title: Care Bears (TV series)

text: "Volume 1", released in August 2004 contained the first two episodes (1 on the VHS) alongside the "Freeze Machine" and "Land without Feelings" specials. "Volume 2", released in October 2004 contained five episodes, and "The Magic Shop" (released in February 2005) and "The Girl who Cried Wolf" (released in August 2005) each contained three episodes, with the "Freeze Machine" special appearing on the latter again for an unknown reason, likely as filler. Both sets were released in two compilations titled "Volumes 1 and 2" (released in January 2005) and "Wedding Bells" (Released in May 2005), each containing two discs with their respective volumes.


title: Care Bears (TV series)

text: The separate volumes were re-released again in 2007, with the former two volumes being released simply as "Care Bears". Another compilation titled "Happy Birthday, Care Bears" was released by Maximum in February 2008, containing 12 episodes set within two discs. Lace DVD re-issued the DVDs again in 2011 as well was releasing the entire series in a four-disc boxset. These versions are identical to Maximum's releases.


title: Wayne Duvall

text: Wayne Duvall (born May 29, 1958) is an American actor known for appearing as Homer Stokes in "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", as well recurring roles as the television series "Billions", "The District", "The Leftovers", "BrainDead", "The Righteous Gemstones" and others.


title: Wayne Duvall

text: He has also appeared in films like "Apollo 13", "Leatherheads", "Duplicity", "Lincoln", "American Animals", "Richard Jewell", "The Hunt", and "The Trial of the Chicago 7", as well as in Broadway theatre productions, most notably the original New York run of "1984".


title: Biodata

text: In industrial and organizational psychology, biodata is biographical data. Biodata is "...factual kinds of questions about life and work experiences, as well as items involving opinions, values, beliefs, and attitudes that reflect a historical perspective." Since the respondent replies to questions about themselves, there are elements of both biography and autobiography. The basis of biodata's predictive abilities is the axiom that past behaviour is the best predictor of future behaviour. Biographical information is not expected to predict all future behaviours but it is useful in personal selection in that it can give an indication of probable future behaviours based on an individual's prior learning history. Biodata instruments (also called Biographical Information Blanks) have an advantage over personality and interest inventories in that they can capture directly the past behaviour of a person, probably the best predictor of his or her future actions. These measures deal with facts about the person's life, not introspections and subjective judgements.


title: Biodata

text: Over the years, personnel selection has relied on standardized psychological tests. The five major categories for these tests are intellectual abilities, spatial and mechanical abilities, perceptual accuracy, motor abilities and personality tests. The mean correlation coefficient for a standardized test of g (intellectual ability) and job performance is 0.51. A review of 58 studies on biodata found coefficients that ranged from 0.32 to 0.46 with a mean validity of 0.35. The mean validity of interviews was found to be 0.19. research has indicated a validity coefficient of 0.29 for unstructured interviews and 0.31 for structured interviews but interview results can be affected by interviewer biases and have been challenged in a number of different court cases.


title: Biodata

text: Biodata has been shown to be a valid and reliable means to predict future performance based on an applicant's past performance. A well-constructed biodata instrument is legally defendable and unlike the interview, is not susceptible to error due to rater biases or the halo effect. It has proven its worth in personnel selection as a cost-effective tool.


title: Biodata

text: Bangladesh), a biodata is essentially a résumé, for the purposes of marriage. The purpose is similar to that of a résumé, to eliminate some candidates from the pool of prospective suitors before meeting others. The biodata generally contains the same type of information as a résumé (i.e. objective, work history, salary information, educational background), but may also include physical attributes, such as height, weight, hair/skin/eye color, and a photo.


title: Sanchita Shetty

text: Sanchita Shetty is an Indian actress, who has appeared predominately in Tamil and Kannada films. She appeared in supporting roles at the beginning of her career. She got her first breakthrough after starring in female lead role in "Soodhu Kavvum" (2013).


title: Sanchita Shetty

text: She made her first film appearance in the Kannada hit film "Mungaru Male" (2006) as a friend to the film's female lead (Pooja Gandhi). In the next, she appeared in supporting roles in three Kannada films such as "Milana" (2007), "Uda" (2009) and "Bhaya.com" (2009). She also appeared in a film titled "Gaganachukki", which never released. She left the Kannada industry to work in Tamil and she was not willing to do anymore second lead roles. She acted for her first Tamil film "Azhukkan Azhagakiran" (2010). She is best known for featuring alongside Jayam Ravi in "Thillalangadi" (2010), with the director of the film Mohan Raja recommending her to also star in "Orange" (2010) featuring Ram Charan. In 2012, she signed her first leading role in "Kollaikaran".


title: Sanchita Shetty

text: Shetty has played female lead character in Nalan Kumarasamy's black comedy "Soodhu Kavvum" which was a critical and commercial success, collecting over and it is to be considered biggest success in her career. She played an imaginary character in the film, which was received well. Sify wrote, "Sanchita Shetty as his (Vijay Sethupathy) girlfriend is smashing and delivers some one-liners with perfect lip sync". The film went on to be remade in several other Indian languages and Shetty expressed interest in reprising the role in its remakes as well. Then, she is paired with Ashok Selvan in "" (2013).


title: Sanchita Shetty

text: In 2016, she signed a Kannada film after five years, "Badmaash" directed by Akash Srivatsa, which will see her playing a Radio Jockey. In Tamil, she continued to perform simultaneously as "Ennodu Vilayadu" (2017), "Rum" (2017), "Enkitta Mothathe" (2017), "Yenda Thalaiyila Yenna Vekkala" (2018) and "Johnny" (2018). In 2021, she appeared in "Devadas Brothers" and "Vinodhaya Sitham". In 2017 as a part of Suchi Leaks, Sanchita's sex tape got leaked


title: Include guard

text: In the C and C++ programming languages, an #include guard, sometimes called a macro guard, header guard or file guard, is a particular construct used to avoid the problem of "double inclusion" when dealing with the include directive.


title: Include guard

text: The C preprocessor processes directives of the form codice_1 in a source file by locating the associated codice_2 on disk and transcluding ("including") its contents into a copy of the source file known as the translation unit, replacing the include directive in the process. The files included in this regard are generally header files, which typically contain declarations of functions and classes or structs. If certain C or C++ language constructs are defined twice, the resulting translation unit is invalid. #include guards prevent this erroneous construct from arising by the double inclusion mechanism.


title: Include guard

text: The addition of #include guards to a header file is one way to make that file idempotent. Another construct to combat "double inclusion" is #pragma once, which is non-standard but nearly universally supported among C and C++ compilers.


title: Include guard

text: Here, the file "child.c" has indirectly included two copies of the text in the header file "grandparent.h". This causes a compilation error, since the structure type codice_3 will thus be defined twice. In C++, this would be called a violation of the one definition rule.


title: Include guard

text: In this section, the same code is used with the addition of #include guards. The C preprocessor preprocesses the header files, including and further preprocessing them recursively. This will result in a correct source file, as we will see.


title: Include guard

text: Here, the first inclusion of "grandparent.h" has the macro codice_4 defined. When "child.c" includes "grandparent.h" at the second time, as the codice_5 test returns false, the preprocessor skips down to the codice_6, thus avoiding the second definition of codice_7. The program compiles correctly.


title: Include guard

text: Different naming conventions for the guard macro may be used by different programmers. Other common forms of the above example include codice_8, codice_9 (with the appropriate time information substituted), and names generated from a UUID. (However, names starting with one underscore and a capital letter or any name containing double underscore, such as codice_10 and codice_11, are reserved to the language implementation and should not be used by the user.)


title: Include guard

text: Of course, it is important to avoid duplicating the same include-guard macro name in different header files, as including the 1st will prevent the 2nd from being included, leading to the loss of any declarations, inline definitions, or other #includes in the 2nd header.


title: Include guard

text: For #include guards to work properly, each guard must test and conditionally set a different preprocessor macro. Therefore, a project using #include guards must work out a coherent naming scheme for its include guards, and make sure its scheme doesn't conflict with that of any third-party headers it uses, or with the names of any globally visible macros.


title: Include guard

text: For this reason, most C and C++ implementations provide a non-standard codice_12 directive. This directive, inserted at the top of a header file, will ensure that the file is included only once. The Objective-C language (which is a superset of C) introduced an codice_13 directive, which works exactly like codice_14, except that it includes each file only once, thus obviating the need for #include guards.


title: Include guard

text: PL/I uses the codice_15 statement as the equivalent to C's codice_14 directive. IBM Enterprise PL/I also supports the codice_17 statement which will "incorporate external text into the source program if it has not previously been included." This differs from the C codice_12 in that the program including the external text is responsible for specifying that duplicate text should not be included, rather than the included text itself.


title: Include guard

text: It also offers an codice_19 statement, similar to a codice_20 statement, which will ignore the second and subsequent occurrences of an codice_19 with the same name,


title: Kartini

text: Raden Adjeng" Kartini (21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), also known as Raden Ayu" Kartini, was a prominent Indonesian activist who advocated for women's rights and female education.


title: Kartini

text: She was born into an aristocratic Javanese family in the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). After attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted to pursue further education, but Javanese women at the time were barred from higher education. She met various officials and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon, who was in charge of implementing the Dutch Ethical Policy.


