title: Paul Ross

text: In January 1997, Ross presented the first episode of "All Over the Shop", his celebrity based panel game show based on consumer issues. The programme, broadcast on BBC1 proved popular, running for three series until July 1999, by which time 85 episodes had been made. A critic on Gameshow.com gave "All Over the Shop" positive remarks by saying: "For an early morning slot, this was quite a perky little show, a fact that must have been recognised due to its spin-off programmes." That same year Ross fronted "Endurance UK", the UK's equivalent of the cult Japanese show "Za Gaman" for the Challenge TV channel, and it was commissioned for a second series the following year. Ross also found the time to present yet another game show, "Tellystack" for UK Gold. "Tellystack" was the third of four high-profile shows Ross would have to his name in 1997, the fourth was his late night entertainment programme "The Paul Ross Show", broadcast on ITV, which again saw a second series transmitted in 1998.


title: Paul Ross

text: In 1999, Ross was again playing quizmaster when he presented the game shows "Mind The Gap", transmitted on ITV, "Life's a Punt" for LIVE TV, "A Slice of the Action" for Carlton Food Network, and the celebrity quiz "It's Anybody's Guess", which was commissioned for 40 episodes in the Carlton London region.


title: Paul Ross

text: In October 2001, Ross appeared as a guest on BBC Two's popular comedy panel show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". The following month he returned to his now familiar role as presenter with "No Win, No Fee", a new game show for BBC One. The show would become one of Ross' biggest successes, it was broadcast from 29 October 2001 to 29 August 2003, with three series and 70 episodes made.


title: Paul Ross

text: Since then, Ross has continued to work as a TV presenter on many shows, including "Most Haunted Live!" for Living TV where he took over the hosting role from Dr David Bull who left the show after the Halloween 2005 event, with Ross becoming the new Most Haunted Live host from the May 2006 live event in Portsmouth and would remain host until Most Haunted Live ended on Living TV in March 2010. Ross also hosted on the shopping channel Bid TV, where he was one of its original faces when it first launched in October 2000.


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross appears regularly as a showbiz correspondent on "This Morning", a role he still carries to this day. He also contributes regularly on "The Alan Titchmarsh Show", and occasionally on the Channel 5 show "Big Brother's Bit on the Side".


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross also presented a radio show for LBC but left in early 2008, to present the "Breakfast Show" on BBC London 94.9, initially with JoAnne Good till January 2010 when Jo was given her own late night show "The Late Show with Joanne Good". From January 2010 Gaby Roslin co-presented with Ross till January 2013, when schedule changes took place and Penny Smith, former GMTV presenter was announced as his new co-presenter. Since Paul and Penny has been presenting BBC London 94.9 Breakfast show, its listenership, according to RAJAR have increased by 99,000. Occasionally he sits in for Robert Elms on the same station.


title: Paul Ross

text: From 2008 to 2011 he also presented a show on Saturday mornings on BBC Sussex and BBC Surrey (formerly BBC Southern Counties Radio).


title: Paul Ross

text: In addition to his Breakfast show with Penny Smith on BBC London 94.9, since late 2013 Paul has been presenting the Saturday mid morning show on BBC Radio Berkshire, 8am till 11am.


title: Paul Ross

text: In November 2006, he caused controversy by announcing an upcoming "EastEnders" Christmas storyline on his LBC show, causing his mother, Martha Ross, who told him the storyline, to be sacked from her job as an extra on "EastEnders". Since then his mother has jokingly refused to speak to Paul unless, as she stated in a 2007 Radio Times interview, he presents her with some Ann Summers lingerie.


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross broadcast "Paul Ross Full Set Breakfast" from 6-10 am on talkRADIO, a new talk radio station which launched on 21 March 2016. In January 2018, as part of schedule changes to the station, Ross moved to overnights in the earlier time of 1-5 am. He left talkRADIO in September 2019 to join sister station Talksport, presenting in the same overnight timeslot. This continued to be simulcast on talkRADIO until the launch of the new schedules in April 2022.


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross was the first contestant to be eliminated on 2003's "Comic Relief does Fame Academy" after his singing failed to impress the public voters. In 2004, Ross presented a series of DVD programmes focusing on the news and fashions of the three decades before the 1990s. The first, "1960's Flashbacks" was released on DVD on 16 August.


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross appeared on a celebrity edition of "Mastermind", choosing "The Life and Works of Ezra Pound" as his specialist subject.


title: Paul Ross

text: He also lost two stone on ITV's "Celebrity Fit Club", won the top prize on an episode of "All Star Family Fortunes", which was donated to the Alzheimer's Society, and performed as Tommy Steele on "Stars in Their Eyes".


title: Paul Ross

text: In 2011, he took part in a Celebrity episode of "The Chase", where he won £25,000 for Children With Cancer UK.


title: Paul Ross

text: In January 2014, Ross participated in the second series of the celebrity diving show "Splash!" on ITV. He was eliminated in the second heat.


title: Paul Ross

text: Ross has been married three times and has five children and two grandchildren. He lives near Tring in Hertfordshire. On 31 August 2014, Ross revealed that he had developed an addiction to mephedrone over the previous year and had an affair with a male English teacher. His wife stood by him.


The 2022 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship was the 135th edition of the Gaelic Athletic Association's premier inter-county Gaelic football tournament since its establishment in 1887.


title: 2022 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship

text: Tyrone entered the championship as the defending champions, but were defeated by Derry in the Ulster Championship and eliminated by Armagh in the All-Ireland Qualifiers.


text: Thirty three teams took part: all thirty two Irish counties except Kilkenny were joined by London and New York, both of whom were back in the competition for the first time since 2019, an absence caused by public health restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic.


text: This year, the championship split into a two-tier system for the first time, with the Tailteann Cup being the second-tier competition for those teams that did not qualify for the tier 1 Sam Maguire Cup competition. To qualify for the Sam Maguire competition, a county team needed to (a) reach their provincial final or (b) finish in Division 1 or 2 (after promotion and relegation were determined in the 2022 National Football League). This system was planned to only be used for the 2022 season, with it moving to exactly sixteen teams continuing in the Sam Maguire competition from 2023 onwards.


text: The All-Ireland final was played on 24 July 2022 at Croke Park in Dublin, between Galway and Kerry. Kerry won their 38th title after a 0–20 to 0–16 win against Galway.


text: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster each organise a provincial championship. All teams who lose a match in their provincial championship progress to either the All-Ireland qualifiers (tier 1) or the Tailteann Cup (tier 2). All provincial matches are knock-out.


text: All counties in the competition play in their provincial championships. However, only the counties in National Football League Division 1 and Division 2 play in the All-Ireland Championship qualifiers after losing a game in their provincial championships. The counties in National Football League Division 3 and Division 4 (as they stand when the 2022 league concludes after the resulting promotion and relegation changes have been applied) do not progress into the All-Ireland series and instead enter the second-tier Tailteann Cup once they are knocked out of their provincial championship. The only exception to this is that all eight provincial finalists progress, regardless of their league division; the four provincial champions progress to the All-Ireland quarter-finals, while the four beaten provincial finalists will play off against the best four teams from the Qualifiers for a place in the quarter-finals.


text: Division 1 and 2 teams who are knocked out of their province without reaching the provincial final play off in the Qualifiers, on a straight knock-out basis. The four survivors play off with the four beaten provincial championship finalists, in a final qualifier round to complete the double-elimination format. The four winners of this final qualifier round join the four provincial champions in the All-Ireland quarter-finals.


text: The four provincial champions play the four winners of the final round of the qualifiers in the quarter-finals. Two semi-finals and a final follow. All matches are knock-out.


text: London and New York were withdrawn from the 2020 and 2021 Connacht championships due to international travel restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but both are back in the 2022 season.


text: The winning finalist advanced to the All-Ireland SFC quarter-finals, while the losing finalist advanced to the All-Ireland SFC qualifiers.


text: The Hawk-Eye score detection system malfunctioned during the first half of the first All-Ireland SFC semi-final on 9 July between Derry and Galway, overruling an umpire who signalled that Shane Walsh's '45 into Hill 16 late in the half had gone over the bar. This meant that Galway entered the half-time break a point behind.


text: On Sky Sports at half-time, Jim McGuinness said: "It's a huge decision in the context of the game, and levelling the game up and Galway where they were, and to be back level at half time. I think the scoreboard should be level at half time, the reason I think that is because the technology got it wrong. The referee chalked it down as a point, the technology stepped in — it's not the other way around. the referee is well within his rights to say 'I got that right first time around, that's proven that it's right' and then to change the scoreboard. Otherwise, this game is going down to the wire, it feels that way and if it does go down to the wire, and that's what decides it, then we're in for major drama in the next couple of weeks". Over on RTÉ, Pat Spillane said: "It's an absolute joke. With our own two eyes, all of us here, that it went between the posts. It was most definitely a point. Hawk-Eye is available in a few grounds in Ireland, and they are getting huge money to get things right. A human error or not, that is scandalous. That is wrong". Lee Keegan added: "I can't even understand why they are calling Hawk-Eye. I don't see point in having it there if we can't get it right. As Pat rightly said, if that isn't rectified it is going to spoil the game."


text: A Conor Glass effort into the Davin End that Hawk-Eye ruled wide during the first half also came under scrutiny. "Conor Glass in the first-half... it looks like a point", Peter Canavan said on Sky Sports when the game had finished. Cora Staunton said on "The Sunday Game" the next evening: "When you look at that and get the behind the goals vision, that looks like it's a clear point, so yeah what happened yesterday with Hawk-Eye, it's not acceptable at that level. In an All-Ireland semi-final, you're training all year and something like that happens", while Oisín McConville said: "Even the Tailteann Cup game before it, it went to Hawk-Eye I think three times and you know, you question everything now. I mean all of the teams that have been beaten by a point, you question you know all along. Marty Clarke has also said that he thought had been a problem with Hawk-Eye and I think we all had accepted that that ball that's just marginally on the post, that that's over the bar. So it's not a correct science..."


text: The GAA issued a statement that evening confirming that Hawk-Eye would not be used during the second semi-final between Dublin and Kerry.


