title: Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)

text: As with most Weissmuller Tarzan films, the elephants were Indian, which have smaller ears, rather than African, so large fake ears, and fake tusks, were fitted onto the animals in an attempt to make them look authentic. Similarly, the tribe of African dwarfs, made to look like pygmies (all males), portrayed in the film was actually a cast of several white midgets wearing blackface.


title: Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)

text: Stock footage made in Africa for W.S. Van Dyke's "Trader Horn" was added to location work shot in the then-undeveloped Toluca Lake region north of Los Angeles.


title: Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)

text: The movie proved to be a huge hit, pulling in nearly $1 million in profits. The overall success of the film lead MGM to star Weissmuller and O'Sullivan in a total of five sequels.


title: Tarzan the Ape Man (1932 film)

text: Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100%, based on , with a rating average of 7.8/10.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Mary Beth Peil (born June 25, 1940) is an American actress and soprano. She began her career as an opera singer in 1962 with the Goldovsky Opera Theater. In 1964 she won two major singing competitions, the Young Concert Artists International Auditions and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions; the latter of which earned her a contract with the Metropolitan Opera National Company with whom she performed in two seasons of national tours as a leading soprano from 1965–1967. She continued to perform in operas through the 1970s, notably creating the role of Alma in the world premiere of Lee Hoiby's "Summer and Smoke" at the Minnesota Opera in 1971. She later recorded that role for American television in 1982. With that same opera company she transitioned into musical theatre, performing the title role of Cole Porter's " Kiss Me, Kate" in 1983. Later that year she joined the national tour of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I" as Anna Leonowens opposite Yul Brynner, and continued with that production when it opened on Broadway on January 7, 1985. She was nominated for a Tony Award for her portrayal.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: After her Broadway debut, Peil has remained a stage actress in musicals and plays. She is the recipient of an Obie Award and has been nominated for a Drama Desk Award, a Helen Hayes Award, and two Outer Critics Circle Awards. She received a second Tony nomination in 2017 for her portrayal of Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in "Anastasia". In 1992 she made her film debut in a small role in the movie "Jersey Girl", and made her first appearance on television in 1994 on the program "Law & Order". She is best known for her roles in the main casts of two television series: as Evelyn 'Grams' Ryan in "Dawson's Creek" (1998–2003) and Jackie Florrick in "The Good Wife" (2009–2016). Her notable film credits include portraying Jack Lemmon's love interest in "The Odd Couple II" (1999), and performances in "The Stepford Wives" (2004), "Flags of Our Fathers" (2006), "Mirrors" (2008), "Maladies" (2012), and "Collateral Beauty" (2016). In 2020 she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Performer in a Digital Drama Series for the role of Helen in "After Forever".


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In an "Opera News" interview in 2019, Peil stated, "Opera is big and scary. You constantly strive for perfection. I think I always had my fingers crossed every time I sang in opera. On Broadway, you do eight shows a week, and there is no such thing as perfection. Every night, you try to find something new and true, perfect or not. Film and television is an intimate medium. You are communicating to one viewer instead of thousands. It is more of a physical and mental adjustment. The emotions are the same."


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil (pronounced "peel") was born in 1940 in Davenport, Iowa. She trained as a soprano at Northwestern University under Lotte Lehmann, and gave her senior recital on April 9, 1962. Other influential teachers in her development in the university's music department included Robert Gay, the director of the opera program, and Ewald Nolte, who taught courses in music theory and composition and conducted a university chorus in which Peil performed. While a college student she was a member of the Gamma Phi Beta sorority.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In her senior year, Peil performed the role of Violetta in Giuseppe Verdi's "La traviata" in a student production directed by Gay at Northwestern; a performance which was attended by Boris Goldovsky. This led to an invitation to audition for Goldovsky's opera company for an upcoming national tour of that opera. She was offered a contract, and moved to New York City in order to take that job. She made her professional debut as Violetta in the Fall of 1962 with the Goldovsky Opera Theater.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 1964 Peil won two major singing contests, the Young Concert Artists International Auditions and the Metropolitan Opera National Council Auditions (MONCA), which significantly furthered her career as a classical soprano in concerts and opera. In March 1964 she won the MONCA which earned her a contract with the newly formed Metropolitan Opera National Company (MONC); a second touring company of the Metropolitan Opera. Mezzo-soprano Risë Stevens was one of the co-directors of the MONC, and Stevens mentored her during the two seasons that she performed with the company.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil made her opera debut with the MONC in September 1965 as Clorinda in Gioachino Rossini's "La Cenerentola"; going on to perform that role in 72 cities on a nine-month national tour with the MONC through May 1966. She also performed the role of Micaëla in Georges Bizet's "Carmen" with the MONC that first season. She toured nationally with the company again in its second season as Susanna in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro" and Mimì in Giacomo Puccini's "La bohème" from September 1966 through May 1967; with periodic breaks during that period.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 1965 Peil was the featured soprano soloist in a concert honoring Risë Stevens with the California Chamber Symphony at The Beverly Hilton. That same year she performed the role of Pamina in "The Magic Flute" with conductor Thomas Scherman and the Little Orchestra Society at Philharmonic Hall. In 1966 she was the soprano soloist in performances of Christian Ignatius Latrobe's "Dies Irae" at the Early American Moravian Music Festival at Salem College. In 1968 she made her much delayed New York recital debut at Weill Recital Hall of Carnegie Hall as part of her Young Concert Artists win from years earlier. She also sang with the New York City Opera, making her debut with the company in the Spring of 1972.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil performed as a chamber musician during the late 1960s and 1970s, often in conjunction with her then husband, the clarinetist Jerry Kirkbride. Both were members of the Divario Chamber Ensemble in 1969 and 1970. In 1976 the two of them were guest artists with the Boehm Quintette in a concert organized by the New York Flute Club entitled "The Flute In American Music- A Concert commemorating the Bicentennial of the Independence of the United States" at Carnegie Hall. On her own, she was the featured soprano soloist in a concert of Bach cantatas with the Hampshire Quartet at Alice Tully Hall in 1972. In the mid 1970s she performed with the Musical Arts Studio chamber opera ensemble, including performances at the Library of Congress in 1973. In 1977 she performed in a concert of Gerald Ginsburg's 'theatre lieder' at Alice Tully Hall.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 1971, Peil originated the role of Alma in the world premiere of Lee Hoiby's opera adaptation of Tennessee Williams's play "Summer and Smoke," at the Minnesota Opera. She performed it again with the Chicago Opera Theater when it was broadcast on television in 1982 (based on a 1980 performance). She returned to the Minnesota Opera several more times. With that company she portrayed Leonora in the United States premiere of Carl Nielsen's "Maskarade" in 1972.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil made a transition into musical theatre with the Minnesota Opera, performing the title role of Cole Porter's " Kiss Me, Kate" in 1983. Of that experience Peil stated, "That was when the light bulb went on. Doing "Kiss Me, Kate" with my beloved John Reardon made me realize I was a singing actor, not an acting singer."


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: She soon found herself on Broadway. In May 1983 she was cast in a national tour as the twelfth and final Anna Leonowens opposite Yul Brynner's monarch of Siam in a revival of "The King and I". The production toured the United States, closing on Broadway shortly before Brynner's death in 1985. In an interview in "The New York Times", she described how Brynner could barely walk from his dressing room to the stage, due to his radiation therapy to treat his cancer, but when it was time to go on he somehow managed; "gliding into the light, erect, with the body of a sleek jungle cat." She was nominated for a 1985 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical. She later returned to the role of Anna Leonowens for a revival of the musical at the Shubert Theatre in New Haven, Connecticut in 1990 with Stacy Keach as the King.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 1986 Peil starred in Michel Tremblay's play "The Impromptu of Outremont" at the Lincoln Theater on the campus of the University of Hartford. She starred in the 1987 Off-Broadway musical "Birds of Paradise". In 1988 she portrayed Desiree Armfeldt in Stephen Sondheim’s "A Little Night Music" with the Opera Ensemble of New York. In 1989 she performed in William Shakespeare's "Cymbeline" at The Public Theater under the direction of JoAnne Akalaitis. She portrayed President J.F.K.'s secretary, a central character in the musical, in Michael John LaChiusa's "Over Texas" with the Ensemble Studio Theatre in 1991. That same year she starred in Ödön von Horváth's "Tales from the Vienna Woods" at the Actors Theater of Louisville.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 1993 Peil moved back to New York City after divorcing Jerry Kirkbride with whom she had raised two children, Gwyneth and Michael, in Leonia, New Jersey. She had made her film debut earlier in 1992's "Jersey Girl" and her television debut on "Law & Order" in 1994. Her first larger role in film was in the 1995 independent drama film "Comfortably Numb". She portrayed Felice, the love interest of Felix (played by Jack Lemmon), in the 1999 comedy film "The Odd Couple II". She portrayed Nancy Reagan's mother, actress Edith Luckett, in the Showtime movie "The Reagans" (2003). Between 1998 and 2003, she was introduced to a wider audience through her role as Evelyn 'Grams' Ryan on the teen television drama "Dawson's Creek". Alongside the four main young stars of that show, she was the only actress to appear as a credited regular throughout the show's six-season run, appearing in 74 of 128 episodes.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil continued in the theatre while branching out into television and film. In 1992 she portrayed the beggar woman in "Sweeney Todd" at the Paper Mill Playhouse with George Hearn as Sweeney and Judy Kaye as Mrs. Lovett. That same year she appeared in the premiere of Romulus Linney's "Democracy and Esther"; an adaptation of Henry Adams's novels "" (1880) and "Esther" (1884) into a single play. She starred in the premiere of another play by Linney in 1993; the role of the psychoanalyst in "Spain". In 1994 she starred in three one act plays by Edward Albee presented collectively under the tile "Sand" by the Signature Theatre Company: "Box" (1968), "The Sandbox" (1960), and "Finding the Sun" (1983).


