title: Annie Dillard

text: In 1965, Annie (who was then Annie Doak) married her creative writing professor, Richard Dillard. In 1975, they divorced amicably and she moved from Roanoke to Lummi Island near Bellingham, Washington. She taught at Western Washington University part-time as a writer-in-residence. She later married Gary Clevidence, an anthropology professor at WWU's Fairhaven College, and they have a child, Cody Rose. Dillard was married from 1988 until 2020 (his death) to historical biographer Robert D. Richardson, whom she met after sending him a fan letter about his book "Henry Thoreau: A Life of the Mind."


title: Annie Dillard

text: In 1975, Dillard moved to the Pacific Northwest and taught for four years at Fairhaven College and Western Washington University. In 1980, she began what would become a 21-year teaching career in the English department of Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut.


title: Annie Dillard

text: After college Dillard says she became "spiritually promiscuous." Her first prose book, "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek", makes references not only to Christ and the Bible, but also to Islam, and Judaism, Buddhism, and Inuit spirituality. Dillard for a while converted to Roman Catholicism around 1988. This was described in detail in a "The New York Times" overview of her work in 1992.


title: Annie Dillard

text: In 1994 she won the Campion Award, given to a Catholic writer every year by the editors of "America". In her 1999 book, "For the Time Being", she describes her abandonment of Christianity, describing the supposed absurdity of some Christian doctrines, while stating she still stays near Christianity, and continuing to valorize Catholic writer Teilhard de Chardin. Her personal website lists her religion as "none."


title: Annie Dillard

text: Sales of Dillard's paintings benefit Partners in Health, a Boston-based nonprofit international health organization founded by Dr. Paul Farmer. Dillard's art is available on her website.


title: Ulrich Matthes

text: Ulrich Matthes (born 9 May 1959) is a German actor, possibly best-known for having played Joseph Goebbels in the 2004 film "Downfall".


title: Ulrich Matthes

text: Matthes was born in West Berlin and educated at the Evangelisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster. He studied acting in the early 1980s in Berlin under Else Bongers. In the 2004 movie "Downfall" he plays Joseph Goebbels. In the 2004 movie "The Ninth Day", he plays Fr. Henri Kremer, a Catholic priest imprisoned at Dachau. He is also the standard German voice for Kenneth Branagh along with Martin Umbach. In February 2021, Matthes came out as gay.


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: An intrinsic (pure) semiconductor, also called an undoped semiconductor or i-type semiconductor, is a pure semiconductor without any significant dopant species present. The number of charge carriers is therefore determined by the properties of the material itself instead of the amount of impurities. In intrinsic semiconductors the number of excited electrons and the number of holes are equal: n = p. This may be the case even after doping the semiconductor, though only if it is doped with both donors and acceptors equally. In this case, n = p still holds, and the semiconductor remains intrinsic, though doped. This mean that some conductors are both intrinsic as well as extrinsic but only if n (electron donor dopant/excited electrons) is equal to p (electron acceptor dopant/vacant holes that act as positive charges).


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: The electrical conductivity of chemically pure semiconductors can still be affected by crystallographic defects of technological origin (like vacancies), some of which can behave similar to dopants. Their effect can often be neglected, though, and the number of electrons in the conduction band is then exactly equal to the number of holes in the valence band. The conduction of current of intrinsic semiconductor is enabled purely by electron excitation across the band-gap, which is usually small at room temperature except for narrow-bandgap semiconductors, like .


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: The conductivity of a semiconductor can be modeled in terms of the band theory of solids. The band model of a semiconductor suggests that at ordinary temperatures there is a finite possibility that electrons can reach the conduction band and contribute to electrical conduction.


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: A silicon crystal is different from an insulator because at any temperature above absolute zero, there is a non-zero probability that an electron in the lattice will be knocked loose from its position, leaving behind an electron deficiency called a "hole". If a voltage is applied, then both the electron and the hole can contribute to a small current flow.


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: In an intrinsic semiconductor such as silicon at temperatures above absolute zero, there will be some electrons which are excited across the band gap into the conduction band and which can support charge flowing. When the electron in pure silicon crosses the gap, it leaves behind an electron vacancy or "hole" in the regular silicon lattice. Under the influence of an external voltage, both the electron and the hole can move across the material. In an n-type semiconductor, the dopant contributes extra electrons, dramatically increasing the conductivity. In a p-type semiconductor, the dopant produces extra vacancies or holes, which likewise increase the conductivity. It is however the behavior of the p-n junction which is the key to the enormous variety of solid-state electronic devices


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: The current which will flow in an intrinsic semiconductor consists of both electron and hole current. That is, the electrons which have been freed from their lattice positions into the conduction band can move through the material. In addition, other electrons can hop between lattice positions to fill the vacancies left by the freed electrons. This additional mechanism is called hole conduction because it is as if the holes are migrating across the material in the direction opposite to the free electron movement.


title: Intrinsic semiconductor

text: The current flow in an intrinsic semiconductor is influenced by the density of energy states which in turn influences the electron density in the conduction band. This current is highly temperature dependent.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: Anthony Vito "Tony" Corleone is a fictional character in "The Godfather film" trilogy directed by Francis Ford Coppola. He is the son of Michael Corleone (Al Pacino) and Kay Adams (Diane Keaton), and the older brother of Mary Corleone (Sofia Coppola). While Anthony was never a major character in the first two films, major events in his life were the backdrop of key parts of the second film, and his relationship with his father is a plot point in the third film.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: He is not mentioned by name in the novel. The film character was given the name Anthony after the three-year old that portrayed him in the first appearance because he responded better to his own name.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: Anthony has a small role in the first film; his only scene of consequence is when he witnesses the death of his grandfather, Vito Corleone (Marlon Brando), who dies while playing with him in the garden.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: He is portrayed by Anthony Gounaris. The character was given the name Anthony because it was thought that the 3-year-old Gounaris would respond best if his own name was used. "The Godfather" is Gounaris' only role to date.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: The second film's plot line opens in 1958, with Anthony's first communion. It continues with an extravagant banquet held in his honor at the family estate near Lake Tahoe. During it, his father's time is largely taken up with tending to the family business, an ongoing theme throughout the film. Anthony receives many gifts, mostly from people he does not know, which confuses him. Later in the film, he and his sister, Mary, overhear their parents arguing; Kay voices her concerns that Michael's button men are Anthony's primary playmates. Michael refuses to believe he has influenced his son in any negative way.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: After Michael and Kay get divorced, Michael refuses to allow her to see Anthony and Mary. Anthony seems to resent his mother's role in his parents' split, and is sullen and unaffectionate during her visit, arranged secretly by his aunt Connie (Talia Shire), Michael's sister. Michael discovers Kay's unauthorized visit and sends her away coldly. At the end of the film, Anthony has developed a close relationship with his uncle Fredo (John Cazale), Michael's brother. When they are about to go fishing together, Michael calls Anthony away, insisting he accompany him to Reno. Fredo is then assassinated by Al Neri (Richard Bright) on Michael's order.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: He is portrayed by James Gounaris, the brother of the first film's actor. He never took another acting role.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: Sometime prior to the events of the film, Michael gave Kay custody of Anthony and Mary so she could supervise their education. Anthony, now an adult, along with his mother and sister, Mary, attends a ceremony where Michael receives a citation from the Pope. At the banquet that follows, Anthony, along with Kay, confronts his father, and tells him that he is quitting law school for a career in opera and will never join the "family business". Michael, infuriated, wants him to finish law school. Michael finally relents at Kay's urging. She privately tells Michael that Anthony knows that he had Fredo killed.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: Anthony's career is a success, and he is set to make his operatic debut as the lead in "Cavalleria Rusticana", in Palermo, Sicily, on Easter Sunday. His family joins him in Sicily, for the premiere. The day before, as a gift for Michael, he performs the traditional Sicilian ballad "Brucia La Terra" (the official theme of the trilogy). During this trip Anthony, like his father, disapproves of Mary's romance with their cousin Vincent Corleone (Andy García).


title: Anthony Corleone

text: The film concludes with Anthony's performance. Although the production is a success, it is overshadowed by numerous murders and assassinations leading up to, during, and following it – most notably, that of his sister Mary, who is accidentally killed by an assassin during an attempt on Michael's life. Anthony is last seen grieving over Mary's body, along with Michael and Kay. He was portrayed by singer Franc D'Ambrosio.


title: Anthony Corleone

text: Anthony appears in Mark Winegardner's sequel novels "The Godfather Returns" and "The Godfather's Revenge". In the former novel, he witnesses Fredo's murder from his bedroom window, explaining the third film's revelation that he knows the truth about his uncle's death. In these novels, Anthony has a difficult relationship with his father; he loves Michael, but does not want to become like him. Anthony's ambivalence hurts Michael, but he understands it, as he had once felt the same way about his own father.


title: Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok

text: The Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok () is an Icelandic legendary saga of the 13th century about the Viking ruler Ragnar Lodbrok. It is part of the manuscript of the "Völsunga saga", which it immediately follows. The tale covers the origin of Aslaug, Ragnar's quest for the hand of Þóra Borgarhjǫrtr, his later marriage to Aslaug, the deeds of their sons (and Aslaug) in battle, and Ragnar's death at the hands of king Ælla of Northumbria.


title: Tale of Ragnar Lodbrok

text: The saga's sources include Adam of Bremen and Saxo Grammaticus, with whose "Gesta Danorum" (book IX) it overlaps in the description of Ragnar's pursuit of Thora, his marriage to Aslaug, and the deeds of his sons. "Ragnars saga" is a sequel of sorts to the "Völsunga saga", providing a link between the legendary figures of Sigurd and Brynhildr and the historical events of the 9th to 11th centuries, as well as prestige to the Norwegian royal house by portraying Sigurd as its ancestor.


title: Goblincore

text: Goblincore is an aesthetic and subculture inspired by the folklore of goblins, centered on the celebration of natural ecosystems usually considered less beautiful by conventional norms, such as soil, animals, and second-hand objects.


