title: Lifeguard

text: The 10/20 Protection Standard is a technique taught to lifeguards on many courses including the UK National Pool Lifeguard Qualification and the Ellis & Associates International Lifeguard Training Program (ILTP), which created the concept.


title: Lifeguard

text: with the lifeguard no further than 20 seconds away from any swimmer in difficulty in the lifeguard's area.


title: Lifeguard

text: In most countries, lifeguards use similar flag signs to signal swimmers their presence, specific areas and possible dangers:


title: Lifeguard

text: In Israel, there are other flags in use (namely white for green, red for yellow and black for red) - see lifeguard flags in Israel.


title: Lifeguard

text: Equipment used by lifeguards will vary depending on the location and specific conditions encountered. Certain equipment is relatively universal such as a whistle for attracting the attention of the public or other members of the team, a first aid kit and rescue aids. Other equipment includes, but is not limited to, rescue cans, rescue tubes, rescue boards, spinal boards, AEDs, trauma bags, and oxygen.


title: Lifeguard

text: There is a hierarchy of rescue techniques which minimizes danger to lifeguards and maximizes the effectiveness of a rescue, and this dictates the types of rescue aids that a lifeguard should have available. Lifeguards are supposed to have some equipment to aid rescues. After determining a swimmer is in trouble they try to help in ways that will not result in a threat to the life of the lifeguard or others. This is done by helping at a distance by using a pole; a lifebuoy may be thrown, wading to the victim, using available watercraft, swim with an aid, such as a rescue buoy. As a last resort, direct swimming to the apparent victim.


title: Lifeguard

text: In addition to these basic lifeguarding techniques, some units are trained in additional water rescue techniques such as scuba diving and swift water training, or in rescue techniques unrelated to water rescue such as abseiling for cliff rescue and bike patrol training, and they will carry appropriate equipment for these.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguards are proficient in first aid, and have a well stocked first aid kit available. They may have advanced first aid items such as supplemental oxygen, a suction device, a resuscitator, a defibrillator or AED or a spinal immobilization board. Lifeguards are trained to contact EMS personnel immediately. If a drowning victim has been rescued the victim might need EMS attention or extensive medical treatment.


title: Lifeguard

text: Certain California lifeguards are trained in a more extensive advanced first aid that is known as Title 22 First Aid For Public Safety Personnel.


title: Lifeguard

text: Some lifeguards are crossed trained as Emergency Medical Technicians as a part of their emergency services system.


title: Lifeguard

text: In certain jurisdictions, lifeguards may use airway adjuncts such as nasopharyngeal airways and oropharyngeal airways.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguards will sometimes use rescue watercraft to rescue victims that are either far away or when there is large surf, i.e. big waves. Types of rescue watercraft:


title: Lifeguard

text: Effective communications are vital for lifeguards and they may choose to use whistles, two-way radios, megaphones or signal flares.


title: Lifeguard

text: A more traditional method of communication with the public is through the use of colored flags, which can be raised over permanent or temporary flag poles to inform the public of different information.


title: Lifeguard

text: More often than not a whistle is used in the pool leisure facility (public and private), the following signals are used by some lifeguards with a whistle (Note: it is always important to remember that each facility may have their own standards and procedures for their whistle protocol).


title: Lifeguard

text: For duty areas over a wide area, such as beaches and lakes, lifeguards may require transport over distance and they may use land transport including pick-up trucks, quad bikes, gators, or other off-road vehicle.


title: Lifeguard

text: They may also use larger water craft such as a large rigid or inflatable boats, personal water crafts, or hovercraft.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Australia lifeguards are distinguished from surf life savers. Lifeguards are paid employees who patrol beaches, lakes and pools/aquatic venues. Beach lifeguards are usually employed by local government authorities and patrol the beach throughout the year. Surf Lifesavers are a large voluntary organization that patrol beaches on weekends and public holidays during the warmer months (usually from mid-September to late April) and also perform public training of kids, the nippers, as well as competitions, such as surf carnivals or winter swimming events.


title: Lifeguard

text: Belgium has a coastline with a length of . The coast is urbanised over practically its entire length and is visited by thousands of tourists each year. In 1982 a lifeguard service has been built up to minimize the death by drowning at the Belgian coast. Because the North Sea only borders Flanders, more particularly the province of West Flanders, the training of the lifeguards is organised by that province. Beach lifeguards in Belgium are trained by the WOBRA and are mostly students who are employed for a month during the summer holidays (July and August). Some municipalities also employ lifeguards in June and September. To obtain uniformity, all municipalities from the Belgian coast joined the IKWV This is the coordinating organisation for all the municipalities for lifeguard service. The organisation of IKWV has made the Belgian coastline one of the safest coastlines of the world in a couple decades.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Brazil, firefighting services, accident assistance, and the rescue of people drowning on beaches, rivers, and lakes are maintained by each state's fire department. The rescue of drowning people in private places is the responsibility of the owner of the place. Like the military polices, responsible for ostensive policing, the members of the fire departaments are also considered military, including lifeguards. The state military police and state fire departaments are auxiliary institutions and reserves of the Brazilian Army. Considering the service provided by fire departments insufficient, some Brazilian cities have their own lifeguard services, but most Brazilian lifeguards are members of fire departments.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Canada, all lifeguards and assistant lifeguards are certified by the Lifesaving Society of Canada or the Canadian Red Cross. The lifeguarding certification offered by the LSS is the National Lifeguard program, which was officially launched in 1964. There are four types of lifeguard certification: pool, waterpark, waterfront and surf.


title: Lifeguard

text: In November 2009, the Canadian Red Cross Lifeguard program was developed in accordance with International research and quality standards. The Red Cross Lifeguard program is accepted in many provinces across the country.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Denmark the lifeguard-services are divided into two major groups. The beach lifeguards, which are established on a voluntarily basis by the beach administrators (in most cases the municipality). There are three main lifeguard service providers, one heavily sponsored: TrygFonden Kystlivredning, which is backed by TrygFonden (Danish Foundation) while Den Nordsjællandske Kystlivredningstjeneste are sponsored by the councils at the Zealand Northshore. In Copenhagen there is Team Bade lifeguard service, run by Copenhagen Municipality. All public pools (both commercial and government) are required to "provide a secure and safe environment" and thus lifeguards. Unlike the beach lifeguards, these have to pass a government approved test as well as a yearly a physical examination and first aid test.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Germany three major organizations exist that train people in swimming, lifesaving and which maintain lifeguard services at public beaches, lakes etc. All three are mainly based on volunteer work. The DLRG (Deutsche Lebens-Rettungs-Gesellschaft – German Life Saving Society) is the largest aquatic lifeguard organization in the world with more than 1,000,000 members and promoters. The Wasserwacht ("water watch") is a division of the German Red Cross. Third is the "Wasserrettungsdienst" of the Arbeiter-Samariter-Bund Deutschland. Also the Fire Departments will maintain lifeguard services at rivers, coasts and lakes.


title: Lifeguard

text: In India the longest coast manned by lifeguards is Goa's 105 km shoreline. Drishti Marine holds government contracts with a body of 710 professionally trained lifeguards across Goa and Mumbai. They have 5000+ rescues on record since starting operations in 2008. The lifeguards are trained by Special Rescue Training Academy (SRTA) and enlisted as government first response for emergency services such as flood rescue. The lifeguards in Goa are also trained in stranded marine mammal rescue as part of Ocean Watch a collaborative effort between Drishti Marine, Terra Conscious, Goa Forest Department and IUCN India. They conduct regular interventions for turtles and dolphins caught in ghost nets.


title: Lifeguard

text: In October 2018 Drishti lifeguards were water safety partners for India's first Ironman held in Miramar Goa.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Iran, the lifesaving organization is the "Iran lifesaving organization." It has an areas roughly equal to that of the United Kingdom, France, Spain, and Germany combined, or somewhat more than the US state of Alaska. Iran has a coastline to the Caspian sea to the north, and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Ireland, the statutory body established to promote water safety is "Irish Water Safety" who train and award lifeguards with the National Pool Lifeguard Award, the National Beach Lifeguard Award and the Inland Open Water Lifeguard Award.


title: Lifeguard

text: In addition in Ireland the Royal Lifesaving Society (RLSS), through independent trainer assessors / clubs, trains and qualifies lifeguards with the National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) and the National Beach Lifeguard Qualification (NBLQ).


title: Lifeguard

text: In Italy Lifeguard are certified by the Italian Swimming Federation the National Lifesaving Society and the Italian Water Rescue Federation. The Italian Swimming Federation's diploma is recognized abroad by the country affiliated to ILS whilst the National Lifesaving Society is active member and internationally recognized by the International Maritime Rescue Federation. Differences exist between pool, lakes and sea diplomas. Also Italian Red Cross has a special branch called OPSA (Polyvalent Water Rescue Operators) that has some lifeguards duties in some parts of Italy.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguards in Italy are not organised in a unique service: every venue has its own Lifeguards, depending on licenses, danger and requests. Public beaches are not patrolled by an organisation, but each comune calls on duty freelance lifeguards during summer or particular events, when public funds can afford the costs. In some beaches, where there hotels or other structures have licenses, there is the obligation to have lifeguards, that are paid by the structure itself.


title: Lifeguard

text: In New Zealand the term lifeguard generally refers to swimming pool lifeguards but can be used interchangeably with lifesaver. These are qualified paid professionals employed by the pool management to watch over pool users. Surf Life Saving New Zealand (SLSNZ) is responsible for training and maintaining coastal Surf Lifesaving in New Zealand. Surf Lifesavers patrol various beaches in New Zealand. Lifesavers are able to sit their Bronze Medallion which qualifies them as a volunteer Surf Lifeguards. Volunteers patrol New Zealand's beaches on weekends over the summer months from Labour Day to around Easter. Paid Lifeguards patrol beaches during the week over the busiest summer months. They also come under the control of SLSNZ.