text: Galway GAA chairman Paul Bellew later stated that the team would not have returned to complete the second half of the game if Walsh's 45' had not been retrospectively awarded by the referee.


text: The GAA confirmed on 15 July that Hawk-Eye would return for the All-Ireland SHC final, following comprehensive testing and a full review of the score detection technology.


text: Glass, who expressed confusion after seeing Walsh's effort go over the bar only for it to be ruled out by Hawk-Eye, later said in an RTÉ Radio 1 interview: "I actually didn't realise (that the previous point was added on) until they went a point up after Shane Walsh's free kick five minutes into the second half... It wasn't communicated very well, either to the Derry staff or even the referee or GAA officials, that the point was added back on. The players didn't have a clue that it was."


text: Anthony Nolan was unavailable for the 2022 championship due to injury. Ciaran Branagan retired as he had turned 50 in 2021. Noel Mooney and Niall Cullen returned in their place. Maurice Deegan turned 50 in 2022 and retired at the end of this season.


text: "The Sunday Game" team of the year was picked on 24 July, the night of the final. David Clifford was chosen as the Footballer of the Year by the RTÉ panel.


text: David Clifford was named as the All Stars Footballer of the Year with Galway's Jack Glynn picked as the All Stars Young Footballer of the Year.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF, ), originally known as vascular permeability factor (VPF), is a signal protein produced by many cells that stimulates the formation of blood vessels. To be specific, VEGF is a sub-family of growth factors, the platelet-derived growth factor family of cystine-knot growth factors. They are important signaling proteins involved in both vasculogenesis (the "de novo" formation of the embryonic circulatory system) and angiogenesis (the growth of blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature).


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate such as in hypoxic conditions. Serum concentration of VEGF is high in bronchial asthma and diabetes mellitus.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF's normal function is to create new blood vessels during embryonic development, new blood vessels after injury, muscle following exercise, and new vessels (collateral circulation) to bypass blocked vessels.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: It can contribute to disease. Solid cancers cannot grow beyond a limited size without an adequate blood supply; cancers that can express VEGF are able to grow and metastasize. Overexpression of VEGF can cause vascular disease in the retina of the eye and other parts of the body. Drugs such as aflibercept, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and pegaptanib can inhibit VEGF and control or slow those diseases.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: In 1970, Judah Folkman "et al". described a factor secreted by tumors causing angiogenesis and called it "tumor angiogenesis factor". In 1983 Senger "et al." identified a "vascular permeability factor" secreted by tumors in guinea pigs and hamsters. In 1989 Ferrara and Henzel described an identical factor in bovine pituitary follicular cells which they purified, cloned and named VEGF. A similar VEGF alternative splicing was discovered by Tischer "et al." in 1991. Between 1996 and 1997, Christinger and De Vos obtained the crystal structure of VEGF, first at 2.5 Å resolution and later at 1.9 Å.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (flt-1) was shown to be a VEGF receptor by Ferrara "et al." in 1992. The kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) was shown to be a VEGF receptor by Terman "et al." in 1992 as well. In 1998, neuropilin 1 and neuropilin 2 were shown to act as VEGF receptors.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: In mammals, the VEGF family comprises five members: VEGF-A, placenta growth factor (PGF), VEGF-B, VEGF-C and VEGF-D. The latter members were discovered after VEGF-A; before their discovery, VEGF-A was known as VEGF. A number of VEGF-related proteins encoded by viruses (VEGF-E) and in the venom of some snakes (VEGF-F) have also been discovered.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Activity of VEGF-A, as its name implies, has been studied mostly on cells of the vascular endothelium, although it does have effects on a number of other cell types (e.g., stimulation monocyte/macrophage migration, neurons, cancer cells, kidney epithelial cells). In vitro, VEGF-A has been shown to stimulate endothelial cell mitogenesis and cell migration. VEGF-A is also a vasodilator and increases microvascular permeability and was originally referred to as vascular permeability factor.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: There are multiple isoforms of VEGF-A that result from alternative splicing of mRNA from a single, 8-exon "VEGFA" gene. These are classified into two groups which are referred to according to their terminal exon (exon 8) splice site: the proximal splice site (denoted VEGF) or distal splice site (VEGFb). In addition, alternate splicing of exon 6 and 7 alters their heparin-binding affinity and amino acid number (in humans: VEGF, VEGFb, VEGF, VEGF, VEGFb, VEGF, VEGF; the rodent orthologs of these proteins contain one fewer amino acids). These domains have important functional consequences for the VEGF splice variants, as the terminal (exon 8) splice site determines whether the proteins are pro-angiogenic (proximal splice site, expressed during angiogenesis) or anti-angiogenic (distal splice site, expressed in normal tissues). In addition, inclusion or exclusion of exons 6 and 7 mediate interactions with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and neuropilin co-receptors on the cell surface, enhancing their ability to bind and activate the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). Recently, VEGF-C has been shown to be an important inducer of neurogenesis in the murine subventricular zone, without exerting angiogenic effects.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: All members of the VEGF family stimulate cellular responses by binding to tyrosine kinase receptors (the VEGFRs) on the cell surface, causing them to dimerize and become activated through transphosphorylation, although to different sites, times, and extents. The VEGF receptors have an extracellular portion consisting of 7 immunoglobulin-like domains, a single transmembrane spanning region, and an intracellular portion containing a split tyrosine-kinase domain. VEGF-A binds to VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk-1). VEGFR-2 appears to mediate almost all of the known cellular responses to VEGF. The function of VEGFR-1 is less well-defined, although it is thought to modulate VEGFR-2 signaling. Another function of VEGFR-1 may be to act as a dummy/decoy receptor, sequestering VEGF from VEGFR-2 binding (this appears to be particularly important during vasculogenesis in the embryo). VEGF-C and VEGF-D, but not VEGF-A, are ligands for a third receptor (VEGFR-3/Flt4), which mediates lymphangiogenesis. The receptor (VEGFR3) is the site of binding of main ligands (VEGFC and VEGFD), which mediates perpetual action and function of ligands on


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: target cells. Vascular endothelial growth factor-C can stimulate lymphangiogenesis (via VEGFR3) and angiogenesis via VEGFR2. Vascular endothelial growth factor-R3 has been detected in lymphatic endothelial cells in CL of many species, cattle, buffalo and primate.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: In addition to binding to VEGFRs, VEGF binds to receptor complexes consisting of both neuropilins and VEGFRs. This receptor complex has increased VEGF signalling activity in endothelial cells (blood vessels). Neuropilins (NRP) are pleiotropic receptors and therefore other molecules may interfere with the signalling of the NRP/VEGFR receptor complexes. For example, Class 3 semaphorins compete with VEGF for NRP binding and could therefore regulate VEGF-mediated angiogenesis.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A production can be induced in a cell that is not receiving enough oxygen. When a cell is deficient in oxygen, it produces HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor, a transcription factor. HIF stimulates the release of VEGF-A, among other functions (including modulation of erythropoiesis). Circulating VEGF-A then binds to VEGF receptors on endothelial cells, triggering a tyrosine kinase pathway leading to angiogenesis. The expression of angiopoietin-2 in the absence of VEGF leads to endothelial cell death and vascular regression. Conversely, a German study done "in vivo" found that VEGF concentrations actually decreased after a 25% reduction in oxygen intake for 30 minutes. HIF1 alpha and HIF1 beta are constantly being produced but HIF1 alpha is highly O labile, so, in aerobic conditions, it is degraded. When the cell becomes hypoxic, HIF1 alpha persists and the HIF1alpha/beta complex stimulates VEGF release. the combined use of microvesicles and 5-FU resulted in enhanced chemosensitivity of squamous cell carcinoma cells more than the use of either 5-FU or microvesicle alone. In addition, down regulation of VEGF gene expression was associated with decreased CD1 gene expression.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A and the corresponding receptors are rapidly up-regulated after traumatic injury of the central nervous system (CNS). VEGF-A is highly expressed in the acute and sub-acute stages of CNS injury, but the protein expression declines over time. This time-span of VEGF-A expression corresponds with the endogenous re-vascularization capacity after injury. This would suggest that VEGF-A / VEGF could be used as target to promote angiogenesis after traumatic CNS injuries. However, there are contradicting scientific reports about the effects of VEGF-A treatments in CNS injury models.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Although it has not been associated as a biomarker for the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke, if high levels of VEGF in serum in the first 48 hours have been associated with a poor prognosis in cerebral infarcts greater than 6 months and 2 years.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A has been implicated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. Numerous studies show a decreased overall survival and disease-free survival in those tumors overexpressing VEGF. The overexpression of VEGF-A may be an early step in the process of metastasis, a step that is involved in the "angiogenic" switch. Although VEGF-A has been correlated with poor survival, its exact mechanism of action in the progression of tumors remains unclear.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A is also released in rheumatoid arthritis in response to TNF-α, increasing endothelial permeability and swelling and also stimulating angiogenesis (formation of capillaries).