title: Goblincore

text: Second-hand and thrifted aesthetics feature prominently in the fashion of goblincore, often emphasizing comfort and brown, green, and clashing colours. The aesthetic often features idealised imagery of natural creatures such as snakes, frogs, snails, and earthworms; animal skeletons and rocks; plants and fungi like ferns, moss, and mushrooms. Journalist Sabrina Faramarzi has stated that the subculture is about "chaos, dirt and mud."


title: Goblincore

text: Proponents of the subculture have also been noted to collect shiny objects, similarly to folklore goblins, such as silverware, small jewelry, and coins. The subculture has been described as connected to maximalism and escapism.


title: Goblincore

text: Alternative names also used for the subculture include crowcore, dirtcore, cottagegoth, and feralcore.


title: Goblincore

text: Goblincore is believed to have surfaced in online communities in the late 2010s, particularly on Tumblr and TikTok, with Amanda Brennan stating that it "started picking up in spring 2019 and hit full steam in 2020 as people stumbled upon it during the pandemic." As of July 2021, the goblincore subreddit had 19 000 subscribers, an increase of 395% from July 2020. E-commerce company Etsy reported a 695% increase in searches related to goblincore in June 2021.


title: Goblincore

text: The subculture has been described as anti-consumerist, with Mashable writer Morgan Sung stating that "in a maximalist goblincore home, decor is found or built, not bought." It has also been noted as having a significant number of LGBT+, and specifically non-binary, proponents, with a common catchphrase being "no gender, only bugs".


title: Goblincore

text: Some have described the subculture as a darker companion to cottagecore, with Faramarzi stating that "goblincore is cottagecore for those that actually spend time in nature, who know that nature is not sunlit wheat fields but gnarly forests and chaotic animals".


title: There's No Business Like Show Business (film)

text: Irving Berlin's There's No Business Like Show Business is a 1954 American musical comedy-drama film directed by Walter Lang. It stars an ensemble cast, consisting of Ethel Merman, Donald O'Connor, Marilyn Monroe, Dan Dailey, Johnnie Ray, and Mitzi Gaynor.


text: The title is borrowed from the famous song in the stage musical (and MGM film) "Annie Get Your Gun". The screenplay was written by Phoebe Ephron and Henry Ephron, based on a story by Lamar Trotti; and the movie was Fox's first musical in CinemaScope and DeLuxe Color.


text: The story opens in 1919 and chronicles the ups and downs in the careers of Terence and Molly Donahue, a husband-and-wife vaudeville team. Throughout the years, the Donahues reconcile a stable family life with professional success. Their children, Steve, Katy, and Tim, join the act one by one, and they eventually become known as The Five Donahues. However, as the children mature, they answer other callings. Steve, for example, enrolls in a Catholic seminary for training as a priest. Later, Tim falls in love with a successful performer, Vicky Parker, and he and sister Katy consent to join her act as supporting players. However, Tim and Vicky experience a falling out, and he abandons the act. Despite efforts by the family to locate him, Tim's whereabouts remain a mystery.


text: Meanwhile, Katy begins dating Charlie Gibbs, the show's tall and spare lyricist, and they are eventually married—in a ceremony ministered by Steve who has just been ordained a priest. Thus, the Five Donahues are no more, until months later at a benefit on the closing night of the famed Hippodrome Theatre in New York. As Molly sings the film's title song for the sellout crowd, Steve arrives backstage unexpectedly, followed by Tim, in the uniform of a U.S. Sailor. There, he reconciles with Vicky and his family, and for the first time in years, the Five Donahues reunite for the film's elaborate finale.


text: In the months prior to the filming of the movie, Marilyn Monroe had been placed on suspension from 20th Century-Fox after refusing to accept the leading role in a film version of a Broadway musical titled "The Girl in Pink Tights". During her suspension, she married baseball star Joe DiMaggio and the two honeymooned in Japan, during which time she entertained American soldiers in Korea. Fox had intended to cast Sheree North in "There's No Business Like Show Business", going so far as to screen-test North in Monroe's own studio wardrobe. When Monroe returned to California, her Fox suspension was lifted, and studio executives offered her a role in the ensemble cast of "There's No Business Like Show Business" as a replacement project for having refused to make "Pink Tights". Monroe initially refused to make "There's No Business Like Show Business" just as she had for the previous project until Fox assured her that her next vehicle would be "The Seven Year Itch". She also demanded a pay increase of $3,000 a week.


text: Ethel Merman had first sung "There's No Business Like Show Business" in the original Broadway production of "Annie Get Your Gun" in 1946 and would go on to sing it again in the 1967 television broadcast of the subsequent Lincoln Center revival of that musical comedy.


text: To publicize the film, Monroe wore a black cotton polka-dot swimsuit. It went on auction at Christie's in London in 1991 and sold for $22,400 to collector David Gainsborough Roberts.


text: Despite boasting a lavish production, "Irving Berlin's There's No Business Like Show Business" eventually became both a critical and box office failure.


text: Ed Sullivan described Monroe's performance of the song "Heat Wave" as "one of the most flagrant violations of good taste" he had witnessed. "Time" magazine compared her unfavorably to co-star Ethel Merman. Bosley Crowther in "The New York Times" called the film a "major success" in a generally favorable review, praising in particular Donald O'Connor's performance, but said that Mitzi Gaynor had surpassed Monroe's "wriggling and squirming" which were "embarrassing to behold." Donald O'Connor drew unfavorable reviews for his "over-acting" and "uncanny flirting" with Monroe on-screen. Dan Dailey and Johnnie Ray favored better among critics, although reviewers stated their performances were "below average".


text: The film's budget was $4,340,000. Excessive at the time for a movie filmed entirely on a studio lot in Los Angeles, the expenses were mainly due to delays in production, the lavish musical numbers and a running time that was at least 15 minutes longer than most other Hollywood musicals. Because the film made just $5,103,555 at the box office, 20th Century Fox officials were disappointed.


text: According to records, Fox was expecting a profit of $2 million, but ran a loss of almost $950,000. It is also significant that Johnnie Ray never worked again for 20th Century Fox or appeared in another motion picture made by any major movie studio in the United States or another country, though his music developed a stronger following overseas than in the United States.


text: The film's TV premiere occurred October 28, 1961, on NBC's ground-breaking movie anthology series, "Saturday Night at the Movies", in a pan-and-scan version to match the square, small-screen design of televisions manufactured at the time. Later syndicated broadcasts on local television stations were unkind to the legacy of "There's No Business Like Show Business" because it warranted a time slot of at least two-and-one-half hours, including commercials, and also because of the lack of letterboxing during that era. Every CinemaScope movie lost much of its appeal when shown on television in the 1960s and 1970s, even if it was in black-and-white, but "There's No Business Like Show Business" was hit especially hard because of cinematographer Leon Shamroy’s placement of at least two members of the ensemble cast on the wide screen in every frame as they hit a lot of marks on the soundstage. The several dance sequences with at least three cast members were compromised by the pan-and-scan process.