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil won an Obie Award in 1995 for her work in three non-musical plays Off-Broadway: Paul Rudnick's "The Naked Truth" (as Nan, 1994 at the WPA Theater), A. R. Gurney's "A Cheever Evening" (as Peaches, 1994 with Playwrights Horizons ), and Craig Lucas's "Missing Persons" (1995, as Addie with the Atlantic Theater Company). She returned to the role of Nan in a revision of "The Naked Truth", now retitled "The Naked Eye", at Harvard University's American Repertory Theater in 1996. In 1996 and 1997, she toured in Gurney's play, "Sylvia" with Charles Kimbrough and Stephanie Zimbalist. In 1997 she appeared in the celebrated revival of George S. Kaufman and Ring Lardner's "June Moon" at the Ohio Theater in SoHo. That same year she portrayed Hesione in Pierre de Marivaux's "The Triumph of Love" at the Yale Repertory Theatre (YRT).


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil played evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson and First Lady Lou Henry Hoover in a 1998 off-Broadway revival of the Irving Berlin – Moss Hart revue "As Thousands Cheer" at the Greenwich House Theater. In May 1999, Peil portrayed Judith in the YRT's production of the Noël Coward play "Hay Fever". She played the beggar woman in "Sweeney Todd" at the Kennedy Center in 2002 and in the spring of 2003 she played the mother of Antonio Banderas's character in a Broadway revival of the musical "Nine". In the winter of 2003, she again appeared off-Broadway, starring in "Frame 312", Keith Reddin's play about the Kennedy assassination.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: After "Dawson's Creek" ended in 2003, Peil portrayed Helen Devlin in Frank Oz's 2004 film "The Stepford Wives" with Nicole Kidman, Matthew Broderick, and Bette Midler. Her other recent film credits include Clint Eastwood's "Flags of Our Fathers" (2006), the thriller "Mirrors" (2008), "Maladies" (2012), "Contest" (2013), "Collateral Beauty" (2016), "The Song of Sway Lake" (2018), and "Here and Now" (2018). From 2009 to 2016, she played Jackie Florrick, the mother of Chris Noth's character Peter Florrick, on the CBS drama "The Good Wife". In 2019 she portrayed the recurring role of Gwendolina Ferrari on NBC's "The Village" and in 2020 she portrayed the recurring role of Loretta Lacy on The CW's "Katy Keene". In 2021 she appeared in the role of Martha Graham in the Netflix series "Halston".


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: On the stage, Peil portrayed Eleanor Roosevelt in the 2004 Off-Broadway revival of Michael John LaChiusa "First Lady Suite" at The Connelly Theater. That same year she portrayed Juliana Tesman in Henrik Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler" with the New York Theatre Workshop under the direction of Ivo van Hove; and performed the role of Mrs. Mallard in Jeffrey Hatcher and Bill Russell's musical "Lucky Duck" at the Old Globe Theatre. In 2005 she performed the role of Rose in Harold Pinter's "The Room" with the Atlantic Theater Company (ATC). In 2006 she created the role of Clare in the world premiere of Joan Vail Thorne's "The Things You Least Expect" at the George Street Playhouse. That same year she starred as Celeste Albaret in the world premiere of Mary Zimmerman's monodrama "M. Proust" with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago. In 2007 she performed the role of Ann in Gurney's "The Cocktail Hour" at the Long Wharf Theatre.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 2008 Peil appeared as the Old Lady and Blair Daniels in the Roundabout Theatre Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim's musical "Sunday in the Park with George". Starting in October 2010 she appeared in the original Broadway cast of the Lincoln Center Theater production of the musical "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown", which is based upon the movie of the same name. The show had a limited run until January 2011. Peil appeared in Stephen Sondheim's "Follies" on Broadway in the role of Solange LaFitte, alongside Bernadette Peters and Elaine Paige, starting in August 2011. In March 2012, she appeared as Erica Morini in Willy Holtzman's off-Broadway play "The Morini Strad" about the concert violinist. Later that year she performed the role of Alison Woollley in the New York premiere of Simon Stephens's "Harper Regan" with the ATC.


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: In 2013 Peil starred alongside Jeff Goldblum and Laurie Metcalf in the world premiere of Bruce Norris's "Domesticated" at the Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater at Lincoln Center. In 2014 she portrayed Celia Peachum in Bertolt Brecht's "The Threepenny Opera" with the ATC. In 2015 she appeared as Serafima in Moira Buffini's "Dying for It", an adaptation of Nikolai Erdman's "The Suicide", with the ATC. She returned to Broadway as Matilde Schell in the 2015 revival of Kander and Ebb's "The Visit" starring Chita Rivera; and as Madame de Rosemonde in the 2016 revival of Christopher Hampton's "Les Liaisons Dangereuses".


title: Mary Beth Peil

text: Peil next joined the cast of the musical "Anastasia" playing the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna, the grandmother of the Grand Duchess Anastasia. Based on the 1997 animated film, "Anastasia" has music and lyrics by Lynn Ahrens and Stephen Flaherty and a book by Terrence McNally. The musical began as a workshop in 2015, it then had out of town tryouts in Hartford, CT in 2016 before eventually opening on Broadway in 2017. Peil was nominated for a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award and an Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical for her role. In 2019 she portrayed Mama Mizner in the Encores! revival of Stephen Sondheim's "Road Show".


title: Tayc

text: Julien Franck Bouadjie (; born 2 May 1996 in Marseille), better known as Tayc (pronounced ), is a Cameroonian-French singer and songwriter. Prior to the release of his triple album titled "Nyxia" (2019), he released two mixtapes and a number of singles. His second album called Fleur froide (2020) hit the charts which launched his international career. Tayc's latest release is called Fleur froide - Second état : la cristallisation (2021) accounts for various new singles as well as previous one from Fleur Froide.


title: Tayc

text: Born in Marseille to Cameroonian parents, Bouadjie launched his musical career in 2012 after relocating to Paris. He studied theatre and dance before moving to song and writing. His first release was a10-track mixtape, "Alchemy" on 30 May 2017 followed by a second mixtape "H.E.L.I.O.S" on 27 July 2018.


title: Tayc

text: Signing with the label H24 founded by Barack Adama of Sexion D'assaut, he worked on his debut studio album. In February 2019, Tayc released debut album "NYXIA" which reissued two more times with, the Tome II on 21 June 2019 Tome III on 13 December 2019 all under the title "Nyxia". Tome II particularly concentrated on his Cameroonian roots. He featured songs from his triple album with a big concert in Trianon de Paris on 19 October 2019.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Tijana Bošković (; born 8 March 1997) is a Serbian professional volleyball player of the Serbia women's national volleyball team. Bošković is a left-handed and has won gold with the national team at the 2018 World Championship, the 2022 World Championship, the 2017 European Championship, and the 2019 European Championship. She is a two-time Olympic medalist. She won silver at the 2016 Rio Olympic Games and bronze at the 2020 Tokyo Summer Olympics.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković has been one of Serbia’s key players ever since her debut with the national team in 2014. By the age of 21, she had played in gold medal matches in all major tournaments (Olympic Games, World Championship and European Championship) and she was one of the players who has contributed a lot of winning points for Serbia.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Being selected as the 2019 European Volleyball Confederation Female Volleyball Player of the Year award, Bošković has recorded an impressive achievement by receiving that award for three consecutive years (2017, 2018, 2019).


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković plays for Serbia junior team when she was 15 years old. She participated in the 2013 European Youth Olympic Festival and won a silver medal with the team. She was awarded as Most Valuable Player for the first time and named the Best Spiker of the tournament. She scored 29 points all alone for her team in the final match against Slovenia, but that was not enough to win gold medal. In 2014, she continued to represent Serbia's U19 national team at the 2014 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship. The team won the championship and claimed the Junior European Champion title for the first time in their history after defeating Slovenia in an exciting five-setter match. It is also Serbia’s first gold medal in junior competitions. Bošković topped the scorers with 38 points and was selected as the Most Valuable Player of the tournament.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: At the age of 17, Bošković made her debut with the Serbia national team at the highest level, the 2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. Although she was the youngest in the team, she was the top scorer for Serbia in most matches and scored a total of 129 points in eight games. The team finished 7th in the tournament overall.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: As one of the most inexperienced players, Bošković entered the tournament after winning the 2014 Women's Junior European Volleyball Championship in Estonia and Finland. Zoran Terzić, Serbia head coach said "She only practiced with the Serbia national team three or four days before the World Championship. Before that she was at the European Championship so there was no time". He added, "It was my plan to play with her at this Championship" and "I want to give her a chance because she deserves it and I want to prepare her for the European Championship next season and also the Olympic Games in 2016".


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Joining the team only shortly before the beginning of the tournament, Bošković said she hadn't expected to be called for playing in the tournament. She added "I did not imagine that I would play at the World Championship", and "I'm very happy just for the fact that I'm here. It's for sure a wonderful experience for me and for my future".


