title: 2022 Georgia state elections

text: On August 19, 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a ruling by Judge Steven D. Grimberg in the case "Rose v. Raffensperger" postponing both Georgia Public Service Commission elections which were due to be held on November 8, 2022. As a result, the following nominees for Districts 2 and 3 were removed from the general election ballot.


title: 2022 Georgia state elections

text: On July 21, 2021, Republican Fitz Johnson was appointed by Governor Kemp to fill the vacancy created when incumbent commissioner Chuck Eaton resigned after being appointed to the Fulton County Superior Court. Johnson will run in the special election to serve the remainder of Eaton's term.


title: 2022 Georgia state elections

text: All 56 State Senate and 180 State House seats were up for election. Republicans retained their majorities in both houses.


title: 2022 Georgia state elections

text: Three seats on the Supreme Court of Georgia were up for nonpartisan statewide election to succeed justices David Nahmias, Carla W. McMillian and Shawn Ellen LaGrua.


title: 2022 Georgia state elections

text: During the regular primary, most counties and several consolidated city-county governments held nonpartisan elections for mayor, select city council or county commission seats, and select board of education seats, including Columbus, Athens, and Augusta.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro () is a 1983 Indian Hindi-language satirical black comedy film directed by Kundan Shah and produced by NFDC. It is a dark satire on the rampant corruption in Indian politics, bureaucracy, news media and business, and stars an ensemble cast including Naseeruddin Shah, Ravi Baswani, Om Puri, Pankaj Kapur, Satish Shah, Satish Kaushik, Bhakti Barve and Neena Gupta.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: Kundan Shah won the 1984 Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director for his work. The film was part of the NFDC Retrospective at India International Film Festival in 2006.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: Professional photographers Vinod Chopra and Sudhir Mishra open a photo studio in the prestigious Haji Ali area in Bombay, and hope to make enough money to keep it running. After a disastrous start, they are given some work by the editor of "Khabardar" (), a publication that exposes the scandalous lives of the rich and the famous. They accept it and start working with the editor, Shobha Sen, on a story exposing the dealings between an unscrupulous builder, Tarneja, and corrupt Municipal Commissioner D'Mello. During their investigation, they find out that another builder Ahuja who is Tarneja's business rival is also involved in this dealing to get a contract for building 4 flyovers from D'Mello. Next, the duo are assigned to secretly enter Tarneja's house and create a rift between Tarneja and Ahuja who will compromise on the contracts to be given to them from D'Mello. Vinod and Sudhir somehow successfully create a rift between the two by secretly informing Tarneja's assistant Ashok in the guise of Albert Pinto that Ahuja is actually Shobha's friend and wants to cheat Tarneja. The fight takes place until Tarneja's secretary Priya arrives with Assistant Municipal Commissioner Srivastav and tells them that D'Mello has given the contracts to neither Tarneja nor Ahuja but to someone else.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: While working on the story, Sudhir and Vinod decide to enter a photography contest that carries prize money of Rs. 5000/-, and take a number of photographs all over the city. On developing their pictures, in one of the photographs, they see a man shooting someone and after enlarging it, they realize that the killer is none other than Tarneja. They immediately return to the park where they shot that photo and eventually find out the crime scene. They find the body lying behind the bushes but before the duo can get to the body, it disappears, but they manage to retrieve one of a pair of gold cuff links. Sometime later, they attend the inauguration of a bridge dedicated to the memory of late D'Mello who is supposed to have died of a terminal disease. There they discover the other cuff link. They return at night and dig up the area and unearth a coffin containing the dead body of D'Mello.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: They take several photographs of the corpse, and wheel it with them with the hopes of exposing Tarneja. However, the body disappears. They lie to Shobha saying that the body is hidden safely with them. Shobha, in turn, starts blackmailing Tarneja. He invites her, Vinod and Sudhir for dinner and plants a time bomb to kill them. Unfortunately, the bomb explodes after the three escape. They later find out from the news that the bridge built in the memory of D'Mello collapsed and the police are suspecting Vinod and Sudhir. The duo eventually find out about Shobha's blackmailing and after telling her the truth that the body is missing, the duo bid goodbye to Shobha after realizing that there's no difference between her and Tarneja.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: Vinod and Sudhir find out that the body is with Ahuja who had, in an inebriated condition, carried the coffin to his farmhouse. They steal the corpse but not before Tarneja, Ahuja, Srivastav, Shobha and others also get involved resulting in a series of comic mix-ups.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: The police arrive and Vinod and Sudhir present their evidence to the police officer. Srivastav tells the officer to wait a few minutes before arresting Tarneja. Tarneja tells Ahuja and Shobha that if he goes to jail, he would make sure that their malpractices are also exposed. In a twist ending, they all come to an agreement and Srivastav manages to pin the collapse of the bridge on Vinod and Sudhir. In the final scene, Vinod and Sudhir are shown several months/years later released from prison, still in their prison clothes. They turn to the camera and make a symbolic cut-throat gesture, signifying the death of justice and truth.


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: The film was not immediately successful at the box office when released, but was eventually regarded as a cult classic, which is reflected in a recent comment by Indian Express that the film's high recall value even after 37 years, is due to "it(s) superb satirical depiction of the essential, timeless, human condition: supreme self-interest versus some moral/ethical anchor. What made the depiction particularly powerful was its setting: India of the early '80s".


title: Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro

text: A digitally restored print of the film was released on 2 November 2012 at selected theaters. The film opened to an enthusiastic welcome from the media and discerning filmgoers.


title: Contradiction

text: In traditional logic, a contradiction occurs when a proposition conflicts either with itself or established fact. It is often used as a tool to detect disingenuous beliefs and bias. Illustrating a general tendency in applied logic, Aristotle's law of noncontradiction states that "It is impossible that the same thing can at the same time both belong and not belong to the same object and in the same respect."


title: Contradiction

text: In modern formal logic and type theory, the term is mainly used instead for a "single" proposition, often denoted by the falsum symbol formula_1; a proposition is a contradiction if false can be derived from it, using the rules of the logic. It is a proposition that is unconditionally false (i.e., a self-contradictory proposition). This can be generalized to a collection of propositions, which is then said to "contain" a contradiction.


title: Contradiction

text: By creation of a paradox, Plato's "Euthydemus" dialogue demonstrates the need for the notion of "contradiction". In the ensuing dialogue, Dionysodorus denies the existence of "contradiction", all the while that Socrates is contradicting him:


title: Contradiction

text: Indeed, Dionysodorus agrees that "there is no such thing as false opinion ... there is no such thing as ignorance", and demands of Socrates to "Refute me." Socrates responds "But how can I refute you, if, as you say, to tell a falsehood is impossible?".


title: Contradiction

text: In classical logic, particularly in propositional and first-order logic, a proposition formula_2 is a contradiction if and only if formula_3. Since for contradictory formula_2 it is true that formula_5 for all formula_6 (because formula_7), one may prove any proposition from a set of axioms which contains contradictions. This is called the "principle of explosion", or "ex falso quodlibet" ("from falsity, anything follows").


title: Contradiction

text: For a set of consistent premises formula_8 and a proposition formula_2, it is true in classical logic that formula_10 (i.e., formula_8 proves formula_2) if and only if formula_13 (i.e., formula_8 and formula_15 leads to a contradiction). Therefore, a proof that formula_13 also proves that formula_2 is true under the premises formula_8. The use of this fact forms the basis of a proof technique called proof by contradiction, which mathematicians use extensively to establish the validity of a wide range of theorems. This applies only in a logic where the law of excluded middle formula_19 is accepted as an axiom.


title: Contradiction

text: Using minimal logic, a logic with similar axioms to classical logic but without "ex falso quodlibet" and proof by contradiction, we can investigate the axiomatic strength and properties of various rules that treat contradiction by considering theorems of classical logic that are not theorems of minimal logic. Each of these extensions leads to an intermediate logic:


title: Contradiction

text: In mathematics, the symbol used to represent a contradiction within a proof varies. Some symbols that may be used to represent a contradiction include ↯, Opq, formula_29, ⊥, formula_30/ , and ※; in any symbolism, a contradiction may be substituted for the truth value "false", as symbolized, for instance, by "0" (as is common in boolean algebra). It is not uncommon to see Q.E.D., or some of its variants, immediately after a contradiction symbol. In fact, this often occurs in a proof by contradiction to indicate that the original assumption was proved false—and hence that its negation must be true.


title: Contradiction

text: But by whatever method one goes about it, all consistency proofs would "seem" to necessitate the primitive notion of "contradiction." Moreover, it "seems" as if this notion would simultaneously have to be "outside" the formal system in the definition of tautology.


title: Contradiction

text: When Emil Post, in his 1921 "Introduction to a General Theory of Elementary Propositions", extended his proof of the consistency of the propositional calculus (i.e. the logic) beyond that of "Principia Mathematica" (PM), he observed that with respect to a "generalized" set of postulates (i.e. axioms), he would no longer be able to automatically invoke the notion of "contradiction"such a notion might not be contained in the postulates:


title: Contradiction

text: Post's solution to the problem is described in the demonstration "An Example of a Successful Absolute Proof of Consistency", offered by Ernest Nagel and James R. Newman in their 1958 "Gödel's Proof". They too observed a problem with respect to the notion of "contradiction" with its usual "truth values" of "truth" and "falsity". They observed that:


title: Contradiction

text: Given some "primitive formulas" such as PM's primitives S V S [inclusive OR] and ~S (negation), one is forced to define the axioms in terms of these primitive notions. In a thorough manner, Post demonstrates in PM, and defines (as do Nagel and Newman, see below) that the property of "tautologous" – as yet to be defined – is "inherited": if one begins with a set of tautologous axioms (postulates) and a deduction system that contains substitution and modus ponens, then a "consistent" system will yield only tautologous formulas.


