title: Little Chef

text: In 2011, a further ten new concept restaurants opened at Doncaster, Markham Moor North, Shrewsbury, Black Cat, Fontwell, Weston on the Green North, Wisley South, Ilminster, Podimore and Amesbury with a view to investing £20 million in updating the brand across the estate. New menus had been introduced and restaurants had been refurbished based on the style which Blumenthal designed in 2009. A full rebranding exercise was undertaken by Venture Three, which was hailed as a great success by the graphic design community. As part of its modernisation the company used its new branding to create a presence in the digital arena on Facebook and Twitter.


title: Little Chef

text: A 'Good to Go' deli offering was introduced in the new concept restaurants, making bespoke sandwiches as well as takeaway meals appealing to customers on the move. 'Good to Go' sat alongside the traditional sit-down Little Chef format.


title: Little Chef

text: On 11 January 2012, Little Chef announced that it planned to close 67 of its failing restaurants, with the loss of up to 600 jobs. On 7 February 2012, RCapital announced that it was putting the Little Chef chain through "a pre-pack administration to offload a number of toxic leases". Graham Sims, the chairman of Little Chef, said that suppliers and other unsecured creditors would suffer from the decision to put the chain through this administration process, which had been taken reluctantly. He expected job losses to be at the lower end of the previously announced range of 500 to 600. The business was to refocus on a core of 95 profitable sites.


title: Little Chef

text: In April 2012, the chairman Graham Sims said, "Everyone remembers Little Chef from the 1970s, with curtains at the windows and wooden tables. It worked well for 20 or 30 years but frankly it hasn't kept pace with the evolution of the retail market. It lost its way. We've gone through 3 or 4 owners in 10 years and none of them have really taken the tough decisions to sort out the assets, the cost base and bring up the offer for the 21st century." In his view, some of the owners had treated it as "a cash cow, looking for the traditional quick in and out".


title: Little Chef

text: In May 2012, Little Chef closed its headquarters in Sheffield, outsourcing its operational day-to-day support to Lt Pubs Limited in Norfolk, as well as its marketing/PR to Parker Hobart. The Barnsdale Bar South branch closed in 2012, however the former restaurant would then house the Little Chef's IT department for a short time. In September of that year, the company announced plans to franchise.


title: Little Chef

text: In April 2013, R Capital announced that it was to seek a buyer for the Little Chef business which comprised 78 outlets, from Scotland to Cornwall, all of which were said to be profitable. The move indicated that R Capital had succeeded through tough restructuring in turning round the company's fortunes. The sale was expected to have a price tag of 'tens of millions of pounds'.


title: Little Chef

text: In June 2013, Little Chef announced that it dropped Heston Blumenthal's creations from all its menus. Little Chef spokesman Richard Hillgrove was quoted as saying that 'Heston originally approached us to do his Channel 4 show about how he was going to save Little Chef. It seemed like a good idea at the time. But he took everything away from its core.'


title: Little Chef

text: In August 2013, RCapital sold Little Chef to Kuwaiti firm Kout Food Group, who continued revamping restaurants, as well as adding Subway concessions to some, and returning Burger King back into some of the sites that had them before, such as Penrith and Ely. In 2014, Little Chef lost more restaurants including Dreghorn (January 2014), Royston (March 2014) and Whiddon Down (October 2014). Whiddon Down was one of the busiest Little Chefs in the southwest; it was closed and the company operated a restaurant out of a quieter location, Sourton Cross. By 2014, around 14 restaurants had received full 'Wonderfully British' refurbishments.


title: Little Chef

text: The group continued to invest in its locations, the last of which being Warminster in May 2016 which was given a large refurbishment. The chain also ran a Summer of Big Wins prize competition. From November 2016, the Little Chef website and social media channels stopped being updated.


title: Little Chef

text: In February 2017, Euro Garages purchased the Little Chef locations from Kout Food Group, though with Kout retaining full rights to Little Chef's intellectual property and franchise control. Euro Garages began a programme to close down all Little Chefs, replacing them with their other brands such as Starbucks and Greggs. Not long after this announcement, the number of Little Chefs dropped down to 66 outlets, due to the closure of under-performing sites such as Winterbourne Abbas, Axminster and Dolgellau. In July 2017, Euro Garages brought about the closure of two of the chain's prime locations: the Blumenthal-remodelled Popham and Barton Stacey.


title: Little Chef

text: The closure process of Little Chef was scheduled to be complete before the end of 2017, but was postponed until early 2018 due to timing problems. Kout Food Group revoked Euro Garage's Little Chef franchise at the end of January 2018, causing Euro Garages to temporarily rename all Little Chef locations to EG Diner until they could be converted into partner brands. The final EG Diners that were not rebranded, closed in October 2018.


title: Little Chef

text: The defunct brand is currently owned by Kout Food Group, who also own Happy Eater and Coffee Tempo! trademarks. Accounts previously filed show that there was interest in franchising the Little Chef brand in the future, though nothing has come of this thus far. In 2019, Edwin Coe, solicitors for Kout Food Group at the time, threatened to sue chef Matei Baran if he did not cease his £600 trademark application of 'Big Chef, Little Chef' for an upcoming book, it was changed to 'Big Chef, Mini Chef' by Baran. Later in 2019, a company called 'Little Chef Ltd' was ordered to have its name changed.


title: Little Chef

text: Until October 2022, the Little Chef website remained operational featuring the 2015 menu and list of locations, all of which had closed.


title: Little Chef

text: In November 2022, Loungers announced they were launching Brightside Roadside to fill the gap in the market created by the demise of Little Chef and Happy Eater.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Omerta is a 2017 Indian biographical crime drama film directed by Hansal Mehta and stars Rajkumar Rao in the role of Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, British terrorist of Pakistani descent. The film explores the 1994 kidnappings of Westerners in India for which Omar was arrested and served time in prison and the plotting of murder of Wall Street Journal journalist Daniel Pearl in 2002.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: The title refers to the Mafia's code of silence but is also a play on the name of the main character.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Produced by Nahid Khan of Swiss Entertainment and Shaailesh R Singh of Karma Features, it was screened in the Special Presentations section at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, the Mumbai Film Festival, Florence Film Festival, Hong Kong International Film Festival and the Busan International Film Festival. Omerta was the closing night film in 2018 New York Indian Film Festival. "Omerta" was released on 4 May 2018 and received positive reviews from critics.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: The story of "Omerta" was suggested to director Hansal Mehta by actor Mukul Dev in 2005, who marks his debut as a writer. Mehta said that at the time when Dev told him the story, the internet was "really slow". So he had to buy books, material from the archives and magazines for the research. He started developing the script but made "Shahid" (2012) with Rajkummar Rao instead, as he felt the latter was an "easier film to make". He credits Rao being a reason "Omerta" was made. "I had to meet Rajkummar and because I met him, he became an enabler and because of him, I could make this film." Initially, Hansal was thinking of casting Riz Ahmed, a British actor of Pakistani descent, as the lead actor for Omerta.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Mehta stated that his intention behind making "Omerta" was to explore evil as a "human characteristic". He further said that he wanted to leave the audience with a sense of "awe, disgust, hate, surprise" and to examine the "ramifications of these [terror] events on their lives today." Mehta called the villain of the film, Omar Sheikh, the "hannibal" of terrorism who could be planning how to outwit you even while talking to you."


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Mehta further told that the film "exposes state-sponsored terrorism and how it manipulates young minds into believing a sordid interpretation of Jihad." The film was shot in real locations across London and Punjab, Old Delhi, parts of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in India, while the scenes of Afghanistan and Pakistan were recreated. Mehta, along with his crew, visited some of the places that Ahmed Sheikh had visited. Mehta said that the film does not show the backstory of Sheikh and how he became a terrorist: "It is an uncomfortable film which will raise uncomfortable questions and answers that we have to compel our establishment to find". Several real life footage's were purchased from different sources of the Indian Airlines flight 814 hijacking, media footage following the September 11 attacks.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: To prepare for the role, Rao watched several videos, documentaries and hate speeches of Sheikh repeatedly to "gather a lot of hatred and anger" inside himself. He expressed that he was "disturbed" while shooting the film, because of the character he was playing and called it "easily the toughest character" he has played till date. While filming, the November 2015 Paris attacks took place. Rao stated that he was in the character and appreciated the attacks, but soon realised that it was wrong. The title of the film refers to the Italian term for a criminal code of honor that encompasses absolute non-cooperation with legal authorities. Anuj Rakesh Dhawan and Aditya Warrior served as the director of photography and editor respectively. Omerta was made on a budget of 18 crore (including marketing and promotions).


