title: Matrix mechanics

text: Hence, there is always a basis for the eigenvalues of "X" where the action of "P" on any wavefunction is known:


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Since "D" is a differential operator, in order for it to be sensibly defined, there must be eigenvalues of "X" which neighbors every given value. This suggests that the only possibility is that the space of all eigenvalues of "X" is all real numbers, and that "P is iD, up to a phase rotation".


title: Matrix mechanics

text: To make this rigorous requires a sensible discussion of the limiting space of functions, and in this space this is the Stone–von Neumann theorem: any operators "X" and "P" which obey the commutation relations can be made to act on a space of wavefunctions, with "P" a derivative operator. This implies that a Schrödinger picture is always available.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Matrix mechanics easily extends to many degrees of freedom in a natural way. Each degree of freedom has a separate "X" operator and a separate effective differential operator "P", and the wavefunction is a function of all the possible eigenvalues of the independent commuting "X" variables.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: In particular, this means that a system of "N" interacting particles in 3 dimensions is described by one vector whose components in a basis where all the "X" are diagonal is a mathematical function of 3"N"-dimensional space "describing all their possible positions", effectively a "much bigger collection of values" than the mere collection of "N" three-dimensional wavefunctions in one physical space. Schrödinger came to the same conclusion independently, and eventually proved the equivalence of his own formalism to Heisenberg's.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Since the wavefunction is a property of the whole system, not of any one part, the description in quantum mechanics is not entirely local. The description of several quantum particles has them correlated, or entangled. This entanglement leads to strange correlations between distant particles which violate the classical Bell's inequality.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Even if the particles can only be in just two positions, the wavefunction for "N" particles requires 2 complex numbers, one for each total configuration of positions. This is exponentially many numbers in "N", so simulating quantum mechanics on a computer requires exponential resources. Conversely, this suggests that it might be possible to find quantum systems of size "N" which physically compute the answers to problems which classically require 2 bits to solve. This is the aspiration behind quantum computing.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: where the square brackets denote the commutator. For a Hamiltonian which is formula_56, the "X" and "P" operators satisfy:


title: Matrix mechanics

text: where the first is classically the velocity, and second is classically the force, or potential gradient. These reproduce Hamilton's form of Newton's laws of motion. In the Heisenberg picture, the "X" and "P" operators satisfy the classical equations of motion. You can take the expectation value of both sides of the equation to see that, in any state |"ψ"⟩:


title: Matrix mechanics

text: So Newton's laws are exactly obeyed by the expected values of the operators in any given state. This is Ehrenfest's theorem, which is an obvious corollary of the Heisenberg equations of motion, but is less trivial in the Schrödinger picture, where Ehrenfest discovered it.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: In classical mechanics, a canonical transformation of phase space coordinates is one which preserves the structure of the Poisson brackets. The new variables have the same Poisson brackets with each other as the original variables . Time evolution is a canonical transformation, since the phase space at any time is just as good a choice of variables as the phase space at any other time.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Since the Hamiltonian can be an arbitrary function of "x" and "p", there are such infinitesimal canonical transformations corresponding to "every classical quantity" , where serves as the Hamiltonian to generate a flow of points in phase space for an increment of time "s",


title: Matrix mechanics

text: In quantum mechanics, the quantum analog is now a Hermitian matrix, and the equations of motion are given by commutators, formula_65


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The infinitesimal canonical motions can be formally integrated, just as the Heisenberg equation of motion were integrated, formula_66where and is an arbitrary parameter.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The definition of a quantum canonical transformation is thus an arbitrary unitary change of basis on the space of all state vectors. is an arbitrary unitary matrix, a complex rotation in phase space, formula_67


title: Matrix mechanics

text: These transformations leave the sum of the absolute square of the wavefunction components "invariant", while they take states which are multiples of each other (including states which are imaginary multiples of each other) to states which are the "same" multiple of each other.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The interpretation of the matrices is that they act as "generators of motions on the space of states".


title: Matrix mechanics

text: For example, the motion generated by "P" can be found by solving the Heisenberg equation of motion using "P" as a Hamiltonian,


title: Matrix mechanics

text: This is the interpretation of the derivative operator "D": , "the exponential of a derivative operator is a translation" (so Lagrange's shift operator).