title: Kartini

text: After her death, her sisters continued her advocacy of educating girls and women. Kartini's letters were published in a Dutch magazine and eventually, in 1911, as the works: "Out of Darkness to Light", "Women's Life in the Village", and "Letters of a Javanese Princess". Her birthday is now celebrated in Indonesia as Kartini Day in her honor, as well as multiple schools being named after her and a fund being established in her name to finance the education of girls in Indonesia. She was interested in mysticism and opposed polygamy.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini was born into an aristocratic Javanese family when Java was part of the Dutch colony of the Dutch East Indies. Kartini's father, Sosroningrat, became "Bupati" (or Regent) for the Regency of Jepara after originally being the district chief of Mayong. Her mother, Ngasirah, was the daughter of Madirono and a religious teacher at Telukawur. She was Sosroningrat's first wife but not his most important one. At this time, polygamy was a common practice among the nobility. Colonial regulations required regents to marry a member of the nobility. Since Ngasirah was not of sufficiently high nobility, Sosroningrat married a second time to Woerjan (Moerjam), a direct descendant of the Raja of Madura. After this second marriage, Kartini's father was elevated to " Bupati" of Jepara, replacing his second wife's father, Tjitrowikromo.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario Tjondronegoro IV, became a regent at the age of 25, while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was an accomplished linguist. Kartini's family allowed her to attend school until she was 12 years old. Here, among other subjects, she learned Dutch, an unusual accomplishment for Javanese women at the time. After she turned 12 she was secluded ("pingit") at home, which was a common practice among young female Javanese nobles, to prepare them for wedlock. During seclusion, girls were not allowed to leave their parents' house until they were married, after which the authority over them was transferred to their husbands. Kartini's father was more lenient than some during his daughter's seclusion, giving her such privileges as embroidery lessons and occasional appearances in public for special events.


title: Kartini

text: During her seclusion, Kartini continued to self-educate herself. She was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen pals. One of which, was a girl named Rosa Abendanon, who later became a close friend. Books, newspapers, and European magazines fed Kartini's interest in Europe and feminist thinking and overall fostered the desire to improve the conditions of indigenous Indonesian women, which at the time had a very low social status.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini's reading included the "Semarang" newspaper, to which she began to send her own contributions that were published. Before she was 20 she had read "Max Havelaar" and "Love Letters" by Multatuli. She also read "De Stille Kracht (The Hidden Force)" by Louis Couperus, the works of Frederik van Eeden, Augusta de Witt, the Romantic-Feminist author Cécile de Jong van Beek en Donk, and an anti-war novel by Bertha von Suttner, "Die Waffen Nieder!" ("Lay Down Your Arms!"). All were in Dutch.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini was not only concerned with the emancipation of women, but also with other social justice issues within her society. Kartini saw that the struggle for women to obtain their freedom, autonomy, and legal equality was just part of a wider movement.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini's parents arranged her marriage to Joyodiningrat, the Regent of Rembang, who had already married three wives. She was wed on 12 November 1903. She detested the marriage proposal at first, but her husband understood Kartini's aspirations and allowed her to establish a women's school on the eastern porch of Rembang's Regency Office complex. Kartini's only child was born on September 13, 1904. A few days later on 17 September 1904, Kartini died at the age of 25. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.


title: Kartini

text: Inspired by R.A. Kartini's example, the Van Deventer family established the R.A. Kartini Foundation which built schools for women, starting in 1912 with 'Kartini's Schools' in Semarang, and followed by other women's schools in Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Malang, Madiun, Cirebon, and other areas.


title: Kartini

text: In 1964, President Sukarno declared R.A. Kartini's birth date, 21 April, as "Kartini Day"—an Indonesian national holiday. This decision has been criticized. It has been proposed that Kartini Day should be celebrated in conjunction with Indonesian Mothers’ Day on 22 December. So R.A. Kartini as a national heroine does not overshadow women who took arms to oppose the Dutch.


title: Kartini

text: In contrast, those who recognize the significance of R.A. Kartini argue that not only was she an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women, she was also a nationalist figure with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the national struggle for independence.


title: Kartini

text: After Kartini died, J.H. Abendanon, the Minister for Culture, Religion, and Industry in the East Indies, collected and published the letters that she had sent to her friends in Europe. The book was titled "Door Duisternis tot Licht (Out of Dark Comes Light)" and published in 1911. It went through five editions, with additional letters included in the final edition, and was translated into English by Agnes L. Symmers as "Letters of a Javanese Princess". The publication of letters written by a native Javanese woman attracted great interest in the Netherlands, and Kartini's ideas began to change the way the Dutch viewed native women in Java. Her ideas also provided inspiration for prominent figures in the fight for independence.


title: Kartini

text: This publication was edited to remove references to colonial figures, Islamic beliefs, and Javanese culture, and the English translation made further changes. Kartini's unedited letters were first published in English in 2014.


title: Kartini

text: In her letters, Raden Adjeng Kartini wrote about her views of the social conditions prevailing at that time, particularly the condition of native Indonesian women. Most of her letters protest the Javanese cultural tendency to impose obstacles in women's development. She wanted women to have the freedom to learn and study. R.A. Kartini wrote of her ideas and ambitions, including "Zelf-ontwikkeling, Zelf-onderricht, Zelf-vertrouwen, Zelf-werkzaamheid" and "Solidariteit". These ideas were all based on "Religieusiteit, Wijsheid, en Schoonheid", that is, belief in God, wisdom, and beauty, along with "Humanitarianismus" (humanitarianism) and "Nationalismus' (nationalism).


title: Kartini

text: Kartini's letters also expressed her hopes for support from overseas. In her correspondence with Estell "Stella" Zeehandelaar, R.A. Kartini expressed her wish to be equal with European women. She depicted the sufferings of Javanese women fettered by tradition, unable to study, secluded, and who must be prepared to participate in polygamous marriages with men they don't know.


title: Kartini

text: In letters dated to October 1902, Kartini expresses to Abendanon and her husband her desire to live a vegetarian life, which for her carried religious weight. Living a life as a vegetarian is a wordless prayer to the Almighty.


title: Kartini

text: Although Kartini's father allowed his daughters' schooling until the age of twelve, he firmly closed the door to further education. As a result, he prevented Kartini from continuing her studies in the Netherlands or enter medical school. Eventually, however, he gave permission for her to study to become a teacher in Batavia (now Jakarta). In the end, her plans to study in Japan changed into plans to journey to Tokyo, on the advice of Abendanon that this would be best for Kartini and her younger sister, Ayu Rukmini. In 1903, plans to become a teacher in Tokyo were abandoned due to Kartini's upcoming marriage: " In short, I no longer desire to take advantage of this opportunity because I am to be married". This was despite the Dutch Education Department finally giving permission for Kartini and Rukmini to study in Batavia.


title: Kartini

text: As the wedding approached, R.A. Kartini's attitude towards Javanese traditional customs changed. She became more tolerant and felt her marriage would bring good fortune for her ambition to develop a school for native women. In her letters, she mentioned that her husband supported her desire to develop the Jepara woodcarving industry and a school for native women, but also mentioned that she was going to write a book. This ambition went unrealized due to her premature death in 1904.


title: Kartini

text: Kartini Schools opened in Bogor, Jakarta, and Malang. A society was also established in her name in the Netherlands.


title: Kartini

text: She appeared twice in the Indonesian rupiah banknotes, in the 5 rupiah (1952 edition, which issued on 1953) and the 10,000 rupiah (1985 edition).


title: Kartini

text: Sukarno's Old Order state declared 21 April as Kartini Day to remind women that they should participate in "the hegemonic state discourse of "pembangunan" (development)". After 1965, however, Suharto's New Order state reconfigured the image of Kartini from that of radical women's emancipator to one that portrayed her as a dutiful wife and obedient daughter, "as only a woman dressed in a kebaya who can cook." On that occasion, popularly known as Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to wear tight, fitted jackets, batik shirts, elaborate hairstyles, and ornate jewelry to school, supposedly replicating Kartini's attire but in reality, wearing an invented and more constricting ensemble than she ever did."


title: St Helier

text: St Helier (; Jèrriais: ; ) is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. St Helier has a population of 35,822 – over one-third of the total population of Jersey – and is the capital of the island. The town of St Helier is the largest settlement and only town of Jersey. The town consists of the built-up areas of St Helier, including First Tower, and parts of the parishes of St Saviour and St Clement, with further suburbs in surrounding parishes. The greater part of St Helier is rural.


title: St Helier

text: The parish covers a surface area of , being 9% of the total land area of the island (this includes reclaimed land area of or 200 ha). The growth of the town has been described as "spasmodic", its expansion reflecting waves of migration to the island. The parish arms are two crossed gold axes on a blue background, the blue symbolising the sea, and the axes symbolising the martyrdom of Helier at the hands of Saxon pirates in 555 AD.


title: St Helier

text: St Helier is named for Helier (or Helerius), a 6th-century ascetic hermit from Belgium. The traditional date of his martyrdom is AD 555. His feast day, marked by an annual municipal and ecumenical pilgrimage to the Hermitage, is on 16 July.


title: St Helier

text: The medieval hagiographies of Helier, the patron saint martyred in Jersey and after whom the parish and town are named, suggest a picture of a small fishing village on the dunes between the marshy land behind and the high-water mark.


title: St Helier

text: An Abbey of Saint Helier was founded in 1155 on L'Islet, a tidal island adjacent to the Hermitage. Closed at the Reformation, the site of the abbey was fortified to create the castle that replaced Mont Orgueil as the island's major fortress. The new Elizabeth Castle was named after the Queen by the Governor of Jersey 1600–1603, Sir Walter Raleigh.


title: St Helier

text: The land now known as the town of St Helier was once not much more than a low-lying basin consisting of marshy lands and sand dunes (to the west), surrounded by low hills on other sides. There is very little evidence of prehistorical settlement in the St Helier basin; the archaeological site in the parish is an Iron Age dolmen, which used to sit atop Mont de la Ville (the present site of Fort Regent), but which was moved to the house of a former Governor in Henley-on-Thames in the 1780s. It is thought that the site of St Helier was settled at the time of the Roman control of Gaul.