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Central Board of Film Certification cleared Omerta with an 'A' certificate, with only two cuts, where the censor board has asked for the national anthem to be removed from an offensive scene and a scene involving full frontal nudity that was showcased to portray the mental condition of the protagonist. There was report that banned scenes were leaked online few days before film’s release.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: A special screening of Omerta was held on 29 April 2018, the same day director Hansal Mehta also celebrated his 50th birthday.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: Anna M. M. Vetticad of Firstpost praised the acting of Rajkumar Rao and gave it 3.5 stars. Rajeev Masand of CNN-IBN praised the gripping story line of film and gave it 3 stars. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV stated Rajkumar Rao performance as pitch- perfect in this riveting thriller and gave it 3.5 stars. Sweta Kaushal of The Hindustan Times praised the spine-chiling acting of Rajkumar rao and gave the film 3.5 stars. Priyanka Bhadani of the Week praised the film editing and gave it 3 stars. Economic Times states that Omerta is a brutal tale of terrorism and gave it 3 stars. Meena Iyer of DNA praised the film as worth watching and gave it 3 stars. Devesh Sharma of Filmfare praised the film as dramatic account of a terrorist life and gave it 3 stars. Deborah Young of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it a "gripping study of evil that reveals nothing". Dennis Harvey called it a "slickly mounted film" but criticised the lack of motivation behind the crimes. Namrata Joshi of The Hindu did not find the film clinical. Shalini Langer of The Indian Express termed the film as a passion-less biopic and gave it 2.5 stars. Tanul Thakur of the Wire did not find the film too compelling. Nandini Ramnath of Scroll.in described the film as a damp squib.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: "Omerta" was released in 500 screens in India. Omerta did not open well at the Indian box office. It grossed 54 lakhs on the first day. The collections picked up on the first weekend and the film grossed more than 2 crores on Saturday and Sunday. Omerta grossed 3.25 crores in the first week. Director Hansal Mehta said that film's poor collections were due to bad show timings after the success of "" in India. Omerta was not released in Bahrain, as Censor Board did not grant permission.


title: Omerta (2017 film)

text: On 26 April 2018, Supreme Court of India passed a judgement, demanding director Hansal Mehta to deposit Omerta's earnings in separate bank account to pay up dues of Adarsh Telemedia — a film production house financed by Amit Agarwal, Kolkata-based businessman.


title: Law of the jungle

text: "The law of the jungle" (also called jungle law) is an expression that has come to describe a scenario where "anything goes". The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines the Law of the Jungle as ""the code of survival in jungle life", now usually with reference to the superiority of brute force or self-interest in the struggle for survival".


title: Law of the jungle

text: The phrase was introduced in Rudyard Kipling's 1894 work "The Jungle Book", where it described the behaviour of wolves in a pack.


title: Law of the jungle

text: In the 1894 novel "The Jungle Book", Rudyard Kipling uses the term to describe an actual set of legal codes used by wolves and other animals in the jungles of India. In Chapter Two of "The Second Jungle Book" (1895), Rudyard Kipling provides a poem, featuring the Law of the Jungle as known to the wolves, and as taught to their offspring.


title: Law of the jungle

text: In the 2016 Disney adaptation of the novel, the wolves often recite a poem referred as the "law of the jungle" and when Baloo asks Mowgli if he ever heard a song and he begins to recite this anthem, the bear responds by telling him that it is not a song, but a propaganda text.


title: Alluvial fan

text: An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans outwards from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an escarpment. They are characteristic of mountainous terrain in arid to semiarid climates, but are also found in more humid environments subject to intense rainfall and in areas of modern glaciation. They range in area from less than to almost .


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans typically form where flow emerges from a confined channel and is free to spread out and infiltrate the surface. This reduces the carrying capacity of the flow and results in deposition of sediments. The flow can take the form of infrequent debris flows or one or more ephemeral or perennial streams.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are common in the geologic record, such as in the Triassic basins of eastern North America and the New Red Sandstone of south Devon. Such fan deposits likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record. Alluvial fans have also been found on Mars and Titan, showing that fluvial processes have occurred on other worlds.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Some of the largest alluvial fans are found along the Himalaya mountain front on the Indo-Gangetic plain. A shift of the feeder channel (a "nodal avulsion") can lead to catastrophic flooding, as occurred on the Kosi River fan in 2008.


title: Alluvial fan

text: An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans out from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an escarpment. This accumulation is shaped like a section of a shallow cone, with its apex at the source of sediments.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans vary greatly in size, from only a few meters across at the base to as much as 150 kilometers across, with a slope of 1.5 to 25 degrees. Some giant alluvial fans have areas of almost . The slope measured from the apex is generally concave, with the steepest slope near the apex (the "proximal fan" or "fanhead") and becoming less steep further out (the "medial fan" or "midfan") and shallowing at the edges of the fan (the "distal fan" or "outer fan"). "Sieve deposits", which are lobes of coarse gravel, may be present on the proximal fan. The sediments in an alluvial fan are usually coarse and poorly sorted, with the coarsest sediments found on the proximal fan.


title: Alluvial fan

text: When there is enough space in the alluvial plain for all of the sediment deposits to fan out without contacting other valley walls or rivers, an unconfined alluvial fan develops. Unconfined alluvial fans allow sediments to naturally fan out, and the shape of the fan is not influenced by other topological features. When the alluvial plain is more restricted, so that the fan comes into contact with topographic barriers, a confined fan is formed.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Wave or channel erosion of the edge of the fan ("lateral erosion") sometimes produces a "toe-trimmed" fan, in which the edge of the fan is marked by a small escarpment. Toe-trimmed fans may record climate changes or tectonic processes, and the process of lateral erosion may enhance the aquifer or petroleum reservoir potential of the fan. Toe-trimmed fans on the planet Mars provide evidence of past river systems.


title: Alluvial fan

text: When numerous rivers and streams exit a mountain front onto a plain, the fans can combine to form a continuous apron. This is referred to as a "bajada" or "piedmont alluvial plain".


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans usually form where a confined feeder channel exits a mountain front or a glacier margin. As the flow exits the feeder channel onto the fan surface, it is able to spread out into wide, shallow channels or to infiltrate the surface. This reduces the carrying power of the flow and results in deposition of sediments.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Flow in the proximal fan, where the slope is steepest, is usually confined to a single channel (a "fanhead trench"), which may be up to deep. This channel is subject to blockage by accumulated sediments or debris flows, which causes flow to periodically break out of its old channel ("nodal avulsion") and shift to a part of the fan with a steeper gradient, where deposition resumes. As a result, normally only part of the fan is active at any particular time, and the bypassed areas may undergo soil formation or erosion.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans can be dominated by debris flows ("debris flow fans") or stream flow ("fluvial fans"). Which kind of fan is formed is controlled by climate, tectonics, and the type of bedrock in the area feeding the flow onto the fan.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Debris flow fans receive most of their sediments in the form of debris flows. Debris flows are slurry-like mixtures of water and particles of all sizes, from clay to boulders, that resemble wet concrete. They are characterized by having a yield strength, meaning that they are highly viscous at low flow velocities but become less viscous as the flow velocity increases. This means that a debris flow can come to a halt while still on moderately tilted ground. The flow then becomes consolidated under its own weight.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Debris flow fans occur in all climates but are more common where the source rock is mudstone or matrix-rich saprolite rather than coarser, more permeable regolith. The abundance of fine-grained sediments encourages the initial hillslope failure and subsequent cohesive flow of debris. Saturation of clay-rich colluvium by locally intense thunderstorms initiates slope failure. The resulting debris flow travels down the feeder channel and onto the surface of the fan.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Debris flow fans have a network of mostly inactive distributary channels in the upper fan that gives way to mid- to lower-level lobes. The channels tend to be filled by subsequent cohesive debris flows. Usually only one lobe is active at a time, and inactive lobes may develop desert varnish or develop a soil profile from eolian dust deposition, on time scales of 1,000 to 10,000 years. Because of their high viscosity, debris flows tend to be confined to the proximal and medial fan even in a debris-flow-dominated alluvial fan, and streamfloods dominate the distal fan. However, some debris-flow-dominated fans in arid climates consist almost entirely of debris flows and lag gravels from eolian winnowing of debris flows, with no evidence of sheetflood or sieve deposits. Debris-flow-dominated fans tend to be steep and poorly vegetated.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Fluvial fans (streamflow-dominated fans) receive most of their sediments in the form of stream flow rather than debris flows. They are less sharply distinguished from ordinary fluvial deposits than are debris flow fans.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Fluvial fans occur where there is perennial, seasonal, or ephemeral stream flow that feeds a system of distributary channels on the fan. In arid or semiarid climates, deposition is dominated by infrequent but intense rainfall that produces flash floods in the feeder channel. This results in "sheetfloods" on the alluvial fan, where sediment-laden water leaves its channel confines and spreads across the fan surface. These may include hyperconcentrated flows containing 20% to 45% sediments, which are intermediate between sheetfloods having 20% or less of sediments and debris flows with more than 45% sediments. As the flood recedes, it often leaves a lag of gravel deposits that have the appearance of a network of braided streams.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Where the flow is more continuous, as with spring snow melt, "incised-channel flow" in channels high takes place in a network of braided streams. Such alluvial fans tend to have a shallower slope but can become enormous. The Kosi and other fans along the Himalaya mountain front in the Indo-Gangetic plain are examples of gigantic stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans, sometimes described as "megafans". Here, continued movement on the Main Boundary Thrust over the last ten million years has focused the drainage of of mountain frontage into just three enormous fans.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are common in the geologic record, but may have been particularly important before the evolution of land plants in the mid-Paleozoic. They are characteristic of fault-bounded basins and can be or more thick due to tectonic subsidence of the basin and uplift of the mountain front. Most are red from hematite produced by diagenetic alteration of iron-rich minerals in a shallow, oxidizing environment. Examples of paleofans include the Triassic basins of eastern North America and the New Red Sandstone of south Devon, the Devonian Hornelen Basin of Norway, and the Devonian-Carboniferous in the Gaspé Peninsula of Canada. Such fan deposit likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are characterized by coarse sedimentation, though the sediments making up the fan become less coarse further from the apex. Gravels show well-developed imbrication with the pebbles dipping towards the apex. Fan deposits typically show well-developed reverse grading caused by outbuilding of the fan: Finer sediments are deposited at the edge of the fan, but as the fan continues to grow, increasingly coarse sediments are deposited on top of the earlier, less coarse sediments. However, a few fans show normal grading indicating inactivity or even fan retreat, so that increasingly fine sediments are deposited on earlier coarser sediments. Normal or reverse grading sequences can be hundreds to thousands of meters in thickness. Depositional facies that have been reported for alluvial fans include debris flows, sheet floods and upper regime stream floods, sieve deposits, and braided stream flows, each leaving their own characteristic sediment deposits that can be identified by geologists.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Debris flow deposits are common in the proximal and medial fan. These deposits lack sedimentary structure, other than occasional reverse-graded bedding towards the base, and they are poorly sorted. The proximal fan may also include gravel lobes that have been interpreted as sieve deposits, where runoff rapidly infiltrates and leaves behind only the coarse material. However, the gravel lobes have also been interpreted as debris flow deposits. Conglomerate originating as debris flows on alluvial fans is described as "fanglomerate".