text: The movie's release to the home video market in the early 1990s solved the problem of commercial interruptions and improved its profits and reputation considerably. The issue of the aspect ratio of CinemaScope remained, however. A DVD release in 2001 included letterboxing and 4-channel surround sound, thereby eliminating the bad aspect ratio and introducing the movie to younger generations. It has received favorable reviews from critics and fans.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season of the American science fiction television series "Fringe" commenced airing on the Fox network on September 17, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2010. The season was produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television, and its showrunners were Jeff Pinkner and J. H. Wyman. Actors Anna Torv, John Noble, and Joshua Jackson reprised their roles as FBI agent Olivia Dunham and father-son duo Walter and Peter Bishop, respectively. Previous series regulars Lance Reddick, Jasika Nicole, Blair Brown, and Kirk Acevedo also returned, though with Acevedo in a limited capacity.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The season followed the continuation of a war between two universes, the prime and the parallel. It was set in the former, until the last several episodes when Peter Bishop (Jackson) journeyed back to the parallel universe after being lured there by his real father, "Walternate" (Noble). While co-creator J. J. Abrams described the first season as "identifying that there is an enemy", he referred to season two as "getting to know the enemy" as it "build[s] to a very specific type of confrontation" between the two universes. The writers focused on their characters' development, in particular making them more comfortable with each other while solving cases for Fringe Division. By inventing the "mythalone" style of episode, the producers sought to create the perfect episode that mixed standalone episode qualities for casual viewers with the further development of the series' mythology for regular viewers.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: In a departure from the previous season, the second season aired in a new competitive timeslot at 9:00 pm on Thursdays. It contained 22 episodes, plus an unaired episode that was produced during the first season; "Unearthed" aired as a special as episode 11 of season two, days prior to "Johari Window", the first new episode of 2010. Also part of the season was the series' only musical episode, "Brown Betty", which was produced at the request of the network. The season finale, "Over There", fully introduced the parallel universe and laid the groundwork for the third season.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: "Fringe" ended its second season with a per episode average of 6.252 million total viewers and a 2.3 ratings share in the 18–49 demographic. The season was generally well-received by critics, though most agreed that the second half was a considerable improvement over the first. The series was chosen for a number of 2010 "best of television" lists, including "The New York Times", the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer", and "Entertainment Weekly". Despite its critical acclaim, "Fringe" failed to earn any major category nominations at the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards, but did receive nominations at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards, Golden Reel Awards, and Satellite Awards; at the Saturn Awards, Torv and guest actor Leonard Nimoy won in their respective categories. The second season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 14, 2010, in region 2 on September 27, and in region 4 on November 10.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Olivia, having been taken to William Bell's office in the parallel universe, is returned to the prime universe but with short term amnesia, unable to recall her experience there. Massive Dynamic's Nina Sharp directs her to Sam Weiss, a bowling alley manager, who gives her cryptic but helpful advice to overcome her amnesia. Meanwhile, the Fringe division has discovered several shapeshifters - a human/machine hybrid that bleed mercury - have crossed over, but unbeknownst to them, one takes the form of Olivia's partner, Charlie. When Sam's advice allows Olivia to recall what Bell told her, she unwittingly gives this information to the shapeshifter, who calls its agents to use the information to recover the body of Thomas Jerome Newton, an agent for some entity operating from the parallel universe. Nina provides Olivia with cautionary advice, alerting her to a "great war" that Bell postulated would occur between the two universes. During this time, Peter has come to forgive Walter for his past, and Walter has grown accustomed to normal life outside of the institution, but is still troubled by a secret.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Newton, using old technology from Walter and Bell's research, is able to pull an entire building from the parallel universe to the prime, and the team races against time to prevent harm when, due to the laws of mass conservation, a building from the prime is pulled to the parallel one. This event forces Walter to try to coax Olivia to recall her Cortexiphan abilities as to identify things affected by the parallel universe. Initially unable to do so, her fear of failure enables her ability, allowing them to save the people within the target building, but also revealing to her that Peter is from the parallel universe. Walter explains to Olivia that in 1985, he and Bell had devised a way to observe the parallel universe, where he found his doppelgänger, "Walternate", was also close to losing his son. Though Walter's Peter had died, Walternate continued to search for a cure, but missed the telltale sign when the Observer September arrived at his lab. Walter resynthesized the cure and aimed to cross over using untested equipment at Reiden Lake, though stalled by Nina and his lab assistant Clara. Nina tackled him on his way over, losing her arm in the process, while Walter, on the other side, found the cure vial broken. Intent on curing the alternate Peter, he posed as his father and crossed back with Peter, intending to administer the cure at the lab and then return Peter. However, on the return, the ice on Reiden Lake broke, threatening to drown both, but they were saved by September, who cautioned Walter "the boy must live". While Walter successfully administered the cure, his wife Elizabeth saw Peter, and Walter realized he could never return Peter to the parallel universe. After Walter reveals this truth, he considers letting Peter know but struggles with how to do so, hoping to seek repentance from God for his actions.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Meanwhile, Newton has continued to use Walter's technology to bring into temporary existence elements from the parallel universe. This enables Newton and his agents to bring over a figure known as "Mr. Secretary", despite Fringe's attempts to stop them. Peter, from this action, deduces that he is from the parallel universe, and furious at Walter for hiding this information, leaves on his own. While hiding in the Pacific Northwest, Peter meets Mr. Secretary - Walternate, his true father, who offers to take him back to the parallel universe, which Peter accepts. Olivia and Walter are alerted by September that Walternate plans to use Peter to initiate the operation of a strange device that threatens to destroy the prime universe, and the two launch a rescue attempt. In the parallel universe, they find that it suffers from singularities caused by Walter's crossing in 1985, forcing Walternate's Fringe team to use an amber-like substance to surround and quarantine such areas, regardless of innocent lives trapped within. They meet with William Bell, and Walter and Bell resolve their past differences. Olivia faces off against her doppelgänger, "Fauxlivia", who works for Walternate in the Fringe Division under the U.S. Secretary of Defense; she is able to recover Peter, who has seen the device and recognized that it reacted only to his biology, and wants nothing of it, willing to return with the others. As Olivia, Walter, and Peter attempt to return, they are engaged by Fauxlivia and others in the Fringe Division. Bell sacrifices himself to provide energy into a device to allow the three to cross over, but none of them are aware that Fauxlivia has secretly switched places with Olivia under Walternate's orders, while Olivia is captured and held in a secured facility by Walternate.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The season was produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television. Though still set in Boston, the show's production for the second season moved from New York City to Vancouver out of financial necessity, as it lost access to New York's TV production tax incentive program. "Fringe" consequently got a mostly new writing staff and production team, though co-creators J. J. Abrams, Roberto Orci, and Alex Kurtzman, and producer Bryan Burk remained involved with the series. Jeff Pinkner and J.H. Wyman returned as executive producers and showrunners. Jeff Vlaming and previous episode director Akiva Goldsman joined the crew as consulting producers. While Abrams had six episode writing credits for the first season he remained much more hands-off for the second, instead focusing on other commitments like the film "Star Trek". He explained, "Sometimes we'll talk every day. Then there will be a period of a couple weeks where we don't speak. But we're emailing a lot. There's a lot of stuff that happens that way." Eden FX and Zoic Studios stayed as vendors for the series' visual effects, effectively giving "Fringe" a sense of continuity. Jay Worth, the overall visual effects supervisor, commented that having these two companies "helped the show not feel as a big of a bump from one season to the next, particularly with different crews and a different vibe a little bit." Despite his decreased involvement, Abrams was sent all of the visual effects for the series during production, and responded back with notes and tweaks.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Responding to criticism that some first season episodes were too neatly wrapped and solved, Jeff Pinkner commented towards the end of that season, "We found that, absolutely, early on, we were falling into the trap of—the tease would be fantastic. And then we would too quickly answer it and [reduce] the tension. And we've tried to course-correct and have the tease promise" questions that don't get answered right away. He further elaborated that the goal now is to "have the energy of the show get bigger as [an episode] goes along... We're learning how to tell this version of a detective story. It's not really a police procedural. There are elements of that. But it's an incredible mish-mash of genres. I think we're getting better at finding our way through these stories."


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Pinkner, Abrams, Orci, Burk, Kurtzman, Wyman, and Goldsman developed the second season's storyline together. Goldsman explained that they "mapped" out the season "in a way that we remained fundamentally faithful to". Though they changed certain aspects, they knew where Olivia and Peter were going to start and end up but "got there at different paces than what [they] originally planned". While the first season both focused on Olivia and dealt with discovering the existence of an enemy, the second was designed to "[build] to a very specific type of confrontation" between the two universes. Explained Pinkner, "Season 2 is about the people from 'over there' putting the final pieces of the invasion into play, and explaining why". At the same time, the producers approached the second season as a "journey of self-actualization" and "maturation for our characters." They wanted to make the three main cast members become more comfortable as a team in Fringe Division; Peter thus was written to be more heroic and to go from reluctance to a desire to help his father, while Walter became gradually more independent and "grounded as a human being". They made the secret of Peter's origins one of the main story focuses of the season. While the audience had been made aware of Walter's secret in the season one finale, the producers wanted to "acknowledge it to our characters". All the while Walter was "suffering... and desperately trying to keep it all quiet", Olivia and Peter grew closer to the truth. By "giv[ing] these things time" to develop, Pinkner strove to avoid focusing just on "event, event, event", instead concentrating on the real consequences of Peter and Olivia's eventual discovery.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season's mythology was intended to be revealed in small parcels. Throughout the season, Pinkner and Wyman tried to create an episode that best bridged "standalone" traits—needed for casual viewers—with the further advancement of the show's mythology for those who watched regularly. At the start of the season Pinkner believed they had found a "good rhythm" between the two, as the mythology "really [started to] affect the characters, to the point where even the standalone [episodes] advance mythology". After the season ended, Wyman commented at San Diego Comic-Con International, "We learned that the fan fans love mythology but there are needs from the networks. We started experimenting with a thing we called 'mythalones', not standalone or myth." Wyman cited the season's 18th episode, "White Tulip" as a prime example, noting "You can see that you're following Walter's journey, it's the right mix." The "Fringe" producers strove to avoid becoming bogged down in mythology, an issue that they perceived happened in "Alias", another J. J. Abrams television series. In a joint statement released midway through the season, Abrams, Pinkner, and Wyman noted that their "only internal rule is that we make every effort to not raise mythological questions merely to string viewers along, but rather to provide answers that generate consequences."


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: At Fox's request, the writers developed a musical episode, "Brown Betty" to fit into the network's "Fox rocks" campaign in the same vein as its series "Glee". While the episode already had most of the necessary elements in place before Fox's request, the producers were able to add the musical theme as a "narrative device" to "explore Walter's feelings" in the aftermath of Peter's discovery and flight. To prepare for the season finale, the producers began developing characteristics of the parallel universe relatively early on. Relating to the two universes' idiosyncrasies, Pinkner and Wyman were both interested in world building and "the concept of choices", such as the differing events that led to the Other Side possessing a still-standing World Trade Center but destroyed White House. Other historical idiosyncrasies included the oxidation of the Statue of Liberty and the use of zeppelins as transportation. They believed that all of their additions were "the texture that actually makes it a world. The richness of detail is what makes it feel real".


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: As the series began filming in Vancouver, the University of British Columbia campus served as a substitute for Harvard University. Because of its heritage buildings and antique storefronts, many of the scenes set in the alternate universe were shot in New Westminster, an area outside Vancouver. Consulting producer and previous "Fringe" director Akiva Goldsman returned to direct several episodes, as did producer Brad Anderson, executive producer Joe Chappelle, and producer Paul Edwards. One time guest directors for the season included Bryan Spicer, Jon Cassar, Dennis Smith, Paul Holahan, Jeannot Szwarc, Frederick E. O. Toye, Deran Sarafian, Adam Davidson, Charles Beeson, David Straiton, Thomas Yatsko, Jeffrey Hunt, and Seith Mann.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: As with the previous season, the second season featured three main characters all working together to solve various Fringe cases. Anna Torv played determined FBI agent Olivia Dunham, who is able to travel between universes as a result of childhood experiments performed on her with the nootropic drug, Cortexiphan. The man responsible for these experiments, Dr. Walter Bishop, was played by John Noble. Walter's son Peter Bishop, whom he stole from the parallel universe, was portrayed by Joshua Jackson. Other members of the main cast included Jasika Nicole as Junior FBI Agent and Walter's lab assistant Astrid Farnsworth, Lance Reddick as Agent Phillip Broyles, Blair Brown as Massive Dynamic executive Nina Sharp, and Kirk Acevedo as Agent Charlie Francis. Acevedo's character was killed off in the season's fourth episode, though at the time Pinkner and Wyman hinted of the actor's possible return later in the season. Acevedo returned to guest star in the season finale as the parallel universe version of Charlie Francis. Acevedo was also featured in "Unearthed", a special episode that was filmed during the first season, but aired as the eleventh episode of the second season.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season marked a large number of recurring guest appearances. Michael Cerveris played September/The Observer, a mysterious man that observes important events and appeared in every episode of the season, often merely in brief glimpses. Further Observers were revealed, including August (Peter Woodward) and December (Eugene Lipinski). Ryan McDonald portrayed Massive Dynamic scientist Brandon Fayette, while its founder, Dr. William Bell was played by Leonard Nimoy, despite the actor's recent retirement. Thomas Jerome Newton, one of the season's main villains, was played by Sebastian Roché. Kevin Corrigan portrayed Samuel Weiss, a mysterious man who helps Olivia recover from her injuries. Ari Graynor appeared as Olivia's sister Rachel Dunham, while Lily Pilblad played Rachel's daughter and Olivia's niece Ella Blake. Orla Brady played Walter's wife Elizabeth Bishop. A new FBI agent, Amy Jessup, was portrayed by Meghan Markle. Roger Cross appeared as a shapeshifter. Former Cortexiphan subjects James Heath and Nick Lane were played by Omar Metwally and David Call, respectively. Karen Holness appeared as Broyles' ex-wife Diane, and Clark Middleton played rare book seller Edward Markham. Philip Winchester appeared as Fauxlivia's boyfriend Frank Stanton, while Seth Gabel played Agent Lincoln Lee from the parallel universe, both in the finale. J. R. Bourne played Agent Edwards, and Gerard Plunkett appeared as Senator James Van Horn.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Further notable guest stars included Andrew Airlie, Stefan Arngrim, Demore Barnes, Jenni Blong, Pascale Hutton, Ravil Isyanov, Ravi Kapoor, Alice Kremelberg, Diane Kruger, Quinn Lord, Tzi Ma, Stephen McHattie, Jennifer Missoni, Cameron Monaghan, Michael O'Neill, Geoff Pierson, Martha Plimpton, Paul Rae, John Savage, Peter Weller, and Craig Robert Young.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: "Fringe" first season ended with an average of 9.96 million viewers, and among the season's new series, it was the first rated show for adults 18–49. On May 4, 2009, a week before the season one finale, Fox renewed "Fringe" for a second season, giving it a full season pick-up of 22 episodes. The network's president of entertainment, Kevin Reilly, explained ""Fringe" proved to be a notable addition to our schedule all season and it really has fans buzzing as it builds to a fantastic season finale."