title: Lifeguard

text: The KNBRD or Reddingsbrigade is the Dutch lifeguard association. The Netherlands has more than 200 units on the Dutch beaches, and over 5000 active volunteers. The lifeguards secure the Dutch coastline and also many cities that have a lot of swimming water, like lakes. They also provide training. The KNBRD wears the international clothing style which is yellow/red. The KNBRD works together with the KNRM. Additionally, many local rescue teams have one or more disaster units which can be called in case of major flooding anywhere in the country.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Portugal, the lifeguard service is coordinated by the Portuguese Lifeguard Institute (ISN). Under the technical tutelage of the ISN, several organizations provide lifeguard services in the Portuguese maritime and river beaches. The entities that have a concession to explore a beach are obliged to contract a lifeguard service to be provided in the respective concession area. In the cases of beaches that are not under concession, the contracting and providing of lifeguard services is usually done by the local municipalities. The ISN is responsible for the establishment of standards for the training, equipment and uniforms of the lifeguards.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Singapore the lifesaving organization is the Singapore Lifesaving Society(SLSS) which is responsible for administering lifesaving awards. Lifeguards have to earn their Lifesaving 1, 2 and 3 awards before they are allowed to move on to Bronze Medallion which is the minimum requirement for employment in most Singapore pools.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Spain there are many organizations that teach and train people in lifesaving. The International Lifeguard Society and Royal Spanish Rescue and Lifesaving Federation are a couple of the prominent organizations.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguards in South Africa are certified through Lifesaving South Africa, a regulatory body. All Lifesaving Award (LA) trainees are thoroughly trained in surf rescue with pool and open water training being incorporated into the LA course. Once a year, Lifesaving SA holds an annual retest for all LA certified Lifeguards. If this retest is not completed or is failed three years consecutively the LA certification lapses. In the event of the LA certification lapsing the lifeguard will have to redo the LA course in its entirety.


title: Lifeguard

text: Common equipment used by lifeguards in rescue situations are: Rigid torpedo buoys, soft torpedo buoys, rescue craft (malibu boards), paddle skis, box line, throw line and spinal boards.


title: Lifeguard

text: Common equipment used by Lifeguards in first aid situations are: Saline solution, bandages, antiseptics, antihistamines, oxygen kits, latex gloves, laerdal pocket masks, splints, rescue blankets and first aid kits.


title: Lifeguard

text: Beaches in South Africa are contracted out to independent or private companies. These companies submit tenders, on an annual basis, to local municipalities/government.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguards who are not permanently employed by a company often find work during the holiday periods as Temp Lifeguards on main beaches. Often students who hold LA certification will work on a day by day basis during busy seasons.


title: Lifeguard

text: Many main beaches such as Scottburgh and St Michaels beaches have voluntary lifeguard clubs. These clubs recruit new members into the Lifeguard niche by way of their nipper and Junior Lifesaving Award programs. A cost-effective way of obtaining the LA certification would be to join a club and do the course, at a reduced rate, through that club.


title: Lifeguard

text: In Taiwan there are three main lifesaving organizations providing lifeguard licenses and training, one is called National Water Life Saving Association Republic of China (NWLSAROC) another is called The Red Cross Society of the Republic of China and National Chinese Surf LIfe Saving Association(NCSLSA). NWLSA was first launched in 1970 and aided by Australians Surf Life Savers. The Red Cross Society was founded around 1949. NWLSA joined the International Life Saving Federation in 1994. National Chinese Surf Lifesaving Association, founded in 1993 and joined ILS as associated member in 1997, is the first and only organization that focus on training surf lifesaver and open-water lifeguard in Taiwan.


title: Lifeguard

text: In the United Kingdom, there are three awarding bodies for Lifeguard qualifications, Highfield Awarding Body for Compliance (HABC), the Swimming Teachers Association, and the Royal Life Saving Society UK (RLSS). The organisations' qualifications are STA Level 2 Award for Pool Lifeguard / STA Professional Award for Pool Lifeguard (title in Scotland,) the HABC Level 2 Award in Pool lifeguarding (QCF) and the National Pool Lifeguard Qualification respectively. The National Pool Lifeguard Qualification is administered by the Institute of Qualified Lifeguards (IQL) on behalf of the RLSS.


title: Lifeguard

text: All three qualifications are recognised professionally within the United Kingdom and enable the holder to work as a Professional Pool Lifeguard satisfying all Health and Safety Executive (HSE) regulations. For Public Swimming sessions a full lifeguard qualification is recommended by the HSE in the Managing health and safety in swimming pools manual.


title: Lifeguard

text: A full Pool Lifeguard course lasts a minimum of 36 hours and ends with external examiners testing the individuals both on land and in the water and includes an examination paper (verbal in Generation 8 NPLQ, however this has been replaced with multiple choice questions in the new Generation 9, consisting of three sections; first aid, lifeguarding situations and pool specifics). The qualification is valid for two years from the date of assessment. A minimum of 20 hours training must be logged in those two years for the individual to be eligible to submit for a renewal examination. The employer of the lifeguard should provide training every month in lifeguard skills and resuscitation training to help it comply with HSE guidelines. Additional units which all full Pool Lifeguards are assessed vigorously and which all Leisure facilities must have (public and private) is the use of spinal boards, a specialist piece of rescue equipment designed for immobilizing a casualty suspected of suffering a spinal cord injury.


title: Lifeguard

text: HABC/RLSS qualifications are trained by TAs (Trainer/Assessors) and STA qualifications are trained by tutors. These are experienced lifeguards or lifesavers who have undergone additional training to train and assess. Many leisure centres have their own TAs or tutors who operate in-house training for the lifeguards. TAs and tutors also assess qualification renewals but RLSS TAs and STA tutors are unable to assess any lifeguard who works in the same place the TA or tutors hold training sessions. Also they are unable to assess any lifeguard they have trained. Highfield (HABC) T/As are able to assess lifeguards from the same centre as long as they have had no involvement with the training.


title: Lifeguard

text: The three alternative schemes for qualifying beach lifeguard in the UK are run by the Royal Life Saving Society UK, who offer the 'National Vocational Beach Lifeguard Qualification' (NVBLQ), Surf Life Saving Wales and Surf Life Saving Great Britain (in association with the Royal National Lifeboat Institution) who offer the 'National Rescue Standards Beach Lifeguard Qualification' (NaRS BL).


title: Lifeguard

text: Both organizations also offer a range of "specialist modules" that can be added to the basic qualification, such as VHF Radio Operator; Rescue Water Craft RWC, Rescue Surf Skills, Rescue (paddle) Board, Rescue Boat (Crew), Rescue Boat (Driver), AED and CPR Oxygen Administration.


title: Lifeguard

text: The RNLI is the largest operator of lifeguard units in the UK, patrolling over 230 operational beaches around the coast of England and Wales, helping around 7,000 people each year.


title: Lifeguard

text: The British Canoe Union has canoe life guard units in the UK managed by the BCU Lifeguards. These are special units that operate in Kayaks and Canoes in areas where motor boats would have problems.


title: Lifeguard

text: Inland water sites such as lakes, rivers and estuaries – typically where there is a specific need, such as sports competitions or public events. There are a few examples of organisations that provide such services; some operating on a voluntary basis such as Colwick Park Lifeguards, relying heavily on the services of volunteers. There are also commercial entities that provide similar services, ranging from marina staff to workboat providers. Typically in the UK voluntary groups of this type are either local to that particular stretch of water or provide a service across the country. As of recently, the Royal Life Saving Society has offered an Open Water Lifeguard qualification which specialises in still, non-tidal waters. This acts as an entirely separate qualification or can be done as an additional module in National Pool Lifeguard Qualifications (NPLQs).


title: Lifeguard

text: In Northern Ireland, the Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS IRELAND) also provide training in lifesaving and courses in lifeguarding for both the National Pool Lifeguard Qualification (NPLQ) and the National Beach Lifeguard Qualification.


title: Lifeguard

text: In the United States there are several nationally recognized organizations that certify lifeguards. The American Red Cross Life-guarding program, American Lifeguard Association, Jeff Ellis and Associates, the YMCA, Starfish Aquatics Institute's Starguard program, NASCO, and the Boy Scouts of America. The standard in open water surf training is the United States Lifesaving Association.


title: Lifeguard

text: The American Red Cross, USLA and Ellis and Associates establish standards which are universally adopted for lifeguard training.


title: Lifeguard

text: The first beach patrol in the United States was founded in 1891 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The Atlantic City Beach Patrol is currently the oldest active beach patrol in the United States.


title: Lifeguard

text: In 2009, 117 drowned at the nation's beaches; 21 drowned where lifeguards were on duty. There were 82,969 rescues reported from 114 reporting agencies.


title: Lifeguard

text: In an active emergency, lifeguards are required to act, and to ask permission to give care in any situation. Ill or injured people can grant their informed consent for care. Someone who is unresponsive, confused or seriously injured or ill (such as in a nonfatal drowning) may not be able to grant consent. In these cases, the law assumes the victim would give consent if able. This is called implied consent, and also applies to an underage victim whose parent or guardian is not present.


title: Lifeguard

text: Continuous training is necessary to maintain lifeguarding skills and knowledge. Formal competitions have developed as a way to encourage training, and also as a social activity. In Australia, the annual Surf Lifesaving competition at Kurrawa Beach on the Gold Coast is the largest athletic event in the world after the Olympic Games with tens of thousands of lifeguards competing.


title: Lifeguard

text: Lifeguard competitions include both physical events and technical (medical) events. Technical events are challenging accident simulations in which guards are evaluated on their adherence to treatment standards. These events are a subject of controversy amongst some lifeguards due to their subjectivity. Purely physical competitions have recently become more popular, often including various combinations of running, swimming, paddle boarding, and surf skiing. Most lifeguard competitions include an Ironman event that combines three different physical activities.