title: Alluvial fan

text: Stream flow deposits tend to be sheetlike, better sorted than debris flow deposits, and sometimes show well-developed sedimentary structures such as cross-bedding. These are more prevalent in the medial and distal fan. In the distal fan, where channels are very shallow and braided, stream flow deposits consist of sandy interbeds with planar and trough slanted stratification. The medial fan of a streamflow-dominated alluvial fan shows nearly the same depositional facies as ordinary fluvial environments, so that identification of ancient alluvial fans must be based on radial paleomorphology in a piedmont setting.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are characteristic of mountainous terrain in arid to semiarid climates, but are also found in more humid environments subject to intense rainfall and in areas of modern glaciation. They have also been found on other bodies of the Solar System.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are built in response to erosion induced by tectonic uplift. The upwards coarsening of the beds making up the fan reflects cycles of erosion in the highlands that feed sediments to the fan. However, climate and changes in base level may be as important as tectonic uplift. For example, alluvial fans in the Himalayas show older fans entrenched and overlain by younger fans. The younger fans, in turn, are cut by deep incised valleys showing two terrace levels. Dating via optically stimulated luminescence suggests a hiatus of 70,000 to 80,000 years between the old and new fans, with evidence of tectonic tilting at 45,000 years ago and an end to fan deposition 20,000 years ago. Both the hiatus and the more recent end to fan deposition are thought to be connected to periods of enhanced southwest monsoon precipitation. Climate has also influenced fan formation in Death Valley, California, US, where dating of beds suggests that peaks of fan deposition during the last 25,000 years occurred during times of rapid climate change, both from wet to dry and from dry to wet.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are often found in desert areas, which are subjected to periodic flash floods from nearby thunderstorms in local hills. The typical watercourse in an arid climate has a large, funnel-shaped basin at the top, leading to a narrow defile, which opens out into an alluvial fan at the bottom. Multiple braided streams are usually present and active during water flows. Phreatophytes (plants with long tap roots capable of reaching a deep water table) are sometimes found in sinuous lines radiating from arid climate fan toes. These "fan-toe phreatophyte strips" trace buried channels of coarse sediments from the fan that have interfingered with impermeable playa sediments.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans also develop in wetter climates when high-relief terrain is located adjacent to low-relief terrain. In Nepal, the Koshi River has built a megafan covering some below its exit from Himalayan foothills onto the nearly level plains where the river traverses into India before joining the Ganges.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Along the upper Koshi tributaries, tectonic forces elevate the Himalayas several millimeters annually. Uplift is approximately in equilibrium with erosion, so the river annually carries some 100,000,000 cubic meters (3,500,000,000 cu ft) of sediment as it exits the mountains. Deposition of this magnitude over millions of years is more than sufficient to account for the megafan.


title: Alluvial fan

text: In North America, streams flowing into California's Central Valley have deposited smaller but still extensive alluvial fans, such as that of the Kings River flowing out of the Sierra Nevada. Like the Himalayan megafans, these are streamflow-dominated fans.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are also found on Mars. Unlike alluvial fans on Earth, those on Mars are rarely associated with tectonic processes, but are much more common on crater rims. The crater rim alluvial fans appear to have been deposited by sheetflow rather than debris flows.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Three alluvial fans have been found in Saheki Crater. These fans confirmed past fluvial flow on the planet and further supported the theory that liquid water was once present in some form on the Martian surface. In addition, observations of fans in Gale crater made by satellites from orbit have now been confirmed by the discovery of fluvial sediments by the Curiosity rover. Alluvial fans in Holden crater have toe-trimmed profiles attributed to fluvial erosion.


title: Alluvial fan

text: The few alluvial fans associated with tectonic processes include those at Coprates Chasma and Juventae Chasma, which are part of the Valles Marineris canyon system. These provide evidence of the existence and nature of faulting in this region of Mars.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans have been observed by the Cassini-Huygens mission on Titan using the Cassini orbiter's synthetic aperture radar instrument. These fans are more common in the drier mid-latitudes at the end of methane/ethane rivers where it is thought that frequent wetting and drying occur due to precipitation, much like arid fans on Earth. Radar imaging suggests that fan material is most likely composed of round grains of water ice or solid organic compounds about two centimeters in diameter.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are the most important groundwater reservoirs in many regions. Many urban, industrial, and agricultural areas are located on alluvial fans, including the conurbations of Los Angeles, California; Salt Lake City, Utah; and Denver, Colorado, in the western United States, and in many other parts of the world. However, flooding on alluvial fans poses unique problems for disaster prevention and preparation.


title: Alluvial fan

text: The beds of coarse sediments associated with alluvial fans form aquifers that are the most important groundwater reservoirs in many regions. These include both arid regions, such as Egypt or Iraq, and humid regions, such as central Europe or Taiwan.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fans are subject to infrequent but often very damaging flooding, whose unusual characteristics distinguish alluvial fan floods from ordinary riverbank flooding. These include great uncertainty in the likely flood path, the likelihood of abrupt deposition and erosion of sediments carried by the flood from upstream sources, and a combination of the availability of sediments and of the slope and topography of the fan that creates extraordinary hazards. These hazards cannot reliably be mitigated by elevation on fill (raising existing buildings up to a meter (three feet) and building new foundations beneath them). At a minimum, major structural flood control measures are required to mitigate risk, and in some cases, the only alternative is to restrict development on the fan surface. Such measures can be politically controversial, particularly since the hazard is not obvious to property owners. In the United States, areas at risk of alluvial fan flooding are marked as Zone AO on flood insurance rate maps.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fan flooding commonly takes the form of short (several hours) but energetic flash floods that occur with little or no warning. They typically result from heavy and prolonged rainfall, and are characterized by high velocities and capacity for sediment transport. Flows cover the range from floods through hyperconcentrated flows to debris flows, depending on the volume of sediments in the flow. Debris flows resemble freshly poured concrete, consisting mostly of coarse debris. Hyperconcentrated flows are intermediate between floods and debris flows, with a water content between 40 and 80 weight percent. Floods may transition to hyperconcentrated flows as they entrain sediments, while debris flows may become hyperconcentrated flows if they are diluted by water. Because flooding on alluvial fans carries large quantities of sediment, channels can rapidly become blocked, creating great uncertainty about flow paths that magnifies the dangers.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Alluvial fan flooding in the Apennine Mountains of Italy have resulted in repeated loss of life. A flood on 1 October 1581 at Piedimonte Matese resulted in the loss of 400 lives. Loss of life from alluvial fan floods continued into the 19th century, and the hazard of alluvial fan flooding remains a concern in Italy.


title: Alluvial fan

text: On January 1, 1934, record rainfall in a recently burned area of the San Gabriel Mountains, California, caused severe flooding of the alluvial fan on which the towns of Montrose and Glendale were built. The floods caused significant loss of life and property.


title: Alluvial fan

text: The Koshi River in India has built up a megafan where it exits the Himalayas onto the Ganges plain. The river has a history of frequently and capriciously changing its course, so that it has been called the "Sorrow of Bihar" for contributing disproportionately to India's death tolls in flooding. These exceed those of all countries except Bangladesh. Over the last few hundred years, the river had generally shifted westward across its fan, and by 2008, the main river channel was located on the extreme western part of the megafan. In August 2008, high monsoon flows breached the embankment of the Koshi River. This diverted most of the river into an unprotected ancient channel and flooded the central part of the megafan. This was an area with a high population density that had been stable for over 200 years. Over a million people were rendered homeless, about a thousand lost their lives and thousands of hectares of crops were destroyed.


title: Alluvial fan

text: Buried alluvial fans are sometimes found at the margins of petroleum basins. Debris flow fans make poor petroleum reservoirs, but fluvial fans are potentially significant reservoirs. Though fluvial fans are typically of poorer quality than reservoirs closer to the basin center, due to their complex structure, the episodic flooding channels of the fans are potentially lucrative targets for petroleum exploration. Alluvial fans that experience toe-trimming (lateral erosion) by an axial river (a river running the length of an escarpment-bounded basin) may have increased potential as reservoirs. The river deposits relatively porous, permeable axial river sediments that alternate with fan sediment beds.


title: FC Pune City

text: Football Club Pune City was an Indian professional football club based in Pune, Maharashtra, which last participated in the Indian Super League, the top flight of Indian football league system, under licence from AIFF. The club was founded in 2014, with aims to provide stimulus to the growth and development of football in the state of Maharashtra and to participate in the inaugural season of the Indian Super League.


title: FC Pune City

text: The team was owned by Rajesh Wadhawan Group, its promoters Mr. Kapil Wadhawan and Mr. Dheeraj Wadhawan and actor Arjun Kapoor. The club was dissolved in 2019 due to financial and technical difficulties.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City (Football Club Pune City), commonly known as Pune City is a professional football club based in Pune. On 13 April 2014, it was announced that Salman Khan and the Wadhawan Group had won the bidding for the Pune franchise. Later due to issues of sponsorships and endorsements, Salman Khan opted to move out from FC Pune City. Serie A's ACF Fiorentina came on board as technical partners while Bollywood star Hrithik Roshan joined in as the co-owner of the club in its first year of existence.


title: FC Pune City

text: After successfully winning the bid for Pune franchise, The Rajesh Wadhawan Group on 30 July 2014, the club revealed its identity. Club CEO Gaurav Modwel launched the team name, logo and brand identity at an event. They also announced their head coach in Franco Colomba and marquee player in French football legend David Trezeguet.


