title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Mitch's eviction, the HouseGuests recollected for the "Before or After" Head of Household competition. In this competition, HouseGuests were read an event. They were then read a second event and were required to state whether the first event took place before or after the second event. An incorrect answer will result in elimination. The last HouseGuest standing will be the new Head of Household. Maddy was the winner. On Day 43, the HouseGuests silently competed in the "Slop Vote" Have-Not competition. One at a time, HouseGuests went to the living room and poured a bucket of slop into the HouseGuests' container they wanted to be a Have-Not. The three HouseGuests with the most slop in their buckets will be the Have-Nots for the week. Kelsey, Nikki, and Raul were the Have-Nots for the week. On Day 43, Maddy nominated Jared and Kelsey for eviction. On Day 44, Maddy, Jared, Kelsey, Nikki, Cassandra, and Raul scrapped in the "Six Blind Mice" Power of Veto competition. In this competition, HouseGuests had to crawl through a maze blindfolded while trying to reach each of the corners of the maze. In each corner, they need to dig up a circle, triangle, square, and star emblem out of a sand pit. The first HouseGuest to find all four emblems and hit the button in the center of the maze will win the Power of Veto. Jared won the Power of Veto. On Day 45, the HouseGuests were given the task to clean the House within 20 minutes. The HouseGuests passed their task and earned a pizza party. On Day 46, Jared took himself off the block, and Maddy named Raul as the replacement nominee. On Day 47, the HouseGuests were tasked with creating the best meme. Tim made the best meme and received a $1000 gift card from the Brick. On Day 49, Raul was evicted by a 6–1 vote, with Tim voting to evict Kelsey.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Raul's eviction, HouseGuests learned about the next wild card. Canada voted for two HouseGuests to participate in a game of chance to become the new Head of Household. Canada selected Nikki and Nick & Phil. The HouseGuests then went to the High Roller room for the "Big Brother Roulette" Head of Household competition. Each HouseGuest, except Nikki, Nick & Phil, and Maddy, rolled one ball into a roulette wheel with the faces of Nikki and Nick & Phil. If a ball lands in a HouseGuest's section, they will receive one point. The first HouseGuest to four points will be the new Head of Household. In the event of a tie, Maddy, as the outgoing Head of Household, will roll a ball to break it. Nick & Phil became the new Head of Household. On Day 50, the HouseGuests were given a task to have Nikki and Tim pick teams to teach them for a Canadian quiz. If Nikki and Tim can answer seven of the ten questions correctly, they will receive a prize. The HouseGuests passed their task and received poutine and beer. The HouseGuests later lit up for the "Stay in Charge" Have-Not competition. In this competition, all HouseGuests will stand on a charged hover board. Each time the hover board hits the ground, it will lose power. HouseGuests may attempt to toss balls into their baskets to recharge their hover board. Once a HouseGuest loses all of their power, they are out of the game. The team who lasts longer will be Haves for the week, and the HouseGuest who performs the best in the competition will win a Never-Not pass. Jared won the Never-Not pass, and the team of Ramsey, Nikki, Maddy, and Jared won the competition. As the winners, they had to select one HouseGuest from the losing team to be a Have for the week. They selected Joel, and Cassandra, Kelsey, and Tim became the Have-Nots for the week. On Day 50, Nick & Phil nominated Maddy and Ramsey for eviction. On Day 51, Nick & Phil, Ramsey, and Maddy, as well as Tim, Kelsey, and Nikki, fought in the "Spun Out" Power of Veto competition. One at a time, HouseGuests had to study before and after photos. In each set of photo, one HouseGuest changed clothes. They had to identify the different clothing item in the after photo, search for the item throughout the clotheslines, and toss the item into their laundry basket. If they miss, they must sit in the spin cycle for 45 seconds before they could try again. The HouseGuest who completes all seven rounds the fastest will win $5000 from Oxi-Clean and the Power of Veto. Ramsey won the Power of Veto and the $5000. On Day 52, Ramsey decided to walk from the game due to a family emergency. On Day 53, due to Ramsey being a nominee and holding the Power of Veto at the time of his departure, it was treated as though he took himself off the block. Nick & Phil then named Tim as the replacement nominee. On Day 54, Nick & Phil were given a secret task to fake a fight. They passed their task and the House received a training session with Elias Theodorou. On Day 56, Maddy was evicted by a 5–0 vote.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: The HouseGuests were then told their loved ones were there and the loved ones would play to determine the next Head of Household.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Maddy's eviction, the HouseGuests' loved ones represented in the "Rock and a Hard Place" Head of Household competition. In this competition, the loved ones watched rocks fall into a crater. Once they believed 1000 rocks fell into the crater, they hit their buzzer. The loved one who hits their buzzer the closest to 1000 rocks will win Head of Household for their loved one. Cassandra's father won the competition, and Cassandra became the new Head of Household. On Day 57, the HouseGuests were given the task to marry Nikki and Joel in the Have-Not room. If they pass their task, there will be no more Have-Nots for the season. They passed their task and Have-Nots were disbanded. On Day 57, Cassandra nominated Nick & Phil and Nikki for eviction, with Nick & Phil as the target. On Day 58, everyone except for Tim calculated in "The Price of POV" Power of Veto competition, hosted by Season 3 winner, Sarah Hanlon. in this competition, HouseGuests were secluded in a booth and were given an equivalent to 100 poker chips- black chip representing one and red chips representing five. Sarah will make them a series of nine offers. HouseGuests must then place a bet with their chips of how willing they are to accept it in exchange for points. HouseGuests must keep the offers they buy, regardless whether they win or lose the competition. The HouseGuest with the most points will win the Power of Veto. Cassandra agreed to clean up poker chips and took a strategy session with Sarah. Jared agreed to take an eel bath for the duration of the competition. Nick & Phil agreed to wear a skunk suit, sit out of the next POV, and receive a haircut from Sarah. Joel agreed to eat slop for the rest of the season, not shower for a week, and give up all but a bag of his personal belongings. Nick & Phil won the Power of Veto. On Day 60, Nick & Phil took themselves off the block, and Cassandra named Jared as the replacement nominee. On Day 63, Jared was evicted by a 3–1 vote, with Nick & Phil voting to evict Nikki. Immediately after Jared's eviction, the HouseGuests were informed of the double eviction. They then went to the backyard for the "Bowled Over" Head of Household competition. In this competition, each HouseGuest had their own lane with five bowling pins at the end. The first HouseGuest to knock down all five of their pins will be the new Head of Household. Nick & Phil were the winners. Nick & Phil then nominated Nikki and Tim for eviction. The HouseGuests, except for Nick & Phil, then quoted in the "Name That Speech" Power of Veto competition. Arisa would read a quote from one of five evicted HouseGuests. The HouseGuests must then turn their cube to who said each quote. An incorrect answer resulted in elimination. The last person standing will win the Power of Veto. Cassandra won the Power of Veto. At the Veto Meeting, Cassandra took Tim off the block, and Nick & Phil named Joel as the replacement nominee. On Day 63, Nikki was evicted on her birthday by a 3–0 vote.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Jared and Nikki's eviction, the HouseGuests sought a spot in the final four in the "Previously on Big Brother Canada" Head of Household competition. HouseGuests listened to a series of recaps leading to a specific week in the House. HouseGuests then had to spin their dial to who was Head of Household that week. The HouseGuest with the most points will be the new Head of Household. Kelsey was the winner. On Day 64, Kelsey nominated Cassandra and Tim for eviction.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: In preparation for the Power of Veto competition, the HouseGuests received a special screening of "Unreal". On Day 65, the HouseGuests popped in the "Poppin' POV" Power of Veto competition, sponsored by Shomi. The competition was played in five rounds. In each round, HouseGuests were shown an order of movie posters. They had to memorize the order, find the posters in the huge tub of popcorn, and put the posters in the correct order on their tablet. The last HouseGuest to complete their tablet each round will be eliminated, and they will also have the duty of arranging the posters for the next round. The last HouseGuest standing will win the Power of Veto and a $5000 entertainment package from Shomi. Tim won the Power of Veto and the entertainment package. On Day 67, Tim took himself off the block, and Kelsey named Joel as the replacement nominee. On Day 70, Joel was evicted by a 2–0 vote.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Joel's eviction, the HouseGuests headed to the High Roller room for the "Earn Your Slot" Head of Household competition. A slot machine will show the faces of the HouseGuests who competed in a certain Power of Veto competition. HouseGuests had to buzz in and identify which Power of Veto competition those HouseGuests competed in. The HouseGuest with the most points will be the new Head of Household. Nick & Phil were the winners. On Day 71, Gary surprised the HouseGuests to dress them up for the Big Brother Canada Awards. The final four then got to see memorable moments from the season. On Day 71, Nick & Phil nominated Cassandra and Tim for eviction. On Day 71, the HouseGuests vied in the final "Movin' Out" Power of Veto competition. One at a time, the HouseGuests had to search a live-size jury house for 18 clues. They then had to take each of the clues and hang the clues on the realtor sign of the juror who applied to the clues. The HouseGuest who correctly places the clues on the realtor signs the fastest will win the final Power of Veto of the season. Nick & Phil won the Power of Veto. On Day 72, Nick & Phil decided not to use the Power of Veto. On Day 72, Kelsey cast the sole vote to evict Cassandra.