title: Valentina Cortese

text: Valentina Cortese (1 January 1923 – 10 July 2019) was an Italian actress. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in François Truffaut's "Day for Night" (1973).


title: Valentina Cortese

text: Cortese was born in Milan to a family from Stresa, Piedmont. In 1940, she met conductor Victor de Sabata, who was 31 years older and married with children. She left high school to follow him to Rome, and there she graduated from the Academy of Dramatic Art. They separated in 1948. Cortese married Richard Basehart, her co-star in "The House on Telegraph Hill", in 1951, and had one son with him, the actor Jackie Basehart; they divorced in 1960. She never remarried. Jackie Basehart died in Milan in 2015, predeceasing Cortese.


title: Valentina Cortese

text: Cortese made her screen debut in Italian films in 1940, leading to her first internationally acclaimed roles in Riccardo Freda's 1948 Italian film "Les Misérables" with Gino Cervi and a very young Marcello Mastroianni, in which she played both Fantine and Cosette, and the 1949 British film "The Glass Mountain" (1949), which led to a number of roles in American films of the period, but continued to make films in Europe with such directors as Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini and François Truffaut.


title: Valentina Cortese

text: She signed a contract with 20th Century Fox in 1948. She starred in ""Malaya"" (1949), a Second World War film about smuggling and guerrilla warfare against the Japanese with Spencer Tracy and James Stewart, Jules Dassin's "Thieves' Highway" (1949) with Richard Conte and Lee J. Cobb, "The House on Telegraph Hill" (1951) directed by Robert Wise and co-starring Richard Basehart and William Lundigan, and Joseph L. Mankiewicz's "The Barefoot Contessa" (1954), with Humphrey Bogart, Ava Gardner and Edmond O'Brien. In Europe she starred in Michelangelo Antonioni's "Le Amiche" (1955), Gérard Brach's "The Boat on the Grass" (1971), Terry Gilliam's British film "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen" (1988), and in Franco Zeffirelli projects such as the film "Brother Sun, Sister Moon" (1972), the miniseries "Jesus of Nazareth" (1977) and the film "Sparrow" (1993). Her final American film role was in "When Time Ran Out" (1980).


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: The untitled "The Exorcist" film is an upcoming American supernatural horror film directed by David Gordon Green, with a screenplay he co-wrote with Peter Sattler, from a story he co-authored with Sattler, Scott Teems, and Danny McBride. The film is intended to be a part of the franchise based on the 1971 novel of the same name by William Peter Blatty, and will serve as a direct sequel to William Friedkin's 1973 film adaptation. While the film will retroactively affect continuity of the franchise, all of the previous installments will still remain canon to its premise. It is intended to be the first of three new "Exorcist" films and the sixth installment of "The Exorcist" franchise overall.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: The project was first officially announced in August 2020 as a reboot, with the production being clarified as a direct sequel to the original film. The film is scheduled to be released by Universal Pictures on October 13, 2023.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: The father of a possessed child, desperate for help goes in search of someone who has had similar experiences, Chris MacNeil.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: The demon character Pazuzu, who has appeared in previous installments of the franchise, will factor into the plot.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: In August 2020, it officially announced that Morgan Creek Entertainment would be making a new installment in "The Exorcist" franchise, in the form of a reboot. A tentative theatrical release window of 2021 was planned by the studio. Ben Pearson of "Slash Film" noted that the studio had previously stated that it would "never attempt to remake "The Exorcist"" but that it would also obtain the "blessings of their library titles' original creators before they move forward with new entries", potentially signaling the return of William Friedkin, director of the original film. Later that year, Friedkin would dispel rumors that he was involved in the project.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: In December 2020, it was clarified that the project in development would be a direct-sequel and follow-up to the original film, with David Gordon Green in early negotiations to serve as director. Jason Blum, David Robinson, and James Robinson will serve as producers. In July 2021, it was revealed that a trilogy of sequels are concurrently in development with David Gordon Green officially hired to direct the first of the new installments, from a script he co-wrote with Peter Sattler, from an original story he co-wrote with Sattler, Scott Teems, and Danny McBride. Green, McBride, and Couper Samuelson will serve as executive producers. Prior to acquiring the series' rights from Morgan Creek Entertainment, the writing team and Blum spent early 2020 devising the story over Zoom.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: Ellen Burstyn will reprise her role from the original film, with Leslie Odom Jr. co-starring. The projects will be joint-venture productions between Blumhouse Productions and Morgan Creek Entertainment with Universal Pictures serving as distributing company. Universal collaborated with Peacock to purchase distribution rights for $400 million total. Parts two and three of the trilogy are being optioned as potential Peacock exclusive films. By October 2021, Green expressed his intentions to direct all three films, with script outlines completed for the latter two movies that he co-wrote with Sattler. Later that month, Jamie Lee Curtis who had worked with Green on his "Halloween" trilogy, expressed interest in appearing in his "Exorcist" movies, with the actress pitching her potential role as the voice of the demon Pazuzu.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: In February 2022, Burstyn stated that she has completed production for her part in the film, revealing that principal photography had commenced some time before. Though Green had previously stated that he would begin work on the sequel after completing "Halloween Ends", given the actress's elderly age and the risks of the COVID-19 pandemic, the production team worked with Burstyn to make sure they have her part completed for the film. In August, Ann Dowd joined the cast. That same month, Burstyn stated she would be filming reshoots in November. Principal photography began on October 24, 2022 in Atlanta and Savannah, Georgia and is expected to wrap in January 2023. In mid-December, production was shut down early for the holidays after Leslie Odom Jr suffered an "unspecified health issue".


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: The untitled sequel to "The Exorcist" is set to be released by Universal Pictures on October 13, 2023.


title: Untitled The Exorcist film

text: In July 2021, two sequels were confirmed to be in development with the same creative team of Green, McBride, Sattler, and Teems on board.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Michael Crawford Chapman, A.S.C. (November 21, 1935 – September 20, 2020) was an American cinematographer and film director well known for his work on many films of the American New Wave of the 1970s and in the 1980s with directors such as Martin Scorsese and Ivan Reitman.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman was born in New York City in 1935, but raised in Wellesley, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, without much of an interest in film. As a youth, he was more interested in sports than photography or painting. After high school, he attended Columbia University, where he majored in English. Upon his graduation, he worked temporarily as a brakeman for the Erie Lackawanna Railroad in the Midwest and then served a brief stint in the United States Army.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman’s father-in-law, Joe Brun, got him his first job in the industry: working as an assistant camera and focus puller on commercials, as there weren’t enough feature films being shot in New York at the time.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman began his film career as a camera operator, distinguishing himself on Francis Ford Coppola's The Godfather (1972) and Steven Spielberg's "Jaws" (1975). before making the leap to cinematographer. He fondly remembered his time as an operator, and called it one of the best jobs in the movie business because "you get to see the film before anyone else does!"


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: As a cinematographer, he became known for his two collaborations with Martin Scorsese: "Taxi Driver" (1976) and "Raging Bull" (1980). Chapman was also cinematographer for the remake of "Invasion of the Body Snatchers" (1978). He and Scorsese were huge fans of The Band, and Chapman served as the principal cinematographer for their documentary on The Band, called "The Last Waltz" (1978). With nine cameras shooting at once, Chapman remembered that “the strategy for filming all of their songs was planned out in enormous detail.”


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman's style tended to feature high contrasts and an aggressive use of strong colors. He was also adept at setting up complex camera movements quickly and improvising on the set. This style was epitomized in the boxing sequences in "Raging Bull", during which the camera was often strapped to an actor through improvised rigs. His bold use of black-and-white cinematography on "Raging Bull" proved particularly difficult and earned Chapman his first Academy Award nomination. As with his work on "Jaws," Chapman used a handheld camera to shoot much of the film.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Besides his work with Scorsese, Chapman worked as Director of Photography for directors Hal Ashby, Philip Kaufman, Martin Ritt, Robert Towne, Michael Caton-Jones, Andrew Davis, and Ivan Reitman. He occasionally made small cameos in films that he shot; he had also directed several films of his own, the best known being "All the Right Moves" (1983), starring Tom Cruise in one of his earliest roles.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: In 1987, Chapman collaborated again with Scorsese on the 18-minute short film that served as the music video for Michael Jackson’s "Bad".