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković got her first medal with the senior national team in 2015, when she took a silver at the 2015 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Cup held in Japan. The tournament was a qualification process for the Olympic Games. As a result, Serbia qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics by being among top two ranked in the tournament. Being the top scorer for Serbia, the rising star Tijana Bošković scored 159 points overall with 48.70% successful spike.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković made her first appearance in Women's European Volleyball Championship and won her first medal in major tournament, bronze at the 2015 Women's European Volleyball Championship.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: A year later, Bošković and her team won silver at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Serbia won its first medal in Olympic Games. Bošković and Brankica Mihajlović had 20 and 22 points respectively, led the team to the final by beating the world number one team and the undefeated team in the tournament, United States women's national volleyball team in a thrilling five setter. 19 years old Bošković, a sensational talent and one of the main attackers for Serbia played an incredible tournament by being the top three best scorer in the tournament and top scorer for Serbia. She was also the top two server after her teammate, Milena Rašić. Overall, Bošković had 10 aces and she records one of the fastest serve of the tournament with 100 km/h mark against China.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: After a successful year in 2016, Bošković continued doing her best for Serbia in 2017 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix in Nanjing, China. The team won bronze medal against the host team, China. Scoring a total of 31 points against China, Bošković was named as the Best Opposite in the tournament.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: In the 2017 Women's European Volleyball Championship, Bošković led her team to a victory over Netherlands women's national volleyball team to capture Serbia's second European title, undefeated. This was her first major title in senior national team and she was selected as the Most Valuable Player of the tournament. Tijana Bošković scored a total of 130 points, averaging 7.22 points per set, more than any other player in the competition.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Winning her first ever major title, Bošković said "We are European champions, this feeling is incredible! We played really well, like one, as a team from the beginning". She added, "We lost only two sets from the start of the European Championship. We worked five months for this and you can see the result". Anne Buijs, player of the Netherlands said, "We were completely ready but had many problems stopping Bošković and Mihajlović and we have to accept that the opponent was better today".


title: Tijana Bošković

text: In 2018, Bošković helped Serbia made history by claiming a maiden title at the 2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. Serbian team defeated Italy women's national volleyball team in the final in a thrilling five sets game. This was her second World Championship and she was selected the Most Valuable Player of the tournament. She was once again the top scorer for Serbia with 193 total points and was the best spiker with 53.66% efficiency. Tijana Bošković’s attack on the sharp angle over high triple blocks with just a bump sets from libero and a spike speed of 102.7 km/h, gets applauded from Davide Mazzanti, Italy women’s national volleyball team head coach was the highlight of the final match.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković and Serbia won their back to back European title at the 2019 Women's European Volleyball Championship. The team beat the host team, Turkey women's national volleyball team in a heart-stopping five set thriller and silenced the 10,000 home crowd in Ankara. Selected as the Best Opposite and Most Valuable Player of the tournament, Bošković is the second player, after Russia's Tatiana Kosheleva, to ever win the MVP award for the two times in a row.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: During the Olympic Qualification Tournament 2019, Bošković scored 75 points in total of three match played, making her team qualify for the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: At the 2020 Summer Olympics, Bošković carried her team to win bronze medal. She became the first player to have scored 30 points or more in three different matches in an Olympic tournament. She did it twice in three sets, against Japan with 34 points and Korea with 33 points, but also adding 32 points in a four-set defeat to Brazil. She was the top scorer of the tournament with 192 points scored in eight matches, averaging a staggering 24 points per match. Bošković was also the Tokyo 2020 most efficient attacker, striking 165 from a whopping 313 swings for a 52.72% efficiency and top two server with 12 aces. Also she was the most defensive and made the most blocking as an Opposite Hitter of the tournament.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: A month after 2020 Summer Olympics, Bošković repeated the individual Best Opposite award of the tournament as her team claimed silver at the 2021 Women's European Volleyball Championship. With this result, Serbia’s women volleyball national team is the only European team (men and women) to win medal in both Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games and 2021 European Championship. During the semi-final match against Turkey, Bošković broke the women's world record for spike speed of 110.3 km/h.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: At 2022 FIVB World Championship, Bošković being the captain for the first time in her career for a senior national team and she led her team to retain the second World title. She was selected as the Most Valuable Player and Best Opposite of the tournament and she is the second player to win back to back World Championship MVP award after Cuba's Regla Torres, making her the only European player to achieve this feat. Bošković was Serbia's top scorer and the third best scorer with 240 points. She was also the most efficient attacker of the tournament, with 55.58% efficiency. In Serbia's first match against Canada women's national volleyball team, Bošković recorded the fastest serve in this edition with 106.8km/h speed.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković first club was ŽOK Hercegovac, a club from Bosnia and Herzegovina which she played in 2010-11. After playing for only one season with ŽOK Hercegovac, she transferred to ŽOK Partizan Vizura at the beginning of 2011-12 season. She left her family when she was only 14 years old and moved to Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. Bošković, who made her way, starts playing in the Serbian League. She has won two Serbian SuperLeague title (2013–14 and 2014–15), two Serbian SuperCup (2013 and 2014) and one Serbian Cup (2014–15). She was awarded as the best outside hitter at the 2012-13 Serbian Cup.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković ended cooperation with Partizan Vizura in 2015 and received many offers from the teams across Europe, mostly from Italy, Poland and Turkey"." Being one of the most wanted players in transfer window, she had offers from all over the world, including VakifBank, Galatasaray and Fenerbahce. However, at the end she decided to play with one of the biggest club in volleyball, Eczacıbaşı Dynavit (at that time was Eczacıbaşı Vitra) and signed a four-year contract with the club. In 2016, UTSA Volleyball head coach, Laura Neugebauer-Groff said they tried to get her to play in America for a year with her sister, Dajana. Bošković, who already signed a four-year deals with Eczacıbaşı, has declined UTSA's offer and chose to stay in Turkey.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: On 22 May 2018, Bošković still has a contract for one more season with Eczacıbaşı but she decided to extend her contract until the end of the 2020-2021 season. Despite receiving offers from clubs in China, Japan, Brazil, and other Turkish clubs, she chose to remain in her current club for three more season. In 2020-21 season, after the departure of team captain Kim Yeon-Koung, the team was led by two temporary captains, Bošković and Simge Akoz. While playing her 6th season with the Tigers, Eczacıbaşı announced that Bošković has renewed the contract with the team for two more years until the 2022-2023 season and she was appointed as the captain of the team. She has won seven trophies with Eczacıbaşı in total. She has won three Turkish SuperCup (2018, 2019 and 2020), two CEV Cup (2017–18 and 2021–22), one Turkish Cup (2018–19) and FIVB Club World Championship (2016).


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Tijana Bošković was born on 8 March 1997 in Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bošković can speak three languages: Serbian, Turkish and English. She is the second child of Ljupko Bošković and Vesna Bošković. Her father was a football player. She has two siblings – a brother Vuk and a sister Dajana. Her younger brother, Vuk Bošković is a basketball player and her older sister Dajana Bošković plays for the national team of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The two sisters played their first international match against each other in 2021 Women's European Volleyball Championship.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković is Serbian from Bosnia and Herzegovina. She is not a naturalized player. She play for Serbia since she was 15 years old. According to FIVB, naturalized players are supposed to wait for 2 years after they got a citizenship before they can play for the country they want to represent. Bošković didn’t have to wait for 2 years to play for Serbia, because she was already born as Serbian.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Bošković began her sports career with karate. She quits karate due to her tall stature and not very prone to this sport. She found herself playing volleyball and basketball when it became clear that she would grow to be tall. One day she went to watch her older sister play volleyball and decided to become a volleyball player. She started playing volleyball during her primary school and she won three championship with her school team.


title: Tijana Bošković

text: Before Bošković plays for Serbia junior team, she caught Galatasaray S.K. (women's volleyball)'s attention when she was playing in a match in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Galatasaray invited Bošković and her sister, Dajana to come to Istanbul, Turkey for trial training. Her father, Ljupko accepted the offer and comes to Istanbul with his daughters. After training with Galatasaray, Bošković, who was 12 years old at that time, is getting praised and appreciated by the coaches. Galatasaray managers met with her family and made a transfer offer. They offered to transfer Bošković to Turkish citizenship and play for the national team of Turkey. However, her father said she will not play for the national team of any other country other than the Serbia national team, rejects the offer and returns to Serbia with his daughters.


title: Point (typography)

text: In typography, the point is the smallest unit of measure. It is used for measuring font size, leading, and other items on a printed page. The size of the point has varied throughout printing's history. Since the 18th century, the size of a point has been between 0.18 and 0.4 millimeters. Following the advent of desktop publishing in the 1980s and 1990s, digital printing has largely supplanted the letterpress printing and has established the DTP point (DeskTop Publishing point) as the "de facto" standard. The DTP point is defined as of an international inch () and, as with earlier American point sizes, is considered to be of a pica.


title: Point (typography)

text: In metal type, the point size of the font describes the height of the metal body on which the typeface's characters were cast. In digital type, letters of a font are designed around an imaginary space called an "em square". When a point size of a font is specified, the font is scaled so that its em square has a side length of that particular length in points. Although the letters of a font usually fit within the font's em square, there is not necessarily any size relationship between the two, so the point size does not necessarily correspond to any measurement of the size of the letters on the printed page.


title: Point (typography)

text: The point was first established by the Milanese typographer, Francesco Torniella da Novara ( – 1589) in his 1517 alphabet, "L'Alfabeto". The construction of the alphabet is the first based on logical measurement called "Punto," which corresponds to the ninth part of the height of the letters or the thickness of the principal stroke.


title: Point (typography)

text: A measurement in points can be represented in three different ways. For example, 14 points (1 pica plus 2 points) can be written:


title: Point (typography)

text: There have been many definitions of a "point" since the advent of typography. Traditional continental European points at about are usually a bit larger than English points at around .


title: Point (typography)

text: The Truchet point, the first modern typographic point, was of a French inch or of the royal foot. It was invented by the French clergyman Sébastien Truchet. During the metrication of France amid its revolution, a 1799 law declared the meter to be exactly 443.296 French lines long. This established a length to the royal foot of  m or about 325 mm, which made the Truchet point equal to  mm or about . It has also been cited as exactly 0.188 mm.


title: Point (typography)

text: The Fournier point was established by Pierre Simon Fournier in 1737. The system of Fournier was based on a different French foot of c. 298 mm. With the usual convention that 1 foot equals 12 inches, 1 inch ("pouce") was divided into 12 lines ("lignes") and 1 line was further divided into 6 typographic points ("points typographiques"). 1 point Fournier = 0.0135 English inches.


title: Point (typography)

text: Fournier printed a reference scale of 144 points over two inches; however, it was too rough to accurately measure a single point.


title: Point (typography)

text: The Didot point, established by François-Ambroise Didot in 1783, was an attempt to improve the Fournier system. He did not change the subdivisions (1 inch = 12 subdivisions = 72 points), but defined it strictly in terms of the royal foot, a legal length measure in France: the Didot point is exactly of a French foot or of a French inch, that is (by 1799)  mm or about . Accordingly, one Didot point is exactly two Truchet points.


title: Point (typography)

text: However, 12 Fournier points turned out to be 11 Didot points, giving a Fournier point of about ; later sources state it as being . In Belgium the Fournier system was used until the 1970s and later. It was called the "mediaan"-system. To avoid confusion between the new and the old sizes, Didot also rejected the traditional names, thus "parisienne" became "corps" 5, "nonpareille" became "corps" 6, and so on. The Didot system prevailed because the French government demanded printing in Didot measurements.