title: FC Pune City

text: The club bolstered its squad with the signing of Kostas Katsouranis in September 2014, as he became the first player in Indian Super League to have played in the FIFA World Cup 2014. John Goossens was among other notable signings for the club. For pre-season, the club traveled to Florence.


title: FC Pune City

text: The team played their first Indian Super League match on 14 October 2014, away to Delhi Dynamos FC at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi in a 0–0 draw. On 18 October 2014 at DY Patil Stadium in Mumbai with an attendance of 28,000, FC Pune City had their first loss of the ISL with a 0–5 scoreline to Mumbai City FC.


title: FC Pune City

text: In their first home game on 26 October 2014 at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, FC Pune City beat FC Goa 2–0 in front of a packed stadium to mark their home debut with a win. Kostas Katsouranis and Captain David Trezeguet scored a goal each.


title: FC Pune City

text: In their second home fixture, the club lost 1–2 to Kerala Blasters despite David Trezeguet scoring the first goal for FC Pune City in the 15th minute. Playing their third home game on the trot against NorthEast United FC, John Goossens’ 88th-minute header gave FC Pune City a 1–0 win, second in three matches at home.


title: FC Pune City

text: On 7 November 2014, the club took on Atlético de Kolkata in Kolkata. FC Pune City won 3–1, which ended ATK's unbeaten run. Dudu Omagbemi scored the first goal, Kostas Katsouranis scored the second goal, picking up the Hero of the Match award, while Davide Colomba scored the third goal with a deflected free-kick.


title: FC Pune City

text: During the match, John Goossens suffered a serious injury after a collision with his team's goalkeeper Arindam Bhattacharya. This injury brought a premature end to Goossens’ stint with FC Pune City for the rest of the season.


title: FC Pune City

text: After the high against ATK, FC Pune City managed just one win (Mumbai City FC), with three draws (Chennaiyin FC, NorthEast United, Atlético de Kolkata) and four losses (Chennaiyin FC, FC Goa, Delhi Dynamos & Kerala Blasters) which pushed the team down to sixth place, missing out on qualifying for the knockout stage.


title: FC Pune City

text: In 2015, the club announced English football legend David Platt as the new head coach. A few weeks later, Adrian Mutu was announced as the marquee player alongside Ivory Coast and Tottenham Hotspur midfielder Didier Zokora. On 21 March 2015, FC Pune City announced that they had signed Gouramangi Singh. FC Pune City opened their season with a 3–1 win over Mumbai City FC in the Maharashtra Derby on 5 October 2015 at home. Turkish midfielder Tuncay scored twice, while Israil Gurung scored once in the win.


title: FC Pune City

text: They played their second game of the season at home against NorthEast United FC. An own goal from the North East player Ralte secured the victory for home side.


title: FC Pune City

text: The third game they played was against Delhi Dynamos FC on 14 October. FC Pune City lost the game 1–2 with Kalu Uche being the sole scorer for FC Pune City. This game saw Jackichand Singh and Eugeneson Lyngdoh making their ISL debut.


title: FC Pune City

text: Playing their fourth consecutive home game, the David Platt managed side registered a 1–0 win over defending champions Atletico De Kolkata. Jackichand Singh's goal in the second minute of the match was enough to put the home side on top of the table at the end of the match.


title: FC Pune City

text: In their next match against Chennaiyin FC, FC Pune City was handed a 1–2 defeat with Kalu Uche reducing the home team's lead in the 75th minute.


title: FC Pune City

text: Back home, FC Pune City came down from a goal to win 3–2 against Kerala Blasters. Mohammed Rafi scored a goal in the first minute for Kerala Blasters, the fastest goal ever in the history of the Hero Indian Super League (ISL). He scored his second in the 30th minute but it was Kalu Uche’s brace for the hosts (16th and 23rd ). In the 72nd minute, Tuncay scored the winner for the home team.


title: FC Pune City

text: This remained the last win for the Didier Zokora-led side. They managed three draws and five losses in the next eight matches putting them in the 7th place.


title: FC Pune City

text: Before the start of the season, the club announced its takeover of I-League club Pune FC's academy and an investment to upgrade the existing infrastructure and training facilities.


title: FC Pune City

text: Two weeks in to the season, FC Pune City's Academy product Md. Ashique Kuruniyan got a training stint at La Liga club Villarreal and play for its third team on loan.


title: FC Pune City

text: For season three, FC Pune City brought in Barcelona and Iceland legend Eiður Guðjohnsen as their marquee player. But during a pre-season training session, Guðjohnsen picked up an injury to end his stint with the club even before it could start. Former Liverpool midfielder Momo Sissoko was roped in as the new marquee player as ISL winning coach, Antonio Habas joined the club as the new head coach.


title: FC Pune City

text: During the start of the season, FC Pune City registered just two wins (2–1 against FC Goa, 2–1 against ATK) in eight matches, losing their season opener against Mumbai City FC by 1–0 and two other games and drawing three other fixtures. With just two wins (1-0 against Mumbai City FC, 4–3 against Delhi Dynamos) in their next six fixtures and three losses and a drawn game put the club in sixth position, missing out on yet another chance to qualify for the knockout stages.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City announced their participation in the inaugural Indian Women's League 2017. Starting from 28 January 2017 until 14 February 2017, the League had five other teams participating alongside FC Pune City in the final round to be held in New Delhi.


title: FC Pune City

text: The women's team in the last one year had won the Late Lance Naik Mohan Goswamy Memorial All India Tournament 2016 in Uttarakhand, Guru Tej Bahadur Football Tournament and Mayor's Cup in Pune and remained unbeaten in the Pune District Football Association (PDFA) Women's League on their way to winning the title. In both Guru Tej Bahadur Football Tournament and PDFA Women's League, this side did not concede a single goal.


title: FC Pune City

text: In July 2017, they beat United Poona SA 3–0 in the finals of WIFA Women's Championship 2017. A brace by Senorita added to Muriel Adam's goal ensured the win for the outfit in the all-Pune finals played at Cooperage, Mumbai.


title: FC Pune City

text: In May, FC Pune City announced a strategic alliance with Mizoram's Chanmari Football Club, based in Aizawl. The club participates in the Mizoram Premier League. The partnership involved close co-operation between the first teams, academies, youth development, training support and scouting projects, as well as the opportunity for Chanmari FC players to represent FC Pune City during their careers. As part of the association, FC Pune City helped the Aizawl-based club build a youth structure, providing them with coaches and training equipment.


title: FC Pune City

text: A few months later in June, FC Pune City's U-19 team won the 121st U-19 IFA Shield tournament in its debut season.


title: FC Pune City

text: A 3–0 win over home team and multiple time champions Mohun Bagan capped their run in the century-old tournament that concluded on Sunday.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City U-19 team was placed in Group B along with the U-19 teams of Tata Football Academy, Mohun Bagan, Minerva Punjab. In their run to finals, FC Pune City U-19 team beat Tata Football Academy 1–0. Mohun Bagan 1–0, Minerva Punjab 3–1 before handing AIFF U-19 side 6–5 defeat in a penalty shootout in the semifinal.


title: FC Pune City

text: Come July, the first player draft in Indian Super League took place. FC Pune City signed Kean Lewis, Isaac Vanmalsawma, Nim Dorjee Tamang and Wayne Vaz, and retained the services of the goal-keeper Vishal Kaith.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City also signed the golden boot winner of the previous year's ISL, Marcelinho. Forward Emiliano Alfaro joined the ranks from NorthEast United FC. Bolstering the midfield, FC Pune City also signed Marcos Tebar from Delhi Dynamos FC and brought back Jonathan Lucca from last season who alongside Diego Carlos and Robertino Pugliara form the midfield. Rafa Lopez and Damir Grgic were signed to strengthen the defense.


title: FC Pune City

text: As always, the FC Pune City pre-season began with hosting the Corporate Super Cup. Starting from 9 June 2018 until 22 July, the Corporate Super Cup saw more than 20 teams participating, with Team FIN IQ winning the CSC 2018 trophy.


title: FC Pune City

text: The club also announced the retention of Adil Khan, Emiliano Alfaro, Marko Stankovic, Diego Carlos, Rohit Kumar, Lalchhuanmawia, Gurtej Singh & Kamaljit Singh, as well signing new players like Alwyn George, Shankar Sampingiraj, Gabriel Fernandes, Keenan Almeida, Nikhil Poojari, Jonathan Vila and Martin Diaz to fill in for the departures of Jonatan Lucca and Rafa Lopez Gomez. The Stallions also signed one of India's notable strikers, Robin Singh, ex- Manchester City and Leicester City center back Matt Mills and Hero Indian Super League top goalscorer, Iain Hume. The Stallions also signed Spanish coach Miguel Angel Portugal, who had Hero Indian Super League experience having coached Delhi Dynamos the previous season. With the core of the previous team still in place and with the added reinforcements, the Stallions were ready to begin their season 5 campaign.


title: FC Pune City

text: The Stallions began their pre-season at Goa, participating in the AWES Cup. They crashed out of the tournament in the group stages after a poor showing.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City also conducted the Orange Army Cup again this season, a tournament to bring together the supporters on European clubs in Pune to come together under the FC Pune City banner. In the tournament, the Orange Army team were victorious.


title: FC Pune City

text: The Stallions launched a new avatar on 22 September 2018 at West End mall, Aundh, Pune. The new jersey was made by Six5Six, a Gurgaon-based company, and thousands of people went to the mall to see the Stallions in their new armor.


