title: Baidya

text: Around the late fifteenth century, Baidyas became intricately associated with the Caitanya Cult alongside Brahmins. Murari Gupta, a childhood friend of Caitanya, was a famed physician of Navadwip and went on to compose "Krsna Caitanya Caritamrta", his oldest extant biography in Sanskrit. Narahari Sarkara, another Baidya devotees, composed "Krsna Bhajanamrta", a theological commentary. Sivananda Sena, an immensely wealthy Baidya, organize the annual trip of Caitanya devotees to Puri, and his son wrote several devotional Sanskrit works. As the Caitanya cult shunned doctrines of equality after his death, the associated Baidyas began enjoying a quasi-Brahminic status as Gaudiya Vasihnava "gurus".


title: Baidya

text: Multiple Baidya authors partook in the Mangalkavya tradition, the foremost being Bijaya Gupta (late 15th c.). Besides, two Chandi Mangalkavyas were penned by Jaynnarayana Sen (c. 1750) and Muktarama Sen (1774), two Manasa Mangalkavyas by Sasthibara Datta (late 17th c.) and one by Dbarik Das. Bharatamallika (fl. 1650), a physician and an instructor of a "tol", wrote numerous commentaries on Sanskrit texts like Amarakosha, and produced miscellaneous works on grammar and lexicography.


title: Baidya

text: The Vallal Charita of Ānanda Bhaṭṭa classed the Baidyas among "Satsudra"s, of whom Kayasthas were held to be the highest. The Chandimangal of Mukundaram Chakrabarti (c. mid 16th century CE) placed the Baidyas below Vaisyas but above Kayasthas, again indicating a Sudra status. Works by Raghunandana (c. mid 16th century) also hold Baidyas to be Sudras. In 1653 C.E., Ramakanta Das wrote the oldest available Baidya kulanji — "Sadvaidyakulapnjika". A few years later, Bharatamallika would write "Chandraprabha" (1675 C.E.), and "Ratnaprabha", a summary of the former text. Bharata claimed a mixed-caste/Vaishya status for the Baidyas whereas Das skipped such discussions. In the Caitanya Caritāmṛta of Baidya Krishnadasa Kaviraja, one Candrasekhara is variably referred to as a Baidya and a Sudra.


title: Baidya

text: During the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries, acrimonious debates about the caste status of Baidyas prolifered. Around 1750, Raja Ballabh wished to have Brahmins officiate at his rituals; he sought Vaishya status and claimed a right of wearing sacred thread for the Baidyas of his own samaj. On facing opposition from other Baidya "zamindar"s, who thought this to be an attempt at gaining trans-samaj acceptance as a Baidya leader, and Brahmin scholars of Vikrampur, who resented against the loss of monopoly, Ballabh invited 131 Brahmins from Benaras, Kanauj, Navadwip, and other regions with expertise in Nyaya Shastra. All of them adjudicated in his favour, with ceremonial costs running to 5 Lakhs.


title: Baidya

text: Soon, Baidyas sought for equality with the Brahmins and claimed themselves to be "Gauna (secondary) Brahmins", leveraging the recently conferred right to "upanayana". At the same time, they invested efforts to prevent lower rank caste from infiltrating into their ranks and emphasize on their social purity; in the smallpox epidemic of 1840s in Dhaka, Baidyas would refuse to inoculate the masses and relegate such menial tasks to lower-ranked barbers and garland makers. Beginning in 1822, Brahmin and Baidya scholars produced a series of polemical pamphlets against one another and in 1831, the Baidya Samaj (Baidya Society) was formed by Khudiram Bisharad, a teacher at the Native Medical Institution, to defend class interests. Gangadhar Ray, a member of this society, produced voluminous literature to put forward partisan claims on Baidyas descending from Brahmins. Binodlal Sen later published Bharatamallika's genealogies in print. A rivalry with the Kayasthas, who would be considered to be inferior thenceforth, became an integral part of this discourse; matrimonial alliances were discouraged, fomenting the rise of a rigid, endogamous caste group.


title: Baidya

text: In 1893, Jnanendramohan Sengupta wrote "Baidyajatir Baisista" in an attempt to prove the Ambasthas had scriptural sanction of being ordained into sannyasa, like Brahmins; Sengupta would remain a prolific author for the Baidya cause throughout the first quarter of the twentieth century. In 1901, colonial ethnographer Herbert Hope Risley noted the Baidyas to be above Sudras but below Brahmins. Baidya social historians like Umesh Chandra Gupta and Dinesh Chandra Sen supported Risley's observation of non-Shudra status with measured skepticism and went on to produce illustrious histories of the community, deriving from "kulanjis". In the early twentieth century, Gananath Sen, the first dean of the Faculty of Ayurveda at Banaras Hindu University, opened a "Baidya Brahman Samiti" in Kolkata; now, the Baidyas were not merely equal to Brahmins but identical. It was also suggested all Baidyas change their surnames to Sharma, a Brahmin patronymic. In 1915 and 1916, Kuladakinkara Ray published "Vaidyakulapanjika" to advocate that Baidyas were not just the same as Brahmins but the highest of them. In 1922, Basantakumar Sen wrote "" on the same themes. Pascale Haag notes these efforts to gain mobility would not have partly succeeded without acceptance by Brahmin society, whose responses remain to be studied.


title: Baidya

text: These attempts at attaining mobility were heavily enmeshed with the modernization of Ayurveda, that transpired across the nineneeth century. Binodlal Sen had declared the genealogical works to be free for anyone who purchased medications above a certain value and Baidya medicine distributors were frequently found to sell revisionist caste histories. Says Mukharji, that elements of colonial modernity—Western notions of physiology and medical instruments—were "braided" with Ayurveda to fashion Baidyas as the modern Brahmins. Notwithstanding these contestations of scriptural rank, the material dominance of Baidyas continued unabated into colonial rule when they proactively took to Western forms of education and held a disproportionate share of government jobs, elite professions, and landholding. Male as well as female literacy rate of Baidyas were remarkably higher than in the case of all other castes of Bengal, as recorded in the 1881 census—which was the first to record caste-wise literacy data—and ever since. Baidya women, specifically, had two and three times the literacy( in vernacular and English respectively) of Bengal's overall male population as per the 1931 census.


title: Baidya

text: Baidyas were unquestionably established as among the "upper castes" by the mid-nineteenth century; they would go on to compose the "Bhadralok Samaj"—the highest "secular rank" in contemporary Bengal—along with Brahmins and Kayasthas, and serve as the eyes and ears of the British Government. The Bhadraloks would be instrumental in demanding democratic reforms during the early twentieth century; a majority of "revolutionary terrorists" from Bengal who partook in the Indian independence movement came from this class.


title: Baidya

text: In modern Bengal, Baidyas' place in caste-hierarchy follows Brahmins — they wear the sacred thread, have access to scriptures, and use common surnames but cannot conduct priestly services. Their ritual rank — whether Sudras or not — is debated and claims to Brahmin status persist. However, their socioeconomic status rivals that of Brahmins. As of 1960, inter-marriages between the Brahmins, Baidyas and Kayasthas were common and increasing.


title: Baidya

text: Baidyas wield considerable socio-economic power in contemporary Bengal as part of Bhadraloks; though in absence of rigorous data, the precise extent is difficult to determine. Parimal Ghosh notes this Bhadralok hegemony to have effectively disenfranchised the rest of Bengal from staking a claim to social capital.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021 were held on 17 January 2022. The ceremony was held virtually due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: Eleven players were initially shortlisted on 22 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 7 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The selection criteria for the men's players of the year was: respective achievements during the period from 8 October 2020 to 7 August 2021.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: Five players were initially shortlisted on 22 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 5 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: Seven coaches were initially shortlisted on 22 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 6 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: Thirteen players were initially shortlisted on 22 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 7 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The selection criteria for the women's players of the year was: respective achievements during the period from 8 October 2020 to 6 August 2021.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: Five coaches were initially shortlisted on 22 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 6 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The eleven players initially shortlisted for the award were announced on 29 November 2021. The three finalists were revealed on 4 January 2022. All goals up for consideration were scored from 8 October 2020 to 7 August 2021. Every registered FIFA.com user was allowed to participate in the final vote until 17 December 2021, with the questionnaire being presented on the official website of FIFA. The goals from the were also voted on by a panel of ten "FIFA experts". Both groups' votes weighed equally on the ultimate winner of the award.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The award celebrates the best fan moments or gestures of October 2020 to August 2021, regardless of championship, gender or nationality. The shortlist was compiled by a panel of FIFA experts, and every registered FIFA.com user was allowed to participate in the final vote until 14 January 2022.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The three nominees were announced on 22 November 2021. Denmark and Finland fans won the award with over 100,000 registered votes.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: An additional award was given out to Portugal's Cristiano Ronaldo and Canada's Christine Sinclair, to recognize them becoming the all-time leading international goalscorers in men and women's senior football, respectively.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The players chosen were Gianluigi Donnarumma as goalkeeper, David Alaba, Leonardo Bonucci and Rúben Dias as defenders, Kevin De Bruyne, Jorginho and N'Golo Kanté as midfielders, and Erling Haaland, Robert Lewandowski, Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo as forwards.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The players chosen were Christiane Endler as goalkeeper, Millie Bright, Lucy Bronze, Magdalena Eriksson and Wendie Renard as defenders, Estefanía Banini, Barbara Bonansea and Carli Lloyd as midfielders, and Marta, Vivianne Miedema and Alex Morgan as forwards.