title: Contradiction

text: On the topic of the definition of "tautologous", Nagel and Newman create two mutually exclusive and exhaustive classes K and K, into which fall (the outcome of) the axioms when their variables (e.g. S and S are assigned from these classes). This also applies to the primitive formulas. For example: "A formula having the form S V S is placed into class K, if both S and S are in K; otherwise it is placed in K", and "A formula having the form ~S is placed in K, if S is in K; otherwise it is placed in K".


title: Contradiction

text: Hence Nagel and Newman can now define the notion of "tautologous": "a formula is a tautology if and only if it falls in the class K, no matter in which of the two classes its elements are placed". This way, the property of "being tautologous" is described—without reference to a model or an interpretation.


title: Contradiction

text: Post observed that, if the system were inconsistent, a deduction in it (that is, the last formula in a sequence of formulas derived from the tautologies) could ultimately yield S itself. As an assignment to variable S can come from either class K or K, the deduction violates the inheritance characteristic of tautology (i.e., the derivation must yield an evaluation of a formula that will fall into class K). From this, Post was able to derive the following definition of inconsistency—"without the use of the notion of contradiction":


title: Contradiction

text: In other words, the notion of "contradiction" can be dispensed when constructing a proof of consistency; what replaces it is the notion of "mutually exclusive and exhaustive" classes. An axiomatic system need not include the notion of "contradiction".


title: Contradiction

text: Adherents of the epistemological theory of coherentism typically claim that as a necessary condition of the justification of a belief, that belief must form a part of a logically non-contradictory system of beliefs. Some dialetheists, including Graham Priest, have argued that coherence may not require consistency.


title: Contradiction

text: A pragmatic contradiction occurs when the very statement of the argument contradicts the claims it purports. An inconsistency arises, in this case, because the act of utterance, rather than the content of what is said, undermines its conclusion.


title: Contradiction

text: In dialectical materialism: Contradiction—as derived from Hegelianism—usually refers to an opposition inherently existing within one realm, one unified force or object. This contradiction, as opposed to metaphysical thinking, is not an objectively impossible thing, because these contradicting forces exist in objective reality, not cancelling each other out, but actually defining each other's existence. According to Marxist theory, such a contradiction can be found, for example, in the fact that:


title: Contradiction

text: Hegelian and Marxist theory stipulates that the dialectic nature of history will lead to the sublation, or synthesis, of its contradictions. Marx therefore postulated that history would logically make capitalism evolve into a socialist society where the means of production would equally serve the exploited and suffering class of society, thus resolving the prior contradiction between (a) and (b).


title: Contradiction

text: Mao Zedong's philosophical essay "On Contradiction" (1937) furthered Marx and Lenin's thesis and suggested that all existence is the result of contradiction.


title: Contradiction

text: Colloquial usage can label actions or statements as contradicting each other when due (or perceived as due) to presuppositions which are contradictory in the logical sense.


title: Jinx (game)

text: Jinx is a game, typically a schoolyard or children's game, with varying rules and penalties that occur when two people unintentionally speak the same word or phrase simultaneously. It can also be used to refer to the general phenomenon of uttering the same content at the same time.


title: Jinx (game)

text: A jinx can be initiated when at least two people say any same word or phrase at the same time. Typically, after the coincidental voicing of the same content, the individuals compete to say the word "jinx" before the other, with the slower respondent being the "loser" or "jinxee."


title: Jinx (game)

text: There are different variations on what is required of the jinxee. A report in 1973 described that the loser should remain silent until they are freed by the winner.


title: Area code 845

text: Area code 845 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the U.S. state of New York. The numbering plan area comprises the mid- and lower Hudson Valley, specifically Orange, Putnam, Rockland, and Ulster counties, and parts of Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, and Sullivan counties. The area code was created on June 5, 2000, by an area code split from most of the territory of area code 914, which was retained by Westchester County.


title: Area code 845

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 845 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code was therefore scheduled to transition to ten-digit dialing by October 24, 2021.


title: Area code 845

text: In April 2022, the North American Numbering Plan Administrator (NANPA) announced a new area code, 329, was scheduled to overlay 845 on March 24, 2023.


title: Area codes 732 and 848

text: Area codes 732 and 848 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for parts of the U.S. state of New Jersey.


title: Area codes 732 and 848

text: Area code 732 was created on June 1, 1997, as the result of an area code split of area code 908. Ten-digit dialing became mandatory on December 6 of that year. The area includes Middlesex, Somerset, and Union counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, and Monmouth and northern Ocean counties on the New Jersey Shore.


title: Area codes 732 and 848

text: The assignment of area code 848 to the same numbering plan area in 2001 created an overlay plan for this region as the pool of 732-numbers began to diminish drastically.


title: Area codes 732 and 848

text: The area of 732/848, other than Union County, generally defines the Central New Jersey region while 609/640/856 and Area code 908/201/551/862/973 generally mark Southern New Jersey and Northern New Jersey, respectively.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: The Turkmenistan national football team () represents Turkmenistan in men's international football and it is controlled by the Football Federation of Turkmenistan, the governing body for football in Turkmenistan. Turkmenistan's home stadiums are the Ashgabat Olympic Stadium and the Kopetdag Stadium. The team represents FIFA and Asian Football Confederation (AFC).


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: After the country gained independence, they played their first match against Kazakhstan on 1 June 1992, and against fellow Central Asian nation Uzbekistan on 28 June the same year.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: They qualified for the 2004 Asian Cup by winning the 2004 AFC Asian Cup qualification, where they were placed in group G, alongside the United Arab Emirates, Syria and Sri Lanka. In the autumn of 2003, in the first leg of the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC), they defeated Afghanistan 11–0 in Ashgabat. Begench Kuliyev and Rejepmyrat Agabaýew each scored a hat-trick, while Guvanchmuhammet Ovekov scored twice. Other players on the scoresheet that day were Nazar Bayramov, Omar Berdiyev and Didarklych Urazov. In the second leg the team won 0–2, with both goals scored by Begench Kuliyev. In December 2003, the national team of Turkmenistan reached the top 100 in the FIFA rankings for the first time in its history, reaching the 99th position, thanks to the successes in the 2004 Asian Cup and the 2006 World Cup qualifiers. In the 2004 Asian Cup that took place in China, Turkmenistan was placed in group C, with neighbours Uzbekistan, Saudi Arabia and Iraq. They were knocked out in the group stages following two defeats and a draw against Saudi Arabia.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In February 2010, Turkmenistan's national football team was headed by Ýazguly Hojageldyýew, who was working for HTTU Aşgabat. Under his leadership the team went to Sri Lanka to participate in the 2010 AFC Challenge Cup. For the first time, they made it to the final, only to see them lose against North Korea in the penalty shootout. In the same year, the Football Association of Turkmenistan invited a native Turkmen, the head coach of FC Rubin Kazan, Kurban Berdyev to resume leadership.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In March 2011, Turkmenistan successfully entered the final round of the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup, beating Pakistan, Taiwan, and played in a draw with India in the qualifying competition in Kuala Lumpur. In the summer of 2011, in the race for a spot at the 2014 FIFA World Cup finals in Brazil, they faced Indonesia in the second round. After managing a 1–1 draw in the first leg in Ashghabat, they were eventually defeated 4–3 in the second leg, 5–4 on aggregate, thus were knocked out of the contention for Brazil 2014.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In winter 2012 the team gathered for a training camp in Turkey. In preparation for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup, Ýazguly Hojageldyýew arranged a friendly match with Romania, which saw them lost 4–0.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In March 2012, the team went to Kathmandu to participate in the final tournament of the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup. They beat the hosts Nepal 3–0 and Maldives 3–1, while the final group stage match with Palestine ended in a goalless draw. In the semifinals, Turkmenistan defeated the Philippines 2–1. However, as in the previous edition, they lost the final match to North Korea with a scoreline of 1–2.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In October 2012, Turkmenistan's team took second place at the 2012 VFF Cup, beating the teams of Vietnam and Laos, only to lose in the final match against the South Korean University Selection team 0–4.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: On 23 March 2013 Turkmenistan defeated Cambodia 7–0 in Manila, in the qualifying round of the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup. In the second round, Turkmenistan was to meet Brunei, but the team did not arrive at the tournament, thus Turkmenistan was awarded a default 3–0 victory. In the last round, Turkmenistan lost to Philippines 1–0, but managed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup finals as the best second placed team alongside Laos.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In January 2014 Rahym Kurbanmämmedow was again in charge of the national team. They held three training camps in May and participated in the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup, where they were eliminated in the group stage, thereby losing the chance to qualify for the 2015 Asian Cup. In June 2014, as a result of their poor performance at the AFC Challenge Cup, the entire coaching staff was dismissed, including the head coach.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In the spring of 2015, Amangylyç Koçumow was appointed as the new head coach of the national team to prepare the team for participation in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The team started off badly, losing to one of the weakest team in Asia – Guam national football team 0–1. On 16 June 2015, for the first time, the Turkmenistan national team held a match outside Ashgabat, at the Spot toplumy Stadium in Dashoguz in the presence of 10,000 spectators, the Turkmenistan team played a draw with Iran (1–1). Then, the team lost Oman 1:3. In the home games that took place at the Kopetdag Stadium in October 2016, Turkmenistan beat India 2–1 and Guam 1–0. In November, the Turkmenistan held a friendly match with the UAE, which ended in a 1–5 defeat and an official match with Iran, in which the team lost 1–3. On 17 November 2016, the national team of Turkmenistan in the home game sensationally beat the national team of Oman 2–1. In the final stage, the Turkmenistan national team defeated India 2–1. The Turkmenistan team took the 3rd place in Group D, which did not allow the team to go to the next stage of the qualifying games for the 2018 World Cup, but gave the opportunity to fight for getting into the 2019 Asian Cup.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: Turkmenistan had finally qualified to the 2019 AFC Asian Cup for the second time in history, having finished second after Bahrain. In the tournament, Turkmenistan was grouped with Japan, neighbor Uzbekistan and Oman. The Turkmen side played pretty well in their first match against Asian powerhouse Japan and even took a lead until the end of the first half, but eventually fell to Japan 2–3. The next match against Uzbekistan was a complete disaster when Turkmenistan decided to play duel with more experienced Uzbekistan, leaving the team defeated 0–4, all four goals were scored in the first half. Turkmenistan then tried to make a fight against Oman, but lost 1–3 with two Omani goals scored in final minutes, thus the team was eliminated without scoring any point. Ýazguly Hojageldyýew resigned in the aftermath.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: In March 2019, the Football Federation of Turkmenistan named Ante Miše as the head coach of the Turkmenistan national football team, signing a one-year contract. Croatian specialist Sandro Tomić will help to train the national team of Turkmenistan. Croatian coaches are set to develop the overall football in Turkmenistan, not just the national team. His first game, 3 month later, was a 0–0 draw at friendly match with Uganda.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: From the moment of its formation (1992) until now, the main home stadium of the Turkmenistan national football team is the Köpetdag Stadium in Ashgabat, built and opened in 1997. This stadium is also the venue for home matches of FK Köpetdag Aşgabat. It was reconstructed in 2015 and currently holds 26,503 spectators.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: From 2003 until the end of 2012, the main home stadium of the Turkmenistan national team was the Ashgabat Olympic Stadium (until 2017 was named Olympic Stadium named after Saparmurat Turkmenbashi the Great), renovated 2013–2017 and accommodating 45,000 spectators. At the moment, the national team is not used for football matches.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: The national team of Turkmenistan in different years held their home matches also in other cities and stadiums of Turkmenistan. So, at the Nisa Stadium in Ashgabat (Match vs China in 1997), at the Sport Toplumy in Dashoguz (Match vs Iran in 2015 and vs Bahrain in 2017), at the Sport Toplumy in Balkanabat (Match vs Taipei in 2017).


