title: Neustria

text: Despite the wars, Neustria and Austrasia re-united briefly on several occasions. The first was under Clotaire I during his reign from 558 to 562. The struggle for power continued with Queen Fredegund of Neustria, the widow of King Chilperic I (reigned 566–584) and the mother of the new king Clotaire II (reigned 584–628), unleashing a bitter war.


title: Neustria

text: After his mother's death and burial in Saint Denis Basilica near Paris in 597, Clotaire II continued the struggle against Queen Brunhilda, and finally triumphed in 613 when Brunhilda's followers betrayed the old queen into his hands. Clotaire had Brunhilda put to the rack and stretched for three days, then chained between four horses and eventually ripped limb from limb. Clotaire now ruled a united realm, but only for a short time as he made his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia. Dagobert's accession in Neustria resulted in another temporary unification.


title: Neustria

text: In Austrasia under the Arnulfing mayor Grimoald the Elder attempted a coup against his liege, Clovis II had him removed and again reunited the kingdom from Neustria, but again temporarily. During or soon after the reign of Clovis's son Chlothar III, the dynasty of Neustria, like that of Austrasia before it, ceded authority to its own mayor of the palace.


title: Neustria

text: In 678, Neustria, under Mayor Ebroin, subdued the Austrasians for the last time. Ebroin was murdered in 680. In 687, Pippin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of the King of Austrasia, defeated the Neustrians at Tertry. Neustria's mayor Berchar was assassinated shortly afterwards and following a marriage alliance between Pippin's son Drogo and Berthal's widow, Pippin became mayor of the Neustrian palace.


title: Neustria

text: Pippin's descendants, the Carolingians, continued to rule the two realms as mayors. With Pope Stephen II's blessing, after 751 the Carolingian Pippin the Short, formally deposed the Merovingians and took control of the empire, he and his descendants ruling as kings.


title: Neustria

text: Neustria, Austrasia, and Burgundy then became united under one authority and, although it would split once again into various eastern and western divisions, the names "Neustria" and "Austrasia" gradually disappeared.


title: Neustria

text: In 748, the brothers Pepin the Short and Carloman gave their younger brother Grifo twelve counties in Neustria centred on that of Le Mans. This polity was termed the "ducatus Cenomannicus", or Duchy of Maine, and this was an alternative name for the "regnum" of Neustria well into the 9th century.


title: Neustria

text: The term "Neustria" took on the meaning of "land between the Seine and Loire" when it was given as a "regnum" (kingdom) by Charlemagne to his second son, Charles the Younger, in 790. At this time, the chief city of the kingdom appears to be Le Mans, where the royal court of Charles was established. Under the Carolingian dynasty, the chief duty of the Neustrian king was to defend the sovereignty of the Franks over the Bretons.


title: Neustria

text: In 817, Louis the Pious granted Neustria to his eldest son Lothair I, but following his rebellion in 831, he gave it to Pepin I of Aquitaine, and following the latter's death in 838, to Charles the Bald. Neustria, along with Aquitaine, formed the major part of Charles West Frankish kingdom carved out of the Empire by the Treaty of Verdun (843). Charles continued the tradition of appointing an elder son to reign in Neustria with his own court at Le Mans when he made Louis the Stammerer king in 856. Louis married the daughter of the King of Brittany, Erispoe, and received the "regnum" from the Breton monarch with the consent of the Frankish magnates. This unique relationship for Neustria stressed how it had shrunk in size to definitely exclude the Île de France and Paris by this time, as it was distanced from the central authority of Charles the Bald and closer to that of Erispoe. Louis was the last Frankish monarch to be appointed to Neustria by his father and the practice of creating subkingdoms for sons waned among the later Carolingians.


title: Neustria

text: In 861, the Carolingian king Charles the Bald created the Marches of Neustria that were ruled by officials appointed by the crown, known as wardens, prefects or margraves. Originally, there were two marches, one against the Bretons and one against the Norsemen, often called the Breton March and Norman March respectively.


title: Neustria

text: In 911, Robert I of France became margrave of both Marches and took the title "demarchus". His family, the later Capetians, ruled the whole of Neustria until 987, when Hugh Capet was elected to the kingship. The subsidiary counts of Neustria had exceeded the margrave in power by that time and the peak of Viking and Breton raiding had passed. After the Capetian Miracle, no further margraves were appointed and "Neustria" was eclipsed as a European political term (present, however, in some Anglo-Norman chronicles and revived as synonymous with English possession of Normandy under Henry V by the St. Albans chronicler Thomas Walsingham in his Ypodigma Neustriae).


title: Neustria

text: The chief contemporary chronicles written from a Neustrian perspective are the "History of the Franks" by Gregory of Tours, the "Book of the History of the Franks", the "Annals of St-Bertin", the "Annals of St-Vaast", the "Annals" by Flodoard of Reims, and the "History of the conflicts of the Gauls" by "Richer of Reims".


title: Japanese counter word

text: In Japanese, counter words or counters (, ) are measure words used with numbers to count things, actions, and events. Counters are added directly after numbers. There are numerous counters, and different counters are used depending on the kind or shape of nouns describing.


title: Japanese counter word

text: In Japanese, as in Chinese and Korean, numerals cannot quantify nouns by themselves (except, in certain cases, for the numbers from one to ten; see below). For example, to express the idea "two dogs" in Japanese one could say 二匹の犬 "ni-hiki no inu" (literally "two small-animal-count dog"), or 犬二匹 "inu ni-hiki" (literally "dog two small-animal-count"), but just pasting 二 and 犬 together in either order is ungrammatical. Here 二 "ni" is the number "two", 匹 "hiki" is the counter for small animals, の "no" is the possessive particle (a reversed "of", similar to the " 's" in "John's dog"), and 犬 "inu" is the word "dog".


title: Japanese counter word

text: Counters are not independent words; they must appear with a numeric prefix. The number can be imprecise: 何 "nan" or, less commonly, 幾 "iku", can both be used to mean "some/several/many", and, in questions, "what/how many/how much". For example, "some guests" can be translated as 何名様 "nan mei-sama" (lit. "some people-count honored-ones"), and "how many guests?" as 何名様？ "nan mei-sama?" (lit. "what people-count honored-ones "). Some nouns prefer 幾 "iku", as in 幾晩？ "iku-ban?" "how many nights?" and 幾日も行っていた "iku-nichi mo itte ita" "I was gone for many days."


title: Japanese counter word

text: Counter are similar in function to the word "pieces" in "two pieces of paper" or "cups" in "two cups of coffee". However, they cannot take non-numerical modifiers. So while "two pieces of paper" translates fairly directly as 紙二枚 "kami ni-mai" (lit. "paper two flat-count"), "two green pieces of paper" must be rendered as 緑の紙二枚 "midori no kami ni-mai", akin to "two pieces of green paper".


title: Japanese counter word

text: Just as in English, different counters can be used to convey different types of quantity. In English, one can say "one loaf of bread" or "one slice of bread". In Japanese, the equivalents would be パン一斤 "pan ikkin" (lit. "bread one-loaf") and パン一枚 "pan ichimai" (lit. "bread one-flat-count"). There are numerous counters, and depending on the kind or shape of nouns the number is describing, different counters are used.


title: Japanese counter word

text: Grammatically, counter words can appear either before or after the noun they count. They generally occur "after" the noun (following particles), and if used before the noun, they emphasize the quantity; this is a common mistake for English learners of Japanese. For example, to say "[I] drank two bottles of beer", the order is ビールを二本飲んだ "bīru o nihon nonda" (lit. "beer two-long-thin-count drank"). In contrast, 二本のビールを飲んだ "nihon no bīru o nonda" (lit. "two-long-thin-count beer drank") would only be appropriate when emphasizing the number as in responding with "[I] drank "two" bottles of beer" to "How many beers did you drink?".


title: Japanese counter word

text: In generative grammar, one proposed structure of Japanese nominal phrases includes three layers of functional projections: #P, CaseP, and QuantifierP. Here, #P is placed above NP to explain Japanese's lack of plural morphology, and to make clear the # head is the stem of such morphology. This structure relies on movement in order to satisfy agreement via extended projection principle features.


title: Japanese counter word

text: In Japanese, virtually all nouns must use a counter to express number because Japanese lacks singular/plural morphology. In this sense, virtually all Japanese nouns are mass nouns. This grammatical feature can result in situations where one is unable to express the number of a particular object in a syntactically correct way because one does not know, or cannot remember, the appropriate counting word. With quantities from one to ten, this problem can often be sidestepped by using the traditional numbers (see below), which can quantify many nouns without help. For example, "four apples" is りんご四個 "ringo yonko" where 個 "ko" is the counter, but can also be expressed, using the traditional numeral four, as りんご四つ "ringo yottsu". These traditional numerals cannot be used to count all nouns, however; some, including nouns for people and animals, require a proper counter (except for 1 and 2 people, which virtually always use variants of the traditional numerals; see exceptions).


title: Japanese counter word

text: Some of the more common counters may substitute for less common ones. For example, 匹 "hiki" (see below) is often used for all animals, regardless of size. However, many speakers will prefer to use the traditionally correct counter, 頭 "tō", when speaking of larger animals such as horses. This yields a range of possible counters, with differing degrees of usage and acceptability – for example, when ordering kushikatsu (fried skewers), one may order them as 二串 "futa-kushi" (two skewers), 二本 "ni-hon" (two sticks), or 二つ "futa-tsu" (two items), in decreasing order of precision.


title: Japanese counter word

text: Counters may be intentionally misused for humorous, stupid, or insulting effects. For example, one might say 男一匹 ("one man [like an animal]"), using 匹 , the counter for animals.


title: Japanese counter word

text: This list also includes some counters and usages that are rarely used or not widely known; other words can also be used as counters more sporadically.


title: Japanese counter word

text: Systematic changes occur when particular numbers precede counters that begin with certain phonemes. For example, 一 "ichi" + 回 "kai" → 一回 "ikkai." The details are listed in the table below.