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A is also important in diabetic retinopathy (DR). The microcirculatory problems in the retina of people with diabetes can cause retinal ischaemia, which results in the release of VEGF-A, and a switch in the balance of pro-angiogenic VEGF isoforms over the normally expressed VEGFb isoforms. VEGF may then cause the creation of new blood vessels in the retina and elsewhere in the eye, heralding changes that may threaten the sight.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-A plays a role in the disease pathology of the wet form age-related macular degeneration (AMD), which is the leading cause of blindness for the elderly of the industrialized world. The vascular pathology of AMD shares certain similarities with diabetic retinopathy, although the cause of disease and the typical source of neovascularization differs between the two diseases.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Once released, VEGF-A may elicit several responses. It may cause a cell to survive, move, or further differentiate. Hence, VEGF is a potential target for the treatment of cancer. The first anti-VEGF drug, a monoclonal antibody named bevacizumab, was approved in 2004. Approximately 10–15% of patients benefit from bevacizumab therapy; however, biomarkers for bevacizumab efficacy are not yet known.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Current studies show that VEGFs are not the only promoters of angiogenesis. In particular, FGF2 and HGF are potent angiogenic factors.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Patients suffering from pulmonary emphysema have been found to have decreased levels of VEGF in the pulmonary arteries.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: VEGF-D has also been shown to be over expressed in lymphangioleiomyomatosis and is currently used as a diagnostic biomarker in the treatment of this rare disease.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: In the kidney, increased expression of VEGF-A in glomeruli directly causes the glomerular hypertrophy that is associated with proteinuria.


title: Vascular endothelial growth factor

text: Gene therapies for refractory angina establish expression of VEGF in epicardial cells to promote angiogenesis.


title: Tripos

text: At the University of Cambridge, a Tripos (, plural 'Triposes') is any of the examinations that qualify an undergraduate for a bachelor's degree or the courses taken by a student to prepare for these. For example, an undergraduate studying mathematics is said to be reading for the "Mathematical Tripos", whilst a student of English literature is reading for the "English Tripos".


title: Tripos

text: In most traditional English universities, a student registers to study one field exclusively, rather than having "majors" or "minors" as in American, Australian, Canadian, or Scottish universities. In practice, however, most degrees may be fairly interdisciplinary in nature, depending on the subject. The multi-part tripos system at Cambridge also allows substantial changes in field between parts; the Natural Sciences Tripos is especially designed to allow a highly flexible curriculum across the sciences.


title: Tripos

text: The word has an obscure etymology, but may be traced to the three-legged stool candidates once used to sit on when taking oral examinations (see "tripod"). An apocryphal legend says that students used to receive one leg of a stool in each of their three years of exams, receiving the whole stool at graduation. Another tradition holds that the name derives from the three brackets printed on the back of the voucher.


title: Tripos

text: Initially, the only way to obtain an honours degree at Cambridge was the Mathematical Tripos examination. John Jebb proposed reforms in 1772, but implementation was blocked by various matters such as lack of expertise in the smaller colleges in a wider range of subjects. Classed examinations in law were introduced in 1816 by James William Geldart, who was then Regius Professor of Civil Law. Although a classical tripos was created in 1822, it was only open to those who already had high honours in mathematics or those who were the sons of peers. This restriction ended around 1850, and triposes in the moral sciences and natural sciences were introduced in the 1860s.


title: Tripos

text: The origin and evolution of the Cambridge Tripos can be found in William Clark's "Academic Charisma and the Origin of the Research University".


title: Tripos

text: A tripos is divided into two parts: "Part I", which is broadly based, and "Part II", which allows specialization within the student's chosen field. Since a bachelor's degree usually takes three years to complete, either Part I or Part II is two years, and the other one year. The details of this can vary from subject to subject. There is also an optional Part III offered in some subjects, such as the Mathematical Tripos; these are not required to complete a bachelor's degree. Some "Part III" courses allow the student to graduate with both a master's degree and a bachelor's degree: for example, scientific Part III courses allow the student to graduate with an M.Sci. degree in addition to the B.A. degree which all Cambridge graduates receive. The Engineering Tripos is divided into four Parts (IA, IB, IIA, IIB), each corresponding to one academic year, and leads to the simultaneous awarding of the B.A. and M.Eng. degrees.


title: Tripos

text: Students are examined formally at the end of each part and are awarded a degree classification for each part. The Part II classification is usually, but incorrectly, considered to be the classification for the overall degree. Most subjects are examined in all three years; for example, the Natural Sciences Tripos has examinations for Part IA, Part IB, Part II, and in some subjects, Part III. The English, History and ASNaC Triposes have preliminary rather than full examinations at the end of the first year, though History and English have recently scrapped Preliminary exams in the first year and moved to a IA, IB, II structure with classed examinations in all years.


title: Tripos

text: Degree regulations state that, to be awarded a degree, a student must have passed two honours examinations (i.e., two Tripos examinations) – this could include a Part I and a Part II, two Part I exams, or (in some cases) a Part I and a Part IA. From October 2011, students can only be awarded an honours degree if they have been awarded honours in a Part II or Part III examination; a combination of Part I examinations will allow a student to graduate with an Ordinary degree. All students must complete at least nine terms of residence (three years of study) – making it impossible for students to simply complete two one-year tripos parts. This makes it easy for an undergraduate to switch out of a subject. So a one-year Part I (or Part IA) must be followed by a two-year Part II, and usually vice versa. More exotic combinations are possible, with the permission of the student's college and prospective department, but some combinations create a four-year bachelor's degree. A few subjects – i.e. Management Studies, Manufacturing Engineering, and Linguistics (prior to October 2010) – exist only as Part II, and can be preceded by any manner of Part I subject.


title: Tripos

text: Students who already possess a bachelor's degree or equivalent from another university are generally permitted to skip Part I, and thus can complete a Cambridge bachelor's degree in two years or less. Students already holding a BA degree from Cambridge are not permitted to collect a second BA from the University.


title: Tripos

text: A student requesting to graduate (technically, 'admitted to a degree') is assessed mainly on two criteria: not only the Triposes they have completed (requirements laid by the statutes and ordinances of Cambridge), as recorded in the Cambridge University Reporter (Cambridge's gazette newspaper), but also the number of terms kept (at least nine required for a BA; 10 for an undergraduate master's degree). A student's requests to graduate should also be approved by their college, and be unopposed by the regent house, one of the university's governing bodies with vetoing powers.


title: Tripos

text: Below is the list of Triposes offered by the University (Latin numerals in brackets indicate the Parts available):


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The British Rail Class 221 "Super Voyager" is a class of tilting diesel-electric multiple unit express passenger trains built in Bruges, Belgium, by Bombardier Transportation in 2001/02.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The Class 221 are similar to the Class 220 "Voyager" units, but were built with a tilting mechanism enabling up to six degrees of tilt to allow higher speeds on curved tracks, most have five coaches, and they have a different bogie design. They have a maximum speed of .


title: British Rail Class 221

text: Currently these trains are divided between two operators, Avanti West Coast (20 sets) and CrossCountry (24 sets). The sets operated by CrossCountry had their tilt function disabled in 2008 to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The Class 221s were produced as 5- or 4-coach sets. Each coach is equipped with a Cummins QSK19 diesel engine producing at 1,800 rpm, driving an electrical generator which powers two motors, each driving one (inner) axle per bogie via a cardan shaft and final drive. can be travelled between refuellings.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The coach bodies, the engines and most of the equipment of the Class 221s are the same as the Class 220s, but the bogies are very different: the Class 220 "Voyager" B5000 bogies have inside-frames which expose the whole of the wheel faces, while the Class 221 "SuperVoyager" Y36 bogies have a more traditional outside-framed bogie. Unlike the Class 220s, the Class 221s were built with a hydraulic-actuated tilting system to run at high speed around bends, though this has now been disabled from the 24 sets operated by CrossCountry.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: Each coach weighs between 55 and 57 tonnes, with a total train weight of 281.9 tonnes for a 5-car set (227 tonnes for a 4-car set). The trains have air-operated (pneumatic) and rheostatic brakes, with an emergency stopping distance of 350m at .


title: British Rail Class 221

text: Class 221 units are fitted with automatic sanding systems. The Avanti West Coast operated units are fitted with a Vossloh fixed rate sander and the Arriva Cross Country operated units are fitted with AB Hoses and fittings variable rate sanding system.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: As part of a franchise commitment to replace all of the Mark 2 and High Speed Train sets, Virgin CrossCountry ordered 40 five-carriage sets. In addition four four-carriage sets were ordered to replace High Speed Trains on Virgin Trains' North Wales Coast Line services to Holyhead. However all entered service with Virgin CrossCountry.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: In November 2010, Virgin Trains reformed its three four-car sets into two five-car sets and a residual spare two-car set by inserting the two intermediate (non-driving) cars from 221144 into 221142 and 221143, giving 20 five-car sets (and two spare driving cars). This was aimed at providing more flexibility and consistency in operating Birmingham-Scotland and London-North Wales services. In 2017 a further reformation took place, allowing 221144 to be returned to traffic with CrossCountry, now operated by Arriva, involving the exchange of some vehicles between Virgin and CrossCountry and the reduction of two CrossCountry sets to four car formations.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: All vehicles are air-conditioned and fitted with Wifi provided by T-Mobile. On some units, the at-seat audio entertainment system is still present however it has now been disabled since the WiFi hot spots were introduced. Power sockets are also available for laptop computers and mobile-phone charging. First-class accommodation has 2+1 seating, standard class 2+2 seating. Virgin Trains' units are fitted with CCTV. These trains, unlike the older trains they replaced, have electronic information display boards in the exterior walls showing the train number, the time, the coach, the train's destination and the next station. This is also a feature of the and high speed DEMUs (The trains also have such electronic information display boards, but in the doors).