title: St Helier

text: By 540 AD, the monk Helerius (for whom the parish is named) had settled on the islet in the bay of St Aubin, now part of the parish and the modern-day site of Elizabeth Castle. From this hermitage, the monk converted the island's population to Christianity, but he was killed in 555 AD by seagoing raiders, attempting to defend the island. Therefore, his hermitage took on great spiritual significance. This establishment of Christianity as the principal religion of the islanders brought with it new governmental structures by the end of the 10th century, including the parochial system. It is believed the boundaries of the parish have not much changed since that time.The first evidence for the existence of a settlement in St Helier is in the Assize Roll of 1229. However, the parish church, the Town Church, is known to contain features that date to at least the 11th century. Although it is now some considerable distance from the sea, at the time of its original construction it was on the edge of the dunes at the closest practical point to St Helier's Hermitage. Before land reclamation and port construction started, boats could be tied up to the churchyard wall on the seaward side.


title: St Helier

text: It is believed the first residences in St Helier were along modern-day Hill Street, opposite the church. These would have been simple fishermen's huts, probably constructed from local granite with roofs of thatch. There is some archaeological evidence of 12th-century habitation around Old Street, outwith the medieval town area. Another site of settlement was around the Town Mills at the base of Mont Nerou. Despite not having access to the site, the location of the Abbey and the Town Church led to the village developing into the main town for the insular community. Regular markets were held in the town from at least the 15th century and the Royal Court is recorded to have sat in St Helier from ancient times. The town gained formal recognition by the Privy Council by the mid-16th century.


title: St Helier

text: The street layout of the medieval town is difficult to determine, as there are no detailed street maps. A 1563 map shows a group of buildings huddled behind the town church, with an axis - likely either King Street or the Royal Square - through the centre. It is believed that the Royal Square, which was initially the town's market square, became entirely encircled with buildings by 1550. At this time, the line of King Street and Queen Street were established, extending from Charing Cross (the outlet of Le Grand Douet) and Snow Hill.


title: St Helier

text: St Helier's growth has been marked by waves aligning with waves of migration to the island. The earliest such period of growth for the town seems to be between the Reformation and the Civil War as many French Protestants sought refuge in Jersey, Jersey being a Francophone Protestant state, especially following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. The first expansion of the old town was to the weSt Jurat Helier Hue's lands to the north of Charing Cross were sold and developed as Hue Street and Dumaresq Street. John Seale bought lands near Charing Cross and developed Seale Street. The Vignatine de la Ville officials confirmed their ownership of Mont de la Ville, so developed a new road La Rue des Trois Pigeons (Hill Street) to the south of the Royal Court.


title: St Helier

text: By the start of the 17th century, the town consisted of the modern Royal Square, Hill Street, Regent Road, Church Street, King Street, Queen Street and little else. The eastern gateway to the town was Snow Hill, where the roads from the eastern parishes met, and the western gateway Charing Cross (which led to the market square down Broad Street), where King Street met the sandy plains over which Westerners would travel to come to town. Therefore, King and Queen Streets formed the core axis for St Helier at this time. Approaches to the town included La Motte Street (for St Saviour), Val Plaisant onto Old Street (for the northern parishes and the Town Mill), and St John's Road. The land to the north and southeast of the old town were of considerable value, cultivated as market gardens or planted as orchards.


title: St Helier

text: Improvements to take place during the 17th century included the walling of the Town Church cemetery, the construction of a prison (which arched over Charing Cross) and the paving of important streets. An order of the Royal Court in 1610 led to the improvement of the streets, proprietors being compelled to pave the space before his house to a width of , leading to a non-uniform pattern of paving.


title: St Helier

text: In 1700, the cattle market was moved from Broad Street to a site on the beach, around 60 to 100 yards to the southwest of the churchyard (roughly the site of the Royal Yacht Hotel). It remained here until being relocated to the modern site of Minden Place Car Park in 1841.


title: St Helier

text: "La Cohue" (a Norman word for courthouse) stood on one side of the Royal Square, now rebuilt as the Royal Court and States Chamber (called collectively the States Building). The market cross in the centre of the square was pulled down at the Reformation, and the iron cage for holding prisoners was replaced by a prison gatehouse at the western edge of town. The road now known as Broad Street served as the coast road for the town and may have also been referred to as being exposed to wind-blown sand. The Richmond Map of 1795 shows that the town at this period was only a small stub at the foot of Mont de la Ville, consisting of the main thoroughfare ( from Charing Cross through to La Colomberie) to the north of the Royal Square, at the time the town market. and Old St John's Hill were the primary connections up to the north, with connecting the town to its mill at Grands Vaux. In 1718, John Durell bought a number of St Helier fiefs and constructed a new gated street from King Street to Rue du Val. Maps show that the town experienced a steady increase in densification between 1700 and 1756.


title: St Helier

text: George II gave £200 towards the construction of a new harbour – previously boats would be beached on a falling tide and unloaded by cart across the sands. A statue of the king by John Cheere was erected in the square in 1751 in gratitude, and the marketplace was renamed Royal Square, although the name has remained "Lé Vièr Marchi" (the old market) to this day in Jèrriais. Many of St Helier's road names and street names are bilingual English/French or English/Jèrriais, but some have only one name. The names in the various languages are not usually translations: distinct naming traditions survive alongside each other.


title: St Helier

text: The Royal Square was also the scene of the Battle of Jersey on 6 January 1781, the last attempt by French forces to seize Jersey. John Singleton Copley's epic painting "The Death of Major Pierson" captures an imaginative version of the scene. Following the 1789 French Revolution, many thousands of French refugees settled in Jersey, many aristocratic and most settling in St Helier. This doubled the number of houses in town and its vicinity; many of the tree-lined lanes leading from the town became built up with new houses and streets.


title: St Helier

text: As harbour construction moved development seaward, a population growth meant that marshland and pasture north of the ribbon of urban activity was built on speculatively. Settlement by English immigrants added quarters of colonial-style town houses to the traditional building stock.


title: St Helier

text: Continuing military threats from France spurred the construction of a citadel fortress, Fort Regent, on the Mont de la Ville, the crag dominating the shallow basin of St Helier.


title: St Helier

text: Around 1800, the market was moved from the Royal Square to a new purpose-built and enlarged premises at its current site. This shifted the cultural core of the town out of its old medieval heart, but did not diminish the importance of the old centre, which also saw new works to the waterfront, such as the building of Commercial Buildings. Military roads linking coastal defences around the island with St Helier harbour allowed farmers to exploit Jersey's temperate micro-climate and use new fast sailing ships and then steamships to get their produce to the markets of London and Paris before the competition. This was the start of Jersey's agricultural prosperity in the 19th century.


title: St Helier

text: The Napoleonic Wars brought the threat of war to Jersey's shores, and the island was fortified against French invasion. Martello towers were constructed around the coast (including First Tower in St Helier) and in 1805, the States agreed to sell to the British government Mont de la Ville to site a major fort. The construction of the fort buildings led to a major influx of both people and capital, many of whom came from Ireland and England. The States used the proceeds of the sale of Mont de la Ville to fund improvements to town pavements.


title: St Helier

text: The early 19th century was a period of growth of trade for Jersey. An English Custom House was established in the island in 1810. A key turning point in St Helier history was the introduction of steamships. Previous to that, travel to the island was long and unpredictable. In the mid-1820s, the post office switched to steam as well. The first paddle steamer to visit Jersey was the Medina on 11 June 1823. In 1824, two shipping companies were established, each operating weekly steamship services to England.


title: St Helier

text: This brought thousands of passengers to the town. By 1840, there were 5,000 English residents in Jersey, who some say did not mix well or interact deeply with the native Jèrriais. The number of English-speaking soldiers stationed on the island and the number of retired officers and English-speaking labourers who came to the islands in the 1820s led to the island gradually moving towards an English-speaking culture in St Helier. This new immigration had a large impact on local architecture, with a number of mainland Georgian-style houses and terraces erected on the main roads out of the town. It also expanded with many new streets, such as Burrard Street, first developed in 1812. In 1831, gas street lighting was first introduced on town roads.


title: St Helier

text: The rapid growth of St Helier was one of the most significant changes in the landscape of Jersey during the 19th century. The town developed from a small settlement by the coast to encompassing most of the parish and spreading out into St Clement and St Saviour. The town's expansion mainly happened in the semi-saucer of flat land between Westmount and Mount Pleasant, so there remained a significant rural part of the parish. In 1776, both St Aubin and St Helier had had roughly the same size, however by the end of the 19th century, St Helier was far larger. It is estimated that the number of houses by the mid-19th century was 2,600, 2,000 higher than just sixty years prior.


title: St Helier

text: An important growth for St Helier in the early 19th century was the construction of the harbour. Previously, ships coming into the town had only a small jetty at the site now called the English Harbour and the French Harbour. The Chamber of Commerce urged the States to build a new harbour, but the States refused, so the Chamber took it into their own hands and paid to upgrade the harbour in 1790. A new breakwater was constructed to shelter the jetty and harbours. In 1814, the merchants constructed the roads now known as Commercial Buildings and Le Quai des Marchands to connect the harbours to the town and in 1832 construction was finished on the Esplanade and its sea wall. A rapid expansion in shipping led the States in 1837 to order the construction of two new piers: the Victoria and Albert Piers.


title: St Helier

text: Pierre Le Sueur, reforming Constable of St Helier, was responsible for installing sewerage and provision of clean water in St Helier following outbreaks of cholera in the 1830s. An obelisk with a fountain in the town centre was raised to his memory following his premature death in office from overwork.


