was a personal success in Sweden. It was said of her, that of all foreign princesses married into the Swedish royal house, she was perhaps the one best suited to be Queen consort of Sweden, and for the first ten years in Sweden, she almost was: from 1897 until 1907, Queen Sophia seldom attended public events and Crown Princess Victoria spent most of her time abroad for health reasons, Princess Ingeborg was thereby given more public duties, unofficially performing much of the role associated with the queen consort at the Swedish court. She is perceived as having performed her representational duties with a combination of dignity and easygoing friendliness, and as attracting a social circle with her wit.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Her sister-in-law, Crown Princess Victoria, however, did not approve of her informality and once remarked: "One does not enter the chamber of the Crown Princess of Sweden without knocking, even if one is Princess Ingeborg."


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Ingeborg was interested in sports, especially ice skating, and at the automobile exhibition of Stockholm in 1903, she and the Crown Prince, Gustav, made a spontaneous demonstration trip in a car from Scania. In 1908, she accompanied her husband's nephew Prince William to his wedding with her paternal first cousin once removed Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna in Russia.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: She lived a harmonious family life, and the family was known as "The happy family". The children were given a simple upbringing, and expected to learn household tasks: they were, for example, given a real stove in their play cottage, on which they cooked real food. She and Carl lived an informal and intimate family life with their children.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Ingeborg was admired for her handling of the economic difficulties experienced when a bank they invested in crashed in 1922 and they had to sell their home. She was portrayed as a symbol of a wife and mother in many magazines and was for many years the most popular member of the royal house.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: In 1905, the Norwegian government discussed making them king and queen of Norway, but Carl declined the offer. Instead, her brother was elected monarch of Norway. Ingeborg's kinship to the Scandinavian dynasties helped bring the three royal houses together again after tension created due to Norway's 1905 secession. Politically, Ingeborg had democratic and liberal sympathies and disliked the conservatives, views she expressed during the governmental crisis in 1918. She detested the conservative Hammarskjöld cabinet and the 1914 policy, criticized the conservative press and viewed the resignation of the Liberal-Social Democratic cabinet of 1918 as a disaster, reportedly commented it with the words: "It must not happen! No no no!"


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: During World War II in 1940–45, she demonstrated publicly against Nazi Germany by blocking the window of her house which faced the German embassy in Stockholm.


title: Princess Ingeborg of Denmark

text: Princess Ingeborg has the distinction of being the grandmother of three European monarchs: King Harald V of Norway, King Baudouin of Belgium and King Albert II of Belgium; and the great-grandmother of two: Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King Philippe of Belgium. She is also grandaunt of Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and great-grandaunt of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.


title: Kolaigaran

text: Kolaigaran () is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by Andrew Louis of "Leelai" fame. The film stars Arjun, Vijay Antony, and Ashima Narwal, while Nassar and Seetha play supportive roles. The music is scored by Simon K. King Principal photography of the film commenced on 5 June 2018. The film follows an investigation in which a woman and her mother are suspected of murder after a disfigured corpse is found, while their neighbor claims to have committed it instead, much to the surprise of cops. The film was released theatrically on 7 June 2019. It opened to positive reviews.


title: Kolaigaran

text: The movie is heavily inspired by the 2012 South Korean thriller "Perfect Number" which was based on the Japanese mystery novel "The Devotion of Suspect X" which had earlier been adapted in 2008 in Japanese as "Suspect X". The movie was also loosely inspired by Agatha Christie's mystery novel "The Body in the Library".


title: Kolaigaran

text: The movie begins with a murder of a mysterious lady who is killed by an unknown person inside a house. In another scene, Prabhakaran (Vijay Antony) is seen surrendering to the police. The scene shifts to Prabhakaran's past. Prabhakaran and Dharini (Ashima Narwal) are neighbours, and each morning, they coincidentally greet each other as they step out of their homes while stepping out to their respective workplaces. Although Dharini's friend who sees this happen each day warns her to be careful of Prabhakaran as she suspects this as a planned execution, Dharini dismisses her opinion as being paranoid.


title: Kolaigaran

text: Meanwhile, a gruesome murder occurs at night in a desolate area in Chennai where a man is killed and burned. The next day the body is found by the locals and a crime branch cop named DCP Karthikeyan (Arjun) is assigned to the case. The police were not able to identify the murder victim due to his deformed face, however, Karthikeyan finds the half-burnt tailor tag from the clothes of the victim and assumes that the person is someone from a different city. He starts an investigation on complaints of missing guests at hotels within Chennai, and from the information extracted from the tag, he discovers that the murdered man is Vamsi, who is the younger brother of an influential minister in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Kolaigaran

text: Checking on the background of Vamsi, Karthikeyan learns that Vamsi is a habitual molester who used to stalk and harass Dharini, leading Dharini and her mother Lakshmi (Seetha) to escape to Chennai without his knowledge two years ago. Karthikeyan starts with his investigation with Dharini and Lakshmi, who admit to their past connection with Vamsi, much to Karthikeyan's surprise. Similarly, Karthikeyan investigates Prabhakaran on the whereabouts of his neighbours on the date of the murder. Meanwhile, Prabhakaran contacts Dharini via his office landline phone and asks her to do as instructed.


title: Kolaigaran

text: Theoretically speaking, Karthikeyan firmly believes that the murder has something to do with Dharini and Lakshmi and he also suspects they could not have done it on their own without a male's assistance. During his investigation, Karthikeyan also learns that Prabhakaran is a former Hyderabad-based IPS officer who is renowned for solving murders. However, when approached for help on solving the case, Prabhakaran claims that he can offer no help. This strengthens Karthikeyan's suspicions on Prabhakaran, despite his team's opinions against the idea. In a sudden turn of events, Karthikeyan learns that Prabhakaran has surrendered for the murder. During the course of interrogation, Prabhakaran reveals that he and Dharini are secret lovers. When Prabhakaran learns about Dharini's past with Vamsi, he wants to help Dharini and kills Vamsi without Dharini's knowledge. However, when Dharini was asked about Prabhakaran's story, she claims that she barely knows him, which leads the investigators to believe that Prabhakaran is suffering from a serious case of delusions. To further cement the fact that Prabhakaran is the sole murderer and, Dharini and Lakshmi are not, a listening device is found in Prabhakaran's house to prove that it's through this he came to know about Vamsi. So the tale takes its turn in the final minutes and all of the police, but Karthikeyan, believe that the case can be closed as the murderer Prabhakaran has surrendered. Karthikeyan could not believe that Prabhakaran, a police officer who is specialised in murder cases, could make amateur mistakes when disposing of Vamsi's body.


title: Kolaigaran

text: Karthikeyan ponders on his suspicions that the murderers of Vamsi were indeed Dharini and Lakshmi and thus further investigates on Prabhakaran's motive to surrender instead of them. It was found that Prabhakaran who was an IPS officer in Andhra Pradesh, lived happily with his wife, Aaradhanaa (Ashima Narwal), who bore a resemblance to Dharini. Unfortunately, she was murdered by Ali (Sampath), an escaped criminal, who considers himself to be Prabhakaran's enemy (as shown in the opening scene). Prabhakaran resigns his job as a police and starts to search for Ali, who escaped after murdering his wife. When he learns that the murderer is in Chennai, he moves to Chennai to avenge the death of Aaraadhanaa. When Dharini and Lakshmi killed Vamsi in self-defence, Prabhakaran wanting to help Dharini as she resembles his own passed wife, plots and kills his wife's murderer the next day and conceals his body instead of Vamsi to misdirect the case investigators from suspecting Dharini and Lakshmi. Karthikeyan, gained a newfound respect for Prabhakaran after learning the truth and decides to keep as a secret.


title: Kolaigaran

text: The first look poster of the film featuring Vijay Antony and Arjun was unveiled on 5 June 2018. The shooting of the film went on floors on the same day following a ceremonial pooja. The film is directed by Andrew Louis as his second assignment, who is also the friend of Vijay Antony and eventually returned to his directorial venture after a decade who also shot to prominence for his 2012 directorial venture "Leelai". Vijay Antony was signed to play the lead role while he was busy shooting for "Thimiru Pudichavan".


title: Kolaigaran

text: The filmmakers roped in Arjun opposite Vijay Antony to play an important role in the film while he was committed for "Irumbu Thirai" (2018). Indian-Australian model Ashima Narwal was also approached to play the female lead role in the film, with the latter making her Tamil film debut. The role of Ashima is speculated to be an innocent character named Dharini from Hyderabad. However, the filmmakers refused to reveal the exact roles of Vijay Antony and Arjun. The filmmakers have revealed that about half of the portions of the shooting segment was completed and as of 29 December 2018 it was also reported that Arjun has wrapped his shoot portions of the film. The shooting of the film was entirely in Chennai.


title: Kolaigaran

text: The soundtrack was composed by Simon K. King, whose last film composed was the Sibiraj-starrer "Sathya". This film also marks Vijay Antony's second film to have a different music director after "India Pakistan" (2015).