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: The main rivals of the Turkmenistan national team are the countries of Central Asia, the national teams of Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. The main and most important rival of the national team of Turkmenistan are the national teams of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. The matches between the countries of Central Asia have always aroused great interest among fans of Central Asia. Football is one of the instruments of rivalry between the states of Central Asia.


title: Turkmenistan national football team

text: The following players were called up for the friendly match against Thailand on 27 May 2022, and the 2023 AFC Asian Cup qualification matches against Malaysia, Bangladesh and Bahrain between 8–14 June 2022.


title: Serge Nubret

text: Serge Nubret (6 October 193819 April 2011) was a French professional bodybuilder, actor and self published author. He won numerous bodybuilding competitions, including 1976 NABBA Mr. Universe (1976). Nubret was nicknamed "The Black Panther."


title: Serge Nubret

text: Nubret was born on 6 October 1938 in Anse-Bertrand, Guadeloupe. Nubret has credited Steve Reeves as his childhood inspiration.


title: Serge Nubret

text: In 1960 Nubret joined the International Federation of Bodybuilders, and was declared World's Most Muscular Man in Montreal. Nubret kept improving, winning titles including NABBA Mr. Universe in 1976 (London), WBBG Pro. Mr. World and Mr. Olympus in 1977 (New York) and another World champion title in 1981 (Geneva). In 1983, 23 years after his first world-class achievement he became the WABBA World Champion in Rome, winning his fifth major title. At 65 years old, Nubret offered a last show to his public during the 2003 World championships in France.


title: Serge Nubret

text: In addition to being recognized by experts, peers, and fans as a reference in the bodybuilding field, Nubret also dedicated himself to the development and promotion of bodybuilding. He became the head of the French and European IFBB bodybuilding federations from 1970 to 1975. In 1975 he founded the World Amateur Body Building Association (WABBA) to host amateur bodybuilding competitions. Serge Nubret would appear in several minor film projects during his career. Nubret was also featured in the 1977 documentary, Pumping Iron, about Arnold Schwarzenegger.


title: Serge Nubret

text: Nubret was known for an unusual training regimen and an even more unusual diet, which often consisted of four pounds of horse meat per day.


title: Serge Nubret

text: In 2006, the 68-year-old Nubret penned an autobiography "Je suis...Moi &Dieu" ("I am...Me and God)" in collaboration with Louis-Xavier Babin-Lachaud. The book which only exists in French tells his life story and his Christian beliefs.


title: Serge Nubret

text: Nubret was father to three daughters (Pascale, Karine, and Grace) and a son (Stanley) from two marriages and one relationship. His second marriage was with Jacqueline Nubret, a female bodybuilder with various competition titles.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The Alfa Romeo MiTo (Type 955) is a front-wheel drive, three-door supermini designed by Centro Stile Alfa Romeo and presented in 2008 at Castello Sforzesco in Milan with an international introduction at the British Motor Show in 2008. The MiTo was marketed across a single generation from 2008 to 2018, sharing the Fiat Small platform with the Fiat Grande Punto. Production reached 293,428 at FCA's Mirafiori plant.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The Mito nameplate is a portmanteau of Milano (Milan), where it was designed, and Torino (Turin), where it was manufactured.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The new car was provisionally named the "Junior". In November 2007, Alfa Romeo launched a European public naming competition; the winner from each country to win an Alfa Romeo Spider or an Alfa Romeo mountain bike. The winning name was "Furiosa", which scored well in Italy, France, United Kingdom and Germany, but not in Spain.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: In 2008, Alfa Romeo announced "MiTo" as the official name, a portmanteau of Milano (Milan) & Torino (Turin), because it was designed in the former and was assembled in the latter. The name is also a play on the Italian word "mito", meaning "myth" or "legend".


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The MiTo is front-wheel drive, with a system allowing the driver to choose three driving settings: Dynamic, Normal, and All-Weather. The system, marketed as "Alfa DNA," tunes the behavior of the engine, brakes, steering, suspension and gearbox. The MiTo also features LED tail lights and of luggage space. The MiTo also features a Q2 electronic differential on the front wheels, which is active with the DNA switch in Dynamic position, and allows for faster and tighter cornering without loss of traction.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: In 2010 a new transmission for the MiTo was unveiled at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, the six-speed TCT which is produced by Fiat Powertrain Technologies in Verrone (TCT Dual Dry Clutch Transmission). Magneti Marelli delivers the control system which integrates BorgWarner's hydraulic actuation module into its own power and transmission control units. It can handle torque inputs of up to


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: In Geneva was also unveiled "Blue&Me–TomTom", this new system integrates TomTom navigation to the Blue&Me infotelematic system.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: For model year 2014, the MiTo gets a new 105 PS 0.9 L Turbo TwinAir engine, new chrome-plated grille, new Anthracite grey colour and new burnished front light clusters. The car interior is also updated with new upholsteries, three new dashboards looks, as well as the new Uconnect 5.0 infotainment systems. The engine range now consists two turbo diesel engines (the updated E5+ 85 PS 1.3 L JTDM and the 120 PS 1.6 L JTDM) and five petrol engines: the 70 PS 1.4, the 78 PS 1.4, the 135 PS 1.4 MultiAir Turbo (with manual or Alfa TCT Dual Dry Clutch Transmission) and the 170 PS 1.4 MultiAir Turbo. The range has also 120 HP 1.4 LPG Turbo option.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: Debuting at the 2016 2016 Geneva Motor Show, the revised Mito featured a facelifted front fascia with a new updated brand logo and new lettering. Trim line up was changed to Mito, Super and Veloce. A new body colour and new rims designs also became available. The previous MiTo QV became the Mito Veloce, available with 170 PS engine and TCT transmission.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The Quadrifoglio Verde ("green four-leaf clover") has traditionally been the highest line of Alfa Romeo models. The car (see Alfa Romeo in motorsport article for the history of this emblem) version of Mito was presented at the 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show.<ref name="www.autoblog.com/2009"></ref> The QV version has the new Turbo Multiair inline-four engine at 5500 rpm and of torque at 2500 rpm, with newly engineered suspension, steering and new six-speed C635 gearbox developed by Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT). Its specific output of 124 PS per litre was highest in its segment at that time. The new multiair technology allows fuel consumption of in EU combined driving and CO emissions of 139 g/km.<ref name="www.fiatautopress.com/download"></ref> QV had bigger 305 mm front brake discs and exclusive 18" alloy wheels as standard and Sabelt carbon fibre backed bucket seats as an option. From 2014 QV was now available with TCT robotised gearbox which brought down the 0–100 km/h time to 7.3 s. With 2016 facelift QV was renamed as Veloce.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: At its launch the MiTo featured low-displacement turbocharged petrol and diesel engines. Also, a power limited naturally aspirated engine variant is produced to meet the new Italian legislation for young people. MiTo got new electro-hydraulic valve control system Multiair engines from September 2009. MultiAir engines will increase power (up to 10%) and torque (up to 15%), as well as a considerable reduction in consumption levels (up to 10%) and CO emissions (up to 10%), of particulates (up to 40%) and NOx (up to 60%). This new engine is available with , and power ratings.<ref name="http://www.italiaspeed.com/2009"></ref> All multiair versions have start-stop system as standard. In October 2009 was unveiled a dual fuel MiTo version, this version can run with LPG (Liquefied petroleum gas) or petrol, with this engine MiTo has range of . The LPG version is made in collaboration with Landi Renzo. In Summer 2010 Alfa introduced the Dual Dry Clutch Transmission called Alfa TCT ( i.e. Twin Clutch Transmission ). From model year 2011 the start-stop system came as standard on all versions. At the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show, AR introduced two new engines for the MiTo – The 0.9 L I2 TwinAir and a new low emission version of 1.3 JTD diesel engine.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The MiTo has seven airbags as standard,<ref name="italiaspeed.com/2008/cars/alfa_romeo"></ref> and received a 'good' or green result from the first ever Euro NCAP rear impact test (whiplash).<ref name="euroncap.com/"></ref>


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: Edizione Sprint (2009): Limited to 250 examples, only for Belgian market. Available only with 1.3 JTDM diesel engine. Bears special Sprint logo.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: Maserati Version (2010): In 2010 Alfa Romeo announced it would produce a limited 100 car series of Mitos to be distributed to Maserati dealerships in Europe. Maserati version MiTos feature same 125 kW (170 PS) engine as the Quadrifoglio Verde, and exclusive paint Blu Oceano. Aluminium kickplates and a badge on the HVAC controls on the car bear words "Alfa Romeo for Maserati". The cars are to be used as courtesy cars for Maserati service customers, very much like "for Ferrari Dealers" versions of the Fiat 500 and Abarth 500.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: Quadrifoglio Verde 101 (2012): Limited edition based on QV model, only 101 examples to celebrate 101 anniversary of Alfa Romeo existence. Rosso Alfa paint, engine, Sabelt racing seats with Alcantara upholstery and backrest made of carbon. From the outside, apart from paint and tinted windows, the car also sports new 18-inch alloy wheels available, like the seats, exclusively for this model. Also as standard bi-xenon lights, Brembo brakes and active suspension "Dynamic Suspension".