title: Big Brother Canada (season 4)

text: Following Cassandra's eviction, Arisa informed the final three that Canada will become a juror to replace Ramsey. Canada also had the opportunity to ask the final three questions to help them make their decision. Afterwards, the HouseGuests engaged in their final battle in the "Tip of the Iceberg" Part 1 of the Final Head of Household competition. HouseGuests had to jump into a pool to collect puzzle pieces. They must use they puzzle pieces to construct a bridge to reach the tip of their iceberg. They will then race to release a rescue flare frozen in their ice crevice. In order to retrieve it, they must fill their cup with water from the iceberg, and fill up their tube to get the flare. The first HouseGuest to set off their flare will win the first part of the Final Head of Household and move on to Part 3. Nick & Phil were the winners. Kelsey and Tim then faced off in Part 2 of the Final Head of Household competition, "Holy Craps". HouseGuests competed one at a time. HouseGuests had to remove a poker chip from the stack to reveal a clue. They must then use three dice to solve the clues. After each clue, another die will be added. The HouseGuest who solves all of the clues faster will win the second part of the Final Head of Household and face Nick & Phil in Part 3. Kelsey was the winner as Tim forfeited to Kelsey and did not finish the competition. Nick & Phil and Kelsey then faced off in Part 3 of the Final Head of Household competition, "Jury Questions". The duo was asked A-or-B questions based on events that applied to members of the Jury. The HouseGuest with the most points after seven questions will be the final Head of Household. Kelsey became the final Head of Household. On Day 77, Kelsey cast the sole vote to evict Tim. On Day 77, after receiving Mitch's, Canada's, Maddy's, Nikki's, Joel's, Cassandra's, and Tim's votes, Kelsey was deemed the runner-up and walked away with $20,000, and Nick & Phil left the house with $50,000 each and were deemed the winners of Big Brother Canada 4.


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross () was a decoration intended for victorious generals of the Prussian Army and its allies. It was the second highest class of the Iron Cross, following the Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross, which was awarded only twice. Along with the Iron Cross 1st and 2nd Class, the Grand Cross was founded on 10 March 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars. It was renewed in 1870 for the Franco-Prussian War and again in 1914 for World War I. In 1939, when Adolf Hitler renewed the Iron Cross as a German (rather than strictly Prussian) decoration, he also renewed the Grand Cross.


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: The Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was twice the size of the Iron Cross and was worn from a ribbon around the neck. The later Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross, instituted in 1939, was also worn from the neck; it was smaller than the Grand Cross but larger than the Iron Cross.


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: The Iron Cross was renewed on 19 July 1870, for the Franco-Prussian War. Nine men received the 1870 Grand Cross of the Iron Cross for service during that war. Seven Grand Crosses were awarded on 22 March 1871, to:


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Kaiser Wilhelm I received the Grand Cross on 16 June 1871, and Friedrich Franz II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, received it on 4 December 1871. The Kaiser was supreme commander of the Prussian Army, and Moltke was Chief of the General Staff. The others were senior combat commanders of the Prussian Army (Crown Prince Albert initially commanded the Saxon Army as a corps under a Prussian field army, but later took command of a combined Prussian/Saxon field army).


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: The Iron Cross was renewed again on 5 August 1914. There were five recipients of the 1914 Grand Cross in the First World War:


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Adolf Hitler reinstituted the Iron Cross as a German decoration in September 1939, with the Grand Cross again the highest grade (above the various classes of the Knight's Cross).


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: Hermann Göring became the only recipient of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II when it was awarded to him on 19 July 1940 for his role as the Supreme Commander of the Luftwaffe who led them to victory in the French campaign.


title: Grand Cross of the Iron Cross

text: A World War II version of the higher Star of the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross was devised, but never formally instituted or awarded. Following the Allied victory in May 1945, the United States Army seized the only known prototype, which is now a part of the collection of the Museum of the United States Military Academy (USMA) in West Point, New York.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford College is a private liberal arts college in Spartanburg, South Carolina. It was founded in 1854. The campus is a national arboretum and one of the few four-year institutions in the southeastern United States founded before the American Civil War that still operates on its original campus.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford was founded with a bequest of $100,000 from the Rev. Benjamin Wofford (1780–1850), a Methodist minister and Spartanburg native who sought to create a college for "literary, classical, and scientific education in my native district of Spartanburg." The college's Main Building is the oldest structure on campus and was designed by the noted Charleston architect Edward C. Jones. In 1941, the college was awarded a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's oldest academic honor society, and the Beta of South Carolina chapter was the first at a private college in South Carolina.


title: Wofford College

text: The academic year consists of a four-month fall semester, a one-month January term called the Interim, and a four-month spring semester. The college is listed on the President's Community Service Honor Roll and in the annual Open Doors" report for providing studies abroad opportunities for its students.


title: Wofford College

text: The Wofford College Historic District consists of the Main Building, which was designed by Edward C. Jones in the Italianate style, and six two-story brick residences. It was named to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The Wofford campus has been landscaped, developed, and designated as a national arboretum.


title: Wofford College

text: Construction of the Main Building began in 1852 and the first classes were held in the fall of 1854. During the Civil War, the endowment was invested in Confederate bonds and other securities, which became worthless by the end of the war.


title: Wofford College

text: In February 2021, Jerry Richardson, alumnus and founding owner of Carolina Panthers, donated $150 million to the college's endowment, which exceeds $400 million. This is the largest gift in Wofford's history and with it Richardson's donations for all purposes have exceeded $260 million over his lifetime. This gift is intended for need-based financial scholarships and experiences for Wofford students.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford is ranked 69th in "U.S. News & World Report"s list of the best national liberal arts colleges, a ranking that has improved in the last 10 years. In 2010, "Forbes" ranked it 58th on its inaugural Forbes List of America's 650 Best Colleges. In 2018 Forbes also named Wofford the number one four-year college in South Carolina.


title: Wofford College

text: The academic year consists of a four-month fall semester, a one-month January term called the Interim, and a four-month spring semester.


title: Wofford College

text: 136 full-time faculty teach at the college, 92 percent of whom have earned a doctorate or equivalent terminal degree. The FTE faculty to student ratio is 1:12.


title: Wofford College

text: The college also offers pre-professional programs in Teacher Education (secondary certification), Dentistry, Medicine, Law, Ministry, Engineering, and Veterinary Science. The college's Army ROTC program was established in 1919.


title: Wofford College

text: The Interim program is designed to provide students with opportunities to gain new experiences outside the realm of traditional academics and allows students to become involved in departments outside their academic majors. Interims generally fall into one of four categories. In the most common type, students enroll in faculty-proposed projects on campus. These projects range from participation in theatre to pottery, knitting and short story writing. Students may elect to enroll in internship projects that are supervised by faculty, but involve working off-campus in legal, medical, dental, congressional, corporate, or non-profit settings. Students may propose independent research projects under the supervision of a faculty sponsor. Finally, faculty-led travel projects take groups of students and professors to study in other parts of the United States or in Europe, Asia, Africa, South America, or Australia. Recent travel projects have included study in England and Ireland, South Africa, Peru, Brazil, Belize, Vietnam, China, and Japan.


title: Wofford College

text: The college's Office of International Programs helps students select from over 200 study abroad programs in 59 countries. Wofford consistently ranks in the nation's top ten in the Institute of International Education Open Doors Survey, which is based on comparing the number of students earning credits abroad in a given year the number of students in the graduating class. Wofford's 2009 score was 93%, compared to the Lincoln Commission national average of 9% of graduates earning credits abroad. The college has had six Fulbright English Teaching assistantships in the past four years as well as two Rotary Ambassadorial Scholarships. In 2012, Rachel Woodlee was selected as Wofford's sixth Rhodes Scholar.


title: Wofford College

text: The Wofford Terriers compete in NCAA Division I in the Southern Conference. Wofford's colors are old gold and black. The school mascot is the Terrier. In the 2010 NCAA Division I graduation success report, 9 of 13 Wofford teams posted GRS scores of 100, the highest available mark. For the past 16 years, the Carolina Panthers have made their summer training camp home at Wofford. The Shrine Bowl of the Carolinas (a high school all-star football game) is played at Wofford's Gibbs Stadium. Boss, a Boston Terrier, is the mascot for Wofford Athletics.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford is represented by 18 men and women's varsity sports. Gibbs Stadium, opened in 1996, is the home field for Terrier football games. The baseball team, 2022 regular season conference champions, plays its home games at Russell C. King Field. Men's and women's basketball and volleyball teams play in the Benjamin Johnson Arena of the Campus Life Building, opened in 1981. The inaugural men's basketball game was played in 3300-seat Jerry Richardson Indoor Stadium on 10 November 2017. Soccer teams play on Snyder Field, which was the college's football stadium through 1995. Wofford men's basketball has won the Southern Conference Championship and an NCAA bid five times since 2010, and in 2018/19 went a perfect 21–0 in Southern Conference play and won an NCAA tournament game for the first time. Wofford football won the SoCon championship in 2017, 2018, and 2019.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford offers a self-contained environment (93% of students live on campus). The Village apartment-style housing for the senior class was a 2008 "Dorm of Distinction" as chosen by "University Business Magazine". Phase V of The Village, an $11 million project, opened in the fall of 2011. It added 80 beds in loft apartments, bringing the capacity of The Village to 428 students. It also houses The Space in the Mungo Center (formerly The Center for Professional Excellence), specialized classroom spaces, and a dining and market area called the "Grand Galleria."


title: Wofford College

text: Students participate in various service, pre-professional, religious, social, and other student organizations. Student publications at the college date to the first literary magazine, first published in 1889. The student newspaper, the "Old Gold and Black", is published every other week, and the yearbook, "The Bohemian", is published each spring. Delta Phi Alpha, the national collegiate German honorary society, was founded at Wofford, as was the National Beta Club, an honorary society prominent in American high schools.