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The panel of experts who shortlisted the nominees for The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021 for the men's players and coaches comprised:


title: The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021

text: The panel of experts who shortlisted the nominees for The Best FIFA Football Awards 2021 for the women's players and coaches comprised:


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Roberto Maximiliano Pereyra (; born 7 January 1991) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays for club Udinese and the Argentina national team. A right-footed player, his preferred position is as a midfielder or as a forward. Due to his versatility, he is capable of playing a variety of positions such as left or right wing, central midfield, attacking midfield or second striker.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: After beginning his career in Argentina with River Plate, he joined Italian club Udinese in 2011, where his performances earned him a loan to defending league champions Juventus in 2014; he was signed permanently by The Old Lady in 2015 and won two consecutive Serie A titles during his time with the club. During his time in Italy, he developed into a well-rounded, adaptable, and tactically versatile player due to his dynamism, energy, and technique, as well as his offensive and defensive work-rate and attributes. In 2016, he joined English Premier League club Watford.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: At international level, Pereyra made his senior debut in 2014, and has since obtained over ten caps; he represented the Argentina national football team at two editions of the Copa América, winning a runners-up medal and a bronze medal in the 2015 and the 2019 editions of the tournament respectively.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina, Pereyra began his career within the youth academy of River Plate; due to his origins, he was given the nickname "El Tucumano". His professional career began in 2009 when he made his River Plate debut in the Argentine Primera Division against Huracan at the age of 18. After featuring on 43 occasions for River, Pereyra transferred across the Atlantic Ocean, swapping continents, as he joined Udinese Calcio ahead of the 2011–12 Serie A season.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Officially signing for Udinese on 30 August 2011, Pereyra signed a five-year contract with the Friuli outfit, and went on to make 15 appearances in all competitions during his debut season in Italy. His performances for Udinese during a three–year spell saw him contribute eight goals and seven assists in 84 league appearances, while he also represented the club in 6 Coppa Italia matches, 2 UEFA Champions League matches, and 12 UEFA Europa League games.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 25 July 2014, Pereyra officially signed for, at the time, three-time defending Serie A champions Juventus on a season-long loan deal from Udinese worth €1.5 million, with the option to sign the player outright at the conclusion of the 2014–15 Serie A campaign for an additional €14 million. On the same day, Pereyra appeared for his club in their first friendly match of the season against Lucento. On 23 August 2014, he featured for Juventus in the annual Trofeo TIM. Pereyra capitalised on Francesco Magnanelli’s failed clearance to sidefoot home from just outside the six-yard box.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 6 June 2015, Pereyra appeared as a substitute for Juventus in the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final as "La Vecchia Signora" was defeated 3–1 by FC Barcelona at Berlin's Olympiastadion. With 52 appearances, he made the most appearances for Juventus that season across all competitions, along with teammates Claudio Marchisio and Leonardo Bonucci.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 23 June 2015, Juventus bought out Pereyra's Udinese loan for €14 million, keeping him at Juventus until 2019.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 19 August 2016, Pereyra moved to Watford on a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee. According to an official club statement released by Juventus, the transfer is worth €13 million, with a possible €2 million in bonuses, which is to be paid over a four-year period. He was assigned the number 37 shirt for the 2016–17 season. On his Watford debut, Pereyra scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 home defeat to Arsenal in the Premier League, on 27 August. On 5 February 2018, he came off the bench to score the fourth goal in a 4–1 thrashing of Chelsea.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Pereyra was selected to represent the Argentine under-20 football team at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He played all three group games at the tournament, helping Argentina defeat Mexico and North Korea and draw with England. He missed Argentina's 2–1 Round of 16 victory over Egypt through suspension, but returned to the starting line-up in the quarter-final clash against Portugal, which Argentina lost on penalty kicks after neither team could score during 120 minutes.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: He made his senior debut for Argentina on Saturday 11 October 2014 in a 2–0 friendly match loss against Brazil played in Beijing, China after being called up by Gerardo Martino.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Pereyra was a part of the Argentina national team at the 2015 Copa América, winning a runners-up medal.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 11 October 2018, Pereyra scored his first senior international goal for Argentina in a 4–0 friendly win over Iraq in Saudi Arabia.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: On 21 May 2019, he was included in Lionel Scaloni's final 23-man Argentina squad for the 2019 Copa América.


title: Roberto Pereyra

text: Pereyra is a quick, dynamic, and hardworking player, who possesses notable stamina, pace, crossing ability, and vision, as well as good technique and dribbling skills. A creative, well-rounded and tactically versatile right-footed midfielder, who is capable of using either foot, Pereyra is able to play in several midfield and offensive positions, due to his adaptability, and energy, in addition to his offensive and defensive work-rate and attributes. He is usually deployed as an offensive midfielder in the centre, or as wide midfielder, on either flank, although his preferred position is on the left wing; he has even played as a second striker on occasion, or in a deeper role as a central midfielder. Due to his attributes, playing position and nationality, he was compared to the former Italo-Argentine Juventus winger Mauro Camoranesi during his time in Italy.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: Bloomin' Brands, Inc. is a restaurant holding company that owns several American casual dining restaurant chains. The company was established in 1988 in Tampa, Florida, where it is headquartered.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: The company was founded in August 1988 as Multi-Venture Partners, Inc. in Florida by Tim Gannon, Bob Basham, and Chris Sullivan. In 1988 the first Outback Steakhouse was opened in Tampa, Florida. The company went public in 1991 as a 49-restaurant chain and changed its name to Outback Steakhouse, Inc. The Carrabba's Italian Grill was launched in 1993. The company's international expansion began with the first Outback Steakhouse to open in Canada. Revenues for the company exceed $1 billion for the first time. In 1998 the first units of Roy's Restaurant, Fleming's Prime Steakhouse & Wine Bar, and Lee Roy Selmon's open. Cheeseburger in Paradise was launched several years later in 2002. "The Wall Street Journal" reported on November 7, 2006, that Bain Capital, Catterton Partners and founders Sullivan, Basham, and Gannon (collectively referred to as Kangaroo Holdings, Inc.), had reached an agreement to buy OSI Restaurant Partners Inc. for about $3 billion.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: Prior to the company becoming OSI Restaurant Partners, LLC, Outback Steakhouse Inc. owned Paul Lee's Chinese Kitchen, Cheeseburger in Paradise, Lee Roy Selmon's, Bonefish Grill, Roy's, Carrabba's, Fleming's and Zazarac brands.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: The company formerly held the Cheeseburger in Paradise and Lee Roy Selmon's restaurant concepts. OSI also opened Blue Coral Seafood & Spirits in 2006, and planned 15 locations. They had opened two in California: one at Newport Beach in Orange County, and a second in San Diego, until deciding to close in 2009.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: In 2001, OS Restaurant Partners and other national restaurants helped to raise $1 million for Dine Out for America for Victims of 9/11.


title: Bloomin' Brands

text: Bloomin' Brands has a political action committee called the Bloomin' Brands, Inc. Political Action Committee which gives overwhelmingly (75-95% of the time) to conservative and Republican and occasionally Democratic candidates, typically those on Congressional committees overseeing its business sector. Bloomin' Brands, Inc. Political Action Committee was a PAC during the 2016 election. As of the most recent 2018 financial filing from the Federal Election Commission (FEC), the committee raised a total of $334,000 and spent a total of $301,000. During the 2017-18 period so far, as of the most recent financial filing from the Federal Election Commission (FEC), the committee contributed to a mix of Democrats and Republican candidates and committees, as well as specific business sector oriented PACS such as the National Restaurant Association (NRA) PAC.


title: Kykeon

text: Kykeon (, ; from , "to stir, to mix") was an Ancient Greek drink of various descriptions. Some were made mainly of water, barley and naturally occurring substances. Others were made with wine and grated cheese. It is widely believed that kykeon usually refers to a psychoactive compounded brew, as in the case of the Eleusinian Mysteries. A kykeon was used at the climax of the Eleusinian Mysteries to break a sacred fast, but it is also mentioned as a favourite drink of Greek peasants.


title: Kykeon

text: Kykeon is mentioned in Homeric texts: the Iliad describes it as consisting of Pramnian wine, barley, and grated goat's cheese. In the Odyssey, Circe adds some honey and pours her magic potion into it. In the Homeric Hymn to Demeter, the goddess refuses red wine but accepts kykeon made from water, barley, and pennyroyal.


title: Kykeon

text: It was supposed to have digestive properties: In Aristophanes' "Peace" Hermes recommends it to the hero who ate too much dry fruit and nuts.


title: Kykeon

text: Aristocrats shunned it as a peasant drink: Theophrastus' "Characters" depicts a peasant who goes to the Ecclesia drunk with kykeon.


title: Kykeon

text: In an attempt to solve the mystery of how so many people over the span of two millennia could have consistently experienced revelatory states during the culminating ceremony of the Eleusinian Mysteries, it has been posited that the barley used in the Eleusinian kykeon was parasitized by ergot, and that the psychoactive properties of that fungus triggered the intense experiences alluded to by the participants at Eleusis.


title: Kykeon

text: Discovery of fragments of ergot (fungi containing LSD-like psychedelic alkaloids) in a temple dedicated to the two Eleusinian goddesses excavated at the Mas Castellar site (Girona, Spain) provided some possible support for this theory. Ergot fragments were found inside a vase and within the dental calculus of a 25-year-old man, providing evidence of ergot being consumed (Juan-Stresserras, 2002). This finding seems to support the hypothesis of ergot as an ingredient of the Eleusinian kykeon.


title: Kykeon

text: For more on the possibilities of kykeon's psychoactive properties, see entheogenic theories of the Eleusinian mysteries.


title: 2007–08 Real Madrid CF season

text: The 2007–08 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 77th season in La Liga. This article lists all matches that the club played in the 2007–08 season, and also shows statistics of the club's players. Bwin.com became the new kit sponsor.


title: Animoca Brands

text: Animoca Brands (Animoca Brands Corporation Ltd) is a Hong Kong-based game software company and venture capital company founded in 2014 by Yat Siu.


title: Animoca Brands

text: Animoca Brands has also licensed games and applications for: The Addams Family, Atari, Care Bears, Fan Controlled Football, Formula E, Manchester City FC, MotoGP, Snoop Dogg, Wonder Park, and the WWE. Former licenses include Formula One.


title: Animoca Brands

text: Animoca Brands' has over 390 cryptocurrency-related holdings, this include Axie Infinity, OpenSea, Dapper Labs and CryptoKitties. Animocas portfolio investments is worth $1.5 billion in crypto and blockchain gaming across 390 companies.


title: Animoca Brands

text: On November 15, 2011, mobile games developer Animoca raised an undisclosed amount of funding in a Series A round led by Intel Capital and IDG-Accel (which tapped its China Growth Fund III). In 2014 Animoca Brands was spun out from Animoca, and the new entity listed on the Australian Securities Exchange in January 2015.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In March 2018, Animoca Brands launched OliveX which builds mobile games to gamify the fitness industry.