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: MiTo SBK and MiTo Superbike Special Series: At the 2012 Paris Motor Show, Alfa Romeo unveiled numbered limited edition (200 Units) MiTo SBK based on the 1.4 L QV MiTo and the MiTo Superbike Special Series available with all the engines in the range – except for the 1.4 70 PS and 1.4 170 PS petrol engine. This version includes 16-inch titanium alloy wheels, chrome-plated spoiler and exhaust, mirror fairings in the shade of titanium, sporty rear bumper, black fog light frame and "SBK" logo on the rear of the car.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: Mito Racer: Introduced at Geneva 2015 motor show, MiTo Racer version sports a checkered flag roof sticker, special 17" alloy wheels, rear sport bumper, rear spoiler, chromed exhaust-pipe and satin-chrome finish for many exterior features. Interior will be available with vintage looking grey textile with brown eco-leather seats and black dashboard. Available with wide range of engines.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The GTA (Gran Turismo Alleggerita), the sportiest version of the MiTo, was unveiled at the March 2009 Geneva Motor Show as a prototype. The concept has a 1.8-litre (Fiat Pratola Serra modular) turbocharged engine with direct fuel injection and variable valve timing for both inlet and exhaust. The maximum power is rated at .<ref name="http://www.alfaromeopress.com"></ref> The MiTo GTA concept has a top speed of and acceleration from 0 to in 5 seconds. The weight of the GTA has been reduced by the use of carbon-fibre for the tailgate spoiler as well as the roof panel and mirror fairings. Aluminium is also used to reduce the weight. The suspension is lowered by over the standard car, and the car has active suspension.


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: The Alfa Romeo MiTo Fuel Cell car uses a Nuvera Fuel Cell stack combined with a compact Li-ion traction battery pack to supply power to the electric motor; vehicle has top speed of 150 km/h (93 mph) and can accelerate from 0 to 100 kilometers in 10 seconds, with hydrogen consumption of 3.2 liters diesel equivalent/100 km (74 mpg US) and a range of 450 kilometers (280 miles) in NEDC, thanks to 700 bar H2 tanks.”


title: Alfa Romeo MiTo

text: In March 2017, the head of Alfa Romeo Reid Bigland said that the MiTo and Giulietta models were going to continue to be produced for the foreseeable future. However, both models sales were discontinued, MiTo in early 2019 and Giulietta in 2021.


title: Microclimate

text: A microclimate (or micro-climate) is a local set of atmospheric conditions that differ from those in the surrounding areas, often with a slight difference but sometimes with a substantial one. The term may refer to areas as small as a few square meters or square feet (for example a garden bed or a cave) or as large as many square kilometers or square miles. Because climate is statistical, which implies spatial and temporal variation of the mean values of the describing parameters, within a region there can occur and persist over time sets of statistically distinct conditions, that is, microclimates. Microclimates can be found in most places but are most pronounced in topographically dynamic zones such as mountainous areas, islands, coastal areas.


title: Microclimate

text: Microclimates exist, for example, near bodies of water which may cool the local atmosphere, or in heavy urban areas where brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun's energy, heat up, and re-radiate that heat to the ambient air: the resulting urban heat island (UHI) is a kind of microclimate that is additionally driven by relative paucity of vegetation.


title: Microclimate

text: The terminology "micro-climate" first appeared in the 1950s in publications such as "Climates in Miniature: A Study of Micro-Climate Environment" (Thomas Bedford Franklin, 1955).


title: Microclimate

text: The area in a developed industrial park may vary greatly from a wooded park nearby, as natural flora in parks absorb light and heat in leaves that a building roof or parking lot just radiates back into the air. Advocates of solar energy argue that widespread use of solar collection can mitigate overheating of urban environments by absorbing sunlight and putting it to work instead of heating the foreign surface objects.


title: Microclimate

text: A microclimate can offer an opportunity as a small growing region for crops that cannot thrive in the broader area; this concept is often used in permaculture practiced in northern temperate climates. Microclimates can be used to the advantage of gardeners who carefully choose and position their plants. Cities often raise the average temperature by zoning, and a sheltered position can reduce the severity of winter. Roof gardening, however, exposes plants to more extreme temperatures in both summer and winter.


title: Microclimate

text: In an urban area, tall buildings create their own microclimate, both by overshadowing large areas and by channeling strong winds to ground level. Wind effects around tall buildings are assessed as part of a microclimate study.


title: Microclimate

text: Microclimates can also refer to purpose-made environments, such as those in a room or other enclosure. Microclimates are commonly created and carefully maintained in museum display and storage environments. This can be done using passive methods, such as silica gel, or with active microclimate control devices.


title: Microclimate

text: Usually, if the inland areas have a humid continental climate, the coastal areas stay much milder during winter months, in contrast to the hotter summers. This is the case further north on the American west coast, such as in British Columbia, Canada, where Vancouver has an oceanic wet winter with rare frosts, but inland areas that average several degrees warmer in summer have cold and snowy winters.


title: Microclimate

text: Two main parameters to define a microclimate within a certain area are temperature and humidity. A source of a drop in temperature and/or humidity can be attributed to different sources or influences.


title: Microclimate

text: Often a microclimate is shaped by a conglomerate of different influences and is a subject of microscale meteorology.


title: Microclimate

text: Examples of the cold air pool (CAP) effect are Gstettneralm Sinkhole in Austria (lowest recorded temperature ) and Peter Sinks in the US.


title: Microclimate

text: The main criterion on the wind speed formula_1 in order to create a warm air flow penetration into a CAP is the following:


title: Microclimate

text: where formula_3 is the Froude number, formula_4 — the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, formula_5 — depth of the valley, and formula_6 — Froude number at the threshold wind speed.


title: Microclimate

text: The presence of permafrost close to the surface in a crater creates a unique microclimate environment.


title: Microclimate

text: Caves are important geologic formations that can house unique and delicate geologic/biological environments. The vast majority of caves found are made of calcium carbonates such as limestone(see Cave and Limestone). In these dissolution environments, many species of flora and fauna find home. The mixture of water content within the cave atmosphere, air pressure, geochemistry of the cave rock as well as the waste product from these species can combine to make unique microclimates within cave systems.


title: Microclimate

text: The speleogenetic effect is an observed and studied process of air circulation within cave environments brought on by convection. In phreatic conditions the cave surfaces are exposed to the enclosed air(as opposed to submerged and interacting with water from the water table in vadose conditions). This air circulates water particles that condense on cave walls and formations such as speleothems. This condensing water has been found to contribute to cave wall erosion and the formation of morphological features. Some examples of this can be found in the limestone walls of Grotta Giusti; a thermal cave near Monsummano, Lucca, Italy. Any process that leads to an increase or decrease in chemical/physical processes will subsequently impact the environment within that system. Air density within caves, which directly relates to the convection processes, is determined by the air temperature, humidity, and pressure. In enclosed cave environments, the introduction of bacteria, algae, plants, animals, or human interference can change any one of these factors therefore altering the microenvironment within the cave. There are over 750 caves worldwide that are available for people to visit. The constant human traffic through these cave environments can have a negative effect on the microclimates as well as on the geological and archeological findings. Factors that play into the deterioration of these environments include nearby deforestation, agriculture operations, water exploitation, mining, and tourist operations.


title: Microclimate

text: The speleogenetic effect of normal caves tends to show a slow circulation of air. In unique conditions where acids are present, the effects of erosion and changes to the microenvironment can be drastically enhanced. One example is the effect of the presence of hydrosulfuric acid(H2S). When the oxidized hydrosulfuric acid chemically alters to sulfuric acid(H2SO4), this acid starts to react with the calcium carbonate rock at much higher rates. The water involved in this reaction tends to have a high pH of 3 which renders the water almost unlivable for many bacteria and algae. An example of this can be found in the Grotta Grande del Vento cave in Ancona, Italy.


title: Microclimate

text: As pointed out by Rudolf Geiger in his book not only climate influences the living plant but the opposite effect of the interaction of plants on their environment can also take place, and is known as "plant climate". This effect has important consequences for forests in the midst of a continent; indeed, if forests were not creating their own clouds and water cycle with their efficient evapotranspiration activity, there would be no forest far away from coasts, as statistically, without any other influence, rainfall occurrence would decrease from the coast towards inland. Planting trees to fight drought has also been proposed in the context of afforestation.


title: Microclimate

text: Artificial reservoirs as well as natural ones create microclimates and often influence the macroscopic climate as well.


title: Microclimate

text: Another contributing factor of microclimate is the slope or aspect of an area. South-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere and north-facing slopes in the Southern Hemisphere are exposed to more direct sunlight than opposite slopes and are therefore warmer for longer periods of time, giving the slope a warmer microclimate than the areas around the slope. The lowest area of a glen may sometimes frost sooner or harder than a nearby spot uphill, because cold air sinks, a drying breeze may not reach the lowest bottom, and humidity lingers and precipitates, then freezes.


title: Microclimate

text: The type of soil found in an area can also affect microclimates. For example, soils heavy in clay can act like pavement, moderating the near ground temperature. On the other hand, if soil has many air pockets, then the heat could be trapped underneath the topsoil, resulting in the increased possibility of frost at ground level.