title: Wofford College

text: In 1941, the college was awarded a chapter of Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's oldest academic honor society. This was the first chapter at a private college in South Carolina.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford has a variety of student service organizations on campus, including the Bonner Scholars, Twin Towers, Alpha Phi Omega service fraternity, and ONE.


title: Wofford College

text: Wofford was included in the 2010 President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll, published by the Corporation for National and Community Service. "Washington Monthly" compared 23 of 252 Top Liberal Arts Colleges contributions to the public good in three broad categories: Social Mobility (recruiting and graduating low-income students), Research (producing cutting-edge scholarship and PhDs), and Service (encouraging students to give something back to their country). In the magazine's 2010 ratings, Wofford finished 23rd among 252 Top Liberal Arts Colleges and was number 1 in South Carolina. "Newsweek" identified Wofford as one of the most "service-minded" campuses in the country, ranking the college second in listings released in September 2010. Six recent Wofford graduates have been selected for the Teach For America Corps.


title: Wofford College

text: The student government rests in the Campus Union, with executive officers and an assembly elected by the student body. Students serve on various campus committees and represent the student body before various committees of the board of trustees.


title: Wofford College

text: Student conduct is governed by the Code of Student Rights and Responsibilities, a document written by an Interim project in 1970–1971. The code is enforced by a judicial commission consisting of elected and appointed members. An honor council enforces the student honor code in academic matters.


title: Wofford College

text: The college recognizes 14 chapters of national fraternities and sororities, with 42 percent of men and 53 percent of women participating.


title: Wofford College

text: Fraternities include Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Kappa Alpha Order, Kappa Sigma, Pi Kappa Phi, Pi Kappa Alpha, Sigma Nu, and Kappa Alpha Psi.


title: Wofford College

text: In each of the years from 1901 through 1904, two women graduated from Wofford. In 1964, Wofford became the first private college in South Carolina to desegregate voluntarily with the admission of Albert Gray.


title: Criminal stereotype of African Americans

text: The criminal stereotype of African Americans in the United States is an ethnic stereotype which portrays African Americans, and African American males in particular, as dangerous criminals. This stereotype is associated with the fact that African Americans are proportionally over-represented in the numbers of those that are arrested and convicted for committing crimes. The stereotype of African-American men as criminals has appeared frequently in American popular culture, reinforcing the negative consequences of systemic racism.


text: The criminalization of black males has a long history in the US, which includes both legal and informal social laws that can lead to death or incarceration. Three sociohistorical threats to black male identities that speak to principles of race consciousness, primacy of racialization, and ordinariness of racism. First, the prison industrial complex created the convict lease system. This involved arresting many of the recently freed men and women for minor violations and punishing them with hefty fines, long prison sentences, and working on former slave plantations.


text: The second threat to black males was socially sanctioned lynchings. Lynchings were systematically used to intimidate and control the black community, as well as position black people as social problems. They also were one way that black male deaths were deemed as "justifiable homicides". Of the more than 4700 people lynched between 1881 and 1968, 72% were black. Their deaths, which occurred by being burned, shot, hanged, castrated, and/or tortured, were often part of public events and documented in scores of photos and postcards. In most incidents, no person was brought to justice for these deaths.


text: Into the post-civil rights era, the third threat allows police officers to use legal authority to regulate black male bodies through traffic stops, stop and frisk, and zero-tolerance policies. These policies create legal entrapments, which systematically ensnares black males into the criminal justice system. There is a litany of legal cases support policing activities and practices. Some of these cases give legal authority for police to stop, question, pursue, and arrest individuals without probable cause or the presence of suspicious behaviors, even during minor traffic violations. These cases demonstrate how policing behaviors across the USA are legally structured to produce institutional entrapments that often disproportionately target and affect black males. They also raise the question of civil rights violations and direct racial biases.


text: According to some scholars, the stereotype of African Americans males as criminals was first constructed as a tool to "discipline" and control slaves during the time of slavery in the United States. For instance, Amii Barnard alleges that out of fear of the fugitive slaves staging a rebellion, slaveholders sought to spread the stereotype that African American males were dangerous criminals who would rape the "innocent" and "pure" white women if they had the opportunity to. A law introduced in Pennsylvania in 1700 illustrates the fear of a dangerous African American man within the slaveholding society- it mandated that should a black man attempt to rape a White woman, the perpetrator will be castrated or punished to death.


text: Carter et al. argues that this criminal stereotype contributed to lynching in the United States that mostly targeted African American males in the south. Ida B. Wells, the well-known anti-lynching activist published the pamphlet entitled the "Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases" from 1892-1920 reporting that contrary to the notion that lynchings occurred because African American males had sexually abused or attacked white women, fewer than 30% of reported lynchings even involved the charge of rape. She also followed up with an editorial that suggested that, most sexual liaisons between black men and white women were consensual and illicit. The criminal stereotype of African Americans as potential rapists at that time is also illustrated in the controversial media portrayal of African American men in the 1915 American epic film, "The Birth of a Nation".


text: According to Marc Mauer however, although African Americans have been consistently stereotyped as "biologically flawed" individuals who have a general tendency towards crime, the depiction of African Americans as criminals became more threatening only in the 1970s and early 1980s- with the evolution of the stereotype of African American males as "petty thieves" to "ominous criminal predators". In the late 1990s, Melissa Hickman Barlow argued that the perception of African American males as criminals was so entrenched in society that she said "talking about crime is talking about race". Between 2005 and 2015, the gap in the incarceration rate between blacks and whites declined while still remaining high. The rate of incarceration for blacks declined -2.0% per year, for Hispanics it declined -2.3% per year while for whites it declined only -0.1% per year. Blacks today continue to be incarcerated at a rate over 2.1 times Hispanics and 5.6 times whites. The disparity varies widely by state and region.


text: Katheryn Russell-Brown in her book "The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment and Other Macroaggressions" (1998) refers to the stereotype as the "criminal black man", because people associate young black men with crime in American culture. She writes that the black male is portrayed as a "symbolic pillager of all that is good". Russell-Brown refers to the criminal black man as a myth and suggests that the stereotype contributes to "racial hoaxes". She defines these as "when someone fabricates a crime and blames it on another person because of his race OR when an actual crime has been committed and the perpetrator falsely blames someone because of his race". Stuart Henry and Mark Lanier in "What Is Crime?: Controversies Over the Nature of Crime and What to Do about It" (2001) refer to the criminal black man as a "mythlike race/gender image of deviance".


text: Moreover, according to Hugenberg and Bodenhausen in "Ambiguity in social categorization: The role of prejudice and facial affect in race categorization", people perceive black faces as angry more often than they perceive white faces as angry. On top of this, angry faces are more commonly categorized as belonging to black people rather than white people. Even what people are wearing can determine what race people classify them as.


text: Linda G. Tucker in "Lockstep and Dance: Images of black Men in Popular Culture" (2007) argues that the representations in popular culture of criminal African American men help perpetuate the image. She writes that the portrayal of crime by conservative politicians during heated campaigns is used as a metaphor for race: they have recast fears about race as fears about crime. For instance, Republican opponents of Dukakis used the case of Willie Horton to attack the Democrat's stand on law enforcement, suggesting that people would be safer if led by Republicans. She says that such politicians used Horton as a collective symbol of African American male criminality. Some argue that the ad Republicans used of an intimidating-looking mug shot of murderer Willie Horton created fear in white Americans minds. The message was clear: African Americans are violent and should not have prison furloughs or rehabilitation. This led to the victory of Republican George H.W. Bush.


text: The criminal African American man appears often in the context of athletics and sports. Arthur A. Raney and Jennings Bryant discuss this in "Handbook of Sports and Media" (2006). They cite "Beyond the Cheers: Race as Spectacle in College Sport" (2001) by C. Richard King and Charles Fruehling Springwood, which examines the connection between race, crime, and sports. They study the ways in which "criminality indelibly marks the African American athlete". Raney and Bryant says coverage and reception of accusations of crimes by sportspeople differed depending on the race of the individual.


text: John Milton Hoberman in "Darwin's Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged black America and Preserved the Myth of Race" (1997) blames entertainment and advertising industries for propagating the negative stereotypes, namely, for "the merger of the athlete, the gangster rapper, and the criminal into a single black male persona ... into the predominant image of black masculinity in the United States and around the world", which has harmed racial integration.


text: A number of studies have concluded that the news systematically portrays black Americans as criminals and whites as victims of the crime. For example, a study found that in news programs broadcast in the Los Angeles area, blacks were overly represented as perpetrators of crime and underrepresented as victims of crimes on television news, compared to actual crime statistics. This is in stark contrast to how, compared to actual crime statistics, whites were found to be underrepresented as perpetrators and overrepresented as victims of crime in television news stories.


text: The media is viewed as a source of social learning that essentially teaches, reinforces, and cultivates certain ideas about Blacks. A study examining the news reports from "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "The Wall Street Journal" and "USA Today" covering the effects of Hurricane Katrina


text: According to Sanders in "Category inclusion and exclusion in perceptions of African Americans: Using the Stereotype Content Model to Examine Perceptions of groups and individuals", African Americans on television and in movies are most likely to play roles related to crime, sports, and entertainment stories rather than roles in which they make a valuable contribution to the nation. This omission of positive traits in African Americans on television has a powerful effect on viewers. Sanders refers to this as "stereotyping by omission". It is very common for African Americans to be portrayed as threatening and violent gang members criminals and drug dealers.


text: Keon L. Gilbert and Rashawn Ray in "Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity: Applying Public Health Critical Race Praxis to Address the Determinants of Policing Behaviors and "Justifiable" Homicide in the USA" examines trends from 1960-2010 death by legal intervention by race and social class that high-income blacks are just as likely to be killed by police officers as low-income blacks. However, black cops were found to be more likely to kill black civilians than white cops were.