title: Animoca Brands

text: On 15 August 2018, Animoca Brands raised a $1 million investment from Sun Hung Kai and $0.5 million from strategic partner Lympo. On 18 December 2018, Animoca Brands announced that it had completed a US$547,000 placement to institutional and sophisticated investors, a portion of which would be applied towards funding its investment in artificial intelligence accelerator Zeroth.ai.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In May 2019, Animoca Brands raised $2.5 million to fund the development of a blockchain version of the video game "The Sandbox" based on user-generated content. Then, in March 2019, Animoca Brands raised another $2.01 million in cash and cryptocurrency for The Sandbox from investors that included Square Enix, B Cryptos, and True Global Ventures.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In September 2020 Animoca Brands launched the blockchain racing ERC-20 utility token "REVV" on Uniswap, which was subsequently listed on various other exchanges.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In May 2021 Animoca Brands raised a first tranche of US$88,888,888 followed in July 2021 by the second tranche of US$50 million, both of which were based on valuation of US$1 billion. In October 2021 Animoca Brands raised $65 million at a valuation of $2.2 billion from Ubisoft, Sequoia Capital and others. In November 2021 SoftBank led a $93 million investment in Animoca Brands' The Sandbox.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In December 2021, Binance and Animoca Brands launched a $200 million investment program to offer funding for blockchain games.


title: Animoca Brands

text: On March 15, 2022, Animoca Brands announced it would shut down the "F1 Delta Time" game the next day. The game had previously been lucrative, holding the record for most expensive NFT of 2019 and with some transactions exceeding US$300,000. Sales within the game had flat-lined for the two years preceding the game's closure. The company announced plans to replace the game's non-functional NFTs with equivalent tokens for "REVV Racing", a separate game which doesn't have Formula 1 branding.


title: Animoca Brands

text: On 21 June 2022 Animoca Brands Corporation Limited was convicted on charges of failing to lodge annual and half-yearly financial reports with the Australian Securities and Investments Commission.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In July 2022, Animoca Brands hits $5.9 billion valuation. In August 2022 Temasek with GGV Capital lead a $110 million funding round for Animoca Brands at a $6 billion valuation to make it “pre-IPO ready”.


title: Animoca Brands

text: In December 2022, Animoca Brands acquired a majority stake in the music metaverse platform, Pixelynx. Pixelynx was founded in 2020 by two electronic music producers, Deadmau5 and Richie Hawtin.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: The Peterson–Žižek debate, officially titled Happiness: Capitalism vs. Marxism, was a debate between the Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson (a critic of Marxism) and the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek (a communist and Hegelian) on the relationship between Marxism, capitalism, and happiness. Moderated by Stephen J. Blackwood, it was held before an audience of 3,000 at Meridian Hall in Toronto on 19 April 2019.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: In the debate, Peterson and Žižek agreed on many issues, including a criticism of political correctness and identity politics. They debated about the merits of regulated capitalism. Both rejected happiness as a primary goal for individuals and societies.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: During an event at the Cambridge Union in November 2018, Žižek had called Peterson's work "pseudo-scientific", labeled him as his "enemy", and criticized Peterson's work on the idea of a cultural Marxism, stating that "his crazy conspiracy theory about LGBT+ rights and #MeToo as the final offshoots of the Marxist project to destroy the West is, of course, ridiculous." According to Matthew Sharpe writing for "The Conversation", "the term 'cultural Marxism' moved into the media mainstream around 2016, when psychologist Jordan Peterson was protesting a Canadian bill prohibiting discrimination based on gender. Peterson blamed cultural Marxism for phenomena like the movement to respect gender-neutral pronouns which, in his view, undermines freedom of speech." Critics have accused Peterson of misusing the term "postmodernism", referring to postmodern philosophy, as a stand in term for the far-right and antisemitic Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory. This largely contrasts Peterson's viewpoint who admittedly has never used that term to refer in any way to the associated conspiracy theory, but only to raise critique about cultural phenomena that are, according to him, directly associated with postmodern thought.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Peterson said he could meet "any time, any place" to debate and it was announced on 28 February 2019 that the debate was scheduled for 19 April 2019. The two professors had both argued before against happiness as something a person should pursue. Peterson had said that people should seek meaning through personal responsibility and Žižek had said that happiness is pointless and delusional.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Around 3,000 people were in Meridian Hall in Toronto for the event. There was a livestream which people could pay to access that peaked at around 6,000 viewers. Billed by some as "the debate of the century", the event had more tickets scalped than the Toronto Maple Leafs–Boston Bruins playoff on the same day, and tickets sold on eBay for over $300. The debate was also broadcast on Croatian Radiotelevision the following week.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: The debate was divided into two thirty-minute introductions from each participant, followed by shorter ten-minute responses and time at the end for additional comments and answers to questions posed by the moderator, Stephen J. Blackwood. Its topic was which "political-economic model provided the great opportunity for human happiness: capitalism or Marxism".


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Peterson's opening monologue was a reading and critical analysis of "The Communist Manifesto". He asserted that it is wrong to perceive history only through a lens of class struggle, there is no exclusively "good" proletariat and "bad" bourgeoisie, such identity politics is prone to authoritarian manipulation, and that in his view people do not climb the social hierarchies only by taking advantage of others. Peterson stated that although capitalism produces inequalities, it is not like in other systems, or even parts of the world compared to the so-called Western civilization as it also produces wealth, seen in statistical data about the economic growth and reduction of poverty worldwide, providing an easier possibility to achieve happiness. Similarly to Winston Churchill, he concluded that "capitalism is the worst economic system, except for all the others".


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: At the beginning of his opening monologue, Žižek noted avoidance to participate in the debate in the role of an opponent and that both were victims of left liberals. The monologue itself was less focused as it touched many topics and things like cultural liberalism, Nazism, Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, Fyodor Dostoevsky, and xenophobia, among others; and against the expectation of the debate format did not defend Marxism. On the example of China, he tried to connect happiness, capitalism, and Marxism as well criticize China itself and asserted that "less hierarchical, more egalitarian social structure would stand to produce great amounts of this auxiliary happiness-runoff".


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Later in the debate, Žižek agreed with Peterson's opening analysis and called for regulation and limitation of the market for capitalism to reduce the risk of natural and social disasters. Žižek was also critical of the multiculturalist liberals who embody the lie of identity politics and that Western countries should rather fix the situation in immigrants' home countries than accept them. Due to lack of defence for Marxism, at one point Peterson asked Žižek why he associates with this ideology and not his philosophical originality, on which Žižek answered that he is rather a Hegelian and that capitalism has too many antagonisms for long-term peaceful sustainability. In a similar fashion, Žižek asked Peterson to name him personal names of "postmodern neo-Marxists" in Western academia and from where he got the statistical numbers because according to him the over-the-top political correctness is opposed to Marxism, to which Peterson replied that his references are aimed towards ideas that are connected with Marxism and Post-modernism as a pheonomenon and not necessarily towards people defining themselves as such. In the end, they both agreed that happiness is rather a byproduct of life itself.


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Several publications such as "Current Affairs", "The Guardian" and "Jacobin" criticized Peterson for being supposedly uninformed about Karl Marx and Marxism. Harrison Fluss and Sam Miller of "Jacobin" reported that Peterson made many factual errors about Marx and Marxism such as misunderstanding the fundamental principle of the labour theory of value, incorrectly associating Marx broadly with identity politics and denying the existence of a Marxist philosophy of nature. "The Guardian" claimed that Peterson was uninformed about "The Communist Manifesto" and generally ill-prepared for the debate while Jordan Foissy of "Vice" maintained that he was "completely vacuous", supporting inaccurately, that Peterson made excessive claims such as that power is never achieved through the exploitation of people. "Der Spiegel" concluded that Žižek won the debate clearly, describing Peterson's attempt at arguing as "vain enough to show up to an artillery charge with a pocket knife".


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: Writing for "Current Affairs", Benjamin Studebaker criticized both Peterson and Žižek, calling the debate "one of the most pathetic displays in the history of intellectuals arguing with each other in public". Studebaker argues that "Zizek read a bizarre, meandering, canned speech which had very little to do with anything Peterson said or with the assigned topic. This is a pity, because Peterson made an argument I have seen many times, one which is incredibly easy to beat." Studebaker concludes that "Peterson didn't prepare. There was an opportunity. But Zizek was too busy complaining about identity politics and his status within academia to try. He's the sort of aging quitter we all hope to never be."


title: Peterson–Žižek debate

text: In commenting directly on how the debate was received, Žižek wrote: "It is typical that many comments on the debate pointed out how Peterson’s and my position are really not so distinct, which is literally true in the sense that, from their standpoint, they cannot see the difference between the two of us: I am as suspicious as Peterson. So as I saw it, the task of this debate was to at least clarify our differences."


title: Dean scream

text: The Dean scream, also known as "I Have a Scream," was a speech delivered by Vermont governor Howard Dean on January 19, 2004 at the Val-Air Ballroom in West Des Moines, Iowa. That night, the presidential candidate had just lost the Iowa caucus to John Kerry and wanted to reassure his supporters. He listed states he would win to a raucous audience before screaming "Yeah!" Within four days, it was broadcast 633 times on national news networks and cable channels. The audio used in the airings of the scream was from Dean's unidirectional microphone, which decreased the volume of the background noise to the point where only Dean's voice was audible; this did not reflect the actual volume of the room that night, as the crowd was extremely loud.


title: Dean scream

text: Following the scream, Dean lost more primaries and suspended his campaign following his third-place result in Wisconsin. Some commentators have described the speech as a political gaffe that destroyed Dean's campaign; however, Dean and his campaign staff have claimed that he would have lost anyway, due to poor campaign organization. Additionally, Christine Pelosi, "Pacific Standard", and historian Robert Thompson both consider that Dean's probability of being nominated was already low due to a lack of party insider support, the Iowa loss, and the media's previous painting of Dean as too hot-tempered for the presidential position.