title: Paint.net

text: Paint.net (stylized as Paint.NET or paint.net) is a freeware raster graphics editor program for Microsoft Windows, developed on the .NET Framework. Paint.net was originally created by Rick Brewster as a Washington State University student project, and has evolved from a simple replacement for the Microsoft Paint program into a program for editing mainly graphics, with support for plugins.


title: Paint.net

text: Paint.net originated as a computer science senior design project during spring 2004 at Washington State University. Version 1.0 consisted of 36,000 lines of code and was written in fifteen weeks. In contrast, version 3.35 has approximately 162,000 lines of code. The paint.net project continued over the summer and into the autumn 2004 semester for both the version 1.1 and 2.0 releases.


title: Paint.net

text: Development continues with one programmer who worked on previous versions of Paint.net while he was a student at WSU. As of May 2006 the program had been downloaded at least 2 million times, at a rate of about 180,000 per month.


title: Paint.net

text: Initially, Paint.net was released under a modified version of the MIT License, with the exclusion of the installer, text, and graphics. However, citing issues with the open source code being plagarized by others that had rebranded the software as their own and bundled user content without their permission, the availability of the source code was restricted, in December 2007 Brewster announced his intent to restrict access to components of the program (including its installer, resources, and user interface). In November 2009, the software was made proprietary, restricting the sale or creation of derivative works of the software.


title: Paint.net

text: Starting with version 4.0.18, paint.net is published in two editions: A classic edition remains freeware, similar to all other versions since 3.5. Another edition, however, is published to Microsoft Store under a trialware license and is available to purchase for US$7. According to the developer, this was done to enable the users to contribute to the development with more convenience, even though the old avenue of donation was not closed.


title: Paint.net

text: Paint.net is primarily programmed in the C# programming language. Its native image format, .PDN, is a compressed representation of the application's internal object format, which preserves layering and other information.


title: Paint.net

text: Paint.net supports plugins, which add image adjustments, effects, and support for additional file types. They can be programmed using any .NET Framework programming language, though they are most commonly written in C#. These are created by volunteer coders on the program's discussion board, the paint.net Forum. Though most are simply published via the discussion board, some have been included with a later release of the program. For instance, a DirectDraw Surface file type plugin, (originally by Dean Ashton) and an Ink Sketch and Soften Portrait effect (originally by David Issel) were added to Paint.net in version 3.10.


title: Paint.net

text: Hundreds of plugins have been produced; such as Shape3D, which renders a 2D drawing into a 3D shape. Some plugins expand on the functionality that comes with Paint.net, such as Curves+ and Sharpen+, which extend the included tools Curves and Sharpen, respectively.


title: Paint.net

text: Examples of file type plugins include an "Animated Cursor and Icon" plugin and an "Adobe Photoshop file format plugin". Several of these plugins are based on existing open source software, such as a raw image format plugin that uses dcraw and a PNG optimization plugin that uses OptiPNG.


title: Paint.net

text: Paint.net was created for Windows, and has no native support for any other system. With its previous open-source nature, the possibility for alternate versions was available. In May 2007, Miguel de Icaza officially started a porting project called "paint-mono". This project had partially ported Paint.net 3.0 to Mono, an open-source implementation of the Common Language Infrastructure on which the .NET Framework is based. This allowed Paint.net to be run on Mono-supported platforms, such as Linux. This port is no longer maintained and has not been updated since March 2009.


title: Paint.net

text: Newer Mono runtime 6 versions are able to run original Paint.NET releases up to 3.5.11 almost perfectly.


title: Paint.net

text: In 2010, developer Jonathan Pobst started a project called Pinta, describing it as a clone of Paint.net for Mono and Gtk#. Pinta reused the adjustments and effects code from Paint.net but otherwise is original code.


title: UEFA club competition records and statistics

text: Real Madrid hold the record for the most overall titles (24) while Milan has the most UEFA Super Cup wins (5), a record shared with Barcelona and Real Madrid. The Madrid club have a record fourteen titles achieved in the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor. Barcelona have a record four titles in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup while Sevilla have a record of six UEFA Cup and Europa League titles. Finally, German clubs Hamburger SV, Schalke 04, and VfB Stuttgart, as well as Spanish club Villarreal, are the record holders by titles won in the UEFA Intertoto Cup (2 each).


text: Bayern Munich are the only team to finish a continental competition with a 100% winning record, achieving that milestone in 2020 as part of a modified tournament structure with a final four in a neutral venue held in a single elimination match due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe.


text: Qualifying and preliminary round matches are not included, neither are play-off matches; results of penalty shoot-outs are considered the score which preceded them (including extra time).


text: To date, five clubs have won all three main pre-1999 UEFA club competitions, the "European Treble" of European Cup/UEFA Champions League, European/UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, and UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League. Although the Cup Winners' Cup no longer exists, 27 of its former winners could still add wins in the other two competitions to achieve this UEFA treble. Nine of those teams are just one trophy away from the feat, including Barcelona and Milan who have both won the Champions League and Cup Winners' Cup and are one Europa League trophy away from achieving the UEFA treble. Other clubs needing Europa League title to achieve the treble are German clubs Hamburg and Borussia Dortmund having previously won the European Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup each. The remaining five clubs that need to win the Champions League: Atlético Madrid, Tottenham Hotspur, Anderlecht, Valencia, and Parma.


text: Upon the commencement of the UEFA Europa Conference League in the 2021–22 season, there is a chance for the 32 former winners of the Cup Winners' Cup to win that competition. Any other existing clubs can also win a modern UEFA treble (counting only the Champions, Europa, and Europa Conference Leagues titles) in the future.


text: Juventus received The UEFA Plaque from the confederation in 1988, in recognition of being the first side in European football history to win all three major UEFA club competitions, and the only one to reach it with in a single coach spell (i.e. Giovanni Trapattoni). They completed the European treble in the shortest amount of time (8 years), while Manchester United reached it in the longest (49 years).


text: Chelsea is the first club to win all three pre-1999 main UEFA club competitions more than once each, having won the 1997–98 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, 2018–19 UEFA Europa League, and 2020–21 UEFA Champions League. They won the 2012–13 Europa League, the club's first title in the tournament which completed the treble, after being downgraded as third qualified in the Champions League group stage of that season.


text: Hamburg, Fiorentina, Ajax, Arsenal and Liverpool are the only clubs to have been runners-up in all three of these competitions.


text: Until the first Europa Conference League final in 2022, Juventus was the only club in association football history to have won every men's official confederation tournaments.


text: German side Hamburg was the only club to have been runners-up in all six UEFA club competitions played until 2021. The club lost in the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1968, the European Super Cup in 1977 and 1983, the final of the European Cup in 1980, the final of the UEFA Cup in 1982, the Intercontinental Cup in 1983, and the finals of the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1999.


text: Before the abolition of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1999 and the commencement of the Europa Conference League in 2021, only once have three clubs from the same country; Italy in 1989–90, won all three main UEFA club competitions in the same season:


text: In between, clubs from the same country have won both remaining main UEFA club competitions (Champions League and Europa League) in the same season six times: two Spanish teams in 2005–06, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2015–16, and 2017–18, and two English teams in 2018–19.


text: The 2018–19 season was the first time that all European finals featured representatives from only one country (England). In the Champions League final, Liverpool defeated Tottenham Hotspur, while Chelsea defeated Arsenal in the Europa League final.


text: Although no footballer has ever won all seven competitions, the table below show the only six players who have won five different international competitions organised by UEFA, including the three seasonal tournaments, until the introduction of the Europa Conference League in 2021–22 season (chronological order).


text: The table below show the only three managers who have won all three major former and current UEFA club competitions.


text: French manager Arsène Wenger is the only manager who has been runner-up in three major UEFA club competitions. He finished runner-up in the 1991–92 European Cup Winners' Cup with Monaco and in the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup and 2005–06 UEFA Champions League with Arsenal.


text: Although no manager has ever won all seven competitions, the table below shows the only one to have won five different international tournaments organised by UEFA, including the three seasonal tournaments, until the introduction of the Europa Conference League in 2021–22 season.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Abu Ameenah Bilal Philips (born Dennis Bradley Philips; July 17, 1947), is a Canadian Islamic teacher, speaker, author, founder and chancellor of the International Open University, who lives in Qatar.


title: Bilal Philips

text: He has written, translated and commented on over 50 Islamic books and has appeared or presented on numerous national and satellite television channels, including Saudi TV, Sharjah TV, Ajman TV, Islam Channel, Huda TV, and Peace TV. He considers himself a Salafi who advocates a traditional, literal form of Islam. He has also publicly rejected the work of Tableegh stating Muslims going out for their personal reformation is wrong and an innovation. He has made several controversial comments about Western civilization.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips was born in Kingston, Jamaica, to high school teachers Bradley Philips and Joyce McDermott. Philips has one brother and one sister, as well as an adopted brother. Philips was raised a Christian, with his mother being an Anglican and his father a Presbyterian.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips spent the first 11 years of childhood in Jamaica, before migrating to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He attended Jarvis Collegiate Institute for junior high and Northview Heights Collegiate Institute for high school from 1962 to 1965. Philips moved with his family to Sabah, East Malaysia in 1964, as his parents were part of the Colombo Plan.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips attended Simon Frasier University in Vancouver from 1967 to 1970, where he took biochemistry. Philips had encountered Islam several times in his travels, but the book that won him over was "Islam, The Misunderstood Religion" by Muhammad Qutb. He converted to Islam in February 1972, giving Shahada in the presence of Abdullah Hakim Quick.


title: Bilal Philips

text: He received his B.A. degree from the Islamic University of Madinah and his M.A. in ʿAqīdah (Islamic Theology) from the King Saud University in Riyadh, then to the University of Wales, St. David's University College (now University of Wales, Trinity Saint David). There at the Lampeter Campus he completed his 1993 PhD thesis, "Exorcism in Islam".