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The trains have been criticised for providing insufficient space for luggage and bicycles. Also, because the units are designed to tilt, the carriages have a tapered profile that narrows towards roof level, resulting in a less spacious interior than the conventional carriages they replaced.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: All units are owned by Beacon Rail, after they were purchased from Voyager Rail Leasing, a consortium of Lloyds Banking Group and Angel Trains. They are leased to the train operating companies.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: On their introduction in 2002, Virgin Trains was the operator of all Class 221s, which it used on CrossCountry and West Coast Main Line services as well as on the North Wales Coast line.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: With the decision to transfer those CrossCountry services that operated via the West Coast Main Line to the InterCity West Coast franchise at the same time as the former franchise was relet, on 11 November 2007 the fleet was split. Virgin West Coast were allocated 221101-221118 and 221142-221144 while CrossCountry gained 221119-221141. However while CrossCountry overhauled five High Speed Train sets, 221114-221118 were subleased for a 12-month period.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: CrossCountry's Class 221s operate alongside 220s on the routes inherited from Virgin CrossCountry. Since these routes are not cleared for tilting operation (with the exception of Wolverhampton to Stockport), in 2008 the tilting equipment was locked out of use and shortly afterwards was isolated altogether, replacing the hydraulic rams with fixed tie-bars. This change was made to improve reliability and reduce maintenance costs.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: Avanti West Coast uses the Class 221 units primarily between London Euston and Scotland via Birmingham New Street (despite the route being electrified throughout), between London Euston and Shrewsbury, and between London Euston and Chester and North Wales. They are also used by a few London Euston to West Midlands services.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The trains to and from Scotland often operate as double units and alternate between Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley (in turn alternating with TransPennine Express trains to and from Manchester Airport). When longer trains are needed for some of the busier services, a Pendolino will run through from and to London Euston, and the Super Voyager then fills in for it on the London to West Midlands route.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The trains on the North Wales route sometimes operate as double units. They run from London Euston and Chester and terminate at any of Chester, Holyhead, Bangor or Wrexham.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: Units have been stopped due to waves breaking over the sea wall at Dawlish in storm conditions, inundating the resistor banks and causing the control software to shut down the whole train. This problem was fixed by a software upgrade to the control software.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: On 8 December 2005, 221125 suffered an exhaust fire at Starcross. Other members of the "Voyager" class suffered similar fires in the 2005-2006 period due to an incorrectly performed engine overhaul.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: On 25 September 2006, 221136 collided with a car on the track at Moor Lane, Copmanthorpe, North Yorkshire. The 14:25 Plymouth to Edinburgh was decelerating on its approach to York station at 9pm when it collided with the car, which had crashed through a fence on to the line. Despite being derailed in the crash, the train remained upright. Nobody on board was injured.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: On 4 July 2009, 221112 was involved in a collision between with a set of freight train container doors, Eden Valley Loop, . At 16:27, Virgin Trains (1M86) service from Edinburgh to Birmingham New Street passed service 4M16, a container freight train which was in the Eden Valley Loop. The train struck one or both open doors of wagons 12 and or 13 of the container train. The crew of the service heard the impacts and stopped to report the damage to their control at 16:28. The train suffered damage to all cars consisting of scratching to bodywork,


title: British Rail Class 221

text: in particular doors, as well as severe damage to one door step. The Super Voyager was one of three trains to be damaged by the container doors; a Class 390 and a Class 185 were also involved.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: On 20 November 2013 a Virgin Super Voyager (221105) overran the platform and ran into the buffers at . One passenger was taken to hospital. The RAIB report concluded that this was due to exceptionally low adhesion between wheels and rails, combined with train's sanding system being inadequate. The report recommended that the sanding equipment on the class be upgraded.


title: British Rail Class 221

text: The Virgin-operated Class 221 "Super Voyagers" were originally referred to by Bombardier as the Virgin "Explorer" class as they were to be named after famous explorers, some fictional, mostly real, as follows:


title: British Rail Class 221

text: In December 2019, Avanti West Coast placed an order for 10 seven-car electric units which will replace its Class 221 fleet, along with 13 Class 805 bi-mode units as part of £350 million contract with Hitachi. These are planned to enter service in 2023.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Tecumseh's confederacy was a confederation of native Americans in the Great Lakes region of the United States that began to form in the early 19th century around the teaching of Tenskwatawa (The Prophet). The confederation grew over several years and came to include several thousand warriors. Shawnee leader Tecumseh, the brother of The Prophet, developed into the leader of the group as early as 1808. Together, they worked to unite the various tribes against the European settlers coming across the Appalachian Mountains and onto their land. In November 1811, an American military force under the leadership of William Henry Harrison engaged warriors associated with Tenskwatawa in the Battle of Tippecanoe. Under Tecumseh's leadership, the confederation then went to war with the United States during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812. However, the confederation fell apart in 1813 following his death at the Battle of the Thames.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Following the 1795 Treaty of Greenville, Native Americans in the Northwest Territory began to move out of the lands ceded to the United States. Many of the Natives, including the Lenape and Shawnee, moved westward at the invitation of the Miami tribe to settle in land considered part of Miami holdings. The tribes intermingled with one another, and most villages contained inhabitants of multiple tribes. Despite the individuals living amongst each other, they did not view themselves as a union of peoples. The dominant Miami tribe inhabited much of modern central Indiana and the powerful Pottawatomie tribe lived in northern Indiana and Michigan. The Wea and Kickapoo (both related to the Miami tribe) and Piankeshaw inhabited a series of villages in western Indiana and eastern Illinois. The Piankeshaw later moved north, further integrating with the Wea and Kickapoo, following the 1803 Treaty of Vincennes. The Sauk, another powerful nation, lived in northern Illinois, to the west of the Miami.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: The Shawnee, who had lost most of their territory during the Northwest Indian War, moved into northwestern Ohio and Northeastern Indiana. The Lenape likewise had lost their territory and moved into south-central Indiana. Other tribes, including the Wyandot, Fox tribe, Winnebago, Odawa, Mingo, Seneca, and others had a presence in the region's villages. Leadership was organized at the village level, and not tribal level, so in most cases, a leader represented members of multiple tribes who were living together in the same settlement. Leadership in the villages was likewise divided between war chiefs and civil chiefs. The civil chiefs negotiated the treaties and maintained outside relations, while the war chiefs took power in times of conflict. As the war chiefs, like Little Turtle, were removed from power following the war, that large confederacy of villages in the region began to fade and the civil chiefs urged their people to work with the United States in order to maintain peace.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: In May 1805 Lenape Chief Buckongahelas, one of the most important native leaders in the region, died of either smallpox or influenza. The surrounding villages believed his death was caused by a form of witchcraft, and a witch hunt ensued leading to the death of several suspected Lenape witches. The witch hunts inspired a nativist religious revival led by Tecumseh's brother Tenskwatawa ("The Prophet") who emerged in 1805 as a leader among the witch hunters. His early popularity was fueled by the support of Blue Jacket, a prominent Shawnee War Chief. The Prophet's growing influence quickly posed a threat to the influence of the accommodationist chiefs, to whom Buckongahelas had belonged. The suspected witches included a Christian missionary who had been living among the Lenape, and all were tortured. One of the victims was partially burnt by fire forcing him to confess to sorcery and to name his supposed co-conspirators.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Tenskwatawa was influenced greatly by the teachings of Neolin and Scattamek, Lenape religious leaders who had died years earlier, and had predicted a coming apocalypse in which the white men would be overthrown by supernatural powers. As part of Tenskwatawa's religious teachings, he urged Indians to reject the ways of the whites, like liquor, Europeans style clothing, and firearms. He also called for the tribes to refrain from ceding any more lands to the United States. Numerous Indians—who were inclined to cooperate with the United States—were accused of witchcraft, and some were executed by followers of Tenskwatawa. Black Hoof was accused in the witch-hunt but was not harmed. From his village at Greenville, Tenskwatawa compromised Black Hoof's friendly relationship with the United States, leading to rising tensions with settlers in the region. He attracted a large number of followers, mostly Shawnee but some of his early followers were also Wyandot, Mingo, and Ottawas. Black Hoof and other tribal leaders began to put pressure on Tenskwatawa and his followers to leave the area to prevent the situation from escalating into an open conflict.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: They were invited to northwest Indiana by Pottawatomie Chief Winamac, who was also a religious leader calling for a return to many of the old ways, although he sought access to American agricultural technology. Tenskwatawa accepted the invitation and established the village of Prophetstown near the confluence of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, land claimed by the Miami. Little Turtle told the Shawnee that they were unwelcome there, but the warnings were ignored.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Tenskwatawa's religious teachings became increasingly militant following an 1807 treaty between the Americans, Fox tribe and Sauk. Many members of the two tribes were outraged by the treaty which caused the Sauk to lose their greatest settlement. Many of the disaffected came to align themselves with the Prophet and his teachings. The Piankeshaw and Kickapoo had also been adversely affected by treaties and migrated closer to Prophetstown. His growing popularity attracted Native American followers from many different tribes, including Shawnee, Chickamauga, Tutelo, Ojibwe/Chippewa, Mascouten, and Potawatomi.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Willig (1997) argues that Tippecanoe was not only the largest Native American community in the Great Lakes region but served as a major center of Indian culture and final rampart defense against whites. It was an intertribal, religious stronghold along the Wabash River in Indiana for three thousand Native Americans, Tippecanoe, known as Prophetstown to whites, served as a temporary barrier to settlers' westward movement. Led by Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh, thousands of Algonquin-speaking Indians gathered at Tippecanoe to gain spiritual strength. US government attempts, from the George Washington to William Henry Harrison administrations, to rid the area of the numerous Indian tribes eventually met with success as the Indians retreated westward by 1840 to avoid the large numbers of whites entering their territory.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: By 1808 Tecumseh began to be seen as a leader by his community. He was outraged by the continued loss of land to the Americans and he began to travel around the southern Great Lakes region to visit village leaders and urge them to stop cooperating with the Americans and threatening to kill chiefs who continued to work with the Americans.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: In late 1808 the British in Canada approached him to form an alliance, but he refused. It was not until 1810 that the Americans first took notice of him. Tecumseh eventually emerged as the leader of the confederation, but it was built upon a foundation established by the religious appeal of his younger brother.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Quickly becoming the dominant Native American leader in the northwestern United States, Tecumseh turned his attention to the south. In 1811 he traveled to meet with leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes in the hope of uniting them with him in the confederacy in the north. With their help he believed they would be powerful enough to defy the Americans who would be forced to fight against them across the entire thousand-mile wide frontier. He was met with resistance and rejection, and only a fraction of the Creeks accepted his call to arms, leading to the later Creek War.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Tensions had already been rising rapidly, as people became aware of Tecumseh's war aims. While he was still in the south a preemptive strike was launched against Prophetstown, defeating his brother and a force of 500–700 warriors in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The defeat was a terrible blow for the confederacy, which never fully recovered.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Tecumseh returned and began to rebuild the confederacy. Allying with the British in Canada at the outbreak of the War of 1812, Tecumseh now had a supply of rifles, bullets and gunpowder. Tecumseh began a series of coordinated raids, attacking American posts in areas the British had ceded to the U.S. The Americans responded quickly and launched a second campaign, destroying Prophetstown a second time. The American frontiersmen had a grievance that motivated their demand for war in 1812.