title: Dean scream

text: Vermont governor Howard Dean's 2003–04 presidential campaign began as a huge success in its first several months, garnering popularity from the press and American citizens for his left-leaning populism and anti-Iraq War beliefs; as of fall 2003, he was number one in almost every poll throughout the United States, including those in Iowa and New Hampshire. Iowa Campaign webmaster Adam Mordecai described all of the campaign staff feeling "invincible" initially. However, the amount of press reportage on Dean left little room for the other Democratic candidates to be covered; thus, the Washington establishment, other candidates' campaigns, and the mainstream media focused on his hot-headed public moments to show him as having too little sophistication for the presidential position. Dean was conscious of this and tried to moderate his tone, but often failed as he gave in to the excitement of his audience.


title: Dean scream

text: Dean's rankings in the polls started to decline in the three weeks before the Iowa caucus due to the poor operation of his campaign team. Dean blamed his staff for setting it up to be a fight against another primary candidate, that being Dick Gephardt; Mordecai stated a broken voter outreach system caused Dean volunteers to alienate potential supporters by contacting them too many times; and "CNN" correspondent Kate Albright-Hanna attributed his decreased ratings to the "crazy" image of Dean and his supporters brought upon by the press and the campaigns of his opponents.


title: Dean scream

text: Explained Dean campaign manager Joe Trippi, "In Iowa, it was pretty clear we were unraveling, so I was praying that it would somehow hold together before caucus night, that the floor would not collapse on us until the day after. Then we'd have some momentum from a win going into New Hampshire and no one would know it was collapsing." However, John Kerry ended up winning the caucus, Dean coming in third. Tricia Enright, Dean's communications director, summarized the campaign staff's reaction to the results: "You're disappointed we've let down all of these people who worked their hearts out. In their mind, it was their campaign." As Dean recalled his motive when about to speak a post-caucus rally at the Val-Air Ballroom in West Des Moines, Iowa, "You don't suddenly give up and think everything you've done was a waste of time, and I didn't think so. And I was gonna let those kids know that this was not over."


title: Dean scream

text: Organizer Teri Mills recalled the room being "jam-packed" with 3,000 attendees, and "people were so excited and looking forward to boarding planes to go to New Hampshire." A drunk Mordecai was on stage exciting the audience with Dean and his organizers backstage discussing how to present; as Trippi summarized his thinking process at that moment, "You have millions of Americans watching who have no idea who you are. If the cameras are on you that night, it's your best shot to introduce yourself to America. So that was the plan—win, lose, or draw. But you can't predict how things go once the bus rolls up and he gets out there." Trippi advised Dean, "They're down, go out there and give 'em hell," and Iowa senator Tom Harkin suggested, "Why don't you just throw your jacket off and let her rip." Enright also told the prep shortly before Dean got on stage, "Get ready guys, he's going to be firey."


title: Dean scream

text: When Dean walked on stage, the crowd "just went bananas. It was like a rock star," explained Mills. Those at the event recalled the crowd being so loud they could not even hear Dean; this experience was not reflected in television broadcasts of the rally, as the audio they used was from the unidirectional microphone Dean was holding that significantly decreased the background noise. Taking off his jacket and rolling up the sleeves of his blue shirt, he started his speech with "I'm sure there are some disappointed people here." He then motivated his supporters to keep fighting, and state what would later be repeated on news stations:


title: Dean scream

text: Dean, campaign staff, and members of the press who were at the ballroom left with the impression of it being an ordinary rally. Explained Dean, "There were 75 print reporters in the room, and I've never talked to one that had any sense that anything unusual was going on." Trippi recalled, "we were all hanging out at the bar afterwards with press, having a beer. And looking up and seeing, repeatedly, this scene of Howard over and over again. So you looked up and went, 'What the? What's going on?' I realized as soon as I saw it that it wasn't going to be good."


title: Dean scream

text: Albright-Hanna, a "CNN" reporter at the event, explained, "there was a sense that it was really loud, but it just felt like a typical rally. Nothing out of the usual happened. Nobody remembered a moment happening at all." She explained that when on the plane to New Hampshire after the rally, "none of the reporters on the press plane were talking about [the Dean scream]"; only when a "CNN" associate producer brought it up when at New Hampshire was she aware of it. Eric Salzman, who reported Dean's campaign for "CBS", revealed it was the network's editors that chose to focus their coverage on the scream despite insistence from journalists at the rally not to: "It was an interesting example of the power of television, because editors said to their reporters, 'Hey, I saw it. I watched it on TV. I know what happened.' And the reporters were trying to say, 'No, it was different if you were there.' And the editors were like, 'Hey. I'm telling you I know what the story is, and this is what we're reporting.'"


title: Dean scream

text: The Dean scream is considered the first-ever political meme to go viral online. National network and cable channels aired the clip 633 times within four days and 937 times in one week, and the media named it the "Dean scream" and "I Have a Scream," given that the speech was presented on Martin Luther King Jr. Day. In addition to the decreased background noise, the network playings of the scream also rejected shots of the crowd screaming, the main reason Dean was being loud. Fan remixes of songs such as Lil Jon's "Throw It Up" and Ozzy Osbourne's "Crazy Train" that used it were published online, and it was referenced in the JibJab skit "This Land!"


title: Dean scream

text: In terms of exposure on talk shows, Jay Leno responded, "Did you see Dean's speech last night? Oh my God! Now I hear the cows in Iowa are afraid of getting mad Dean disease. It's always a bad sign when at the end of your speech, your aide is shooting you with a tranquilizer gun;" and David Letterman joked, "Here's what happened: The people of Iowa realized they didn't want a president with the personality of a hockey dad." Dennis Miller, on his show, also used a buzzer named the "Dean scream button" that played the scream when pressed.


title: Dean scream

text: Dean and the campaign staff were upset and concerned of the scream's media exposure and its possible negative impacts on the campaign; Albright-Hanna recalled a "CNN" reporter of Dean's campaign stating that one of Dean's staffers wanted to walk into the network headquarters and set himself on fire with gasoline. In order to keep polling numbers high before the start of the New Hampshire primary, Dean had made appearances on shows such as ABC Primetime and "Late Show with David Letterman", and the campaign sent DVDs and VHS tapes of them to 3,000 New Hampshire residents. This tactic did not work; Dean lost the primaries of New Hampshire and other states to the point where he suspended his campaign after coming in a distant third in the Wisconsin primary in February 2004.


title: Dean scream

text: Despite retrospective pieces about the Dean scream summarizing it as a political gaffe that doomed Dean's campaign, this has been contested by not only political experts and journalists but also Dean and his campaign staff. While they admitted the scream was used by the Washington establishment and news media corporations to dismiss Dean's increasingly-voguish campaign because "they didn't fundamentally understand" it, they blamed the loss on a lack of structure, poor media training and a risky strategy entirely focused on winning Iowa. Trippi suggested that even if Dean acted more controlled at the rally, "I'm not sure it would've mattered." Graff also suggested the scream "sucked up all the oxygen" out of John Edwards' polling numbers in the Iowa caucus, causing him to lose.


title: Dean scream

text: Christine Pelosi stated Dean had been doomed to fail after his third-place result in Iowa. "Pacific Standard" analyzed a lack of insider support (a strong factor in a candidate's chance of becoming a presidential nominee) already ruining his prospects beforehand, as his public attacks towards Republicans and Democrats who supported the Iraq War already turned off any desire from insiders to endorse him. Historian David Eisenbach said that although the scream contributed to Dean's loss, it would not have done so without the media's previous crazy-person portrayal of Dean. Media scholar Robert Thompson suggested that the scream would have worked for Dean far better if he campaigned in 2016.


title: Dean scream

text: Although Dean supporters argued he was not aware of how the microphone's sensitivity gave a false impression of his tone, Salzman and political scientist Samuel L. Popkin held Dean accountable for not understanding the system of presidential races; Popkin states he only spoke to those in the room and not to a nationwide television audience that was previously unaware of him, and Salzman reasoned any bad moment of a candidate's speech would have been significantly covered regardless of "how good 99 percent of your speech was."


title: Dean scream

text: On July 27, 2005, New York governor George E. Pataki imitated the Dean scream at The Water Club when listing states he would campaign in if he ran for president.


title: Dean scream

text: The Dean scream can be heard as an audio sample in the 2008 "Breaking Bad" episode "Crazy Handful of Nothin'", when character Walter White blows drug kingpin Tuco Salamanca's offices up with fulminated mercury. In 2022, the scream was sampled in commercials for Mike's HARDER Lemonade.


title: Dean scream

text: Dean reenacted the scream on May 14, 2015 at the New Jersey Democratic State Committee, listing states governor Chris Christie would not win if he ran for president.


title: Dean scream

text: "NBC News", in 2019, reported that "even years later, people turned the 'scream' into dance remixes, YouTube performances and famous comedy skits." Dean claimed in an interview, "I look back on it with some amusement. I get asked for autographs for it all the time."


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Captain John Hanning Speke (4 May 1827 – 15 September 1864) was an English explorer and officer in the British Indian Army who made three exploratory expeditions to Africa. He is most associated with the search for the source of the Nile and was the first European to reach Lake Victoria (known to locals as "Nam Lolwe" in Dholuo and "Nnalubaale" or "Ukerewe" in Luganda).