title: St Helier

text: In the second half of the 19th century, hundreds of trucks laden with potatoes and other export produce needed access to the harbour. This prompted a programme of road-widening which swept away many of the ancient buildings of the town centre. Pressure for redevelopment has meant that very few buildings remain in urban St Helier which date to before the 19th century, giving the town primarily a Regency or Victorian character.


title: St Helier

text: Towards the end of the century, in the 1870s, the new Jersey Railway opened, connecting the town to the West, with its terminus at the Weighbridge, and a few years later the Eastern Railway, with its terminus at Snow Hill. By this time, the town had three parks: The Parade Gardens, Howard Davis Park, and People's Park. Until the opening of the Waterfront and Millenium Parks in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, these parks would be the only three to exist in the town basin.


title: St Helier

text: The expansion of the town during the 19th century also caused an expansion of social facilities, particularly of churches, due to the importance of religion. These 19th-century churches include St James' Church (1829), St Mark's Church (1843), Wesley Street Methodist Chapel (1827, rebuilt in 1876) and St Thomas' Catholic Church (1887).


title: St Helier

text: By the turn of the century, all the large open spaces around St Helier were mostly developed. Most new buildings involved maximising the density of a plot, joining smaller plots to form larger premises (especially in order to retailize the heart of town). After the First World War, the need for new homes could not be met in the confines of the basin, and with the growth of the motorcar, the roads leading out into the country allowed ribbon development in all directions, along the coast, up over the hills and into neighbouring parishes. In the 1930s, the States constructed the first-ever public housing estate in Jersey at Wellington Park.


title: St Helier

text: After the German occupation of the Channel Islands, St Helier continued to change as a result of renewed tourism industry and Jersey's role as a financial centre. A large change was the unprecedented movement of people around the island thanks to the motor car, but this required higher capacity on the old road network and more parking. In the 1960s, income from the Jersey States Lottery was used to excavate a two-lane road tunnel under Fort Regent, enabling traffic from the harbour to the east coast towns to avoid a tortuous route around the fort.


title: St Helier

text: A number of architecturally and historically significant buildings have been destroyed since the Second World War, including the demolishing of one of the oldest townhouses the "Manoir de la Motte", located on the corner of Grosvenor and St James Streets, the site where Lt-Governor Corbet surrendered to the French during the Battle of Jersey. A heritage architecture preservation movement grew, partly due to the destruction of a number of historic buildings in the Hue/Dumaresq Street area. This led to increased planning restrictions aimed to preserve the town's architectural heritage and preservation of the town's character has become a key part of Jersey's national planning policy.


title: St Helier

text: About the same time, the Fort was converted into a major leisure facility and was linked to the town centre by a gondola cableway – closed and demolished in the 1990s. In the 1970s, a programme of pedestrianisation of the central streets was undertaken.


title: St Helier

text: Liberation Square is now a focal point in the town – the former terminus of the Jersey Railway housed the Jersey Tourism office until 2007.


title: St Helier

text: In 2006, it was reported that the Connétable, with the backing of the Chief Minister of Jersey, was to seek city status for St Helier.


title: St Helier

text: An explosion at a block of flats in Pier Road on 10 December 2022 killed at least eight people. The initial assumption is that it was caused by a gas leak.


title: St Helier

text: The parish is a first-level administrative division of the Bailiwick of Jersey, a British Crown dependency. St Helier is generally considered to be the capital of the Bailiwick, although the island has no "de jure" capital. It contains the seat of the island's government, the States of Jersey, including the home of the States Assembly and most Government of Jersey offices. Government House, the official residence of the Lieutenant-Governor, however, is located in neighbouring St Saviour.


title: St Helier

text: At present, the parish forms three electoral districts for States Assembly elections and elects 13 Deputies and the parish's , who sits in the States . The current Deputies for St Helier are listed below.


title: St Helier

text: The Parish has its own responsibilities and elections to the Municipality of St Helier take place to elect honorary officials who fulfill a variety of roles for Parishioners under the overall control of the Constable, two Procureurs du Bien Public and the Parish Assembly.


title: St Helier

text: Five members of the Roads Committee and ten Roads Inspectors are also elected by parishioners and ensure that the roads of the parish are kept in good repair.


title: St Helier

text: The members of the Assessment Committee are elected to agree to the rate chargeable to each property in the Parish.


title: St Helier

text: The Accounts Committee are elected to ensure that the accounts of the Parish represent a 'true and fair view' of the state of the Parish finances in order that the Parish Assembly may rely upon the information to set the Parish Rate.


title: St Helier

text: The "Conseil Municipal" is a new municipal council for St Helier. The idea of creating a council was first floated in 1892, however, the idea was not put into place until November 2019, when it was agreed to establish a Shadow Conseil to trail the idea in 2020. The idea is to help the Parish to deliver the parish objectives.


title: St Helier

text: St Helier is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey and is the most populated of them. It is located on the island's south coast, on the eastern end of St Aubin's Bay. It covers the majority, and the principal part of, the island's principal settlement (henceforth referred to as "the town"). A large part of the parish is rural.


title: St Helier

text: The town has no clearly defined boundary and does not directly match any parish boundaries. The 2011 Island Plan defines the built-up area as including a large part of the Southern part of the parish (the contiguous built-up area within the parish, notably excluding parts of Mont à l'Abbé, Le Mont au Prêtre, Grands Vaux, and St Andrews), a part of St Saviour (however not the Five Oaks area, despite being part of the contiguous urban area) and the Georgetown-Plat Douet area of St Saviour and St Clement. Most of the town is located on low-lying land, consisting of escarpment and flood plain.


title: St Helier

text: The town's centre is located entirely within the Parish of St Helier, and mostly consists of the area surrounding the town's high street, King Street, and Queen Street. It also contains the Parade Cenotaph, Town Church, Town Hall, Royal Square, Victorian Market, the States Chamber and Liberation Square. The town centre is the central business district for the island, containing the principal retail and finance companies.


title: St Helier

text: The parish has a population of 33,522 and a land area of 10.6 km, making it the densest parish on the island.


title: St Helier

text: The topography of the parish is one of the most varied. The marshland on which the town is situated is encircled by highlands which protect the town from the worst winds. In the southeast of the parish, rising from the plains in the centre of town, there is also Mont de Ville. This divides the Havre des Pas district from the Harbour.


title: St Helier

text: Le Grand Douet runs underneath the parish from the north near Grands Vaux, out near the Underpass (pictured below).


title: St Helier

text: Since the 1980s, a significant reclamation project has extended the southern area of St Helier – the area now known as the Waterfront. The A1 dual carriageway was upgraded and extended, with a new grade-separated roundabout junction, the first in the Channel Islands.


title: St Helier

text: The town is not particularly visible from the island's countryside due to the town's position in a sheltering landscape. The parish has a number of character areas:


title: St Helier

text: Under the Köppen climate classification, St Helier has a Oceanic climate, with mild, rainy winters and mild to warm, quite sunny summers. Winters on the island tend to be milder than in both mainland Britain and Continental Europe, being greatly influenced by the sourroundig ocean and the Gulf stream. Snow and frosts are rare and happen only when a severe cold snap reaches Western Europe. Summers on the island dosent see the hot temperatures that England and mainland europe can experience in occasional heatwaves, but the weather is often better than on the mainland with more sunshine and less rain. As the island is more subject to influence from the azores high, and the ocean prevents convectional percipitaion, rainfall is plentiful in autumn-winter but modest in late spring and summer with July being the driest month. Sunshine hours are noticeably higher than in mainland UK and northern France averaging 1950 pr year compared to 1650 in London or Paris . January is the coldest month with an average high of , and a low of . July is the warmest month, with an average high of , and a low of . St Helier also set the record for the most sunshine ever reported in one calendar year in the British Isles.


title: St Helier

text: St Helier is the most populated of Jersey's parishes, with 33,522 residents according to the 2011 census.


title: St Helier

text: St Helier contains cultural facilities at the Jersey Museum, the Maritime Museum, the Jersey Opera House, the Jersey Arts Centre, the performance venue of St James, the sports and entertainment facilities at Fort Regent, the Jersey Library, the library of La Société Jersiaise and the Jersey Archive.


title: St Helier

text: The Weighbridge is a public space in the south of town. The modern space consists of three squares, trisected by La Route de la Libération and the Esplanade. The Weighbridge is notable for being the site of the Liberation of Jersey, when British soldiers raised the Union Flag at the Pomme d'Or Hotel, bringing a return to British rule in the island after five years under Nazi occupation.


title: St Helier

text: In 1995, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Jersey's liberation from Nazi occupation, and thus 50 years of peace, a sculpture was erected in the focal point for the celebrations when the island was liberated.


title: St Helier

text: The sculpture was originally to depict islanders releasing doves of peace, but this came under fierce criticism, with some islanders remarking that had any doves been on the island during the occupation, they would have been eaten by starving German soldiers. Therefore, the sculpture was revised to show islanders raising the British flag, as they had done on the day of liberation 50 years previous.


title: St Helier

text: The site is on reclaimed land and has served many purposes over the years. The initial weighbridge was constructed in 1825. The town terminus of the Jersey Railway was opened here in 1870. A statue of Queen Victoria was initially located in what is now Weighbridge Place (it has been relocated to Victoria Park at West Park). This area also served as the island's bus terminus until the opening of Liberation Station in 2005.


title: St Helier

text: In the 1990s, Liberation Square was built in front of the Pomme D'Or for the 50th anniversary of Liberation. It features a statue of islanders holding up a Union Flag. The circular forms of the square represent free thought and liberation. There is a moat around the statue representing the sea and twelve representing the parishes of the island.


title: St Helier

text: The Parade is a wide area in the west of St Helier, incorporating a park in the centre and roads around most of the edges. The area is home to the Cenotaph and General Hospital. It is known as "Les Mielles" in Jèrriais, meaning sand dunes.