title: Point (typography)

text: The Fournier point did not achieve lasting popularity despite being revived by the Monotype Corporation in 1927. It was still a standard in Belgium, in parts of Austria, and in Northern France at the beginning of the 20th century.


title: Point (typography)

text: Approximations were subsequently employed, largely owing to the Didot point's unwieldy conversion to metric units (the divisor of its conversion ratio has the prime factorization of ).


title: Point (typography)

text: In 1878, Hermann Berthold defined 798 points as being equal to 30 cm, or 2660 points equalling 1 meter: that gives around to the point. A more precise number, , sometimes is given; this is used by TeX as the unit. This has become the standard in Germany and Central and Eastern Europe. This size is still mentioned in the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union.


title: Point (typography)

text: pdfTEX, but not plain TeX or LaTeX, also supports a "new Didot point" ("nd") at  mm or and refers to a not further specified 1978 redefinition for it.


title: Point (typography)

text: The French National Print Office adopted a point of  mm or in about 1810 and continues to use this measurement today (though "recalibrated" to ).


title: Point (typography)

text: Japanese and German standardization bodies instead opted for a metric typographic base measure of exactly  mm or , which is sometimes referred to as the "quart" in Japan. The symbol "Q" is used in Japanese after the initial letter of "quarter millimeter". Due to demand by Japanese typesetters, CSS adopted "Q" in 2015.


title: Point (typography)

text: ISO 128 specifies preferred line thicknesses for technical drawings and ISO 9175 specifies respective pens. The steps between nominal sizes are based on a factor of √2 ≈ 1.414 in order to match ISO 216 paper sizes. Since the set of sizes includes thicknesses of 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm and 2 mm, there is also one of 0.35 mm which is almost exactly 1 pica point. In other words, 2 mm = mm approximates an English typographic point rather well.


title: Point (typography)

text: The basic unit of measurements in American typography was the pica, usually approximated as one sixth of an inch, but the exact size was not standardized, and various type foundries had been using their own.


title: Point (typography)

text: After the American war of Independence Benjamin Franklin was sent as commissioner (Ambassador) for the United States to France (December 1776 to 1785). While living there he had intimate contact with the Fournier family, including the father and Pierre Simon Fournier. Franklin wanted to teach his grandson Benjamin Franklin Bache about printing and typefounding, and arranged for him to be trained by Francois Ambroise Didot. Franklin then imported French typefounding equipment to Philadelphia to help Bache set up a type-foundry. Around 1790, Bache published a specimen sheet with some Fournier types. After the death of Franklin, the matrices and the Fournier mould were acquired by Binny and Ronaldson, the first permanent type-foundry in America. Successive mergers and acquisitions in 1833, 1860 and 1897 saw the company eventually become known as MacKellar, Smith & Jordan. The Fournier cicero mould was used by them to cast pica-sized type.


title: Point (typography)

text: Nelson Hawks proposed, like Fournier, to divide one American inch exactly into six picas, and one pica into 12 points. However, this saw an opposition because the majority of foundries had been using picas less than one sixth of an inch. So in 1886, after some examination of various picas, the Type Founders Association of the United States approved the pica of the L. Johnson & Co. foundry of Philadelphia (hence the Johnson pica) as the most established. The company went on to become MacKellar, Smiths, & Jordan Co. and was finally acquired by the Type Founders Association. The official definition of one pica is , and one point is . That means 6 picas or 72 points constitute standard inches. A less precise definition is one pica equals , and one point . It was also noticed that 83 picas is nearly equal to 35 cm, so the Type Founders Association also suggested using a 35 cm metal rod for measurements, but this was not accepted by every foundry.


title: Point (typography)

text: In modern times this size of the point has been approximated as exactly () of the inch by Donald Knuth for the default unit of his TeX computer typesetting system and is thus sometimes known as the , which is 0. mm.


title: Point (typography)

text: Although the English Monotype manuals used 1 pica = .1660 inch, the manuals used on the European continent use another definition: there 1 pica = .1667 inch, the Old English pica.


title: Point (typography)

text: As a consequence all the tables of measurements in the German, Dutch, French, Polish and all other manuals elsewhere on the European continent for the composition caster and the super-caster are different in quite some details.


title: Point (typography)

text: The Monotype wedges used at the European continent are marked with an extra E behind the set-size: for instance: 5-12E, 1331-15E etc. When working with the E-wedges in the larger sizes the differences will increase even more.


title: Point (typography)

text: The desktop publishing point (DTP point) or PostScript point is defined as or 0.013 of the international inch, making it equivalent to  mm = 0.352 mm. Twelve points make up a pica, and six picas make an inch.


title: Point (typography)

text: This specification was developed by John Warnock and Charles Geschke when they created Adobe PostScript. It was adopted by Apple Computer as the standard for the display resolution of the original Macintosh desktop computer and the print resolution for the LaserWriter printer.


title: Point (typography)

text: In 1996, it was adopted by W3C for Cascading Stylesheets (CSS) where it was later related at a fixed 3:4 ratio to the pixel due to a general (but wrong) assumption of 96 pixel-per-inch screens.


title: Point (typography)

text: Since the advent of high-density "Retina" screens with a much higher resolution than the original 72 dots per inch, Apple's programming environment Xcode sizes GUI elements in "points" that are scaled automatically to a whole number of physical pixels in order to accommodate for screen size, pixel density and typical viewing distance. This "Cocoa point" is equivalent to the "pixel" codice_1 unit in CSS, the "density-independent pixel" codice_2 on Android and the "effective pixel" codice_3 or codice_4 in Windows UWP.


title: Point (typography)

text: In lead typecasting, most font sizes commonly used in printing have conventional names that differ by country, language and the type of points used.


title: Point (typography)

text: Desktop publishing software and word processors intended for office and personal use often have a list of suggested font sizes in their user interface, but they are not named and usually an arbitrary value can be entered manually. Microsoft Word, for instance, suggests every even size between 8 and 28 points and, additionally, 9, 11, 36, 48 and 72 points, i.e. the larger sizes equal 3, 4 and 6 picas. While most software nowadays defaults to DTP points, many allow other units, especially code-based systems like TeX and CSS.


title: Gauge boson

text: In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. Elementary particles, whose interactions are described by a gauge theory, interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles.


title: Gauge boson

text: Photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons are gauge bosons. All known gauge bosons have a spin of 1; for comparison, the Higgs boson has spin zero and the hypothetical graviton has a spin of 2. Therefore, all known gauge bosons are vector bosons.


title: Gauge boson

text: Gauge bosons are different from the other kinds of bosons: first, fundamental scalar bosons (the Higgs boson); second, mesons, which are composite bosons, made of quarks; third, larger composite, non-force-carrying bosons, such as certain atoms.


title: Gauge boson

text: The Standard Model of particle physics recognizes four kinds of gauge bosons: photons, which carry the electromagnetic interaction; W and Z bosons, which carry the weak interaction; and gluons, which carry the strong interaction.


title: Gauge boson

text: In a quantized gauge theory, gauge bosons are quanta of the gauge fields. Consequently, there are as many gauge bosons as there are generators of the gauge field. In quantum electrodynamics, the gauge group is "U"(1); in this simple case, there is only one gauge boson, the photon. In quantum chromodynamics, the more complicated group "SU"(3) has eight generators, corresponding to the eight gluons. The three W and Z bosons correspond (roughly) to the three generators of "SU"(2) in electroweak theory.


title: Gauge boson

text: Gauge invariance requires that gauge bosons are described mathematically by field equations for massless particles. Otherwise, the mass terms add non-zero additional terms to the lagrangian under gauge transformations, violating gauge symmetry. Therefore, at a naïve theoretical level, all gauge bosons are required to be massless, and the forces that they describe are required to be long-ranged. The conflict between this idea and experimental evidence that the weak and strong interactions have a very short range requires further theoretical insight.


title: Gauge boson

text: According to the Standard Model, the W and Z bosons gain mass via the Higgs mechanism. In the Higgs mechanism, the four gauge bosons (of "SU"(2)×"U"(1) symmetry) of the unified electroweak interaction couple to a Higgs field. This field undergoes spontaneous symmetry breaking due to the shape of its interaction potential. As a result, the universe is permeated by a nonzero Higgs vacuum expectation value (VEV). This VEV couples to three of the electroweak gauge bosons (the Ws and Z), giving them mass; the remaining gauge boson remains massless (the photon). This theory also predicts the existence of a scalar Higgs boson, which has been observed in experiments at the LHC.


title: Gauge boson

text: The Georgi–Glashow model predicts additional gauge bosons named X and Y bosons. The hypothetical X and Y bosons mediate interactions between quarks and leptons, hence violating conservation of baryon number and causing proton decay. Such bosons would be even more massive than W and Z bosons due to symmetry breaking. Analysis of data collected from such sources as the Super-Kamiokande neutrino detector has yielded no evidence of X and Y bosons.


title: Gauge boson

text: The fourth fundamental interaction, gravity, may also be carried by a boson, called the graviton. In the absence of experimental evidence and a mathematically coherent theory of quantum gravity, it is unknown whether this would be a gauge boson or not. The role of gauge invariance in general relativity is played by a similar symmetry: diffeomorphism invariance.


title: Gauge boson

text: W' and Z' bosons refer to hypothetical new gauge bosons (named in analogy with the Standard Model W and Z bosons).


title: Erling Persson

text: Erling Persson (21 January 1917 – 28 October 2002) was the founder of H&M (Hennes & Mauritz). He got the idea following a post-World War II trip to the United States: He was impressed by the country's efficient, high-volume stores.


title: Erling Persson

text: He established the company in Västerås, Sweden, in 1947 selling women's clothing, calling it "Hennes," Swedish for "hers." In 1968, Persson acquired the premises and inventory of a Stockholm hunting equipment store named Mauritz Widforss.


title: Erling Persson

text: In 1982, his son, Stefan Persson took over as the managing director, and today is the chairman of the board. The Persson family owns about 47% of the company and has a 74% voting rights.


title: Vamsi Krishna

text: Vamsi Krishna is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Telugu and Tamil films. He made his debut in "Gharshana" (2004) and went on to play the antagonist in films including "Thadaiyara Thaakka" (2012) and "Ivan Veramathiri" (2013).