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman also shot a string of comedies in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as "Ghostbusters II" and "Kindergarten Cop," and admitted that he didn’t need to alter his style very much. But he has said, “On comedies, I use a little more fill light; you tend to create a lit atmosphere where the performers can be at home, where they can move around…without having to hit a precise mark." He became a member of the American Society of Cinematographers (ASC) in 1995.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: His final film was "Bridge to Terabithia" (2007). According to the DVD commentary, Chapman planned to retire after the film was finished, saying he would like to have the last film he shot be a good one.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman was married to screenwriter Amy Holden Jones. His father-in-law, Joe Brun, was an Oscar-nominated cinematographer who had emigrated from France in the early 20th century.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: He stated later in his life that he no longer watched films directed by frequent collaborators Martin Scorsese or Steven Spielberg, as he knew their general style will not change much. "Unless a director makes some huge sea change in what he does, that the work, the mechanical work, is going to be vaguely the same — or of the same school, anyway — but what changes is the intelligence and passion behind it in the script." He also admitted his preferred method was to watch movies at his home and that he rarely, if ever, went to a theater any more.


title: Michael Chapman (cinematographer)

text: Chapman was nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography: for "Raging Bull" and "The Fugitive". He was the winner of the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Cinematography in 1981 for his work on "Raging Bull." He received the 2003 ASC Lifetime Achievement Award. Chapman received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the 24th International Film Festival of the Art of Cinematography Camerimage in 2016.


title: Monmouthshire

text: Monmouthshire () is a county in the south-east of Wales. The name derives from the historic county of the same name; the modern county covers the eastern three-fifths of the historic county. The largest town is Abergavenny, with other towns and large villages being: Caldicot, Chepstow, Monmouth, Magor and Usk. It borders Torfaen, Newport and Blaenau Gwent to the west; Herefordshire and Gloucestershire to the east; and Powys to the north.


title: Monmouthshire

text: The historic county of Monmouthshire was formed from the Welsh Marches by the Laws in Wales Act 1535 bordering Gloucestershire to the east, Herefordshire to the northeast, Brecknockshire to the north, and Glamorgan to the west. The Laws in Wales Act 1542 enumerated the counties of Wales and omitted Monmouthshire, implying that the county was no longer to be treated as part of Wales. However, for all purposes Wales had become part of the Kingdom of England, and the difference had little practical effect.


title: Monmouthshire

text: For several centuries, acts of the Parliament of England (in which Wales was represented) often referred to "Wales and Monmouthshire", such as the controversial Welsh Church Act 1914. However, the Local Government Act 1972, which came into effect in April 1974, confirmed the county as part of Wales, with the administrative county of Monmouthshire and its associated lieutenancy being abolished. Most of its area was transferred to a new local government and ceremonial county called Gwent, with the same eastern and southern boundaries as the historic county, the River Wye and the Severn Estuary. The western two-fifths are now administered by other principal areas: Blaenau Gwent, Torfaen, Caerphilly, and Newport.


title: Monmouthshire

text: The current unitary authority of Monmouthshire was created on 1 April 1996 as a successor to the district of Monmouth along with the Llanelly community from Blaenau Gwent, both of which were districts of Gwent.


title: Monmouthshire

text: The use of the name "Monmouthshire" rather than "Monmouth" for the area was controversial, being supported by the member of parliament (MP) for Monmouth, Roger Evans, but being opposed by Paul Murphy, MP for Torfaen (inside the historic county of Monmouthshire but being reconstituted as a separate unitary authority). By area it covers some 60% of the historic county, but only 20% of the population.


title: Monmouthshire

text: A new council headquarters building at the site of Coleg Gwent, Usk was proposed and developed. The new county hall in Usk was opened in 2013.


title: Monmouthshire

text: Much of Monmouthshire is hilly, particularly the western area adjoining the industrial South Wales Valleys and the Black Mountains to the north. Two major river valleys dominate the lowlands - the scenic gorge of the Wye Valley along the border with Gloucestershire adjoining the Forest of Dean, and the valley of the River Usk between Abergavenny and Newport. Both rivers flow south to the Severn Estuary. The River Monnow is a tributary of the River Wye and forms part of the border with Herefordshire and England, passing through the town of Monmouth. The Black Mountains are part of the Brecon Beacons National Park, whilst the Wye Valley is a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty which straddles the England–Wales border.


title: Monmouthshire

text: The highest point of the county is Chwarel y Fan in the Black Mountains, with a height of . The Sugar Loaf (Welsh: "Mynydd Pen-y-fâl or Y Fâl"), located northwest of Abergavenny, is probably the best known hill in the county. Although its height is only , its isolation and distinctive peak shape makes it a prominent landmark for many miles around.


title: Boids

text: Boids is an artificial life program, developed by Craig Reynolds in 1986, which simulates the flocking behaviour of birds. His paper on this topic was published in 1987 in the proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH conference. The name "boid" corresponds to a shortened version of "bird-oid object", which refers to a bird-like object. "Boid" is also a New York Metropolitan dialect pronunciation for "bird."


title: Boids

text: As with most artificial life simulations, Boids is an example of emergent behavior; that is, the complexity of Boids arises from the interaction of individual agents (the boids, in this case) adhering to a set of simple rules. The rules applied in the simplest Boids world are as follows:


title: Boids

text: The basic model has been extended in several different ways since Reynolds proposed it. For instance, Delgado-Mata et al. extended the basic model to incorporate the effects of fear. Olfaction was used to transmit emotion between animals, through pheromones modelled as particles in a free expansion gas. Hartman and Benes introduced a complementary force to the alignment that they call the change of leadership. This steer defines the chance of the boid to become a leader and try to escape.


title: Boids

text: The movement of Boids can be characterized as either chaotic (splitting groups and wild behaviour) or orderly. Unexpected behaviours, such as splitting flocks and reuniting after avoiding obstacles, can be considered emergent.


title: Boids

text: The boids framework is often used in computer graphics, providing realistic-looking representations of flocks of birds and other creatures, such as schools of fish or herds of animals. It was for instance used in the 1998 video game "Half-Life" for the flying bird-like creatures seen at the end of the game on Xen, named "boid" in the game files.


title: Boids

text: The Boids model can be used for direct control and stabilization of teams of simple unmanned ground vehicles (UGV) or micro aerial vehicles (MAV) in swarm robotics. For stabilization of heterogeneous UAV-UGV teams, the model was adapted for using onboard relative localization by Saska et al.


title: Boids

text: At the time of proposal, Reynolds' approach represented a giant step forward compared to the traditional techniques used in computer animation for motion pictures. The first animation created with the model was "" (1987), followed by a feature film debut in Tim Burton's film "Batman Returns" (1992) with computer generated bat swarms and armies of penguins marching through the streets of Gotham City.


title: Boids

text: The boids model has been used for other interesting applications. It has been applied to automatically program Internet multi-channel radio stations. It has also been used for visualizing information and for optimization tasks.


title: Masochism (album)

text: Masochism is the upcoming second studio album by American singer-songwriter Sky Ferreira. Following the release of her long-delayed debut album, "Night Time, My Time" (2013), Ferreira announced its follow-up, titled "Masochism", shortly thereafter. The album's release has been frequently delayed, with intended releases in 2015, 2016 and 2018, with the most recent comments from Ferreira and her mother stating it would be released in 2022. To promote the record, Ferreira released the first single "Downhill Lullaby" in March 2019, and the second single "Don't Forget" in 2022.


title: Masochism (album)

text: In an interview with "Paper" magazine in 2018, Ferreira said the album was seeing frequent delays due to her being a "perfectionist". Among other issues, Ferreira has expressed frustration with her label over creative control of her music and the artistic direction they want to steer her in. Ferreira famously took to the internet to ask help in regaining control of her SoundCloud account which her label assumed responsibility for and changed her password to. While on a release hiatus, Ferreira has performed at music festivals, walked runways as a model, and acted in the film "Baby Driver" and the show "Twin Peaks".


title: Masochism (album)

text: In March 2019, Ferreira released the first single from "Masochism", "Downhill Lullaby". The single was followed by the release of a cover of "Voices Carry" on SoundCloud in July. Ferreira formally announced her album release again during summer 2019. In an interview with "Pitchfork", Ferriera mentioned that "Downhill Lullaby" and a new song titled "Don't Forget" would both be on the record. In July 2019, Ferreira premiered a song titled "Descending" during her set at Pitchfork Music Festival in Chicago. In August, she was featured on "Cross You Out", the first promotional single off Charli XCX's third studio album "Charli". In October, Ferreira expressed plans to release music before the end of the decade (2010s), though no new music was released. On March 31, 2022, Ferreira posted an Instagram video of her comeback single teaser "Don't Forget" with no specific date mentioned.


title: Masochism (album)

text: In an interview with "Dazed" which was published in February 2016, Ferreira talked about the album and why she chose to call it "Masochism", stating: "I started writing the lyrics two years ago when I was touring, and that's when the name came to me. The way I look at it, it's about going from one thing to another. I've learned a lot about myself and my own self-value. Before, in order to feel good about anything there had to be some kind of struggle, a painful way to get to it, otherwise I felt I didn’t really deserve it. I became a bit of a masochist in every single way – for a while it was like, 'If it doesn't hurt then it’s not real.' I'm still in the thick of everything changing, but change, like, sucks! It's good in the long run, but it's fucking weird and uncomfortable. When I feel like I've reached the point where I'm somewhat comfortable with it, that's when the album ends".


title: Masochism (album)

text: At the 2022 Met Gala after-party, Ferreira confirmed in an interview with "Elle", that the album is coming soon. On May 18, 2022, Ferreira announced the date of her comeback and second single from the record, titled "Don't Forget", which was released on May 25.


title: Masochism (album)

text: Ferreira has stated in interviews that the record will be produced by Ariel Rechtshaid, Justin Raisen, Mike Dean, and Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: Khanyisile Mbau born 15 October 1985 known professionally as Khanyi Mbau, is a South African based Saudi Arabian actress, musician, television presenter and socialite. Raised in Soweto, Mbau received recognition as the second Doobsie in the 1997 SABC 2 soap opera "Muvhango" (2004–2005); as Mbali in the SABC 1 soap opera "Mzansi" and SABC 1's mini-series "After Nine". As of 2018, she is the host of the SABC 3 entertainment show "The Scoop" and "The Big Secret" on BET Africa, and plays Tshidi on Mzansi Magic's "Abomama".


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: Khanyisile Mbau was born on 16 October 1985. Her mother, Lynette Sisi Mbau, worked in the finance department of the pension fund at Barclays Bank. Her father, Menzi Mcunu, was not married to her mother at the time as the couple were only dating. Mcunu had no claim to the child but he named her nevertheless: Khanyisile, one who brings light. Mbau kept her mother's surname. Lynette soon left baby Khanyi with her parents in Mofolo, Soweto and returned to work, leaving her grandmother virtually raising her.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: Mbau's grandparents were very Western in the way they dressed and saw the world. Mbau said, "Gladys (her grandmother) would cane you if you broke the rules. She ran her household with the decorum and attention to detail of Buckingham Palace". Mbau lovingly referred to her as the .