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Carlos Dunlap (born February 28, 1989) is an American football defensive end and linebacker for the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida where he won a National Championship in 2009. He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the second round of the 2010 NFL Draft.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap was born in North Charleston, South Carolina. He attended Fort Dorchester High School in North Charleston, where he played for the Fort Dorchester Patriots high school football team. During his junior year, he made 103 tackles, 22 for loss and 9 quarterback sacks. As a senior, he recorded 105 tackles, 35 for loss and 24 sacks and was chosen to play in the first Offense-Defense All-American Bowl.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Dunlap was listed as the No. 1 weakside defensive end in the nation in 2007. He chose Florida over offers from Clemson, South Carolina, Auburn, and Tennessee.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, where he played for coach Urban Meyer's Florida Gators football team from 2007 to 2009.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: As a true freshman in 2007, he played in 13 games, recording seven tackles and a quarterback sack. As a sophomore in 2008, Dunlap played in all 14 of the Gators games recording 39 tackles, a team-high 9.5 sacks and three blocked punts. He was the defensive MVP of the Gators win over the Oklahoma Sooners in the 2009 BCS National Championship Game, recording four tackles, and a shared sack during the game. He also was a second-team All-SEC selection.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: As a junior in 2009, Dunlap played in 13 games. He missed one game, the SEC Championship, due to suspension after being arrested on driving under the influence of alcohol. During the season, he recorded 38 tackles and nine sacks and was a consensus first-team All-SEC selection. He ended his career with 84 tackles, 19.5 sacks, and three blocked kicks. After his junior year, Dunlap decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 2010 NFL Draft.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: After his sophomore season, Dunlap was projected to be a first round and a possible top ten selection in 2010. His draft stock began to fall after a mediocre junior season and a DUI arrest. On January 11, 2010, it was announced that Dunlap would forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2010 NFL Draft. Dunlap attended the NFL Scouting Combine and performed all of the combine and positional drills. His overall combine performance was said to be underwhelming by multiple scouts and did not impress team representatives during the interview process.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: On March 17, 2010, Dunlap attended Florida's pro day and chose to perform multiple combine drills again. He improved his 40-yard dash (4.61s), 20-yard dash (2.68s), 10-yard dash (1.60s), bench press (22), and broad jump (9'4"). At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Dunlap was projected to be a second round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the third best defensive end prospect by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, the fourth best defensive end by Scouts Inc., and was ranked the fifth best defensive end in the draft by DraftScout.com.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: The Cincinnati Bengals selected Dunlap in the second round (54th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft. Dunlap was the tenth defensive end drafted in 2010.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: On July 28, 2010, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Dunlap to a four-year, $3.71 million contract that includes $1.77 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.22 million.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Throughout training camp, Dunlap competed to be a backup defensive end against Jonathan Fanene and Frostee Rucker. Head coach Marvin Lewis named him the fifth defensive end on the depth chart to begin the regular season, behind Robert Geathers, Antwan Odom, Frostee Rucker, and Jonathan Fanene.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap was inactive as a healthy scratch for the first two games of the regular season. On September 26, 2010, Dunlap made his professional regular season debut during the Bengals' 20–7 victory at the Carolina Panthers in Week 3. Dunlap was inactive for another two games (Weeks 4–5), but made his return in Week 7 during a 39–32 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. During the game, he made his first career tackle on running back Jason Snelling to stop a four-yard gain in the fourth quarter. Dunlap was elevated on the depth chart after Antwan Odom was suspended and Johnathan Fanene and Frostee Rucker sustained injuries. Fanene, Odom, and Rucker were all placed on injured reserve where they would end the season. On November 14, 2010, Dunlap recorded two solo tackles and made his first career sack during a 23–17 loss at the Indianapolis Colts in Week 10. Dunlap made his first career sack on quarterback Peyton Manning for a four-yard loss in the second quarter. In Week 14, he collected a season-high four combined tackles and was credited with half a sack in the Bengals' 23–7 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers. On November 25, 2010, Dunlap made three solo tackles and had two sacks on quarterback Mark Sanchez during a 26–10 loss at the New York Jets in Week 12. He earned his first multi-sack performance of his career with his two sacks. Dunlap finished his rookie season in 2010 with 24 combined tackles (19 solo), 9.5 sacks, and three pass deflections in 12 games and zero starts. His 9.5 sacks led the team and set a franchise record for most sacks by a rookie.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: During training camp, Dunlap competed to be a starting defensive end against Robert Geathers, Frostee Rucker, and Michael Johnson. Defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer named Dunlap the fourth defensive end on the depth chart to start the season, behind Robert Geathers, Michael Johnson, and Frostee Rucker. In Week 2, Dunlap collected a season-high four solo tackles during a 24–22 loss at the Denver Broncos. On October 2, 2011, Dunlap made his first career start in place of Robert Geathers. He finished the Bengals' 23–20 victory against the Buffalo Bills with two combined tackles and a pass deflection. On November 6, 2011, he made three combined tackles, a pass deflection, and had a season-high two sacks on Titans' quarterback Matt Hasselbeck in a 24–17 win at the Tennessee Titans. He was inactive for the Bengals' Week 10 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers due to a hamstring injury. Dunlap aggravated his hamstring injury and was inactive for three more games (Weeks 12–14). In Week 17, Dunlap collected a season-high six combined tackles and was credited with half a sack during a 24–16 loss to the Baltimore Ravens. He finished the season with 23 combined tackles (11 solo), 4.5 sacks, and three pass deflections in 12 games and one start.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: The Cincinnati Bengals finished third in the AFC North with a 9–7 record and earned a wildcard berth. On January 7, 2012, Dunlap appeared in his first career playoff game and made one tackle during a 31–10 loss at the Houston Texans in the AFC Wildcard Game.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: During training camp, Dunlap competed to be a starting defensive end against Michael Johnson, Jamaal Anderson, and Derrick Harvey. Head coach Marvin Lewis named Dunlap the backup defensive end to begin the season, behind Robert Geathers and Michael Johnson. Dunlap sustained a knee injury during the preseason and was unable to play in the first two games of the regular season (Weeks 1–2).


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: On July 15, 2013, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Dunlap to a five-year, $39.37 million contract extension with $11.70 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $8 million.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap had a breakout season in 2015, recording a career best 13.5 sacks and earning his first Pro Bowl. He was ranked 70th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: In 2016, he started all 16 games, recording 49 tackles, eight sacks, three forced fumbles, and 15 passes defensed on his way to his second Pro Bowl. His 15 passes defensed was tied for eighth in the league and were the most by any non-defensive back.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: In Week 8 of the 2017 season, he batted a pass from Colts' quarterback Jacoby Brissett and intercepted it and returned it 16 yards for a touchdown in a 24–23 win, earning AFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season with 46 tackles, 7.5 sacks, seven passes defensed, and one interception.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: On August 28, 2018, Dunlap signed a three-year, $45 million contract extension with the Bengals through the 2021 season.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: In week 13 against the New York Jets, Dunlap sacked quarterback Sam Darnold three times as the Bengals won their first game of the season 22–6. He won the AFC Defensive Player of the Week award for his performance. In week 17 against the Cleveland Browns, Dunlap sacked Baker Mayfield 2.5 times during the 33–23 win.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: As the 2020 season progressed, Dunlap openly expressed his desire to want out of Cincinnati after losing playing time and questioning his usage by the coaching staff, including posting to his Twitter that he was selling his house in Cincinnati.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: On October 28, 2020, Dunlap was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for center B. J. Finney and a 2021 seventh-round draft pick. Dunlap made his debut with the Seahawks in Week 9 against the Buffalo Bills. During the game, Dunlap recorded his first sack as a Seahawk on Josh Allen during the 44–34 loss. In Week 11 against the Arizona Cardinals on "Thursday Night Football", Dunlap recorded two sacks on Kyler Murray, including one on fourth down late in the fourth quarter to seal a 28–21 Seahawks' win.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap was released after the season on March 8, 2021, but re-signed with the team on a two-year contract worth $16.6 million on March 30, 2021.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: In the Seahawks week 13 game against the San Francisco 49ers, Dunlap recorded the first safety of his career.


title: Carlos Dunlap

text: Dunlap graduated from the University of Florida with a Bachelor of Science in Family, Youth and Community Services finishing his degree online. In May 2016, Dunlap graduated from the University of Miami with a Master of Business Administration.