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: Later in May, Fox announced "Fringe" would be moving from Tuesdays to Thursdays for the second season, to be aired in the competitive 9:00 pm timeslot. Kevin Reilly explained the move, "The door is more open on this night than it has been in a long time. "Fringe" is a real alternative to both ["Grey's" and ""]." However, after a perceived "healthy" first season, the second season premiere was watched by an estimated 7.817 million viewers. Ratings for the season continued to decline, culminating in 5.68 million viewers watching the finale. "Fringe"s second season ended with an average of 6.252 million viewers per episode and a 2.3 ratings share for adults 18–49, causing the series to finish in 79th place out of all the season's network television shows. However, "Fringe" and its lead-in, "Bones", did help the network increase 52% among adults aged 18–49 and 65 percent among total viewers from the same night the previous year. Despite its middling ratings, "Fringe" received a full-season renewal on March 6, 2010.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season of "Fringe" received generally very favorable reviews. At the beginning of the season, the series was featured on the September 18 cover of "Entertainment Weekly", which promised to give readers a "deep dive into the gory, witty world of Fox's "Fringe". On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 81% with an average score of 8.2 out of 10 based on 16 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Fringe" surpasses expectations in season two with stronger character development while maintaining its creepy sci-fi angle." Metacritic, a review aggregate website, gave the second season 75/100 based upon ten reviews, indicating a "generally favorable" reception. After viewing the first eight episodes, "Entertainment Weekly" columnist Ken Tucker gave the series an A−, calling it "one of the fastest, smartest, wittiest shows on television now... "Fringe" successfully mixes the crime genre with sci-fi, and cold conspiracies with heartfelt emotion." Peter Swanson from "Slant Magazine" gave "Fringe" two and a half stars after watching the first six episodes. He believed the second season had "floundered a little, stuck in that creative hinterland between the desire to grab new viewers and the need to build on the mythology of the show's universe." While Swanson understood the need to attract a larger audience, he thought the standalone episodes to be "less than stellar", as "they've yet to get scary, or even vaguely unsettling". Swanson did however find the war between two universes to be "particularly compelling", and expressed hope that ""Fringe" [would] find its footing."


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: In a review of the entire second season, IGN believed that despite the premiere's "great start", the first half contained "some rather lackluster episodes" that "made a lot of fans worried and got the rumors of cancellation circulating"; the second half however "showed that "Fringe" is still one of the best sci-fi series on TV". The A.V. Club agreed, and called the first half "entertaining" but "never essential" while noting a great improvement mid-way through the season, as "the show finally grounded its freak-of-the-week weirdness in deep sadness". The A.V. Club continued, "...The season-two episode "Peter" finally dramatized the moment that changed [Peter's] life, giving the series' overarching storyline a devastating emotional core, based in a father's love instead of in theoretical concepts. It only got better from there, as the series expanded its world by further making those concepts concrete. "Fringe" is that rare blend of inventive ideas, wild ambition, and unexpected soulfulness." The "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" believed that by the end of the season ""Fringe" had truly found its footing, doing daring, experimental episodes like the musical "Brown Betty"... and heartbreaking stand alone episodes, like "White Tulip", (which might be my favorite hour of television this year that wasn't "Lost"-related)."


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: In particular, critics highlighted the season premiere "A New Day in the Old Town" as well as regular episodes "Peter" and "White Tulip", and the season finale "Over There". The main three cast members' performances were praised, and various critics noted the series continued the sense of humor seen in the first season. "Fringe"s second season was chosen for a number of 2010 "best of television" lists, including "The New York Times", "Entertainment Weekly", Digital Spy, the "New York Post", "The Daily Beast", the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer", AOL's TV Squad, as well as IGN, which named "Fringe" the best sci-fi series of 2010, beating fellow nominees "Lost", "Caprica", and "Stargate Universe".


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: At the 62nd Primetime Emmy Awards, actor Joshua Jackson and actress Anna Torv submitted their work in the second season for consideration in the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series categories, respectively. Actors John Noble, Lance Reddick, Kirk Acevedo, and actress Blair Brown submitted their work for consideration in the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series categories, respectively. The second season of "Fringe" was submitted for consideration in the Outstanding Drama Series category but failed to garner a nomination. The failure of the series to garner any major category nominations at the Emmys was perceived as a notable snub by many media outlets.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season received nominations for Sound Editing at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards and at the Golden Reel Awards. The season's sole musical episode, "Brown Betty", received a nomination for Short Form Musical In Television at the Golden Reel Awards. Noble, Torv, and guest actor Leonard Nimoy were nominated at the 2010 Saturn Awards, with Torv and Nimoy winning in their respective categories. Noble also received a nomination at the 2010 Satellite Awards, but lost to "Dexter"s John Lithgow.


title: Fringe (season 2)