title: Japanese counter word

text: This can be the result of the morpho-phonological phenomenon of historical sound changes,' as shown by the voicing of 匹 hiki:


title: Japanese counter word

text: It may also be that some counters carry features which are responsible for such euphonic changes for singular, dual, and plural nouns, where singular carries [+singular, -augmented] features, dual carries [-singular, -augmented] features, and plural carries [-singular, +augmented] features.


title: Japanese counter word

text: These changes are followed fairly consistently but exceptions and variations between speakers do exist. Where variations are common, more than one alternative is listed.


title: Japanese counter word

text: "Jū" is replaced by either "ju-" or "ji-" (じゅっ/じっ) followed by a doubled consonant before the voiceless consonants as shown in the table. "Ji-" is the older form, but it has been replaced by "ju-" in the speech of recent generations.


title: Japanese counter word

text: The traditional numbers are used by and for young children to give their ages, instead of using the age counter 歳 (or 才) "sai".


title: Japanese counter word

text: Some counters, notably 日 "nichi" and 人 "nin", use the traditional numerals for some numbers as shown in the table below. Other uses of traditional numbers are usually restricted to certain phrases, such as 一月 "hitotsuki" and 二月 "futatsuki" (one and two months respectively), 一言 "hitokoto" (a single word) and 一度 "hitotabi" (once).


title: Japanese counter word

text: Sometimes common numbers that have a derived meaning are written using different kanji. For example, "hitori" (alone) is written 独り, and "futatabi" (once more, another time) is normally written 再び instead of 二度. The counter for months "kagetsu" (derived from kanji 箇月) is commonly written ヶ月.


title: Japanese counter word

text: "Nana" and "shichi" are alternatives for 7, "yon" and "shi" are alternatives for 4, and "kyū" and "ku" are alternatives for 9. In those three pairs of options, "nana", "yon" and "kyū" respectively are more commonly used. Some counters, however, notably 人 "nin" (people), 月 "gatsu" (month of the year), 日 "ka/nichi" (day of the month, days), 時 "ji" (time of day) and 時間 "jikan" (hours) take certain alternatives only. These are shown in the table below.


title: Japanese counter word

text: While 回 "kai" (occurrences) and 銭 "sen" (0.01 yen, now rarely used) follow the euphonic changes listed above, homophones 階 "kai" (stories/floors of a building) and 千 "sen" (1000) are slightly different as shown below, although these differences are not followed by all speakers. Thus 三階 ("third floor") can be read either "sankai" or "sangai", while 三回 ("three times") can only be read "sankai".


title: Japanese counter word

text: In general, the counter words mentioned above are cardinal numbers, in that they indicate quantity. To transform a counter word into an ordinal number that denotes position in a sequence, 目 "me" is added to the end of the counter. Thus "one time" would be translated as 一回 "ikkai", whereas "the first time" would be translated as 一回目 "ikkaime".


title: Japanese counter word

text: This rule is inconsistent, however, as counters without the "me" suffix are often used interchangeably with cardinal and ordinal meanings. For example, 三階 "sangai" can mean both "three floors" and "third floor."


title: Japanese counter word

text: To express a period of time one may add 間 "kan" to the following words: 秒 "byō", 分 "fun", 時 "ji", 日 "nichi" (and its irregular readings aside from "tsuitachi"), 週 "shū", ヶ月 "kagetsu" and 年 "nen". Usage varies depending on the word, though. For example, omitting "kan" in the case of 時間 "jikan" would be a mistake, whereas "shūkan" and "shū" are both in frequent use. In addition, "kagetsukan" is rarely heard due to essentially being superfluous, the "ka" already functioning to express the length.


title: Japanese counter word

text: The counter for rabbits is -wa (羽), which is the same as the counter for birds species. Usually, -hiki  (匹) is used for “small-to medium-size animals ," therefore, the counter for rabbits is an exception. There are many theories about why -wa (羽) is used for rabbits instead of  -hiki (匹).


title: Japanese counter word

text: One of the theories is that in Edo-era, eating four-legged animals was strictly forbidden by the government, and people were not allowed to consume rabbit meat. Then, people started to categorize rabbits as birds so that they can consume rabbit meat, and the counter was also changed from  -hiki (匹) to  -wa (羽). Another theory is that taste of rabbit meat is similar to bird meat, and in addition, the rabbits were captured using a net just like birds so -wa (羽) is used instead of -hiki (匹). Takemitsu says that the origin of the word rabbit, 兎 (usagi), is 羽 (u) which describes birds feather: therefore, the counter, -wa (羽), is used for rabbits.


title: These Dreams

text: "These Dreams" is a song by American rock band Heart from their 1985 self-titled eighth studio album "Heart". It was released on January 18, 1986, as the album's third single, becoming the band's first song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100. The single's B-side track, "Shell Shock" (on some releases), was also the B-side of Heart's previous single "Never".


title: These Dreams

text: In 1985, singer-songwriter Martin Page, who co-wrote other successful songs including "We Built This City" and "King of Wishful Thinking", and Bernie Taupin, longtime collaborator of Elton John, wrote a song which would later be titled "These Dreams". The song was offered to Stevie Nicks, who expressed no interest in recording it. Heart had just recently signed with Capitol Records, and while the band had previously recorded their own material, they were impressed by "These Dreams" and agreed to use the song on their upcoming album.


title: These Dreams

text: The track is a power ballad with a more polished sound in comparison to Heart's previous work and was the band's first single on which Nancy Wilson performed lead vocals instead of Ann Wilson. According to "The Billboard Book of Number One Hits" by Fred Bronson, when it came time for Wilson to record her vocals, she was suffering from a cold and sounded somewhat raspy and gravelly. After the song reached commercial success, producers reportedly wanted Wilson to recreate the vocal style on future recordings, asking her "Can't you just get sick again?"


title: These Dreams

text: The liner notes of "Heart" state that the track was dedicated to Wilson's good friend Sharon Hess, who died from leukemia shortly before it was released. The lyrics of the track describe the fantasy world a woman enters, every time she sleeps, when faced with a difficult situation in life.


title: These Dreams

text: The anthemic chorus of the song is performed in the key of B major with a tempo of approximately 79 beats per minute. The verses are in G# Minor, modulating into the Relative Major for the chorus.


title: These Dreams

text: "Cash Box" called it "a tender, forlorn song which features a rare lead vocal appearance by Nancy [Wilson]."


title: These Dreams

text: The track was released as the third single from "Heart". Following two consecutive US Top 10 singles, it elevated the band's success, becoming Heart's first single to reach number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on March 22, 1986. It also became Heart's first and only number-one song on the US Adult Contemporary chart In the United Kingdom, the single initially peaked at number 62 on the UK Singles Chart but following the success of the band's 1987 single "Alone" in the country, the song was re-released in 1988 as a double A-side with "Never", and reached a new peak of number 8.


title: These Dreams

text: A music video was made for the song, recorded via Capitol Records and directed by Jeff Stein. The clip for the track, which used the single version instead of the album version, received heavy airplay from MTV and was the third of four US Top 10 singles from "Heart". This version (slightly shorter) does not have the second strophe of the original verses.


title: These Dreams

text: In the video, Nancy Wilson sings as she over looks a pool of water and plays guitar in other sequences. Ann Wilson sings with her from shadow and the other band members have brief appearances performing the song. Wilson plays a Dean Guitar as well as a petite sail-shaped electric guitar, created by luthier David Petschulat.


title: These Dreams

text: A remix of the track, at a length of 5 minutes and 25 seconds, appears on a UK limited laser etched one-sided 12" single edition upon which a scratch vocal is used. Nancy had not gotten sick yet at this point, but had come down with a cold when the time came to lay down the chart-topping production vocal. The UK CD single edition featured the B-side track "Heart of Darkness", a track which is only available in CD format on that edition. Additionally, in the UK, a limited 7" picture disc edition was released and in 1987, after the success of "Alone", "These Dreams" was re-released as a double A side with "Never".