title: Steps discography

text: The discography of UK dance-pop group Steps, contains seven studio albums, seven compilation albums and thirty singles.


title: Steps discography

text: Steps' debut single, "5,6,7,8" was released in 1997 and reached number fourteen on the UK Singles Chart and the track remains one of the highest selling singles never to reach the top 10 on the UK chart. Second single "Last Thing on My Mind" became their first UK top ten peaking at number six. "One for Sorrow", the next single, peaked at number two and was followed by their debut album, "Step One", which debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and went on to become certified 5× Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). The next single release was a double A-side "Heartbeat"/"Tragedy" released in November 1998 and peaked at number one in January 1999. The success of "Heartbeat"/"Tragedy" led to the release of the group's next single, "Better Best Forgotten" to be delayed by almost two months, but then peaked at number two. In July 1999, Steps released the first single from their next album, "Love's Got a Hold on My Heart" which was another number two hit in the UK. The group then released their second album, "Steptacular", which peaked at number one and was eventually certified 4× Platinum. The group's follow-up singles "After the Love Has Gone", "Say You'll Be Mine"/"Better the Devil You Know", "Deeper Shade of Blue" and "When I Said Goodbye"/"Summer of Love" continued their top five run. In October 2000, Steps released their third album "Buzz", reaching number 4 in the UK charts and being certified double platinum. Its lead single was "Stomp", their second number one single. The following single "It's the Way You Make Me Feel", reached number two and "Here and Now"/"You'll Be Sorry" peaked at number four.


title: Steps discography

text: The group then released a greatest hits album in 2001. "Chain Reaction", a cover of the popular Diana Ross song, was released as the first single from "" and was another UK number two. The second single, "Words Are Not Enough"/"I Know Him So Well", was another top five hit and became the final single from the group. They announced their split on Boxing Day 2001. The group's record company, Jive Records released a remix and B-side compilation in 2002, "The Last Dance", which featured remixes of previous tracks. This album peaked at number fifty-seven in the UK. Steps reformed in May 2011 and released "The Ultimate Collection" in October. It debuted at number one in the UK. A box set, "The Platinum Collection" was set to be released on 28 November 2011; however, it was postponed to 13 February 2012. On 30 April 2012, "The Ultimate Collection: Tour Edition" was released. It features two discs, with the additional disc featuring the songs in karaoke style. All the songs apart from "Chain Reaction" and "I Know Him So Well" feature a backing track sung by Faye, Lisa, Claire, H and Lee. Also in April, a live album called "Steps: Live! 2012" was released as part of the group's 2012 tour. It was only available to purchase at venues where the group performed. All of the songs performed are on the live album. The official video for "Light Up the World" is the Lyric Video. The group reformed on 1 January 2017 and released their fifth album "Tears on the Dancefloor" on 21 April 2017, which debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart. "Scared of the Dark" was released as the first single and peaked at number thirty-seven.


title: Steps discography

text: Steps' sixth studio album "What the Future Holds" was released on 27 November 2020. It was preceded by two singles. The band released their seventh studio album quickly in September 2021, "What the Future Holds Pt. 2". Both studio albums debuted at number 2 in the UK charts. In May 2022, it was announced that Steps would be releasing their third greatest hits compilation, titled "Platinum Collection". The album was released on 19 August 2022.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: Zefram Cochrane is a fictional character in the "Star Trek" universe. Created by writer Gene L. Coon, the character first appeared in the 1967 "" episode "", in which he was played by Glenn Corbett. James Cromwell later played Cochrane in the 1996 feature film "", the 2001 "" pilot, "", and the 2022 "" Season 3 premiere episode, "Grounded". Footage of Cromwell from "Star Trek: First Contact" was used in the "Enterprise" episode "In a Mirror, Darkly Part I".


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: As first mentioned in "Star Trek: The Original Series", and further established by the events of "Star Trek: First Contact", Cochrane is the first human to create a warp drive system, and in 2063, his successful warp speed flight draws the attention of the Vulcans, leading to humanity's first official contact with an alien race.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: Cochrane was born in 2030, according to "Star Trek: First Contact" (though the novelization of that film gives his year of birth as 2013). He constructed humanity's first warp-capable vessel, the "Phoenix", in Bozeman, Montana, out of an old TitanII nuclear missile. He started the project for financial gain, and found the accounts of his future accolades as told by the crew of the "Enterprise-E" from the future disturbing and embarrassing.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: On April 5, 2063, Cochrane made Earth's first warp flight, playing Steppenwolf's "Magic Carpet Ride" during blast-off. The "Phoenix's" warp flight was detected by a Vulcan survey ship, the "T'Plana Hath", which then made peaceful first contact with humans, including Cochrane, at the "Phoenix's" launch site.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: The aphorism "Don't try to be a great man, just be a man. And let history make its own judgments," is attributed to Cochrane, who is said to have uttered it in 2073. In 2119, Cochrane was present at the dedication of Earth's first Warp5 Complex, as seen in a video viewed by the characters in the 2001 pilot episode of "Star Trek: Enterprise". On that occasion, Cochrane stated, "This engine will let us go boldly where no man has gone before", making him the earliest known person in the fictional timeline of "Trek" to say that phrase.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: The "Phoenix"'s launch facility became a historical monument. A 20-meter marble statue was erected there, depicting Cochrane heroically reaching toward the future. Cochrane's name became revered among humans, with entire universities, cities and planets named after him. "Enterprise-D" and "Enterprise-E" Chief Engineer Geordi La Forge, for example, attended Zefram Cochrane High School.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: According to the original "Star Trek" episode "", Cochrane was presumed dead after disappearing from Alpha Centauri in 2117 (though the "" episode "" later retcons the year of Cochrane's disappearance to be 2119 or later). James T. Kirk, Spock and Leonard McCoy find Cochrane living on an asteroid with a being he calls the Companion, an ethereal presence of pure energy who rejuvenated the aged, dying Cochrane 150 years earlier, and has held him captive— and in a state of youth and vigor— ever since. Nancy Hedford, who was traveling with the three Starfleet officers, is an ill Federation commissioner. The Companion, who loves Cochrane, merges with the commissioner, ridding her of her illness and providing the Companion with a corporeal (but now mortal) form. The combined entity no longer has the power to force Cochrane to stay with her, but Cochrane chooses to stay out of love and gratitude. Before departing, Kirk, Spock, and McCoy promise not to reveal Cochrane's existence.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: In the Mirror Universe, rather than reciprocating the Vulcans' peaceful greeting, Cochrane and the other humans kill the Vulcans and loot their ship. Humans conquer other worlds as part of the brutal Terran Empire.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: In "", Cochrane was played by Glenn Corbett, who was 34 at the time of that episode's airing. In "", Cochrane was played by the 56-year-old James Cromwell, at a point when the character, in 2063, would have been approximately 33 years old. "The Star Trek Encyclopedia" explains this discrepancy by theorizing that Cochrane's aged appearance in 2063 was the result of radiation poisoning, and that when he encountered the Companion, the Companion reversed these effects, and restored his youthful appearance.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: In the 1994 novel "Federation" by Judith and Garfield Reeves-Stevens, whose publication predated the release of "" by two years, Cochrane had been portrayed as a human of Earth origin. The novel suggested he retired to Alpha Centauri at some point between his first warp flight and his disappearance. This follows a suggestion made in the "Star Trek Chronology", on the assumption humans could not have settled the Alpha Centauri system prior to the warp drive's invention.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: In the novel, Cochrane's warp experiments are the result of a mysterious billionaire's financial and idealistic support in the period between the Eugenics Wars and World WarIII. His self-identification with Alpha Centauri results from it being the destination of his first warp voyage and his subsequent founding role in the first colony in the system. His life's story beyond his encounter with Kirk at Gamma Canaris in "" is depicted up to his death during the events of the of "".