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Speke is also known for propounding the Hamitic hypothesis in 1863, in which he supposed that the Tutsi ethnic group were descendants of the biblical figure Ham, and had lighter skin and more Hamitic features than the Bantu Hutu over whom they ruled.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Speke was born on 4 May 1827 at Orleigh Court, Buckland Brewer, near Bideford, North Devon. In 1844 he was commissioned into the British Army and posted to British India, where he served in the 46th Bengal Native Infantry under Sir Hugh Gough during the Punjab campaign and under Sir Colin Campbell during the First Anglo-Sikh War. He was promoted lieutenant in 1850 and captain in 1852. He spent his leave exploring the Himalayan Mountains and Mount Everest and once crossed into Tibet.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: In 1854 he made his first voyage to Africa, first arriving in Aden to ask permission of the Political Resident of this British Outpost to cross the Gulf of Aden and collect specimens in Somalia for his family's natural history museum in Somerset. This was refused as Somalia was considered rather dangerous. Speke then asked to join an expedition about to leave for Somalia led by the already famous Richard Burton who had Lt William Stroyan and Lt. Herne recruited to come along, but a recent death left the expedition one person short. Speke was accepted because he had traveled in remote regions alone before, had experience collecting and preserving natural history specimens and had done astronomical surveying. Initially the party split with Burton going to Harrar, Abyssinia, and Speke going to Wadi Nogal in Somalia. During this trip Speke experienced trouble with the local guide, who cheated him; after they returned to Aden, Burton, who had also returned, saw that the guide was punished, jailed and killed. This incident probably led to larger troubles later on. Then all four men traveled to Berbera on the coast of Somalia, from where they wanted to trek inland towards the Ogaden. While camped outside Berbera, they were attacked at night by 200 spear-wielding Somalis. During this fracas Speke ducked under the flap of a tent to get a clearer view of the scene, and Burton thought he was retreating and called for Speke to stand firm. Speke did so and then charged forward with great courage, shooting several attackers. The misunderstanding laid the foundation of their later disputes and dislikes. Stroyan was killed by a spear, Burton was seriously wounded by a javelin impaling both cheeks and Speke was wounded and captured; Herne came away unwounded. Speke was tied up and stabbed several times with spears, one thrust cutting through his thigh along his femur and exiting. Showing tremendous determination, he used his bound fists to give his attacker a facial punch; this gave him an opportunity to escape, albeit he was followed by a group of Somalis and had to dodge spears as he ran for his life. Rejoining Burton and Herne, the trio eventually managed to escape with a boat passing along the coast. The expedition was a severe financial loss, and Speke's natural history specimens from his earlier leg were used to make up for some of it. Speke handed Burton his diaries, which Burton used as an appendix in his own book on his travels to Harrar. It seemed unlikely that the two would join again and Burton believed that he would never lead an expedition to the interior of Africa, his fervent hope, after this failed journey. Once in Aden, Burton was not granted a medical certificate to travel and thus Speke left on HMS "Furious" and arrived in England on 8 May 1859. Burton was not far behind and he arrived on 21 May 1859.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: In 1856, Speke and Burton went to East Africa to find the Great Lakes, which were rumoured to exist in the centre of the continent. It was hoped that the expedition would locate the source of the Nile. The journey, which started from Zanzibar Island in June 1857, where they stayed at the residence of Atkins Hamerton, the British consul, was extremely strenuous and both men fell ill from a variety of tropical diseases once they went inland. By 7 November 1857, they had travelled over 600 miles on foot and donkey and reached Kazeh (Tabora), where they rested and recuperated among Arab slave traders who had a settlement there. In Kazeh Burton became gravely ill and Speke went temporarily blind as they travelled further west. After an arduous journey, the two arrived in Ujiji in February 1858 and became the first Europeans to reach Lake Tanganyika (although Speke was partially blind at this point and could not properly see the lake). They decided to explore the lake, but it was vast and they could get only small canoes from the locals. Burton was too ill to journey, and thus Speke crossed the lake with a small crew and some canoes to try to rent a larger vessel from an Arab who, they were told, had a large boat and lived on the west side of the lake. (Lake Tanganyika is over 400 miles long on the north–south axis but only about 30 miles wide.) During this trip Speke, marooned on an island, suffered severely when he became temporarily deaf after a beetle crawled into his ear and he tried to remove it with a knife. Unable to rent the larger vessel from the Arab, Speke returned. The pair were unable to explore Lake Tanganyika properly and they initially misunderstood that a river flowed out of it from the north side. A few weeks later the explorer and guide Sidi Mubarak Bombay confirmed via locals that the river flowed into the lake; however, since neither man actually saw this river, this remained a source of speculation.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: They had also heard of a second lake to the north-east, and in May 1858, they decided to explore it on the way back to the coast. But Burton was too weak to make the trip and thus stayed in base camp when the main caravan halted again at Kazeh. Speke went on a 47-day side trip that was 452 miles up and down in which he took 34 men with Bombay and Mabruki as his captains and on 30 July 1858 became the first European to see Lake Victoria, known to locals as Nam Lolwe in the Dholuo language and Nnalubaale or Ukerewe in the Luganda language. Speke renamed the lake after the British monarch, Queen Victoria, and was one of the first persons to map it. It was this lake that eventually proved to be the source of the River Nile. However, much of the expedition's survey equipment had been lost at this point and thus vital questions about the height and extent of the lake could not be answered easily. Speke's eyes were still bothering him and he only saw a small part of the southern end of the lake and his view was blocked by islands in the lake so he could not judge the size of the lake well. However, Speke did estimate the elevation of Lake Victoria at 4000 feet by observing the temperature at which water boiled at that level. (This lake's being substantially higher than Lake Tanganyika did make it a more likely candidate for the source of the Nile.)


title: John Hanning Speke

text: From the beginning, the relationship of Speke and Burton was one of opposites; Burton considered Speke inferior linguistically and a less experienced traveller in remote regions (which was partially true), but Burton himself appears to have been jealous and far less able to relate to the safari caravan to keep the expedition motivated and moving (a vital factor as they were completely dependent on their safari crew). While Speke enjoyed hunting and thus provided the caravan with meat, Burton was not much interested in such pursuits. Burton was appointed the head of the expedition and considered Speke the second in command, although the pair seemed to have shared the hardships and labours of the journey pretty much evenly. Once it became clear that Speke might have found the source of the Nile the relationship deteriorated further. Why Burton did not journey back to Lake Victoria with Speke to make a better reconnaissance of the Lake after Speke returned to base camp in Kazeh is unclear. Burton was incapacitated and had to be carried by bearers but this had been true for a great deal of the trip.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: While Speke and Burton were instrumental in bringing the source of the Nile to the wider world and were the first to record and map this section of Africa, the efforts and labours of Sidi Mubarak Bombay and Mabruki were instrumental in the discovery of the lake. Bombay was captured as a child near Lake Nyasa by slave traders and was sold to Indian merchants on the coast of Africa who took him to Sindh. Thus he spoke Hindustani, and after his master's death he sailed back to Zanzibar, where Speke and Burton met and hired him. Both spoke Hindustani, which greatly facilitated the travel in the interior as Bombay spoke several native languages beside Swahili. Speke was much attached to Bombay and spoke highly of his honesty and conscientiousness. Bombay's efforts in dealing with hostile tribes, interpreting and keeping the safari crew on track, was a great help to the expedition. Less is known of Mabruki, the other caravan leader, but he was later known as Mabruki Speke, and like Bombay became one of East Africa's great caravan leaders and was also a member of the Yao tribe like Bombay. Because of Speke's recommendations, both Bombay and Mabruki served on Henry Stanley's 1871 expedition to find Livingstone.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: On 26 September 1858 the return journey from Kazeh was started with 152 porters; both men had to return as their military leaves were coming to an end, although Jeal contends that they could have extended the trip by asking for an extension, as their clear mission statement of the Royal Geographical Society (RGS) was to find the source of the Nile. The expedition had lost a great many people through desertions, disease and hostilities, but in Kazeh, on the return journey, Mabruki had recruited local porters. Again Speke and Burton suffered from severe illnesses and had to be carried in a litter (machilla) by the porters some of the way. Once Speke and Burton were back on the coast they went by ship to Zanzibar and then travelled to Aden. When back at the coast Burton had written a letter to Norton Shaw of the Royal Geographical Society (which had partially sponsored the journey) in which Burton enclosed a map of Lake Victoria made by Speke and wrote "there are grave reasons for believing it (the lake) to be the source of the principal feeder of the White Nile."


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Now further disagreements developed; Burton maintained that they had promised each other in Aden not to make public announcements till they both were back in England and Burton accused Speke of a breach of promise for publicly claiming that the source of the Nile was found on their trip. Burton now turned against the theory that Lake Victoria was the source of the Nile (and now said the river flowing "out" of the north side of Lake Tanganyika was the source) and thus also reversed himself from the position he took in the letter to Norton Shaw. In that same letter to Shaw, Burton had also stated that Speke would present his findings to the RGS, as he was prevented from traveling because of poor health and would be in England a short time after Speke. Jeal concludes that Burton's claim of a promise from Speke not to go to the RGS was improbable. The jealousies and accusations between the two men got ever greater, further inflamed by their respective circles of friends and people who stood to gain from the feud such as book publishers and newspapers. Burton was still extremely weak, and once he appeared in front of a committee of the RGS he was not able to make a convincing case for his leading a second expedition to settle the outstanding matters about the Nile. The rift widened, and perhaps became irreversible, when Speke was chosen to lead a subsequent expedition instead of Burton. The two presented joint papers concerning the expedition to the Royal Geographical Society on 13 June 1859.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Together with James Augustus Grant, Speke left Portsmouth on 27 April 1860 and departed from Zanzibar in October 1860. The expedition approached the lake from the south west but Grant was often sick and was not able to travel with Speke much of the time. As during the first trip, in this period of history, Arab slave traders had created an atmosphere of great distrust towards any foreigners entering central Africa, and most tribes either fled or fought when encountering them as they assumed all outsiders to be potential slavers. Lacking a great deal of guns and soldiers, the only thing the expedition could do was make peace offerings to locals, and both men were severely delayed and their supplies depleted by demands for gifts and passage fees by smaller local chieftains. After numerous months of delays Speke reached Lake Victoria on 28 July 1862, and then travelled on the west side around Lake Victoria but only seeing it from time to time; but on the north side of the lake, Speke found the Nile flowing out of it and discovered the Ripon Falls.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Local Church Missionary Society records indicate that Speke fathered a daughter whilst staying at the court of Muteesa I the Kabaka (or King) of Buganda. Whilst staying at the court Speke was given two girls aged about 12 and 18 from the entourage of the Queen Mother. Speke appears to have had sexual relations with both of them, before handing over the youngest (whom he named 'Kahala') to another man. Speke fell in love with the elder girl, 'Meri', according to his diaries (which were redacted when they were published as books later). While Meri proved loyal to Speke and fulfilled her task at being a "wife" to him as commanded by the Queen Mother, Speke was distressed because he thought she had no love or deep attachment to him. He "divorced her on the spot" in April 1862 after she defied his orders regarding the sacrifice of a goat. Whilst Meri visited Speke several times after this incident, the couple did not reconcile. Speke claimed to have tried to arrange a better relationship for Meri with another man, without success it seems.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Finally, given permission by Muteesa in June 1862 to leave, Speke then travelled down the Nile now reunited with Grant. Because of travel restrictions placed by the local chieftains, slave raiding parties, tribal wars and the difficulty of the terrain, Speke was not able to map the entire flow of the Nile from Lake Victoria north. Why he did not make more efforts to do so is not clear, but the enormous hardships of the journey must have played a large role. By January 1863 Speke and Grant reached Gondokoro in Southern Sudan, where he met Samuel Baker and his "wife". (Her name was Florence von Sass and she had been rescued by Baker from a slave market in Vidin during a hunting trip in Bulgaria.) Speke had expected to meet John Petherick and his wife Katherine at Gondokoro, as they had been sent by the RGS south along the Nile to meet Speke and Grant. However the Pethericks were not there but on a side expedition to trade ivory, as they had run out of funds for their expedition. This caused some hard feelings between Petherick and Speke, and Baker played into this so he could assume a greater role as an explorer and co-discoverer of the Nile. Speke, via Baker's ship, then continued to Khartoum from which he sent a celebrated telegram to London: "The Nile is settled."