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips taught Islamic studies for a decade at Manarat al-Riyadh School in Riyadh and was an Arabic and Islamic studies teacher in the American University of Dubai for 10 years as well. He also lectures at the Ajman University (AU) in the United Arab Emirates. Philips set up an Islamic Studies department of Preston University in Ajman in 2002 and set up the Islamic Studies Academy in Qatar in 2007.


title: Bilal Philips

text: During the First Gulf War, Philips organized Islamic religious revival meetings for U.S. troops stationed in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, during which (according to Philips) over three thousands soldiers converted to Islam. According to counter-extremism author J.M. Berger, some of the US military men and women who participated in his revival program were later recruited as volunteer trainers in the 1992-95 Bosnian War. Philips founded and taught at the Islamic Information Center in Dubai, under the Dar al Ber Society, and in Qatar he was an Islamic consultant and lecturer for the Islamic Information wing of Sheikh Eid Charity.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Regarding his statement "Western culture, led by the United States, is the enemy of Islam," he has explained in an interview in Austrolabe that it was taken out of context, and that he was quoting Samuel P. Huntington’s famous statement on the clash of civilisations. When asked in an interview with author Berger about his statement in an earlier lecture that "he did believe in the `clash of civilizations,` and that America was the enemy of Islam" he explains that he opposes the effort by "globalized western civilization" to "push ... secular democracy ... down the throats of the rest of the world."


title: Bilal Philips

text: [In] Islaam, a woman is obliged to give herself to her husband and he may not be charged with rape. Of course, if a woman is physically ill or exhausted, her husband should take her condition into consideration and not force himself upon her.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Phillips had previously stated in a lecture and in one of his books that suicide bombers are unfairly criticized as they are not really committing the suicide that is forbidden in Islam, but are showing bravery in committing a military operation. However he would later state in a 2010 interview that he believes suicide bombings actually do not comply with Islamic law.


title: Bilal Philips

text: When you look at the mind of the suicide bomber, it's a different intention altogether ... The [enemy] is either too heavily armed, or they don't have the type of equipment that can deal with it, so the only other option they have is to try to get some people amongst them and then explode the charges that they have to try to destroy the equipment and to save the lives of their comrades. So this is not really considered to be suicide in the true sense. This is a military action and human lives are sacrificed in that military action. This is really the bottom line for it and that's how we should look at it.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips' ideas on suicide bombing made news after the website of Luton Islamic Centre, where a suicide bomber had worshipped, was found to carry a link to a lecture by Philips in which he made "comments used to justify suicide attacks, and material expounding antisemitism and homophobia". The chairman of the Luton Islamic Centre has said Philips' comments that were posted on its website contained errors and that it should not have been categorized as "suicide bombings" because he was referring to military operations as opposed to harming innocent people.


title: Bilal Philips

text: In an interview in Austrolabe, republished in Muslim Matters, Philips calls himself a "moderate" and the claim that he is an extremist "baseless". He has also stated that he is opposed to Al-Qaeda and any type of terrorism in the name of Islam.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips came under criticism in Britain for his statements on suicide bombers. Some civil rights advocates have defended Philips and criticized his deportation, claiming he is being religiously persecuted. Philips has responded to such criticism by stating he is a moderate who does not endorse terrorism or the use of suicide bombings in Islam.


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips has been banned from entering the United Kingdom, Australia, Denmark and Kenya, banned from re-entering Germany, ordered to leave Bangladesh, because of his extreme views and arrested in the Philippines for "inciting and recruiting people to conduct terrorist activities."


title: Bilal Philips

text: In 2010 Philips was banned from entering the UK by home secretary Theresa May for holding "extremist views".


title: Bilal Philips

text: Philips was named by the US government as an unindicted co-conspirator in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He has stated that this allegation was not factual hence he was not arrested.


title: Bilal Philips

text: In 2014, the publisher of a book authored by Philips entitled ""The Fundamentals of Tawheed"" was arrested by armed officers during a raid of Islamic institutions in Prague. 20 people were detained during Friday Prayer at a mosque and a community center. Law enforcement officials claimed Philips' book "incites xenophobia and violence" and insisted it was racist. Philips "vehemently" defended his book, denied it condoned racism, noting that millions of copies had been published in Muslim communities around the world, and stated that any action against the book could "constitute an attack on Islam itself."


title: Bilal Philips

text: In June 2014, the Bangladeshi intelligence service ordered Phillips, who had come to Dhaka to give lectures, to leave the country.


title: Bilal Philips

text: In September 2014, Philips was arrested in the Philippines for "inciting and recruiting people to conduct terrorist activities." He was expected to be deported by Philippine immigration authorities after police arrested him in southern Davao City. The director of the Philippine National Police in Southern Mindanao, said Philips is being questioned for his possible links with terror groups including the ISIS (Islamic State in Iraq and Syria). He was deported from the Philippines back to Canada. Philips denied the charges leveled by Filipino officials and denied links to terrorists groups. Some religious leaders and civil rights advocates have defended Philips and criticized his deportation from the Philippines, arguing that he has not done anything wrong and that he has been a victim of religious persecution.


title: Bilal Philips

text: In the April 2016 issue of "Dabiq Magazine", The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, declared Philips to be a murtadd (or apostate) and threatened to kill him for denouncing ISIS.


title: Bilal Philips

text: One of Philip's works entitled "The Fundamentals of Tauheed" has been described as "extremist" by the United Kingdom prison service. As a consequence, this book has now been removed and banned from prisons.


title: Bilal Philips

text: In May 2017, Philips was banned from entering Denmark for two years along with other preachers including Salman al-Ouda and Terry Jones.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: The 1989 NFL season was the 70th regular season of the National Football League. Before the season, NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle announced his retirement. Paul Tagliabue was eventually chosen to succeed him, taking over on November 5.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: Due to damage caused by the Loma Prieta earthquake to Candlestick Park, the New England Patriots at San Francisco 49ers game on October 22 was played at Stanford Stadium in Stanford.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: The season ended with Super Bowl XXIV where the 49ers defeated the Denver Broncos 55–10 at the Louisiana Superdome.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: The 1989 NFL Draft was held from April 23 to 24, 1989 at New York City's Marriott Marquis. With the first pick, the Dallas Cowboys selected quarterback Troy Aikman from the University of California, Los Angeles. Selecting third, the Detroit Lions drafted Barry Sanders, who would retire as the NFL's second all-time leading scorer (since broken).


title: 1989 NFL season

text: Fred Silva retired during the 1989 off-season. He joined the NFL in 1968 as a line judge before being promoted to referee in 1969. Games that he officiated include Super Bowl XIV and the Freezer Bowl.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: Dale Hamer, the head linesman for Super Bowl XVII and Super Bowl XXII, and Howard Roe were promoted to referee. In addition to replacing Silva, an extra 16th officiating crew was added to help handle the weekly workload of 14 games.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: Walt Coleman was hired as a line judge. He was promoted to referee in 1995 and was a crew chief through 2018.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: A series of National Football League pre-season exhibition games that were held at sites outside the United States, a pair of games in 1989 were contested in London, England and Tokyo, Japan.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which the Washington Redskins defeated the Buffalo Bills 31–6, was played on August 5, televised nationally by ABC and held at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded. The 1989 Hall of Fame Class included Mel Blount and Terry Bradshaw, teammates on four Super Bowl championship teams with the Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s, Art Shell, a member of the Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XI and Super Bowl XV teams, plus Willie Wood, who captured five NFL championships, including Super Bowl I and Super Bowl II with the Green Bay Packers.


title: 1989 NFL season

text: This was the third and final year under the league's broadcast contracts with ABC, CBS, NBC, and ESPN to televise "Monday Night Football", the NFC package, the AFC package, and "Sunday Night Football", respectively. O. J. Simpson was named as the sole studio analyst for NBC's "NFL Live!", joining host Bob Costas. NBC also hired the then-recently retired head coach Bill Walsh to join Dick Enberg on the network's lead broadcast team, replacing Merlin Olsen as the network's lead color commentator.


title: Ankylosis

text: Ankylosis is a stiffness of a joint due to abnormal adhesion and rigidity of the bones of the joint, which may be the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tissues of the joint itself.


title: Ankylosis

text: When the structures outside the joint are affected, the term "false ankylosis" has been used in contradistinction to "true ankylosis", in which the disease is within the joint. When inflammation has caused the joint-ends of the bones to be fused together, the ankylosis is termed "osseous" or complete and is an instance of synostosis. Excision of a completely ankylosed shoulder or elbow may restore free mobility and usefulness to the limb. "Ankylosis" is also used as an anatomical term, bones being said to ankylose (or anchylose) when, from being originally distinct, they coalesce, or become so joined that no motion can take place between them.


title: Ankylosis

text: In 2014, Liliana Cernecca, a six-year-old girl at the time, was only able to open her mouth a couple millimeters after one of her jaw joints fused. She underwent surgery to correct her jaw ankylosis during which her jaw was operated on and unlocked.


title: Ankylosis

text: Evidence for ankylosis found in the fossil record is studied by paleopathologists, specialists in ancient disease and injury. Ankylosis has been reported in dinosaur fossils from several species, including "Allosaurus fragilis", "Becklespinax altispinax", "Poekilopleuron bucklandii", and "Tyrannosaurus rex" (including the Stan specimen).