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: In the 1989 reference book "Worlds of the Federation", author Shane Johnson writes of Zefram Cochrane being a native to the Alpha Centauri system (which is populated by humans transplanted from Earth in antiquity) who is contacted by the United Nations spaceship "Icarus", a sublight vessel which is the first human ship to travel to another solar system.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: Lacking a common language and before the invention of the universal translator, he used mathematics alone to communicate his ideas for a faster-than-light drive system and its prototype, the WD-1.


title: Zefram Cochrane

text: Cochrane also appeared in issue #49 of Gold Key Comics's "Star Trek" series, along with Nancy Hedford and the Companion.


title: Software repository

text: A software repository, or repo for short, is a storage location for software packages. Often a table of contents is also stored, along with metadata. A software repository is typically managed by source control or repository managers. Package managers allow automatically installing and updating repositories (sometimes called "packages").


title: Software repository

text: Many software publishers and other organizations maintain servers on the Internet for this purpose, either free of charge or for a subscription fee. Repositories may be solely for particular programs, such as CPAN for the Perl programming language, or for an entire operating system. Operators of such repositories typically provide a package management system, tools intended to search for, install and otherwise manipulate software packages from the repositories. For example, many Linux distributions use Advanced Packaging Tool (APT), commonly found in Debian based distributions, or yum found in Red Hat based distributions. There are also multiple independent package management systems, such as pacman, used in Arch Linux and equo, found in Sabayon Linux.


title: Software repository

text: As software repositories are designed to include useful packages, major repositories are designed to be malware free. If a computer is configured to use a digitally signed repository from a reputable vendor, and is coupled with an appropriate permissions system, this significantly reduces the threat of malware to these systems. As a side effect, many systems that have these capabilities do not require anti-malware software such as anti-virus software.


title: Software repository

text: Most major Linux distributions have many repositories around the world that mirror the main repository.


title: Software repository

text: In an enterprise environment, a software repository is usually used to store artifacts, or to mirror external repositories which may be inaccessible due to security restrictions. Such repositories may provide additional functionality, like access control, versioning, security checks for uploaded software, cluster functionality etc. and typically support a variety of formats in one package, so as to cater for all the needs in an enterprise, and thus aiming to provide a single point of truth. Popular examples are JFrog Artifactory and Nexus repository.


title: Software repository

text: At server side, a software repository is typically managed by source control or repository managers. Some of the repository managers allow to aggregate other repository location into one URL and provide a caching proxy. When doing continuous builds many artifacts are produced and often centrally stored, so automatically deleting the ones which are not released is important.


title: Software repository

text: A typical use of a package management system is to facilitate the integration of code from possibly different sources into a coherent stand-alone operating unit. Thus, a package management system might be used to produce a distribution of Linux, possibly a distribution tailored to a specific restricted application.


title: Software repository

text: A package development process, by contrast, is used to manage the co-development of code and documentation of a collection of functions or routines with a common theme, producing thereby a package of software functions that typically will not be complete and usable by themselves. A good package development process will help users conform to good documentation and coding practices, integrating some level of unit testing.


title: Software repository

text: The following table lists a few languages with repositories for contributed software. The "Autochecks" column describes the routine checks done.


title: Software repository

text: Very few people have the ability to test their software under multiple operating systems with different versions of the core code and with other contributed packages they may use. For the R programming language, the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) runs tests routinely.


title: Software repository

text: To understand how this is valuable, imagine a situation with two developers, Sally and John. Sally contributes a package A. Sally only runs the current version of the software under one version of Microsoft Windows, and has only tested it in that environment. At more or less regular intervals, CRAN tests Sally's contribution under a dozen combinations of operating systems and versions of the core R language software. If one of them generates an error, she gets that error message. With luck, that error message details may provide enough input to allow enable a fix for the error, even if she cannot replicate it with her current hardware and software. Next, suppose John contributes to the repository a package B that uses a package A. Package B passes all the tests and is made available to users. Later, Sally submits an improved version of A, which unfortunately, breaks B. The autochecks make it possible to provide information to John so he can fix the problem.


title: Software repository

text: This example exposes both a strength and a weakness in the R contributed-package system: CRAN supports this kind of automated testing of contributed packages, but packages contributed to CRAN need not specify the versions of other contributed packages that they use. Procedures for requesting specific versions of packages exist, but contributors might not use those procedures.


title: Software repository

text: Beyond this, a repository such as CRAN running regular checks of contributed packages actually provides an extensive if "ad hoc" test suite for development versions of the core language. If Sally (in the example above) gets an error message she does not understand or thinks is inappropriate, especially from a development version of the language, she can (and often does with R) ask the core development-team for the language for help. In this way, the repository can contribute to improving the quality of the core language software.


title: Software repository

text: Many other programming languages, among them C, C++, and Fortran, do not possess a central software repository with universal scope. Notable repositories with limited scope include:


title: Software repository

text: Package managers help manage repositories and the distribution of them. If a repository is updated, a package manager will typically allow the user to update that repository through the package manager. They also help with managing things such as dependencies between other software repositories. Some examples of Package Managers include:


title: Software repository

text: As part of the development lifecycle, source code is continuously being built into binary artifacts using continuous integration. This may interact with a binary repository manager much like a developer would by getting artifacts from the repositories and pushing builds there. Tight integration with CI servers enables the storage of important metadata such as:


title: Software repository

text: Artifacts and packages inherently mean different things. Artifacts are simply an output or collection of files (ex. JAR, WAR, DLLS, RPM etc.) and one of those files may contain metadata (e.g. POM file). Whereas packages are a single archive file in a well-defined format (ex. NuGet) that contain files appropriate for the package type (ex. DLL, PDB). Many artifacts result from builds but other types are crucial as well. Packages are essentially one of two things: a library or an application.


title: Software repository

text: Compared to source files, binary artifacts are often larger by orders of magnitude, they are rarely deleted or overwritten (except for rare cases such as snapshots or nightly builds), and they are usually accompanied by much metadata such as id, package name, version, license and more.


title: Software repository

text: Metadata describes a binary artifact, is stored and specified separately from the artifact itself, and can have several additional uses. The following table shows some common metadata types and their uses:


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences () is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by René Descartes in 1637. It is best known as the source of the famous quotation ""Je pense, donc je suis"" ("I think, therefore I am", or "I am thinking, therefore I exist"), which occurs in Part IV of the work. A similar argument, without this precise wording, is found in "Meditations on First Philosophy" (1641), and a Latin version of the same statement "Cogito, ergo sum" is found in "Principles of Philosophy" (1644).


title: Discourse on the Method

text: "Discourse on the Method" is one of the most influential works in the history of modern philosophy, and important to the development of natural sciences. In this work, Descartes tackles the problem of skepticism, which had previously been studied by other philosophers. While addressing some of his predecessors and contemporaries, Descartes modified their approach to account for a truth he found to be incontrovertible; he started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: The book was originally published in Leiden, in the Netherlands. Later, it was translated into Latin and published in 1656 in Amsterdam. The book was intended as an introduction to three works: "Dioptrique", "Météores" and "Géométrie". "La Géométrie" contains Descartes's initial concepts that later developed into the Cartesian coordinate system. The text was written and published in French rather than Latin, the latter being the language in which most philosophical and scientific texts were written and published at that time. Most of Descartes' other works were written in Latin.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Together with "Meditations on First Philosophy", "Principles of Philosophy" and "Rules for the Direction of the Mind", it forms the base of the epistemology known as Cartesianism.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: A similar observation can be found in Hobbes, when he writes about human abilities, specifically wisdom and "their own wit": "But this proveth rather that men are in that point equal, than unequal. For there is not ordinarily a greater sign of the equal distribution of anything than that every man is contented with his share," but also in Montaigne, whose formulation indicates that it was a commonplace at the time: "Tis commonly said that the justest portion Nature has given us of her favors is that of sense; for there is no one who is not contented with his share." Descartes continues with a warning:


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Descartes describes his disappointment with his education: "[A]s soon as I had finished the entire course of study…I found myself involved in so many doubts and errors, that I was convinced I had advanced no farther…than the discovery at every turn of my own ignorance." He notes his special delight with mathematics, and contrasts its strong foundations to "the disquisitions of the ancient moralists [which are] towering and magnificent palaces with no better foundation than sand and mud."


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Descartes was in Germany, attracted thither by the wars in that country, and describes his intent by a "building metaphor" (see also: Neurath's boat). He observes that buildings, cities or nations that have been planned by a single hand are more elegant and commodious than those that have grown organically. He resolves not to build on old foundations, or to lean upon principles which, he had taken on faith in his youth. Descartes seeks to ascertain the true method by which to arrive at the knowledge of whatever lay within the compass of his powers; he presents four precepts:


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Descartes uses the analogy of rebuilding a house from secure foundations, and extends the analogy to the idea of needing a temporary abode while his own house is being rebuilt. The following three maxims were adopted by Descartes so that he could effectively function in the "real world" while experimenting with his method of radical doubt. They formed a rudimentary belief system from which to act before he developed a new system based on the truths he discovered using his method:


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Applying the method to itself, Descartes challenges his own reasoning and reason itself. But Descartes believes three things are not susceptible to doubt and the three support each other to form a stable foundation for the method. He cannot doubt that something has to be there to do the doubting (I think, therefore I am). The method of doubt cannot doubt reason as it is based on reason itself. By reason there exists a God, and God is the guarantor that reason is not misguided. Descartes supplies three different proofs for the existence of God, including what is now referred to as the ontological proof of the existence of God.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Here he describes how in other writings he discusses the idea of laws of nature, of the sun and stars, the idea of the moon being the cause of ebb and flow, on gravitation, and going on to discuss light and fire.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: His work on such physico-mechanical laws is, however, projected into a "new world." A theoretical place God created


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Descartes does this "to express my judgment regarding ... [his subjects] with greater freedom, without being necessitated to adopt or refute the opinions of the learned".


title: Discourse on the Method

text: He goes on to say that he "was not, however, disposed, from these circumstances, to conclude that this world had been created in the manner I described; for it is much more likely that God made it at the first such as it was to be." Despite this admission, it seems that Descartes' project for understanding the world was that of re-creating creation—a cosmological project which aimed, through Descartes' particular brand of experimental method, to show not merely the possibility of such a system, but to suggest that this way of looking at the world—one with (as Descartes saw it) no assumptions about God or nature—provided the only basis upon which he could see knowledge progressing (as he states in Book II).