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Speke's expedition did not resolve the issue, however. Burton claimed that because Speke had not followed the Nile from the place it flowed out of Lake Victoria to Gondokoro, he could not be sure they were the same river.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Baker and Florence, meanwhile, stayed in Gondokoro and tried to settle the flow of the river from there to Lake Victoria by traveling south. They eventually, after tremendous hardships, such as being wracked by fevers and held up by rulers for months on end, found Lake Albert and the Murchison Falls.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Speke and Grant now returned to England, where they arrived in June 1863 and were welcomed as genuine heroes. This did not last long in Speke's case however; disputes with Burton, who was relentless in his criticisms and a very compelling public speaker and gifted writer, left Speke's discoveries in less than an ideal light. Speke had also committed to write a book for John Blackwood which he found hard and time-consuming as he was not naturally a gifted writer. He failed to give a good and full report to the RGS for many months and thus in effect was not defending his positions of discovery. In addition Speke had a public dispute with the Pethericks who had by and large acted according to their RGS instructions but Speke had felt they had not. All this led Roderick Murchison, president of the Royal Geographical Society, to start disliking Speke and a third expedition, led by Speke, was becoming less likely as it would have to be funded by the people Speke was now not on good terms with. It appears that just as Burton had overplayed his hand after the first trip Speke now did the same. Now the RGS asked that a public debate should be held between Speke and Burton to try and settle the Nile.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: A debate was planned between Speke and Burton before the geographical section of the British Association in Bath on 16 September 1864, but Speke had died the previous afternoon from a self-inflicted gunshot wound while shooting at Neston Park in Wiltshire. A contemporary account of the events surrounding his death appeared in "The Times":


title: John Hanning Speke

text: An inquest concluded that the death was accidental, a conclusion supported by his only biographer Alexander Maitland, though the idea of suicide has appealed to some. Bearing in mind, however, that the fatal wound was just below Speke's armpit, suicide seems most unlikely. Burton, however, could not set aside his own strong dislike of Speke and was vocal in spreading the idea of a suicide, claiming that Speke feared the debate. Speke was buried in St Andrew's Church, Dowlish Wake in Somerset, five miles away from the ancestral home of the Speke family.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: In 1874–1877, Henry Stanley mounted a new expedition and took a boat along the entire shore of Lake Victoria; he established that Lake Tanganyika and the Nile were not connected in any way, and he explored the headwaters of Lake Edward. It was now proven that Speke had been right all along, and that the Nile flowed from Lake Victoria via Ripon Falls and Murchison Falls to Lake Albert and from there to Gondokoro.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: According to other theories, the source of the White Nile, even after centuries of exploration, remains in dispute. The most remote source that is indisputably a source for the White Nile is the Kagera River, which was discovered by German explorer Oscar Baumann, and geographically determined in 1937 by Burkhart Waldecker; however, the Kagera has tributaries that are in contention for the farthest source of the White Nile.


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Much of Speke's "Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile" is a description of the physical features of Africa's races, in whose condition he found "a strikingly existing proof of the Holy Scriptures." Living alongside the locals, Speke claimed to have found a "superior race" of "men who were as unlike as they could be from the common order of the natives" due to their "fine oval faces, large eyes, and high noses, denoting the best blood of Abyssinia" –; that is, Ethiopia. This "race" comprised many tribes, including the Watusi (Tutsi). Speke described their physical appearances as having retaineddespite the hair-curling and skin-darkening effects of intermarriage"a high stamp of Asiatic feature, of which a marked characteristic is a bridged instead of bridgeless nose".


title: John Hanning Speke

text: Two species of African reptiles are named in his honour: Speke's hinge-back tortoise, "Kinixys spekii"; and Speke's sand lizard, "Heliobolus spekii". Three species of African mammals are named in his honour: the sitatunga, "Tragelaphus spekii"; Speke's gazelle, "Gazella spekei"; and Speke's pectinator, "Pectinator spekei". Some streets and Avenues in South Africa and Zimbabwe were named after him.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Corn on the cob is a culinary term for a cooked ear of sweet corn (maize) eaten directly off the cob. The ear is picked while the endosperm is in the "milk stage" so that the kernels are still tender. Ears of corn are steamed, boiled, or grilled usually without their green husks, or roasted with them. The husk leaves are removed before serving.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Corn on the cob is normally eaten while still warm, and is often seasoned with salt and butter. Some diners use specialized skewers, thrust into the ends of the cob, to hold the ear while eating without touching the hot and sticky kernels.


title: Corn on the cob

text: After being picked, the corn's sugar converts into starch: it takes only one day for it to lose up to 25% of its sweetness, so it is ideally cooked on the same day as it is harvested.


title: Corn on the cob

text: The most common methods for cooking corn on the cob are frying, boiling, roasting, grilling, and baking. Corn on the cob can be grilled directly in its husk, or it can be shucked first and then wrapped in aluminum foil. When oven roasting, cooking the corn in the husk directly on the rack is recommended. When roasting or grilling corn on the cob, the cook can first peel the husk back to rub the corn with oil or melted butter, then re-secure the husk around the corn with a string. Corn on the cob can also be microwaved for 3 to 4 minutes still in its husk.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Lillian Eichler Watson, in a 1921 etiquette book, described corn on the cob as "without a doubt one of the most difficult foods to eat gracefully." She added that "it is entirely permissible to use the fingers in eating corn, holding it lightly at each end; sometimes a napkin is used in holding it." Sometimes, however, a short sharp knife would be provided that each diner could use to cut or scrape the kernels from the cob for later eating. She described this as "by far the most satisfactory method" of eating corn on the cob.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Some etiquette books recommend salting and buttering the corn a section at a time just before eating that section, which helps to minimize the mess on the diner's face and hands. Butter dripping down the diner's chin and kernels getting stuck in-between teeth may be a source of embarrassment for the diner.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Corn cob holders are eating utensils used to hold corn on the cob. They may have tines or a single spike, and have been used since ancient times, ranging from articles made of wood found in ethnographic museums to precious tableware made of silver.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Other utensils for eating corn on the cob include specialty knives from removing the kernels, brushes for removing the silk and knives for buttering.


title: Corn on the cob

text: Sweet corn was eaten by Native American tribes before European settlers arrived in the Americas, and was a prominent source of sustenance for the Gallimore tribe, which occupied areas of the Midwest as far East as what is now Ohio. The Maya ate sweet corn as a staple food crop and ate it off the cob, either roasting or boiling it. Aboriginal Canadians in southern parts of Canada also eat it.


title: Corn on the cob

text: In Central America (except Panama) and Mexico, an ear of corn, on or off the plant, is called "elote" (from the Nahuatl "elotitutl" 'tender cob'). This term is also used in Mexican and Central American communities in the United States.


title: Corn on the cob

text: In the Andean countries (except for Venezuela and Colombia) as well as Uruguay and Paraguay, an ear of corn is "choclo" (from Quechua "chuqllu"). In Venezuela, it is "jojoto". In Colombia, Panama, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Spain, it is known as "mazorca".


title: Corn on the cob

text: In El Salvador, Mexico, and the border states of the United States, "elote" is eaten both as a sweet and as a salty dish. It is most commonly boiled in water with seasonings such as "tequesquite", "epazote", the Santa Maria herb, or pericon. The boiled ear is served with condiments such as butter, mayonnaise, and grated "cotija" cheese, and in the case of Mexico, chile powder, lemon juice, and salt. "Elote" or "elotes locos" 'crazy corn', is also served at town fairs in Mesoamerica, served on a stick for holding it and seasoned with mayonnaise, sweet and sour sauce, ketchup, and mustard.


title: Corn on the cob

text: In some regions of Mexico, "elotes" are sold in the street from food carts by stationary or mobile "eloteros". The vendors offer a choice of hard or soft, small or large kernels, and seasonings, sour cream, mayonnaise, liquid cheese, chile powder, grated cheese, or butter. The "elotes" are kept hot by putting them in the brazier where they were cooked and are generally served soon after they are cooked. The "elotes" are usually boiled and transported wrapped in the husks, because cooking them in the husks gives them more flavor.


title: Corn on the cob

text: The "eloteros" also sell coal-grilled "elotes (elotes asados)". These "elotes" are splashed with salt water and grilled in the coals until the husks start to burn and the kernels reach a crunchy texture. In Central America, it is custom to grill "elote" during the first harvest of the year --the end of June until the beginning of September. During this time, women can be seen on the sides of the highway next to the cornfields selling grilled "elote" seasoned with lime juice and salt.


title: Corn on the cob

text: In Peru "choclo con queso" is a popular street food in which the corn on the cob is grilled on hot coal and served with peruvian salted cheese. It's also a common dish sold on interregional buses.


title: Corn on the cob

text: A popular use for corn on the cob in Quebec is for serving at an "", or corn-shucking party. At this informal type of celebration, the guests help to shuck the corncobs, which are then boiled and served with butter and salt, often along with other foods.


title: Corn on the cob

text: "Yaki-Toumorokoshi" (焼きとうもろこし, "roasted sweet corn"), or "Yaki-Toukibi" is a Japanese snack. Generally, corn is coated with soy sauce and grilled. In the middle of the Meiji Era (around 1890), the popularity of "Yaki-Toumorokoshi" stalls spread in Sapporo, Hokkaido.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: The Laugh-O-Gram Studio (also called Laugh-O-Gram Studios) was a short-lived film studio located on the second floor of the McConahay Building at 1127 East 31st in Kansas City, Missouri that operated from June 28, 1921 to November 20, 1923.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: In the early years of animation, the studio was home to many of the pioneers of animation, brought there by Walt Disney. It was the site of inspiration for Disney and Ub Iwerks to create Mickey Mouse. Laugh-O-Gram is the subject of two feature films: "As Dreamers Do" and "Walt Before Mickey".