text: The second season of "Fringe" was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on September 14, 2010, in region 2 on September 27, 2010 and in region 4 on November 10, 2010. The sets includes all 22 episodes (plus an unaired episode) of season two on a 6-disc DVD set and a 4-disc Blu-ray set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features on the sets include four commentary tracks—"Momentum Deferred" with Jill Risk, Matthew Pitts, Danielle Dispaltro, Justin Doble and Charles Scott IV; "Peter" with John Noble, Blair Brown and Damian Holbrook; "Brown Betty" with Tanya Swerling, Billy Gottlieb, Chris Tilton and Jay Worth; and "Over There, Part 2" with Jeff Pinkner, J. H. Wyman and Akiva Goldsman. Episodic behind-the-scene featurettes include "Analyzing the Scene" on six episodes, "Dissected Files: Unaired Scenes" on select episodes and "Unusual Side Effects: Gag Reel". Other featurettes include "In the Lab with John Noble and Prop Master Rob Smith" and "Beyond the Pattern: The Mythology of "Fringe"". The unaired episode from season one, "Unearthed", is presented as a special feature, separate from the other episodes.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Mount Parnassus (; , "Parnassós") is a mountain range of central Greece that is and historically has been especially valuable to the Greek nation and the earlier Greek city-states for many reasons. In peace, it offers scenic views of the countryside, being a major international recreational site, with views of montane landscapes. Economically its rolling foothills and valleys host extensive groves of olive, a cash crop marketed world-wide since prehistory. The mountain is also the location of historical, archaeological, and other cultural sites, such as Delphi perched on the southern slopes of the mountain in a rift valley north of the Gulf of Corinth. Parnassus is laced with trails for hiking in the three warm seasons. In the winter the entire range is open to skiing, especially from the resorts of Arachova. Its melting snows are a source of municipal water to the surrounding communities. The mountain is composed of limestone, but also contains bauxite aluminum ore, which is mined and processed. In war, Parnassus has been a center of resistance if need be, providing cover and refuge to partisans.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Parnassus is mentioned in early Ancient Greek literature. Many of its ancient communities are cited in Homer's Iliad. From a linguistic point of view, it was home to states of the Dorians, such as the Phokians, who spoke a Doric dialect, Phokian. According to Greek mythology, this mountain was sacred to Dionysus and the Dionysian mysteries; it was also sacred to Apollo and the Corycian nymphs, and it was the home of the Muses.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: However, there is a significant gap in the proto-history of the name, Parnassos. Mycenaean settlements were abundant to the south and east. They had good views of Parnassus, and climbed some part of it frequently, and yet the name remains unattested in what is known of their language, Mycenaean Greek, which is written in Linear B script.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: L. Palmer, a philologist, suggested that Parnassus is a name derived from Luwian language, one of the Anatolian languages. In his view, the name derives from "parnassas", the possessive adjective of the Luwian word "parna" meaning "house", or specifically "temple", so the name effectively means the "mountain of the house of the god". Such a derivation, being consistent with the reputation of the mountain as being a holy one, where the power of divinity is manifested, has always been considered a strong one, even by critics of the theory. Palmer goes on to postulate that some pre-Greek people were Anatolian, perhaps from an earlier wave of conquest, and that their country and facilities were taken by the proto-Greeks.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The consistency, however, ends there. With regard to a possible preponderance of evidence, this one word remains an isolate. There is no historical or archaeological evidence to tie the name to an Anatolian presence. G. Mylonas reviewing the possibilities found nothing at all to tie the archaeology around the mountain to anything Anatolian, and although a probable Cretan connection has been detected, there is nothing to tie the Cretans to the Luwians. Linear A, the script of the Minoans, as the Cretans have been called, remains yet undeciphered. In summary, the ethnicity of the pre-Greek people or peoples after many decades of scholarship remains yet unknown, and there is yet no explanation of how and when this mountain was named with a Luwian name.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Parnassus is one of the largest mountainous regions of Mainland Greece and one of the highest Greek mountains. It spreads over three municipalities, namely Boeotia, Phthiotis and Phocis, where its largest part lies. Its altitude is 2,457 meters and its highest peak is Liakouras. To the northwest it is connected to Mount Giona and to the south to Kirphe.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The mountain is delimited to the east by the valley of the Boeotian Kephissus and to the west by the valley of Amfissa. An unusual geological feature of Parnassus is its rich deposits of bauxite, which has led to their systematic mining since the end of the 1930s, resulting in ecological damage to part of the mountain.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Mount Parnassus is named after Parnassos, son of the nymph Kleodora and the man Kleopompus. A city of which Parnassos was leader was flooded by torrential rains. The citizens ran from the flood, following the howling of wolves, up the mountain slope. There the survivors built another city and called it Lykoreia, which in Greek means "the howling of the wolves." While Orpheus was living with his mother and his eight beautiful aunts on Parnassus, he met Apollo, who was courting the laughing muse Thalia. Becoming fond of Orpheus, Apollo gave him a little golden lyre and taught him to play it. Orpheus's mother taught him to write verses for singing. As the Oracle of Delphi was sacred to the god Apollo, so did the mountain itself become associated with Apollo. According to some traditions, Parnassus was the site of the fountain Castalia and the home of the Muses; according to other traditions, that honor fell to Mount Helicon, another mountain in the same range. As the home of the Muses, Parnassus became known as the home of poetry, music, and learning.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: This relation of the mountain to the Muses offered an instigation for its "mystification" by the poetic-artistic Parnassism movement, established in France in the decade of 1866 to 1876 as a reaction to Romanticism. Parnassism was characterized by a return to some classicistic elements and belief in the doctrine of "Art for the Art", first articulated by Theophile Gautier. The periodical "Modern Parnassus", issued by Catul Mendes and Xavier Ricard, contained direct references to Mt. Parnassus and its mythological feature as habitation of the Muses. The Parnassists, who did not exceed a group of twenty poets, exercised a relatively strong influence on the cultural life of Paris, particularly due to their tenacity on perfection of rhyme and vocabulary. Parnassism influenced several French poets, but it also exercised an influence on modern Greek poets, particularly Kostis Palamas and Gryparis.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The name of the mountain (Mont Parnasse) was given to a quarter of Paris on the left bank of the Seine, where artists and poets used to gather and recite their poems in public. Montparnasse is nowadays one of the most renowned quarters of the city, and in its cemetery many personalities of the arts and culture are buried.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Parnassus figures earlier in Jonathan Swift's "The Battle of the Books" (1697) as the site of an ideological war between the ancients and the moderns.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: In 1995, Roland S. Moore, of the Prevention Research Center in the US, conducted a study on how the advent of tourism influenced cultural change in the region. The research focused primarily on changes in alcohol use and the structure of the household. Prior to the 1970s and the boom of Greek tourism, drinking was done primarily by men. As time went on, a greater variety of liquor became available, leading to greater consumption, particularly by women, who were more likely to work in the hospitality sector where drinks were readily available. The role of patriarchal breadwinner diminished, replaced by a more democratic familial structure.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The National Park of Parnassus was founded in 1938. The idea behind the park was to preserve the natural habitat, for which it was necessary to govern the disposition of its natural resources. However, the park did not include all the terrain considered to be in the range. The highest peaks were omitted.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Within a few years the park aspect of the land became dormant as Greece turned its attention toward ending the German occupation, and then after World War II, settling the Greek Civil War. Parnassus was in a unique position to serve as a center for resistance, as it had for the Greek war of independence. Battles were fought in the valleys surrounding the range.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: When the wars were over and the region went back to being an active park the new science of ecology brought changes to the park administration. Species were inventoried, endemic and endangered ones were identified, and the concept of a protected area was established. Parnassus National Park became a protected area for birds under the "Birds Directive." Subsequently, it acquired other protections under other laws as required by the EU. After 2000 it became Oros Parnassos, "Mount Parnassus," Natura 2000 protected area ID GR2410002. The two are not exactly identical. The national park is about . The Natura 2000 area is about , bringing the terrain not covered by the park under protection..


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Among the endemic flora species under protection are the Cephalonian fir tree and the Parnassian peony ("Paeonia parnassica"). In the Park are to be found birds of prey, wolves, boars, badgers, and weasels.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The slopes of Mount Parnassus are composed of two ski sections, Kellaria and Fterolakka, which together make up the largest ski center in Greece. A smaller ski center (only two drag lifts) called Gerontovrahos is across a ridge from Kellaria. Parnassus is mined for its abundant supply of bauxite which is converted to aluminium oxide and then to aluminium.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: The construction of the ski resort started in 1975 and was completed in 1976, when the first two drag lifts operated in Fterolaka. In 1981 the construction of a new ski area was completed in Kelaria, while in winter season 1987–1988 the chair lift Hermes started operating and connected the two ski areas. Both ski resorts continued expanding and in 1993 the first high-speed quad in Greece was installed, named Hercules. In 2014–2015 two new hybrid lifts were installed along with a new eight-seater, replacing the old infrastructure.


title: Mount Parnassus

text: Today the Ski Center operates with 16 lifts, two hybrid ski lifts which combine an eight-seater Cabin and a six-seater chair, an eight-seater Cabin, a 4-seater chair lift, a 2-seater chair lift, 6 drag lifts and four baby lifts. The ski center boasts 25 marked ski runs and about 15 ski routes of total length while the longest run is .


title: Finesse (song)

text: "Finesse" is a song by American singer Bruno Mars from his third studio album, "24K Magic" (2016). The song was written by Mars, Philip Lawrence, Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Jonathan Yip, Ray Romulus, Jeremy Reeves and Ray McCullough II. The former three produced it under the name Shampoo Press & Curl, along with the latter four, as the Stereotypes. The song was composed after a jam session as Mars wanted to recreate the "new jack swing sound". Atlantic Records released a remix version, featuring verses from American rapper Cardi B, as the album's fifth and final single on January 4, 2018. Musically, it is a new jack swing, hip hop soul and funk song with a light influence of R&B. The lyrics demonstrate the happiness of being with who one loves and the positive outcome of that for them and others.


title: Finesse (song)

text: "Finesse" was well received by music critics, who complimented Cardi B's verses, on the remix, and compared them to the old-school hip hop flow. Moreover, according to critics, the song evokes the sound of Bobby Brown's album "Don't Be Cruel" (1988), Bell Biv DeVoe's track "Poison" (1990), and Michael Jackson's "Remember the Time" (1992). The song was a commercial success, peaking at number two in New Zealand, and number three in the United States and Canada. It has also entered the top ten of Australia, Ireland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The song was certified four and three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), respectively. It was also certified platinum by both the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and the Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ).


title: Finesse (song)

text: The accompanying music video, which was directed by Florent Dechard and Mars, pays homage to the popular FOX sketch comedy television series "In Living Color" (1990–1994). To promote "Finesse", Mars and Cardi B performed it at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. In 2018, the song was included on a medley of hits performed by Cardi B at the iHeartRadio Music Awards and by Kelly Clarkson at the "Billboard" Music Awards. It received several awards, including Favorite Song Soul/R&B at the 2018 American Music Awards, Video of the Year at the 2018 Soul Train Music Awards, as well as Best Collaboration at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards. It was also nominated for Video of the Year at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Finesse (song)

text: In September 2014, Bruno Mars tweeted, "Now it's time to start writing chapter 3", hinting he was working on new music. Following the release of the successful Mark Ronson and Mars's featured single "Uptown Funk" (2014), Mars headed to the studio to record more songs, and said he had no plans to release a new album "until it's done". The album was due in March 2016, but Mars's appearance at the Super Bowl halftime show postponed it for several months. At the time, seven songs were already recorded.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The Stereotypes had known Mars and worked with him since 2007, but after he signed a deal with Atlantic Records, in 2009, they did not collaborate very often. In 2015, Jonathan Yip of the team talked with Mars about working together. Mars was already recording "24K Magic" and asked for "some beats", which Yip sent. Mars later asked for more samples and the Stereotypes sent them, but they never heard back: "Nothing came of it", they said. In June 2016, Yip contacted Mars, who asked the former if the Stereotypes would like to help him finish a song for his album; he needed another song with a certain tempo and key. Yip sent Mars an idea that caught his attention, with him asking the Stereotypes to go to the studio. After helping Mars finish "24K Magic" and "That's What I Like", the team brought "in another track idea". The idea went into fruition when Mars decided to come up with the "new jack swing sound of Keith Sweat and Bobby Brown". It was created from scratch after a jam session in Mars's studio. While he was playing a drum set, everyone was either playing an instrument, singing, or yelling.


title: Finesse (song)

text: During an interview with "Rolling Stone" magazine, Mars said one iteration of "Finesse" had him singing about "gold chains and cognac over a silky beat", which he found "too corny", and another version sounded "like a Seventies cop show—like I should be on roller skates". Mars explained, "Anytime you see us, on tour, on TV, I want to be moving ... I was very conscious on this album of the bounce." However, he was not satisfied with the 20th version of the song, rearranging its groove. At that time, Mars also decided to fix the bridge of the song, since there was something bothering him on the harmonies or on the chord progression. Mars furthered, "I don't know what's not hitting home. There's just something weird that I ain't fucking with yet."


title: Finesse (song)

text: When Mars chose "Finesse" as a single, he told the Stereotypes that he wanted rapper Cardi B to feature on it. The former said on an Instagram post, "I met Cardi B at 3 a.m. after my show in LA, backstage, where we recorded her verse for 'Finesse'. She walked in the room and she was everything I'd hoped she'd be." Charles Moniz, Mars's audio engineer, confirmed this as he recorded their vocals on selected microphones and "brought all the sound elements together". Rumors regarding the collaboration between Mars and Cardi B began on Twitter around Christmas 2017. "Billboard" associated director of charts and radio confirmed Mars was set to release new music on January 4, 2018.