text: There is evidence that the American society has internalized the criminal stereotype of African Americans. For example, in experiments where African American and white individuals perform the same act, respondents have reported that the black figure is more threatening than the white figure. Likewise, in surveys asking about fear of strangers in hypothetical situations, respondents are more fearful of being victimized by black strangers than by white strangers.


text: Moreover, in mock trials whites have assigned more guilt to African American criminal suspects than white suspects accused of the same crimes. They also gave more severe punishments to the African American suspects.


text: In other research, whites have been found to overestimate the differences between the rates at which whites and blacks commit some crimes. Dixon states that heavy television viewing increases exposure to the overrepresentation of Blacks as criminals, when making race and crime judgements. Furthermore, one of the findings is that exposure to Blacks' overrepresentation as criminals was positively related to perception of Blacks as violent. A 2012 study found that white Americans overestimated the percent of burglaries, illegal drug sales, and juvenile crimes committed by blacks by between 6.6 and 9.5 percentage points.


text: There is also some research suggesting that blacks have also internalized the criminal stereotype. According to a study, 82% of blacks think they are perceived as violent by Whites. African Americans are also more likely than Whites to think that racial profiling is widespread and to think they are treated unfairly by police, both in general and in actual criminal justice encounters.


text: Public defender James Williams and sociologist Becky Pettit, both advocating for decarceration in the United States, have argued that the treatment of African Americans by law enforcement agencies is "the most pervasive blight on the criminal justice system today" and that African American progress is a myth, as it does not take into consideration the African American men who are incarcerated.


text: Many psychologists argue that the cultural stereotype of black criminality can have an unconscious but substantial influence on the way that "people perceive individuals, process information, and form judgments". For example, the criminal stereotype of African Americans could contribute to the reason behind why blacks are disproportionately more likely than Whites to be targeted by the police as suspects, interrogated and wrongfully convicted. The stereotype of a criminal African American has also been associated with racial profiling.


text: In addition, a report from the U.S. Sentencing Commission stated that the sentences of black men were on average 19.5% longer than the sentences of white men from December 2007 to September 2011. Although the report did not attribute racism to the difference in sentencing decisions, the report did write that the judges "make sentencing decisions based on many legitimate considerations that are not or cannot be measured." Another similar study examining 58,000 federal criminal cases concluded that African-Americans' jail time was almost 60% longer than white sentences while black men were on average more than twice as likely to face a mandatory minimum charge as white men were, even after taking into account arrest offense, age and location. Some scholars say this discrepancy is due to them being repeat offenders, while others state that this is partially due to prosecutors over-charging African American defendants in contrast to white defendants. Supporting the latter claim, in mock trials that experimentally manipulate the race of the defendant, respondents have been found to give African-American defendants harsher judgments of guilt and punishment than white defendants in otherwise identical cases. Similarly, Giliam found that exposure to African American rather than White suspects led to increased support for capital punishment and the three-strikes legislation.


text: Joseph Rand also suggests that when black witnesses are on trial with white jurors, they are more likely to feel stereotype threat and are more likely to appear less credible. To elaborate, because black witnesses are aware of the stereotype relating them as criminals, they are more motivated to control their behavior to counter stereotypes and appear truthful. However, because they try so hard to appear credible, they appear more anxious and unnatural, and therefore less credible to jurors.


text: Lincoln and Devah argue that the criminal stereotype of African American males can explain the growing racial segregation in the United States. Specifically, they found that the percentage of young black men in a neighborhood is correlated with the respondent's perceptions of neighborhood crime level, even after taking into account measures of actual crime rates and other neighborhood characteristics. This could explain why other races avoid areas with many black men, as the area is perceived to be dangerous.


text: Another study found that after priming the "black criminal" stereotype among respondents (by exposing them to photographs of blacks appearing to plunder after Hurricane Katrina), the respondents reduced policy support for black evacuees-in-need but did not influence responses towards white evacuees-in-need.


text: Jelani Kerr, Peter Schafer, Armon Perry, Julia Orkin, Maxine Vance, and Patricia O'Campo in "The Impact of Racial Discrimination on African American Fathers' Intimate Relationships", mentions that African American have a lower marriage rate and a lower relationship quality compared to whites. The relationship between socioeconomic factors and experiences of racial discrimination and the extent to which racial discrimination, financial stress, and perceived stress are associated with marital status and intimate relationship quality for African American fathers. Aside from socioeconomic factors and experiences of racial discrimination, education was also positively associated with racial discrimination and the relation to the relationship negatively associates with perceived stress and racial discrimination.


text: African American men who have sex with men and women are among those heavily impacted by HIV in the United States. And those of them who have history of incarceration are at further risk of infection, including people who are in an intimate relationship with them. According to Maria R. Khan, Nabila El-Bassel, Carol E. Golin, Joy D. Scheidell, Adaora A. Admimora, Ashley M. Coatsworth, Hui Hu, Selena Judon-Monk, Katie P. Median, and David A. Wohl in "The Committed Intimate Partnerships of Incarcerated African American Men: Implications for Sexual HIV Transmission Risk and Prevention Opportunities" sat that HIV incidence in African American men is seven times higher that of white men and twice that of Latino men.


text: Nearly one in three (32%) black males in the age group of 20-29 is under some form of correctional control, such as incarceration, probation or parole. As of 1995, one in fourteen adult black males was incarcerated in prison or jail on any given day, representing a doubling of this rate from 1985. Furthermore, a black male born in 1991 has a 29 percent chance of spending time in prison at some point in his life. A study found that in 1979, 80% of the racial disparity in prison populations was accounted for by African Americans committing more crime, but by 2008, another study by Michael Tonry and Matthew Melewski found that this percentage had decreased to 61%.


text: Patrick Sharkey and Michael Friedson estimated that the decline in homicides led to a 0.80-year increase in life expectancy at birth for African American males, and reduced years of potential life lost by 1,156 years for every 100,000 African American males. In 1999 African Americans comprised 49 percent of total arrests yet constituted 13 percent of the population.


text: According to official FBI statistics, in 2015, 51.1% of people arrested for homicide were African American, even though African American people account only for 13.4% of the total United States population.


text: For drug related offenses, from 1965 through the early 1980s, African Americans were approximately twice as likely as whites to be arrested. However, with the War on Drugs in the 1970s, African American arrest rates skyrocketed, while white arrest rates increased only slightly. By the end of the 1980s, African Americans were more than five times more likely than whites to be arrested for drug-related offenses. In 1993, criminologist Alfred Blumstein argued that as national self-report data showed that drug use was actually declining among both African Americans and Whites, it is highly unlikely that these race differences in arrest rates represent "real" patterns of drug use. Instead, these crime statistics reflect the government's targeting of only specific types of drug use and trafficking. Although the "black drug user" stereotype is heavily associated with young African Americans, a 2011 survey using self-reported data found African American young people less likely to use illegal drugs than other racial groups in the U.S. According to Michelle Alexander, the disproportionate mass incarceration of African Americans in drug-related offenses is caused by racial bias within the criminal justice system, terming this phenomenon as "The New Jim Crow", in a book of the same name. Alexander claims that racial beliefs and stereotypes as a direct result of a media saturated with images of black criminals have obviously and predictably created a sharp disparity in the rates at which blacks and whites are subject to encounters with law enforcement.


text: According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the number of women in state prisons increased by 75% between 1986 and 1991. For black non-Hispanic women, the number of incarcerations for drug offenses went up by 828%, which is higher than any other group of people. From 1985 to 1997, the rate of white women in prisons and jails went up from 27 per 100,000 to 76 per 100,000. However, the rate of black women in prisons and jails went up from 183 per 100,000 to 491 per 100,000. (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2000). According to Lubiano, the media portrays these African American women as "welfare queens" who are responsible for the crack trade. These women are blamed for creating a new generation of drug users. Some have even re-termed the phrase War on Drugs to War on Black Women.


text: Scholars have argued that these official arrest statistics do not fully reflect actual criminal behavior as the criminal stereotype that African Americans hold influences the decisions to make arrests. Specifically, because the stereotype of African American is pervasive and embedded in society, police officers unconsciously believe that African Americans are dangerous and are therefore more likely to arrest African Americans.


text: Instead, self-reporting crime statistics have been used to overcome the criticism that the official arrest statistics are biased. Many studies found little or no differences in self-reported offending among juveniles of different racial and ethnic group, with some scholars suggesting that institutionalized racism within the criminal justice system is the cause for the disproportionate arrest rates of African Americans. However, Hindelang found that black males were least likely to self-report offenses recorded by the police, with 33 percent of total offenses and 57 percent of serious offenses known to police not being self-reported by African American males, suggesting some caution in concluding that self reported crime statistics accurately portray the actual rate of crime behavior.


text: The criminal stereotype of black individuals is not just limited to the United States. One study administered a survey to Canadians showed that they believed African Canadians are more likely to commit crime, with nearly half of the respondents believing that 65% of black people committed more crimes than other racial groups in Canada. A working group of human rights experts from the United Nations has also expressed concerns that anti-African Canadian systemic racism is rampant in the Canadian justice system, especially in the arbitrary use of racial profiling.


text: Rahier argues that Afro-Ecuadorians have been consistently stereotyped to be dangerous criminals in the popular and widely circulated magazine "Vistazo", since the late 1950s. Similarly, he also argues that when race is mentioned in reporting of a crime in Ecuador's daily newspapers, the criminal was always black and the victim was always not black.