title: St Helier

text: It was initially a drilling ground for the island's troops. The original hospital building was completed in 1768, but was originally used as barracks. The Cenotaph was constructed in 1923 to commemorate those islanders who lost their lives in the First World War (however has also been expanded to the Second World War), designed by Charles de Gruchy. It is the focal site for Rememebrance Day celebrations on the island.


title: St Helier

text: This is the newest park in St Helier, opened on a former car park site in 2013. Its creation was initially agreed in 2000, however, plans stalled due to a lack of funds. The park has water features, sculptures, a playground and an area to play ball games. It also has a cycle path through the centre of it.


title: St Helier

text: The site has contributed to local regeneration, with new developments nearby such as Merchant's Square and the Gas Place development.


title: St Helier

text: Formerly the site of the prison in the 17th century, Charing Cross is a square at the western end of King Street. There is a monument of a Toad (""Le Crapaud""). It was erected in 2004 as part of the commemoration of 800 years of allegiance to the English Crown. On the side, there are inscribed extracts from the Code Le Geyt. Across the road, there is "La Croix de la Reine", a cross erected to commemorate the Queen's Silver Jubilee in 1977. Recently, the Co-operative building on the square was redeveloped, with a new food store and the island's first Premier Inn.


title: St Helier

text: St Andrew's Park is located around St Andrew's Church in First Tower. It was donated by the Seigneur of Mélèches in 1911. Two neolithic dolmens can be found at St Andrew's Park near the main road which date to 2800 and 2300 BCE.


title: St Helier

text: Many places in St Helier have been formally listed as Sites of Special Interest by the Planning and Environment department of Jersey.


title: St Helier

text: Elizabeth Castle is a 16th-century castle located on a tidal island off the coast of the town. It was constructed to supplement the defence provided by Mont Orgeuil in St Martin. It is now a museum and tourist attraction, administered by Jersey Heritage. It can be accessed by a causeway at low tide, which becomes inundated at high tide, and a duck ferry, which runs on land at low tide and by sea at high tide.


title: St Helier

text: Fort Regent is located at the top of the Mont de la Ville. It was initially constructed as a barracks at the end of the Napoleonic Wars. It was decided to develop it into a leisure complex in 1967. There was a cable car that gave access to Fort Regent from Snow Hill. However, it was closed in 1991. There also used to be a swimming pool that opened in 1971, but it was knocked down in 2020.


title: St Helier

text: A tunnel (A17) was opened under the Fort on 25 February 1970 after seven years of construction. The tunnel links traffic from the east to the west of the island, and allowed for the pedestrianisation of the town centre.


title: St Helier

text: Central Market, in Beresford Street, St Helier, is an indoor market that was opened in 1882. It is an official Site of Special Interest, and is popular with tourists and locals. It features Victorian architecture including cast iron structures, and an ornamental fountain in the centre. The market was designed by Thomas Helliwell of Brighouse, Yorkshire, working with Bellamy and Hardy of Lincoln.


title: St Helier

text: This is an 18th-century Georgian townhouse, with some 19th century additions, which has been renovated by the National Trust for Jersey, and is now operated as a museum.


title: St Helier

text: The primary road network in the parish consists of the St Helier Ring Road (part of which is located in St Saviour) and a series of A roads branching from there to the surrounding parishes, such as Victoria Avenue. Under Fort Regent, a road tunnel connects the West and the East of the island together.


title: St Helier

text: The parish is responsible for the upkeep of by-roads ("chemins vicinaux") within its boundaries, managed by the Roads Committee. The Government is responsible for main roads.


title: St Helier

text: The parish contains Liberation Station, the bus terminus for the island's public transport network. Every bus route on the island terminates in St Helier and the parish has bus connections to every settlement on the island. A number of bus services provide a direct connection to Jersey Airport in St Peter. In 2022, the TownLink service was introduced which provides a local service within St Helier.


title: St Helier

text: The parish church is known as the Town Church and is the oldest building in St Helier, located on Church Street, across from the Royal Court. It predates the Battle of Hastings and has been altered and enlarged a number of times since. After the Reformation, the church became a Huguenot temple and eight successive Rectors were French Huguenot ministers. In 1842, due to the rising population of St Helier, the Dean of Jersey raised money to replace the church with a larger building, however it was never built. The Rector of the Town Church is normally co-officially the Dean of Jersey. Charles II attended service in the Town Church a number of times before and during his reign.


title: St Helier

text: As the town expanded in the 19th century, more Anglican churches were needed, especially for English services. The Church of St Mark on David Place, was opened in 1844, with a large two-storey congregation. The church was constructed on a shareholder system, whereby parishioners could purchase pews. The church's bells are the most southerly in the British Isles. St Andrew's Church at First Tower was originally opened in 1850 as a seamen's mission on Castle Street. It then moved to the Esplanade in a dedicated building in 1854. As the town spread west, the church's curate moved his church to a new park on a site donated by the Seigneur of Mélèches and opened in 1930.


title: St Helier

text: The St Helier Methodist Centre on Halkett Place was originally part of the French Methodist circuit. The centre was built in 1847 for a congregation of 1,450. There were several other Methodist churches. In 1956, the French and English Methodist Churches combined into a single circuit; the congregations of Wesley Street and Grove Place combined into the Wesley Grove Methodist Church. In 2000, all the Methodist congregations in St Helier moved to the Halkett Place Chapel. St Thomas', commonly known as the French Church, is the largest Catholic congregation in the island. Its 1887 building is the finest example of French Gothic architecture in Jersey. There is also a Polish shrine and a Portuguse chapel, to serve the island's Catholic immigrant populations, the latter dedicated to Our Lady of Fatima.


title: St Helier

text: The Waterfront district of St Helier sits on land reclaimed during the 1980s. Since then, there have been numerous plans aimed at developing the area. The current planning framework covering the area is the "Southwest St Helier Planning Framework", published in 2019. The plan aims to improve safety and convenience for pedestrians across La Route de la Libération (which is a road that runs through the area and is grade separated and at some points six lanes wide), including the possibility of an 'iconic bridge'; require major development proposals to have detailed landscaping schemes to enhance open space and secure a mix of uses in the area, including community facilities.


title: St Helier

text: The state-owned Jersey Development Company, which owns much of the land in the area, is managing the redevelopment and has contracted Gillespies, a landscape architecture firm, after a concept design competition. As of June 2021, the proposals include demolishing the existing Waterfront Centre buildings, redesigning the existing Jardins de la Mer and Waterfront Gardens parks, creating new public squares and new single-phase signalised crossings across Route de la Libération.


title: St Helier

text: The parish has a number of sports facilities, including Springfield Stadium (incorporating the island's football pitch), Aquasplash (swimming pool), pétanque pitches, badminton and the Fort Regent leisure centre. Motorsports events take place on roads in the Parish as well as an annual Town Criterium, and the start and finish of the Jersey Marathon.


title: St Helier

text: In 2021, the Government of Jersey published a report "Inspiring Active Places Strategy". The strategy will have a total cost of circa £100 million. The plan proposes the removal of sports facilities from Fort Regent by early 2022, which is "beyond the end of its useful life". The report states it is not the best location for health and fitness facilities for St Helier residents. Therefore, by the end of 2021, there will be the need to create temporary or alternative facilities to enable sport relocation from Fort Regent.


title: St Helier

text: Springfield will be refurbished to provide better public active facilities and a new town community park, with the single stadium pitch replaced with two smaller 5-a-side pitches by 2026/27. However, in the interim, parts of Springfield will be redeveloped to provide more parking.


title: St Helier

text: The plan includes the reprovision of facilities from Fort Regent. By 2030, a new leisure centre will be constructed in the town centre, on the site of the Waterfront centre. The leases on the current Waterfront development terminate in 2027. It will include a large swimming pool, with minimal spectator provision, and of health and fitness space. This will re-accommodate the Aquasplash facility, which will be demolished, and the current fitness facilities at the Fort. Due to the high-density town centre location, there is the opportunity to construct a three-story residential site above the facility.


title: Mixin

text: In object-oriented programming languages, a mixin (or mix-in) is a class that contains methods for use by other classes without having to be the parent class of those other classes. How those other classes gain access to the mixin's methods depends on the language. Mixins are sometimes described as being "included" rather than "inherited".


title: Mixin

text: Mixins encourage code reuse and can be used to avoid the inheritance ambiguity that multiple inheritance can cause (the "diamond problem"), or to work around lack of support for multiple inheritance in a language. A mixin can also be viewed as an interface with implemented methods. This pattern is an example of enforcing the dependency inversion principle.


title: Mixin

text: Mixins first appeared in Symbolics's object-oriented Flavors system (developed by Howard Cannon), which was an approach to object-orientation used in Lisp Machine Lisp. The name was inspired by Steve's Ice Cream Parlor in Somerville, Massachusetts: The owner of the ice cream shop offered a basic flavor of ice cream (vanilla, chocolate, etc.) and blended in a combination of extra items (nuts, cookies, fudge, etc.) and called the item a "mix-in", his own trademarked term at the time.


title: Mixin

text: Mixins are a language concept that allows a programmer to inject some code into a class. Mixin programming is a style of software development, in which units of functionality are created in a class and then mixed in with other classes.


title: Mixin

text: A mixin class acts as the parent class, containing the desired functionality. A subclass can then inherit or simply reuse this functionality, but not as a means of specialization. Typically, the mixin will export the desired functionality to a child class, without creating a rigid, single "is a" relationship. Here lies the important difference between the concepts of mixins and inheritance, in that the child class can still inherit all the features of the parent class, but, the semantics about the child "being a kind of" the parent need not be necessarily applied.