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: Overall, Tecumseh's confederacy played a crucial role in causing the War of 1812, and in early operations in the west. In 1812 Tecumseh's warriors, as shock troops, assisted a small force of 700 British regulars and Canadian militia to force the surrender of 2,500 American soldiers, by threatening to massacre any captives of the Siege of Detroit. General William Hull surrendered Fort Detroit in August 1812 to Sir Isaac Brock, whom was a confidant to Tecumseh, without a fight. Tecumseh's frontier war forced the Americans into rearguard actions, which divided their forces and prevented them from concentrating large enough numbers to successfully invade and occupy the strategically important area of Lower Canada (Quebec).


title: Tecumseh's confederacy

text: In 1813, the U.S. Navy gained control of Lake Erie. The British and Tecumseh abandoned Detroit and fled east, where they were caught and destroyed as a military force. Tecumseh was killed in the Battle of the Thames near Chatham, Ontario. The small retreating British force rapidly routed, leaving Tecumseh's 500 warriors (who refused to retreat further) to face a significantly superior American force, which included cavalry. The death of Tecumseh had a demoralizing effect on his allies and his confederacy dissolved as an organized entity soon after, although many tribes continued to fight under their own leaders, as they had before Tecumseh's death. After Tecumseh's death in 1813, his younger brother Tenskwatawa retained a small group of followers, but had no significant leadership position among the American Indians in the subsequent decade. In 1824, at the request of Lewis Cass, the governor of Michigan Territory, the aging Prophet returned to the United States from Canada to assist the federal government with its plans for the Shawnee removal west of the Mississippi River. Tenskwatawa hoped his involvement would allow him to regain some influence as a leader among the Shawnee.


title: Pizzle

text: Pizzle is a Middle English word for penis, derived from Low German or Flemish Dutch , diminutive of , meaning 'sinew'. The word is used today to signify the penis of an animal, chiefly in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Pizzle

text: The word "pizzle" is also known, at least since 1523, especially in the combination "bull pizzle", to denote a flogging instrument made from a bull's penis. It derives from the Low German or Flemish , originally from the Dutch language meaning "sinew".


title: Pizzle

text: In William Shakespeare's play "Henry IV, Part 1", the character Falstaff uses the term as an insult (Act 2, Scene IV):


title: Pizzle

text: In heraldry, the term pizzled (or in French blazon) indicates the depiction or inclusion of an animate charge's genitalia, especially if colored (or "tinctured") differently.


title: Pizzle

text: In 1485, Henry VII carried with him a red dragon on the field of Bosworth where he was declared King of England. The dragon was depicted with an erect pizzle, and although the pizzle is missing in many variations of the Welsh flag, the British royal family continue to depict the pizzle.


title: Pizzle

text: The bear in the coat of arms of Appenzell is represented pizzled, and omission of this feature was seen as a grave insult. In 1579, the pizzle was forgotten by the printer of a calendar printed in Saint Gallen, which brought Appenzell to the brink of war with Saint Gallen.


title: Pizzle

text: In 2007, commander Karl Engelbrektson decided that the lion's penis in the coat of arms of the Nordic Battlegroup had to be removed. Contrary to initial media reports that the decision was taken following complaints from female soldiers, Engelbrektsson revealed in a February 2008 interview with Sveriges Radio that it was he who made the decision, based on the 2000 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on women, peace, and security. Since civilian women are often sexually assaulted in the war zones of the world, the commander did not consider the depiction of a penis appropriate on a uniform worn into battle. The decision was questioned by some Swedish heraldists, with Vladimir Sagerlund asserting that coats of arms containing lions without a penis were historically given to those who had betrayed the Swedish Crown. The state heraldist Henrik Klackenberg complained that his heraldry unit should have been consulted before making such change, but did not intend to take legal action.


title: Pizzle

text: Pizzles were widely used (as whips) as late as 1944 by local paramilitary units on the Eastern Front, usually as a disciplinary measure against arrested or bullied civilians.


title: Pizzle

text: Bull penises are dried, in open air or in ovens. Commercial vendors will drain the blood and urine from the organ prior to drying in order to decrease the smell of these when chewed by dogs. These are called "odor free" bully sticks. "Junior" bully sticks are thinner ones that are made from castrated male (steer).


title: Pizzle

text: In addition to being used as a dog treat, pizzles are also eaten by humans for their purported health benefits (according to traditional Chinese medicine) such as being low in cholesterol and high in protein, hormones, and vitamins, and minerals such as calcium and magnesium, although little empirical evidence supports these claims. Pizzles for human consumption are prepared either by freezing or by drying.


title: Pizzle

text: Scottish deer pizzles are thought to boost stamina and were used by Chinese athletes at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Pizzles can be served in soup, and if they have been dried they can be turned into a paste. Pizzles may also be mixed with alcoholic beverages or simply thawed (if frozen) and eaten. In Jamaica, bull pizzles are referred to as "cow cods" and are eaten as cow cod soup. Like many animal penis or testicle based foods, cow cod soup is claimed to be an aphrodisiac and to be able to boost muscle strength.


title: Mark 16

text: Mark 16 is the final chapter of the Gospel of Mark in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It begins after the sabbath, with Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bringing spices to the tomb to anoint Jesus' body. There they encounter the stone rolled away, the tomb open, and a young man dressed in white who announces the resurrection of Jesus (16:1-6). The two oldest manuscripts of Mark 16 (from the 300s) conclude with verse 8, which ends with the women fleeing from the empty tomb, and saying "nothing to anyone, because they were too frightened".


title: Mark 16

text: Textual critics have identified two distinct alternative endings: the "Longer Ending" (verses 9–20) and the unversed "Shorter Ending" or "lost ending", which appear together in six Greek manuscripts, and in dozens of Ethiopic copies. Modern versions of the New Testament generally include the Longer Ending, but place it in brackets or otherwise format it to show that it is not considered part of the original text.


title: Mark 16

text: While some scholars argue that Mark 16 is a Markan composition, others argue that the chapter comes from an older tradition in the pre-Markan passion story. Those arguing in favor of Markan creation point to the numerous time indicators in verse 2, which bear similarities to other phrases in Mark. The scholars who argue in favor of Mark's use of a prior tradition argue that phrases such as "on the first day of the week" instead of the "third day" motif indicates a primitive tradition. Furthermore, many phrases found in Mark 16 seem to be non-Markan in their vocabulary. Dale Allison argues that, "The reduction of the empty tomb to Markan creativity, whatever the redactional motivation postulated, is not a compelling point of view...the case for the redactional origin of Mark 16:1-8 is unpersuasive, which is why so many Markan scholars, despite their differences on the details, see tradition here." The fact that Mark 16 is extremely reserved in its theological expression, having no Christological titles, proofs or prophecies, descriptions of the resurrection, and a reserved description of the angel at the tomb indicate a more primitive narrative source.


title: Mark 16

text: Mark states that the Sabbath is now over. Just after sunrise, Mary Magdalene, another Mary, the mother of James, and Salome come with spices to anoint Jesus' body. Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses, and Salome are also mentioned among the women "looking on from afar" in , although those who "saw where the body was laid." in were only Mary Magdalene and Mary the mother of Joses.


title: Mark 16

text: The women wonder how they will remove the stone over the tomb. Upon their arrival, they find the stone already gone and go into the tomb. According to Jesuit writer John J. Kilgallen, this shows that in Mark's account they expected to find the body of Jesus. Instead, they find a young man dressed in a white robe who is sitting on the right and who tells them that Jesus "has risen" and shows them "the place where they laid him" (verses 5–7).


title: Mark 16

text: The white robe indicates that he is an angel: describes him as such. In the account in there were two men. John says there were two angels, but that Mary saw them after finding the empty tomb and showing it to the other disciples. She comes back to the tomb, talks to the angels, and then Jesus appears to her.


title: Mark 16

text: Jesus had predicted his resurrection and returning to Galilee during the Last Supper in Mark (). Mark uses the passive verb form "ēgerthē", translated "he was raised", indicating God raised him from the dead, rather than "he is risen", as translated in the NIV.


title: Mark 16

text: Peter, last seen in tears two mornings previously, having denied any knowledge of Jesus (), is mentioned in particular. Gregory the Great notes that "had the Angel not referred to him in this way, Peter would never have dared to appear again among the Apostles. He is bidden then by name to come, so that he will not despair because of his denial of Christ".


title: Mark 16

text: The last appearance of Peter's name in verse 7 (also the last among the disciples' names to be mentioned) can be connected to the first appearance of his name (as 'Simon') in to form a literary "inclusio" of eyewitness testimony to indicate Peter as the main eyewitness source in the Gospel of Mark.


title: Mark 16

text: Mark 16:1-8 ends with the response of the women: Those women, who are afraid (compare ), then flee and keep quiet about what they saw. Kilgallen comments that fear is the most common human reaction to the divine presence in the Bible.


title: Mark 16

text: This is where the undisputed part of Mark's Gospel ends. Jesus is thus announced to have been raised from the dead, and to have gone ahead of the disciples to Galilee, where they will see Him.


title: Mark 16

text: In this 12-verse passage, the author refers to Jesus' appearances to Mary Magdalene, two disciples, and then the Eleven (the Twelve Apostles minus Judas). The text concludes with the Great Commission, declaring that believers that have been baptized will be saved while nonbelievers will be condemned, and pictures Jesus taken to Heaven and sitting at the Right Hand of God.


title: Mark 16

text: The "Shorter Ending" (first manuscript c. 3rd century), with slight variations, is usually unversed, and runs as follows:


title: Mark 16

text: While the New Revised Standard Version places this verse between verse 8 and 9, it could also be read as verse 21, covering the same topics as verse 9–20.


title: Mark 16

text: The earliest extant complete manuscripts of Mark, Codex Sinaiticus and Codex Vaticanus, two 4th-century manuscripts, do not contain the last twelve verses, 16:9–20, nor the unversed shorter ending. Codex Vaticanus (4th century) has a blank column after ending at 16:8 and placing "kata Markon", "according to Mark". There are three other blank columns in Vaticanus, in the Old Testament, but they are each due to incidental factors in the production of the codex: a change to the column-format, a change of scribes, and the conclusion of the Old Testament portion of the text. The blank column between Mark 16:8 and the beginning of Luke, however, is deliberately placed.