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Thus, in Descartes' work, we can see some of the fundamental assumptions of modern cosmology in evidence—the project of examining the historical construction of the universe through a set of quantitative laws describing interactions which would allow the ordered present to be constructed from a chaotic past.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: He goes on to the motion of the blood in the heart and arteries, endorsing the findings of "a physician of England" about the circulation of blood, referring to William Harvey and his work "De motu cordis" in a marginal note. But then he disagrees strongly about the function of the heart as a pump, ascribing the motive power of the circulation to heat rather than muscular contraction. He describes that these motions seem to be totally independent of what we think, and concludes that our bodies are separate from our souls.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: He does not seem to distinguish between mind, spirit and soul, which are identified as our faculty for rational thinking. Hence the term "I think, therefore I am." All three of these words (particularly "mind" and "soul") can be identified by the single French term "âme".


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Descartes begins by noting, without directly referring to it, the recent trial of Galileo for heresy and the condemnation of heliocentrism; he explains that for these reasons he has been slow to publish.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Secure on these foundation stones, Descartes shows the practical application of "the Method" in Mathematics and the Science.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: Skepticism had previously been discussed by philosophers such as Sextus Empiricus, Al-Kindi, Al-Ghazali, Francisco Sánchez and Michel de Montaigne. Descartes started his line of reasoning by doubting everything, so as to assess the world from a fresh perspective, clear of any preconceived notions or influences.


title: Discourse on the Method

text: This is summarized in the book's first precept to "never to accept anything for true which I did not clearly know to be such". This method of pro-foundational skepticism is considered to be the start of modern philosophy.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Napoléon "Nap" Lajoie (; September 5, 1874 – February 7, 1959), also known as Larry Lajoie and nicknamed "The Frenchman", was an American professional baseball second baseman and player-manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies, Philadelphia Athletics (twice), and Cleveland Naps between 1896 and 1916. He managed the Naps from 1905 through 1909.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie was signed to the National League's (NL) Phillies in 1896. By the beginning of the 20th century, however, the upstart American League (AL) was looking to rival the supremacy of the NL and in 1901, Lajoie and dozens of former National League players joined the American League. National League clubs contested the legality of contracts signed by players who jumped to the other league, but eventually Lajoie was allowed to play for Connie Mack's Athletics. During the season, Lajoie set the all-time American League single-season mark for the highest batting average (.426). One year later, Lajoie went to the Cleveland Broncos, where he would play until the 1915 season, when he returned to play for Mack and the Athletics. While with Cleveland, Lajoie's popularity led to locals electing to change the club's team name from Broncos to Napoleons ("Naps" for short), which remained until after Lajoie departed Cleveland and the name was changed to Indians (the team's name until 2021).


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie led the AL in batting average five times in his career and four times recorded the highest number of hits. During several of those years with the Naps he and Ty Cobb dominated AL hitting categories and traded batting titles with each other, most notably coming in 1910, when the league's batting champion was not decided until well after the last game of the season and after an investigation by American League President Ban Johnson. Lajoie in 1914 joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner as the only major league players to record 3,000 career hits. He led the NL or AL in putouts five times in his career and in assists three times. He has been called "the best second baseman in the history of baseball" and "the most outstanding player to wear a Cleveland uniform." Cy Young said, "Lajoie was one of the most rugged players I ever faced. He'd take your leg off with a line drive, turn the third baseman around like a swinging door and powder the hand of the left fielder." He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie was born on September 5, 1874, in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, to Jean Baptiste and Celina Guertin Lajoie. Jean Lajoie was French-Canadian and had immigrated to the United States. Upon arrival to the U.S., he first settled in Rutland, Vermont, but then moved to Woonsocket, where Nap, the youngest of eight surviving children, was born. Throughout his childhood Lajoie received little formal education.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Jean, who worked as a teamster and laborer, died not long into Lajoie's childhood, which forced him and his siblings to work to support the family. Lajoie dropped out of school to work in a textile mill. He also began playing semi-professional baseball for the local Woonsocket team, under the alias "Sandy" because his parents did not approve of their son playing baseball. He earned money as a taxi driver with a horse and buggy and locally was called "Slugging Cabby." "When I told my father I had decided to take the job he was very angry. He shouted that ball players were bums and that nobody respected them, but I was determined to give it a try at least one season," Lajoie later said. He also received the nickname "Larry" from a teammate who had trouble pronouncing Lajoie. Lajoie admired baseball players such as King Kelly and Charles Radbourn.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: When word of Lajoie's baseball ability spread, he began to play for other semi-professional teams at $2 to $5 per game ($ to $ in current dollar terms). He also worked as a teamster. He left Woonsocket and his $7.50 per week ($ in current dollar terms) working as a taxi driver and joined the Class B New England League's Fall River Indians in 1896. Lajoie played as a center fielder, first baseman and catcher, earning $25 weekly ($ in current dollar terms). He recorded 163 hits in 80 games and led the team in batting average, doubles, triples, home runs and hits. Lajoie was "widely regarded as an outstanding prospect," and Indians owner Charlie Marston rejected an offer from the Pittsburgh Pirates for Lajoie in exchange for $500 ($ in current dollar terms). He was also scouted by the Philadelphia Phillies and Boston Beaneaters.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: The Philadelphia Phillies of the MLB's National League (NL) purchased Lajoie and teammate Phil Geier from Fall River for $1,500 ($ in current dollar terms) on August 9. Phillies' manager Billy Nash originally went to Fall River intending to sign Geier only but obtained Lajoie when the team agreed to include him in their asking price. Author David Jordan wrote:


title: Nap Lajoie

text: A legend later grew up that Geier was the main target of Nash's pursuit and that Marston "threw in" Lajoie in order to get the Phillies to pay the $1,500 asking price. This is hardly likely. While Geier was considered a good prospect, Lajoie was banging the ball at a .429 clip in his first professional season, was a fine fielder, and had already been sought by several big league clubs. Nap Lajoie clearly represented a financial asset to Marston, who did not give him away. The price the Phillies paid was a substantial sum for two minor leaguers in 1896.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Against the Washington Senators on August 12, 1896, Lajoie made his major league debut. He played first base and recorded a single. Ed Delahanty was being considered to play the first base position after Dan Brouthers retired. Delahanty, however, wanted Lajoie to play first so he could return to his natural position of left field. Delahanty said to Lajoie, "Look, sonny, you tell the boss you're a first baseman and you and me are gonna get along." Lajoie became the team's first baseman, and by the end of the season he and Delahanty were roommates. Later in 1898, new manager George Stallings moved Lajoie to second base, commenting, "[Lajoie would] have made good no matter where I positioned him."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie hit .363 and led the NL in slugging percentage in 1897 and doubles and RBIs in 1898. He had a .378 batting average in 1899, though he played only 77 games due to an injury. In 1900, he missed five weeks due to a broken thumb suffered in a fistfight with teammate Elmer Flick.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: In April 1900, Brooklyn manager Ned Hanlon made a public offer of $10,000 to purchase Lajoie from the Phillies which would be rebuffed by the Phillies ownership.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: John Rogers, described as a "penny-pinching" majority owner of the Phillies, assured Lajoie that he would make the same salary as Delahanty. However, Lajoie discovered that while he was earning $2,600 ($ in current dollar terms), Delahanty earned $3,000 ($ in current dollar terms) (contracts for NL players were not allowed to surpass $2,400). Rogers increased Lajoie's pay by $200 but the damage had already been done. "Because I felt I had been cheated, I was determined to listen to any reasonable American League offer," Lajoie said.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: In 1901, the newly created American League had attracted several of the top players in the competing National League to join its ranks. Rogers declined Lajoie's request for an increase in salary, and as a result Lajoie jumped to the crosstown Philadelphia Athletics, owned by former Phillies' part-owner Benjamin Shibe and managed by Connie Mack. Frank Hough offered Lajoie the contract on behalf of Mack. "Hough offered me $24,000 ($ in current dollar terms) for four years. You can bet I signed in a hurry," Lajoie said. Lajoie was considered "the first superstar" to join the newly formed AL. He was also the first player whose yearly salary was $4,000 ($ in current dollar terms). "The Phillies opened their season and drew 6,000 fans. A week later, when we opened, there were 16,000 in the stands. The American League was here to stay," Lajoie later said. Lajoie's batting average that year was .426 (due to a transcription error that was not discovered until 1954, which inaccurately gave his hit total as 220 instead of 229, it was originally recorded at .405, later changed to .422, before finally being revised again to .426). The batting average mark became the all-time AL record after the number was revised. Previously, Ty Cobb and George Sisler had been credited with having the AL's all-time mark. That same year in a game against the Chicago White Sox's Clark Griffith, Lajoie became the second Major Leaguer after Abner Dalrymple in 1881 to be intentionally walked with the bases loaded in an 11–7 game. For the 1901 season, Lajoie led the majors in doubles (48), and led the majors in hits (232), batting average (.426), runs (145), on-base (.463) and slugging percentage (.643), and total bases (350). His 125 RBIs led the AL and his 14 home runs were a career-best and his 48 doubles are a Philadelphia Athletics' record. Mack said of Lajoie, "He plays so naturally and so easily it looks like lack of effort." Author Robert Kelly writes:


title: Nap Lajoie

text: "The batting average of Lajoie still stands as an AL record. To some degree, however, it is tainted. The 1901 season was the first for the AL and the level of competition was presumably evolving. Such questions, however, in no way cast doubt on the extraordinary batting ability of the second baseman."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: In April 1902, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania overruled an earlier decision by the Court of Common Pleas and upheld the reserve clause in contracts between players and NL clubs. President of the Chicago National League Club Jim Hart said the state Supreme Court's decision had dealt "a fatal blow to the rival league" and NL clubs "have won a great victory." The Phillies' Rogers obtained an injunction barring Lajoie from playing baseball for any team other than his team. However, a lawyer discovered that the injunction was enforceable only in the state of Pennsylvania. The courts ruled that the reserve clause was not valid for players who signed with an AL team. Mack responded by trading Lajoie and Bill Bernhard to the then-moribund Cleveland Bronchos, whose owner, Charles Somers, had provided considerable financial assistance to the A's in the early years. Lajoie was also pursued by Charles Comiskey, owner of the Chicago White Sox.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie, nicknamed "The Frenchman" and considered baseball's most famous player at the time, arrived in Cleveland on June 4; his play was immediately met with approval from fans. The Bronchos drew 10,000 fans to League Park in Lajoie's first game. The Bronchos' record at the time Lajoie and fellow Athletics teammate, Bill Bernhard, joined was 11–24 and improved to 12–24 after the team's inaugural game with their new players, a 4–3 win over the Boston Americans. The team went on to finish 69–67, fifth in the AL, for the franchise's first winning record since the AL began as a league. After his first season with the Bronchos, Lajoie's .378 average led all AL players. New York Giants manager, John McGraw, was rumored to want to sign Lajoie, but Lajoie said "... I intend to stick to Cleveland."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: For the remainder of 1902 and most of 1903, Lajoie and Flick traveled separately from the rest of the team, needing to avoid entering Pennsylvania so as to avoid a subpoena (the only team they could legally play with inside state limits was the Phillies). When the Naps went to play in Philadelphia, Lajoie and Bernhard would go to nearby Atlantic City to help pass the time. The issue was finally resolved when the leagues made peace through the National Agreement in September 1903 (which also brought the formation of the World Series). To begin the 1903 season, the club changed its name from the Bronchos to the Naps in honor of Lajoie after a readers' poll result was released by the "Cleveland Press". (The team was officially the Blues in their inaugural AL season but changed to the Bronchos for the 1902 season.) The Bronchos finished the season 77–63 and Lajoie finished his first full season with the club again the AL's batting champion with a .344 average. He also led the league in slugging percentage (.518), finished second in doubles (41), third in RBIs (93) and tied for fifth in home runs (7). In the off-season he contracted pleurisy.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: During the 1904 season, Lajoie received a suspension after he spat tobacco juice in an umpire's eye. He later informally replaced Bill Armour as the team's manager (Armour submitted his resignation on September 9 but as team captain, Lajoie had already been acting as the Naps' field manager). After the season had concluded, Lajoie was officially named manager. He still managed to lead the majors with a .376 batting average as he recorded his second consecutive league batting title. He also led the majors in hits (208), doubles (49), RBIs (102) and slugging percentage (.546). Lajoie forbade his players from card playing and gambling during the regular season. As a manager, Lajoie was also described as "much too lenient with his players."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie contracted sepsis from an untreated spike injury after a game in July 1905. Dye from Lajoie's stockings entered his bloodstream and led to blood poisoning. (A rule was put into place requiring white socks to be worn underneath a player's colored socks.) The injury worsened and Lajoie eventually came to games in a wheelchair, and doctors considered amputation. The injury and illness kept Lajoie out until August 28, when he returned as the team's first baseman. Near the end of the season he sustained an injury to his ankle from a foul tip during an at bat, and did not play for the remainder of the season but continued to manage from the bench. He finished the season having only appeared in 65 games (a career-low, other than his rookie season when he was not called up until well after the season had begun). The Naps finished with a 76–78 record in a season in which they had been 52–29, and held a three-game lead in the American League on July 24 Baseball historian Bill James wrote of Lajoie's higher-than-normal career putout total and importance to Cleveland:


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Nap Lajoie was not only the team's superstar, after 1905 he was also the manager. He was more than that—hell, the team was actually called the "Naps" in his honor, as if Lajoie "was" the team. If Lajoie was in the habit of covering second base every play, the shortstop certainly wasn't going to tell him not to.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie led the majors in 1906 in hits (214) and doubles (48) and the Naps finished third in the AL again with a winning record, 89–64. Lajoie finished second in the AL to George Stone in batting average, slugging and on-base percentage. In 1906 he married Myrtle Smith and the couple moved to a small farm outside Cleveland.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: In June of the 1907 season, Lajoie's .296 average, "an average even now that scores of players would be glad to accept," put him at risk for hitting below .300 for the first time in his career. He also missed 15 games due to a recurrence of sepsis. Lajoie and Naps first baseman George Stovall got into an argument in a hotel lobby and Stovall broke a chair over Lajoie's head. "George didn't mean anything by it," Lajoie said, and the two maintained a working relationship. He finished the season with an average of .301. Naps owner Charles Somers received a trade offer from the Detroit Tigers for the Naps' Elmer Flick and Tigers' Ty Cobb. Tigers manager Hughie Jennings called Somers and told him he was offering the trade because Cobb was not getting along with several teammates. Somers decided to retain Flick, saying, "We'll keep Flick. Maybe he isn't as good a batter as Cobb, but he's much nicer to have on the team." The Naps finished the regular season in second place to the Tigers with a 90–64 record, a half-game behind the Tigers (who finished 90–63 and were not forced to make-up a rained out game in accordance with league rules). Lajoie was partly blamed for the Naps' second-place finish. Author Fred McMane described an instance during the season between Naps catcher Nig Clarke and Lajoie.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Clarke ... was newly married and asked Lajoie for a day off so that he could go home. Lajoie refused. Clarke sulked and walked over to warm up pitcher Addie Joss. On the first pitch, he stuck out a finger and the ball broke it cleanly. With blood streaming from his hand, Clarke waved it defiantly in front of Lajoie. "Now can I go home?" asked Clarke. He was out five weeks, and Cleveland lost the pennant to Detroit by half a game.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie finished the season tied for third-most in hits (168) while Cobb's batting average, slugging and on-base percentages, and hit total led the American League. Baseball historians have suggested the managerial duties Lajoie took on affected his offensive numbers.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie's dissatisfaction with the Naps' play worsened. "You can't win in the major leagues unless you have players who know the game. We don't have time to teach and train youngsters up here. Our job is to win pennants, not run schools," he said. Franklin Lewis, sports writer and author, wrote "Lajoie, in spite of his marvelous fielding and tremendous batting, was not exactly a darling of the grandstand as a manager." Lajoie recommended to Somers on August 17, 1909, he find the team a new manager, although he wanted to remain on the club as a player. Somers responded to Lajoie by giving him more time to finalize his decision but when Lajoie came back days later and announced the same decision, Somers acted quickly to find a replacement. Lajoie later described the decision to take on the added duties as a player-manager as the biggest mistake of his career as he felt it negatively affected his play. The highest-paid player in the league, he also offered a $10,000 ($ in current dollar terms) reduction in salary. Somers promoted Naps coach Deacon "Jim" McGuire to manager. The team finished 71–82 while Lajoie's .324 average was third in the AL and 33 doubles second. The Naps finished 1910 71–81 but Lajoie had one of his better seasons statistically as he led the majors with a .384 average and 227 hits, both categories bettered only in Lajoie's 1901 campaign. His 51 doubles, a career-high, and 304 total bases led the majors, the fourth and final time in his career he would lead the majors in the latter category. Lajoie missed significant parts of back-to-back seasons, the first in 1911 when he appeared in just 90 games. Stovall, the former Naps first baseman, replaced McGuire as the club's manager and the Naps finished 80–73. Lajoie was forced to sit out six weeks of the 1912 season when he sprained his back in May during a practice session in Chicago. He played in 117 games on the season, an increase of the 90 he played in one season before, but Cleveland, who had hired Joe Birmingham as the team's fifth manager since Lajoie gave up the role in 1909, finished 75–78. Lajoie and Joe Jackson tied for the team lead with 90 RBIs. He finished fourth in the AL with a .368 batting average. In 1913, Birmingham and Lajoie had arguments in the open, including one incident in June when Lajoie cursed Birmingham openly to reporters after being benched during a batting slump. Lajoie hit .335 on the year, the last time he would hit over .300 in his career.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Only two other major league players had attained 3,000 career hits until Lajoie hit a double on September 27, 1914, and so joined Cap Anson and Honus Wagner in the 3,000 hit club. Lajoie recorded the hit off Yankees pitcher Marty McHale in a 5–3 Naps win. His .258 batting average for the season, however, was the lowest since he had joined the majors in 1896. The Naps finished in last place in the American League standings with a 51–102 record, their worst record since joining the league and the franchise's lowest winning percentage (.333). Lajoie requested that Somers trade him and the club obliged, selling Lajoie to the Athletics for the waiver price and in so doing, Lajoie returned to Philadelphia.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: The following season, 1915, Lajoie returned to the Athletics when Mack signed him to a contract. In his first season back with the Athletics, he finished with a .280 batting average but the team ended the season in last place with a 43–109 record. The 1916 season would be Lajoie's last in the majors. In his final major league game, he hit a triple to help Athletics pitcher Joe Bush win his no-hitter. Lajoie, aged 41 years, played in 113 games and finished with a .246 average. Philadelphia's season record was worse than the previous season's franchise-low record, and the team finished in last place again with a 36–117 record. The Athletics' winning percentage (.235) is the franchise's worst winning percentage (through the 2021 season); moreover, it is the lowest of any major league team in the modern (post-1900) era.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: In 1917, Lajoie joined the Toronto Maple Leafs of the International League as manager. At the age of 42, Lajoie won the league's batting title with batting average of .380. He appeared in 151 of 156 games and, for the first time in his career, played on a team that won a pennant. He later was signed by the Brooklyn Dodgers for $3,000 ($ in current dollar terms) in March 1918 but the contract was annulled by the Commissioner's office and made a free agent to which Lajoie was "well pleased". Later that same year he joined the Indianapolis Indians of the American Association as player-manager. He helped lead the team to a third-place finish but the season was impacted due to the U.S.'s involvement in World War I. Lajoie made his services available to the draft board but they rejected his offer. On December 27, 1918, Lajoie announced his retirement from baseball.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Several years after his retirement, a story in "The Milwaukee Sentinel" talked of Lajoie's ability to "outguess any pitcher." Lajoie faced pitcher Red Donahue, who avoided pitching fastballs to Lajoie after seeing him go 4-for-4 against a fellow pitcher. Donahue instead made pitches on the outside corner, to which Lajoie reached over "and hit them with ease." Donahue then aimed a pitch at Lajoie's head and he proceeded to hit a home run. "That's the kind I eat", he said.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: For the first part of the 20th century, Lajoie's and Cobb's statistics rivaled each other like few other players in the American League. In 1908, Honus Wagner and Lajoie recorded their 2,000th career hits. Baseball historian David Anderson wrote:


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Nap Lajoie reached the milestone later in the summer with even less hoopla, in an age when individual records received little attention from the press and were generally scorned by many players. Players overly worried about their individual stats were often unpopular with teammates. The modesty of Wagner and Lajoie over their achievements contrasted sharply with Cobb's ambition and overriding interest in his individual numbers.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: The Lajoie-Cobb rivalry reached a peak in 1910, when Hugh Chalmers of the Chalmers Auto Company (a direct predecessor to modern-day Chrysler) promised a Chalmers 30 Roadster to the season's batting champion. The public became fascinated with the daily statistics of Lajoie and Cobb in what became known as the Chalmers Race. Sports bettors, who by this time followed the sport attentively, also followed the daily reports with interest. Cobb took the final two games, a doubleheader, off against the Chicago White Sox, confident that his average was safe and would allow him to win the AL batting title—unless Lajoie had a near-perfect final day. Going into the final game of the season, Cobb's average led Lajoie's, .383 to .376.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie and the Naps faced a doubleheader against the St. Louis Browns in Sportsman's Park, Cleveland's final two games of the season. After a sun-hindered fly ball went for a stand-up triple and another batted ball landed for a cleanly hit single, Lajoie had five subsequent hits – bunt singles dropped in front of rookie third baseman Red Corriden (whose normal position was shortstop), who was playing closer to shallow left field on orders, it has been suggested, of manager Jack O'Connor. In his second at bat of the second game, Lajoie reached base on another bunt but the runner on first base advanced. According to the rules of that time, the hit was scored a sacrifice and thus, Lajoie did not record an official at-bat. He finished the doubleheader a perfect 8-for-8 and his batting average increased to .384, .001 greater than Cobb's mark. Although the AL office had not officially announced the results, Lajoie began to receive congratulations from fans and players, including eight of Cobb's Detroit Tigers teammates. Most players in the league preferred Lajoie's personality to that of Cobb's. Coach Harry Howell is reported to have said to the game's official scorer, E. V. Parish, "to do well by Lajoie." Howell was reported to have offered a bribe to Parish, which as described in Al Stump's biography of Cobb, was a $40 ($ in current dollar terms) suit. Parish refused the offer and the resulting uproar ended in O'Connor and Howell being banned from the major leagues by AL President Ban Johnson.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Johnson had the matter investigated, and after having Cobb's September 24 doubleheader statistics re-checked, discovered only the first game of Cobb's statistics had been scored, but not the second game, in which he went 2-for-3. This put Cobb's suggested actual batting average at .385, again ahead of Lajoie's. In the end, Johnson ruled that Lajoie's sacrifice bunt should have been recorded as a hit (which would have allowed him to go 9-for-9) but that Cobb's batting average was greater, recording 196 hits in 509 at bats to Lajoie's 227 hits in 591 at bats. Johnson asked Chalmers if his company would award an automobile to each player, to which he agreed. Lajoie initially refused the car, but eventually relented and accepted it. Cobb said, "I am glad that I won an automobile and am especially pleased that Lajoie also gets one. I have no one to criticize. I know the games were on the square and I am greatly pleased to know that the affair has ended so nicely." Lajoie said, "I am quite satisfied that I was treated fairly in every way by President Johnson, but I think the scorer at St. Louis made an error in not crediting me with nine hits. However, I am glad that the controversy is over. I have the greatest respect for Cobb as a batter and am glad of his success."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: "The Sporting News" published an article written by Paul MacFarlane in its April 18, 1981, issue where historian Pete Palmer had discovered that while Cobb's September 24 doubleheader was not correctly tabulated (perhaps purposely) according to the correct date, the second game's statistics were in fact included in the next day's ledger, thus incorrectly recording a second 2-for-3 performance from Cobb which meant Lajoie's average was greater. Author James Vail wrote in 2001:


title: Nap Lajoie

text: To date, it seems that no one knows for certain who won that 1910 batting title. "Total Baseball", which is now the official major-league record, lists both men at .384 in its seasonal section, but its player register has Lajoie at the same number and Cobb at .383—so even the various editors of that source do not, or cannot, agree.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: The statistics for the Detroit players had been crossed out and nullified. Every Detroit player, that is, except one: Ty Cobb. It takes something less than a detective to arrive at the conclusion that at some point Johnson (or someone in the league office, anyway) realized the error and decided to conceal it.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie ended his career with a lifetime .338 batting average. His career total of 3,252 hits was the second-most in MLB history at the time of his retirement, behind only Honus Wagner's total (3,420). Lajoie's 2,522 hits in the American League was that league's record until Cobb surpassed his mark. He was among the second group of players elected to the Hall of Fame in 1937 and was later inducted on June 12, 1939, when the Hall opened that same year. Lajoie obtained the greatest number of votes as he led induction mates Tris Speaker (165 votes) and Cy Young (153) with 168 votes (83.6 percent of ballots) from the Baseball Writers' Association of America. Lajoie led all second basemen in the NL in putouts (1898) and the AL four times in his career (1901, 1903, 1906, and 1908). From 1906–1908 he led the AL in assists (amongst second basemen). He also led the league in double plays six times in his career. Baseball historian William McNeil rates Lajoie as the game's greatest second baseman, when combining both offensive and defensive impact. Bill James argues, "In the last 20 years several statistical analysts ... have credited Lajoie with immense defensive value ... this analysis is incorrect. He was a competent fielder, even a good fielder. He was "not" a defensive superstar."