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: In 1921, Walt Disney was contracted by Milton Feld to animate twelve cartoons, which he called Newman's Laugh-O-grams. On May 23, 1922, when Disney was 20 years old, Laugh-O-gram Films (LOGF) was incorporated by him using the remaining assets of the defunct Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists from local investors. LOGF produced nine of the requested 12 films with little income. But encouraged by his shorts' popularity at the theatre, and inspired by, Disney decided he wanted to make his own animated versions of fairy tales too, and invested six months on his first attempt at "Little Red Riding Hood".


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: Among Disney's employees on the series were several pioneers of animation: Ub Iwerks, Hugh Harman, Friz Freleng, and Carman Maxwell. The company had financial problems and by the end of 1922, Disney was living in the office and taking baths once a week at Union Station.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: During the studio's sales manager Leslie Mace's stay in New York, where he was looking for distributors, he ended up signing a contract for six animated shorts with Pictorial Clubs, Inc. of Tennessee on Sunday, September 16, 1922. Pictorial agreed to pay for the cartoons, which were supposed to be shown at schools and other non-theatrical places, but only paid $100 in advance. The rest of the payment would have to wait until January 1, 1924, when all the shorts had been delivered. When Pictorial went bankrupt only a few months later, the studio never received the rest of the payment, its financial problems became even more serious, and the staff ended up leaving. But when the local Kansas City dentist Thomas B. McCrum, from the Deener Dental Institute, contacted Disney and offered him the job of producing a short subject about dental hygiene intended for the Missouri school system, he brought together some of his staff again and made "Tommy Tucker's Tooth", which earned the studio $500. Instead of paying off his creditors, the money was invested in the live-action/animation demonstration film "Alice's Wonderland", starring the youthful Virginia Davis. Disney had noted how popular the "Out of the Inkwell" series from the Fleischer Studios was, which had animated characters interacting with the real world. By reversing this gimmick and using a real-life character in a cartoon universe instead, he hoped for a hit.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: Virginia Davis's contract with Laugh-O-gram was signed by her parents on April 23, 1923, with terms giving her 5% of the "Alice's Wonderland" film's receipts. Looking for a distributor for "Alice's Wonderland" on May 14, Disney wrote to Margaret Winkler, a New York film distributor.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: After finishing the raw edits of "Alice's Wonderland", the studio filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July 1923. Disney finally made some money by shooting a film of a 6-month-old girl named Kathalee Viley and selling his movie camera, earning enough for a one-way train ticket, moving to Hollywood, California; he brought along an unfinished reel of "Alice's Wonderland".


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: The bankruptcy trustee was able to force LOGF's erstwhile distributor and debtor, Pictorial Films, Inc., to pay LOGF's agents the sum owed while agreeing that Pictorial could exercise its contractual distribution rights for LOGF works and to purchase several of LOGF's films: "The Four Musicians of Bremen", "Jack the Giant Killer", the "Lafflets" series, and "Alice's Wonderland".


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: The studio building fell to ruin and efforts were made to restore it by a non-profit group called "Thank You, Walt Disney". The Disney family promised $450,000 in matching funds for the rit other Disney memorabilia and to tell the history of Walt Disney's life in Kansas City, a movie house to exhibit original and restored Laugh-O-grams, and an education center to tell people and children about animation and to make their own animations inside the building.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: On July 30, 2021, a black Dodge Charger struck the building and caused significant damage to the exterior. The incident occurred early in the morning, the driver fleeing the scene, though authorities subsequently found a woman's driving license and a margarita within the vehicle. Butch Rigby, who launched the campaign to save and restore the building, described the incident optimistically, "The bottom line, it’s a bump in the road, but it could have been worse."


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: Disney told interviewers that the inspiration to draw Mickey came from a tame mouse at his desk at Laugh-O-Gram Studio in Kansas City, Missouri.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: In 1928 during a train trip to New York, he showed the drawing to his wife Lillian Marie Bounds and said he was going to call it "Mortimer Mouse". She replied that the name sounded "too pompous" and suggested Mickey Mouse instead.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: Of the original seven Laugh-O-grams fairy tales, four were long known to have survived, and have been restored for DVD: "Little Red Riding Hood" (1922), "The Four Musicians of Bremen" (1922), "Puss in Boots" (1922), and "Cinderella" (1922). These shorts later became available on Blu-ray Disc as bonus features for Disney's "Beauty and the Beast". "Tommy Tucker's Tooth" (1922) and "Alice's Wonderland" (1923) are also available on DVD, and "Alice's Wonderland" eventually became a bonus feature for the "60th Anniversary Blu-ray Edition" of "Alice in Wonderland". The original piece of filming and animation known as "Newman Laugh-O-grams" (originally released theatrically on March 20, 1921) is available on some DVDs too. Due to their date of publication, all 11 shorts produced by the studio have defaulted into the public domain.


title: Laugh-O-Gram Studio

text: The missing fairy tale cartoons were "Jack and the Beanstalk", "Jack the Giant Killer", and "Goldie Locks and the Three Bears" (all 1922). On October 14, 2010, animation historian David Gerstein announced that copies of all three had been found. For many years the two "Jack" cartoons were believed to be one, until researcher John Kenworthy located old studio assets sheets confirming that they were separate shorts.


title: Ealdorman

text: Ealdorman (, ) was a term in Anglo-Saxon England which originally applied to a man of high status, including some of royal birth, whose authority was independent of the king. It evolved in meaning and in the eighth century was sometimes applied to the former kings of territories which had submitted to great powers such as Mercia. In Wessex in the second half of the ninth century it meant the leaders of individual shires appointed by the king. By the tenth century ealdormen had become the local representatives of the West Saxon king of England. Ealdormen would lead in battle, preside over courts and levy taxation. Ealdormanries were the most prestigious royal appointments, the possession of noble families and semi-independent rulers. Their territories became large, often covering former kingdoms such as Mercia or East Anglia. Southern ealdormen often attended court, reflecting increasing centralisation of the kingdom, but the loyalty of northern ealdormen was more uncertain. In the eleventh century the term "eorl", today's earl, replaced that of ealdorman, but this reflected a change in terminology under Danish influence rather than a change in function.


title: Ealdorman

text: Although earls may be regarded as the successors of ealdormen, the word "ealdorman" itself did not disappear and survives in modern times as alderman in many jurisdictions founded upon English law. This term, however, developed distinctly different meanings which have little to do with ealdormen, who ruled shires or larger areas, while aldermen are members of a municipal assembly or council, such as the City Council of Chicago and the City of Adelaide.


title: Ealdorman

text: Similar titles also exist in some Germanic countries, such as the Swedish "Ålderman", the Danish "Oldermand" and West Frisian "Olderman", the Dutch "Ouderman", the (non-Germanic) Finnish "Oltermanni" (a borrowing from the neighboring Germanic Swedes) and the German "Ältester", which all mean "elder man" or "wise man".


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Sandals Resorts is a Jamaican operator of all-inclusive resorts for couples in the Caribbean. It is a part of Sandals Resorts International (SRI), the parent company of Sandals Resorts, Beaches Resorts, Fowl Cay Resort, and several private villas. Founded by Jamaican-born entrepreneur Gordon "Butch" Stewart in 1981, SRI is based in Montego Bay, Jamaica, responsible for resort development, service standards, training, and day-to-day operations. Sandals Resorts International has properties throughout the Caribbean islands of Jamaica, Bahamas, Saint Lucia, Antigua, Turks & Caicos, Grenada, Curacao, and St. Vincent with sixteen Sandals Resorts, three Beaches Resorts, one Fowl Cay private island resort, and four villa properties in Jamaica.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Adam Stewart is the Executive Chairman of Sandals Resorts International (SRI). Adam became Chairman upon the death of his father Gordon "Butch" Stewart, the Chairman and Founder of SRI, on January 4, 2021. Gebhard Rainer is the current CEO of Sandals Resorts International.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: In 1981 Gordon "Butch" Stewart purchased an old hotel (the Bay Roc hotel) on one of Montego Bay's largest beaches, despite having no hotel experience and opened it as Sandals Montego Bay.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: As of 2007, Gordon "Butch" Stewart controlled what analysts estimate to be a billion dollar, privately owned Jamaican-based empire that includes 25 Caribbean resorts, Appliance Traders Ltd., and "The Observer" newspaper.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Adam Stewart is the current Executive Chairman of Sandals Resorts International (SRI), which owns and operates Caribbean-based Sandals Resorts and Beaches Resorts. Stewart oversees all areas of SRI operations, which is headquartered in Montego Bay, Jamaica. He has held this position since 2021 upon the death of his father Gordon "Butch" Stewart.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Also, in 1984, Sandals launched the Caribbean's first swim-up bar at its Montego Bay Resort in Jamaica.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: In March 2009, Stewart launched The Sandals Foundation, the philanthropic arm of Sandals Resorts International.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: In August 2009, Adam Stewart was appointed as Deputy Chairman of the family-owned ATL Group comprising the Jamaica Observer and a chain of appliance outlets.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Sandals Corporate University (SCU) - a regional adult education program for the 10,000 employees of Sandals Resorts and Beaches Resorts - was launched in March 2012. Through partnerships with internationally recognized universities, professional organizations, and local education institutions, SCU provides courses on skills such as customer service, leadership, the art of selling, and professional communications.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: On December 1, 2016, Sandals opened Caribbean’s first overwater villas, at the Sandals Royal Caribbean in Montego Bay.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: In 2021, the resort company celebrated its 40th Anniversary since the opening of its first resort Sandals Montego Bay, in Montego Bay Jamaica.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: Due to the laws in the countries in which they operate, the company had a policy dating from 1981 that could not allow same-sex couples from their "couples-only" resorts. The policy was variously stated by characterizing the accommodations as "resort for couples only." In various Caribbean islands, a couple is defined as one female adult and one male adult", "policies require male/female couples only", or "couples of the same gender are not accepted." This policy received a great deal of publicity when stays at their resorts were offered as prizes in various promotions by companies such as Microsoft, Yahoo!, and US Airways in 1999. Later reports indicated that some resorts also made no accommodations for people with disabilities, prompting the ACLU to opine that companies offering Sandals stays as prizes, or otherwise doing business with Sandals resorts, might be the targets of lawsuits. The companies involved promptly severed their relationships with Sandals, stating they were unaware of its discriminatory practices. Adverts for the company were banned from the London Underground in 2003 after public objections were raised. One possible cause for this policy may have been that homosexuality was illegal in Jamaica. Sandals ended its policy of refusing service to gay couples in August 2004 after further protest.