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Tomislav Nikolić (, ; born 15 February 1952) is a Serbian retired politician who served as the president of Serbia from 2012 to 2017. A former member of the far-right Serbian Radical Party (SRS), he disassociated himself with the party in 2008 and formed the Serbian Progressive Party (SNS) which he led until 2012.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Born in village Bajčetina near Kragujevac, Nikolić was a long-time member of parliament for SRS. He served as the Deputy Prime Minister of Serbia from 1998 to 1999 and Deputy Prime Minister of FR Yugoslavia in the coalition government from 1999 to 2000. Nikolić was the deputy leader of SRS from 2003, and he briefly served as the President of the National Assembly of Serbia in 2007. In 2008, he resigned following a disagreement with party leader Vojislav Šešelj regarding Serbia's relations with the European Union, as Nikolić became in favour of Serbia's accession to the EU, a move that was staunchly opposed by Šešelj and his faction. Nikolić formed SNS, which several SRS members joined.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić ran for President of Yugoslavia in the 2000 elections and placed third. He also ran four times for President of Serbia (in 2003, 2004, 2008, and 2012 elections). In 2003, he garnered the most votes, but the election was cancelled due to low turnout, while in 2004 and 2008 he was placed second behind Boris Tadić. In 2012, he won the run-off against Tadić to become President of Serbia.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Tomislav Nikolić was born in Kragujevac. His father, Radomir, was a labourer, and his mother, Živadinka (née Đoković), was a housewife. In his youth, he trained in athletics. He completed secondary technical school in Kragujevac. His first employment was as a cemetery supervisor. In 1971 he began working with the building construction company "Žegrap", and in 1978 he worked for the company "22 December" in Kragujevac as head of the Investment and Maintenance Department. He was also Technical Director of the Utility Services company in Kragujevac. He and his wife Dragica (née Ninković) have two sons.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić began his political career as vice-president of the People's Radical Party. Under his initiative, a fraction of the People's Radical Party merged with Vojislav Šešelj's Serbian National Renewal to form the Serbian Radical Party. Šešelj was elected president of the new party and Nikolić as vice-president. The party had been described by some as a Chetnik party oriented towards neo-fascism and striving for the territorial expansion of Serbia. The Chetniks were a World War II movement in Yugoslavia led by Draža Mihailović, who was accused of collaboration with the occupying forces and war crimes. In 1993, during the Bosnian War, Nikolić was proclaimed as Chetnik voivode by Šešelj in a ceremony on the Romanija Mountain.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić has been a deputy in the National Assembly of Serbia since 1991, the only one elected continuously since that year. Under Slobodan Milošević and the Socialist Party of Serbia, he and Šešelj were sentenced to three months in prison which he served in Gnjilane. However, in March 1998, the Serbian Radical Party formed a coalition with the Socialist Party and he then became the vice-president of the Government of Serbia and, by the end of 1999, the vice-president of the government of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In 2000, he began the first of several runs for the presidency of Serbia. In the FR Yugoslavia presidential election of 2000, he finished in third place behind Vojislav Koštunica and Slobodan Milošević. He then ran in the 2003 Serbian presidential election, in which garnered the most votes in the first round (46.23%), ahead of Dragoljub Mićunović, but the results were invalidated due to a low turnout of only 38.8%. Nikolić made yet another bid for the presidency in the 2004 presidential election. In the first round, he received 30.1% of the vote and Boris Tadić received 27.3%. In the second round held on 27 June, Nikolić lost to Tadić by 53.7% to 45.4%. On 23 February 2003, he became the deputy leader of the party after Vojislav Šešelj went voluntarily to the ICTY. During his leadership of the party, Nikolić favoured pushing the party towards focusing on more economic and social issues such as poverty and unemployment, rather than militant nationalism.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In a remark about Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić's injured leg, Nikolić said on 28 February 2003: "If anyone of you, in the following month or two, sees Zoran Đinđić somewhere, tell him that Tito also had a problem with a leg before his death". Less than two weeks later Đinđić was assassinated in Belgrade. Nikolić later apologized for his statement by saying that he would have never said that had he known what would happen. In contrast to Đinđić, Nikolić repeatedly refused to apologize for stating "I don't regret that Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered". (The journalist Slavko Ćuruvija was murdered on 11 April 1999 in front of the door of his building.)


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić was elected Speaker of Parliament on 8 May 2007, defeating Milena Milošević of the Democratic Party by 142 to 99 votes out of 244 members of Parliament. The Democratic Party of Serbia endorsed him. Hajredin Kuçi of the Democratic Party of Kosovo, Ylli Hoxha of the Reformist Party ORA, and the Prime Minister of Kosovo Agim Çeku condemned the election of Nikolić as "counterproductive and dangerous for Kosovo". On 9 May, Nikolić met with Russian Ambassador Aleksandr Alekseyev and gave a speech to Parliament in which he advocated making Serbia part of a Belarus-Russia superstate, saying that together they would "stand up against the hegemony of America and the European Union".


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: He resigned from his position as speaker on 13 May after the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party of Serbia formed a preliminary alliance in preparation for a coalition government. Nikolić told the Democratic parties that, if they "peacefully accept" the independence of Kosovo, the Radical Party "will not sit calmly and wait".


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In 2008, he ran again for the presidency in the 2008 presidential election. His slogan was "With All Heart" (; ). On 20 January 2008, Nikolić again won the first round with 39.99% of the vote. Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić, who garnered 35.39% of the vote, faced off against each other in a runoff election on 3 February. Nikolić lost, receiving 2,197,155 or 47.97% of the vote.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić abruptly resigned from the Radical Party leadership on 6 September 2008. Serb media cited differences between Nikolić and other members of the Radical Party hierarchy, especially party leader Vojislav Šešelj, about how the party should react to the proposed European Union membership for Serbia. In the following days, Nikolić formed a parliamentary group with a number of other Radical Party representatives called "Napred Srbijo" ("Forward, Serbia"). Nikolić told the press that the "old Serbian Radical Party no longer exists". On 11 September 2008, Šešelj addressed all Radical Party members in a letter. He named Nikolić and his group as "traitors, Western puppets and agents". He also called upon all SRS members to remain loyal to the ideology of "Serbian nationalism, anti-globalism and pro-Russian politics". On 12 September 2008, Nikolić and his group were officially ejected from the Radical Party. Nikolić announced that he would form his own party.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 24 September 2008, Nikolić announced that his new party's name would be the Serbian Progressive Party and that the first convention would be held on 21 October. The founding congress of the new party was held on 21 October 2008.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 5 February 2011, in front of the National Assembly, Nikolić and his political supporters – Milanka Karić (Strength of Serbia Movement), Velimir Ilić (New Serbia), Aleksandar Vulin (Movement of Socialists) and Aleksandar Vučić organized a protest demanding early parliamentary elections. According to an official Serbian police report there were around 55,000 people present. On 16 April 2011, Nikolić organized a larger protest with the same request. He also started a thirst and hunger strike that morning and later moved to the national parliament. He stated that his goal was to force the then-Serbian government (led by Boris Tadić) to hold early parliamentary elections. On 17 April, Tadić came to visit Nikolić in the latter's parliamentary chambers. Tadić advised Nikolić to stop striking. Nikolić's condition worsened, and he was taken to a private hospital. Serbia's media regularly reported on his condition. That same night his arterial tension was high (150/100 mmHg) but he refused to seek intravenous therapy or medication. When he realized that his hunger strike would not bring about the desired outcome, Nikolić stepped down, citing Easter.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić led the party in the 2012 parliamentary election, and he ran for president in the 2012 presidential election. His slogan was "Let's Get Serbia Moving" (, ). During the campaign, the issue of his education was raised, as the opposition claimed that Nikolić obtained his master's degree under dubious circumstances in a private school. Nikolić responded by suing the daily newspapers "Blic" and "Kurir", demanding 4 million euros as compensation.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 6 May 2012, Nikolić lost the first round with 25.05% of the vote. Nikolić and incumbent Boris Tadić, who garnered 25.31% of the vote, faced off against each other in a runoff election on 20 May. Nikolić won, receiving 49.4% of the vote in a tally of 70% of the polling stations. Boris Tadić, his rival in the elections, congratulated him on the victory, and stated that he hoped that Serbia would continue its progress under Nikolić.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić resigned as leader of the Serbian Progressive Party on 24 May 2012, and simultaneously quit his membership in the party, citing desire to be a president of all citizens of Serbia.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In a May 2012 interview, Nikolić was quoted by "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" to have said that ″Vukovar was a Serb city and Croats have nothing to go back to there″. Croatian President Ivo Josipović criticized Nikolić for this statement and conditioned future cooperation on Nikolić's withdrawal of the statement.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: The following day Nikolić's office issued a statement saying that Nikolić never made any such statement and called it a ″treacherous lie″. However, Michael Martens, a journalist at "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" subsequently published the audio recording showing that Nikolić had indeed made that statement.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In late September 2013, the Belgrade pride parade was banned by the Serbian police for the third consecutive year following violent threats issued by right-wing groups and requests by the Serbian Orthodox Church. Prior to the parade, Dačić released a statement in which he said that homosexual behaviour was "abnormal" and that homosexuals in Serbia needed to "respect the wishes of the majority of the population" if the "majority's wish was for the parade to not take place." Nikolić subsequently issued a statement calling for "work on the organisation of next year's parade to begin immediately."


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Nikolić was inaugurated as the President of Serbia on 11 June 2012. Štefan Füle, the European Commissioner for Neighbourhood and Enlargement, was the highest-ranking official to attend and many ambassadors from other countries were also present. The leaders of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia and Macedonia, boycotted the inauguration due to his denial of the genocide in Srebrenica and claims about Vukovar.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 2 June 2012, Nikolić stated on Montenegrin television that "there was no genocide in Srebrenica. In Srebrenica, grave war crimes were committed by some Serbs who should be found, prosecuted and punished. [...] It is very difficult to indict someone and prove before a court that an event qualifies as genocide." Nikolić stated that he would not attend the annual commemoration of the Srebrenica massacre: "Don't always ask the Serbian president if he is going to Srebrenica, my predecessor was there and paid tribute. Why should every president do the same?" His predecessor, Tadić, had previously acknowledged the massacre as a genocide.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: Bakir Izetbegović, a member of Bosnia and Herzegovina's presidency, said Nikolić's comments insulted the survivors. He elaborated "the denial of genocide in Srebrenica will not pave the way for co-operation and reconciliation in the region, but on the contrary, may cause fresh misunderstandings and tensions." Catherine Ashton, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, condemned his comments and stated that "the EU strongly rejects any intention to rewrite history." The United States Department of State deplored Nikolić's statement and considered them unfounded and counterproductive.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 25 April 2013, Nikolić apologised for crimes committed by any individual in the name of Serbia, and, in particular, for crimes committed in Srebrenica. The apology was not well received by some media and politicians in Bosnia and Herzegovina who were disappointed that Nikolić did not recognize the massacre as a genocide.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: As President, Nikolić has decorated a large number of domestic and foreign individuals and institutions on the occasion of Statehood Day. In 2016, he honoured Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan, because that country refused to recognise Kosovo's independence. The New York-based Coalition for the International Criminal Court called on Nikolić to revoke the medal he gave to Sudan's president because Bashir is wanted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) and is suspected of five counts of crimes against humanity, two counts of war crimes and three counts of genocide allegedly committed in Darfur.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In February 2017, Nikolić announced that he would not seek re-election in Serbia's forthcoming elections and extended his support to Aleksandar Vučić.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: During the 1990s and until 2008, Nikolić repeatedly called for the creation of a Greater Serbia. Nikolić told "Večernje novosti" in 2004 that the boundaries of Greater Serbia along the Virovitica-Karlovac-Karlobag line were not part of any imperialistic politics, but would always remain a "dream" for him and other Radical leaders. He also said that he would not have diplomatic relations with Croatia because they are "occupying Serbian land". In 2007, Nikolić stated that the basis of political action in the Serbian Radical Party was the unification of Republika Srpska, Montenegro, and the Republic of Serbian Krajina with Serbia in a single Balkan state. But a few days before the 2012 elections, Nikolić told the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" in an interview that the territorial integrity of neighbouring countries cannot be questioned and that his former opinions were no longer valid. When asked about this change of position, he quoted a French philosopher that said "only a fool does not change his opinion." In 2018, Nikolić stated that he has supported the independence of Republika Srpska and unification with Serbia.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In 2012, Nikolić was accused of buying a master's degree from the Faculty of Management in Novi Sad without attending a single class or exam. The allegation was based on the fact that his diploma had no stamp and that no other students recalled having seen him attend classes or exams.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: On 25 January 2016, Nikolić laid the cornerstone for "the Centre of Excellence" of the University of Kragujevac, his hometown; the institution will include a stem cell research unit. Nikolić said The Stem Cell Bank will "preserve what's most important, and the most beautiful characteristics of the Serb people" and also: "Children should be born here, with the Serb genetic material, with the Serb code, Serb past and Serb future. That has guided me to support this". Ombudsman of Serbia, Saša Janković, reacted to this on Twitter by saying he "regretted this statement," and adding that the first article of the Constitution states "the Republic of Serbia is the state of the Serb people and all citizens who live in it." The League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV) also reacted, saying that the president made "a Nazi statement" that "violated the Constitution," and urged him to resign.