title: Finesse (song)

text: "Finesse" was written by Mars, Philip Lawrence, Christopher Brody Brown, James Fauntleroy, Yip, Ray Romulus, Jeremy Reeves and Ray McCullough II. Its production was handled by the former three under their alias Shampoo Press & Curl, along with the latter four as the Stereotypes. Mars, Lawrence, Brown, and Fauntleroy served as the song's background vocalists. The recording was done and engineered by Moniz, with additional engineering assistance by Jacob Dennis, at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank, California. It was mixed at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach by Serban Ghenea, with John Hanes serving as the mixing engineer. Tom Coyne mastered the track at Sterling Sound. The remix version features additional songwriting by Cardi B and Klenord Raphael, as well as new mastering by Randy Merrill at Sterling Sound.


title: Finesse (song)

text: In early January 2018, Mars announced via Instagram that "Finesse" would be the album's fifth single, and unlike the original, the single version features rap verses from Cardi B. The announcement was accompanied with the single's artwork, which features Mars and Cardi B "channeling some serious '90s music video vibes". It was released on January 4, 2018, via digital download and streaming services in various countries via Atlantic Records. Warner Music Group also issued the track for radio airplay in Italy on January 8, 2018. Subsequently, the song was released to US contemporary hit radio stations on January 9, 2018, by Atlantic Records. BBC Radio 1 began adding the song onto their playlists on January 12, 2018. American urban contemporary radio stations began adding the track onto their playlists on January 16, 2018, through the aforementioned label. On March 23, 2018, two additional remixes of the single version were released in various countries by Atlantic Records. A vinyl featuring the single rendition of "Finesse" and its original version was released in 2018. The version with Cardi B was later included on the deluxe version of "24K Magic".


title: Finesse (song)

text: "Finesse" is a new jack swing, funk and hip-hop soul song with a light influence of R&B. The song draws it main inspiration from the early 1990s new jack swing sound. The original version was composed in the key of A-flat major at a tempo of 124 beats per minute. Mars's vocal range spans from E to D. The song features Mars in the center of the track, with a "tightly clipped vocal delivery" sounding like Bobby Brown. Its instrumentation features walloping clattering drum machine rhythms, syncopated rhythms, lurching "orchestral-stab" synthesizers, and "close-harmony background vocals". It all resonates with the sound of Bobby Brown's album "Don't Be Cruel" (1988) and its title track. Most critics say the open "programmed snare line" on "Finesse" resembles the one in Bell Biv DeVoe's "Poison" (1990). Its bass line and beat have also been compared to Michael Jackson's "Remember the Time" (1992), and the new jack swing style to Jackson's album "Dangerous" (1991). The lyrics demonstrate the happiness of being with who one loves and the positive outcome of that for them and others. It is also "about being confident with the person you're taking out".


title: Finesse (song)

text: For its single release, the composition of the song was reworked to feature verses from Cardi B. The key of the song was changed to A-flat minor and the tempo was reduced to 100 beats per minute. Her flow and rhymes on the track have been compared to "turn-of-the-1990s cadence", as well as to Salt-N-Pepa and Heavy D styles.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The album version of "Finesse" has received generally positive reviews from music critics. Caroline Sullivan from "The Guardian" praised the song for paying homage to new jack swing, calling it a "resurrection". Nick Levine, writing for "NME", thought the song is "pitch-perfect pastiche of the new jack swing sound that recalls" Jackson's "Remember The Time" (1992). AllMusic's Andy Kellman said "Finesse" reminded him of "the era when Teddy Riley, Dave 'Jam' Hall, and Dr. Freeze fused hip-hop with electronic post-disco R&B pioneered by Leon Sylvers III, Kashif, and Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis". He added that the song, just like his preceders, "is a blast". Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" recommended the casual reader to download the song. On the other hand, Jonathan Wroble of "Slant Magazine" criticized the song for being a copycat of Bell Biv DeVoe's "Poison" (1990) and for "failing to add anything new to his rehashing of new jack swing". American singer-songwriter Meshell Ndegeocello accused Mars of copying Bell Biv DeVoe, Babyface and the work of Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis with The Human League and using it on "Finesse".


title: Finesse (song)

text: The remix also received positive reviews from music critics. Chris Gayomali writing for "GQ" considered the album version to be a "sleeper jam" and dubbed the remix a "bop". Gayomali continued, "The pairing with Bardi hits all the feel-good throwback notes." Dean Nguyen from "The Irish Times" said the remix is a "2018 single-of-the-year candidate" as its composition recalls "Bell Biv DeVoe and "Dangerous" (1991)-era Michael Jackson". Ron Dicker of "HuffPost" complemented the duo and the song, "Mars and Cardi B killed it in a remix for the ages." Jody Rosen, writing for "The New York Times", opined that the single "sounds like the new jack swing Platonic ideal. It's an imitation so fine-tuned it makes the originals seem ersatz." "The Independent" Roisin O'Connor and "Forbes" Hugh McIntyre shared a similar opinion, saying that despite being a Bruno Mars song, Cardi B "steals the show" due to her perfect and reminiscent of the old-school hip hop flow. O'Connor added that despite the flow, "it still manages to capture her distinct style". McIntyre complemented the production and backing vocals, saying it "could have been a serious smash in the early 90s".


title: Finesse (song)

text: The song was listed by two publications as being among the best songs of the year. On "Billboard"'s 100 Best Songs of 2018: Critics' Picks list, the single was placed at number 19. Katie Atkinson wrote that the single "is best described by its one-word title". Atkinson added, "the combination of Mars' nostalgic R&B paired with Cardi's Rosie Perez-channeling swagger was undeniable"." "Slant Magazines"s Zachary Hoskins criticize the single's opening as it takes from the "programmed snare line" of Bell Biv DeVoe's "Poison". Nevertheless, he praised Cardi B's guest verse, and the happiness Mars and Cardi B feel as it can be heard on the outro, "We got it goin' on / Don't it feel so good to be us?". Hoskins ranked it number 11 on the list of 25 songs. In the same year, the remix was included on Cardi B's 10 Best Features & Collabs: Critic's Picks. Michael Saponara, who compiled the list, placed it at number three. In 2021, "Billboard" considered the song's bridge as one of the best of the 21st Century, Paul Grein affirmed that Mars "plays cupid", telling men and women "on how to get it goin' on". Grein added that the "romantic interlude balances the streetwise edginess of Cardi's rap segments".


title: Finesse (song)

text: In 2018, "Finesse" was nominated for Top R&B Song at the 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards, but lost to Mars's "That's What I Like" (2017). It was also nominated for Best Collaboration at the BET Awards. That same year, the song was nominated for Song of the Year and Best Collaboration at the MTV Video Music Awards, as well as for Choice Music: Collaboration and Choice Music: R&B/Hip-Hop Song at the 2018 Teen Choice Awards. The single received a nomination for Collaboration of the Year and an award for Favorite Soul/R&B Song at the 2018 American Music Awards. In late 2018, "Finesse" received nominations for Song of the Year, The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter's Award and Best Collaboration Performance at the 2018 Soul Train Music Awards.


title: Finesse (song)

text: In 2019, the song received a nomination for excellence in Record Production/Single or Track at the 2019 TEC Awards. It also received a nomination for Best International Song at the Danish GAFFA Awards, while being nominated for R&B Song of the Year and winning Best Collaboration at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards. That same year, the track received a nomination for Outstanding Song, Contemporary and Outstanding Duo, Group or Collaboration at the 2019 NAACP Image Awards. It also received a Titanium Award from iHeartRadio for reaching a threshold of 1 billion total audience spins. "Finesse" received two awards from ASCAP, one from the Pop Music Awards, as it was one of the winners of Most Performed Song, and another from the Rhythm & Soul Music Awards, also as one of the receivers of Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Following the release of the remix and its official music video on January 4, 2018, "Finesse" debuted at number 35 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for the week of January 13, 2018. It entered the "Billboard" Digital Songs chart at number 13 with 30,000 copies in just one day of sales. The song had drawn 8.7 million streams from the time of its release, and debuted at the "Billboard" Radio Songs chart at number 49 with 26 million audience impressions. After its first complete tracking week, "Finesse" peaked at number three on the Hot 100, becoming Mars's 15th and Cardi B's fourth top ten single on the chart. It sold 87,000 copies, peaking at number two on the "Billboard" Digital Songs; the song rose 37 places to number 12 on the US Radio Songs chart with 52 million audience impressions and debuted at number one on the Streaming Songs chart with 38.3 million US streams. It also peaked at number one on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and was Mars's first single, as a lead artist, to top reach the top of the US Dance Club Songs chart.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The single made Mars's became the second male artist, after Lionel Richie, to have three top-tens from each of his first three studio albums. When the track topped the "Billboard" Radio Songs chart, it became Mars's eighth number-one on the chart, making him the first male artist with eight number-one songs. At the time, Rihanna led the list with 13 songs peaking at number one on the chart. "Finesse" also peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40, with Mars becoming the first solo male artist in the chart's history to have nine number ones. "Finesse" was certified four times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In Canada, "Finesse" peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100. It topped the Canada CHR/Top 40 and entered at number three on the Canada Hot AC.