title: Vamsi Krishna

text: The director offered him a supporting role as a police officer in "Gharshana" (2004) and Krishna allotted 40 days to the project and subsequently decided to make a career in films. He played the lead role in the 2006 Telugu film "Oka `V` Chitram" alongside Aadhi. He subsequently played roles in films including "Darling" (2010), "Nagavalli" (2010), "Nenu Naa Rakshasi" (2011) and "Attarintiki Daredi" (2013).


title: Pothole

text: A pothole is a depression in a road surface, usually asphalt pavement, where traffic has removed broken pieces of the pavement. It is usually the result of water in the underlying soil structure and traffic passing over the affected area. Water first weakens the underlying soil; traffic then fatigues and breaks the poorly supported asphalt surface in the affected area. Continued traffic action ejects both asphalt and the underlying soil material to create a hole in the pavement.


title: Pothole

text: According to the US Army Corps of Engineers's Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, pothole formation requires two factors to be present at the same time: water and traffic. Water weakens the soil beneath the pavement while traffic applies the loads that stress the pavement past the breaking point. Potholes form progressively from fatigue of the road surface which can lead to a precursor failure pattern known as crocodile (or alligator) cracking. Eventually, chunks of pavement between the fatigue cracks gradually work loose, and may then be plucked or forced out of the surface by continued wheel loads to create a pothole.


title: Pothole

text: In areas subject to freezing and thawing, frost heaving can damage a pavement and create openings for water to enter. In the spring, thaw of pavements accelerates this process when the thawing of upper portions of the soil structure in a pavement cannot drain past still-frozen lower layers, thus saturating the supporting soil and weakening it.


title: Pothole

text: Potholes can grow to several feet in width, though they usually only develop to depths of a few inches. If they become large enough, damage to tires, wheels, and vehicle suspensions is liable to occur. Serious road accidents can occur as a direct result, especially on those roads where vehicle speeds are greater.


title: Pothole

text: At-risk pavement are more often local roads with lower structural standards and more complicating factors, like underground utilities, than major arteries. Pavement condition monitoring can lead to timely preventive action. Surveys address pavement distresses, which both diminishes the strength of the asphalt layer and admits water into the pavement, and effective drainage of water from within and around the pavement structure.


title: Pothole

text: Drainage structures, including ditching and storm sewers are essential for removing water from pavements. Avoiding other risk factors with good construction includes well-draining base and sub-base soils that avoid frost action and promote drying of the soil structure. Adequate crowns promote drainage to the sides. Good crack control prevents water penetration into the pavement soil structure.


title: Pothole

text: Preventive maintenance adds maintaining pavement structural integrity with thickness and continuity to the mix of preventing water penetration and promoting water migration away from the roadway.


title: Pothole

text: Eaton, et al., advocate a permitting process for utility cuts with specifications that avoid loss of structural continuity of pavements and flaws or failures that allow water penetration.


title: Pothole

text: According to the US Federal Highway Administration, 70% of unsealed cracks become potholes within 3 years. Sealing the cracks through asphalt crack filling can help prevent potholes and further pavement damage.


title: Pothole

text: Pothole patching methods may be either temporary or semi-permanent. Temporary patching is reserved for weather conditions that are not favorable to a more permanent solution and usually uses a cold mix asphalt patching compound placed in an expedient manner to temporarily restore pavement smoothness. Semi-permanent patching uses more care in reconstructing the perimeter of the failed area to blend with the surrounding pavement and usually employs a hot-mix asphalt fill above replacement of appropriate base materials.


title: Pothole

text: The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) offers an overview of best practices which includes several repair techniques; throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, spray injection, and edge seal. The FHWA suggests the best patching techniques, at times other than winter, are spray injection, throw-and-roll, semi-permanent, or edge seal procedures. In winter, the throw-and-roll technique may be the only available option. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in South Africa offers similar methods for the repair of potholes.


title: Pothole

text: Asphaltic patch materials consist of a binder and aggregate that come in two broad categories, hot mix and cold mix. Hot mixes are used by some agencies, they are produced at local asphalt plants. The FHWA manual cites three types of cold mixes, those produced by a local asphalt plant, either 1) using the available aggregate and binder or 2) according to specifications set by the agency that will use the mix. The third type is a proprietary cold mix, which is manufactured to an advertised standard.


title: Pothole

text: The FHWA manual cites the throw-and-roll method as the most basic method, best used as a temporary repair under conditions when it is difficult to control the placement of material, such as winter-time. It consists of:


title: Pothole

text: This method is widely used due to its simplicity and speed, especially as an expedient method when the material is placed under unfavorable conditions of water or temperature. It can also be employed at times when the pothole is dry and clean with more lasting results. Eaton, et al., noted that the failure rate of expedient repairs is high and that they can cost as much as five times the cost of properly done repairs. They advocate this type of repair only when weather conditions prevent proper techniques.


title: Pothole

text: Researchers from the University of Minnesota Duluth have tested mixing asphalt with iron ore containing magnetite which is then heated using ferromagnetic resonance (using microwaves at a specific frequency) to heat the mixed asphalt. The mixture used a compound of between 1% and 2% magnetite. The group discovered that material could be heated for a patch to in approximately ten minutes which then applied a more effective repair and drove out moisture which improved adhesion.


title: Pothole

text: The FHWA manual cites the semi-permanent repair method as one of the best for repairing potholes, short of full-depth roadway replacement. It consists of:


title: Pothole

text: While this repair procedure provides durable results, it requires more labor and is more equipment-intensive than the throw-and-roll or the spray-injection procedure.


title: Pothole

text: The FHWA manual cites the spray-injection procedure as an efficient alternative to semi-permanent repair. It requires specialized equipment, however. It consists of:


title: Pothole

text: The FHWA manual cites the edge seal method as an alternative to the above techniques. It consists of:


title: Pothole

text: In this procedure, waiting for any water to dry may require a second visit to place the tack coat. The tack material prevents water from getting through the edge of the patch and helps bond the patch to the surrounding pavement.


title: Pothole

text: An FHWA-sponsored study determined that the "throw-and-roll technique proved as effective as the semi-permanent procedure when the two procedures were compared directly, using similar materials". It also found the throw-and-roll procedure to be generally more cost-effective when using quality materials. It further found that spray-injection repairs were as effective as control patches, depending on the expertise of the equipment operator.


title: Pothole

text: The American Automobile Association estimated in the five years prior to 2016 that 16 million drivers in the United States have suffered damage from potholes to their vehicle including tire punctures, bent wheels, and damaged suspensions with a cost of $3 billion a year. In India, between 2015 and 2017, an average of 3,000 people per year were killed in accidents involving potholes. Britain has estimated that the cost of fixing all roads with potholes in the country would cost £12 billion.


title: Pothole

text: Some jurisdictions offer websites or mobile apps for pothole-reporting. These allow citizens to report potholes and other road hazards, optionally including a photograph and GPS coordinates. It is estimated there are 55 million potholes in the United States. The self-proclaimed pothole capital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada reportedly spends $4.8 million on 450,000 potholes annually, as of 2015.


title: Pothole

text: India has historically lost over 3,000 people per year to accidents caused by potholes. This situation has engendered citizen movement to address the problem.


title: Pothole

text: In the United Kingdom, more than half a million pot holes were reported in 2017, an increase of 44% on the 2015 figure. There are processes in place to report potholes at different levels of jurisdiction. The process for claiming compensation varies by jurisdiction.


title: Pothole

text: Two artists, Jim Bachor of Chicago and Baadal Nanjundaswamy of Bangalore, India, have used artwork as a commentary on potholes by placing mosaics (depicting ice cream in various manifestations) or sculpture (in the form of a crocodile) in potholes. Elsewhere, activists in Russia used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffiti artist painted images of penises around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.


title: Pothole

text: The Beatles song "A Day in the Life" references potholes. John Lennon wrote the song's final verse inspired by a "Far & Near" news brief, in the same 17 January edition of the "Daily Mail" that had inspired the first two verses. Under the headline "The holes in our roads", the brief stated: "There are 4,000 holes in the road in Blackburn, Lancashire, or one twenty-sixth of a hole per person, according to a council survey. If Blackburn is typical, there are two million holes in Britain's roads and 300,000 in London."


title: Pothole

text: In the Seinfeld episode The Pothole, George discovers that he has lost his keys, including a commemorative Phil Rizzuto keychain that says "Holy Cow" when activated. He then retraces his steps, and returns to a street where he had jumped over a pothole, which is now filled in with asphalt. The "Holy Cow" phrase is heard when a car runs over it.


title: Populus alba

text: Populus alba, commonly called silver poplar, silverleaf poplar, or white poplar, is a species of poplar, most closely related to the aspens ("Populus" sect. "Populus"). It is native to Morocco and then Portugal through central Europe (north to Germany and Poland) to central Asia. It grows in moist sites, often by watersides, in regions with hot summers and cold to mild winters.


title: Populus alba

text: It is a medium-sized deciduous tree, growing to heights of up to (rarely more), with a trunk up to in diameter and a broad, rounded crown. The bark is smooth and greenish-white to greyish-white with characteristic diamond-shaped dark marks on young trees, becoming blackish and fissured at the base of old trees. The young shoots are covered with whitish-grey down, including the small buds. The leaves are long, five-lobed, with a thick covering of white scurfy down on both sides, but thicker underneath; this layer wears off long, produced in early spring; they are dioecious, with male and female catkins on separate trees; the male catkins are grey with conspicuous dark red stamens, the female catkins are greyish-green. The female catkins lengthen to after pollination, with several green seed capsules, maturing in late spring to early summer. It also propagates by means of root suckers growing from the lateral roots, often as far as from the trunk, to form extensive clonal colonies.


title: Populus alba

text: White poplar hybridizes with the closely related common aspen "Populus tremula"; the resulting hybrid, known as grey poplar ("Populus × canescens"), is intermediate between its parents, with a thin, grey, downy coating on the leaves, which are also much less deeply lobed than white poplar leaves. It is a very vigorous tree with marked hybrid vigour, reaching tall and a trunk diameter over , much larger than either of its parents. Most grey poplars in cultivation are male, but female trees occur naturally and some of these are also propagated.