title: Mixin

text: In Simula, classes are defined in a block in which attributes, methods and class initialization are all defined together; thus all the methods that can be invoked on a class are defined together, and the definition of the class is complete.


title: Mixin

text: In Flavors, a mixin is a class from which another class can inherit slot definitions and methods. The mixin usually does not have direct instances. Since a Flavor can inherit from more than one other Flavor, it can inherit from one or more mixins. Note that the original Flavors did not use generic functions.


title: Mixin

text: In New Flavors (a successor of Flavors) and CLOS, methods are organized in "generic functions". These generic functions are functions that are defined in multiple cases (methods) by class dispatch and method combinations.


title: Mixin

text: CLOS and Flavors allow mixin methods to add behavior to existing methods: codice_1 and codice_2 daemons, whoppers and wrappers in Flavors. CLOS added codice_3 methods and the ability to call shadowed methods via . So, for example, a stream-lock-mixin can add locking around existing methods of a stream class. In Flavors one would write a wrapper or a whopper and in CLOS one would use an codice_3 method. Both CLOS and Flavors allow the computed reuse via method combinations. codice_1, codice_2 and codice_3 methods are a feature of the standard method combination. Other method combinations are provided.


title: Mixin

text: An example is the codice_8 method combination, where the resulting values of each of the applicable methods of a generic function are arithmetically added to compute the return value. This is used, for example, with the border-mixin for graphical objects. A graphical object may have a generic width function. The border-mixin would add a border around an object and has a method computing its width. A new class codice_9 (that is both a graphical object and uses the codice_10 mixin) would compute its width by calling all applicable width methods—via the codice_8 method combination. All return values are added and create the combined width of the object.


title: Mixin

text: In an OOPSLA 90 paper, Gilad Bracha and William Cook reinterpret different inheritance mechanisms found in Smalltalk, Beta and CLOS as special forms of a mixin inheritance.


title: Mixin

text: Some languages do not support mixins on the language level, but can easily mimic them by copying methods from one object to another at runtime, thereby "borrowing" the mixin's methods. This is also possible with statically typed languages, but it requires constructing a new object with the extended set of methods.


title: Mixin

text: Other languages that do not support mixins can support them in a round-about way via other language constructs. For example, Visual Basic .NET and C# support the addition of extension methods on interfaces, meaning any class implementing an interface with extension methods defined will have the extension methods available as pseudo-members.


title: Mixin

text: codice_12 is a generic function with one argument that uses the codice_8 method combination. This combination determines that all applicable methods for a generic function will be called and the results will be added.


title: Mixin

text: There is a method for objects of class button that computes the width based on the length of the button text. codice_8 is the method qualifier for the method combination of the same name.


title: Mixin

text: We can now compute the width of a button. Calling codice_12 computes 80. The result is the result of the single applicable method: the method codice_12 for the class codice_14.


title: Mixin

text: We can also compute the width of a codice_9. Calling codice_12 computes 84. The result is the sum of the results of the two applicable methods: the method codice_12 for the class codice_14 and the method codice_12 for the class codice_16.


title: Mixin

text: In Python, an example of the mixin concept is found in the codice_29 module, which has both a codice_30 class and a codice_31 class. They act as servers for UDP and TCP socket servers, respectively. Additionally, there are two mixin classes: codice_32 and codice_33. Normally, all new connections are handled within the same process. By extending codice_31 with the codice_33 as follows:


title: Mixin

text: the codice_33 class adds functionality to the TCP server such that each new connection creates a new thread. Using the same method, a codice_37 can be created without having to duplicate the code in codice_33. Alternatively, using the codice_32 would cause the process to be forked for each new connection. Clearly, the functionality to create a new thread or fork a process is not terribly useful as a stand-alone class.


title: Mixin

text: In this usage example, the mixins provide alternative underlying functionality without affecting the functionality as a socket server.


title: Mixin

text: Most of the Ruby world is based around mixins via codice_40. The concept of mixins is implemented in Ruby by the keyword codice_41 to which we pass the name of the module as parameter.


title: Mixin

text: It is technically possible to add behavior to an object by binding functions to keys in the object. However, this lack of separation between state and behavior has drawbacks:


title: Mixin

text: Even though the firstly described approach is mostly widespread the next one is closer to what JavaScript's language core fundamentally offers - Delegation.


title: Mixin

text: Two function object based patterns already do the trick without the need of a third party's implementation of codice_42.


title: Mixin

text: In the Curl web-content language, multiple inheritance is used as classes with no instances may implement methods. Common mixins include all skinnable codice_44s inheriting from codice_45, user interface delegate objects that require dropdown menus inheriting from StandardBaseDropdownUI and such explicitly named mixin classes as codice_46, codice_47 and codice_48 class. Version 7.0 added library access so that mixins do not need to be in the same package or be public abstract. Curl constructors are factories that facilitates using multiple-inheritance without explicit declaration of either interfaces or mixins.


title: Mixin

text: Java 8 introduces a new feature in the form of default methods for interfaces. Basically it allows a method to be defined in an interface with application in the scenario when a new method is to be added to an interface after the interface class programming setup is done. To add a new function to the interface means to implement the method at every class which uses the interface. Default methods help in this case where they can be introduced to an interface any time and have an implemented structure which is then used by the associated classes. Hence default methods adds a possibility of applying the concept in a mixin sort of a way.


title: Mixin

text: Interfaces combined with aspect-oriented programming can also produce full-fledged mixins in languages that support such features, such as C# or Java. Additionally, through the use of the marker interface pattern, generic programming, and extension methods, C# 3.0 has the ability to mimic mixins. With C# 3.0 came the introduction of extension methods and they can be applied, not only to classes but, also, to interfaces. Extension Methods provide additional functionality on an existing class without modifying the class. It then becomes possible to create a static helper class for specific functionality that defines the extension methods. Because the classes implement the interface (even if the actual interface doesn’t contain any methods or properties to implement) it will pick up all the extension methods also. C# 8.0 adds the feature of default interface methods.


title: Mixin

text: ECMAScript (in most cases implemented as JavaScript) does not need to mimic object composition by stepwise copying fields from one object to another. It natively supports Trait and mixin based object composition via function objects that implement additional behavior and then are delegated via codice_49 or codice_50 to objects that are in need of such new functionality.


title: Mixin

text: Scala has a rich type system and Traits are a part of it which helps implement mixin behaviour. As their name reveals, Traits are usually used to represent a distinct feature or aspect that is normally orthogonal to the responsibility of a concrete type or at least of a certain instance.


title: Mixin

text: For example, the ability to sing is modeled as such an orthogonal feature: it could be applied to Birds, Persons, etc.


title: Mixin

text: Here, Bird has mixed in all methods of the trait into its own definition as if class Bird had defined method sing() on its own.


title: Mixin

text: As codice_51 is also used to inherit from a super class, in case of a trait codice_51 is used if no super class is inherited and only for mixin in the first trait. All following traits are mixed in using keyword codice_53.


title: Mixin

text: Scala allows mixing in a trait (creating an anonymous type) when creating a new instance of a class. In the case of a Person class instance, not all instances can sing. This feature comes use then:


title: Mixin

text: Rust makes extensive use of mixins via "traits". Traits, like in Scala, allow users to implement behaviours for a defined type. They are also used for generics and dynamic dispatch, which allow for types with same traits to be used interchangeably statically or dynamically at runtime respectively.


title: Mixin

text: Mixin can be achieved in Swift by using a language feature called Default implementation in Protocol Extension.


title: Citroën XM

text: The Citroën XM is a front-engine, front-drive, five-passenger, five-door hatchback noted for its hydropneumatic suspension. Manufactured and marketed by Citroën from 1989 to 2000, with a minor facelift in 1994, XM production reached 333,405 over the course of 11 years.


title: Citroën XM

text: Launched on 23 May 1989, the XM was the company's flagship saloon, replacing the Citroën CX. It went on sale in its native France immediately afterwards, and was available in right-hand drive on the UK market from October 1989.


title: Citroën XM

text: The XM did not enjoy the commercial success of its predecessors, the CX and the DS, which each raised the bar of automotive performance for other manufacturers.


title: Citroën XM

text: Total sales of the XM reached 330,000 in 11 years, and the XM's replacement, the Citroën C6, was launched at the end of 2005. By the second half of the 1990s, sales were in sharp decline, and Citroën ended production in 2000.


title: Citroën XM

text: The XM offered active electronic management of its suspension; a partially galvanised body shell and the option of a 3.0 L V6 engine –  the first V6 in a Citroën since the Maserati-engined SM ended production in the mid 1970s.


title: Citroën XM

text: The XM offered improved ventilation and rear accommodation, in width, legroom and height. In particular the rear passengers were seated higher than those in the front in order to afford a good view. The XM shared a floorpan with the Peugeot 605, and the two models fared similarly in both teething problems and market acceptance.


title: Citroën XM

text: XM was intended to compete against prestige vehicles like the Mercedes-Benz W124, Audi 100 and BMW's 5 Series in a sector that accounted for 14.2% of the European market. It also competed with cars from mainstream brands including the Ford Scorpio and Opel Omega. Citroën was quoted as saying that the car was supposed to "take what Citroën means and make it acceptable". The car's initial reception was positive. Some six months after its launch, The XM won the prestigious European Car of the Year award for 1990 (gaining almost twice as many votes as the second, the Mercedes-Benz SL) and went on to win a further 14 major awards within a year of its launch.