title: FC Pune City

text: Before the season began, the Stallions announced the signing of wing-back Ashutosh Mehta, who joined as a replacement for an injured Keenan Almeida. He had previously played at ATK and Mumbai City FC.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City started their season 5 campaign with away games at Delhi Dynamos and Mumbai City FC. Diego Carlos scored FC Pune City's first goal of season 5 of the Hero Indian Super League. The club registered only one win and two draws in their first nine games, and as a result of this poor showing in the beginning of the season, the club parted ways with coach Miguel Angel Portugal and appointed Technical Director Pradyum Reddy as the interim coach. The Stallions decided to loan forward Emiliano Alfaro to ATK for the remainder of the season. This paved the way for Iain Hume to play for FC Pune City, as he recovered from his knee injury before the December break.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City appointed Englishman Phil Brown in the winter break. Phil Brown had substantial experience in England and was looking to manage clubs abroad.


title: FC Pune City

text: The Englishman's first match as FC Pune City head coach was a 2–1 away win against Chennaiyin FC. This was followed by a draw against ATK at home and a victory over Jamshedpur FC at Jamshedpur. FC Pune City finished their Hero Indian Super League season 5 campaign with a 2–1 win against Mumbai City FC. The Stallions finished their season in seventh place, missing out on a direct qualification to the Hero Super Cup. Marcelo Pereira was the club's highest goalscorer, with 6 goals.


title: FC Pune City

text: Meanwhile, the FC Pune City U-18 had a historic run in the Hero Elite League. The club appointed ex-player Mehraj Uddin Wadoo as the head coach of the U-18 team, and the young Stallions reached the Final of the Elite League, where they lost to the Minerva Punjab U-18 team. The run to the final was a 13-game unbeaten run.


title: FC Pune City

text: In 2019, Pune City tried to sign a player from Chennai City FC illegally (Spaniard Néstor Gordillo), all while the player still had a contract with Chennai City. All India Football Federation came down heavy on Pune City as they were handed a two-window transfer ban, a fine of ₹50 lakhs and a two-year ban from participating in any AFC tournaments. Within months of the incident, the club was dissolved and the stakes were sold. Subsequently, the new owners shifted base from Pune to the southern city of Hyderabad as Hyderabad FC.


title: FC Pune City

text: Before shutting down in 2019 several Pune City Players, including Indian international Ashique Kuruniyan and Canadian Iain Hume, came out with a statement that claimed that they hadn't received their salary from the management for the entire season. After this, the All India Football Federation got involved and sought out the salary due issues with the players and the club.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City and Mumbai City FC are the only 2 clubs in the Indian Super League from a single state, which created an elite rivalry between the two, one that is now renowned as the Maha-Derby.


title: FC Pune City

text: On 26 August 2016, it was announced that FC Pune City had purchased the Pune F.C. Academy and rebranded it under their name. At the same time, the team unveiled their youth development plans which included fielding teams in the Youth League U18 and U15 leagues, as well as the Subroto Cup and Pune Football League.


title: FC Pune City

text: In 2017, each of FC Pune City's grassroots teams had won a trophy, which included, the U-11, U-14, U-16, and U-18 teams as well as the women's team. The U-11 team won the Adidas Uprising tournament, the U-14 team won the SRPF tournament, the U-16 team won the Goa Elite Super Cup and the U-18 team won the IFA Shield, beating Mohun Bagan in the finals. FC Pune City was the only ISL team participating in the tournament. The reserve team has also participated in the I-League 2nd Division.


title: FC Pune City

text: The FC Pune City crest is also inspired by Shivaji. The fort within the shield, the horses, and the flag represent a strong defensive and offensive line-up. The color Orange is synonymous with Shivaji, whilst the purple color and the flower are identities that have been pivotal in the all-around symbolism of the club.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City played its home matches at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex, Balewadi, Pune. The pitch at the Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex is of natural grass and its capacity for the Indian Super League matches is 9,210.


title: FC Pune City

text: FC Pune City-owned 2 training grounds in the city of Pune. The Senior Team trained at the state of the art FC Pune City Training Facility which is situated at Dharawli, Pirangut whilst the Youth Teams trained at the Training Pitches in Mamurdi. Both facilities have natural grass pitches.


title: FC Pune City

text: The development squads of FC Pune City trained at the St. Vincent's High School football ground, which is located in Pune.


title: FC Pune City

text: In 2015, FC Pune City entered into the partnership with India On Track for having the technical support and advices. The aim of the partnership is to manage various aspects of the franchise including technical tie-ups, recruitment of domestic and international players, technical staff, creating and implementing the franchise's grassroots and youth development strategy as well as developing their commercial strategy.


title: FC Pune City

text: In May 2017, FC Pune City formed a partnership with the Mizoram Premier League club Chanmari FC. As part of the association, FC Pune City helped the Aizawl-based club building youth structure by providing them with coaches and training equipments.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: The Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa consists of approximately 3 million people of Indian origin. Some of this diaspora in Southeast Africa arrived in the 19th century from British India as indentured labourers, many of them to work on the Kenya–Uganda railway. Others had arrived earlier by sea as traders.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Today, the Indian community in Southeast Africa is largely affluent and play leading roles in the region's business sector and dominate the economies of many countries in the region.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Indian trade activities and settlements in Southeast Africa may date back to the late 1st millennium CE. Muhammad al-Idrisi, an Arab geographer, records Indian settlements at Sofala (now present-day Mozambique) in the 12th century.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Following the passage of the 1833 Slavery Abolition Act, the Indian indenture system developed to replace slave labour in British and other European colonies. The system, inaugurated in 1834 in Mauritius, involved the use of licensed agents after the abolition of slavery. These agents imported indentured Indian labour to replace the freed slaves. The indentured were legally supposed to receive either minimal wages or some small form of payout (such as a small parcel of land, or the money for their return passage) upon completion of their indentures. Employers did not have the right to buy or sell indentured labourers as they did slaves. However, the conditions faced by the indentured labourers were frequently abysmal.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Of the original 32,000 contracted labourers, after the end of indentured service about 6,700 stayed on to work as dukawallas, artisans, traders, clerks, and, finally, lower-level administrators. Colonial personnel practices excluded them from the middle and senior ranks of the colonial government and from farming; instead they became commercial middlemen and professionals, including doctors and lawyers.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: It was the dukawalla, not European settlers, who first moved into new colonial areas. Even before the dukawallas, Indian traders had followed the Arab trading routes inland on the coast of modern-day Kenya and Tanzania. Indians had a virtual lock on Zanzibar's lucrative trade in the 19th century, working as the Sultan's exclusive agents.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Between the building of the railways and the end of World War II, the number of Indians in Southeast Africa swelled to 320,000. By the 1940s, some colonial areas had already passed laws restricting the flow of immigrants, as did white-ruled Rhodesia in 1924. But by then, the Indians had firmly established control of commercial trade — some 80 to 90 percent in Kenya and Uganda was in the hands of Indians — plus some industrial activities. In 1948, all but 12 of Uganda's 195 cotton ginneries were Indian run. Banknotes of the East African shilling had values written in Gujarati as well as English and Arabic.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Many Parsis settled in Zanzibar to work as merchants and civil servants for the colonial government. They formed one of the largest Parsi communities outside of India, a community that survived until the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964. Indians in Zanzibar founded the one locally owned bank in all of the African Great Lakes, Jetha Lila, which closed after the Revolution when its customer base left.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: In 1972, Idi Amin gave the nearly 80,000 Ugandans of Asian (mainly Indians) descent 90 days to leave the country, so an expulsion was set in effect. Many of them were holding citizenship and passports of the UK and colonies rather than of Uganda. 23,000 had successfully gained citizenship and several thousand more had pending applications but these were all cancelled by Amin immediately prior to the expulsion. These descendants of the Dukawallas and Indian coolies then comprised about 2 percent of the population. Their businesses and property were "Africanized" and given to native Ugandans.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Some 27,000 Ugandan Indians moved to Britain, another 6,100 to Canada, 1,100 to the United States, while the rest scattered to other Asian and European countries.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Today, however, many of these same ethnic Indians have returned. In 1992, under pressure from aid donors and Western governments, Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni simplified a then 10-year-old law letting Asians reacquire lost property.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Still, the Indian communities remain concerned about their position in Southeast Africa. Continued fighting in western Uganda between hundreds of rebels and troops in June 2000, and politically motivated ethnic violence in Mombasa that claimed more than 40 lives in August 2000, gave credence to these concerns. Around 15-25,000 Indians currently live in Uganda.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: The lives of the "Wahindi" (Swahili for "Indians") were first fictionalized for a Western mass audience in V. S. Naipaul's "A Bend in the River". The Trinidadian West Indies author's 1979 book remains the best-known literary work in English addressing the Indian experience in East and Central Africa. Though recently "A Bend in the River" enjoyed a resurgence of critical acclaim for its dead-on portrayal of post-colonial African life in the former Zaire (renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo), the novel also lifted the curtain on an ethnic group who had become central to Southeast Africa's life in the later half of the 20th century.


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: The experience is touched upon in the films "Mississippi Masala", "Touch of Pink", "The Last King of Scotland" and "Bohemian Rhapsody".


title: Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa

text: Books written on the socio-cultural and economic climate and realities experienced by the Indian diaspora, particularly the Nizari Ismailis include "The Book of Secrets" and "The Gunny Sack", by M. G. Vassanji, himself a Nizari Ismaili.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: Cornerstone is the ninth studio album by the American rock band Styx, released in 1979. Styx's third straight multi-platinum selling album, "Cornerstone" was Styx's first album to earn a Grammy nomination, which was for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group. Like the four previous Styx albums, the band produced the album themselves. Styx recorded the album at Pumpkin Studios in Oak Lawn, Illinois.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: "Cornerstone" is best known for including the group's only #1 Billboard Hot 100 Single, the power ballad "Babe". The album also includes the folk rock song "Boat on the River", which was a hit in Europe, though it failed to chart in the United States.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: The album represented a musical transition for Styx, as the band emphasized its pop sound more than the progressive rock influences that dominated their first eight studio albums. Peaking at #2, the album was Styx's highest album chart peak until its successor, 1981's "Paradise Theatre", which hit #1.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: From a songwriting standpoint, "Cornerstone" is dominated by Dennis DeYoung and Tommy Shaw—each is credited as sole songwriter or co-writer for five tracks on the album (including two collaborations between the pair).