title: Populus alba

text: The wood is soft but close-grained and easy to carve, shrinking very little during seasoning. It has been used for sculpture from Europe to China and the US. The "Penitent Magdalene" by Donatello is one 15th-century example.


title: Populus alba

text: It was the most commonly used wood for panel paintings in Italy throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance, until mostly replaced as a matrix by canvas from 1500 onwards. Most earlier Italian Renaissance paintings are painted on poplar panels, the "Mona Lisa" being but one example.


title: Populus alba

text: White poplar requires abundant light and ample moisture, and stands up well to flood water and slightly acidic soils. Its green-and-white leaves make it an effective ornamental tree, but the root suckers may cause problems in some situations. It is very attractive as an open-grown tree in water meadows, and because of its extensive root system and tolerance of salt, is also planted to strengthen coastal sand dunes.


title: Populus alba

text: White poplar was first introduced to North America in 1748 and has a long history in cultivation. It is now found in 43 states throughout the contiguous U.S. It has come to be considered weedy or invasive; it has been banned in Connecticut and is the most common introduced tree species on Cape Breton Island.


title: Populus alba

text: In US intensive forest management, it is being replaced by various "Populus" sect. "Aigeiros" hybrids. The wood is soft, and used for cellulose and to make cheap boxes.


title: Populus alba

text: It also grows in the temperate zones of South America. Mainly in Chile, Argentina and Uruguay A conical cultivar from Turkestan, "Populus alba" 'Pyramidalis' (Bolle's poplar; syn. "P. bolleana") is sometimes planted in parks.


title: Populus alba

text: An Old English name "abele", now not used, is derived from the Latin "albellus", white, by way of Old French "aubel" and Low German name "abeel".


title: Populus alba

text: Leuce/Leuka, the "White Poplar"; Leuce or Leuka (Ancient Greek: Λεύκη) ("White" or specifically "White Poplar") was the most beautiful of the nymphs and an Oceanid, a daughter of Oceanus. Pluto fell in love with her and abducted her to the underworld. She lived out the span of her life in his realm, and when she died, the god sought consolation by creating a suitable memorial of their love: In the Elysian Fields, where the pious spend their afterlives, he brought forth a white tree into existence from her body, which became sacred for him from that moment on. In Ancient Greco-Roman mythology, it is a symbol of a peaceful afterlife and a memory of those we love who have died, and in the language of flowers, its meaning is "time". Herakles crowned himself with this tree to celebrate his return from the underworld.


title: Populus alba

text: According to ancient Roman mythology, the white poplar was consecrated to Hercules because he destroyed Cacus in a cavern adjoining the Aventine Hill, which was covered with these trees; in the moment of his triumph, he bound his brows with a branch of white poplar as a token of his victory. Persons offering sacrifices to Hercules were always crowned with branches of this tree, and all who had gloriously conquered their enemies in battle wore garlands of it, in imitation of Hercules. Homer in "Iliad" compares the fall of Simoisius when killed by Ajax to that of a poplar.


title: Populus alba

text: Ovid mentions that Paris had carved the name of Ænone on a poplar, as Shakespeare has Orlando carve the name of Rosalind upon the trees of the forest of Arden.


title: Populus alba

text: Virgil gives directions for the culture of this tree and Horace speaks of the white poplar as delighting to grow on the banks of rivers.


title: Populus alba

text: The white poplar is an invasive species in many parts of Australia. In Western Australia, it has formed dense stands in disturbed wetlands from Perth to Albany and it is considered a threat to riparian vegetation in Victoria. It has spread along the Murrumbidgee River and in wet areas in rural parts of the Australian Capital Territory. Despite that, it is still sold in nurseries around Australia. White poplar is also an environmental weed in South Africa.


title: Tare weight

text: By subtracting tare weight from gross weight (laden weight), one can determine the weight of the goods carried or contained (the net weight).


title: Tare weight

text: The word "tare" originates from the Middle French word 'wastage in goods, deficiency, imperfection' (15th ), from Italian , from Arabic , lit. 'thing deducted or rejected', from 'to reject'.


title: Tare weight

text: This can be useful in computing the cost of the goods carried for purposes of taxation or for tolls related to barge, rail, road, or other traffic, especially where the toll will vary with the value of the goods carried ("e.g.", tolls on the Erie Canal). Tare weight is often published upon the sides of railway cars and transport vehicles to facilitate the computation of the load carried. Tare weight is also used in body composition assessment when doing underwater weighing.


title: Tare weight

text: Tare weight is accounted for in kitchen scales, analytical (scientific) and other weighing scales which include a button that resets the display of the scales to zero when an empty container is placed on the weighing platform, in order subsequently to display only the weight of the contents of the container.


title: Rick Jason

text: Rick Jason (born Richard Jacobson; May 21, 1923 – October 16, 2000) was an American actor, born in New York City, and most remembered for starring in the ABC television drama "Combat!" (1962–1967).


title: Rick Jason

text: An only child of Jewish parents, Jason was expelled from several prep schools before graduating from Rhodes Preparatory School in Manhattan.


title: Rick Jason

text: Rick Jason served from 1943 to 1945 in the U.S. Army Air Corps, during World War II. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, he visited American troops serving in Vietnam on several USO tours.


title: Rick Jason

text: Later, MGM was searching for an actor to replace Fernando Lamas in the 1953 movie "Sombrero" and gave the role to Jason, who was earlier released from Columbia Pictures. This led to Jason being cast in "The Saracen Blade" (1954) and "This Is My Love" (1954).


title: Rick Jason

text: In 1956, Jason played the lead in "The Fountain of Youth", a half-hour unsold pilot written and directed by Orson Welles which won the Peabody Award in 1958.


title: Rick Jason

text: Soon after, Jason received offers for television series. He guest-starred on ABC's anthology series, "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse". In 1954, he played Joaquin Murietta, the notorious Mexican bandit of the California Gold Rush, in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western series "Stories of the Century", the story of a railroad detective investigating crime in the American West. He appeared on the NBC interview program "Here's Hollywood", in the "Rawhide" episodes "Incident of the Coyote Weed" and "Incident of the Valley in Shadow", and co-starred in 1969 in "The Monk".


title: Rick Jason

text: In 1960, he starred as insurance investigator Robin Scott in "The Case of the Dangerous Robin", a syndicated American television series that lasted only one season. It was not renewed due to Jason's health issues, including back problems. In 1962, he began starring in the television series "Combat!" as Platoon Leader 2nd Lt. Gil Hanley, probably his most memorable role. In this series he shared the starring role in an alternating episode rotation, with Vic Morrow as Sgt. Chip Saunders, though in many episodes they both appeared. The show was a hit that lasted for 152 episodes in five seasons.


title: Rick Jason

text: After "Combat!", Rick returned to stage acting. He made films in Japan and Israel, as well as films such as "Color Me Dead" (1969), "The Day of the Wolves" (1971), "The Witch Who Came from the Sea" (1976), "Love and the Midnight Auto Supply" (1977), "Partners" (1982) and "Illegally Yours" (1988). He also played Cornelius Vanderbilt in the 1989 miniseries "Around the World in 80 Days". In 1973, he was a frequent character on "The Young and the Restless". He was also a favorite voice for TV commercial narration in the 1960s.


title: Rick Jason

text: After retiring from screen appearances, Jason kept busy by doing voice-overs for commercials and wrote his autobiography, "Scrapbooks of My Mind". In 2000, he attended a "Combat!" reunion in Las Vegas with fellow cast members.


title: Rick Jason

text: In his personal life, Jason enjoyed playing guitar, painting, sculpting, collecting wines, flying, hunting, photography, and breeding tropical fish.


title: Rick Jason

text: In 2000, Jason published his autobiography "Scrapbooks of My Mind: A Hollywood Autobiography". The book describes Jason growing up in New York during the Great Depression and shares behind-the-scenes stories of his film and tv career. The book was pulled from publication after his death in October 2000. An online version of the book exists on the web.


title: Rick Jason

text: Jason died from a self-inflicted gunshot wound one week after the "Combat!" reunion, on October 16, 2000, in Moorpark, California, where he lived. He left no note. Authorities said the actor was "despondent" over "unspecified personal matters."


title: Rick Jason

text: His body was cremated and interred at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California in the Cathedral Mausoleum.


title: Rick Jason

text: Producer Steve Rubin wrote a tribute to Jason published in the Los Angeles Times on October 20, 2000:


title: Austin Amelio

text: Austin Amelio (born April 27, 1988) is an American actor best known for his role as Dwight on "The Walking Dead", "Fear the Walking Dead" and his role as Nesbit on "Everybody Wants Some!!"


title: Austin Amelio

text: Born on April 27, 1988, in Austin, Texas, Amelio began his career in an array of short films. His most notable roles are Dwight on "The Walking Dead" and Nesbit in "Everybody Wants Some!!".


title: Austin Amelio

text: Amelio was an avid skateboarder, filming a part in and around Austin, Texas, for "The Devil's Toy" (2011). He was sponsored by No Comply Skate Shop and briefly received free product from Osiris shoes as a flow-sponsored rider. Amelio at one point solicited sponsorship from Karl Watson's Organika brand, also receiving a free deck and some lasting advice from the senior Bay Area skateboarder. In April 2017, Amelio appeared on "The Nine Club" skateboarding podcast hosted by Chris Roberts, Roger Bagley, and Kelly Hart. He was previously interviewed by "Transworld Skateboarding".


title: Marika Green

text: Green was born in Södermalm, Stockholm, Stockholm County, the daughter of a French mother, Jeanne Green-Le Flem, and Lennart Green, a Swedish journalist. Her paternal grandmother was the photographer Mia Green and her maternal grandfather was French composer and music critic Paul Le Flem. She left Sweden for France in 1953. She played the lead female role in Robert Bresson's "Pickpocket" at the age of 16.


title: Marika Green

text: She is the aunt of Eva Green and older sister of Walter Green, husband of Marlène Jobert. Green married Austrian cinematographer Christian Berger, regular collaborator of director Michael Haneke.