title: Tomislav Nikolić

text: In September 2016, At the opening ceremony of Symposium of Association of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians Serbia, Montenegro and Republika Srpska, Nikolić said: "Gynaecology is knowledge about women, if anyone should dare to say that they have that knowledge". Maja Sedlarević, member of League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina (LSV), said Nikolić had offended women and also he is ignorant, uneducated and superficial.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Historical fantasy is a category of fantasy and genre of historical fiction that incorporates fantastic elements (such as magic) into a more "realistic" narrative. There is much crossover with other subgenres of fantasy; those classed as Arthurian, Celtic, or Dark Ages could just as easily be placed in historical fantasy. Stories fitting this classification generally take place prior to the 20th century.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Films of this genre may have plots set in biblical times or classical antiquity. They often have plots based very loosely on mythology or legends of Greek-Roman history, or the surrounding cultures of the same era.


title: Historical fantasy

text: All four approaches have overlapped in the subgenre of steampunk commonly associated with science fiction literature. However, not all steampunk fantasy belongs to the historical fantasy subgenre.


title: Historical fantasy

text: After Antoine Galland's translation of "One Thousand and One Nights" became popular in Europe, many writers wrote fantasy based on Galland's romantic image of the Middle East and North Africa. Early examples included the satirical tales of Anthony Hamilton, and "Zadig" by Voltaire. English-language work in the Arabian fantasy genre includes "Rasselas" (1759) by Samuel Johnson, "The Tales of the Genii" by James Ridley (1764), "Vathek" by William Thomas Beckford (1786), George Meredith's "The Shaving of Shagpat" (1856), "Khaled" (1891) by F. Marion Crawford, and James Elroy Flecker's "Hassan" (1922).


title: Historical fantasy

text: In the late 1970s, interest in the subgenre revived with "Hasan" (1977) by Piers Anthony. This was followed by several other novels reworking Arabian legend: the metafictional "The Arabian Nightmare" (1983) by Robert Irwin, Diana Wynne Jones' children's novel "Castle in the Air" (1990), Tom Holt's humorous "Djinn Rummy" (1995) and Hilari Bell's "Fall of a Kingdom".


title: Historical fantasy

text: Celtic fantasy has links to historical fantasy and Celtic historical fiction. Celtic historical fantasy includes such works as Katharine Kerr's "Deverry" series, or Teresa Edgerton's "Green Lion" trilogy. These works are (loosely) based on ancient Celtic cultures. The separate folklore of Ireland, Wales, and Scotland has sometimes been used indiscriminately, sometimes with great effect, as in Paul Hazel's "Finnbranch" trilogy, "Yearwood" (1980), "Undersea", (1982) and "Winterking" (1985); other writers have distinguished to use a single source.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Notable works inspired by Irish mythology included James Stephens' "The Crock of Gold" (1912), Lord Dunsany's "The Curse of the Wise Woman" (1933), Flann O'Brien's humorous "At Swim-Two-Birds" (1939), Pat O'Shea's "The Hounds of the Morrigan" (1985) and novels by Peter Tremayne, Morgan Llywelyn and Gregory Frost.


title: Historical fantasy

text: The Welsh tradition has been particularly influential, which has its connection to King Arthur and its collection in a single work, the epic "Mabinogion". One influential retelling of this was the fantasy work of Evangeline Walton: "The Island of the Mighty", "The Children of Llyr", "The Song of Rhiannon", and "Prince of Annwn". A notable amount of fiction has been written in the Welsh area of Celtic fantasy; other notable authors of Welsh Celtic fantasy include Kenneth Morris, John Cowper Powys, Vaughan Wilkins, Lloyd Alexander, Alan Garner, and Jenny Nimmo.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Scottish Celtic fantasy is less common, but James Hogg, John Francis Campbell ("The Celtic Dragon Myth", 1911), Fiona MacLeod, William Sharp, George Mackay Brown and Deborah Turner Harris all wrote material based on Scottish myths and legends.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Fantasy based on the Breton folklore branch of Celtic mythology does not often appear in the English language. However, several noted writers have utilized such material; Robert W. Chambers' "The Demoiselle d'Ys" (from "The King in Yellow", 1895) and A. Merritt in "Creep, Shadow!" (1934) both drew on the Breton legend of the lost city of Ys, while "The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun" (1930) by J. R. R. Tolkien is a narrative poem based on the Breton legend of the Corrigan.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Classical fantasy is a subgenre fantasy based on the Greek and Roman myths. Symbolism from classical mythology is enormously influential on Western culture, but it was not until the 19th century that it was used in the context of literary fantasy. Richard Garnett ("The Twilight of the Gods and Other Tales", 1888, revised 1903) and John Kendrick Bangs ("Olympian Nights", 1902) used the Greek myths for satirical purposes.


title: Historical fantasy

text: 20th-century writers who made extensive use of the subgenre included John Erksine, who continued the satirical tradition of classical fantasy in such works as "The Private Life of Helen of Troy" (1925) and "Venus, the Lonely Goddess" (1949). Eden Phillpotts used Greek myths to make philosophical points in such fantasies as "Pan and the Twins" (1922) and "Circe's Island" (1925). Jack Williamson's "The Reign of Wizardry" ("Unknown Worlds", 1940) is an adventure story based on the legend of Theseus. Several of Thomas Burnett Swann's novels draw on Greek and Roman myth, including "Day of the Minotaur" (1966). "The Firebrand" (1986) by Marion Zimmer Bradley and "Olympic Games" (2004) by Leslie What are both classical fantasy tales with feminist undertones. Guy Gavriel Kay who has made a career out of historical fantasy, set his two novels in "The Sarantine Mosaic" series in a parallel world heavily mirroring Justinian I's Byzantium.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Fantasy of manners, aka "mannerpunk," is a subgenre that takes place within a strict, elaborate, and hierarchical social structure. Inspired by the social novels and the comedy of manners of such authors as Jane Austen and Oscar Wilde, fantasy of manners involves class struggles among genteel characters in urban environments, and while duels are permitted, witty repartee often substitutes for physical conflict. Examples of fantasy of manners include "Swordspoint" by Ellen Kushner and "Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell" by Susanna Clarke.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Fantasy steampunk is another subgenre of historical fantasy, generally set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras. Steam technology, mixed with Victorian or Gothic-style architecture and technology, is the most widely recognized interpretation of this genre. One of the most popular characteristics of steampunk is the appearance of naked clockwork, rusty gears, and engines. Some works in this genre are alternate history.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Gaslamp fantasy is a subgenre to both steampunk and historical fantasy that takes place in an alternative universe based on Victorian or Edwardian eras. However, magic plays a more important role than the era's mechanical technology.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Similar to steampunk, gunpowder fantasy is considered a step below its more popular cousin. Gunpowder fantasy combines elements of epic fantasy (magic, mythical creatures, elves, epic scale) with rifles and railroads. It is a relatively new subgenre, but has been picking up popularity. It varies from steampunk in that it stays away from the fantastic inventions (airships, machines, etc.) that are common in steampunk. It is also sometimes called "muskets and magic". Gunpowder fantasy is generally set in a world with roughly equivalent technology to the world in the 17th through 19th centuries, particularly the latter eras. Typically, gunpowder fantasy also includes elements of real-world technology such as steam power, telegraphy and in some cases early telephones or combustion engines.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Gunpowder fantasy examples include "Monster Blood Tattoo Series" by D. M. Cornish (2006–2010), "Fullmetal Alchemist" by Hiromu Arakawa (2001–2010), "Terrarch Tetralogy by" William King (2011–), and "The Powder Mage trilogy", Brian McClellan (2013–2015).


title: Historical fantasy

text: Medieval fantasy encompasses works where aspects of medieval history such as legends from the Middle Ages, and aesthetics such as medievalisms, overlap with fantasy. According to the Getty Museum, it is contrasted from folklore which is set in a "familiar world with stock characters and plots". Subgenres of fantasy such as Gothic fiction, sword and sorcery, fairy tales, high fantasy, and low fantasy, can also overlap with medieval fantasy.


title: Historical fantasy

text: The broad genre of medieval fantasy is common among role-playing games and high fantasy literature. Notable examples of medieval fantasy games the Getty Museum has listed include the "Legend of Zelda" series (1986-) and "Dungeons & Dragons" (1974). Examples of literature listed include the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy (1954-1955) and "A Song of Fire and Ice" (1996-).