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: Consistent with most of Styx's catalog from 1975 to 1983, DeYoung's contributions to "Cornerstone" found the most success on the charts. The first single to be released was also to become Styx's only US #1 single: "Babe", which DeYoung wrote as a birthday present for his wife Suzanne. The track was first performed and recorded as a demo with just him and the Panozzo brothers, but A&M executives heard the track and insisted it go on the album. Shaw overdubbed a guitar solo in the song's middle section.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: "First Time", another power ballad also written by DeYoung, was intended to be "Cornerstone"'s second single. Shaw, however, expressed concern that releasing two ballads in a row would alienate the band's hard rock fan base. He felt strongly enough that he threatened to leave the band over the proposed release. The upbeat song "Why Me" (once again written by DeYoung) was chosen instead, reaching #26 on the charts. The division was strong enough that DeYoung was briefly fired from the band, although he was invited back before word reached the press or public. "First Time" did get released as a single in the Philippines.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: Shaw's major contribution to the album was the folkish "Boat on the River", which became the band's biggest European hit. Shaw's other contributions included the pop-rocker "Never Say Never," the Shaw/DeYoung album-opener "Lights", the more progressively-flavored song "Love in the Midnight", and "Borrowed Time", a DeYoung/Shaw collaboration.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: James Young had one song on the album, the hard rocker "Eddie", which was aimed at left-wing politician Edward Kennedy, unsuccessfully pleading with him not to make a run for the U.S. presidency. Young used a guitar-synthesizer for the solo.


title: Cornerstone (Styx album)

text: Instrumentally, the album demonstrated the shift to a more pop-oriented and organic sound. DeYoung predominantly used a Fender Rhodes electric piano on over half of the tracks, and the group used real horns and strings on the album on several tracks. While commercially successful, "Cornerstone" brought to light the first fragmenting of the group's collective artistic vision (DeYoung wanted to move the band more into pop while Shaw and Young both favored a rock approach). These divisions would continue to deepen, ultimately leading to Styx's dissolution following the release of the 1983 album, Kilroy Was Here.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Anti-competitive practices are business or government practices that prevent or reduce competition in a market. Antitrust laws differ among state and federal laws to ensure businesses do not engage in competitive practices that harm other, usually smaller, businesses or consumers. These laws are formed to promote healthy competition within a free market by limiting the abuse of monopoly power. Competition allows companies to compete in order for products and services to improve; promote innovation; and provide more choices for consumers. In order to obtain greater profits, some large enterprises take advantage of market power to hinder survival of new entrants. Anti-competitive behavior can undermine the efficiency and fairness of the market, leaving consumers with little choice to obtain a reasonable quality of service.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Anti-competitive behaviour is used by business and governments to lessen competition within the markets so that monopolies and dominant firms can generate supernormal profits and deter competitors from the market. Therefore, it is heavily regulated and punishable by law in cases where it substantially affects the market.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Anti-competitive practices are commonly only deemed illegal when the practice results in a substantial dampening in competition, hence why for a firm to be punished for any form of anti-competitive behaviour they generally need to be a monopoly or a dominant firm in a duopoly or oligopoly who has significant influence over the market.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Anti-competitive behaviour can be grouped into two classifications. Horizontal restraints regard anti-competitive behaviour that involves competitors at the same level of the supply chain. These practices include mergers, cartels, collusions, price-fixing, price discrimination and predatory pricing. On the other hand, the second category is which implements restraints against competitors due to anti-competitive practice between firms at different levels of the supply chain e.g. supplier-distributor relationships. These practices include exclusive dealing, refusal to deal/sell, resale price maintenance and more.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Horizontal merger refers to improving efficiency by reducing consumer distortion of firm choice and price heterogeneity. When two companies with similar products or product characteristics merge horizontally, there is less competition. However, a net social benefit can be created, because when the two companies fight a continuous price war due to fierce competition, it will strongly distort the choices of consumers. Horizontal mergers can also easily lead to a monopoly, reducing consumers' choices and indirectly harming consumers' interests.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: The Chicago school of economics argues that vertical mergers, usually formed under anti-competitive intention, may be pro-competitive to eliminate double marginalisation. A chain of monopolists under can cause prices that extract beyond consumer surplus as wholesalers mark up prices, retailers have the power to transfer this cost price onto the retail price.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: It is usually difficult to practice anti-competitive practices unless the parties involved have significant market power or government backing. During the Occupy Wall Street protests of 2011, the term was used by populist Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders in his attacks on Wall Street. He said "We believe in this country; we love this country; and we will be damned if we're going to see a handful of robber barons control the future of this country."


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Monopolies and oligopolies are often accused of, and sometimes found guilty of, anti-competitive practices. Anti-competitive incentives can be especially prominent when a corporation's majority shareholders own similarly sized stakes in the company's industry competitors. For this reason, company mergers are often examined closely by government regulators to avoid reducing competition in an industry. Although anti-competitive practices often enrich those who practice them, they are generally believed to have a negative effect on the economy as a whole, and to disadvantage competing firms and consumers who are not able to avoid their effects, generating a significant social cost. For these reasons, most countries have competition laws to prevent anti-competitive practices, and government regulators to aid the enforcement of these laws.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: The argument that anti-competitive practices have a negative effect on the economy arises from the belief that a freely functioning efficient market economy, composed of many market participants each of which has limited market power, will not permit monopoly profits to be earned...and consequently prices to consumers will be lower, and if anything there will be a wider range of products supplied.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: A key distinguishing factor that separates anti-competitive behaviour from innovative marketing and fair competition is that most of the aforementioned types of anti-competitive behaviour are only deemed unlawful if the firm that is committing the behaviour is a dominant firm within in the market to the extent where their action will have a significant influence on market behaviour. If the firm engages in such behaviour has a position of substantial market share, so much so that they are able to generate supernormal profits and force smaller companies out of the industry then it is most likely deemed unlawful.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Opponents of robber barons believe that the realities of the marketplace are sometimes more complex than this or similar theories of competition would suggest. For example, oligopolistic firms may achieve economies of scale that would elude smaller firms. Again, very large firms, whether quasi-monopolies or oligopolies, may achieve levels of sophistication e.g. in business process and/or planning (that benefit end consumers) and that smaller firms would not easily attain. There are undoubtedly industries (e.g. airlines and pharmaceuticals) in which the levels of investment are so high that only extremely large firms that may be quasi-monopolies in some areas of their businesses can survive.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Many governments regard these market niches as natural monopolies, and believe that the inability to allow full competition is balanced by government regulation. However, the companies in these niches tend to believe that they should avoid regulation, as they are entitled to their monopoly position by fiat. In some cases, anti-competitive behavior can be difficult to distinguish from competition. For instance, a distinction must be made between product bundling, which is a legal market strategy, and product tying, which violates antitrust law. Some advocates of laissez-faire capitalism (such as Monetarists, some Neoclassical economists, and the heterodox economists of the Austrian school) reject the term, seeing all "anti-competitive behavior" as forms of competition that benefit consumers.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Unfair competition includes a number of areas of law involving acts by one competitor or group of competitors which harm another in the field, and which may give rise to criminal offenses and civil causes of action. The most common actions falling under the banner of unfair competition include:


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Various unfair business practices such as fraud, misrepresentation, and unconscionable contracts may be considered unfair competition, if they give one competitor an advantage over others. In the European Union, each member state must regulate unfair business practices in accordance with the principles laid down in the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive, subject to transitional periods.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Based on the research from Long in 2018, it observed that, the Anti-competitive is not only an industry regulation behavior, but also a modern industry characteristics for stakeholders to compete in within an fair market system. Meanwhile, the research results also significantly involved the economic theories to predict the relevant encouragement. This article explained the relevant variables in determining the extent of anti-competitive markets too. While in perfectly competitive market, the anti-competitive practices is not necessary, since each business already have full information on their competitors pricing, strategy and major actions. While, in the monopolist market system, the anti-competitive practices will become a  significantly useful method to reduce the manipulation of business giants and potential colluding actions. Furthermore, the research emphasized the market conduct of state monopolies is no different from that of other firms and market power serves as the motivation for anti-competitive behaviour of firms.


title: Anti-competitive practices

text: Meanwhile, in description of the economic approach, the anti-competitive practices is also a useful approach to sustain a stabilized economic development and national welfare. With the implementation of anti-competitive practices, it will effectively remove the market inefficiencies and eliminate the dead weight loss from the economic viewpoint. As firms engage in the fair competition act with the government regulations and laws. There is sufficient evidence to conclude that, the utilization of anti-competitive practices can dramatically reduce the phenomenon of black market, hence improves the investment incentives on aggregate demands. In general, with the effective implementation of anti-competitive practices, the whole economy will expand into a further prosperity with less crowing out effects.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: , there have been 3,502 coalition deaths in Afghanistan as part of ongoing coalition operations (Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF) since the invasion in 2001. In this total, the American figure is for deaths "In and Around Afghanistan" which, as defined by the United States Department of Defense, includes some deaths in Pakistan and Uzbekistan and the deaths of 18 CIA operatives.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: In addition to these deaths in Afghanistan, another 59 U.S. and one Canadian soldier were killed in other countries while supporting operations in Afghanistan. The total also omits the 62 Spanish soldiers returning from Afghanistan who died in Turkey on 26 May 2003, when their plane crashed.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: During the first five years of the war, the vast majority of coalition deaths were American, but between 2006 and 2011, a significant proportion were amongst other nations, particularly the United Kingdom and Canada which have been assigned responsibility for the flashpoint provinces of Helmand and Kandahar, respectively. This is because in 2006, ISAF expanded its jurisdiction to the southern regions of Afghanistan which were previously under the direct authority of the U.S. military. As Robert Gates pointed out on 10 June 2011, in his "last policy speech" as U.S. Secretary of Defense, "more than 850 troops from non-U.S. NATO members have made the ultimate sacrifice in Afghanistan. For many allied nations these were the first military casualties they have taken since the end of the Second World War." Additionally, there have been 95 fatalities among troops from the non-NATO contributors to the coalition (Georgia, Australia, Sweden, New Zealand, Finland, Jordan, South Korea and Albania).