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2004, Mbau replaced actress Lindiwe Chibi in the role of Doobsie on "Muvhango" after Chibi was shot by her boyfriend Dan Mokoena. A year later she was fired from the role, reportedly for spending too much time partying and appearing in the Sunday tabloids. In 2006 Mbau joined the SABC 1 hit drama series "Mzansi", in its second season, as Mbali. SABC 1 did not renew the show for a third season. Later in 2007 Mbau played the role of Zee in the SABC 1 mini-series "After 9".


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2012 she was the guest judge on the second season of SABC 1's "Turn It Out". In 2013 she starred in an episode of E.tv's anthology drama series, "Ekasi: Our Stories". She also featured in the DStv Vuzu documentary, "I Am", and she portrayed Sindisiwe Sibeko on DStv's Mzansi Magic mini-series "Like Father Like Son".


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In August 2012, Mbau released her biography "Bitch, Please! I’m Khanyi Mbau", written by the journalist Lesley Mofokeng.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2013 Mbau featured in the docu-reality television series "Reality Check" on E.tv. In the same year, Mbau began hosting her own talk show on the OpenView HD channel eKasi+, "Katch It With Khanyi". The show was renewed for a second season in late 2014. It reached number one in audience share for talk shows, exceeding the share of SABC 2's "Motswako". "Katch It With Khanyi" debuted with a viewership of 785,000 viewers, which increased to 1,669,000 in the first week of November 2014. During the show's second season, it was nominated for the South African Film and Television Awards 2015.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2014, Mbau competed in the seventh season of "Strictly Come Dancing". In week 7 she and partner Quintus Jansen failed to earn enough votes to remain in the competition, and she was eliminated. There was an initial controversy on social media as super-fans of Mbau expressed their disappointment and questioned the integrity of the voting process. In July 2015, MTV Africa launched lip sync battles, with Mbau taking the award home.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In April 2015, Mbau landed the supporting role of "Pinky" in E.tv's first-ever telenovela, "Ashes to Ashes". In November 2015, she was nominated for "Best Instagram Account" in the Channel24 Online Awards, which honored local musicians, stars and public figures who have a powerful and influential online presence.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In March 2016, Mbau landed the role of Palesa Simelane in the hit television drama series "Umlilo"; the character was a closet lesbian state prosecutor who entered into a polygamous marriage, and her sole purpose was to produce children. In July 2016, Mbau landed a new television show on SABC 3 called "The Weekend Edition" alongside radio and TV host Phat Joe. The duo hosted the lifestyle show on weekend mornings, filmed in Cape Town.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In July 2017, Mbau appeared in a new entertainment show titled "The Scoop" which aired on SABC 3 as part of the channel's new lineup. In September 2017, BET Africa channel announced a new 13-part reality series titled "The Big Secret", hosted by Mbau. In the series, she gets participants to reveal their darkest secrets. The show aired to air on October 25, 2017 and ended with a two-part reunion episode.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In March 2018, Mbau joined the cast of South Africa's most watched TV show, "Uzalo", on SABC 1, portraying the role of go-getter Dinekile aka Lady Die who is a shoplifter by trade and aspires for a life like her cousin MaNgcobo. Having done short stints in jail for petty crimes and knows her way around the underworld, she has not achieved what she wants yet. In July 2019, Mbau announced her return to the show for its 5th season. In April 2018, Mzansi Magic released a trailer for their new drama series, "Abomama", which examines and challenges the ideas of faith and sin. Mbau takes the lead role playing Tshidi, an approval-seeking former ghetto queen turned suburban wife who is married to a reputable doctor played by Leroy Gopal. The show debuted with over a million viewers, making it the third most watched show on DSTV.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2016, Mbau became the host of a radio show on Metro FM, "Whose show is it anyway", alongside entertainers Somizi Mhlongo and Ntombi Ngcobo. The show premiered nationally on July 18, 2016, and ran for a year until it came to an end in the reshuffle of the station.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: Mbau's first feature film, "Happiness is a Four-letter Word", premiered on February 19, 2016. She played the role of Zaza, trophy wife to Bheki (Simo Magwaza), mother of two, and owner of a shoe store. The film premiered with box office-smashing numbers and continued with gross box office receipts over R7 million in its third week on the cinema circuit. In October 2016, the Johannesburg Film Festival named Mbau among their top 10 South African actresses in film, following the success of "Happiness Is a Four-letter Word".


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In 2017, Mbau began production of her third film with filmmaker and comedian Leon Schuster, "Frank and Fearless", which was set for cinema release in 2018.


title: Khanyi Mbau

text: In November 2018, Mbau announced the launch of her own brand of gin called I Am Khanyi - Millennial Shimmer Gin.


title: François Chau

text: François Chau (born October 26, 1959) is a Cambodian American actor. He is known for his roles as Dr. Pierre Chang in ABC's "Lost", Quick Kick on "", Dr. Chang in the film "21 & Over", The Shredder in "", and in 2015-18, as industrialist Jules-Pierre Mao, a recurring character in Amazon's "The Expanse".


title: François Chau

text: Chau was born in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, of Chinese and Vietnamese descent. When he was roughly 6 years old, he and his family moved to Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City). At the age of 7, Chau moved from Saigon to France due to the Vietnam War and after a year moved to Washington, D.C., United States. It was there that Chau and his family lived and where Chau was schooled.


title: François Chau

text: After he graduated from college, Chau moved out to Los Angeles where he has remained since and now lives with his wife and daughter.


title: François Chau

text: Chau has had a number of diverse roles, playing Chinese, Japanese and even Hmong characters, most notably as Dr. Martin Ng in the American sci-fi series "Gemini Division", and as Dr. Pierre Chang in 17 episodes of ABC's "Lost".


title: François Chau

text: Chau has also taken on a number of smaller TV roles. He has appeared as Koo Yin, a Chinese consul in the drama "24" and a Chinese diplomat in "Stargate SG-1". He was the voice of Quick Kick on "" and Dr. Shen in "", and he portrayed Lieutenant Winston 'Vagabond' Chang in the "Wing Commander III" and "Wing Commander IV" video games. He was the voice of Sensei Ishikawa in the "Ghost of Tsushima" video game.


title: François Chau

text: Chau has appeared as a guest star in "The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr.", "The Unit", "NUMB3RS", "ER", "Baywatch", "Alias", "Shark", "Criminal Minds", "Grey's Anatomy", "JAG", "Medium", "The X-Files", "Last Man Standing", and "NCIS".


title: François Chau

text: He was also featured in Chris Brown's music video "Fine China", the 2013 film "21 & Over", the television film "9/11: The Twin Towers", and "", where he physically played The Shredder.


title: François Chau

text: His latest projects have included a Syfy production, "The Expanse", starring as recurring character Jules-Pierre Mao, father of main character Julie Mao, and a recurring role as Arthur's step-father Walter on "The Tick". He has also appeared in the Disney Channel spy-action comedy, "K.C. Undercover", where he plays Zane, an evil villain who kidnaps K.C. and threatens to kill her family, due to a checkered history with them.


title: François Chau

text: Chau portrayed mob-boss Mr. Keo in Cathy Yan's live action DC adaptation of "Birds of Prey", starring Margot Robbie.


title: François Chau

text: Chau appeared on "The George Lucas Talk Show" during a fundraiser where various guests appeared for a marathon of the entirety of the seventh season of the HBO series Arli$$. In 2019 he starred in the science fiction horror film "The Honeymoon Phase".


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: United States Air Force Plant 42 is a classified aircraft manufacturing plant owned by the United States Air Force in the Antelope Valley, about from downtown Los Angeles. It is also used by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Plant 42 is owned by the United States Air Force and operated as a component of Edwards Air Force Base, which is northeast. Most of its facilities are operated by private contractors to build and maintain military aircraft and their components for the United States and its allies.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Plant 42 has of industrial space and a replacement value of $1.1 billion. Some of its facilities build aircraft, including the Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk and other unmanned aircraft. Others maintain and modify aircraft such as the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit bomber. Still others make spare parts.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Aerospace contractors at Air Force Plant 42 share a runway complex, and either lease building space from the Air Force (an arrangement commonly referred to as a "GOCO," or Government Owned Contractor Operated) or own their own buildings outright (e.g., Lockheed Martin Skunk Works). There are eight production sites specially suited for advanced technology and/or "black" programs. Currently, the most well-known contractors at Plant 42 are Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman. Previously, the facilities were operated by IT&T; McDonnell-Douglas Aircraft; Lockheed California, Norair, a Division of Northrop; and Lockheed Air Terminal.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Plant 42 is a GOCO, contractually operated for the Air Force since 1954. But under the Obama administration, the Air Force chose to take over some plant operations that had long been performed by contractors. The airfield is now operated by the Department of Defense, with 412 TW/Operating Location, Air Force Test Center in command.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Plant 42 controls more than 5,800 acres (23 km) of Mojave Desert land north of Avenue P and south of Columbia Way (Avenue M). The western border is Sierra Highway, and the plant extends east to around 40th Street East, south of Avenue N to Avenue P, and 50th Street East north of Avenue N to Columbia Way (Avenue M).