title: Mark 16

text: Other manuscripts which omit the last twelve verses include: Syriac Sinaiticus (late 4th-century); Minuscule 304 (12th century); a Sahidic manuscript; over 100 Armenian manuscripts; the two oldest Georgian manuscripts. The Armenian Version was made in 411-450, and the Old Georgian Version was based mainly on the Armenian Version.


title: Mark 16

text: A group of manuscripts known as "Family K1" add Mark 16:9-10 without numbered ("chapters") at the margin and their ("titles") at the top (or the foot). This includes Minuscule 461.


title: Mark 16

text: Codex Washingtonianus (late 4th, early 5th century) includes verses 9–20, and features an addition between 16:14-15, known as the "Freer Logion":


title: Mark 16

text: In only one Latin manuscript from c. 430, the Codex Bobbiensis, "k", the "Shorter Ending" appears without the "Longer Ending". In this Latin copy , the text of Mark 16 is anomalous:


title: Mark 16

text: Both the shorter and the longer ending are considered to be later writings, which were added to Mark. Scholars disagree whether verse 8 was the original ending, or if there was an ending which is now lost. In the early 20th century, the view prevailed that the original ending was lost, but in the second part of the 20th century the view prevailed that verse 8 was the original ending, as intended by the author.


title: Mark 16

text: Among the scholars who reject Mark 16:9–20, a debate continues about whether the ending at 16:8 is intentional or accidental.


title: Mark 16

text: There is scholarly work that suggests the "short ending" is more appropriate as it fits with the 'reversal of expectation' theme in the Gospel of Mark. Having the women run away afraid is contrasted in the reader's mind with Jesus' appearances and statements which help confirm the expectation, built up in , , , and Jesus' prediction during the Last Supper of his rising after his death. According to Brown, this ending is consistent with Mark's theology, where even miracles, such as the resurrection, do not produce the proper understanding or faith among Jesus' followers. Richard A. Burridge argues that, in keeping with Mark's picture of discipleship, the question of whether it all comes right in the end is left open:


title: Mark 16

text: Kilgallen proposes that maybe Mark gives no description of the resurrected Jesus because Mark did not want to try to describe the nature of the divine resurrected Jesus. Some interpreters have concluded that Mark's intended readers already knew the traditions of Jesus' appearances, and that Mark brings the story to a close here to highlight the resurrection and leave anticipation of the "parousia" (Second Coming). Others have argued that this announcement of the resurrection and Jesus going to Galilee is the "parousia" (see also Preterism), but Raymond E. Brown argues that a "parousia" confined only to Galilee is improbable.


title: Mark 16

text: The final sentence in verse 8 is regarded as strange by some scholars. In the Greek text, it finishes with the conjunction γαρ ("gar", "for"). It is contended by some who see 16:9–20 as originally Markan that γαρ literally means "because", and this ending to verse 8 is therefore not grammatically coherent (literally, it would read "they were afraid because"). However, γαρ may end a sentence and does so in various Greek compositions, including some sentences in the Septuagint; Protagoras, a contemporary of Socrates, even ended a speech with γαρ. Although γαρ is never the first word of a sentence, there is no rule against it being the last word, even though it is not a common construction. If the Gospel of Mark intentionally concluded with this word, it would be one of only a few narratives in antiquity to do so.


title: Mark 16

text: Some scholars argue that Mark never intended to end so abruptly: either he planned another ending that was never written, or the original ending has been lost. The references to a future meeting in Galilee between Jesus and the disciples (in Mark 14:28 and 16:7) could suggest that Mark intended to write beyond 16:8. C. H. Turner argued that the original version of the Gospel could have been a codex, with the last page being especially vulnerable to damage. Many scholars, including Rudolf Bultmann, have concluded that the Gospel most likely ended with a Galilean resurrection appearance and the reconciliation of Jesus with the Eleven, even if verses 9–20 were not written by the original author of the Gospel of Mark.


title: Mark 16

text: Most scholars agree that verses 9–20 were not part of the original text of Mark but are a later addition.


title: Mark 16

text: Critical questions concerning the authenticity of verses 9–20 (the "longer ending") often center on stylistic and linguistic issues. On linguistics, E. P. Gould identified 19 of the 163 words in the passage as distinctive and not occurring elsewhere in the Gospel. Dr. Bruce Terry argues that a vocabulary-based case against Mark 16:9–20 is indecisive, inasmuch as other 12-verse sections of Mark contain comparable numbers of once-used words.


title: Mark 16

text: Robert Gundry mentions that only about 10% of Mark's γαρ clauses (6 out of 66) conclude pericopes. Thus he infers that, rather than concluding 16:1–8, verse 8 begins a new pericope, the rest of which is now lost to us. Gundry therefore does not see verse 8 as the intended ending; a resurrection narrative was either written, then lost, or planned but never actually written.


title: Mark 16

text: Concerning style, the degree to which verses 9–20 aptly fit as an ending for the Gospel remains in question. The turn from verse 8 to 9 has also been seen as abrupt and interrupted: the narrative flows from "they were afraid" to "now after he rose", and seems to reintroduce Mary Magdalene. Secondly, Mark regularly identifies instances where Jesus' prophecies are fulfilled, yet Mark does not explicitly state the twice predicted reconciliation of Jesus with his disciples in Galilee (Mark 14:28, 16:7). Lastly, the active tense "he rose" is different from the earlier passive construction "[he] has been risen" of verse 6, seen as significant by some.


title: Mark 16

text: Because of patristic evidence from the late 100s for the existence of copies of Mark with 16:9-20, scholars widely date the composition of the longer ending to the early 2nd century.


title: Mark 16

text: Scholars are divided on the question of whether the "Longer Ending" was created deliberately to finish the Gospel of Mark, as contended by James Kelhoffer, or if it began its existence as a freestanding text which was used to "patch" the otherwise abruptly ending text of Mark. Metzger and Ehrman note that


title: Mark 16

text: Verses 9–20 share the subject of Jesus' post-resurrection appearances, and other points, with other passages in the New Testament. This has led some scholars to believe that Mark 16:9–20 is based on the other books of the New Testament, filling in details which were originally lacking from Mark. Jesus' reference to drinking poison (16:18) does not correspond to a New Testament source, but that miraculous power did appear in Christian literature from the 2nd century CE on.


title: Mark 16

text: Julie M. Smith notes that if there was an original ending, "then the Resurrection accounts in Matthew and/or Luke may contain material from Mark’s original ending.


title: Mark 16

text: The shorter ending appears only in a minimal number of manuscripts as the sole ending. It is a quick summary, which contradicts verse 8. It probably originated in Egypt, and diverges from the style of Mark. The shorter ending appears in a manuscript sometime after the 3rd century.


title: MSC Seaside

text: MSC Seaside is a "Seaside"-class cruise ship currently owned and operated by MSC Cruises. As the lead vessel of the "Seaside" class, she lends her name to the company's "Seaside" class. At 153,516 GT, she would become the largest cruise ship ever to be constructed by Italian shipbuilder Fincantieri, and the 14th largest cruise ship in the world, behind "Norwegian Epic", upon her delivery in December 2017.


title: MSC Seaside

text: On 22 May 2014, MSC Cruises announced that they had ordered two new 154,000 GT cruise ships from Fincantieri. The new order was based on the "Seaside" prototype, with each ship costing €700 million each.


title: MSC Seaside

text: On 17 March 2015, MSC Cruises announced that the new ship would be named "MSC Seaside", lending her name to the class of the sister ships that would follow. It was also announced that she would be sailing year-round from PortMiami to the Caribbean.


title: MSC Seaside

text: Construction officially began on "MSC Seaside" with the celebration of the first steel-cutting on 22 June 2015 at the Fincantieri shipyard in Monfalcone, Italy. On 4 March 2016, her keel-laying was performed, in which the first 550-ton block of the ship was laid, marking the beginning of the hull's assembly. Her coin ceremony was celebrated on 21 April 2016. The ship was floated out of the shipyard on 26 November 2016. She performed her first set of sea trials for 72 hours in late-August 2017 before finishing her final outfitting.


title: MSC Seaside

text: "MSC Seaside" was delivered to MSC Cruises on 29 November 2017 at the Fincantieri shipyard in Monfalcone. Her madrina, Asya Aponte, granddaughter of Gianluigi Aponte, MSC's founder and chairman, performed the honors at the delivery ceremony when she cut the ribbon to let the bottle of champagne strike the hull. The ship then departed the shipyard for Trieste and officially entered service on 1 December 2017 upon leaving Trieste for her 22-night maiden voyage, a transatlantic to PortMiami for her christening.


title: MSC Seaside

text: "MSC Seaside" was christened on 21 December 2017 by her godmother, Sophia Loren, at PortMiami's Terminal B, making her the first MSC cruise ship to be christened in North America. The ceremony was hosted by Mario Lopez and featured performances by Andrea Bocelli and Ricky Martin. "MSC Seaside" departed for her 14-night inaugural cruise on 23 December 2017 from Miami, which visited Antigua and Barbuda, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, and Cozumel in Mexico.


title: MSC Seaside

text: Between 2017 and 2020, "MSC Seaside" sailed week-long itineraries to the Caribbean from PortMiami year-round.


title: MSC Seaside

text: On 17 November 2018, seven crew members were arrested at PortMiami after U.S. Customs and Border Protection officers found 7 kilograms of cocaine and a total of $100,000 in their cabins and in their possession. According to officers, the crew members were recruited by a fellow crew member to smuggle cocaine from Jamaica to the United States.


title: MSC Seaside

text: Beginning in fall 2020, "MSC Seaside" is scheduled to begin cruising three-to-seven-night cruises from Port Canaveral to the Caribbean. In summer 2021, "MSC Seaside" will operate her first full season of Mediterranean voyages.