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Gregory's Girl is a 1980 Scottish coming-of-age romantic comedy film written and directed by Bill Forsyth and starring John Gordon Sinclair, Dee Hepburn and Clare Grogan. The film is set in and around a state secondary school in the Abronhill district of Cumbernauld.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: "Gregory's Girl" was ranked No. 30 in the British Film Institute's list of the top 100 British films of the 20th century, and No. 29 on "Entertainment Weekly"s 2015 list of the 50 best high school movies.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Gregory Underwood is an awkward teenager who plays on his school football team. They are not doing very well, so the coach holds a trial to find new players. Dorothy shows up and, despite the coach's sexist misgivings, proves to be a very good player. She subsequently takes Gregory's place as centre forward, and Gregory in turn replaces his friend Andy as goalkeeper.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Gregory is all for her making the team, as he finds her very attractive. However, he has to compete for her attention with all the other boys who share the same opinion. Gregory initially confides in his best friend Steve, the most mature of Gregory's circle of friends, and asks him for help in attracting Dorothy. Steve, however, is unable to assist him.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Acting on the advice of his precocious 10-year-old sister Madeleine, he awkwardly asks Dorothy out on a date. She accepts, but Dorothy's friend, Carol, shows up at the rendezvous instead and informs Gregory that something had come up; Dorothy would not be able to make it. He is disappointed, but Carol talks him into taking her to the chip shop.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: When they arrive, she hands him off to another friend, Margo, and leaves. By then, Gregory is rather confused, but goes for a walk with the new girl. On their stroll, they encounter a waiting Susan, another of Dorothy's friends, and Margo leaves. Susan confesses that it was all arranged by her friends, including Dorothy. She explains, "It's just the way girls work. They help each other."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: They go to the park and talk. At the date's end, Gregory is more than pleased with Susan, and the two kiss numerous times on his doorstep before calling it a night and arranging a second date. Madeleine, who had been watching from the window, quizzes him on his date and calls him a liar when he claims he did not kiss Susan.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Gregory's friends, Andy and Charlie, are even more inept with girls but see Gregory at various times with three apparent dates, and are envious of his new success. They try to hitchhike to Caracas, where Andy has heard the women greatly outnumber the men, but fail at that as well.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Produced on a budget of £200,000 the film generated worldwide box office revenue of £25.8 million. Many of the young actors were members of the Glasgow Youth Theatre, and had appeared in Forsyth's earlier film "That Sinking Feeling" (1979), including Robert Buchanan, Billy Greenlees, and John Gordon Sinclair. After casting, Hepburn was given six weeks of intense football training at Partick Thistle F.C.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Filming of exterior scenes at Gregory's school took place at Abronhill High School. As the film had a small budget, the actors supplied many of their own clothes; Hepburn's white shorts were borrowed from her sister. A person in a penguin costume is seen at various points in the film for no apparent reason. Inside the suit was Christopher Higson, son of production supervisor Paddy Higson.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: The film was re-dubbed with rather anglicised Scottish accents for the original American theatrical release. Both versions are available on the American DVD release from MGM Home Entertainment.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: The film's cast reunited for the 30th anniversary of its release in 2010, and a clip from the film featuring Hepburn was part of the opening ceremony at the London 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: The film was released on 23 April 1981. There was a charity premiere in Glasgow on 3 May 1981. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 5 May 2014.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Film critic Roger Ebert liked the film's direction, and wrote "Bill Forsyth's "Gregory's Girl" is a charming, innocent, very funny little movie about the weird kid. ... The movie contains so much wisdom about being alive and teenage and vulnerable that maybe it would even be painful for a teenager to see it. ... Maybe only grown-ups should see this movie. You know, people who have gotten over the pains of unrequited love (hollow laugh)."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: The staff at "Variety" liked the work of the young cast and Forsyth's direction, and wrote, "Filmmaker Bill Forsyth, whose friendly, unmalicious approach recalls that of René Clair, is concerned with young students (in particular, a soccer team goalie, Gregory) seeking out the opposite sex. ... As Gregory, John Gordon Sinclair is adept at physical comedy. Hepburn is properly enigmatic as the object of his desire, with ensemble approach giving Greg's precocious 10-year-old sister played by Allison Forster a key "femme" role."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: Critic Richard Skorman wrote, "Forsyth does a good job of making light of the tender part in [Gregory's] teenage psyche, and his friends and little sister in particular are quirky and lovable. Unlike the film's American counterparts, "Gregory's Girl" is refreshingly free of mean-spirited characters and horny young studs bemoaning their virginity."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 95% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 20 reviews.


title: Gregory's Girl

text: In a retrospective appraisal of the film forty years after its release, Dr Jonny Murray, Senior Lecturer in Film and Visual Culture at Edinburgh College of Art, was quoted in "The Scotsman" as saying: ""Gregory’s Girl" is one of cinema’s true portrayals of the state of adolescence – a totally universal theme which only a few other filmmakers have been able to capture so brilliantly. Bill managed to capture not just what that looks like – but what that feels like."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: "Gregory's Two Girls" was released in 1999, with Sinclair reprising the role of Gregory, who by then was a 35-year-old teacher in his former secondary school. Reviewing the film for "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw said: "This quaint film is from the stable of Forsyth movies such as "That Sinking Feeling" and "Local Hero", and disconcertingly out of its time... all Forsyth's films have charm, including this one. But, unfortunately, Gregory's Two Girls has the unhappy distinction of being an Accidental Period Piece."


title: Gregory's Girl

text: However, "Time Out London"'s reviewer said "There's still comic mileage in Gordon-Sinclair's amiable fumbling Gregory... [A]ttention is directed towards wider, broadly political issues, but Forsyth's assured craftsmanship ensures that they are deftly woven into the storytelling. Gordon-Sinclair is a revelation, and although the film suffers from a lack of pace, its wealth of human insight and the premium it places on subtlety of expression make it a rare pleasure.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Frederick "Fritz" Joubert Duquesne (; 21 September 187724 May 1956; sometimes Du Quesne) was a South African Boer and German soldier, big-game hunter, journalist, and spy. Many of the claims Duquesne made about himself are in dispute; over his lifetime he used multiple identities, reinvented his past at will, claimed family ties to aristocratic clans and famous people, and even asserted the right to military titles and medals with no third-party verification.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: He fought on the side of the Boers in the Second Boer War and as a secret agent for Germany during both World Wars. He gathered human intelligence, led spy rings and carried out sabotage missions as a covert field asset in South Africa, Great Britain, Central and South America, and the United States. He went by many aliases, fictionalized his identity and background on multiple occasions, and operated as a con man. As a Boer spy he was known as the "Black Panther", in World War II he operated under the code name DUNN, and in FBI files he is frequently referred to as "The Duke". He was captured, convicted, and escaped several prisons.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: During the Second Boer War, from 1899 to 1902, Duquesne was captured and imprisoned three times by the British and once by the Portuguese, and each time he escaped. On one occasion he infiltrated the British army, became a British officer, and led an attempt to sabotage Cape Town and to assassinate the commander-in-chief Lord Kitchener. His team was given up by an informant and all were captured and sentenced to death. After a failed attempt to escape prison in Cape Town, he was sent to prison in Bermuda, but he escaped to the United States and became an American citizen. In World War I, he became a spy and ring leader for Germany and during this time he sabotaged British merchant ships in South America with concealed bombs and destroyed several. He sometimes purchased insurance on merchandise he shipped on the vessels he sabotaged and then filed claims for damages. He became known as "the man who killed Kitchener" since he claimed to have guided a German U-boat to sink HMS "Hampshire" on which Lord Kitchener was en route to Russia in 1916, although forensics of the ship do not support this claim.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: After he was caught by federal agents in New York in 1917, he feigned paralysis for two years and cut the bars of his cell to make his escape, thereby avoiding deportation to England where he faced execution for the deaths of British sailors. In 1932, he was again captured in New York by federal agents and charged with both homicide and for being an escaped prisoner, only this time he was set free after Britain declined to pursue the wartime crimes. The last time he was captured and imprisoned was in 1941 when he and 32 other members of the Duquesne Spy Ring working for Nazi Germany were caught by William G. Sebold, a double agent with the FBI and spying for the Germans. Duquesne was later convicted in the largest espionage conviction in the history of the United States.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Between wars, Duquesne served as an adviser on big game hunting to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, as a publicist in the movie business, as a journalist, as a fictional Australian war hero, and as head of the New Food Society in New York. During the Boer war he had been under orders to kill Frederick Russell Burnham, Chief of Scouts in the British Army, but in 1910 he worked with both Burnham and then Rep. Robert Broussard to lobby the U.S. Congress to fund the importation of hippopotamuses into the Louisiana bayous to solve a severe meat shortage.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Fritz Duquesne was born to a Boer family of French Huguenot origin in East London, Cape Colony in 1877 and later moved with his parents, Abraham Duquesne and Minna Joubert, to Nylstroom in the South African Republic where they started a farm. Abraham made his living as a hunter who also frequently traveled to sell skins, tusks, and horns, and he hired local natives to work the farm. He had two younger siblings, his sister Elsbet and his brother Pedro. He was a descendant of the French Huguenot naval commander Abraham Duquesne (1610–1688), and claimed his uncle was Piet Joubert (1831–1900), a hero in the First Boer War and Commandant-General of the South African Republic, although his family relationship is disputed.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: As a youth, Fritz Duquesne became a hunter like his father. His hunting skills proved useful not only in the African veld, but also later in life when he would publish articles about and give lectures on big-game hunting. It was during one of his early hunting trips that Duquesne became interested in panthers. He observed a black panther patiently waiting motionless for the perfect time to strike while a cautious African Buffalo approached and drank from a nearby water hole. The panther became his totem and its hunting style also became his. In the Second Boer War, Duquesne became known as the "Black Panther", and as a spy in the 1930s he stamped "all of his communiques to Germany with the figure of a cat, back arched and fur raised in anger."