title: Citroën XM

text: The anticipated annual sales of 450 cars a day in the first full year of production, or 160,000 units a year, never materialized. Sales never reached this ambitious level (higher than even its popular predecessor) for a variety of reasons. Like the CX, the XM did not have the worldwide distribution of competitors from BMW, Audi, and Mercedes-Benz. Also, it was launched only a year before a major global recession began, impacting negatively on car sales across the world; a notable example being the UK, where more than 2.3 million new cars were registered in 1989, but that figure fell to less than 1.6 million in 1991 (a drop of more than 30% in just two years). In Japan the XM was sold through Mazda's Eunos dealership chain, part of an effort to minimize the appearance of Japan's automobile market being closed to imports. It was also offered by Citroën's traditional importer Seibu Motor, who kept selling the XM by themselves after the Eunos brand was discontinued in 1996.


title: Citroën XM

text: The market for executive cars made by volume manufacturers (Ford, Opel, etc.) was on the verge of decline as customers opted for offerings from more prestigious marques, a trend which saw Ford pull out of this market sector in 1998 and Opel in 2003. Customers were placing a higher priority on speed and handling rather than ride comfort which was Citroën's specialty. The XM was underdeveloped at launch which resulted in reliability problems; the vehicle as designed was inconsistent in its abilities. The XM's styling was also controversial and alienated those who desired a more conventional three box sedan. Peugeot introduced an XM competitor, the very similar Peugeot 605 that also sold weakly. Most subjective of all was the matter of the XM not living up to the expectations created by its forerunner the Citroën DS, despite that car having been launched in an era of national markets, of different demands and standards, an era when there was more scope for large advances in engineering and design than were possible in 1989.


title: Citroën XM

text: Export markets experienced lower sales from the outset, partly due to the XM's pricing. The least expensive XM was nearly 50% more expensive at the time of launch than the corresponding CX. Whilst strong at first home market sales also declined, after the mechanical issues of the first few model years became known.


title: Citroën XM

text: By early 1993, the XM was viewed as an "underachiever". Initial sales in the UK were at 3,500 units a year, making it Citroën's weakest seller. The 2.0-litre petrol engined variants were viewed as being the least competitive. As a result, Citroën restructured the range such that all but the base model petrols were fitted with low-inertia Garret turbochargers to add an extra . This made the cars more powerful than more expensive competitors such as the Rover 820, Vauxhall Carlton and Ford Granada 2.0 GLX.


title: Citroën XM

text: After a run of 11 years, production finally ended in June 2000. By 1998, Citroën had confirmed that it would soon be discontinuing the XM and replacing it with an all-new model. At the Geneva Motor Show in March 1999, it unveiled the C6 Lignage concept car, which was scheduled for launch in 2001. In the event, the XM's successor - the C6 - did not go on sale until late 2005 and was even less successful.


title: Citroën XM

text: In mid-1994, the XM received a minor facelift with revisions including a driver's airbag (ending the single-spoke steering wheel), belt-pretensioners, a redesigned dashboard and upper door casings. The suspension was redesigned to reduce roll, pitch and dive and the design incorporated a passive rear-steering system similar to that on the Citroën Xantia. Power on the turbocharged engines increased to from at 4400 rpm.


title: Citroën XM

text: The angular Bertone design was a development of Marcello Gandini's Citroën BX concept. Citroën's design chief, Art Blakeslee, believed "the XM is a modern and dynamic shape, with unique styling elements such as the very long, low hood, the extensive use of glass and the kick-up in the belt line". In the book "Citroen XM" another Citroën designer, Daniel Abramson, explained: "We lowered the belt line to give the shape a stronger image. It is purely a 'design statement' that is not functional and does nothing for the aerodynamics of the vehicle. We wanted a car that looks good from every angle". Abramson is also reported as saying that they "picked three areas to emphasise: 1) A very aggressive look ("Almost sinister"), 2) Lots of glass to create a greenhouse effect, and 3) An aerodynamic accent based on fact (low drag)".


title: Citroën XM

text: The hydropneumatic self-leveling suspension used grapefruit-sized metal spheres containing nitrogen acting as both springs and shock absorbers, along with an electronic control system marketed as "Hydractive." Sensors in the steering, brakes, suspension, throttle pedal and transmission transmitted car's speed, acceleration, and road conditions to on-board computers to control the ride.


title: Citroën XM

text: The Hydractive system was somewhat "ahead of the curve" when the car was launched and early versions were sometimes unreliable. Many problems stemmed from the sensitive electronics controlling the car's hydraulic system, often caused by the poor quality of the multipoint grounding blocks – one on each front inner wing, one at the rear, and one under the dashboard. These tended to corrode (especially the ones in the engine compartment), causing all manner of intermittent faults which were hard to diagnose. On later cars, these were changed to screw terminals bolted through the bodywork, and most of the older cars have been modified in a similar way.


title: Citroën XM

text: When the Hydractive system worked, the result was a big car with a smooth "magic carpet" ride, and better handling than many smaller, lighter, sports cars. When it didn't work, it was quite harsh and bumpy, although no worse than any contemporary high-performance sports sedan. However, right-hand drive XMs were never fitted with the DIRAVI variable fully powered steering of the CX, having an almost conventional DIRASS power-assisted setup.


title: Citroën XM

text: Although the Hydractive suspension coped superbly with undulations and driving at speed, it could be unexpectedly harsh if a sudden change in road height was encountered at moderate speed - e.g. lateral ridges or speed bumps. Citroën finally addressed this, and for Xantia (which shared the Hydractive system with XM) came up with a modified design of the suspension (centre sphere) regulator valves, which made them immune to hydraulic impulses produced by the road surface, and which could push the older-type valves into Firm mode, just when this wasn't needed. The modified valves were fitted to production Xantias from 8 March 1999 (and were available as replacements), but were not fitted to XM, which was nearing end of production. Interest in these new-type valves has led to a good few XM owners successfully fitting them, and benefiting from a noticeable improvement in smoothness and consistency of ride.


title: Citroën XM

text: Some production models of the XM were not equipped with the Hydractive system, but had a 'conventional' hydropneumatic suspension closer to that of the Citroën BX. These lower specification vehicles were all built for markets in mainland Europe.


title: Citroën XM

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> In 1991 the Citroën "official" number for 0–100 km/h for XM 3,0 V6.24 was listed as 8.0 s. From 1992 the number was for unknown reasons changed to 8.6 s (documented in sales brochures 1991 to 1994). Similar changes (longer times) was also introduced at the same time for most other motors in the XM.


title: Citroën XM

text: Being part of the PSA Peugeot-Citroën company, most of these engines were found in contemporary PSA cars, like the Citroën Xantia, Citroën C5, Peugeot 405, Peugeot 406 and Peugeot 605. The ZF 4HP18 automatic transmission – the late V6 had 4HP20 – was used also in Saab 9000, Peugeot 605, Alfa Romeo 164, Lancia Thema and the Fiat Croma.


title: Citroën XM

text: Cost-cutting on the components was needed since the parent company was in financial difficulty at the time of the design of the XM. Between 1980 and 1984 the company lost $1.5 billion.


title: Citroën XM

text: Poor connections would stop the car, and require extensive investigation by a trained mechanic to repair. This point was driven home in one of the final reviews of 2000, when Richard Bremner's polemical "Parting Shot" essay in Car emphasized these electrical faults. Bremner paid less attention to the remediation of the problem and to the fact that changed market conditions meant demand for the XM was never going to be the same as for its predecessor.


title: Citroën XM

text: Quentin Willson predicted in 1990 that the XM's residuals would be better than the outgoing CX by the end of the car's life, its resale value was far below average, further denting the car's appeal.


title: Citroën XM

text: By the mid-1990s, it was apparent that the XM's image meant it was less desirable than German products such as the BMW 5 Series. The view of the XM as commercially unsuccessful is reported by Compucars, the used car website, along with numerous other period commentaries (see "Critical Appraisal" below.)


title: Citroën XM

text: There are a number of visible differences between the first series (May 1989 – May 1994) and second series (June 1994 – June 2000) cars, including:


title: Citroën XM

text: In addition, the following changes were made to make the car easier to accept by more mainstream car buyers:


title: Citroën XM

text: A function much missed by Citroën enthusiasts was the "DIRAVI" System, previously present in the SM and CX. This option was only available for the French or LHD Export market and then only on the 3.0 V6 models. The functionality varied from car to car, but simply put the system affects steering control, at lower speeds less steering centering force aids parking and make city driving easier, but at higher speeds the system makes the steering heavier keeping you in a straight line on highways and suppressing the "sneeze" factor inherent to fast steering ratios. Another helpful function of DIRAVI is its ability to return the steering wheel to its central or neutral position when let go by the driver, even when the car is stationary. This is especially helpful when parking as the driver can be assured that his or her wheels will be in the correct position when the ignition is turned off; again this function also aids high speed, straight line driving on highways etc. Although an odd sensation to start with, most Citroën drivers become accustomed to DIRAVI in a very short time, only appreciating its unique abilities when they let go of the steering wheel in a car without DIRAVI, only to find nothing happens. DIRAVI makes the tendency of all cars' steering to return to center constant in DIRAVI equipped Citroëns, rather than being affected by tire adhesion, road tilt, tire pressure, tire failure, etc.


title: Citroën XM

text: The standard 5-door models were called "Berline". The XM was also available as a "Break" (station wagon) – and in France, Tissier continued a tradition begun with the DS and CX, converting many to be used as ambulances and specialised delivery vehicles including their distinctive twin rear-axle conversions.