title: Historical fantasy

text: Stories set in prehistoric times and depicting the lives of prehistoric people. Prehistoric fantasy examples include the "Earth's Children" series by Jean M. Auel (1980-2011) and the "Chronicles of Ancient Darkness" by Michelle Paver.


title: Historical fantasy

text: Wǔxiá, literally meaning "martial (arts) heroes", is a subgenre of the quasi-fantasy and martial arts genre in literature, television and cinema. Wǔxiá figures prominently in the popular culture of Chinese-speaking areas, and the most important writers have devoted followings.


title: Historical fantasy

text: The wǔxiá genre is a blend of the philosophy of xiá (俠, "honor code", "an ethical person", "a hero"), and China's long history in wǔshù ("kung fu" or "martial arts"). A martial artist who follows the code of xiá is called a swordsman, or xiákè (俠客/侠客, literally "chivalrous guest"). Japan's samurai bushidō traditions, England's knight chivalry traditions, and America's gunslinger Western traditions all share some aspects with China's swordsman xiá traditions. The swordsman, however, need not serve a lord or hold any military power and they are not required to be from an aristocratic class.


title: Dancing with the Stars (American season 16)

text: Country music singer Kellie Pickler and Derek Hough were crowned the champions, while Disney Channel star Zendaya and finished in second place, and Baltimore Ravens wide receiver Jacoby Jones and Karina Smirnoff finished third.


text: The cast of eleven and their professional partners was announced on February 26, 2013 on "Good Morning America", with Jacoby Jones' participation confirmed two days earlier on February 24 during a network promo for the series airing during the 85th Oscars as a tease for the "GMA" announcement. This season saw its youngest contestant to date—16-year-old Zendaya (previously being Shawn Johnson from season 8 at 17). Although in Season 20, the record was taken from Zendaya by Willow Shields who competed when she was 14. Two weeks following the cast announcement, Sean Lowe as revealed on "GMA" as the 12th contestant this season partnering with Peta Murgatroyd. The following professionals who did not return for season 16 include Chelsie Hightower, Louis van Amstel, Anna Trebunskaya, and Maksim Chmerkovskiy. Lindsay Arnold, a contestant from season nine of "So You Think You Can Dance" was introduced as a new professional along with Troupe member Sharna Burgess. Gleb Savchenko, who recently participated as a professional on season twelve of the Australian version, was also announced as a new professional. The dance troupe is made up of last season's members Oksana Dmytrenko, Henry Byalikov, Emma Slater and Sasha Farber, along with new members Witney Carson and Julian Tocker.


text: Tom Bergeron and Brooke Burke Charvet returned as co-hosts, while Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, and Bruno Tonioli returned as judges. Scoring returned to using traditional whole numbers, instead of using the fractional scores introduced previous season. The Harold Wheeler orchestra and singers also returned to provide the music throughout the season.


text: The highest and lowest performances in each dance according to the judges' 30-point scale are as follows.


text: "Individual judges' scores in the charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Carrie Ann Inaba, Len Goodman, Bruno Tonioli."


text: At the results show of this week, it was announced that Dorothy Hamill would be withdrawing from the show due to an injury she had suffered from during training prior to this week.


text: All couples participated in a team freestyle, where Jacoby & Karina and Zendaya & Val each received two bonus points, plus one unlearned dance. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Couples performed one unlearned dance celebrating the most memorable year of their lives. Each celebrity included a brief solo during their routines. Kyle Jacobs, Kellie Pickler's husband, performed his own song that he wrote for Kellie. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Each couple had to select two other professionals that had either been eliminated, featured in previous seasons, or participated in the troupe; and then performed simultaneously with those professional dancers. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Each couple danced to a song by Stevie Wonder. Each couple also performed a team dance picked by the highest scoring couples: Zendaya & Val (Team Paso doble) and Kellie & Derek (Team Samba). Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Each couple danced to a Latin hit. After having danced, the top scoring couple was saved from elimination that week. The remaining six couples then took part in a dance-off, where they competed against another couple doing the cha-cha-cha, jive, or rumba. For each dance-off, the judges chose a winning couple and added three bonus points to their scores. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Each couple performed one unlearned ballroom dance as well as a trio dance. Each couple chose one professional who was either previously eliminated or participated in the dance troupe to perform with them.Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: Each couple performed two unlearned dances, one of which was chosen by the viewers through Twitter. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


text: On night one, each couple performed a dance chosen by one of the judges, a cha-cha-cha relay, and a supersized freestyle. On night two, one of the four couples was eliminated, and the remaining three couples then performed an instant dance of a style that they had already learned with music given to them just minutes before. Couples are listed in the order they performed.


title: Oh! Darling

text: "Oh! Darling" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, appearing as the fourth song on the 1969 album "Abbey Road". It was composed by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney). Its working title was "Oh! Darling (I'll Never Do You No Harm)". Although not issued as a single in either the United Kingdom or the United States, a regional subsidiary of Capitol successfully edited it as a single in Central America, having "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" as its B-side. It was also issued as a single in Portugal. Apple Records released "Oh! Darling" in Japan with "Here Comes the Sun" in June 1970.


title: Oh! Darling

text: McCartney later said of recording the track, "When we were recording 'Oh! Darling' I came into the studios early every day for a week to sing it by myself because at first my voice was too clear. I wanted it to sound as though I'd been performing it on stage all week." He would only try the song once each day; if it was not right he would wait until the next day. According to sound engineer Alan Parsons, McCartney once lamented that "five years ago I could have done this in a flash".


title: Oh! Darling

text: In a 1980 interview with "Playboy" magazine, John Lennon said, "'Oh! Darling' was a great one of Paul's that he didn't sing too well. I always thought I could have done it better – it was more my style than his. He wrote it, so what the hell, he's going to sing it." The song is in the key of A major.


title: Oh! Darling

text: George Harrison described the song as "a typical 1950s–'60s-period song because of its chord structure".


title: Oh! Darling

text: The basic track was recorded on 20 April 1969. There were many overdub sessions, including McCartney's attempts at the lead vocal. According to Ian MacDonald, the backing vocals were "exquisite", but "sadly underplayed in the mix". Engineer Geoff Emerick recalled that McCartney sang while the backing track played over speakers, instead of headphones, because he wanted to feel as though he was singing to a live audience. The song has been performed live by Paul McCartney and The Pretenders' Chrissie Hynde during a memorial concert for Foo Fighters drummer Taylor Hawkins on 3 September 2022.


title: Oh! Darling

text: McCartney first recorded a demo of "Oh! Darling" at Twickenham Studios on 16 January 1969 during the "Get Back" sessions without the other Beatles being present, as the Twickenham set they had been using was being dismantled due to their moving the sessions to Apple Corps' headquarters. After an early attempt at the song by the band on 27 January 1969, Lennon announced, "Just heard that Yoko's divorce has just gone through", after which he and the band burst into an improvised version of the song, substituting "I'm free at last" for a part of the lyric. The song and the following improvisation are included on the "Anthology 3" CD. This version also features a keyboard part played by Billy Preston.


title: Oh! Darling

text: "Oh! Darling" is a rhythm and blues song incorporating elements of doo-wop and the New Orleans rhythm and blues sound popularised during the 1950s and early 1960s by musicians such as Fats Domino; it also seems to have drawn on the Louisiana swamp blues sound found in songs like Slim Harpo's "Rainin' in My Heart" and Charles Brown's "Please Come Home for Christmas". Furthermore, it may have drawn on the related Louisiana genre known today as swamp pop, whose distinctive sound bears an uncanny resemblance to the basic structure of "Oh! Darling" – so much so that some in Louisiana originally thought the song had been recorded by a local musician. (When swamp pop musician John Fred met the Beatles in London in the 1960s, he was shocked to learn that "they were very familiar with Louisiana music.") Fittingly, swamp pop musician Jay Randall eventually covered "Oh! Darling" for the Lanor label of Church Point, Louisiana.


title: Oh! Darling

text: However, the book accompanying the 2019 box set "Abbey Road: Super Deluxe Version" lists an alternative line-up:


title: Oh! Darling

text: In 1978, "Oh! Darling" was released on the "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" soundtrack. It was also released as Robin Gibb's fourth solo single. It reached number 15 on the "Billboard" pop chart and number 22 in the US Adult Contemporary Charts on 7 October 1978. It was Gibb's highest charting single in the United States.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Province of North Carolina was a province of Great Britain that existed in North America from 1712 to 1776. It was one of the five Southern colonies and one of the thirteen American colonies. The monarch of Great Britain was represented by the Governor of North Carolina, until the colonies declared independence on July 4, 1776.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: "Carolina" is taken from the Latin word for "Charles" (Carolus), honoring King Charles II, and was first named in the 1663 Royal Charter granting to Edward, Earl of Clarendon; George, Duke of Albemarle; William, Lord Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret, Sir William Berkeley, and Sir John Colleton the right to settle lands in the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: King Charles II granted the Charter of Carolina in 1663 for land south of the British Colony of Virginia and north of Spanish Florida. He granted the land to eight lords proprietor, namely Edward, Earl of Clarendon; George, Duke of Albemarle; William, Lord Craven; John, Lord Berkeley; Anthony, Lord Ashley; Sir George Carteret; Sir William Berkeley; and Sir John Colleton. Charles granted the land in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660. The granted lands included all or part of the present-day U.S. states of North Carolina, Tennessee, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: The northern half of the Province of Carolina differed significantly from the southern half, and transportation and communication were difficult between the two regions, so a separate deputy governor was appointed to administer the northern region in 1691.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: The partition of Carolina into the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina was completed at a meeting of the lords proprietor held at Craven House in London on December 7, 1710, although the same proprietors continued to control both colonies. The first provincial governor of North Carolina was Edward Hyde. Unrest against the proprietors in South Carolina in 1719 led King George I to directly appoint a governor in that province, whereas the lords proprietor continued to appoint the governor of North Carolina. Both Carolinas became royal colonies in 1729, after the British government had tried for nearly 10 years to locate and buy out seven of the eight lords proprietor. The remaining one-eighth share of the province was retained by members of the Carteret family until 1776, part of the Province of North Carolina known as the Granville District.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: In 1755 Benjamin Franklin, the Postmaster-General for the American colonies, appointed James Davis as the first postmaster of North Carolina colony at New Bern. In October of that year the North Carolina Assembly awarded Davis the contract to carry the mail between Wilmington, North Carolina and Suffolk, Virginia.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: By the late eighteenth century, the tide of immigration to North Carolina from Virginia and the Province of Pennsylvania began to swell. The Scots-Irish (Ulster Protestants) from present-day Northern Ireland were the largest immigrant group from the British Isles to the colonies before the American Revolution. Indentured servants, who arrived mostly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, comprised the majority of English settlers prior to the Revolution. On the eve of the Revolution, North Carolina was the fastest-growing British colony in North America.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Differences in the settlement patterns of eastern and western North Carolina, or the low country and uplands, affected the political, economic, and social life of the state from the eighteenth until the twentieth century. The small family farms of the Piedmont contrasted sharply with the plantation economy of the coastal region, where wealthy planters grew tobacco and rice with slave labor. The Tidewater in eastern North Carolina was settled chiefly by immigrants from rural England and the Scottish Highlands. The upcountry of western North Carolina was settled chiefly by Scots-Irish, English and German Protestants, and the so-called "cohee"poor, non-Anglican, independent farmers. During the Revolution, the English and Highland Scots of eastern North Carolina tended to remain loyal to the King because of longstanding business and personal connections with Great Britain. The English, Welsh, Scots-Irish, and German settlers of western North Carolina tended to favor American independence.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: With no cities and very few towns or villages, the province was rural and thinly populated. Local taverns provided multiple services ranging from strong drink and beds for travelers to meeting rooms for politicians and businessmen. In a world sharply divided along lines of ethnicity, gender, race, and class, the tavern keepers' rum proved a solvent that mixed together all sorts of locals and travelers. The increasing variety of drinks on offer and the emergence of private clubs meeting in the taverns showed that genteel culture was spreading from London to the periphery of the English world. The courthouse was usually the most imposing building in a county. Jails were often an important part of the courthouse but were sometimes built separately. Some county governments built tobacco warehouses to provide a common service for their most important export crop.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Expansion westward began early in the eighteenth century from the provincial seats of power on the coast, particularly after the conclusion of the Tuscarora and Yamasee wars, in which the largest barrier was removed to provincial settlement farther inland. Settlement in large numbers became more feasible over the Appalachian Mountains after the French and Indian War and the accompanying Anglo-Cherokee War, in which the Cherokee and Catawba were effectively neutralized. King George III issued the Proclamation of 1763 in order to stifle potential conflict with Indians in that region, including the Overhill Cherokee. This barred any settlement near the headwaters of any rivers or streams that flowed westward towards the Mississippi River. It included several North Carolina rivers, such as the French Broad and Watauga. This proclamation was not strictly obeyed and was widely detested in North Carolina, but it somewhat delayed migration westward until after the Revolution.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Settlers continued to flow westwards in smaller numbers, despite the prohibition, and several trans-Appalachian settlements were formed. Most prominent was the Watauga Association, formed in 1772 as an independent territory within the bounds of North Carolina which adopted its own written constitution. Notable frontiersmen such as Daniel Boone traveled back and forth across the invisible proclamation line as market hunters, seeking valuable pelts to sell in eastern settlements, and many served as leaders and guides for groups who settled in the Tennessee River valley and the Kentucke County.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: The oldest counties were Albemarle County (16641689) and Bath County (16961739). During the period of 1668 to 1774, 32 counties were created. As western counties, such as Anson and Rowan Counties were created, their western borders were not well defined and extended west as far as the Mississippi. Toward the end of this period, the boundaries were more well defined and extended to include the Cherokee lands in the west.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Two important maps of the province were produced: one by Edward Moseley in 1733, and another by John Collet in 1770. Moseley was surveyor general of North Carolina in 1710 and from 1723 to 1733. He was also the first provincial treasurer of North Carolina, starting in 1715. Moseley was responsible, with William Byrd, for surveying the boundary between North Carolina and Virginia in 1728. Other maps exist dating to the early period of the Age of Discovery that depict the coastline of the province along with that of South Carolina.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: The ports for which there were Customs Agents in the Province of North Carolina included: Bath, Roanoke, Currituck Precinct, Brunswick (Cape Fear), and Beaufort (Topsail Inlet).


title: Province of North Carolina

text: There were 52 new towns established in the Province of North Carolina between 1729 and 1775. Major towns during this period included: Bath (chartered in 1705), Brunswick (founded after 1726, destroyed during the Revolution), Campbellton (established in 1762), Edenton (chartered in 1712), Halifax (chartered in 1757), Hillsborough (1754), Newbern (settled in 1710, chartered in 1723), Salisbury (chartered in 1753), and Wilmington (founded in 1732, chartered in 1739 or 1740). Each of these nine major towns had a single representative in the North Carolina House of Burgesses in 1775. Campbellton and the town of Cross Creek (established in 1765) were combined in 1783 to form the town of Fayetteville.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: There were two primary branches of government, the governor and his council and the assembly, called the House of Burgesses. All provincial officials were appointed by either the lords proprietor prior to 1728 or The King afterwards. The King received advice for appointment of the governor from the Secretary of State for the Southern Department. The governor was accountable to the Secretary of State and the Board of Trade. The governor was also responsible for commissioning officers and provisioning the provincial militia. Besides the governor, other provincial officials included a secretary, attorney general, surveyor general, the receiver general, Chief Justice, five Customs Collectors for each of the five ports in North Carolina, and a council. The Council advised the governor and also served as the upper house of the legislature. Members of the lower house of the legislature, the House of Burgesses, were elected from precincts (counties after 1736) and from districts (also called boroughs or towns, which were large centers of population).


title: Province of North Carolina

text: Governor Martin issued a proclamation on April 8, 1775, dissolving the General Assembly after they presented a resolve endorsing the Continental Congress that was to be held in Philadelphia. The provincial council met for the last time onboard HMS "Cruizer" in the Cape Fear River on July 18, 1775, they believed that the "deluded people of this Province" would see their error and return to their allegiance to the King.


title: Province of North Carolina

text: The Court Act of 1746 established a supreme court, initially known as the General Court, which sat twice a year at Newbern, consisting of a Chief Justice and three Associate Justices. The 14 chief justices of the Supreme Court appointed by the King included the following:


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Irom Chanu Sharmila (born 14 March 1972), also known as the "Iron Lady of Manipur" or "Mengoubi" ("the fair one") is an Indian civil rights activist, political activist, and poet from the Indian state of Manipur, which is located on the north-eastern side of India. On 5 November 2000, she began a hunger strike in favour of abolishing the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 that applies to the seven states and grants Indian armed forces the power to search properties without a warrant, and to arrest people, and to use deadly force if there is "reasonable suspicion" that a person is acting against the state. She ended the fast on 9 August 2016, after 16 long years of fasting. Having refused food and water for more than 500 weeks (she was nasally force fed in jail), she has been called "the world's longest hunger striker". On International Women's Day, 2014 she was voted the top woman icon of India by MSN Poll.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2014 two parties asked her to stand in the national election, but she declined. She was then denied the right to vote as a person confined in jail cannot vote according to law. On 19 August 2014 a court ordered her release from custody, subject to there being no other grounds for detention. She was re-arrested on 22 August 2014 on similar charges to those for which she was acquitted, and remanded in judicial custody for 15 days. Amnesty International has declared her as a prisoner of conscience.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Sharmila grew up and lives in Manipur, one of the Seven Sister States in India's northeast, which has suffered from an insurgency for decades; from 2005 to 2015 about 5,500 people died from political violence. In 1958, the Indian government passed a law, the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 that applies to just the seven states and grants security forces the power to search properties without a warrant, and to arrest people, and to use deadly force if there is "reasonable suspicion" that a person is acting against the state; a similar Act applies to Jammu and Kashmir.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: She was already involved in local peace movements with regard to human rights abuses in Manipur when, on 2 November 2000, in Malom, a town in the Imphal Valley of Manipur, ten civilians were shot and killed while waiting at a bus stop. The incident, known as the "Malom Massacre", was allegedly committed by the Assam Rifles, one of the Indian Paramilitary forces operating in the state. The victims included Leisangbam Ibetombi, a 62-year-old woman, and 18-year-old Sinam Chandramani, a 1998 National Bravery Award winner.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Sharmila, who was 28 at the time of Malom Massacre, began to fast in protest. Her primary demand to the Indian government has been the repeal of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA). She began her fast in Malom on 5 November, and vowed not to eat, drink, comb her hair or look in a mirror until AFSPA was repealed.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Three days after she began her strike, she was arrested by the police and charged with an "attempt to commit suicide", which was unlawful under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) at that time, and was later transferred to judicial custody. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and nasogastric intubation was forced on her from 21 November in order to keep her alive while under arrest.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: By 2004, Sharmila had become an "icon of public resistance." Following her procedural release on 2 October 2006 Sharmila went to Raj Ghat, New Delhi, which she said was "to pay floral tribute to my ideal, Mahatma Gandhi." Later that evening, Sharmila headed for Jantar Mantar for a protest demonstration where she was joined by students, human rights activists and other concerned citizens.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: On 6 October, she was re-arrested by the Delhi police for attempting suicide and was taken to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, where she wrote letters to the Prime Minister, the President, and the Home Minister. At this time, she met and won the support of Nobel-laureate Shirin Ebadi, the Nobel Laureate and human rights activist, who promised to take up Sharmila's cause at the United Nations Human Rights Council.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2011, she invited anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare to visit Manipur, and Hazare sent two representatives to meet with her.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In September 2011, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (CPI ML) openly stated its support for her and for repeal of AFSPA, calling for nationwide agitation.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Following that in October 2011, the Manipur Pradesh All India Trinamool Congress announced their support for Sharmila and called on party chief Mamata Banerjee to help repeal the AFSPA. Then in November, at the end of the eleventh year of her fast, Sharmila again called on Prime Minister Manmohan Singh to repeal the law. On 3 November 100 women formed a human chain in Ambari to show support for Sharmila, while other civil society groups staged a 24-hour fast in a show of solidarity.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2011 the Save Sharmila Solidarity Campaign (SSSC) was launched to highlight Sharmila's struggle and in December 2011, Pune University announced a scholarship program for 39 female Manipuri students to take degree courses in honour of Irom Sharmila Chanu's 39 years of age.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: She only met her mother once during the fast, as she believed that seeing her mother's anguish might have broken her resolve. She said "The day AFSPA is repealed I will eat rice from my mother's hand."