title: Finesse (song)

text: In the United Kingdom, "Finesse" entered the UK Singles Chart at number seven, marking Mars's eleventh and Cardi B's first top ten in the country. The following week, the song rose to number five, becoming his highest peak since "24K Magic" (2016), matching the same position. "Finesse" remained within the top ten for six consecutive weeks and was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). On the Belgian charts, the single debuted at number 36 on January 13, 2018, on the Ultratop 50 in Flanders, peaking at number eight for three non-consecutive weeks. On the Ultratop 50 in Wallonia, the song entered at number 44 on January 20, 2018, and went on to peak at number eight in March, of that year, for two consecutive weeks. It was certified gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association (BEA). Elsewhere, the track topped the charts in Croatia and it peaked at number five on the Irish Singles Chart, spending 24 weeks on the latter chart.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The remix of "Finesse" also peaked at number eight on the Portuguese Singles Chart, earning a platinum plaque from the Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa (AFP). It entered the Official New Zealand Music Chart at number nine on January 15, 2019. In its fifth week, the track peaked at number two, where it remained for two weeks, becoming Mars's sixteenth top-ten single in New Zealand. The song received a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RMNZ), denoting sales and streams equivalent to 30,000 units. In Australia, the single debuted at number 15 on the ARIA Singles Chart for the week of January 21, 2018. In its fourth week on the chart, the song peaked at number six for two consecutive weeks. It was certified three-times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for sales and streams equivalent to 210,000 units. The song reached the top ten in several other countries, including Greece, El Salvador, and the Netherlands.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The concept for the music video began when Mars and Phil Tayag of the Jabbawockeez were exchanging ideas, always having consideration for the 1990s song vibe. At one point, Mars asked Tayag, "What if we do "In Living Color"?". Tayag was fond of the idea and they decided to go ahead with it. Afterwards, Mars got the permission and help from 20th Century Fox and series creator Keenen Ivory Wayans to pay homage to the American sketch comedy television series "In Living Color" (1990–1994), thanking both of them for it. Tayag invited Danielle Polanco, Bianca Brewton, TJ Lewis, and Ysabelle Capitulé to be dancers for the music video and confessed that the shooting day was a celebration of everyone's accomplishments, "It wasn't any funny stuff, it wasn't all Hollywood." DJ Rashida made an appearance as one of several DJs on set. Once on the set of "In Living Color", trying to replicate it, the dancers felt everything was "surreal" with the verbatim, the vibe, the gear, and the clothes.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Capitulé recalled the music video taking three days to make, consisting of two nine-hour rehearsals and one 15-hour shoot. She added that with Mars they had to work hard, but there were moments of goofiness, and the latter was not looking to be the main character supported by backed-up dancers, but instead "wanted it to feel as if they were all in one crew together". She said it was an honor for the dancers "to emulate the show's iconic Fly Girls". The visual was directed by Mars and Florent Dechard, with choreography done by Tayag and Mars, with Tayag as a creative consultant. According to comedian and former actor of "In Living Color", David Alan Grier, the set-up of the video matched exactly the one in the show, including the original paint can intro and the DJ booth.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The video premiered on January 4, 2018, and pays homage to "In Living Color". The former was formatted in a 4:3 aspect ratio, but the main dance sequence was shot at 60 frames per second. Jake Rodkin, game designer and video editor, explained that this was done in order to evoke the nostalgia of videos shot in the 1990s without using fake scan lines or VHS fuzz. The outfits were inspired by brand the Cross Colours. Cardi B was dressed in washed denim cutoffs, a bold neon jacket, tube socks, a backwards baseball cap, oversized gold doorknocker earrings, and bold pink eye shadow. Mars and the male dancers wore vertical-striped tops and denim cloths, while the female dancers wore crop tops, vertical stripes and bold colors. The music video opens with Mars and Cardi B using paint and spray paint, reenacting the intro scene from the "In Living Color" theme song as the latter raps, before Mars's first verse begins. It features several scenes of old-school choreographed dancing between Mars and a dance troupe similar to the original show's Fly Girls, who dance on a rooftop set in a soundstage while Mars sings the second verse. DJ Rashida is seen in various scenes of the video on a DJ booth.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Roisin O'Connor, music correspondent for "The Independent," classified Mars's and Cardi B's tribute to "In Living Color" as "brilliant". "Time" Raise Bruner said, "Cardi B and Bruno Mars made the "splashiest '90s music video." Dicker praised their outfits and energy on the music video. Shenequa Golding, writing for "Vibe," found the outfits on the homage to be "jiggy". Frank Guan from Vulture.com criticized Mars for not being innovative due to the video being in tribute to "In Living Color", but praised Cardi B's playful and goofiness social-media presence, as it fits "the early-'90s aesthetic lovingly re-created by Mars". Several cast members of the TV show, including Damon Wayans, Marlon Wayans, Kim Wayans, Grier, and Jennifer Lopez, praised and thanked Mars for the tribute.


title: Finesse (song)

text: The music video for "Finesse" was listed tenth on "Billboard"'s 50 Music Videos of 2018: Billboard Staff Picks list. In late 2018, Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo! Music considered the visuals the sixth-best of the year. Parker commented, "Bruno and his Fly Girl sidekick bring '90s-retro finesse back to the TV screen in this spot-on perfect "In Living Color" homage." Mike Nied from Idolator, on his July list of The 30 Best Music Videos Of 2018 (So Far), ranked the music video at number ten, saying "The twosome single-handedly brought the '90s back to life in their vibrant collaboration." The video for the song was included on "Billboard"'s 100 Greatest Music Videos of the 21st Century: Critics' Picks list. Ranking at number 53, Taylor Weatherby said, "Just as "ILC" was a cultural moment of the '90s, 'Finesse' helped Bruno Mars and Cardi B solidify their place as icons of 2018."


title: Finesse (song)

text: In 2018, the music video won Video of the Year at the 2018 Soul Train Music Awards, and was nominated for Best Dance Performance at the same award show. That same year, it earned nominations for Video of the Year at the BET Awards and at the MTV Video Music Awards, as well as both Best Choreography and Best Editing at the latter award show. The video received the award for Best Music Video at the 2019 iHeartRadio Music Awards and was nominated for Outstanding Music Video/Visual Album at the 2019 NAACP Image Awards. The video received 13 million views within its first two days of release.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Mars's first televised live performance of "Finesse" occurred at the Apollo Theater alongside the majority of "24K Magic" (2016) for his CBS prime time special titled "", which aired on November 29, 2017. He performed the single with Cardi B for the first time at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards. The performance started with Cardi B entering the stage in a color-blocked outfit, while Mars, along with his band and dancers, also wearing colorful outfits, appeared on a separate stage, which had a background featuring the word "Finesse" spelled out in the show's logo font. It included a dance break performed by Mars and his dancers to the sound of Prince's "Gett Off" (1991) and House of Pain's "Jump Around" (1992). The live show ended with Cardi B rapping verses of her single, "Bartier Cardi" (2017). The performance received positive reviews, who found it similar to the 1990s theme of the music video. Chris Payne of "Billboard" commented, "In one of the most captivating moments if the 2018 Grammys combined for an action-packed, '90s-tastic performance." Writing for "Vibe", J'na Jefferson dubbed the performance as "stand-out", while "People" Maria Pasquine wrote, "The duo, who broke the internet with their "In Living Color"-inspired video, tore up the Grammys stage." Charles Holmes from MTV News praised the performance, affirming that "the chemistry between Cardi and Mars was so electric the duo should think about dropping a collaboration album to save 2018". Cardi B confessed that she was nervous during the performance and decided to use a common stage fright technique in picking a blank spot in the crowd. She said that Mars is a perfectionist, henceforth they rehearsed every day for a whole week, and she didn't want to disappoint him.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Cardi B opened the 2018 iHeart Music Awards with a medley of her biggest hits, including a verse from the remix of "Finesse". Hilary Hughes from "Billboard" found the performance of the "Finesse" remix to have "shined on its own". On May 20 at the 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards, Kelly Clarkson performed a medley of various "Billboard" Hot 100 hits during her monologue, including Cardi B's verse from the remix of Mars's "Finesse". On Mars's third tour, the 24K Magic World Tour (2017–18), "Finesse" was the opening act of the setlist. "Paste" Ellen Johnson considered the performance at the Grammys one of the best of all time, ranking it at number seven, saying that the nostalgia along with Mars's charisma and Cardi B's personable rapping couldn't go wrong. Pentatonix, an American a cappella group, recorded a cover of the single for their 2018 album "". It was part of the soundtracks for the video games "Just Dance 2019" and "NBA 2K19". The remix was also used as the background music for the swimsuit competition of Miss Universe 2018, which was held in Bangkok, Thailand in December of that year.


title: Finesse (song)

text: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "24K Magic", and credits for the remix version are adapted from the liner notes of "Finesse" and ASCAP.


title: Pure Country

text: Pure Country is a 1992 American drama musical western film directed by Christopher Cain and starring George Strait in his acting debut, with Lesley Ann Warren, Isabel Glasser and Kyle Chandler. The film, while profitable with box office receipts of over $15 million against a $10 million budget, fell far short of its expectations. However, the soundtrack was a critical success and, to date, is Strait's best selling album. It was followed by two direct-to-video sequels, "" (2010) and "" (2017), with the former also being directed by Cain. This movie marked Rory Calhoun's last film appearance.


title: Pure Country

text: An audience shouts "Dusty!", a band begins to play amid smoke and lights, and Wyatt "Dusty" Chandler enters the stage to play his hits. Dusty feels that his elaborate stage show is overwhelming his music, a suspicion confirmed one night when he purposely omits several bars of a chart-topping hit, "Where the Sidewalk Ends". When his fans don't even notice, Dusty cuts the performance short. Dusty reminisces about simpler times with his drummer and best friend, Earl. Without telling his manager, Lula, he decides to "take a walk", but does not say exactly where he is going or for how long. Dusty was waiting for his truck, and he hitches a ride. After shaving his beard and cutting off his ponytail, Dusty heads for the small farm town where he grew up, visiting his wise old grandmother. Later that day, he visits a bar where he and Earl played prior to making it big. That evening, Dusty hangs around for some relaxation and discovers Harley Tucker dancing and smiling at Dusty. Al, Harley's drunk and rugged friend, get into an argument in the parking lot over Dusty, who neither have ever seen or met. Dusty, while drunk, comes to assist Harley with Al, who won't stop bothering her. Al punches Dusty and he falls to the ground. Harley brings him home, a reward for defending her honor. While Dusty is enjoying his new freedom, his concert in Shreveport was cancelled. Meanwhile, Buddy Jackson comes on stage, disguised as Dusty himself, and lip-syncing to a recording of Dusty. Covered by lights and smoke, the gimmick works. Meanwhile, Dusty stays on at the ranch, paying room and board and taking roping lessons, all the while earning the respect of Harley's father, Ernest. Ernest confides in Dusty that he is forced to slowly sell pieces of the ranch. Harley is determined to save the struggling spread with victory in a Las Vegas rodeo.