title: Citroën XM

text: Although not an official variant XMs produced around 1992/1993 have been termed series 1.5 cars due to the mix of newer technology (developed for the series 2) with the series 1 vehicle type. One example of this being the alterations to the "Hydractive" suspension system on such cars. Early vehicles (series 1) had a system that could be switched from 'Comfort' to 'Sport' mode, this did exactly what you would expect and firmed up the suspension on flicking the switch but this made for a harsh ride which Citroën owners don't like. So Citroën developed "Hydractive 2" suspension (for series 2 vehicles) that although in essence was the same it worked differently, it still had to two states 'hard' and 'soft' but the switching was controlled differently. In general smooth gentle driving the suspension would be in 'soft' mode ("Normal" mode according to Citroën on series 2 vehicles) which utilized all 6 suspension spheres and allowed 'crossflow' of fluid from side to side producing the characteristic wafting ride, but as soon as the suspension ECU sensed a large or sudden change in one of the sensors it would put the suspension into 'hard' mode locking out the extra centre spheres and stopping the 'crossflow' of fluid, this dramatically firmed up the suspension and cut body roll, as soon as the vehicle stabilized the ECU would switch the suspension system back into 'soft' mode. This is the basis of "Hydractive 2", a soft cosseting ride all the time unless the conditions demand otherwise, switching a "Hydractive 2" vehicle into "Sport" mode doesn't just switch out the extra spheres as with "Hydractive 1", it simply just narrows the parameters that cause the suspension to go into 'hard' mode and keeps the suspension in that mode for longer before defaulting back to 'soft' mode. So a series 1.5 vehicle has the styling of a series 1 but with some of the suspension refinements of the series 2 vehicles. There are other detail changes to the actual implementation of the "Hydractive" but unless you are maintaining the vehicle yourself these are unimportant.


title: Citroën XM

text: The XM was reviewed by numerous automotive magazines during the course of its life. These reviews were generally favorable, if inconsistent, particularly concerning the car's ride quality and appearance. Eventually, reviewers had set up a vicious circle where the car was criticized for not selling and this was offered as a reason not to buy one.


title: Citroën XM

text: The suspension, for example, was praised by "Car" during testing in 1989 when "the XM showed the most exceptional side of its character. The new big Citroën has the finest suspension of any car yet made, as well as the most advanced". "Autocar" compared the XM 3.0 V6 to the BMW 535 and Rover 800 (2.6-litre V6) and found that the XM's suspension allowed "some bump combinations" to bring "unexpected reactions from the suspension" but concluded the XM presented a "remarkable display of chassis competence".'


title: Citroën XM

text: "Performance Car" commended the suspension's suppleness but also noted firmness over small surfaces irregularities. Autocar contrasted the car's competence at "controlling wheel and body motion when traversing bumps and dips" but there were some instances when the vehicle's pliancy was "mediocre" by provoking "annoying harshness through the body shell". In 1994 the XM was described as a car "that floats the car over foundation bumps, though it deals less smoothly with surface abrasions". Benchmarked against the Mercedes E-class W124, the XM was ranked as superior in 1991. When compared to the BMW 5 Series E34 the same journal considered it both inferior and superior.


title: Citroën XM

text: The XM was reviewed by the British weekly "Autocar" in May 1989 as "the best riding car in the world". Autocar's conclusion (based on a test of a French specification 3.0-litre V6 model and a 2.0-litre four)) was that "the Germans will need to treat this car with a great deal of respect". The XM was described as having a "superb ride from a suspension capable of cushioning the worst bumps". "Autocar" said that the Citroën had made a "major advance" over previous versions of the hydropneumatic suspension system, with the ability of the suspension to stiffen up and provide "precise and responsive handling". The interior was described as "roomy", with German competitors seeming "decidedly cramped" by comparison. Only the Ford Scorpio was deemed to rival the XM in passenger accommodation but "even it can't match the XM's comfort levels with its deep, high mounted cushion and tall backrest offering a rare level of opulence". The interior build quality was praised and the interior cabin was "agreeable". The driver's seats were "supportive and comfortable". The low waist gave the car "an incredibly spacious feeling".


title: Citroën XM

text: In June 1989, "CAR Magazine" published a full test of the car in V6 guise. The magazine discussed the difficulty of replacing the Citroën CX and the writer, Gavin Green, reported that managing director Xavier Karcher chose a design consistent with the BX rather than developing the outgoing car's themes. Green commented that "People will either love or hate the look of the XM for, like any car that inspires strong feelings, the CX-successor is distinctive. For that, if nothing else, Citroën deserve credit". He described the appearance as "displeasing" with an "awkward, kicked-up hip-line". Green reported the XM's directional stability in "gale force winds" while other cars "including our own photographic Citroën BX – nervously their way forward ..." On secondary roads "the XM showed the most exceptional side of its character. The new big Citroën has the finest suspension of any car yet made, as well as the most advanced". Green's said that "in soft mode, the car rides just as deftly as a Rolls-Royce, probably better: the suspension feels more compliant than the CX's. In sports setting the XM handles beautifully, far less body roll and pitch than that which betrayed the CX. Only the car's bulk prevents you from staying with the GTis ... It feels like a CX all the same ... there is that same wonderful sense of detachment from the road surface". The steering was described as inferior to the CX in that the ratio was reduced from 13.5:1 to 17:1, and that the XM has 3.25 turns lock to lock versus 2.5 on the CX. "CAR" noted that the interior was "utterly and depressingly conventional" other than the single-spoke steering wheel. "The indicators are sited on a large, self-cancelling stalk, rather than on dainty and ergonomically superior rockers". The author referred to "a row of push button switches, all from the PSA parts bin ... scattered just below the steering wheel".'Photos show two arrays of buttons grouped on an inclined plane, within the radius of the steering wheel. On the credit side "the XM's cabin is trimmed in attractive plastics and velours of a higher quality than that which used to clothe the CX's interior". On general assembly: "Paint finish, panel gaps, general solidity, interior finish – in every area the XM is streets ahead [of the CX]". The general roominess was noted, and the visibility was summed up as follows: "You have a much more panoramic view of the road and scenery in an XM than in a CX. The beltline is very low – below shoulder level for most drivers – and the windscreen seems vast."


title: Citroën XM

text: The conclusion of the article was that "the XM is a much better car than the CX ... faster, sharper, roomier, better made and more comfortable; it is all these things as well as being distinctive to the eye. It's also the most comfortable car in its class: in absolute terms only a Jaguar or Rolls-Royce can match it ... It is a far better car than I thought, a far more intriguing car than I feared."


title: Citroën XM

text: "Autocar & Motor" described the XM's V6 as offering a competitive . The reviewer wrote that the engine while benefiting from many technical refinements lacked the "silky smoothness of a BMW or a Mercedes-Benz [in-line] six". However, low-end flexibility was "impressive" and mid-range response "strong." Overall performance was "formidable". Discussing the 2.0-litre variant, Autocar said that when shifting "you'll find the XM corners with an agility, the steering turning in sharply [...] poise and cornering balance are marvelous; straight line stability is excellent." The brakes "performed superbly".


title: Citroën XM

text: "Autocar"'s criticisms related to the "bland" frontal styling and the "awkward" sharply rising waistline (though overall, Autocar judged the car to be "elegantly proportioned"). Noise suppression was also rated mediocre for the V6. However, the 2.0-litre compared favourably to the Audi 100. The 2.0-litre XM didn't "feel as quick as the figures indicate".


title: Citroën XM

text: In August 1989, "Autocar & Motor" did a group test of the XM versus what it termed the best- and best-selling executive cars in the UK: the BMW 535i and Rover 800 2.6 V6. The XM's cabin was described as being of "near Germanic quality" and "spacious", airier than the BMW but less luxurious that the Rover. The magazine considered the exterior styling "more conformist" but "still recognisably Citroën". In summing up, "Autocar" felt that both Rover and BMW could offer strong competition to the XM. The magazine was impressed with the Rover's V6 and automatic transmission which could be purchased for less by means of selecting carefully from the options list. Whilst the BMW 530i was more expensive than the XM, most of the vehicle's best features (driving position, styling, best chassis) could be found in a cheaper 520i. The XM was not viewed by "Autocar & Motor" as the best driver's car, as it left the driver "too isolated from the action". For "Autocar & Motor", it was a close second, with the XM as the "most spacious, practical and comfortable for five [...] solidly built and generally as well finished as the other pair". "Autocar & Motor" decided that good as it was, the XM would have a difficult job winning sales from the established competition.


title: Citroën XM

text: "Autocar" tested the 2.0 SEi in November 1989. Their verdict was that the XM was "an extraordinary looking machine, capable of extraordinary feats" but said the XM was an "acquired taste" though its "considerable virtues [were] accessible". The 2-litre XU-series engine came in for the most criticism. "Autocar" described its performance and economy as being disappointing, "standing at odds with the smoothness and finesse that seem to be so much a part of the car". The magazine listed the XM 2.0 SEi's rivals as being the BMW E34 520SE, Ford Granada Scorpio 2.0i, Mercedes Benz 200E Auto, the Rover 820 Si and the Vauxhall Carlton 2.0i CDX. "Autocar" judged the Rover (launched in 1986) to be the best buy in the class, based on its low price, the performance of its engine, its "attractive" shape, cruising ability and standard equipment.


title: Citroën XM

text: "What Car" tested the XM 2.0 (8v) Si against the Renault 25 GTX, Lancia Thema CDi and Saab 9000 2.0 16v. The XM came second overall. The magazine summarized its test as follows "The XM is an impressive car in many respects, particularly in its excellent interior spaciousness, and for the confirmed Citroën enthusiast the oleo pneumatic suspension, super sharp steering and brakes will be a major attraction. It's a great long distance cruiser but is let down by mediocre outright performance. Many will consider the XM to have outstanding elegance and style, a brilliant car that stands out among the current crop of jelly-mould, computer-designs. Others will be put off in the first ten minutes by what they see as the oversharp steering and brakes." Concerning the ride quality, What Car noted that while the overall ride was of a high quality, the XM was unable to absorb short, sharp irregularities.