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: On 28 March 2016, she was released from judicial custody as charges against her were rejected by a local court in Imphal. Sharmila kept her vow of neither entering her house nor meeting her mother until the government repeals AFSPA and went to continue her fast at Shahid Minar, Imphal on the same day of her release. She was again arrested by the police under the same charge of attempt to commit suicide by means of indefinite fast.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: On 26 July 2016, Irom Sharmila( Iron lady of Manipur), who had been on a hunger strike since 2000, announced that she would end her fast on 9 August 2017. She also announced that she would contest the next state elections in Manipur.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: The objective of her fast and entering politics is to fight for the removal of AFSPA as she has asserted "I will join politics and my fight will continue."


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Sharmila was awarded the 2007 Gwangju Prize for Human Rights, which is given to "an outstanding person or group, active in the promotion and advocacy of Peace, Democracy and Human Rights". She shared the award with Lenin Raghuvanshi of People's Vigilance Committee on Human Rights, a northeastern Indian human rights organisation.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2009, she was awarded the first Mayilamma Award of the Mayilamma Foundation "for achievement of her nonviolent struggle in Manipur".


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2010, she won a lifetime achievement award from the Asian Human Rights Commission. Later that year, she won the Rabindranath Tagore Peace Prize of the Indian Institute of Planning and Management, which came with a cash award of 5,100,000 rupees, and the Sarva Gunah Sampannah "Award for Peace and Harmony" from the Signature Training Centre.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2013, Amnesty International declared her a Prisoner of conscience, and said she "is being held solely for a peaceful expression of her beliefs." The influence made by Irom Sharmila is often considered as powerful as the influences by personalities in the past and present.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In October 2016, she launched a political party named Peoples' Resurgence and Justice Alliance to contest two Assembly constituencies of Khurai and Khangabok. Khangabok is the home constituency of Chief Minister Okram Ibobi Singh. In the 2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election, the winner in Thoubal, Ibobi Singh, received 18,649 and Sharmila received 90 votes; the fewest of the five candidates.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: In 2019, after the death of Gauri Lankesh, Sharmila criticized the NDA government, accusing it of disregarding people's sentiments when making policy decisions. In an interview with The Economic Times, she mentioned that she was no more interested in politics as she already experienced electoral politics and the dirtiness involved in the process.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: After the MHA tweeted removal of the AFSPA from swathes of the North East the Chief Minister of Manipur called for a day of celebration to which he would invite Irom Sharmila as a guest.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Deepti Priya Mehrotra's "Burning Bright: Irom Sharmila and the Struggle for Peace in Manipur" details Sharmila's life and the political background of her fast.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: IronIrom: Two Journeys : Where the Abnormal is Normal (2012, with Minnie Vaid and Tayenjam Bijoykumar Singh)


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: Ojas S V, a theater artist from Pune, performed a mono-play titled "Le Mashale" ("Take the Torch"), based on Irom Sharmila's life and struggle. It is an adaptation of "Meira Paibi" (Women bearing torches), a drama written by Malayalam playwright Civic Chandran. The play was performed at several venues in several Indian states.


title: Irom Chanu Sharmila

text: On Thursday 17 August 2017, Irom Sharmila Chanu married her British partner Desmond Anthony Bellarnine Coutinho in Kodaikanal, a hill station in Tamil Nadu. On Sunday 12 May 2019, at the age of 47, she gave birth to twin daughters in Bengaluru, Karnataka, named Nix Shakhi and Autumn Tara.


title: Beast Tamer

text: Rein is a beast tamer who was expelled from the Hero Arios' party who consider him too weak because he only has the ability to form contract with animals. While looking for work, Rein rescues Kanade, a member of the cat tribe who becomes his companion. By forming a contract with a member from one of the strongest races, Rein obtains some of her powers, becoming much stronger. The two then begin their journey together, with Rein befriending and taming other girls from different races who become powerful companions while obtaining new abilities with each new contract formed, his group eventually becoming far more powerful than Arios and his party. Overcome with anger and frustration, Arios begins loathing Rein, forgeting about his divine mission of slaying the demons threatening the kingdom and dedicating himself to kill Rein and his companions.


title: Traditional education

text: Traditional education, also known as back-to-basics, conventional education or customary education, refers to long-established customs that society has traditionally used in schools. Some forms of education reform promote the adoption of progressive education practices, and a more holistic approach which focuses on individual students' needs; academics, mental health, and social-emotional learning. In the eyes of reformers, traditional teacher-centered methods focused on rote learning and memorization must be abandoned in favor of student centered and task-based approaches to learning.


title: Traditional education

text: Depending on the context, the opposite of "traditional education" may be progressive education, modern education (the education approaches based on developmental psychology), or alternative education.


title: Traditional education

text: The primary purpose of traditional education is to continue passing on those skills, facts, and standards of moral and social conduct that adults consider to be necessary for the next generation's material advancement. As beneficiaries of this plan, which educational progressivist John Dewey described as being "imposed from above and from outside", the students are expected to docilely and obediently receive and believe these fixed answers. Teachers are the instruments by which this knowledge is communicated and these standards of behavior are enforced.


title: Traditional education

text: Historically, the primary educational technique of traditional education was simple oral recitation: In a typical approach, students spent some of their time sitting quietly at their places and listening to one student after another recite his or her lesson, until each had been called upon. The teacher's primary activity during such sessions was assigning and listening to these recitations; students studied and memorized the assignments at home. A test or oral examination might be given at the end of a unit, and the process, which was called "assignment–study–recitation–test", was repeated. There was also a reliance on rote memorization (memorization with no effort at understanding the meaning). It is believed that the use of recitation, rote memorization, and unrelated assignments is inefficient and an extremely inefficient use of students' and teachers' time. This traditional approach also insisted that all students be taught the same materials at the same point; students that did not learn quickly enough failed, rather than being allowed to succeed at their natural speeds. This approach, which had been imported from Europe, dominated American education until the end of the 19th century, when the education reform movement imported progressive education techniques from Europe.


title: Traditional education

text: Traditional education is associated with much stronger elements of coercion than seems acceptable now in most cultures.It has sometimes included: the use of corporal punishment to maintain classroom discipline or punish errors; inculcating the dominant religion and language; separating students according to gender, race, and social class, as well as teaching different subjects to girls and boys. In terms of curriculum there was and still is a high level of attention paid to time honored academic knowledge.


title: Traditional education

text: In the present, it varies enormously from culture to culture, but still tends to be characterized by a much higher level of coercion than alternative education. Traditional schooling in Britain and its possessions and former colonies tends to follow the English Public School style of strictly enforced uniforms and a militaristic style of discipline. This can be contrasted with South African, US and Australian schools, which can have a much higher tolerance for spontaneous student-to-teacher communication.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: A page, memory page, or virtual page is a fixed-length contiguous block of virtual memory, described by a single entry in the page table. It is the smallest unit of data for memory management in a virtual memory operating system. Similarly, a page frame is the smallest fixed-length contiguous block of physical memory into which memory pages are mapped by the operating system.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: A transfer of pages between main memory and an auxiliary store, such as a hard disk drive, is referred to as paging or swapping.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Page size is usually determined by the processor architecture. Traditionally, pages in a system had uniform size, such as 4,096 bytes. However, processor designs often allow two or more, sometimes simultaneous, page sizes due to its benefits. There are several points that can factor into choosing the best page size.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: A system with a smaller page size uses more pages, requiring a page table that occupies more space. For example, if a 2 virtual address space is mapped to 4 KiB (2 bytes) pages, the number of virtual pages is 2 = (2 / 2). However, if the page size is increased to 32 KiB (2 bytes), only 2 pages are required. A multi-level paging algorithm can decrease the memory cost of allocating a large page table for each process by further dividing the page table up into smaller tables, effectively paging the page table.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Since every access to memory must be mapped from virtual to physical address, reading the page table every time can be quite costly. Therefore, a very fast kind of cache, the translation lookaside buffer (TLB), is often used. The TLB is of limited size, and when it cannot satisfy a given request (a "TLB miss") the page tables must be searched manually (either in hardware or software, depending on the architecture) for the correct mapping. Larger page sizes mean that a TLB cache of the same size can keep track of larger amounts of memory, which avoids the costly TLB misses.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Rarely do processes require the use of an exact number of pages. As a result, the last page will likely only be partially full, wasting some amount of memory. Larger page sizes lead to a large amount of wasted memory, as more potentially unused portions of memory are loaded into the main memory. Smaller page sizes ensure a closer match to the actual amount of memory required in an allocation.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: As an example, assume the page size is 1024 KiB. If a process allocates 1025 KiB, two pages must be used, resulting in 1023 KiB of unused space (where one page fully consumes 1024 KiB and the other only 1 KiB).