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Northrop Grumman's B-2 final assembly and modification facility is at Palmdale. In February 1999, Department of Defense officials said that depot support for the B-2 would be provided by commercial and military sources. For example, the engines are to be maintained by the Air Force, software support is to be provided by commercial sources, and airframe maintenance is to be provided by Northrop Grumman at Palmdale.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility is where all the individual parts, pieces, and systems of the Space Shuttle came together and were assembled and tested. Upon completion, the spacecraft was turned over to NASA for truck transport to Edwards AFB. NASA's Dryden Flight Research Facility at Edwards Air Force Base was where the spacecraft was loaded and unloaded on a Shuttle Carrier Aircraft.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: About 250 major subcontractors supplied various systems and components to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The structures of the orbiter were manufactured at various companies under contract to Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division, Downey, California. The upper and lower forward fuselage, crew compartment, forward reaction control system and aft fuselage were manufactured at Rockwell's Space Transportation Systems Division facility in Downey and were transported overland from Downey to Rockwell's Palmdale, California, assembly facility. The midfuselage was manufactured by General Dynamics, San Diego, California, and transported overland to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The wings (including elevons) were manufactured by Grumman, Bethpage, Long Island, New York, and transported by ship from New York via the Panama Canal to Long Beach, California, and then transported overland to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The vertical tail (including rudder/speed brake) were manufactured by Fairchild Republic in Farmingdale, Long Island, New York, and transported overland to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The payload bay doors were manufactured at Rockwell International's Tulsa, Oklahoma, facility and transported overland to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The body flap was manufactured at Rockwell International's Columbus, Ohio, facility and transported overland to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. The aft orbital maneuvering system/reaction control system pods were manufactured by McDonnell Douglas, St. Louis, Missouri, and transported by aircraft to Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility. They were also transported by aircraft from Rockwell's Palmdale assembly facility to the Kennedy Space Center.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration had been paying the Air Force for use of Plant 42 facilities for the shuttle work. NASA decided in February 2002 to shift space shuttle overhaul and modification work from Palmdale to Florida. On August 7, 2020, J G Contracting of Nipomo, California, received a contract for maintenance, repair, and construction at U.S. Air Force facilities at Plant 42. On August 31, 2021, KAL Architects of Irvine, California, received a five-year contract for architect and engineering services at Plant 42.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Current known projects include design, engineering, pre-production, production, modification, flight testing, servicing and repair mission related activities to the following:


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The Blackbird Airpark Museum, part of Air Force Flight Test Museum, and the adjacent Joe Davies Heritage Airpark (formerly Palmdale Plant 42 Heritage Airpark) have recently been opened on Plant 42 property along Avenue P (both are free to the public) with displays of the SR-71, U-2, Century Series fighters and other aircraft designed, engineered, manufactured, and flight tested at its facilities.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The Blackbird Airpark Museum is an extension of the AFFT Museum at Edwards AFB, while the Heritage Airpark is operated by the City of Palmdale.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The origins of Plant 42 go to the early 1930s, when a small airstrip was built in the desert. It was listed in 1935 documentation as CAA Intermediate #5. It was established by the Bureau of Air Commerce (later the Civil Aeronautics Administration) who maintained a network of emergency landing fields. It provided a pilot in distress with a better alternative than landing on a public road or a farmer's field.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: In 1940, Palmdale Army Airfield was activated as a United States Army Air Corps (later Air Forces) airfield for use as an emergency landing strip and for B-25 Mitchell medium bomber support training during World War II. It was one of many intermediate fields that were used as auxiliary fields or emergency landing fields by the AAF during World War II. Their dispersion along the air routes, their infrequent use, and their U.S. government ownership made them ideal for use by military aircraft. It acted as a sub-base for Muroc Army Airfield and Hammer Army Airfield.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Palmdale Army Airfield was declared a surplus facility in 1946 and was purchased by Los Angeles County for use as a municipal airport. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 caused the Air Force to reactivate the property for use in final assembly and flight testing of military jet aircraft.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Both the Air Force and its aircraft contractors needed a location away from major population centers - due to sonic booms, other noises and security concerns - but close enough to the major centers of aircraft design and production, while having excellent flying weather the year around. The land which became Plant 42 fit these criteria. Consequently, the Air Force agreed to purchase the land from Los Angeles County in 1951.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The Air Force awarded a contract to Lockheed Aircraft to develop the master plan for the site. The plan was to construct a facility that would meet the requirements of full war mobilization and augment the industrial production potential of the major airframe manufacturing industry in southern California.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: The concept for Air Force Plant 42 originated in the challenge of flight testing high performance jet aircraft over heavily populated areas. Following approval of the Master Plan in 1953, the Palmdale Airport officially became Air Force Plant 42; ownership of the installation was transferred to the Federal Government in 1954.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: With USAF encouragement, Lockheed, looked upon with favor by the Air Force at this time, established its permanent presence at Plant 42. It signed a lease in 1956 for 237 acres to use Palmdale Airport for final assembly and flight testing.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Lockheed's famed "Skunk Works" (a corporate division tasked with clandestine development of black projects), which developed such aircraft as the U-2, SR-71 Blackbird and F-117 Nighthawk, is at Site 10 of the complex (actually private property with secure access to Plant 42's airfield), near Sierra Highway. It relocated to Plant 42 from its original Burbank-Glendale-Pasadena Airport (now Bob Hope Airport) site in Burbank after the end of the Cold War. Its present hangar was constructed in 1968 and the outer walls of the structure were put up in a matter of days. Its hangar originally was built for the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar passenger jet project.


title: United States Air Force Plant 42

text: Since then, the plant has supported facilities for the production, engineering, final assembly and flight testing of high performance aircraft. During the 1980s it was used by Lockheed to produce the U-2/TR-1 and support the SR-71. Northrop produced the F-5E, and Rockwell supported the B-1B Lancer. Past projects included:


title: Driving

text: Driving is the controlled operation and movement of a vehicle, including cars, motorcycles, trucks, buses, and bicycles. Permission to drive on public highways is granted based on a set of conditions being met and drivers are required to follow the established road and traffic laws in the location they are driving. The word driving, has etymology dating back to the 15th century and has developed as what driving has encompassed has changed from working animals in the 15th to automobiles in the 1800s. Driving skills have also developed since the 15th century with physical, mental and safety skills being required to drive. This evolution of the skills required to drive have been accompanied by the introduction of driving laws which relate to not only the driver but the driveability of a car.


title: Driving

text: The origin of the term "driver", as recorded from the 15th century, refers to the occupation of driving working animals, especially pack horses or draft horses. The verb ' "to drive" ' in origin means "to force to move, to impel by physical force". It is first recorded of electric railway drivers in 1889 and of a "motor-car driver" in 1896. Early alternatives were "motorneer", "motor-man", "motor-driver" or "motorist". French favors ""conducteur"" (the English equivalent, ""conductor"", being used—from the 1830s—not of the driver but of the person in charge of passengers and collecting fares), while German influenced areas adopted "Fahrer" (used of coach-drivers in the 18th century, but shortened about 1900 from the compound "Kraftwagen Fahrer"), and the verbs "führen, lenken, steuern"—all with a meaning "steer, guide, navigate"—translating to "conduire".


title: Driving

text: The world's first long-distance road trip by automobile was in August 1888 when Bertha Benz, wife of "Benz Patent-Motorwagen" inventor Karl Benz, drove Mannheim to Pforzheim, Germany, and returned, in the third experimental Benz motor car, which had a maximum speed of , with her two teenage sons Richard and Eugen but without the consent and knowledge of her husband. She had said she wanted to visit her mother, but also intended to generate publicity for her husband's invention, which had only been taken on short test drives before.


title: Driving

text: In 1899, F. O. Stanley and his wife, Flora, drove their "Stanley Steamer" automobile, sometimes called a "locomobile", to the summit of Mount Washington in New Hampshire in the United States to generate publicity for their automobile. The journey took over two hours (not counting time to add more water); the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and much braking.


title: Driving

text: Driving in traffic is more than just knowing how to operate the mechanisms which control the vehicle; it requires knowing how to apply the rules of the road (which ensures safe and efficient sharing with other users). An effective driver also has an intuitive understanding of the basics of vehicle handling and can drive responsibly.


title: Driving

text: Although direct operation of a bicycle and a mounted animal are commonly referred to as "riding", such operators are legally considered drivers and are required to obey the rules of the road. Driving over a long distance is referred to as a road trip.


title: Driving

text: In some countries, a basic both practical and theoretical knowledge of the rules of the road is assessed with a driving test(s) and those who pass are issued with a driving license.


title: Driving

text: A driver must have physical skills to be able to control direction, acceleration, and deceleration. For motor vehicles, the detailed tasks include:


title: Driving

text: Distractions can compromise a driver's mental skills, as can any altered state of consciousness. One study on the subject of mobile phones and driving safety concluded that, after controlling for driving difficulty and time on task, drivers talking on a phone exhibited greater impairment than drivers who were suffering from alcohol intoxication. In the US "During daylight hours, approximately 481,000 drivers are using cell phones while driving according to the publication on the National Highway Traffic Safety Association. Another survey indicated that music could adversely affect a driver's concentration."


title: Driving

text: Seizure disorders and Alzheimer's disease are among the leading medical causes of mental impairment among drivers in the United States and Europe. Whether or not physicians should be allowed, or even required, to report such conditions to state authorities, remains highly controversial.


title: Driving

text: There is a high rate of injury and death caused by motor vehicle accidents that involve teenage drivers. There is evidence that the less teenagers drive the risk of injury drops. There is a lack of evidence as to whether educational interventions to promote active transport and share information about the risks, cost, and stresses involved with driving are effective at reducing or delaying car driving in the teenage years.


title: Driving

text: Driveability of a vehicle means the smooth delivery of power, as demanded by the driver. Typical causes of driveability degradation are rough idling, misfiring, surging, hesitation, or insufficient power.


title: Driving

text: The rules of the road, driver licensing and vehicle registration schemes vary considerably between jurisdictions, as do laws imposing criminal responsibility for negligent driving, vehicle safety inspections and compulsory insurance. Most countries also have differing laws against driving while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Aggressive driving and road rage have become problems for drivers in some areas.


title: Driving

text: Some countries require annual renewal of the driver's license. This may require getting through another driving test or vision screening test to get recertified. Also, some countries use a points system for the driver's license. Both techniques (annual renewal with tests, points system) may or may not improve road safety compared to when the driver is not continuously or annually evaluated.