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: With 711 Operation Enduring Freedom and ISAF deaths, 2010 was the deadliest year for foreign military troops since the U.S. invasion in 2001, continuing the trend that occurred every year since 2003.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: In 2009, there were 7,228 improvised explosive device (IED) attacks in Afghanistan, a 120% increase over 2008, and a record for the war. Of the 512 foreign soldiers killed in 2009, 448 were killed in action. 280 of those were killed by IEDs. In 2010, IED attacks in Afghanistan wounded 3,366 U.S. soldiers, which is nearly 60% of the total IED-wounded since the start of the war. Of the 711 foreign soldiers killed in 2010, 630 were killed in action. 368 of those were killed by IEDs, which is around 36% of the total IED-killed since the start of the war to date. Insurgents planted 14,661 IEDs in 2010, a 62% increase over the previous year.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: There has been one recorded fatality among Albanian troops. Captain Feti Vogli was killed in Herat in February 2012, another soldier was wounded


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: The Australian forces in Afghanistan have suffered 41 fatalities (34 in action) 261 soldiers have been wounded.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Also, at least one Australian civilian (David Savage, formerly a senior officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs working as an adviser to AusAID) was wounded in Afghanistan.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: One Belgian soldier died of meningitis while serving in Afghanistan, 14 soldiers have been wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: As of 11 October 2015, the British forces have suffered 456 fatalities and 2,188 wounded in action, another 5,251 have suffered from disease or non-battle injuries. Of these, 404 soldiers were killed as a result of hostile action, while 49 are known to have died either as a result of illness, non-combat injuries or accidents, or have not yet officially been assigned a cause of death pending the outcome of an investigation.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: The vast majority of fatalities have taken place since the redeployment of British forces to the Taliban stronghold of Helmand province in 2006, as only five men died between April 2002 and early March 2006.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Bulgaria, have one casualty in Afghanistan. At least 7 Bulgarian soldiers have been wounded in Afghanistan.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Canada's role in Afghanistan, consisting of operations against the Taliban and other insurgents in southern Afghanistan (Kandahar Province), has resulted in the largest number of fatal casualties for any single Canadian military mission since the Korean War. A total of 157 members of the Canadian Forces have died in Afghanistan between February 2002 and 29 October 2011. Of these, 132 were due to enemy actions, including 97 due to IEDs or landmines, 22 due to RPG, small arms or mortar fire, and 13 due to suicide bomb attacks. Another six Canadian soldiers died due to friendly fire from their American allies while conducting combat training operations. An additional 19 Canadian soldiers have died in Afghanistan as a result of accidents or non-combat circumstances; 6 in vehicle accidents, 3 unspecified non-combat-related deaths, 3 suicide deaths, 2 in a helicopter crash, 2 from accidental falls, 2 from accidental gunshots and 1 death from an illness. 635 soldiers had been wounded in action and 1,412 received non-battle injuries since April 2002, up to their withdrawal in March 2014.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Denmark, a NATO member, sent 9,500 personnel to Afghanistan between January 2002 and 1 July 2013. They were mostly stationed in Helmand province as part of NATO's International Security and Assistance Force (ISAF).


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Denmark's first three deaths were the result of an accident during the disposal of a Soviet-era anti-aircraft missile in 2002. With a new mandate issued by the Danish parliament in 2006, Danish military operations transformed from relatively safe non-combat operations in the centre of the country to combat operations alongside the British contingent in the violent southern Helmand province. 37 soldiers have been killed in various hostile engagements or as a result of friendly fire, and 6 have been killed in non-combat related incidents, bringing the number of Danish fatalities to 43, being the highest loss per capita within the coalition forces. In addition, 214 soldiers were wounded in action and injured.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Nine Estonian soldiers have died in Afghanistan: eight have been killed in action and one in an accident, 92 soldiers have been wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Two Finnish soldiers were killed by hostile action in Afghanistan, at least 11 soldiers have been wounded


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A total of 90 French soldiers have died thus far. 71 soldiers have been killed in action, of the 19 others: seven have died in vehicle accidents, one in a helicopter crash, two committed suicide, two have drowned, one was killed by a lightning strike, two died from a non-hostile gunshot wound, one died by friendly fire, one died in an accidental explosion, and one died of unknown causes.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: According to the website "Mémoire des Hommes" (website of the French Ministry of Armed Forces), 52 soldiers were killed in action, 7 died of accident and 31 died from unspecified causes. Among these 90 casualties, 71 were recognized "Mort pour la France" and 19 were recognized "Non Mort pour la France".


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: The largest number of soldiers killed was when French troops were ambushed in the area of Sirobi, some east of Kabul, in August 2008. Ten French troops were killed and a further 21 wounded in the attack – the heaviest loss of troops France has suffered since deploying to Afghanistan in 2001. A total of 44 French soldiers were killed in Tagab district, by far the deadliest area patrolled by the force and a stronghold of the Taliban and other insurgent groups.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Georgia, the largest non-NATO contributor to the war effort, has lost 32 soldiers in Afghanistan with 435 wounded since 2010. The first Georgian fatality occurred on 5 September 2010, when 28 years old Lieutenant Mukhran Shukvani was killed in a sniper attack and Corporal Alexandre Gitolendia was seriously wounded. Four more Georgian soldiers were killed by a landmine during combat operations on 1 October 2010, in Helmand. On 21 February 2011 Georgia lost another soldier, George Avaliani, while two others were wounded. On 14 March 2011, one of the two injured died in a hospital in Germany and on 27 May 2011 another soldier died. On 21 June a ninth Georgian soldier died of injuries sustained during an attack. On 31 August 2011, junior sergeant Rezo Beridze was killed by sniper fire during a patrol mission, Corporal Besarion Naniashvili died on 30 December 2011, 6 January 2012 Corporal Shalva Pailodze was killed, on 22 February 2012 Georgian Ministry of Defense announced death of Corporals – Valerian Beraia, Ruslan Meladze and Paata Kacharava, their combat vehicle exploded following an insurgent attack. Sergeant Valerian Khujadze exploded on an IED (Improvised Explosive Device) and died from the injuries. Corporal Givi Pantsuala, wounded in January 2012 succumbed to his wounds at a hospital in Gori, Georgia on 28 July 2012, bringing the total number of the Georgian military death toll to 18. On 29 December 2012, Defense Minister of Georgia Alasania held a special briefing regarding to the death of Georgian Sergeant Giorgi Kikadze who missed in Afghanistan on 19 December. On 13 May 2013, 3 Georgian soldiers: Cpl Alexander Kvitsinadze, Lower Sergeant Zviad Davitadze and Cpl Vladimer Shanava were killed after a suicide attack on 42nd Battalion military base. 27 more were wounded. On 6 June 2013 a truck bomb hitting the Georgian military base killed 7 and injured 9 servicemen, bringing the total of casualties to 29.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A total of 59 German ISAF soldiers and 3 EUPOL officers have been killed and 245 service personnel have been wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: In 2005, two Greek soldiers were injured in Kabul, Afghanistan following the detonation of an improvised explosive device.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Seven Hungarians died in Afghanistan. Two EOD members were killed by IEDs. Two were killed in a convoy attack by the Taliban. Two died in a vehicle accident during a convoy-escort task. One died because of a heart attack.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A total of 53 Italians have died in Afghanistan: 34 killed in action, nine died in vehicle accidents, two of heart attacks, one due to an accidental weapon discharge, four of illness, one in an accidental airplane crash and one committed suicide. Of the 34 who died in combat, one had died from injuries sustained a week before. The soldier had been captured and was injured in the raid to rescue him. One other Italian soldier was captured but he was rescued safely.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A member of the Jordanian intelligence agency Dairat al-Mukhabarat al-Ammah was killed in the Forward Operating Base Chapman attack. Also, a Jordanian soldier was killed and three were wounded while escorting a humanitarian convoy in Logar province on 22 May 2011.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Three Latvian soldiers ("Edgars Ozoliņš", "Voldemārs Anševics" and "Andrejs Merkuševs") were killed in Afghanistan, another one (corporal "Dāvis Baltābols") died in German military hospital in 2009 and at least 11 soldiers have been wounded.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: One Lithuanian soldier, Arūnas Jarmalavičius, was killed in Afghanistan, and at least 13 have been wounded.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A total of 25 Dutch servicemen were killed in Afghanistan. The first two Dutch fatalities were soldiers killed in an accidental helicopter crash in 2006. Since then, one pilot died in a non-hostile F-16 crash, and one soldier committed suicide at Multi National Base Tarin Kot (Kamp Holland). In 2007, one soldier was accidentally killed when a Patria armoured vehicle overturned at a river crossing near Tarin Kowt in Uruzgan. After that 19 soldiers were killed in action between 2007 and 2010. Finally, the last soldier to die was from an illness a month before the contingent withdrew from the country in December 2010. 140 soldiers were wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Ten New Zealand Defence Force soldiers have died in Afghanistan, most while carrying out their duties as part of the Provincial Reconstruction Team in the Bamyan Province. Lieutenant Timothy O'Donnell was killed when his convoy was ambushed on a stretch of road in the Kahmard District of the province. Private Kirifi Mila died when the Humvee in which he was travelling accidentally rolled down a 30-metre cliff. Corporal Doug Grant of the New Zealand SAS was killed in Kabul on 18 August 2011. Lance Corporal Leon Smith, also of the New Zealand SAS, was killed on 27 September 2011 in Wardak province. On 3 April 2012, Corporal Douglas Hughes died in Bamyan Province. On 5 August 2012, Lance Corporals Rory Malone and Pralli Durrer, were killed in Bamyan Province in a firefight with insurgents. Most recently, Lance Corporal Jacinda Baker, Private Richard Harris, and Corporal Luke Tamatea were killed on 19 August 2012 when their vehicle was hit by an IED. Lance Corporal Baker is New Zealand's first female casualty in a combat role since women were allowed to serve on the frontline in 2000. In November 2012, New Zealand Prime Minister John Key confirmed a coalition airstrike had killed Abdullah Kalta, the Taliban commander believed responsible for the deaths of O'Donnell, Baker, Harris and Tamatea.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: In addition, one Norwegian military advisor (Lt. Col. "Siri Skare") was killed in the 2011 Mazar-i-Sharif attack.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: 44 Polish soldiers (including a military civilian medic and one JW GROM member) have been killed. 41 in action, 2 died due to a non-combat cause and 1 died in a vehicle accident. At least 231 soldiers and civilian ISAF members have been wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Portugal sent at least 196 soldiers to Afghanistan as part of the International Security Assistance Force, one duty of which was guarding the airport in Kabul.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: 27 Romanian soldiers have been killed in action in Afghanistan, while at least 131 soldiers have been wounded in action.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: A South Korean officer (Captain Kim Hyo-sung, 33) was accidentally shot by a fellow officer (Major Lee Kyu-sang, 37) while in a row for not following an order to speak quietly on the telephone. Another South Korean soldier, Sergeant Yoon Jang-ho, was killed in a suicide bomb attack at Bagram Air Base.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Of the 35 Spanish deaths, 17 died in August 2005 when the Eurocopter Cougar helicopter they were travelling in crashed, 13 were killed in separate attacks by insurgents, two died from natural causes, and two died in vehicle accidents. Another 62 died in a 2003 Yak-42 plane crash in Turkey on their way back to Spain from Afghanistan.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Five Swedish soldiers have been killed in action since 2005. Three in two separate IED incidents and two in an ambush by an ANP uniform wearing insurgent. At least 13 soldiers were wounded