title: Collared peccary

text: The collared peccary (Dicotyles tajacu) is a species of artiodactyl (even-toed) mammal in the family Tayassuidae found in North, Central, and South America. It is the only member of the genus Dicotyles. They are commonly referred to as javelina, saíno, or báquiro, although these terms are also used to describe other species in the family. The species is also known as the musk hog. In Trinidad, it is colloquially known as quenk.


title: Collared peccary

text: Although somewhat related to true Old World pigs, and frequently referred to as a pig, this species and the other peccaries are no longer classified in the pig family, Suidae. Although formerly classified in the genus Pecari, studies in 2020 placed them in the genus "Dicotyles", based on an unequivocal type-species selection; these studies have been accepted by the American Society of Mammalogists. Currently, the IUCN still places them in the genus "Pecari".


title: Collared peccary

text: The collared peccary stands around tall at the shoulder and is about long. It weighs between . The dental formula is: 2/3,1/1,3/3,3/3. The collared peccary has small tusks that point toward the ground when the animal is upright. It has slender legs with a robust or stocky body. The tail is often hidden in the coarse fur of the peccary.


title: Collared peccary

text: The collared peccary is widespread throughout much of the tropical and subtropical Americas, ranging from the Southwestern United States to northern Argentina. They were reintroduced to Uruguay in 2017, after 100 years of extirpation there. The only Caribbean island where it is native, however, is Trinidad. Until fairly recently, it was also present on the nearby island of Tobago, but is now exceedingly rare (if not extirpated) due to overhunting by humans. An adaptable species, it inhabits deserts, xeric shrublands, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, shrublands, flooded grasslands and savannas, tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests, and several other habitats; it is also present in habitats shared by humans, merely requiring sufficient cover. Peccaries can be found in cities and agricultural land throughout their range, where they consume garden plants. Notable populations are known to exist in the suburbs of Phoenix and Tucson, Arizona.


title: Collared peccary

text: Due to the lack of fossil material or even specimens from archeological sites, it was assumed that javelinas only recently crossed into the US by way of Mexico. However, a fossil jaw of this species was discovered in Florida ("Collared peccary (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae, Pecari) from the late Pleistocene of Florida", Richard C. Hulbert, Gary S. Morgan & Andreas Kerner), proving that at some point in the late Pleistocene the species had already inhabited part of the Southern US.


title: Collared peccary

text: Collared peccaries are often classified as herbivores. They normally feed on cactus, mesquite beans, fruits, berries, seeds, roots, tubers, bulbs, palm nuts, grasses, other green vegetation, fungi, and insects. However, they will also eat eggs, snakes, fish, frogs, lizards, dead birds, and rodents if the opportunity presents itself. Despite all this supplementary diet, the main dietary components of this species are agaves and prickly pears. In areas inhabited by humans, they also consume cultivated crops and ornamental plants, such as tulip bulbs.


title: Collared peccary

text: The main predators of the collared peccary are cougars ("Puma concolor"), Mexican wolves ("Canis lupus baileyi"), coyotes ("Canis latrans"), jaguars ("Panthera onca"), and bobcats ("Lynx rufus").


title: Collared peccary

text: Collared peccaries are diurnal creatures that live in groups of up to 50 individuals, averaging between six and nine animals. They sleep in burrows (often under bushes or larger systems of tree roots), but sometimes can be found in caves, abandoned mines, old desert tunnels, or among logs, felled trees and abandoned timber. However, collared peccaries are not completely diurnal. In central Arizona, they are often more active at night, and less so in the heat of the daytime.


title: Collared peccary

text: Although they usually ignore humans, they will react if they feel threatened. They defend themselves with their tusks. A collared peccary can release a strong musk or give a sharp bark if it is alarmed. Amazonian peoples (including the Shipibos) sometimes raise and tame juvenile collared peccaries, if they are encountered.


title: Collared peccary

text: Peccary will also rub their scent onto rocks and tree stumps to mark their territory, and rub the scent on each other to help with identification.


title: Collared peccary

text: The giant peccary (described as "Pecari maximus") was a purported fourth species of peccary, first reported to have been seen in Brazil in 2000 by Dutch naturalist Marc van Roosmalen. In 2003 German natural history filmmaker Lothar Frenz filmed a group and gathered a skull which later served as the type (INPA4272). It had been known locally as "-mundè", which Roosmalen "et al". state the locals claimed was Tupí and meant "the collared peccary that is bigger and goes in pairs", as opposed to "caitetú-de-bando", "the collared peccary that goes in herds". It was formally described in 2007, but the scientific evidence for its species status was quickly questioned, which also was one of the reasons for its initial evaluation as data deficient by IUCN in 2008. A review in 2011 moved the giant peccary into synonymy with the collared peccary ("P. tajacu"), which was followed by the IUCN the same year.


title: Collared peccary

text: The reported range of the giant peccary encompasses the south-central Amazon between the Madeira and the Tapajós Rivers and northern Bolivia. It is restricted to "terra firme" forest, which is forest that does not flood annually. Unlike other peccaries in its range, the giant peccary was reported to mainly occur in pairs or small family groups.


title: Collared peccary

text: According to its original description, the giant peccary is larger, longer-legged, and proportionally smaller-headed than the only other member of the genus, the collared peccary. Compared to most individuals of the sympatric populations of the collared peccary, the giant peccary also had thinner fur that is grizzled in brown and white, blacker legs, and a relatively faint collar. Five skins of the giant peccary had a total length of , while local hunters have estimated a weight of . Based on a mtDNA study, the collared and the giant peccaries were estimated to have diverged 1.0–1.2 million years ago, but these results were later questioned due to the small sample size, low bootstrap support, and the absence of nDNA and cytogenetic results.


title: Collared peccary

text: In 2011, a review noted that the measurements provided in the initial description were within those generally recognized for the collared peccary, and the behaviors supposedly unique to the giant peccary are also known from the collared peccary. They also provided new genetic evidence showing that collared peccaries from South America form a monophyletic clade that includes the giant peccary (without it the clade is paraphyletic). The major genetic split within the collared peccary is between a clade comprising North and Central American specimens, and a clade comprising South American specimens (the presumed contact zone is in Colombia, which has both clades). Furthermore, extensive infraspecific variations (both individual and locality-based) are known in the morphology of the collared peccary.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Jeane Duane Kirkpatrick (née Jordan; November 19, 1926December 7, 2006) was an American diplomat and political scientist who played a major role in the foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. An ardent anticommunist, she was a longtime Democrat who became a neoconservative and switched to the Republican Party in 1985. After serving as Ronald Reagan's foreign policy adviser in his 1980 presidential campaign, she became the first woman to serve as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She was known for the "Kirkpatrick Doctrine", which advocated supporting authoritarian regimes around the world if they went along with Washington's aims. She believed that they could be led into democracy by example. She wrote, "traditional authoritarian governments are less repressive than revolutionary autocracies." She sympathized with the Argentine government during the Falklands War when President Reagan came out in support of British prime minister Margaret Thatcher.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick served in Reagan's Cabinet on the National Security Council, Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board, Defense Policy Review Board, and chaired the Secretary of Defense Commission on Fail Safe and Risk reduction of the Nuclear Command and Control System. She wrote a syndicated newspaper column after leaving government service in 1985, specializing in analysis of the activities of the United Nations.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick was born in Duncan, Oklahoma, the daughter of an oilfield wildcatter, Welcher F. Jordan, and his wife, Leona (née Kile). She attended Emerson Elementary School there and was known to her classmates as "Duane Jordan." She had a younger sibling, Jerry. At 12, her father moved the family to Mt. Vernon, Illinois, where she graduated from Mt. Vernon Township High School. In 1948, she graduated from Barnard College of Columbia University after she received her associate degree from Stephens College (then only a two-year institution) in Columbia, Missouri. In 1968, Kirkpatrick earned a PhD in political science from Columbia.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She spent a year of postgraduate study at Sciences Po at the University of Paris, which helped her learn French. She was fluent in Spanish.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Though she ultimately became a conservative, as a college freshman in 1945 she joined the Young People's Socialist League, the youth wing of the Socialist Party of America, influenced by her grandfather who was a founder of the Populist and Socialist parties in Oklahoma. As Kirkpatrick recalled at a symposium in 2002:


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: It wasn't easy to find the YPSL in Columbia, Missouri. But I had read about it and I wanted to be one. We had a very limited number of activities in Columbia, Missouri. We had an anti-Franco rally, which was a worthy cause. You could raise a question about how relevant it was likely to be in Columbia, Missouri, but it was in any case a worthy cause. We also planned a socialist picnic, which we spent quite a lot of time organizing. Eventually, I regret to say, the YPSL chapter, after much discussion, many debates and some downright quarrels, broke up over the socialist picnic. I thought that was rather discouraging.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: At Columbia University, her principal adviser was Franz Leopold Neumann, a revisionist Marxist. In 1967, she joined the faculty of Georgetown University and became a full professor of government in 1973. She became active in politics as a Democrat in the 1970s and was involved in the later campaigns of former Vice President and Democratic presidential candidate Hubert Humphrey. Along with Humphrey, she was close to Henry Jackson, who ran for the Democratic nomination for president in 1972 and in 1976. Like many in Jackson's circle she became identified with neoconservatism.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She was opposed to the candidacy of George McGovern in 1972 and that year she joined with Richard V. Allen and others to found the Committee on the Present Danger for the purpose of warning Americans against the Soviet Union's growing military power and the dangers of the SALT II treaty. She also served on the Platform Committee for the Democratic Party in 1976.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick published a number of articles in political science journals reflecting her disillusionment with the Democratic Party with specific criticism of the foreign policy of Democratic President Jimmy Carter. Her most well known piece was "Dictatorships and Double Standards", published in "Commentary" in November 1979.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: In that piece, Kirkpatrick mentioned what she saw as a difference between authoritarian regimes and the totalitarian regimes such as the Soviet Union; sometimes, it was necessary to work with authoritarian regimes if it suited American purposes: "No idea holds greater sway in the mind of educated Americans than the belief that it is possible to democratize governments, anytime and anywhere, under any circumstances ... Decades, if not centuries, are normally required for people to acquire the necessary disciplines and habits. In Britain, the road [to democratic government] took seven centuries to traverse ... The speed with which armies collapse, bureaucracies abdicate, and social structures dissolve once the autocrat is removed frequently surprises American policymakers."