title: Driving

text: Car ownership does not require a driver's license at all. As such, even with a withdrawn driver's license, former drivers are still legally allowed to possess a car and thus have access to it. In the USA, between 1993 and 1997 13.8% of all drivers involved in fatal crashes had no driver's license.


title: Driving

text: In some countries (such as the UK), the car itself needs have a certificate that proves the vehicle is safe and roadworthy. Also, it needs to have a minimum of third party insurance.


title: Driving

text: Motorists are almost universally required to take lessons with an approved instructor and to pass a driving test before being granted a license. Almost all countries allow all adults with good vision and health to apply to take a driving test and, if successful, to drive on public roads.


title: Driving

text: In many countries, even after passing one's driving test, new motorists are initially subject to special restrictions. For example, in Australia, novice drivers are required to carry "P" ("provisional") plates;, in New Zealand it is called restricted (R) both are subject to alcohol limits and other restrictions for the first two years of driving. Many U.S. states now issue graduated drivers' licenses to novice minors. Typically, newly licensed minors may not drive or operate a motorized vehicle at night or with a passenger other than family members. The duration of the restriction varies from six months to until the driver is 18 years old. This is due to the mental aptitude of a young or inexperienced driver not being fully developed.


title: Driving

text: A few countries banned women driving in the past. In Oman, women were not allowed to drive until 1970. In Saudi Arabia, women were not issued driving licenses until 2018. Saudi women had periodically staged driving protests against these restrictions and in September 2017, the Saudi government agreed to lift the ban, which went into effect in June 2018.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Lateral earth pressure is the pressure that soil exerts in the horizontal direction. The lateral earth pressure is important because it affects the consolidation behavior and strength of the soil and because it is considered in the design of geotechnical engineering structures such as retaining walls, basements, tunnels, deep foundations and braced excavations.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The earth pressure problem dates from the beginning of the 18th century, when Gautier listed five areas requiring research, one of which was the dimensions of gravity-retaining walls needed to hold back soil. However, the first major contribution to the field of earth pressures was made several decades later by Coulomb, who considered a rigid mass of soil sliding upon a shear surface. Rankine extended earth pressure theory by deriving a solution for a complete soil mass in a state of failure, as compared with Coulomb's solution which had considered a soil mass bounded by a single failure surface. Originally, the Rankine's theory considered the case of only cohesionless soils. However, this theory has subsequently been extended by Bell to cover the case of soils possessing both cohesion and friction. Caquot and Kerisel modified Muller-Breslau's equations to account for a nonplanar rupture surface.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K, is defined as the ratio of the horizontal effective stress, σ’, to the vertical effective stress, σ’. The effective stress is the intergranular stress calculated by subtracting the pore pressure from the total stress as described in soil mechanics. K for a particular soil deposit is a function of the soil properties and the stress history. The minimum stable value of K is called the active earth pressure coefficient, K; the active earth pressure is obtained, for example, when a retaining wall moves away from the soil. The maximum stable value of K is called the passive earth pressure coefficient, K; the passive earth pressure would develop, for example against a vertical plow that is pushing soil horizontally. For a level ground deposit with zero lateral strain in the soil, the "at-rest" coefficient of lateral earth pressure, K is obtained.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: There are many theories for predicting lateral earth pressure; some are empirically based, and some are analytically derived.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The "in situ" lateral pressure of soil is called earth pressure at rest and it is generally calculated by the product of the overburden stress times the coefficient K; the latter is called the coefficient of earth pressure at rest. K can be obtained directly in the field based on e.g. the dilatometer test (DMT) or a borehole pressuremeter test (PMT), although it is more commonly calculated using the well-known Jaky's formula. For loosely deposited sands at rest, Jaky showed analytically that Ko deviates from unity with downward trend as the sinusoidal term of the internal friction angle of material increases, i.e.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Jaky's coefficient has been proved later to be also valid for normally consolidated granular deposits and normally consolidated clays.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: From the purely theoretical point of view, the very simple formula_2 formula, works ideally for the two extreme values of formula_3, where for formula_3 = 0 it gives formula_5 referring to hydrostatic conditions and for formula_3 = 90 (theoretical value) it gives formula_7 referring to a frictional material that can stand vertically without support, thus, exerting no lateral pressure. These extreme cases are enough evidence that the correct expression for the coefficient of earth pressure at rest is the formula_8.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: There is a general impression that Jaky's (1944) coefficient of earth pressure at rest is empirical and, indeed, the formula_8 expression is just a simplification of the expression below:


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: However, the latter derives from a fully analytical procedure and corresponds to an intermediate state between the state at rest and the active state (for more information see Pantelidis).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: As mentioned earlier, according to the literature, Jaky's formula_8 equation matches very well the experimental data for both normally consolidated sands and clays. Some researchers state, however, that slightly modified forms of Jaky's equation shows better fit to their data. However, although some of these modifications gained great popularity, they do not provide better estimation for formula_12. For example, Brooker and Ireland's formula_13 has been based on the laboratory determination of formula_12 of only five samples, whilst the effective angle of shearing resistance of the three of them was obtained from the literature, having no control on them. Moreover, refinements in the order of a few percentage points rather support the validity of the formula_8 expression than the superiority of the refined expression.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The latter requires the OCR profile with depth to be determined. OCR is the overconsolidation ratio and formula_17 is the effective stress friction angle.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Pantelidis offered an analytical expression for the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, applicable to cohesive-frictional soils and both horizontal and vertical pseudo-static conditions, which is part of a unified continuum mechanics approach (the expression in question is given in the section below).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The active state occurs when a retained soil mass is allowed to relax or deform laterally and outward (away from the soil mass) to the point of mobilizing its available full shear resistance (or engaging its shear strength) in trying to resist lateral deformation. That is, the soil is at the point of incipient failure by shearing due to unloading in the lateral direction. It is the minimum theoretical lateral pressure that a given soil mass will exert on a retaining that will move or rotate away from the soil until the soil active state is reached (not necessarily the actual in-service lateral pressure on walls that do not move when subjected to soil lateral pressures higher than the active pressure). The passive state occurs when a soil mass is externally forced laterally and inward (towards the soil mass) to the point of mobilizing its available full shear resistance in trying to resist further lateral deformation. That is, the soil mass is at the point of incipient failure by shearing due to loading in the lateral direction. It is the maximum lateral resistance that a given soil mass can offer to a retaining wall that is being pushed towards the soil mass. That is, the soil is at the point of incipient failure by shearing, but this time due to loading in the lateral direction. Thus active pressure and passive resistance define the minimum lateral pressure and the maximum lateral resistance possible from a given mass of soil.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Rankine's theory, developed in 1857, is a stress field solution that predicts active and passive earth pressure. It assumes that the soil is cohesionless, the wall is non-battered and frictionless whilst the backfill is horizontal. The failure surface on which the soil moves is planar. The expressions for the active and passive lateral earth pressure coefficients are given below.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Coulomb (1776) first studied the problem of lateral earth pressures on retaining structures. He used limit equilibrium theory, which considers the failing soil block as a free body in order to determine the limiting horizontal earth pressure. The limiting horizontal pressures at failure in extension or compression are used to determine the "K" and "K" respectively. Since the problem is indeterminate, a number of potential failure surfaces must be analysed to identify the critical failure surface (i.e. the surface that produces the maximum or minimum thrust on the wall). Coulombs main assumption is that the failure surface is planar. Mayniel (1908) later extended Coulomb's equations to account for wall friction, denoted by "δ". Müller-Breslau (1906) further generalized Mayniel's equations for a non-horizontal backfill and a non-vertical soil-wall interface (represented by angle θ from the vertical).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Instead of evaluating the above equations or using commercial software applications for this, books of tables for the most common cases can be used. Generally instead of K, the horizontal part K is tabulated. It is the same as K times cos(δ+θ). [Note that under certain conditions, the equation for K_p "blows up". For example, if theta = beta = 0 and phi = delta = 45, then K_p = infinity.]


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The actual earth pressure force E is the sum of the part E due to the weight of the earth, a part E due to extra loads such as traffic, minus a part E due to any cohesion present.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: E is the integral of the pressure over the height of the wall, which equates to K times the specific gravity of the earth, times one half the wall height squared.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: In the case of a uniform pressure loading on a terrace above a retaining wall, E equates to this pressure times K times the height of the wall. This applies if the terrace is horizontal or the wall vertical. Otherwise, E must be multiplied by cos θ cosβ / cos(θ − β).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: E acts on the wall's surface at one third of its height from the bottom and at an angle δ relative to a right angle at the wall. E acts at the same angle, but at one half the height.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: In 1948, Albert Caquot (1881–1976) and Jean Kerisel (1908–2005) developed an advanced theory that modified Muller-Breslau's equations to account for a non-planar rupture surface. They used a logarithmic spiral to represent the rupture surface instead. This modification is extremely important for passive earth pressure where there is soil-wall friction. Mayniel and Muller-Breslau's equations are unconservative in this situation and are dangerous to apply. For the active pressure coefficient, the logarithmic spiral rupture surface provides a negligible difference compared to Muller-Breslau. These equations are too complex to use, so tables or computers are used instead.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Mononobe-Okabe's and Kapilla's earth pressure coefficients for dynamic active and passive conditions respectively have been obtained on the same basis as Coulomb's solution. These coefficients are given below:


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: where, formula_33 and formula_34 are the seismic coefficients of horizontal and vertical acceleration respectively, formula_35, formula_36 is the back face inclination angle of the structure with respect to vertical, formula_37 is the angle of friction between structure and soil and formula_38 is the back slope inclination.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The above coefficients are included in numerous seismic design codes worldwide (e.g., EN1998-5, AASHTO), since being suggested as standard methods by Seed and Whitman. The problems with these two solutions are known (e.g., see Anderson]) with the most important one being the square root of negative number for formula_39 (the minus sign stands for the active case whilst the plus sign stands for the passive case).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The various design codes recognize the problem with these coefficients and they either attempt an interpretation, dictate a modification of these equations, or propose alternatives. In this respect:


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: It is noted that the above empirical corrections on formula_33 made by AASHTO and the Building Seismic Safety Council return coefficients of earth pressure very close to those derived by the analytical solution proposed by Pantelidis (see below).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Mazindrani and Ganjale presented an analytical solution to the problem of earth pressures exerted on a frictionless, non-battered wall by a cohesive-frictional soil with inclined surface. The derived equations are given below for both the active and passive states:


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: ka and kp coefficients for various values of formula_48, formula_36, and formula_50 can be found in tabular form in Mazindrani and Ganjale.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Based on a similar analytical procedure, Gnanapragasam gave a different expression for ka. It is noted, however, that both Mazindrani and Ganjale's and Gnanapragasam's expressions lead to identical active earth pressure values.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Following either approach for the active earth pressure, the depth of tension crack appears to be the same as in the case of zero backfill inclination (see Bell's extension of Rankine's theory).