title: Sandals Resorts

text: In January 2013, the government of Turks and Caicos Islands and Sandals agreed to a settlement of US$12 million around local corruption allegations, without admission of any liability.


title: Eternal Faith (TV series)

text: Eternal Faith () is an upcoming Chinese television series adapted from the xianxia novel "Heaven Official's Blessing" by Mo Xiang Tong Xiu, starring Zhai Xiaowen and Zhang Linghe. The series is scheduled to run for 60 episodes.


title: Eternal Faith (TV series)

text: After his third ascension to the Heavenly Realm, Xie Lian accidentally destroys some gods' properties. In order to pay for the damages, he goes back to the Mortal Realm to gain merits. During his travels, he meets a mysterious young man who goes by the name San Lang.


title: Eternal Faith (TV series)

text: On December 9, 2020, it was announced that "Heaven Official's Blessing" would be adapted into a television series, co-produced by iQIYI, Croton Media and China Syndication, and directed by "The Untamed"'s director Chen Jialin.


title: Eternal Faith (TV series)

text: Principal photography began on July 26, 2021. Filming taking place in Datong, Shanxi wrapped up on August 16. Filming officially wrapped up in Xiangshan, Ningbo on January 15, 2022.


title: Lina (South Korean singer)

text: Lee Ji-yeon (born February 18, 1984), known professionally as Lina, is a South Korean musical actress and singer. She was a part of the short-lived Korean R&B duo Isak N Jiyeon during 2002. After the duo disbanded in 2004, Lina eventually became a member of girl group The Grace in 2005. The group went on hiatus in 2010. Due to the group going on hiatus, Lee later established herself as a musical actress, notably through her participation in the original and Korean versions of stage musicals including "Fame", "Moon Embracing the Sun", "Jekyll & Hyde", and "Notre-Dame de Paris".


title: Lina (South Korean singer)

text: On July 25, 2014, Lina confirmed that she was dating musical actor, Jang Seung-jo for two years. They had been seeing each other since the musical "Temptation of Wolves". They got married on November 22, 2014, in a private wedding. The two welcomed their first child in September 2018. On September 28, 2021, the agency announced that Lina is pregnant with her second child. On December 31, 2021 Lina gave birth to the couple’s second child, a daughter.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Octomom Home Alone is a pornographic film featuring prominent American mother Nadya Suleman, also known as "Octomom", masturbating. The DVD was released on 16 July 2012 by Wicked Pictures and drew media attention given Suleman's celebrity and recognition from the AVN Awards.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: In 2009, Suleman gave birth to the Suleman octuplets. News of the octuplets caused an international media sensation. Public response was largely negative, including death threats.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Although under severe financial pressure from raising 14 children, Suleman had publicly stated she would not do pornography. She explained that stance, saying "I’ve been celibate for 14 years and I’m a regular church-goer." She also claimed she had never masturbated. However, in 2012 Suleman filed for bankruptcy in federal court, claiming a $1 million debt. She thus reversed her earlier position, saying "If it's a job, and it's a well-paying job, and it's going to allow me to get out of here and move in a very safe, huge home that they deserve, I'm going to do it." She was paid a five-figure amount and monthly royalties.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Under director Brad Armstrong, Suleman filmed her scenes in a San Fernando Valley mansion. She was reportedly nervous upon her arrival, but calmed after speaking with other adult performers. The producers also showed Suleman pornographic films to prepare her and gave her advice on her performance. Suleman also credited her manager, pornographic actress Gina Rodriguez of DD Entertainment (now GR Media), for producing and marketing the video.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Suleman later said of the video, "It was such a positive experience for me and helped me embrace my sexuality." She also described the scenes as "empowering and liberating".


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: In January 2013, Suleman went back on welfare, leading to questions of whether she may have to make more pornography.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: "Octomom Home Alone" was nominated for four AVN Awards, namely Best Celebrity Sex Tape, Best Solo Release, Best DVD Extras and Best Marketing Campaign. It ultimately won the Best Celebrity Sex Tape category, over competition by Leola Bell and Phil Varone. However, it lost Best Solo Release to "All Natural Glamour Solos, II.


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Suleman had reportedly said after the nominations that "I am so proud of my video "Octomom Home Alone" and I am more than honored to find out it was nominated so many times!" She also said she would be at the award show, but later Gina Rodriguez said Suleman would not go. On her win for Best Celebrity Sex Tape, she said "This is fantastic, what an honor. Hopefully this will open the doors to more opportunities."


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: Alexander Espinoza of "XCritic" gave the film one out of five stars, saying it was disappointing and didn't deserve its award nominations. Adult actress Amber Peach critiqued the film, saying "The whole video from a porn standpoint just looks awkward and uncomfortable... and don't get me started on the part where she's lying naked in a pile of baby clothes, that's just disturbing." Conversely, Rob Perez of "XCritic" recommended the film, stating, "Octomom looks really damn good."


title: Octomom Home Alone

text: According to "The Huffington Post", the film cast doubt among the public on Suleman's parenting abilities.


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: The Greater Los Angeles area is home to many professional and collegiate sports teams. The metropolitan area has twelve major league professional teams: the Anaheim Ducks, the Los Angeles Angels, the Los Angeles Chargers, the Los Angeles Clippers, the Los Angeles Dodgers, Los Angeles FC, LA Galaxy, the Los Angeles Kings, the Los Angeles Lakers, Los Angeles Sparks, the Los Angeles Rams, and Angel City FC of the National Women's Soccer League. The Los Angeles metropolitan area is home to nine universities whose teams compete in various NCAA Division I level sports, most notably the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans. Between them, these Los Angeles area sports teams have won a combined 105 championship titles. Los Angeles area colleges have produced upwards of 200 national championship teams.


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: Los Angeles is home to a variety of sporting venues including the two National Historic Landmarks, the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl, the multi-purpose arena, Crypto.com Arena, and the roof-covered SoFi Stadium. Los Angeles has hosted the 1932 and 1984 Summer Olympics. In 2028, the city will host the Olympics for a third time. Los Angeles also hosted games of the 1994 FIFA World Cup including the final match. It is scheduled to host matches in 2026 World Cup. LA was scheduled to host both the MLB All-Star Game and the MLS All-Star Game in 2020. Both games have been re-scheduled due to the COVID-19 pandemic: the MLS All Star game for 2021 and the MLB All Star game for 2022. Los Angeles will host the College Football Playoff National Championship in 2023. The city hosted Super Bowl LVI in 2022, the eighth such event in Los Angeles. The USGA has also decided to bring the Golf US Open back to Los Angeles in 2023 and will be hosted in the Los Angeles Country Club. The geography and weather of Los Angeles also make Los Angeles a hub for surfing, and beach volleyball. When the Rams won Super Bowl LVI, the city of Los Angeles became the second city in the 21st century (the first was Boston) to have at least one championship in the four major pro sports and the second to ever have championships in four major professional leagues within a ten-year span, accomplishing this feat in a span of seven years, and eight months (from the Kings' championship win on June 13, 2014 to the Rams' championship win on February 13, 2022).


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: Greater Los Angeles is home to 14 major sports teams, ten professional major league teams and four from the top level collegiate ranks—MLB, MLS, the NBA, the NFL, the NHL, and the PAC-12. There is also a WNBA team, a NWSL and two PAC-12 basketball teams of the respective top women's leagues.


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: The Los Angeles area is one of four metropolitan areas to host two Major League Baseball teams—the Los Angeles Dodgers in the National League and the Los Angeles Angels in the American League.


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: The Dodgers were founded in Brooklyn, New York in 1883; they officially adopted the name Dodgers in 1932. The team moved to Los Angeles before the 1958 season and played four consecutive seasons at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum before they moved to their current home stadium, Dodger Stadium, in 1962. The Dodgers are one of the most valuable franchises in MLB. They have won seven World Series championships and 24 National League pennants. Eleven NL MVP award winners have played for the Dodgers, winning a total of thirteen MVP Awards; eight Cy Young Award winners have also pitched for the Dodgers, winning a total of twelve Cy Young Awards. The team has even had eighteen Rookie of the Year Award winners, twice as many as the next closest team, including four consecutive from 1979 to 1982 and five consecutive from 1992 to 1996. Los Angeles and the Dodgers are set to host the MLB All-Star Game in the summer of 2022.


title: Sports in Los Angeles

text: The Los Angeles Angels were established as one of the league's first two expansion teams in 1961 by Gene Autry. The Los Angeles Angels played their home games at Los Angeles Wrigley Field and moved in 1962 to newly built Dodger Stadium, which the Angels referred to as Chavez Ravine, where they were tenants of the Dodgers through 1965. In 1966, they moved to current home, Angel Stadium in Anaheim. In 2002, the Angels won their first and only American League pennant and World Series when they defeated the San Francisco Giants 4–3. The Angels have had many award winners including six AL MVP award winners by four players, two Cy Young Award winners and three Rookie of the Year Award winners.