title: Page (computer memory)

text: When transferring from a rotational disk, much of the delay is caused by seek time, the time it takes to correctly position the read/write heads above the disk platters. Because of this, large sequential transfers are more efficient than several smaller transfers. Transferring the same amount of data from disk to memory often requires less time with larger pages than with smaller pages.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Most operating systems allow programs to discover the page size at runtime. This allows programs to use memory more efficiently by aligning allocations to this size and reducing overall internal fragmentation of pages.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Unix and POSIX-based systems may use the system function codice_1, as illustrated in the following example written in the C programming language.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Win32-based operating systems, such as those in the Windows 9x and Windows NT families, may use the system function codice_4 from codice_5.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Some instruction set architectures can support multiple page sizes, including pages significantly larger than the standard page size. The available page sizes depend on the instruction set architecture, processor type, and operating (addressing) mode. The operating system selects one or more sizes from the sizes supported by the architecture. Note that not all processors implement all defined larger page sizes. This support for larger pages (known as "huge pages" in Linux, "superpages" in FreeBSD, and "large pages" in Microsoft Windows and IBM AIX terminology) allows for "the best of both worlds", reducing the pressure on the TLB cache (sometimes increasing speed by as much as 15%) for large allocations while still keeping memory usage at a reasonable level for small allocations.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Starting with the Pentium Pro, and the AMD Athlon, x86 processors support 4 MiB pages (called Page Size Extension) (2 MiB pages if using PAE) in addition to their standard 4 KiB pages; newer x86-64 processors, such as AMD's newer AMD64 processors and Intel's Westmere and later Xeon processors can use 1 GiB pages in long mode. IA-64 supports as many as eight different page sizes, from 4 KiB up to 256 MiB, and some other architectures have similar features.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Larger pages, despite being available in the processors used in most contemporary personal computers, are not in common use except in large-scale applications, the applications typically found in large servers and in computational clusters, and in the operating system itself. Commonly, their use requires elevated privileges, cooperation from the application making the large allocation (usually setting a flag to ask the operating system for huge pages), or manual administrator configuration; operating systems commonly, sometimes by design, cannot page them out to disk.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: However, SGI IRIX has general-purpose support for multiple page sizes. Each individual process can provide hints and the operating system will automatically use the largest page size possible for a given region of address space. Later work proposed transparent operating system support for using a mix of page sizes for unmodified applications through preemptible reservations, opportunistic promotions, speculative demotions, and fragmentation control.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: Linux has supported huge pages on several architectures since the 2.6 series via the codice_6 filesystem and without codice_6 since 2.6.38. Windows Server 2003 (SP1 and newer), Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 support huge pages under the name of large pages. Windows 2000 and Windows XP support large pages internally, but do not expose them to applications. Beginning with version 9, Solaris supports large pages on SPARC and x86.


title: Page (computer memory)

text: FreeBSD 7.2-RELEASE features superpages. Note that until recently in Linux, applications needed to be modified in order to use huge pages. The 2.6.38 kernel introduced support for transparent use of huge pages. On Linux kernels supporting transparent huge pages, as well as FreeBSD and Solaris, applications take advantage of huge pages automatically, without the need for modification.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Steven John Bradbury (born 14 October 1973) is an Australian former short track speed skater and four-time Olympian. He won the 1,000 m event at the 2002 Winter Olympics after all of his opponents were involved in a last-corner pile-up. He was the first athlete from Australia and also the Southern Hemisphere to win a Winter Olympic gold medal, and he was also part of the short track relay team that won Australia's first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze in 1994.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In 1991, Bradbury was part of the Australian quartet that won the 5,000 m relay at the World Championships in Sydney. It was the first time Australia had won a World Championship in a winter sport.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Australia's short track relay team went into the 1992 Winter Olympics as world champions, but the team crashed in the semi-finals. The Australians were in third place when Richard Nizielski lost his footing; they finished fourth and failed to reach the final. Bradbury was unable to help, as he had been named as the reserve for the team and was sitting on the bench. He was not selected for any individual events.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Norway, Bradbury was part of the short track relay team that won Australia's first Winter Olympic medal, a bronze. They scraped into the four-team final after edging out Japan and New Zealand to finish second in their semi-final. They adopted a plan of staying on their feet as first priority, and remaining undisqualified and beating at least one of the other three finalists. During the race, the Canadians fell and lost significant time, meaning that Australia would win their first medal if they raced conservatively and avoided a crash. Late in the race, Nizielski was fighting with his American counterpart for track position for the silver medal, but took the safe option and yielded, mindful of the lost opportunity following the crash in Albertville. Thus Bradbury, Nizielski, Andrew Murtha and Kieran Hansen became Australia's first Winter Olympics medallists.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury was also entered in the 500 m and 1,000 m individual events and was the favourite going into the latter. In the first event, Bradbury came second in his heat in a time of 45.43 s and then won his quarterfinal in a time of 44.18 s to qualify for the semifinal. In the semifinal, Bradbury was knocked over by a rival and he limped home fourth, in a time of 1 m 03.51 s and was eliminated. He came fourth in the B final and was classified eighth overall out of 31 competitors. In the 1,000 m event, Bradbury fell in his heat after being illegally pushed by a competitor who was later disqualified. He came home in 2 m 01.89 s, more than 30 s off the leaders' pace and was eliminated. Nevertheless, because of the high rate of accidents, Bradbury came 24th out of 31 competitors.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: During a 1994 World Cup event in Montreal, another skater's blade sliced through Bradbury's right thigh after a collision; it cut through to the other side, resulying in him losing four litres of blood. Bradbury's heart rate had been close to 200 bpm at the end of the race and this meant that blood was being pumped out fast. All four of his quadriceps muscles had been sliced through, and Bradbury thought that he would die if he lost consciousness. The injury required 111 stitches and Bradbury could not move the leg for three weeks. His leg needed 18 months before it was back to full strength.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury, Nizielski and Kieran Hansen, three of the quartet that won Australia's maiden medal in 1994, returned for the 1998 Winter Olympics in Japan with new teammate Richard Goerlitz. There were hopes that they could repeat their Lillehammer performance. However, in their qualifying race, they placed third in a time of 7 m 11.691 s and missed the final by one place, even though they had been two seconds faster than their medal-winning performance of 1994. They completed the course four seconds slower in the B final and came last in the race, and thus last out of eight teams overall.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury was again regarded as a medal contender in the individual events, but was impeded in collisions with other racers in both the 500 m and 1,000 m events. He came third in the heats of both races, posting times of 43.766 s and 1 m 33.108 s in each race. Neither of these times were fast enough to advance him to the quarterfinals and he came 19th and 21st out of 30 competitors respectively.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In September 2000, Bradbury broke his neck in a training accident. Another skater fell in front of him and Bradbury tried to jump over him, but instead clipped him and tripped head first into the barriers. As a result, Bradbury fractured his C4 and C5 vertebrae. He spent a month and a half in a halo brace, and needed four pins to be inserted in his skull and screws and plates bolted into his back and chest. Doctors told Bradbury that he would not be able to take to the ice again, but he was determined to reach another Olympics. He wanted redemption after the crashes in the individual races in 1994 and 1998, even though he conceded that he would be past his best in terms of challenging for the medals.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: Bradbury took an unlikely gold medal win in the men's short track 1000 metres event at the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Olympic Games. He won his heat convincingly in the 1,000 m, posting a time of 1:30.956. However, in the quarter-finals, Bradbury was allocated to the same race as Apolo Anton Ohno, the favourite from the host nation, and Marc Gagnon of Canada, the defending world champion. Only the top two finishers from each race would proceed to the semifinals. Bradbury finished third in his race and thought himself to be eliminated, but Gagnon was disqualified for obstructing another racer, allowing the Australian to advance to the semi-finals.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: After consulting his national coach Ann Zhang, Bradbury's strategy from the semi-final onwards was to cruise behind his opponents and hope that they crashed, as he could not match their pace. His reasoning was that risk-taking by the favourites could cause a collision due to a racing incident, and if two or more skaters fell, the remaining three would all get medals, and that as he was slower than his opponents, trying to challenge them directly would only increase his own chances of falling. Bradbury said that he was satisfied with his result, and felt that as the second-oldest competitor in the field, he was not able to match his opponents in four races on the same night.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In his semi-final race, Bradbury was in last place, well off the pace of the medal favourites. However, defending champion Kim Dong-sung of South Korea, multiple Olympic medallist Li Jiajun of China and Mathieu Turcotte of Canada all crashed, paving the way for Bradbury to take first place and advancing him through to the final.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In the final, Bradbury was again well off the pace when all four of his competitors (Ohno, Ahn Hyun-Soo, Li and Turcotte) crashed out at the final corner while jostling for the gold medal. This allowed Bradbury, who was around 15 m behind with only 50 m to go, to avoid the pile-up and take the victory. Bradbury became the first person from a southern hemisphere country to win a Winter Olympic event. After a period of delay, the judges upheld the result and did not order a re-race, confirming Bradbury's victory.


title: Steven Bradbury

text: In an interview after winning his gold, referring to his two career- and life-threatening accidents, Bradbury said: "Obviously I wasn't the fastest skater. I don't think I'll take the medal as the minute-and-a-half of the race I actually won. I'll take it as the last decade of the hard slog I put in." He also said, "I was the oldest bloke in the field and I knew that, skating four races back to back, I wasn't going to have any petrol left in the tank. So there was no point in getting there and mixing it up because I was going to be in last place anyway. So (I figured) I might as well stay out of the way and be in last place and hope that some people get tangled up."


title: Steven Bradbury

text: He later said that he never expected all of his opponents to fall, but added that he felt that the other four racers were under extreme pressure and might have over-attacked and taken too many risks. Bradbury cited the host nation pressure on Ohno, who was expected to win all four of his events. Li, much like Bradbury himself, had won Olympic medals but was yet to take a gold medal, Turcotte only had one individual event, and Ahn had been the form racer at the Olympics so far. Bradbury felt that none would be willing to settle for less than gold and that, as a result, they might collide.