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: The piece came to the attention of Ronald Reagan through his National Security Adviser Richard V. Allen. Kirkpatrick then became a foreign policy adviser throughout Reagan's 1980 campaign and presidency and, after his election to the presidency, Ambassador to the United Nations, which she held for four years. "The Economist" writes that until then, "she had never spent time with a Republican before."


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: On the way to her first meeting with Reagan, she told Allen, "Listen, Dick, I am an AFL–CIO Democrat and I am quite concerned that my meeting Ronald Reagan on any basis will be misunderstood." She asked Reagan if he minded having a lifelong Democrat on his team; he replied that he himself had been a Democrat until he was 51, and in any event, he liked her way of thinking about American foreign policy.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick was a vocal advocate of US support for the military regime in El Salvador during the early years of the Reagan Administration. When four US churchwomen were murdered by Salvadorean soldiers in 1980, Kirkpatrick declared her 'unequivocal' belief that the Salvadorean army was not responsible, adding that 'the nuns were not just nuns. They were political activists. We ought to be a little more clear about this than we actually are.' After the release of declassified documents in the 1990s, New Jersey congressman Robert Torricelli stated that it was 'now clear that while the Reagan Administration was certifying human rights progress in El Salvador they knew the terrible truth that the Salvadoran military was engaged in a widespread campaign of terror and torture'.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She was one of the strongest supporters of Argentina's military dictatorship following the March 1982 Argentine invasion of the United Kingdom's Falkland Islands, which triggered the Falklands War. Kirkpatrick had a "soft spot" for Argentina's General Leopoldo Galtieri and favored neutrality rather than the pro-British policy favored by Secretary of State Alexander Haig. Kirkpatrick, who, according to British UN Ambassador Sir Anthony Parsons, was very mixed up with Latin American policy, even went as far as supporting the Argentinian dictatorship by urging the Reagan Administration to act as outlined as in the Rio Pact of 1947, which stated that an attack against one state in the hemisphere should be considered an attack against them all.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: British ambassador Sir Nicholas Henderson allegedly characterized her in a diplomatic cable as "more fool than fascist ... she appears to be one of America's own-goal scorers, tactless, wrong-headed, ineffective, and a dubious tribute to the academic profession to which she [expresses] her allegiance." The Reagan administration ultimately decided to declare support for the British, making her vote for United Nations Security Council Resolution 502.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: At the 1984 Republican National Convention, she delivered the "Blame America First" keynote speech, which renominated Reagan by praising his administration's foreign policy while excoriating the leadership of what she called the "San Francisco Democrats" (the Democrats had just held their convention in San Francisco) for the party's shift away from the policies of Harry S. Truman and John F. Kennedy to a more strident antiwar position for which the left-wing of the Democratic Party had pushed since the Vietnam War. It was the first time since the 1952 speech from Douglas MacArthur that a non-party member had delivered the Republican Convention's keynote address.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick, a member of the National Security Council, did not get along with either Secretary of State Haig or his successor, George Shultz. She disagreed with Shultz, most notably on the Iran–Contra affair in which she supported skimming money off arms sales to fund the Nicaraguan Contras while Shultz told Kirkpatrick that it would be an "impeachable offense" to do so because of the massacres perpetrated by that group. Shultz threatened to resign if Kirkpatrick was appointed National Security Adviser. Kirkpatrick was more closely allied with Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger and head of the CIA William J. Casey on the issue.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Noam Chomsky, for example, referred to her as the "Chief sadist-in-residence of the Reagan Administration" and went on to criticize what he called the hypocrisy of supporting brutal military regimes that showed no respect for human rights or democracy while claiming to be protecting the region from communism. Author Lars Schoultz has argued that her policy was based on her belief that "Latin Americans are pathologically violent" and goes on to criticize that as a prejudice with no factual basis.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick said, "What takes place in the Security Council more closely resembles a mugging than either a political debate or an effort at problem-solving." Still, she finished her term with a certain respect for the normative power of the United Nations as the "institution whose majorities claim the right to decide—for the world—what is legitimate and what is illegitimate." She noted that the United States had increasingly ignored that significance and became increasingly isolated. That was problematic, because "relative isolation in a body like the United Nations "is" a sign of impotence," especially given its ability to shape international attitudes. She was ambassador to the UN during the September 1, 1983 Soviet shooting down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, near Moneron Island. It had carried 269 passengers and crew including a sitting congressman, Larry McDonald (D-GA). She played before the Security Council the audio of the electronic intercept of the interceptor pilot during the attack, and the Soviet Union could no longer deny its responsibility for the shootdown.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick was a Board Member of the American Foundation for Resistance International and the National Council to Support the Democracy Movements, intended to help bring down Soviet and East European Communism. Along with Vladimir Bukovsky, Martin Colman and Richard Perle, she worked to organize democratic revolutions against communism.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: According to Jay Nordlinger, on a visit with American dignitaries, Soviet human rights activist Andrei Sakharov said, "Kirkpatski, Kirkpatski, which of you is Kirkpatski?" When others pointed to Kirkpatrick, he said, "Your name is known in every cell in the Gulag" because she had named Soviet political prisoners on the floor of the UN. Kirkpatrick had said she would serve only one term at the UN and stepped down in April 1985.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick was a staunch supporter of Israel. During her ambassadorship at the United Nations, she considered its frequent criticism and condemnation of the Jewish state as holding Israel to a double standard, which she attributed to hostility and regarded as politically motivated. In 1989, Mohammed Wahby, press director of Egypt's Information Bureau, wrote to the "Washington Post", "Jeane Kirkpatrick has, somehow, consistently opposed any attempt to resolve the Arab–Israeli conflict". However, in a 1989 op-ed, Kirkpatrick warned Secretary of State James Baker and Bush not to get involved in the conflict because any intervention would fail.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick frequently expressed disdain for what she perceived to be disproportionate attention towards Israel's at the expense of others' conflicts. Despite this, during her tenure as UN Ambassador, she supported several resolutions condemning Israel.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Anti-Defamation League President Abraham Foxman issued a press release upon her death: "She will be fondly remembered for her unwavering and valiant support of the State of Israel and her unequivocal opposition to anti-Semitism, especially during her tenure at the United Nations. She was always a true friend of the Jewish people."


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Explaining her disillusionment with international organizations, especially the United Nations, she stated:


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: In April 1985, Kirkpatrick became a Republican, a move which "The Economist" called her "only recourse" after her speech at the 1984 Republican convention. She returned to teaching at Georgetown University and became a fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, a Washington D.C. think tank, and a contributor to the "American Freedom Journal". In 1993, she cofounded Empower America, a public-policy organization. She was also on the advisory board of the National Association of Scholars, a group that works against what it regards as a liberal bias in universities in the United States, with its emphasis on multicultural education, and affirmative action.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick briefly considered running for president in 1988 against George H. W. Bush, because she believed he was not tough enough on Communism. Kirkpatrick endorsed Senator Robert Dole of Kansas, who was the runner up to Bush. Despite a strong showing in the Iowa caucuses, Dole's campaign quickly faded after he lost the New Hampshire primary in February 1988. Kirkpatrick was an active surrogate campaigner for Dole even as he was losing, as was her old foe, Alexander Haig, who endorsed Dole after ending his own 1988 campaign several days before the New Hampshire primary.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Along with Empower America co-directors William Bennett and Jack Kemp, she called on the Congress to issue a formal declaration of war against the "entire fundamentalist Islamist terrorist network" the day after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center. In 2003, she headed the US delegation to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Kirkpatrick was appointed to the Board of Directors of IDT Corp. in 2004. It was revealed after her death that in 2003, she was sent as a US envoy, to meet an Arab delegation and attempt to convince them to support the Iraq War; she was supposed to argue that pre-emptive war was justifiable, but she knew that it would not work and instead argued that Saddam Hussein had consistently gone against the UN. However she described George W. Bush as "a bit too interventionist for my taste" and felt that what she described as "moral imperialism" was not "taken seriously anywhere outside a few places in Washington, DC."


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: According to a spokesperson at the American Enterprise Institute, Kirkpatrick was a Presbyterian. On February 20, 1955, she married Evron Maurice Kirkpatrick, who was a scholar and a former member of the O.S.S. (the World War II–era predecessor of the CIA). Her husband died in 1995. They had three sons: Douglas Jordan (1956–2006), John Evron, and Stuart Alan.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She had been diagnosed with heart disease and had been in failing health for several years. Kirkpatrick died at her home in Bethesda, Maryland, on December 7, 2006 from congestive heart failure. She was interred at Parklawn Memorial Park in Rockville, Maryland.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: In 1985, Kirkpatrick was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. Harvard Kennedy School created a Kirkpatrick Chair in International Affairs in her honor.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She received an honorary doctorate degree from Universidad Francisco Marroquín in 1985; she also received an honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University in 1991.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She was awarded an honorary degree by Brandeis University in 1994, but declined it when her honor was met with protests from some professors and students, whom she described as "ideological zealots". Fifty-three professors opposed the award, with one stating: "We oppose the degree because she was the intellectual architect of Reagan administration policies that supported some of the Latin-American regimes with the most repressive records."