title: Nap Lajoie

text: During spring training before the 1928 season, Lajoie commented on the 1927 New York Yankees. "Of course, you could see a lot of loafing going on but if that club is the greatest of all times, you just know that we had a lot of clubs in my time who were world champions and didn't know it." He died in Daytona Beach, Florida on February 7, 1959, at the age of 84 from complications associated with pneumonia. He had fallen in the autumn of 1958 and fractured his arm. His wife had died earlier in 1951. In 1999, he ranked number 29 on "The Sporting News"' list of the "100 Greatest Baseball Players", and was a nominee for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team.


title: Nap Lajoie

text: Lajoie's likeness made a brief cameo appearance in the 1992 "The Simpsons" episode "Homer at the Bat" as one of the would-be ringers for Mr. Burns' company softball team. Mr. Burns had planned to have Lajoie play second base until his assistant Smithers point outs that all of the players Mr. Burns had selected had long since retired and died.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: To Hell and Back is a Technicolor and CinemaScope war film released in 1955. It was directed by Jesse Hibbs and stars Audie Murphy as himself. It is based on the 1949 autobiography of the same name and is an account of Murphy's World War II experiences as a soldier in the U.S. Army. The book was ghostwritten by his friend, David "Spec" McClure, who served in the U.S. Army's Signal Corps during World War II.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Young Audie Murphy (Gordon Gebert) grows up in a large, poor sharecropper family in Texas. His father deserts them around 1939–40, leaving his mother (Mary Field) barely able to feed her nine children. As the eldest son, Murphy works from an early age for his neighbor, Mr. Houston, a local farmer, to help support his siblings. Murphy and Mr. Houston are interrupted while working and listen to the radio announcement about the attack on Pearl Harbor. When his mother dies in 1941, Audie becomes head of the family. His brothers and sisters are sent to an elder sister, Corrine. Murphy is then convinced by Mr. Houston to enlist in the military to support himself.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Murphy is rejected by the Marines, the Navy and the Army paratroopers due to his small size and youthful appearance. Finally, the Army accepts him as an ordinary infantryman. After basic training and infantry training, Murphy is shipped to the 3rd Infantry Division in North Africa, as a replacement. Because of his youthful appearance, he endures jokes about "infants" being sent into combat. His squad mates include: Johnson, a man who claims to be a womanizer; Brandon, a man who ran out on his wife and daughter; Kerrigan a man who jokes at unusual times; Kovak, a Polish immigrant who wants to become an American citizen; Swope (called "Chief" by his squad mates) a Native American who smokes cigars a lot, and Valentino who has relatives in Naples.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: After the 3rd Infantry Division lands in Sicily, Murphy and his men come under attack by a German machine gun position. Murphy and his men assault the position and kill the Germans. After fighting in Sicily, Murphy is then promoted to corporal. After Sicily, Murphy and his squad receive a new platoon leader, Lt. Manning. During a diversionary attack on German forces, Lt. Manning is wounded and Sgt. Klasky, his platoon sergeant, dies. This results in Murphy taking command of the platoon. After proving himself in leading his platoon while fighting in Italy, he is then promoted to sergeant. Murphy and his men are then sent to Naples on R&R.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Murphy and his men later take part in Operation Shingle. After landing on the beach, Murphy and his men fight around an abandoned farmhouse. This battle results in Lt. Manning, Kovak and Johnson being killed. After the Allied breakout of Operation Shingle, Murphy eventually receives a battlefield commission to the rank of second lieutenant.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: The action for which Murphy was awarded the Medal of Honor is depicted near the end of the film. In January 1945, near Holtzwihr, France, Murphy's company is forced to retreat in the face of a fierce German attack. However, Murphy remains behind, at the edge of a forest, to direct artillery fire on the advancing enemy infantry and armor. As the Germans close on his position, Murphy jumps onto an abandoned M4 Sherman tank (he actually performed this action atop an M10 tank destroyer) and uses its .50-caliber machine gun to hold the enemy at bay, even though the vehicle is on fire and may explode at any moment. Although wounded and dangerously exposed to enemy fire, Murphy single-handedly turns back the German attack, thereby saving his company. After a period of hospitalization, he is returned to duty. The film concludes with Murphy's Medal of Honor ceremony shortly after the war ends, as Murphy remembers Kovak, Johnson and Brandon, who were killed in action.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: When Universal-International picked up the film rights to Audie Murphy's book, he initially declined to play himself, recommending instead Tony Curtis, with whom he had previously worked in three Westerns, "Sierra", "Kansas Raiders" and "The Cimarron Kid". However, producer Aaron Rosenberg and director Jesse Hibbs convinced Audie to star in the picture, despite the fact the 30-year-old Murphy would be portraying himself as he was at ages 17–20.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: The picture was filmed at Fort Lewis and Yakima Training Center, near Yakima, Washington with actual soldiers. Murphy received 60% of the $25,000 the studio paid for the rights, as well as $100,000 and 10% of the net profits for starring and acting as a technical advisor.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Originally, several generals who served in World War II were considered to perform the voiceover opening for the movie, among them Maxwell D. Taylor and Omar Bradley, until General Walter Bedell Smith was finally chosen.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: The film's world premiere was held at the Majestic Theatre in San Antonio, Texas on August 17, 1955. The date of the premiere was also the tenth anniversary of Murphy's army discharge at Fort Sam Houston in San Antonio.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Reviews from critics were generally positive, with Murphy receiving good notices for his performance. A. H. Weiler of "The New York Times" wrote that Murphy "lends stature, credibility and dignity to an autobiography that would be routine and hackneyed without him." "Variety" wrote that the soldiers were "played with a human quality that makes them very real. Fighting or funning, they are believable. The war action shown is packed with thrills and suspense." "Harrison's Reports" was more mixed, writing that "the mere fact that the story is genuine does not lift it to any great heights as a dramatic offering," and calling the film "well directed and acted" but still "no more than a fairly good war picture entertainment-wise." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" was positive, writing that Murphy "brings an emotional poignancy that stems partly from our knowledge that he did these daring, unbelievable acts of courage and partly from the skill he has achieved as an actor." Edwin Schallert of the "Los Angeles Times" was also positive, declaring that the film was "to be highly rated for its honesty in the treatment of its subject, and though it is not a picture that is plotted dramatically, it offers a great demonstration of youthful bravery and character that is inherently both dramatic and dynamic." In a dismissive review for "The New Yorker", John McCarten wrote of Murphy, "I am told that he is a modest man, and he behaves modestly here. However, the events described in the picture have a factitious air about them. Maybe the spontaneity of actual heroism just can't be duplicated in the movies." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" agreed, writing that "although the script is based on Murphy's own account, the treatment is regrettably forced and spurious. Commonplace, 'B' picture direction and a reliance on familiar Service types make the lavishly staged battle scenes appear monotonous, confused, and, at the climax—with Murphy wiping out scores of the enemy singlehanded—not a little ridiculous."


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: The film was a huge commercial success, further advancing Murphy's film career. He had a percentage of the profits and it was estimated the actor earned $1 million from the film. The movie also popularized a term for U.S. Army foot soldiers, "dogface". The film included the 3rd Infantry Division song, "Dogface Soldier", written by Lieutenant Ken Hart and Corporal Bert Gold.


title: To Hell and Back (film)

text: Murphy tried to make a sequel called "The Way Back" dealing with his post-war life but could never get a script that could attract finance.


title: When I'm Gone (Eminem song)

text: "When I'm Gone" is a song by American rapper Eminem from his first greatest hits compilation album "" (2005). It was released on December 6, 2005, the same day as the album was released, as the lead single.


title: When I'm Gone (Eminem song)

text: "When I'm Gone" received mixed to negative reviews from music critics. The song charted at number eight on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100, number 22 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, number four on the UK Singles Chart and on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, the latter being the only country where it peaked at number one.