title: CDW

text: CDW Corporation, headquartered in Lincolnshire, Illinois, is a provider of technology products and services for business, government and education. The company has a secondary division known as "CDW-G", devoted solely to United States governmental entities, such as K-12 schools, universities, non-profit healthcare organizations, State & Local and the Federal government.


title: CDW

text: CDW was originally incorporated in 1984 as "MPK Computing" by its founder Michael Krasny. The idea was born when Krasny took a small ad in a free-circulation newspaper to sell his computer and printer. It later became Computer Discount Warehouse and then simply CDW.


title: CDW

text: In early 2006, CDW opened a distribution center in North Las Vegas, Nevada. The Vernon Hills, Illinois distribution center is roughly . In October 2006 CDW acquired Berbee, a top tier reseller of IBM, Cisco, and Microsoft products and services. It was CDW's second major acquisition after purchasing Micro Warehouse in September 2003.


title: CDW

text: On 12 October 2007, Chicago based private equity firms Madison Dearborn Partners and Providence Equity Partners completed a $7 billion acquisition of CDW. It went public again through an initial public offering on the NASDAQ market on July 2, 2013 under the name CDW Corporation (the parent company since 2010). CDW LLC and CDW Finance Corporation are wholly owned subsidiaries.


title: CDW

text: CDW operates in Canada as CDW Canada Incorporated, based in Etobicoke, Ontario. CDW Canada was recognized by the Great Place to Work Institute as one of the best workplaces in Canada in 2011, ranked 25th in the category of large and multinational companies.


title: CDW

text: On 3 August 2015 the company announced that it had acquired the remaining 65 percent of Kelway Ltd., a London based multinational business with significant presence in the IT sector. Eight months earlier, CDW had bought a 35 percent stake in Kelway.


title: CDW

text: As of 2018, CDW ranked 189th on the Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue.


title: CDW

text: In 2021, CDW announced the acquisition of Sirius Computer Solutions, Inc. The acquisition was completed later that year.


title: CDW

text: Berbee Information Networks Corporation, an American company specializing in IT, was purchased by CDW in 2006. Prior to that it was a privately held company headquartered in Fitchburg, Wisconsin. Berbee was founded in 1993 by James G. Berbee and grew to over 300 million USD in revenue and more than 800 employees. Berbee's IT solutions included network infrastructure, systems and storage, productivity applications, communication and collaboration, application development, and security. Its data centers delivered hosted applications, co-location, and managed services. Berbee had offices in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, and Wisconsin. In October 2006, Berbee accepted an $175 million all-cash acquisition offer from CDW. It became a division of CDW and is now known as CDW Advanced Technology Services. The Berbee Voice-Over IP software product group, creator of the InformaCast family of IP notification solutions, was spun off to form the new company Singlewire Software in April, 2009.


title: CDW

text: CDW Non-Profit, a sector founded in 2007, assists in providing affordable technology tools and services to associations, foundations, governmental departments, religious and social service organizations. The Brookings Institution, Salvation Army, PCAOB, Aids Healthcare Foundation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art and American Heart Association are some of their clients.


title: The Millers

text: The Millers is an American sitcom television series that was created by Greg Garcia and stars Will Arnett as Nathan Miller and Margo Martindale as Carol Miller. The multi-camera series aired from October 3, 2013 to July 18, 2015 and ran 34 episodes over two seasons on CBS.


title: The Millers

text: CBS announced the cancellation of "The Millers" on November 14, 2014, four episodes into the show's second season. The series filmed their final episode on November 17, 2014. Eleven episodes were produced during season 2 before production shut down. The producers decided to finish the episode "Hero", which was underway at the time for the financial sake of the below the line crew members that had already worked on the episode for several days. In an interview in "The Hollywood Reporter" in April 2015, Margo Martindale stated that the show's cancellation was unexpected.


title: The Millers

text: "The Millers" is set in Leesburg, Virginia where Nathan Miller is a local television news reporter. His sister Debbie runs a combination yoga studio/vegan restaurant with her husband Adam, with whom she has a daughter named Mikayla. Nathan does not have any children and often hangs out with Ray, his friend who also serves as a cameraman for the television station at which Nathan works. As the series begins, Nathan and Debbie's bickering parents, Tom and Carol Miller, are returning from Myrtle Beach. Nathan informs them he divorced his wife, Janice, several months ago. Tom responds by deciding to leave Carol, ending their 43-year marriage. Tom moves in with Debbie and Adam while Carol moves in with Nathan, each driving their children crazy.


title: The Millers

text: On January 18, 2013, CBS placed a pilot order, under the title "Unauthorized Greg Garcia Pilot". The pilot was written by Greg Garcia and directed by James Burrows.


title: The Millers

text: Casting announcements began in February 2013, with Will Arnett first cast in the lead role of Nathan Miller, a recently divorced man whose life is complicated when his parents decide to move in with him. Arnett originally booked the role in second position to "Up All Night", whose future was uncertain at the time. Margo Martindale was the next actor cast, in the series regular role of Carol Miller, Nathan's vibrant but meddlesome mother. J. B. Smoove then joined the series as Ray, Nathan's good friend and cameraman. Shortly after, Mary Elizabeth Ellis signed onto the role of Debbie, Nathan's happily married sister. In early March, Beau Bridges joined the series as Tom Miller, Nathan's father, who moves in with Debbie. Michael Rapaport was the last actor to sign onto the series, in the role of Adam, Debbie's husband.


title: The Millers

text: On May 10, 2013, CBS placed a series order, under the new title "The Millers". Shortly after the series order, Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Michael Rapaport exited the roles of Debbie and Adam. A couple months later, Jayma Mays and Nelson Franklin were cast in the two vacated roles.


title: The Millers

text: On March 13, 2014, CBS announced the second season renewal of "The Millers". For the second season, Sean Hayes signed on for the series regular role of Kip Finkle, Carol's new best friend.


title: The Millers

text: On November 15, 2014, CBS canceled "The Millers" after citing "underwhelming" ratings in its new Monday berth, most recently pulling in a 1.5 rating in adults 18–49. Production was to be halted after taping of the second season's 11th episode on November 17, 2014.


title: The Millers

text: Leanne Aguilera and Jenna Mullins of "E! Online" said the "wonderful cast" gives them a sliver of hope. Diane Werts of "Newsday" gave the show an A−. David Hinckley of "The New York Daily News" gave the show 1 star out of 5. It currently holds a 49% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 50% approval rating on Metacritic, both signifying mixed reviews.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: The Convair NB-36H was an experimental aircraft that carried a nuclear reactor. It was nicknamed "The Crusader". It was created for the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program, or the ANP, to show the feasibility of a nuclear-powered bomber. Its development ended with the cancellation of the ANP program.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: The Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) program, and the preceding Nuclear Energy for the Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA) project, worked to develop a nuclear propulsion system for aircraft. The United States Army Air Forces initiated Project NEPA on May 28, 1946. After funding of $10 million in 1947, NEPA operated until May 1951, when the project was transferred to the joint Atomic Energy Commission (AEC)/USAF ANP. The USAF pursued two different systems for nuclear-powered jet engines, the Direct Air Cycle concept, which was developed by General Electric, and Indirect Air Cycle, which was assigned to Pratt & Whitney. The program was intended to develop and test the Convair X-6, a planned prototype for a fully functional nuclear-powered airplane.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: In 1952, Carswell Air Force Base in Texas was hit by a tornado, severely damaging a number of aircraft. One of the damaged airplanes was a B-36 bomber, and Convair suggested to the Air Force that it should be converted into an early prototype for the X-6, instead of being repaired. The Air Force agreed to this plan, and provided funding for an overhaul of the airplane. The intention was to test fly an airplane with a functioning nuclear engine on board, but with it not yet powering the airplane at this stage.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: The original crew and avionics cabin was replaced by a massive lead- and rubber-lined 11 ton crew section for a pilot, copilot, flight engineer and two nuclear engineers. Even the small windows had thick lead glass. The aircraft was fitted with a 1-megawatt air-cooled reactor, with a weight of . This was hung on a hook in the middle bomb bay to allow for easy loading and unloading, so that the radioactive source could be kept safely underground between the test flights. A monitoring system dubbed "Project Halitosis" measured radioactive gases from the reactor.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: The NB-36H completed 47 test flights and 215 hours of flight time (during 89 of which the reactor was operated) between September 17, 1955, and March 1957 over New Mexico and Texas. The test flights revealed, that with the shielding used, the crew would not be endangered by radiation from the reactor, including with low-altitude flights, but that there was a risk of radioactive contamination in the event of an accident.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: In 1957, at the end of its run of flight tests, the NB-36H was decommissioned and scrapped at Carswell. The nuclear reactor was removed. With Cold War tensions increasing in the late 1950s, the US government pushed for development of a heavy bomber with jet engines. Parallel programs of nuclear and conventional aircraft development sought to achieve this goal, but progress on the nuclear plane was slow. President Dwight Eisenhower was not convinced of the need for the program, and he did not assign any urgency to it, although he did maintain funding. By the late 1950s the concept of nuclear-powered planes was increasingly seen by Congress as redundant, given the ongoing advances in supersonic aviation and ballistic missile development.


title: Convair NB-36H

text: In March 1961, shortly after he took office, President John F. Kennedy canceled the program. In his statement, Kennedy commented that the prospect of nuclear-powered planes was still very remote, despite 15 years of development and expenditure of around $1 billion. The Convair X-6 was never built, and the NB-36H is to date the only American aircraft to carry an operational nuclear reactor. The scientific work carried out for the project did have some lasting value however, including methods for handling liquid metals and fused salts, which aided the development of nuclear generators and reactors used by NASA.


title: Martha Masters (House)

text: Martha M. Masters is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama television series "House". Masters is portrayed by American actress Amber Tamblyn. She appears in a multi-episode arc of season 7, and very briefly in the series finale, "Everybody Dies".