title: MSC Seaside

text: The overall architecture of "MSC Seaside" is based on Fincantieri's "Project Mille", a prototype that had not been executed 12 years since its initial conceptualization. "Project Mille"'s prototype featured the diesel generators at midship, a wider hull, a narrower superstructure, and a relocation of heavy-weight public areas to lower decks to lower the ship's center of gravity. "MSC Seaside"'s current design reflects these features, along with a midship engine room and funnels, a wider boardwalk promenade along both sides of the ship, and a wider aft promenade deck that houses a large pool complementing those located on the top decks. The aft promenade deck is positioned at the base of the narrow, tower-like structure that houses cabins in the ship's aft. Other features and accommodations included on "MSC Seaside" are a water park custom-designed by WhiteWater West on the top deck, the MSC Yacht Club luxury area spanning five decks, which hosts passengers paying a premium for enhanced accommodations and amenities, three themed restaurants, a bowling alley, and a theater.


title: MSC Seaside

text: "MSC Seaside" has 18 decks and a length of , a draft of , a depth of , and a beam of . The maximum passenger capacity is 5,119, with a crew complement of 1,413. She is also powered by a diesel-electric genset system, with four Wärtsilä engines driving GE Marine electrical equipment, equipped with exhaust scrubbers to contend with soot. Main propulsion is via two propellers, each driven by a electric motor; four forward and three aft thrusters allow for close-quarters maneuvering. The system gives the vessel a service speed of .


title: Andrew Tolman

text: Andrew Tolman (born January 9, 1986) is an American studio musician and songwriter. He is a member of the cult club band The Moth & The Flame. He was also a founding member of the pop rock band Imagine Dragons. In 2016–17, Andrew went on tour with Mondo Cozmo as part of the backing band along with Drew Beck, Chris Null, and James Gordon.


title: Andrew Tolman

text: Tolman's drumming can be heard on Imagine Dragons' first four EPs, "Speak to Me" (2008), "Imagine Dragons" (2009), "Hell and Silence" (2010), and "It's Time" (2011) along with his wife Brittany on keyboards and backing vocals. He and Brittany play on multiple songs from their debut album, "Night Visions" (2012), including multi-platinum single "It's Time" (US #15, UK #23).


title: Andrew Tolman

text: Tolman's drumming can be heard on The Moth & The Flame's first EP entitled "&" EP (2013) which was produced by Joey Waronker (Beck, Atoms for Peace, R.E.M.) and released via Hidden Records. A second EP entitled "Young & Unafraid" EP was released via Elektra Records and produced by Peter Katis (The National, Interpol), Tony Hoffer (M83, Beck), and Nate Pyfer (Parlor Hawk, Fictionist). It included the single "Young & Unafraid" that reached #37 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.


title: Andrew Tolman

text: Tolman is a studio drummer for Mount Saint, an indie pop group fronted by his wife, also a former member of Imagine Dragons.


title: Andrew Tolman

text: Andrew is a graduate of Caleb Chapman's Soundhouse, a musician training program headquartered in Utah, and a former member of its flagship group, Caleb Chapman's Crescent Super Band. He also studied music at Brigham Young University.


title: Tamil Thai Valthu

text: Tamil Thai Valthu (; ) is the state anthem of Tamil Nadu. The song was written by Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai, and composed by M. S. Viswanathan. Ever since the Tamil Nadu government under M. Karunanidhi issued an order on 23 November 1970, the official functions of the Government of Tamil Nadu, and those functions organised by educational institutions and public establishments, have started with this song, and ended with the Indian National Anthem. The song is sung daily in schools all over Tamil Nadu during the assembly in the morning.


title: Tamil Thai Valthu

text: On 17 December, 2021, the Tamil Nadu government under chief minister M.K.Stalin, formally declared the song as the official state song, stating that it would be sung at all public events in educational institutes and government offices. Except for disabled people, everybody will have to stand when it is played or being sung.


title: Arthur Freed

text: Arthur Freed (September 9, 1894 – April 12, 1973) was an American lyricist and Hollywood film producer. He won the Academy Award for Best Picture twice, in 1951 for "An American in Paris" and in 1958 for "Gigi". Both films were musicals. In addition, he produced and was also a co-lyricist for the film "Singin' in the Rain".


title: Arthur Freed

text: Freed was born to a Jewish family in Charleston, South Carolina, and wrote poetry while a high schooler at Phillips Exeter Academy. After graduating in 1914, he began his career as a song-plugger and pianist in Chicago. After meeting Minnie Marx, he sang as part of the act of her sons, the Marx Brothers, on the vaudeville circuit, and also wrote material for the brothers.


title: Arthur Freed

text: He soon began to write songs, and was eventually hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. For years, he wrote lyrics for numerous films, many set to music by Nacio Herb Brown.


title: Arthur Freed

text: In 1939, after working (uncredited) in the role of associate producer on "The Wizard of Oz", he was promoted to being the head of his own unit within MGM, and helped elevate the studio to the leading creator of film musicals. His first solo credit as producer was the film version of Rodgers and Hart's smash Broadway musical "Babes in Arms" (also 1939), released only a few months after "The Wizard of Oz". It starred Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland, and it was so successful that it ushered in a long series of "let's put on a show" "backyard" musicals, all starring Rooney and Garland.


title: Arthur Freed

text: Freed brought talent from the Broadway theaters to the MGM soundstages including Vincente Minnelli, Betty Comden, Adolph Green, Roger Edens, Kay Thompson, Zero Mostel, June Allyson, Nancy Walker, Charles Walters, orchestrators Conrad Salinger, Johnny Green, Lennie Hayton, and others including Shirley Temple. Shirley was signed by MGM for her comeback; the studio made plans to team her with Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney for the Andy Hardy series. However, upon meeting with Arthur Freed for a preliminary interview, the MGM producer exposed his genitals to her, telling Temple "I have something made just for you." When this elicited nervous giggles in response, Freed threw her out and ended their contract before any films were produced.


title: Arthur Freed

text: He also helped shape the careers of stars including Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Red Skelton, Lena Horne, Jane Powell, Esther Williams, Kathryn Grayson, Howard Keel, Cyd Charisse, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, and others. He brought Fred Astaire to MGM after Astaire's tenure at RKO and coaxed him out of semi-retirement to star with Garland in "Easter Parade". His team of writers, directors, composers and stars produced a steady stream of popular, critically acclaimed musicals until the late 1950s.


title: Arthur Freed

text: He allowed his directors and choreographers free rein, something unheard of in those days of committee-produced film musicals, and is credited for furthering the boundaries of film musicals by allowing such moments in films as the fifteen-minute ballet at the end of "An American in Paris" (1951), after which the film concludes moments later with no further dialogue or singing, and he allowed the musical team of Lerner and Loewe complete control in their writing of "Gigi" (1958).


title: Arthur Freed

text: According to Hugh Fordin's book "The World of Entertainment", however, Freed did have a hand in the stage-to-screen adaptation of at least one of MGM's musicals, the 1951 Technicolor remake of Kern and Hammerstein's stage classic, "Show Boat". It was Freed who disagreed with the original structure of the show's second act, in which more than twenty years pass between most of the act and the final three scenes of the musical. He felt that it made for a lack of drama in the story, and so, together with screenwriter John Lee Mahin, Freed hit upon the idea of having the gambler Gaylord Ravenal leave his wife Magnolia while both are still young and Magnolia is expecting a baby, and then having Julie, the half-black actress who is forced to leave the boat because of her mixed-race background, be the person who brings Ravenal and Magnolia back together again after a separation of only a few years rather than twenty. Also, Freed cast Ava Gardner in the role of Julie.


title: Arthur Freed

text: Two of his films won the Academy Award for Best Picture: "An American in Paris" and "Gigi". On the night that "An American in Paris" won Best Picture, Freed received an Honorary Oscar, and his version of "Show Boat" was also up for two Oscars that year, though it lost both to "An American in Paris". It is important to note that the year 1951, in which Freed won the Academy Award for Best Picture for "Paris" was the first year that the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated producers by name rather than by studio. He was the only person nominated for "An American in Paris", thus being the first person in the history of the award to win by name rather than by studio. "Singin' in the Rain" (1952), now his most highly regarded film, won no Oscars. He was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1972.


title: Arthur Freed

text: Shirley Temple Black wrote in her 1988 autobiography that when aged twelve she was interviewed by Freed with a view to transferring her career to MGM. She wrote that during the interview, Freed unzipped his trousers and exposed himself to her. "Being innocent of male anatomy, she responded by giggling, and he threw her out of his office", said the actress's obituary. She also reported this on "Larry King Live" when interviewed on October 25, 1988, citing it as the reason she left MGM after only one film and returned to Fox.


title: Arthur Freed

text: Freed left MGM in 1961. He served as president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences until leaving in 1966. He died of a heart attack on April 3, 1973.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima (, ) is one of the four major cities of Isan, Thailand, known as the "big four of Isan". The city is commonly known as Korat (, ), a shortened form of its name. It is the governmental seat of the Nakhon Ratchasima province and Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima district. After Bangkok and Chiang Mai, Korat is the third largest city in Thailand.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Korat is at the western edge of the Korat Plateau. Historically, it once marked the boundary between Lao and Siam territory. It is the gateway to the Lao-speaking northeast (Isan). Its location is .


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: , the municipal area - as a small part of Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima - had a population of 126,391, while the Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima district, forming Korat's urban area, has a population of 450,000 (Estimate 2022).


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Archaeological evidence suggests that in Sung Noen District 32 km west of present-day Nakhon Ratchasima (Korat) there were two ancient towns called "Sema" ("Bai sema" () are notable artifacts of the Korat plateau) and "Khorakapura". (Pali "púra" becomes Sanskrit "puri", hence Thai (), all connoting the same as Thai "mueang": "city with defensive wall".) N The latter name was shortened to "Nakhon Raj". ( (นคร) derives from Sanskrit "nagara" (), "city"; (ราช), from Sanskrit Raj, "sovereign.") The present city name is a portmanteau of "Nakhon Raj" and "Sema".


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: The city is commonly known as "Korat" (Thai: โคราช), which is a short version of the ancient Khmer name "ankor raj".