title: Pure Country

text: Buddy confronts Lula after his "performance" and demands $100,000 and a recording contract. He lies to the media that Lula paid him to keep imitating Dusty. Lula, realizing she's in trouble, reaches out to Earl to find Dusty. She then follows him to Dusty's location. Realizing he has feelings for Harley and will not leave, Lula tells Harley that Dusty is married to her. Harley dumps Dusty and Lula is waiting to scoop him up to return to his band and career. Now back with his band, he demands that his stage shows be toned down.


title: Pure Country

text: Dusty confronts Buddy about the lie he told the press. Dusty threatens to sue Buddy if he ever shows his face in country music again and Buddy leaves. Lula is grateful for his intervention to which Dusty brings up Harley's name. His first appearance after his "vacation" is in Las Vegas at the same time as the rodeo Harley Tucker is competing in. Lula secretly arranges for Harley and her family to get tickets to Dusty's Show. Once seated she sends an attendant to get Harley where she admits the truth to her. True to his wishes, he does the show without all the smoke and the lights, and sits on the edge of the stage, playing guitar and singing "I Cross My Heart", a special love song he has composed for her, which wins him Harley's forgiveness. The two hug at the edge of the stage.


title: Pure Country

text: The graveyard scene was shot at Cresson Cemetery in Cresson, Texas, and the concert sequences were filmed at concert venues in Fort Worth, including North Side Coliseum and Will Rogers Coliseum.


title: Pure Country

text: The bar scenes where Dusty meets Harley were filmed at Western Kountry Klub, located between Midlothian and Mansfield Tx.


title: Pure Country

text: Despite Strait's popularity in the music world, "Pure Country" only grossed $15 million at the box office. Although the expectations had been higher for Strait's first major film role, this did not stop the soundtrack album from becoming the best-selling album of Strait's career to date.


title: Pure Country

text: The film received mainly negative reviews upon its release, but critics responded positively to certain aspects of the film. It has a score of 41% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7 out of 10.


title: Pure Country

text: On the television program "Siskel and Ebert" in 1992, film critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert both gave the film a "Two thumbs down" rating, but their reviews were more mixed than negative. Both praised George Strait's performance, feeling that he was a convincing actor in the lead, especially considering the challenges of a singer becoming an actor, and they both enjoyed Isabel Glasser's performance, but felt the film was undermined by a hokey story, and no moments for satire which would have made the film better. Film critic Leonard Maltin, in his annual "Movie and Video Guide", also gave the film a mainly negative but somewhat mixed review, giving it two stars out of four and wrote: "This Strait showcase is mostly pure tedium, though the film picks up some in hour two with the appearance of Glasser, and Rory Calhoun as her father".


title: Pure Country

text: A sequel to "Pure Country", "" was released on October 15, 2010. "Pure Country 2: The Gift" has no storyline connection to the original film written by Rex McGee. Instead, it focuses on a young woman's struggles to become a country singer. George Strait appears as himself, but not as a central character of the film.


title: Pure Country

text: A third film titled, "" was released for a direct-to-video on August 1, 2017. This film has no storyline connection to the original film, either, and no original characters make any appearances.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: Jonas Hofmann (; born 14 July 1992) is a German footballer who plays as a midfielder for Bundesliga club Borussia Mönchengladbach and the Germany national team.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: Hofmann began his club career in 1998 playing at FC Rot in the municipality of St. Leon-Rot and remained there until the end of the 2003–2004 season, before he moved to 1899 Hoffenheim in the 2004–2005 season. Hofmann debuted for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim second team in a 1–0 victory in April 2011 during the 2010–2011 season. At the end of the 2010–2011 season playing for TSG 1899 Hoffenheim II, Hofmann made five league appearances, in which he scored two goals.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: In the 2011–2012 season, Hofmann signed a contract for Borussia Dortmund until 30 June 2015; and inducted into Borussia Dortmund II for 2011–2012 season. Hofmann debuted for Dortmund II on 6 August in a 2–0 away victory over 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, scoring his first goal of the 2011–2012 season. On 10 September, Hofmann succeeded in scoring two goals in a 4–0 away victory over the second team of Schalke 04. In the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season, Hofmann was inducted into the Borussia Dortmund first team.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: Hofmann debuted for Borussia Dortmund first team in the 2012–2013 Bundesliga season on 16 December 2012, in BVB's 3–1 away victory over TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, where he came on as substitute in the 89th minute. On 6 April 2013, he started his first match in the Bundesliga, and he was credited with an assist to Julian Schieber to score an equalizing goal tap-in finish for a 2–2 scoreline in Dortmund's 4–2 home victory over FC Augsburg.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: On 27 July 2013, Hofmann won the 2013 DFL-Supercup with Dortmund 4–2 against rivals Bayern Munich. Hofmann's first goal for Borussia Dortmund came on 18 August in a win against Eintracht Braunschweig, after coming on as a substitute in the second half. On 12 April 2014, Hofmann scored the third goal as Dortmund defeated Bayern Munich 3–0 at the Allianz Arena. On 13 August 2014, he played in the 2014 Super Cup.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: During the summer transfer window of 2014, Borussia Dortmund agreed to a year-long loan deal for Hofmann that would send him to 1. FSV Mainz 05 until 30 June 2015. He was injured for most of the 2014–15 season and scored 3 goals in 12 games for Mainz, before returning to Dortmund.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: On 30 July 2015, Hofmann scored his first European goal in a 1–0 win over Austrian side Wolfsberger AC in the first leg of the Europa League third qualifying round.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: It was announced on 29 December 2015 that Hofmann would join Borussia Mönchengladbach on 1 January 2016, signing a four-year deal until 2020. After only joining Gladbach during the winter break, he made his debut for the club on 23 January 2016 in a 1–3 loss to former club Dortmund.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: Hofmann scored his first goal for the club in a Round of 16 match in the UEFA Europa League against fellow German side Schalke on 9 March 2017. The game ended in a 1–1 draw with Gladbach eventually going out on away goals after the two-legged tie finished 3–3.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: On 18 October 2018, Hofmann scored his first ever professional hat-trick in a 4–0 league win over former club Mainz. Hofmann signed a new deal with Gladbach on 16 April 2019, extending his stay at the club until 2023.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: On 8 January 2021, he scored a brace and recorded an assist in an historic 3–2 win against Bayern Munich.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: Hofmann played between the years 2009 and 2010 for the German U18 national football team and he completed his last cap for the under 18 national team with a victory on 25 March 2010 against France U18 national football team, before going on to represent the German U21 national football team.


title: Jonas Hofmann

text: In October 2020, he was called to represent Germany national team by Joachim Löw for the matches against Turkey, Ukraine and Switzerland. He made his debut on 7 October 2020, against Turkey in a friendly game. On 19 May 2021, he was selected to the squad for the UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3 () is a 2016 Indian Hindi-language adult comedy film starring Tusshar Kapoor, Aftab Shivdasani and Mandana Karimi in lead roles along with Gizele Thakral, Claudia Ciesla, Krishna Abhishek, Shakti Kapoor, Darshan Jariwala in pivotal roles. It was released on January 22, 2016. The film is a sequel to 2005's "Kyaa Kool Hai Hum" and 2012's "Kyaa Super Kool Hain Hum", and is the third installment of the "Kyaa Kool Hain Hum" film series.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: Kanhaiya is a soft and innocent man who wants to find his true love and while his best friend Rocky, is far from innocence unlike his friend, and sleeps with a lot of girls. Kanhaiya walks into his job and is greeted by a woman wearing red and loses his focus because of some defect and quickly walks away. The woman unknowingly drinks a coffee mixed with a powder which makes people horny and walks into his office in an urge to have sex. He retaliates and amidst their scuffle, she lands on a photocopier and later during the meeting, close pictures of her body get shown and Kanhaiya's father, Mr PK Lele gets very furious at him and fires him. Rocky calms him down and tells him that he can impress his father during his grandmother's 69th birthday. There Rocky brings a very inappropriate cake, infuriating PK and Kanhaiya's step-mother. Kanhaiya asks him to buy a gift for his grandmother. After shopping online, he starts watching porn and masturbating while Kanhaiya and his grandmother walk in and she dies of a heart attack, resulting in Kanhaiya getting kicked out of his house.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: The two get a call from their childhood friend, Mickey, who lives in Thailand, inviting them both to take part in his business. Upon reaching there, they realize that Mickey has a business of making porn parodies of popular Indian movies. Kanhaiya refuses to work in an inappropriate job but agrees after a lot of convincing. Along with Mickey's other actor friends, Merili, Shakuntala and others, they start making porn parody films.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: One day at a mall, Kanhaiya finds a girl, Shalu, immediately falling in love with her but she mistakes him to be a pervert and leaves in disgust. Later, on a beach she finds him and they talk and he clears all the misunderstandings. The two start dating while Shalu has no idea about Kanhaiya's job and he proposes her saying that he is very rich. In response, Shalu reveals that she and her father, who prefers traditions, would like to meet his family before their wedding. Unable to get any other solution, Kanhaiya decides to arrange a fake family out of his actor friends. Shalu and her father, Mr Karjatiya arrive and are greeted by the fake family and Kanhaiya manages to convince them. Mickey arrives, posing as Kanhaiya's father while unknowingly Rocky also poses as his father. They manage to lie and convince that Rocky is his biological father and Mickey just took care of him. Karjatiya's mute wife, Sindoor also arrives who has a dog, Sakru, and her nephew, Jimmy, who translates whatever she says. Suddenly, Kanhaiya's actual father arrives with his stepmother after being called by Rocky and the three lie that Kanhaiya's stepmother is his actual mother who left Rocky for another man.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: The actors mess things up sometimes because of their horny sexual instincts. Amidst the chaos, they realise that they can't shoot more films now but they decide to do it all secretly and almost get caught when Sindoor and Jimmy walk in during their shoot. Later, while everyone is having dinner, the actors start getting frisky under the table while Sindoor gets attracted to Mickey and Kanhaiya's stepmother to Rocky. Karjatiya mixes a powder in Rocky and the stepmother's dessert to rekindle their love, believing their lie, which makes Kanhaiya's stepmother horny and in the middle of night she sneaks into Rocky's room while he was sleeping with Merili to have sex. The actors also sneak inside each other's rooms to have sex and Kanhaiya finds Shalu also seducing him for sex. They all barely manage to not get caught by Karjatiya.