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: In 1995 she received the Walter Judd Freedom Award from The Fund for American Studies. In 2007, the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) honored Kirkpatrick with the creation of the Jeane Kirkpatrick Academic Freedom Award. The first recipient was Marine Corps reservist and correspondent Matt Sanchez. Kirkpatrick was inducted into the Oklahoma Women's Hall of Fame in 1984.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: Kirkpatrick was portrayed by Lorelei King in the 2002 BBC production of Ian Curteis's "The Falklands Play".


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: In Berkeley Breathed's daily comic strip "Bloom County", Kirkpatrick becomes former Meadow Party Presidential candidate Bill the Cat's love interest before he is exposed as using that relationship to perform espionage for the Soviet Union.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: A play written by Louis Nevaer, "Reagan's Athena", about her tenure as ambassador to the U.N. premiered at the Fringe in New York in August 2016.


title: Jeane Kirkpatrick

text: She was also editor of a 1963 book titled "The Strategy of Deception: A study in world-wide Communist tactics".


title: Evo Moment 37

text: "Evo Moment #37", or the "Daigo Parry", refers to a portion of a "" semifinal match held at Evolution Championship Series 2004 (Evo 2004) between Daigo Umehara and Justin Wong. During this match, Umehara made an unexpected comeback by parrying 15 consecutive hits of Wong's "Super Art" move while having only one pixel of vitality. Umehara subsequently won the match, though he went on to lose the Grand Final against Kenji "KO" Obata. Evo Moment #37 has been described as the most iconic moment in competitive video gaming, having influenced the fighting game community strongly.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: The "Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike" finals of Evo 2004 took place at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California on August 1. Daigo "The Beast" Umehara and Justin Wong, two of the best "Street Fighter" players at the time, had never played against one another until that point. Despite this, the two were already known for having a supposed rivalry with each other due to their differences in gaming philosophies. "Street Fighter" was the only game to still be played on traditional arcade cabinets at this Evo, all other games being played on home consoles. Umehara and Wong met one another in the loser's finals of the tournament. Here, Umehara opted to play using Ken, while Wong picked Chun-Li.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: In the final round of match 1, after each player had won a round, Umehara got off to a weak start as Wong was playing conservatively, slowly chipping away on Umehara's life bar. "Rolling Stone" described Wong's behavior during this match as "the antithesis of Umehara's aggressive approach" and stated that video of the match shows that Wong's turtling was effective in "getting under his [Umehara's] skin." Match commentator and Capcom employee Seth Killian commentated that "this is rare footage of Daigo actually angry ... Justin's turtle-style now on the verge of putting Daigo down." Umehara's Ken was down to his last pixel of vitality. With 26 seconds remaining, Wong had the option to run out the clock, but he was eager to end the match.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: At this point, any special attack would knock Umehara's character out if connected, since special attacks deal a slight amount of damage even when blocked. To win the round, Wong attempted to hit Umehara's Ken with Chun-Li's multihit Super Art II move; the Houyoku-sen (, "fanning phoenix-wing"). However, instead of avoiding it, Umehara chose to "Parry", a high-risk, high-reward technique which allows the defender to block an incoming attack without losing any health, but requires moving toward the opponent's direction in the same time a hit lands, within six of sixty frames of the impact animation – about a tenth of a second. Umehara had to predict when his opponent would start his Super Art Move, essentially making the first parry before the move even started, and then perform the same split-second timing on all 14 of the remaining hits. Umehara did so, and went on to counter a final kick of Chun-Li in mid-air before launching a 12-hit combo, capped by Ken's Super Art III; Shippuu Jinraikyaku (, "hurricane thunderclap leg"), winning the match.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: "GamePro" and "Eurogamer" pointed out how the moment was elevated by the "euphoric" reaction of the crowd, which erupted in cheers and shouts as Umehara parried Wong's moves and turned the game around. Umehara went on to lose in the Grand Final to Kenji "KO" Obata, playing as Yun.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: One of the tournament organizers and the primary ring announcer, Ben Cureton, was asked to create a highlight video of the "Daigo Parry" after the tournament was completed. Cureton uploaded the video under the title "Evo Moment #37", picking a random two-digit number to represent the highlight. In the book "Evo Moment #37", Glenn Cravens wrote that:


title: Evo Moment 37

text: A previously unnoticed recording of the match was discovered by Evo business developer and "Tekken" brand and community advisor Mark "MarkMan" Julio in 2019, lying amid a stack of old tapes and discs. Recorded by Ace R., this video is filmed from a different viewpoint and includes distinct live reactions of the people in the crowd. MarkMan uploaded this video on YouTube in April 2019.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: Evo Moment #37 is frequently described as the most iconic and memorable moment in the history of competitive video gaming. Being at one point the most-watched competitive gaming moment of all time, "Kotaku" compared it to sports moments such as Babe Ruth's called shot and the Miracle on Ice.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: In an interview with John Guerrero of "EventHubs", Justin Wong stated that he believed Evo Moment #37 may have helped "save" the fighting game community, which was getting less active at the time. Umehara gave a more in-depth account of the match in his 2016 autobiography, in which he explains how he briefly departed from the fighting game community afterwards.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: The downloadable online version of "3rd Strike", "Street Fighter III: 3rd Strike Online Edition", features a challenge where players need to pull off the Daigo Parry. A parody of Evo Moment #37 was presented in the 2012 anime adaption of "Acchi Kocchi". In 2014, Umehara and Wong held a rematch as a celebration of Evo Moment #37 ten years prior, in which Wong once again attempted to chip Umehara out with Chun-Li's special move. Umehara successfully parried Chun-Li's special move again, but Wong had enough vitality left to win the round a few seconds later. Glenn Cravens wrote a self-published book titled "EVO Moment 37" that year as well.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: By 2016, Evo Moment #37 had been viewed more than times, making it one of the most-watched tournament highlights of all time. In a friendly match during 2016, British "Street Fighter" player Ryan Hart notably pulled off Daigo's parry while not looking at the TV screen.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: 2018's "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" features Ken as a playable character, with the Shippu Jinraikyaku available as one of his Final Smashes. In his reveal trailer, Ken parries an attack from "Punch-Out!!"s Little Mac before immediately countering with his Final Smash, referencing the iconic moment.


title: Evo Moment 37

text: In August 2022, it was discovered (and subsequently confirmed by developers) that this was referenced in the platform fighter Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl in the post-release DLC character Hugh Neutron.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Chidobe Richard Awuzie (born May 24, 1995) is an American football cornerback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Dallas Cowboys in the second round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He played college football at Colorado.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: The son of Nigerian immigrants, Awuzie attended Oak Grove High School in San Jose, California. He played cornerback as well as wide receiver and was rated as a three-star recruit by both Rivals.com and ESPN.com.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: As a junior, he tallied 23 carries for 249 yards, 3 touchdowns, 13 receptions for 211 yards and 4 touchdowns. As a free safety, he had 58 tackles, one interception returned 80 yards for a touchdown, one fumble recovery and 5 blocked kicks. He received All-League honors.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: As a senior, he had 138 carries for 1,285 yards (third on the league), a 9.3-yard average and 14 touchdowns (first on the league), posting six 100-yard and two 200-yard games. He also had 18 receptions for 487 yards (two 100-yard games), 7 touchdowns, one pass completion for 38 yards and 128 total points (first on the league). On defense he played cornerback, making 69 tackles (3 for loss), 4 interceptions (2 returned for touchdowns), 12 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and 4 blocked kicks. He received All-League, PrepStar All-West Region, first-team All-Area and helped his team claim back-to-back BVAL Mount Hamilton Division titles.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: He practiced basketball and track. He had career bests of 21.7 in the 200 metres and 22–1 in the long jump.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: He committed to play college football for the University of Colorado Boulder, over offers from other Power 5 schools including Pac-12 opponents Utah and Washington State.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie gained immediate playing time, appearing in 12 games, with 7 starts (six at the nickel position and one at left cornerback). He recorded 643 snaps on defense (third-most by a freshman in school history), 59 tackles (just the 13th freshman to record 50 or more tackles for a season), 5 tackles for loss, one quarterback sack, 4 passes defensed, 2 forced fumbles and a fumble recovery. He had 12 tackles against the University of Arizona.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: As a sophomore, he started in the first 9 games, before missing last three with a lacerated kidney he suffered in practice. He tallied 64 tackles (2 for loss), 8 passes defensed (third on the team), 2 interceptions, one fumble recovery and one quarterback hurry.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: As a junior, he appeared in 13 games (12 starts) at a combination between cornerback and the nickel position. He registered 90 tackles (second on the team), 78 solo tackles, 4 sacks (set record for the most by a CU defensive back), 2 interceptions, 10 passes defensed and had a team-high 13 tackles for loss, making it the first time a defensive back ever led in that category dating back to 1969 (when it was first tracked). He was named to the All-Pac-12 football team second-team.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Before his senior season, he was named to the Thorpe Award watchlist, annually given to best defensive back in the nation, as well as the Nagurski Award watchlist, which is given to the best defensive player in college football. He finished with 60 tackles (48 solo), 4 sacks (tying his own single-season record for CU defensive backs), one interception, 12 passes defensed and 2 forced fumbles.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie received an invitation to the NFL Combine and completed all combine and positional drills. He also participated at Colorado's Pro Day along with Ahkello Witherspoon, Tedric Thompson, Sefo Liufau, and ten other teammates. He opted to only perform positional drills and had another attempt at the vertical jump for the 44 scouts and representatives from all 32 NFL teams. Awuzie had private workouts and visits with the Dallas Cowboys, Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders, and Tennessee Titans. NFL draft experts and analysts projected him to be a first or second round pick. He was ranked the fourth best cornerback in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, the second best nickel back by NFL analyst Mike Mayock, the seventh best cornerback by ESPN, and was ranked the 15th best cornerback by "Sports Illustrated".