title: Martha Masters (House)

text: After graduating from high school at age 15, Masters obtained doctorate degrees in both applied math and art history. In the episode "Office Politics", Dr. Lisa Cuddy hires Masters, a medical student, for the position on Dr. House's diagnostic team left vacant by Thirteen. House once described Masters as having "nervous, anxious energy" when describing the list of candidates Taub had to pick from to study with when being re-certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM). In the episode "Family Practice", House threatens to have Masters thrown out of medical school if she tells Cuddy or her mother's physician about switching her medication. Despite this, she informs both groups and still retains her job. In the episode of "Last Temptation" she leaves House.


title: Martha Masters (House)

text: Masters appears to be reserved and awkward to her colleagues and is easily intimidated by them. Tamblyn believes that she may have Asperger's. She has a strong moral compass and refuses to lie to staff or patients, which means she is frequently at odds with Dr. House. Tamblyn opines that Masters "believes so strongly in the ethics of truth telling, to the point of a fault. Just in the same way that [House] believes so much in lying". Tamblyn also compares her character to Cuddy, stating that "I do think Martha is a young Cuddy, an extremist version of Cuddy".


title: Martha Masters (House)

text: The character is based on Tamblyn's friend of the same name; in an interview, Tamblyn described that "my character is based on my real-life best friend, who is a med student and whose real name is Martha Masters. In fact, they made her sign a release that she wouldn't sue Fox."


title: Kiai

text: Traditional Japanese dojo generally uses single syllables beginning with a vowel. The practice has become a part of Asian martial arts in popular culture, especially in martial arts films, in writing often rendered in variants such as "Hi-yah!", "Aiyah!", "Eeee-yah!" or "Hyah!". A kiai is usually not the word "kiai" itself.


title: Kiai

text: The term is a compound of "ki" (), meaning "energy" or "mood" and "a(u)" (, infinitive "ai"), an emphatic marker. The same concept is known as "K'ihap" in many Korean martial arts, such as taekwondo and Tang Soo Do, "ki" being the "energy" and "hap" meaning "to join", "to harmonize" or "to amplify", based on the Korean reading of the same characters; its Hangul spelling is .


title: Kiai

text: Students of Japanese martial arts such as aikido, karate, kobudo, kendo or judo (or related arts such as taiko drumming) use Kiai to startle an opponent, intimidate, express confidence or express victory. In kendo, for example, a point is only given by the Shinpan (referees) if the hit is accompanied by a strong, convincing Kiai. A Kiai can also be used besides tightening the core muscles to prevent damage to the stomach. The physical aspects of a Kiai are often used to teach a student proper breathing technique when executing an attack which is a common trait adopted by many other foreign martial arts and combat sports. A kiai is also sometimes used to intimidate.


title: Kiai

text: This is especially useful for longer series of attacks such as kirikaeshi, Kakari geiko (rapid partner exercise creating openings) and uchikomi geiko (responding fast to openings made by the partner).


title: Kiai

text: Mental imagery techniques are used to teach the martial artist to imagine starting a Kiai in the hara or dantian; from a physiological perspective, this means the yell should start in the diaphragm, not the throat.


title: Radium dial

text: Radium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 and was soon combined with paint to make luminescent paint, which was applied to clocks, airplane instruments, and the like, to be able to read them in the dark.


title: Radium dial

text: In 1914, Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and Dr. George S. Willis founded the Radium Luminous Material Corporation. The company made luminescent paint. The company later changed its name to the United States Radium Corporation. The use of radium to provide luminescence for hands and indices on watches soon followed.


title: Radium dial

text: The Ingersoll Watch division of the Waterbury Clock Company, a nationally-known maker of low-cost pocket and wristwatches, was a leading popularizer of the use of radium for watch hands and indices through the introduction of their "Radiolite" watches in 1916. The Radiolite series, made in various sizes and models, became a signature of the Connecticut-based company.


title: Radium dial

text: Radium dials were typically painted by young women, who used to 'point' their brushes by licking and shaping the bristles prior to painting the fine lines and numbers on the dials. This practice resulted in the ingestion of radium, which caused serious jaw-bone degeneration and malignancy and other dental diseases. The disease, radium-induced osteonecrosis, was recognized as an occupational disease in 1925 after a group of radium painters, known as the Radium Girls, from the United States Radium Corporation sued. By 1930, all dial painters stopped pointing their brushes by mouth. Stopping this practice drastically reduced the amount of radium ingested and therefore, the incidence of malignancy.


title: Radium dial

text: Luminous Processes employees interviewed by a journalist in 1978 stated they had been left ignorant of radium's dangers. They were told that eliminating lip-pointing had ended earlier problems. They worked in unvented rooms, they wore smocks that they laundered at home. Geiger counters could pick up readings from pants returned from a dry cleaner and from clothes stored away in a cedar chest."


title: Radium dial

text: According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, "radioactive antiques [including watches] are usually not a health risk as long as they are intact and in good condition." However, radium is highly radioactive, emitting alpha, beta, and gamma radiation — the effects of which are particularly deleterious if inhaled or ingested since there is no shielding within the body. Indeed, the body treats radium as it does calcium, storing it in bone where it may cause bone degeneration and cancer.


title: Radium dial

text: Therefore, it is of the utmost importance that watches with radium dials should not be taken apart without proper training, technique, and facilities. Radium paint can be ingested by inhaling flaking paint particles. The alpha particles emitted by the radium, which is taken up in bone, will kill off surrounding bone tissue, resulting in a condition loosely referred to as radium jaw. Inhaled or ingested particles may deposit a high local dose with a risk of radiation-caused lung or gastrointestinal cancer. Penetrating gamma radiation produced by some dials also represents a significant health risk.


title: Radium dial

text: Although old radium dials generally no longer produce light, this is due to the breakdown of the crystal structure of the luminous zinc sulfide rather than the radioactive decay of the radium. The radium isotope (Ra) used has a half-life of about 1,600 years, so radium dials remain essentially just as radioactive as when originally painted 50 or 100 years ago, whether or not they remain luminous.


title: Radium dial

text: Radium dials held near the face have been shown to produce radiation doses in excess of 10 µSv / hour. After about 20 minutes this delivers the equivalent of one whole day's worth of normal background radiation. This rate probably only represents the dose rate from gamma emission, as the alpha emission will be stopped by the lacquer, or crystal, or case; hence, the dose rate following ingestion or inhalation of the dust could be much higher.


title: Radium dial

text: Chronic exposure to high levels of radium can result in an increased incidence of bone, liver, or breast cancer. Decaying radium also produces the gas radon, recognized as the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States and the United Kingdom. A 2018 study by researchers from the University of Northampton found that a collection of 30 vintage military watches with radium dials kept in an small, unventilated room produced a radon concentration 134 times greater than the UK's recommended "safe" level.


title: Radium dial

text: In the United States there does not seem to have ever been prohibitory legislation passed banning the use of radium in clocks and watches. It was only with the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 that the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) was given oversight of the use of radium. Prior to that date, "the federal government had a limited role, if any, in ensuring the safe use of radium," according to the NRC. The element was phased out of use by industry acting under its own volition as superior and safer luminous materials entered the marketplace.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: Propaganda in the United States is spread by both government and media entities. Propaganda is carefully curated information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread, usually to preserve the self-interest of a nation. It is used in advertising, radio, newspaper, posters, books, television, films and other media. Propagandists may provide either factual or non-factual information to their audiences, often emphasizing positive features and downplaying negative ones, or vice versa, in order to shape wide scale public opinion or influence behavioral changes.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: The first large-scale use of propaganda by the U.S. government came during World War I. The government enlisted the help of citizens and children to help promote war bonds and stamps to help stimulate the economy. To keep the prices of war supplies down (guns, gunpowder, cannons, steel, etc.), the U.S. government produced posters that encouraged people to reduce waste and grow their own vegetables in "victory gardens". The public skepticism that was generated by the heavy-handed tactics of the Committee on Public Information would lead the postwar government to officially abandon the use of propaganda.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: The 1915 film "The German Side of the War" was compiled from footage filmed by "Chicago Tribune" cameraman Edwin F. Weigle. It was one of the only American films to show the German perspective of the war. At the theater lines stretched around the block; the screenings were received with such enthusiasm that would-be moviegoers resorted to purchasing tickets from scalpers.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: During World War II, the United States officially had no propaganda, but the Roosevelt government used means to circumvent this official line. One such propaganda tool was the publicly owned but government-funded Writers' War Board (WWB). The activities of the WWB were so extensive that it has been called the "greatest propaganda machine in history". "Why We Fight" is a famous series of US government propaganda films made to justify US involvement in World War II. Response to the use of propaganda in the United States was mixed, as attempts by the government to release propaganda during World War I was perceived negatively by the American public. The government did not initially use propaganda but was ultimately persuaded by businesses and media, which saw its use as informational. Cultural and racial stereotypes were used in World War II propaganda to encourage the perception of the Japanese people and government as a "ruthless and animalistic enemy that needed to be defeated", leading to many Americans seeing all Japanese people in a negative light. Many people of Japanese ancestry, most of whom were American citizens, were forcibly rounded up and placed in internment camps in the early 1940s.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: From 1944 to 1948, prominent US policy makers promoted a domestic propaganda campaign aimed at convincing the U.S. public to agree to a harsh peace for the German people, for example by removing the common view of the German people and the Nazi Party as separate entities. The core of this campaign was the Writers' War Board, which was closely associated with the Roosevelt administration.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: Another means was the United States Office of War Information that Roosevelt established in June 1942, whose mandate was to promote understanding of the war policies under the director Elmer Davis. It dealt with posters, press, movies, exhibitions, and produced often slanted material conforming to US wartime purposes.


title: Propaganda in the United States

text: Propaganda during the Cold War was at its peak in the 1950s and 1960s in the early years of the Cold War. The United States would make propaganda that criticized and belittled the enemy, the Soviet Union. The American government dispersed propaganda through movies, television, music, literature and art. The United States officials did not call it propaganda, maintaining they were portraying accurate information about Russia and their Communist way of life during the 1950s and 1960s. The United States boycotted the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow along with Japan and West Germany, among many other nations. When the Olympics were held in Los Angeles in 1984, the Soviets did the same as the United States did to them and did not show up for the games. In terms of education, American propaganda took the form of videos children watched in school; one such video is called How to Spot a Communist.