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: The Turkish Army suffered its first deaths on 14 July 2009, when two soldiers were killed in a road traffic accident in Faryab province, between Mazar-i Sharif and Kabul. One of the two killed was the commander of the Turkish contingent of ISAF troops in Afghanistan. On 16 March 2012, 12 Turkish soldiers were killed when their helicopter crashed into a house in Kabul. On 26 February 2015, one Turkish soldier was killed and another wounded in a suicide-bombing in Kabul.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Since the start of U.S. military operations in Afghanistan through mid-2019, nearly 2,400 American servicemembers have died. Additionally, 20,719 U.S. service members have been wounded in hostile action, according to the Defense Department.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: Of the United States deaths, 1,922 have died in hostile action. Included in these numbers are 18 CIA operatives that were killed in Afghanistan: 16 by hostile fire, including seven in a suicide bomb attack on a military base, one in an accident and one committed suicide. The independent website iCasualties has put the total number of U.S. deaths at 2,355. This number is by 9 higher than the Department of Defense's tally which is 2,346, when including the intelligence operatives.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: In addition to the 2,313 American deaths in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Uzbekistan, 59 U.S. soldiers died in Kuwait, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Kyrgyzstan, Germany, Oman, Jordan, Turkey, Yemen, the Arabian sea, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, while supporting operations in Afghanistan. Among them are also a Marine, a civilian DoD employee, two military airmen and a special forces member who were killed in action while supporting Operation Enduring Freedom.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: 62 Spanish soldiers died in a Yak-42 plane crash in Turkey on their way back to Spain from Afghanistan.


title: Coalition casualties in Afghanistan

text: One Canadian soldier was found dead of non-combat-related causes at Camp Mirage, a forward logistics base in the United Arab Emirates near Dubai.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: A gas-fired power plant or gas-fired power station or natural gas power plant is a thermal power station which burns natural gas to generate electricity. Natural gas power stations generate almost a quarter of world electricity and a significant part of global greenhouse gas emissions and thus climate change. However they can provide seasonal dispatchable generation to balance variable renewable energy where hydropower or interconnectors are not available.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: A gas-fired power plant is a type of fossil fuel power station in which chemical energy stored in natural gas, which is mainly methane, is converted successively into: thermal energy, mechanical energy and, finally, electrical energy. Although they cannot exceed the Carnot cycle limit for conversion of heat energy into useful work the excess heat may be used in cogeneration plants to heat buildings, produce hot water, or to heat materials on an industrial scale.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: In a simple cycle gas-turbine, also known as open-cycle gas-turbine (OCGT), hot gas drives a gas turbine to generate electricity. This type of plant is relatively cheap to build and can start very quickly, but due to its lower efficiency is at most is only run for a few hours a day as a peaking power plant.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: CCGT power plants consist of simple cycle gas-turbines which use the Brayton cycle, followed by a heat recovery steam generator and a steam turbine which use the Rankine cycle. The most common configuration is two gas-turbines supporting one steam turbine. They are more efficient than simple cycle plants and can achieve efficiencies up to 55% and dispatch times of around half an hour.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: Reciprocating internal combustion engines tend to be under 20MW, so much smaller than other types of natural gas-fired electricity generator, and are typically used for emergency power or to balance variable renewable energy such as wind and solar.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: In total gas-fired power stations emit about of per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated. This is about half that of coal-fired power stations but much more than nuclear power plants and renewable energy. Life-cycle emissions of gas-fired power stations may be impacted by methane emissions such as from gas leaks.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: Gas-fired power plants can be modified to run on hydrogen and according to General Electric a more economically viable option than CCS would be to use more and more hydrogen in the gas turbine fuel. Hydrogen can at first be created from natural gas through steam reforming, or by heating to precipitate carbon, as a step towards a hydrogen economy, thus eventually reducing carbon emissions.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: Sometimes a new battery storage power station together with solar power or wind power is cheaper in the long-term than building a new gas plant, as the gas plant risks becoming a stranded asset.


title: Gas-fired power plant

text: a few gas-fired power plants are being retired because they are unable to stop and start quickly enough. However, despite the falling cost of variable renewable energy most existing gas-fired power plants remain profitable, especially in countries without a carbon price, due to their dispatchable generation and because shale gas and liquefied natural gas prices have fallen since they were built. Even in places with a carbon price, such as the EU, existing gas-fired power stations remain economically viable, partly due to increasing restrictions on coal-fired power because of its pollution.


title: The Pale Horse (TV series)

text: The Pale Horse is a BBC One mystery miniseries television serial broadcast in 2020 in two episodes. Written by Sarah Phelps, the serial is loosely based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name. It is Phelps' fifth adaptation of a Christie work for the BBC. Directed by Leonora Lonsdale, it stars Rufus Sewell and Kaya Scodelario.


title: The Pale Horse (TV series)

text: Filming took place in Bristol. The car driven by Rufus Sewell's character is a Lagonda 3-Litre drophead coupé.


title: The Pale Horse (TV series)

text: Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 80% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 6.71/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Though "The Pale Horse" bristles with brutal thrills, convoluted mystery at times sedates the suspenseful proceedings." Metacritic reports an aggregated score of 69 out of 100 based on 6 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".


title: The Pale Horse (TV series)

text: "The Guardian" gave the first episode four stars and praised the writing and direction. "The Independent" deemed the second episode "satisfying" and said that the updates to the material and language worked. In their review of the second episode, "The Telegraph" was less complimentary, awarding three stars and saying "writer Sarah Phelps was chucking the rat-filled kitchen sink into this rewrite of Agatha Christie."


title: The Pale Horse (TV series)

text: As with her previous adaptations, some viewers criticized the numerous and significant changes Phelps made to the original novel; and some criticized the ending, which they found confusing. A "Radio Times" feature admitted that "the ending is deliberately ambiguous".


title: Distortion

text: In signal processing, distortion is the alteration of the original shape (or other characteristic) of a signal. In communications and electronics it means the alteration of the waveform of an information-bearing signal, such as an audio signal representing sound or a video signal representing images, in an electronic device or communication channel.


title: Distortion

text: Distortion is usually unwanted, and so engineers strive to eliminate or minimize it. In some situations, however, distortion may be desirable. For example, in noise reduction systems like the Dolby system, an audio signal is deliberately distorted in ways that emphasize aspects of the signal that are subject to electrical noise, then it is symmetrically "undistorted" after passing through a noisy communication channel, reducing the noise in the received signal. Distortion is also used as a musical effect, particularly with electric guitars.


title: Distortion

text: The addition of noise or other outside signals (hum, interference) is not considered distortion, though the effects of quantization distortion are sometimes included in noise. Quality measures that reflect both noise and distortion include the signal-to-noise and distortion (SINAD) ratio and total harmonic distortion plus noise (THD+N).


title: Distortion

text: In telecommunication and signal processing, a noise-free system can be characterised by a transfer function, such that the output formula_1 can be written as a function of the input formula_2 as


title: Distortion

text: the output is undistorted. Distortion occurs when the transfer function "F" is more complicated than this. If "F" is a linear function, for instance a filter whose gain and/or delay varies with frequency, the signal suffers linear distortion. Linear distortion does not introduce new frequency components to a signal but does alter the balance of existing ones.


title: Distortion

text: This diagram shows the behaviour of a signal (made up of a square wave followed by a sine wave) as it is passed through various distorting functions.