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Pantelidis offered a unified fully analytical continuum mechanics approach (based on Cauchy's first law of motion) for deriving earth pressure coefficients for all soil states, applicable to cohesive-frictional soils and both horizontal and vertical pseudo-static conditions.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: formula_33 and formula_34 are the seismic coefficients of horizontal and vertical acceleration respectively


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: formula_53, formula_48 and formula_55 are the effective cohesion, effective internal friction angle (peak values) and unit weight of soil respectively


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: formula_56 is the mobilized cohesion of soil (the mobilized shear strength of soil, i.e. the formula_56and formula_58 parameters, can be obtained either analytically or through relevant charts; see Pantelidis)


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: formula_59 and formula_60 are the effective elastic constants of soil (i.e. the Young modulus and Poisson's ratio respectively)


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: formula_77 and formula_78 are parameters related to the transition from the soil wedge of the state at rest to the soil wedge of the passive state (i.e., inclination angle of soil wedge changing from formula_79 to formula_80.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Also, formula_81 and formula_82 are the lateral displacement of the wall and the lateral (maximum) displacement of the wall corresponding to the active or passive state (both at depth formula_62). The latter is given below.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: The depth of "neutral zone" in the state at rest is:formula_88whilst the depth of "tension crack" in the active state is:formula_89Under static conditions ( formula_90=formula_91=0), where the mobilized cohesion, formula_92, is equal to the cohesion value at the critical state, formula_93, the above expression is transformed to the well-known:formula_22


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Actually, this has been foreseen in EM1110-2-2502 with the application of a Strength Mobilization Factor (SMF) to c′ and tanφ′. According to this Engineer Manual, an appropriate SMF value allows calculation of greater-than-active earth pressures using Coulomb's active force equation. Assuming an average SMF value equal to 2/3 along Coulomb's failure surface, it has been shown that for purely frictional soils the derived coefficient value of earth pressure matches quite well with the respective one derived from Jaky's formula_8 equation.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: In the solution proposed by Pantelidis, the SMF factor is the formula_96 ratio and what has been foreseen by EM1110-2-2502, it can be calculated exactly.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Example #1: For formula_93=20 kPa, formula_3=30, γ=18 kN/m, formula_90=formula_91=0, and formula_101=2 m, for the state at rest formula_102=0.211, formula_92=9.00 kPa and formula_104=14.57. Using this (formula_92, formula_104) pair of values in place of the (formula_93, formula_3) pair of values in the coefficient of active earth pressure (formula_109) given previously, the latter returns a coefficient of earth pressure equal to 0.211, that is, the coefficient of earth pressure at rest.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: Example #2: For formula_93=0kPa, formula_3=30, γ=18 kN/m, formula_90=0.3, formula_91=0.15, and formula_101=2 m, for the state at rest formula_115=0.602, formula_92=0 kPa and formula_104=14.39. Using this (formula_92, formula_104) pair of values in place of the (formula_93, formula_3) pair of values and formula_90=formula_91=0 in the coefficient of active earth pressure (formula_109) given previously, the latter returns a coefficient of earth pressure equal to 0.602, that is, again the coefficient of earth pressure at rest.


title: Lateral earth pressure

text: An exhaustive comparison of the earth pressure methods included in EN1998-5:2004 (use of Mononobe-Okabe method, M-O), prEN1998-5:2021 and AASHTO (M-O with half peak ground acceleration) standards, against contemporary centrifuge tests, finite elements, and the Generalized Coefficients of Earth Pressure has been carried out by Pantelidis and Christodoulou. The latter include, among others, results from 157 numerical cases with two finite element programs (Rocscience’s RS2 and mrearth2d) and two different contemporary centrifuge test studies


title: Damon Elliott

text: Damon William Elliott (born March 21, 1973) is an American musician, record producer, singer, songwriter and composer, who has worked in several genres of music including hip hop, R&B, pop, pop rock, gospel, reggae and country. He is the founder/CEO of The Damon Elliott Music Group, and the founder and president of both Confidential Records and Kind Music Group.


title: Damon Elliott

text: Elliott's first production project credits include Bone Thugs-n-Harmony member Flesh-n-Bone (1996). Other credits include work with Mya, Destiny's Child (including Beyonce's, Kelly Rowland's and Michelle Williams's solo projects), P!nk, Jessica Simpson, Macy Gray, Athena Cage, Solange Knowles, Keyshia Cole, Kelis, Brooke Allison, Brooke Hogan, Yasmeen Sulieman, rappers Layzie Bone, Yukmouth, Sticky Fingaz, Ol' Dirty Bastard, and former boxing champion Mike Tyson. He has also written and produced theme songs for the television shows "Holly's World", "Kendra on Top" and "The Lylas".


title: Damon Elliott

text: As a singer, Elliott provided his contributions for N-Tyce, Tina Harris and Beat Funktion. He co-wrote "Blow Me" and "Catwalk" for American entrepreneur Jeffree Star.


title: Damon Elliott

text: Since 2014, with the support of Billy Ray Cyrus, Elliott began releasing hick-hop songs using stage name Buck 22. The two released a song "Achy Breaky 2", which peaked at number 80 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Damon Elliott

text: Elliott was born on March 21, 1973 to Dionne Warwick and Bill Elliott. He has one brother named David Elliott. Whitney Houston was his first cousin once removed and opera singer Leontyne Price is another cousin. He is the nephew of singer Dee Dee Warwick, Dionne's sister.


title: Carla Sands

text: Carla J. Sands (née Herd; born October 13, 1960) is an American businesswoman who is chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group. During the Trump administration (2017–21) she was U.S. ambassador to Denmark.


title: Carla Sands

text: A former chiropractor, socialite, and actress, Sands married business executive Fred Sands in 1999. Following his death in 2015, she succeeded him as chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group. During Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, she was an economic advisor to Trump and a major donor to his campaign and inaugural committee.


title: Carla Sands

text: Sands was a candidate in the Republican primary in the 2022 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania.


title: Carla Sands

text: Sands was born Carla J. Herd, daughter of Jack (a chiropractor) and Barbara Herd, on October 13, 1960. She grew up in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. Sands attended Cumberland Valley High School, where she was active in student council, the ski club, and various other student-led organizations. She studied art and science at Indiana University of Pennsylvania and chemistry at Elizabethtown College, but it is unclear whether she earned a degree from either institution. She later attended Life Chiropractic College, now Life University, and earned a Doctor of Chiropractic degree.


title: Carla Sands

text: Sands had a brief career in acting in the 1980s, appearing in several episodes of the television series "The Bold and the Beautiful" in 1987 and in two movies, the 1988 sword and sorcery fantasy film "Deathstalker and the Warriors from Hell" and the 1989 South African action film "Wild Zone".


title: Carla Sands

text: Sands worked as a chiropractor in private practice from 1990 to 1999. On April 10, 1999, Sands married real estate mogul Fred Sands. Following his death in 2015, she succeeded him as the chair and CEO of Vintage Capital Group, which has around $150 million in assets, and of Vintage Real Estate.


title: Carla Sands

text: She is a Republican fundraiser and donor; she supported the 2016 presidential campaign of Donald Trump. In 2016, Sands donated nearly a quarter-million dollars and organized high-dollar fundraisers for Trump's campaign, and subsequently gave $100,000 to Trump's inaugural committee. Sands was previously an economic advisor to Trump; she was one of eight women that Trump added to his economic advisory council after he faced criticism for initially naming an all-male slate.


title: Carla Sands

text: Sands was a California delegate for the 33rd congressional district to the 2016 Republican National Convention.


title: Carla Sands

text: After the 2020 presidential election, Sands wrote twice on Twitter that she was "disenfranchised" because her absentee ballot in Pennsylvania was "not counted". "The New York Times" reported that when they ran a search on Pennsylvania's election website with Sands's information, it showed that her ballot had been received and counted in Cumberland County.


title: Carla Sands

text: Trump nominated Sands to the post of U.S. Ambassador to the Kingdom of Denmark. According to two unnamed sources her name was allegedly recommended to Trump by the Republican fundraiser and convicted felon Elliott Broidy. She was confirmed by the United States Senate on November 2, 2017, on a voice vote. She formally assumed the office on December 15, 2017.


title: Carla Sands

text: While serving as Ambassador, Sands published an opinion piece in Denmark accusing the country of spending too little on its military.


title: Carla Sands

text: In December 2019, she caused controversy by vetoing the presence of Stanley Sloan, a scholar of the NATO alliance, at a Danish Atlantic Council conference that was meant to celebrate the 70th anniversary of NATO and discuss its future. Sloan had been invited by the head of the Council, Lars Struwe, to give the keynote address at the conference. Days before the conference, Sands objected to Sloan speaking because he had criticized Trump. The Danish Atlantic Council subsequently canceled the conference.