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: The Dallas Cowboys selected Awuzie in the second round (60th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. Awuzie was the 10th cornerback drafted in 2017. His selection is remembered by the intense speech that Drew Pearson gave amidst boos from the Eagles fans in attendance.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: On May 11, 2017, the Dallas Cowboys signed Awuzie to a four-year, $4.28 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $1.25 million.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Throughout training camp, Awuzie competed to be a starting cornerback against Jourdan Lewis, Marquez White, Nolan Carroll, Orlando Scandrick, and Anthony Brown. He missed most of training camp with a hamstring and ankle injury. Head coach Jason Garrett named Awuzie the fourth cornerback to begin the regular season, behind Nolan Carroll, Orlando Scandrick, and Anthony Brown.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Dallas Cowboys’ season-opener against the New York Giants and made four combined tackles during a 19–3 victory. On September 17, 2017, Awuzie earned his first career start after Orlando Scandrick sustained a fractured hand the following week. Unfortunately, Awuzie sustained a hamstring injury during the Cowboys’ 42–17 loss at the Denver Broncos. Awuzie was inactive for the next two games (Weeks 3–4) due to the injury. He returned during the Cowboys’ Week 5 loss against the Green Bay Packers, but further re-injured his hamstring and was subsequently sidelined for the next four games (Week 7–10). Awuzie supplanted Anthony Brown as a starting cornerback for the last five games due to consistent penalties. In Week 15, he collected a season-high five combined tackles and one pass deflection during a 20–17 victory at the Oakland Raiders. On December 31, 2017, Awuzie recorded two solo tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 6–0 victory at the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 17. Awuzie intercepted a pass by Eagles’ quarterback Nick Foles, that was initially intended for wide receiver Alshon Jeffery, during the first quarter. He finished his rookie season in 2017 with 25 combined tackles (14 solo), seven pass deflections, one interception, and one forced fumble in ten games and six starts.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie retained his role as a starting cornerback in 2018 and began the season alongside Byron Jones. In Week 2, he collected a season-high eight solo tackles during a 20–13 win against the New York Giants. He was inactive during a Week 6 win against the Jacksonville Jaguars due to an ankle injury. Awuzie finished with season with 71 combined tackles (57 solo), 11 pass deflections, one interception, and one forced fumble in 15 games and 14 starts. He received an overall grade of 65.1 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked 65th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2018.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: The Dallas Cowboys finished first in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and earned a playoff berth. On January 5, 2019, Awuzie started his first career playoff game and made six combined tackles and broke up a pass attempt during a 24–22 win against the Seattle Seahawks during a NFC Wildcard Game.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: In week 4 against the New Orleans Saints, Awuzie made an acrobatic interception off a pass from Teddy Bridgewater in the 12–10 loss.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: In Week 1 against the Los Angeles Rams, Awuzie recorded his first interception of the season off pass thrown by Jared Goff during the 20–17 loss. He was placed on injured reserve on September 26, 2020 with a hamstring injury. He was activated on November 10, 2020. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on December 10, 2020, and activated on December 16.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie played in fourteen (14) games for the Cincinnati Bengals in 2021 recording two (2) interceptions, fourteen (14) passes defended, and fifty-three (53) tackles.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: In Super Bowl LVI, Awuzie recorded his first career playoff interception off Rams' quarterback Matthew Stafford.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: In Week 8 against the Cleveland Browns, Awuzie suffered a torn ACL ending his season. He played in eight games in 2022, recording five passes defended and 29 tackles.


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie is a Christian. Awuzie has said, “My faith is everything. A testament to God always and His grace and mercy in my life, I’m a living testimony of that. In everything I do, I treat football like a platform to open eyes to the faith of Christianity and accepting Jesus Christ as our Savior.”


title: Chidobe Awuzie

text: Awuzie is an avid chess player who commonly plays 1. e4 and plays on Chess.com. He has compared his chess game to his play on the football field as a cornerback, comparing himself to a fianchettoed bishop. He also says chess helps him in his daily life and in making connections with others. In July 2022, he won Chess.com's BlitzChamps tournament, a rapid tournament for NFL players, beating former Cowboys teammate Amari Cooper in the final.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: The Toyota Prius is a full series-parallel hybrid electric compact car developed and manufactured by the Toyota Motor Corporation. The second generation Prius had been completely redesigned as a compact fastback. The XW20 series represented the second generation of the Toyota Prius, replacing its XW10 predecessor. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and California Air Resources Board (CARB) rated the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based on smog forming and toxic emissions in 2008. Toyota sold about 1,192,000 units of the second generation Prius worldwide.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: In 1999, Toyota began development on a second generation Prius under chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori. In 2001, Hiroshi Okamoto's exterior design was approved and frozen for production. In 2003, the Prius was completely redesigned as a compact liftback, with redistributed mechanical and interior space significantly increasing rear-seat legroom and luggage room. The 2004 Prius is even more environmentally-friendly than the 1997–2003 model (according to the EPA), and is longer than the previous version. Its more aerodynamic Kammback body balances length and wind resistance resulting in a drag coefficient ( "C") of 0.26. Chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori's development effort led to 530 patents filed for the vehicle.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: The Prius uses an all-electric A/C compressor for cooling, an industry first, and also adds an electric power steering system to further minimize engine belt-driven engine accessories. Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the XW11. In the U.S., the battery pack of the 2004 Prius is warranted for or 8 years. The warranty for hybrid components in California and the seven Northeastern states that have adopted the stricter California emission control standards is or 10 years.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: The second generation Prius makes use of a 201.6-volt NiMH battery composed of 28 modules, where each module is made of six individual 1.2-volt 6.5 Ah Prismatic NiMH cells. The 7.2-volt modules each contain a charge controller and a relay. The 28 modules are connected in series to produce a total energy storage capacity of 1.310 kWh (201.6 volts × 6.5 Ah). The battery control computers keep the state of charge (SoC) between approximately 40% and 80% (shallow cycling), where the average SoC hovers around 60 percent, allowing about 400 Wh of useful energy storage to capture energy from regenerative braking and to release it back into the hybrid drive-train through Motor-generator 1 and Motor-generator 2 in the power split device. The shallow cycling enables the hybrid battery to last tens of thousands of cycles, which translates into decades of use and in many cases more than of operation. The computer controlled charging and discharging of the battery enhances its cycle life, calendar life, and thermal control performance. Passive battery cooling and heating is accomplished through the metal case of the battery assembly pack, while a forced air cooling system with a blower motor and ducting system enables active cooling of the HV battery.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: It is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an "Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle" (AT-PZEV).


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: Among the Prius's options are Toyota's implementation of a Smart Key System (the feature can be user-deactivated), DVD navigation on the multi-function display, Vehicle Stability Control and Bluetooth for hands-free calling. A new Intelligent Parking Assist system was available in Japan and Europe since its launch.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: From 2005 to 2009, the second generation Prius had been built by FAW-Toyota in the city of Changchun for the Chinese market. It was reported that a total of 2,152 Prius were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales was blamed on high price, about higher than the equivalent in Japan or the U.S., caused by high duties on imported parts. In early March 2008, Toyota cut the price of Prius by up to eight percent or to (). It was thought that the sales dropped as a result of both a lack of acceptance and increased competition. The Honda Civic Hybrid was exported to China from 2007.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: Toyota's design and development efforts paid off during the 2005 European Car of the Year competition where the Prius won ahead of the Citroën C4 and the Ford Focus. The Prius and the Nissan Leaf are the only cars using drivewheel electric motors to have won this competition, where the usual winners are mainstream hatchbacks and sedans/saloons from major European manufacturers.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: From 2006 to 2009, Toyota tested 126 Prius models in the U.S., Japan and Europe that had the NiMH battery replaced with a lithium-ion battery pack.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: In July 2007, Toyota received both Japanese and American governmental approval to begin testing plug-in hybrid models using a modified NiMH battery on public roads. The first plug-in Prius in America went to South Carolina. Researchers at the Advanced Power and Energy Program at the University of California, Irvine, and the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, began testing two specially made Priuses and analyzing driver behavior, study air quality and energy use.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: In late 2005 (for the 2006 model year), Toyota introduced some minor cosmetic changes for the XW20, such as a slightly updated front-end, revised instruments, and repositioned rear seats. Other changes comprised a higher-resolution liquid crystal display, as well as new optional features such as a backup camera, advanced air bags and an upgraded audio system with an auxiliary input.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: In 2006 (2007 US model year) the Prius added side-curtain air bags (standard on all models). A Touring Edition was introduced, with an elongated and larger rear spoiler as well as larger, sharper-pointed, seven-spoke, 16", magnesium wheels with plastic hubcap covers to protect them from scratches when parking against the curb. The Touring Edition also comes with a firmer, European-style, tuned suspension, standard high-intensity-discharge (HID) headlights, and integrated (non-HID) fog lights.


title: Toyota Prius (XW20)

text: In 2005, Toyota had to fix a software glitch that caused the Prius' engine to enter "limp" mode with electric-only operation, following 68 stall complaints in the U.S. out of 160,000 worldwide sales. In June 2006, Toyota also recalled about 170,000 Prius models from 2004 to 2006 due to a faulty intermediate shaft and sliding yoke in the power steering system.