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Prior to the 14th century, the area of Nakhon Ratchasima was under Khmer empire suzerainty and known in Khmer as "Angkor raj", "Nokor Reach Seyma", or "Nokor Reach Borei", and "Koreach". Phimai, to the north, was probably more important.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: King Narai of Ayutthaya in the 17th century, ordered a new city built on the site to serve as a stronghold on Ayutthaya's northeastern frontier. Nakhon Ratchasima was thereafter mentioned in Siamese chronicles and legal documents as a "second-class" city of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. A royal governor ruled the city in a hereditary position.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: After the final phase of the Ayutthaya kingdom ended with its complete destruction by the Burmese in 1767, a son of King Boromakot attempted to set himself up ruler in Phimai, holding sway over Korat and other eastern provinces. King Taksin of the Thonburi Kingdom (1768–1782) sent two of his generals, brothers Thong Duang and Boonma, to defeat the prince, who was executed in 1768. Thong Duang later became King Rama I of the kingdom, and Korat became his strategic stronghold on the northeastern frontier to supervise the Lao and Khmer tributary states.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: In 1826, Vientiane King Chao Anouvong, perceiving Siam as weakened, attacked Korat in the Laotian Rebellion against King Rama III that was to rage on for two years. Lady Mo, the wife of the deputy governor at the time, is credited with having freed the city from Anouvong's army, and has been honored with a statue in the center of downtown Korat. A full account of the war and its impact on Laos and Siam, is detailed in the book, "Lady Mo and Heroism at Tung Samrit", written by Frank G Anderson. The city's old wall, east of the monument was designed and built by a French engineer who is believed to be the one who also built Naraimaharaj Palace in Lopburi. The French-based design is reflected in the moat system that surrounds the innermost portion of the city.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima continued to be an important political and economic center in the northeastern region under the Monthon administrative reforms of the late-19th century. In November 1900, the Royal State Railways of Siam began operation of the Nakhon Ratchasima Line from Bangkok with Korat Station as its terminus. It was officially opened on 21 December 1900 by King Chulalongkorn. The Ubon Ratchathani Line to the town of Warin opened 1 November 1922. The Thanon Chira Junction to Khon Kaen opened on 1 April 1933. "Korat station" was changed to Nakhon Ratchasima Railway Station in 1934.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: In October 1933, after the Siamese revolution of 1932 ended the absolute monarchy, Nakhon Ratchasima became the headquarters of the Boworadet Rebellion, an abortive uprising against the new government in Bangkok.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: During World War II, the troops from Nakhon Ratchasima joined the fight in Franco-Thai War, The Thai army was able to temporarily recapture some of the territory. After the war, the United States helped build Mittraphap Road from Saraburi to Nakhon Ratchasima.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: In April 1981 during another attempted coup, the government, together with the royal family, took refuge in Korat.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: From 1962 to 1976, during the Vietnam War, Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base hosted components of the Royal Thai Air Force, the United States Air Force, and a complement of the Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF). After the US withdrawal in 1976, the Thai Air Force assumed full control. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the airfield was jointly operated as a civil airport for Nakhon Ratchasima. This ended with the opening of Nakhon Ratchasima Airport in the early 1990s.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: On 13 August 1993, Thailand's worst disaster happened in the city, the collapse of the Royal Plaza Hotel, killing 137 people.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: On 8 and 9 February 2020, Thailand's deadliest shooting occurred in the city, when an offduty Royal Thai Army Sergeant shot 29 people dead and wounded 58 others, mostly at the local Terminal 21 mall, before being killed by responding officers.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: The sanitation changed to town municipality ("thesaban mueang") on 11 December 1935. On 8 March 1937 the municipality was enlarged to 4.4 km. and later on 1 January 1983 to 37.5 km or 5 percent of Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima District. The status was upgraded to city municipality ("thesaban nakhon") on 25 September 1995. The administration of the city is responsible for a population of 126,391 registered residents in 71,022 households.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima has a tropical savanna climate ("Aw" in the Köppen climate classification), with the large majority of its rain falling between May and October.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Korat's economy has traditionally been heavily dependent on agriculture. It is known as a processing centre for Isan's production of rice, tapioca, and sugar. The Isan region accounts for half of Thailand's exports of those commodities. Together, these three agricultural commodities employ 700,000 Isan families. Korat is also one of two sites in Thailand manufacturing disk drives by Seagate Technology, employing 12,100 workers in Korat.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Korat has become the commercial hub, not only for Isan, but also for neighbouring Cambodia and Laos. All three of Thailand's largest Bangkok-based department store chains have invested in expansive outlets in the city, which will provide one million square metres of retail space by late 2017.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima Airport lies east of the city. There are no scheduled air services operating from the airport.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima is on the northeastern railway line, connecting Bangkok with Ubon Ratchathani and Nong Khai. There are two main railway stations in the city: Nakhon Ratchasima Railway Station on Mukkhamontri Road and Thanon Chira Junction Railway Station on Watcharasarit Road. In 2017, a dual-track line will connect Korat to Khon Kaen. It is the first segment of a dual track network that will connect Isan with the Laem Chabang seaport. A high-speed rail line to Bangkok is due to open in 2027.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Passing near the city is Mittraphap Road (Thailand Route 2), the main arterial road that joins Bangkok with the province capitals of Saraburi, Nakhon Ratchasima. Khon Kaen, Udon Thani, and Nong Khai (the major gateway to Laos). A new motorway connecting Korat to Bangkok is under construction in 2016 and will reduce travel time on the journey to just over two hours.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: The 80th Birthday Stadium is the main stadium in His Majesty the King's 80th Birthday Anniversary, 5th December 2007 Sports Complex. It is home to Nakhon Ratchasima FC that competes in the national first tier football level, Thailand Premier League and it was used for the 2007 Southeast Asian Games.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: The stadium is in the former SEA Games sports complex on Highway 304 (Pak Thong Chai Road) to the southwest of the city. The stadium is all-seats with a capacity of 20,000.


title: Nakhon Ratchasima

text: Nakhon Ratchasima is the home of the four-times Men's Volleyball Thailand League winner, Nakhon Ratchasima the Mall and the three-times Women's Volleyball Thailand League winner, Nakhon Ratchasima the Mall. It is also the birthplace of football player Thanayut Kaewjohor.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Ölüdeniz (literally "Dead Sea", due to its calm waters even during storms; official translation name Blue Lagoon) is a small neighbourhood and beach resort in the Fethiye district of Muğla Province, on the Turquoise Coast of southwestern Turkey, at the conjunction point of the Aegean and Mediterranean sea. It is located to the south of Fethiye, near Mount Babadağ.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: It has a sandy bay at the mouth of Ölüdeniz, on a blue lagoon. The beach itself is a pebble beach. The lagoon is a national nature reserve and construction is strictly prohibited. The seawater of Ölüdeniz is famous for its shades of turquoise and aquamarine, while its beach is an official Blue Flag beach.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Ölüdeniz is also famous for its paragliding opportunities. It is promoted as one of the best places in the world to paraglide due to its unique panoramic views, stable weather conditions, and Mount Babadağ's exceptional height.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Babadag (Father Mountain), towering above Ölüdeniz on the southwest coast of Turkey, is a geological marvel that just makes for strong thermals and ideal conditions for paragliding flight. Ölüdeniz is reputedly the best site in Europe, if not the world, to fly paragliders cross-country in both solo and tandem modes.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Since 2010, an international multiday trail running ultramarathon, called Lycian Way Ultramarathon, is held on the historical Lycian Way. The event runs eastward on a route of around from Ölüdeniz to Antalya in six days.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Ölüdeniz offer a variety of diving opportunities with regard to its crystal clear waters and rich underwater caves and fauna. Scuba diving is the most popular underwater activity. Local diving agencies provide courses and required scuba diving licences. Snorkelling is another diving activity and many sites are very suitable for snorkelling.


title: Ölüdeniz

text: Ölüdeniz has typical Mediterranean Climate. The weather is warm all year round, but in the summer temperatures often surpass 35 degrees Celsius.


title: Principality of Catalonia

text: The Principality of Catalonia (, , , ) was a medieval and early modern state in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. During most of its history it was in dynastic union with the Kingdom of Aragon, constituting together the Crown of Aragon. Between the 13th and the 18th centuries, it was bordered by the Kingdom of Aragon to the west, the Kingdom of Valencia to the south, the Kingdom of France and the feudal lordship of Andorra to the north and by the Mediterranean Sea to the east. The term Principality of Catalonia remained in use until the Second Spanish Republic, when its use declined because of its historical relation to the monarchy. Today, the term "Principat" (Principality) is used primarily to refer to the autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain, as distinct from the other Catalan Countries, and usually including the historical region of Roussillon in Southern France.


title: Principality of Catalonia

text: The first reference to Catalonia and the Catalans appears in the "Liber maiolichinus de gestis Pisanorum illustribus", a Pisan chronicle (written between 1117 and 1125) of the conquest of Majorca by a joint force of Italians, Catalans, and Occitans. At the time, Catalonia did not yet exist as a political entity, though the use of this term seems to acknowledge Catalonia as a cultural or geographical entity. The counties that eventually made up the Principality of Catalonia were gradually unified under the rule of the count of Barcelona. In 1137, the County of Barcelona and the Kingdom of Aragon were unified under a single dynasty, creating what modern historians call the Crown of Aragon; however, Aragon and Catalonia retained their own political structure and legal traditions, developing separate political communities along the next centuries. Under Alfons I the Troubador (reigned 1164–1196), Catalonia was regarded as a legal entity for the first time. Still, the term "Principality of Catalonia" was not used legally until the 14th century, when it was applied to the territories ruled by the Courts of Catalonia.


title: Principality of Catalonia

text: Its institutional system evolved over the centuries, establishing political bodies analogous to the ones of the other kingdoms of the Crown (such as the Courts, the Generalitat or the Consell de Cent) and legislation (constitutions, derived from the Usages of Barcelona) which largely limited the royal power and secured the political model of pactism. Catalonia contributed to further develop the Crown trade and military, most significantly their navy. Catalan language flourished and expanded as more territories were added to the Crown, including Valencia, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia, Sicily, Naples and Athens, constituting a thalassocracy across the Mediterranean. The crisis of the 14th century, the end of the rule of House of Barcelona (1410) and a civil war (1462–1472) weakened the role of the Principality in Crown and international affairs.