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: At age 12, Fritz Duquesne killed his first man, a Zulu who attacked his mother. He used the man's assegai short sword to stab him in the stomach. Not long after the killing, a war party from a Bantu-speaking tribe attacked the area near Nylstroom and the Duquesne family was forced to retreat to the nearby river. The Duquesne family, along with six other settler families, fought a long gun battle against the Impi and Fritz Duquesne shot and killed several. When the fighting ended, his uncle Koos, his wife, and their baby were all dead.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: When he was 13, he was sent to school in England. After graduation, biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne went to Oxford University for a year and then he attended the Académie Militaire Royale in Brussels; however, his attendance records at these two institutions have never been found. Also, Duquesne himself writes that after he finished school in England he was sent to Europe to study engineering, but on the ship he met an embezzler named Christian de Vries and the two decided to take a trip around the world.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: After the English invaded South Africa in 1899, Duquesne returned to South Africa to join the Boer commandos as a lieutenant attached to the staff of Commandant General Piet Joubert in Pretoria. He was wounded with a bullet through his right shoulder at the Siege of Ladysmith, but was promoted to the rank of captain in the artillery. Duquesne was captured by the English at the Battle of Colenso, but escaped in Durban.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: During the English invasion of Pretoria, some of the gold from the central bank was sent by train to the small town of Machadodorp, then by road to the neutral harbor of Lourenço Marques in Portuguese East Africa (now Maputo, Mozambique) to be shipped to the Netherlands for the use of President Paul Kruger and other Boer exiles fleeing the Transvaal. A final tally showed about 1.5 million pounds (680,000 kilos) of gold bullion was removed from the South African Mint and National Bank between 29 May and 4 June 1900. Duquesne was in command of one of these large shipments of gold sent by wagon; however, this gold never made it to its destination. While in the bushveld of Portuguese East Africa, a violent disagreement broke out among the Boers. After the struggle, only two wounded Boers, Duquesne, and the "tottys" (native porters) remained alive. Duquesne ordered the tottys to hide the gold in the Caves of Leopards for safekeeping, to burn the wagons, and kill the wounded. He gave the tottys all the oxen, except for one which he rode away. Historian Art Ronnie writes in 1995 the buried central bank gold, commonly referred to as "Kruger's Millions" is only a legend; however, recently, there are reports about discoveries in South Africa of the missing gold buried by Duquesne.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Duquesne joined the Boer forces again for the Battle of Bergendal, but his unit had to fall back to Portuguese East Africa (present-day Mozambique). Many were captured by the Portuguese and sent to an internment camp in Caldas da Rainha near Lisbon. For Duquesne, this would become the watershed event, as Ronnie states, "life would never be the same for him ... In a few months, he would be launched on a forty-year career as a professional spy and counterfeit hero – a man who would constantly reinvent himself to suit the needs of the moment."


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: At the internment camp in Portugal, he charmed the daughter of one of the guards; she helped him escape to Paris, and to Aldershot in England. He infiltrated the British army, then was posted to South Africa in 1901 as an officer. During this period, he marched through Nylstroom, discovering his parents' farm was destroyed under Lord Kitchener's scorched earth policy. Duquesne also discovered his sister was raped and murdered by the English, and his mother was interned in the Nylstroom concentration camp operated as part of Kitchener's policy. Ronnie writes: "the fate of his country and of his family would breed in him an all-consuming hatred of England" and "would turn him into what (a biographer of Duquesne) Clement Wood called: a walking living breathing searing killing destroying torch of hate".


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: As an English officer, Duquesne returned to Cape Town with secret plans to sabotage English installations and to assassinate Kitchener. He recruited twenty Boer men, but the group were betrayed by the wife of one. On 11 October 1901, while attending a dinner for Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson, the Cape Colony governor, he was arrested in dress uniform for "conspiracy against the English and on (the charge of) espionage." He was court-martialled as a lieutenant in the English army, sentenced to be shot along with his co-conspirators. The other twenty members of his team were quickly executed, but as a plea-bargain, his sentence was reduced to life in prison. In exchange, Duquesne agreed to divulge secret Boer codes and to translate several Boer dispatches. According to Ronnie, "for the rest of his life he swore he never betrayed the Boer cause but created new codes to mislead the English."


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: He was imprisoned in Cape Town in the Castle of Good Hope, a fortification built by the Dutch in 1666. The walls of the castle were extremely thick, yet night after night, Duquesne dug away the cement around the stones with an iron spoon. He nearly escaped one night, but a large stone slipped and pinned him in his tunnel. The next morning, a guard found him unconscious but uninjured.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Duquesne was one of many Boer prisoners sent to the penal colony of Bermuda, an archipelago known for its frequent storm-wracked conditions, shark infested waters, and dangerous reefs. According to Ronnie, Bermuda was an "impossible, hopeless, and impregnable prison of pink beaches and sunlit waters from which no prisoner could escape – or so believed the English." Duquesne escaped from several other POW camps, and on the night of 25 June 1902, he slipped out of his tent, climbed a barbed-wire fence, swam 1.5 miles (2.4 km) past patrol boats and bright spot lights. He used a distant lighthouse for navigation until he arrived on the main island. He went to the home of Anna Maria Outerbridge, a leader of a Boer Relief Committee. Outerbridge helped him escape to the port of St. George's. Another Boer Relief Committee member, Captain W. E. Meyer, arranged for his transportation off the island. Within the week, Duquesne was a passenger on boat heading to Baltimore, Maryland.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: After escaping the English penitentiary in Bermuda, Duquesne proceeded to New York city. He found employment as a journalist for the "New York Herald" and other newspapers by writing adventure stories. The Second Boer War ended in 1902 with the Boers signing the Treaty of Vereeniging, but with his family dead, Duquesne never returned to South Africa. While in New York city, he published a novel in the French newspaper "Le Petit Bleu", and two other novels published in South Africa. In 1908, he was written up in "Men of America" as a travelling correspondent sent to locations such as Port Arthur (now the Chinese Lüshunkou District) to report on the Russo-Japanese War, Morocco to report on the Riff Rebellion, and to the Belgian Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) to accompany Sir Arthur Jones on an expedition. In June 1910, he married Alice Wortley, an American, but their marriage ended in divorce eight years later.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: During the Second Boer War, Duquesne was under orders to assassinate Frederick Russell Burnham, the American acting as Chief of Scouts for the English Army. After the war, Burnham remained active in counter-espionage for the English, and much of it involved keeping track of Duquesne. In 1910, Burnham and Congressman Robert Broussard founded the New Food Supply Society to import useful African wildlife into the U.S. as a solution to a serious American meat shortage, and Broussard selected Duquesne as an expert. In support of this plan, Broussard introduced H.R. 23261, also known as the American Hippo Bill attempting the appropriation of $250,000 to import hippopotamus into the Louisiana bayous as food source and to control the water hyacinth then clogging Southern river systems. Former President Theodore Roosevelt backed the plan, as did the U.S. Department of Agriculture, "The Washington Post", and "The New York Times", which praised the taste of hippopotamus as "lake cow bacon". Duquesne's expert testimony on this subject before the House Committee on Agriculture is recorded in the "Congressional Record". The bill fell just short of passing, and the New Foods organization was disbanded.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: During this time, Duquesne became former President Roosevelt's personal shooting instructor and accompanied him on a hunting expedition. He published several newspaper articles on Roosevelt's hunting trip to Africa, safari big game hunting in general, and the heroic accomplishments of Caucasian people to bring civilization to black Africans. Duquesne became a naturalized American citizen in December 1913.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: After meeting a German-American industrialist in the Midwest around 1914, Duquesne became a German spy. He was sent to Brazil as "Frederick Fredericks" under the disguise of "doing scientific research on rubber plants". As an agent for Naval Intelligence in South America, he was assigned to disrupt commercial traffic to countries at war with Germany. Duquesne received and delivered communiques through German embassies, and he was responsible for numerous explosions on British merchant ships. From his base in Bahia, Brazil, he planted time bombs disguised as cases of mineral samples on British ships and he was credited with sinking 22 ships; among them were the "Salvador" and the "Pembrokeshire". Additionally, one of his bombs killed three British sailors and nearly sank the in February 1916, and another started a fire on the "Vauban". After bombing the "Tennyson", MI5 (British intelligence) operating in Brazil arrested an accomplice named Bauer who identified Duquesne as both the perpetrator of the crime and the ring leader. Bauer further revealed that Duquesne was operating under his own name and two aliases, George Fordam and Piet Niacud. Niacud is the pronunciation of Duquesne reversed. MI5 confirmed that Duquesne was "a German intelligence officer ... involved in a series of acts of sabotage against British shipping in South American waters during the war". His cover now blown, Duquesne moved to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and several weeks later placed an article in a newspaper reporting his own death in Bolivia at the hands of Amazonian natives.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: Duquesne evaded British intelligence in South America and returned to New York around May 1916. Using the aliases George Fordam and Frederick Fredericks, he had taken out insurance policies for the cargo he shipped and he now filed claims for the "films" and "mineral samples" lost with the ships he sank off the coast of Brazil, including the British steamship "Tennyson". The insurance companies were reluctant to pay and began their own investigations which would go on for another year.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: In his book "The Man Who Killed Kitchener", biographer Clement Wood states that Duquesne left for Europe in June 1916 under orders from German intelligence. Duquesne posed as the Russian Duke Boris Zakrevsky and joined Field Marshal Kitchener on HMS "Hampshire" in Scotland. Once on board, Duquesne signaled the German submarine that sank the cruiser, thus killing Lord Kitchener. Duquesne made his own escape using a life raft before the ship was torpedoed and he was rescued by the submarine. Duquesne was awarded the Iron Cross for this act, and he appears in several pictures in German uniform wearing an Iron Cross in addition to other medals. Captain Louis Botha, son of the former prime minister of South Africa General Louis Botha, further writes that "Duquesne was a great friend of the Botha family" and that Duquesne "rose from the status of a Private in the German Army to the rank of Colonel, and received the Iron Cross during the great war." The authenticity of several of these claims has been challenged by modern biographers, and the German records that would confirm or deny at least parts of these accounts are now missing and presumed destroyed during the war. According to the official story, the HMS Hamsphire was lost in a force 9 gale, after striking a mine laid by the U-75, a German submarine.


title: Fritz Joubert Duquesne

text: The next confirmed appearance of Duquesne is in Washington, D.C., in July 1917, not long after the U.S. declared war on Germany. He had contacted Senator Robert Broussard with whom he had worked on the bill to import hippos into Louisiana. Unaware that Duquesne was now a German spy, Senator Broussard attempted to help him obtain a position with General George Washington Goethals, the acting U.S. Army Quartermaster and former chief engineer of the Panama Canal, but he was not successful. Additionally, Duquesne filed patents for an underwater electromagnetic mine which he then attempted to sell to the U.S. Navy.