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The "X" operator likewise generates translations in "P". The Hamiltonian generates "translations in time", the angular momentum generates "rotations in physical space", and the operator generates "rotations in phase space".


title: Matrix mechanics

text: When a transformation, like a rotation in physical space, commutes with the Hamiltonian, the transformation is called a symmetry (behind a degeneracy) of the Hamiltonian−−the Hamiltonian expressed in terms of rotated coordinates is the same as the original Hamiltonian. This means that the change in the Hamiltonian under the infinitesimal symmetry generator "L" vanishes,


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The one-to-one association of infinitesimal symmetry generators and conservation laws was discovered by Emmy Noether for classical mechanics, where the commutators are Poisson brackets, but the quantum-mechanical reasoning is identical. In quantum mechanics, any unitary symmetry transformation yields a conservation law, since if the matrix U has the property that


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The eigenvalues of unitary matrices are pure phases, so that the value of a unitary conserved quantity is a complex number of unit magnitude, not a real number. Another way of saying this is that a unitary matrix is the exponential of "i" times a Hermitian matrix, so that the additive conserved real quantity, the phase, is only well-defined up to an integer multiple of "2π". Only when the unitary symmetry matrix is part of a family that comes arbitrarily close to the identity are the conserved real quantities single-valued, and then the demand that they are conserved become a much more exacting constraint.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Symmetries which can be continuously connected to the identity are called "continuous", and translations, rotations, and boosts are examples. Symmetries which cannot be continuously connected to the identity are "discrete", and the operation of space-inversion, or parity, and charge conjugation are examples.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The interpretation of the matrices as generators of canonical transformations is due to Paul Dirac. The correspondence between symmetries and matrices was shown by Eugene Wigner to be complete, if antiunitary matrices which describe symmetries which include time-reversal are included.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: It was physically clear to Heisenberg that the absolute squares of the matrix elements of , which are the Fourier coefficients of the oscillation, would yield the rate of emission of electromagnetic radiation.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: In the classical limit of large orbits, if a charge with position and charge is oscillating next to an equal and opposite charge at position 0, the instantaneous dipole moment is , and the time variation of this moment translates directly into the space-time variation of the vector potential, which yields nested outgoing spherical waves.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: For atoms, the wavelength of the emitted light is about 10,000 times the atomic radius, and the dipole moment is the only contribution to the radiative field, while all other details of the atomic charge distribution can be ignored.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Ignoring back-reaction, the power radiated in each outgoing mode is a sum of separate contributions from the square of each independent time Fourier mode of ,


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Now, in Heisenberg's representation, the Fourier coefficients of the dipole moment are the matrix elements of . This correspondence allowed Heisenberg to provide the rule for the transition intensities, the fraction of the time that, starting from an initial state , a photon is emitted and the atom jumps to a final state ,


title: Matrix mechanics

text: This then allowed the magnitude of the matrix elements to be interpreted statistically: "they give the intensity of the spectral lines, the probability for quantum jumps from the emission of dipole radiation".


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Since the transition rates are given by the matrix elements of , wherever is zero, the corresponding transition should be absent. These were called the selection rules, which were a puzzle until the advent of matrix mechanics.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: An arbitrary state of the Hydrogen atom, ignoring spin, is labelled by |"n";"ℓ","m" ⟩, where the value of ℓ is a measure of the total orbital angular momentum and is its -component, which defines the orbit orientation. The components of the angular momentum pseudovector are


title: Matrix mechanics

text: where the products in this expression are independent of order and real, because different components of X and P commute.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The commutation relations of L with all three coordinate matrices "X, Y, Z" (or with any vector) are easy to find,


title: Matrix mechanics

text: which confirms that the operator L generates rotations between the three components of the vector of coordinate matrices X.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: Just like the matrix elements of "X + iP" and "X − iP" for the harmonic oscillator Hamiltonian, this commutation law implies that these operators only have certain off diagonal matrix elements in states of definite "m",


title: Matrix mechanics

text: meaning that the matrix takes an eigenvector of with eigenvalue to an eigenvector with eigenvalue + 1. Similarly, decrease by one unit, while does not change the value of .


title: Matrix mechanics

text: So, in a basis of |"ℓ","m"⟩ states where and have definite values, the matrix elements of any of the three components of the position are zero, except when is the same or changes by one unit.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: This places a constraint on the change in total angular momentum. Any state can be rotated so that its angular momentum is in the -direction as much as possible, where "m" = ℓ. The matrix element of the position acting on |"ℓ","m"⟩ can only produce values of "m" which are bigger by one unit, so that if the coordinates are rotated so that the final state is |"ℓ',ℓ' "⟩, the value of ℓ’ can be at most one bigger than the biggest value of ℓ that occurs in the initial state. So ℓ’ is at most ℓ + 1.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The matrix elements vanish for ℓ’ > ℓ + 1, and the reverse matrix element is determined by Hermiticity, so these vanish also when ℓ’ < ℓ - 1: Dipole transitions are forbidden with a change in angular momentum of more than one unit.


title: Matrix mechanics

text: The Heisenberg equation of motion determines the matrix elements of "P" in the Heisenberg basis from the matrix elements of "X".


title: Matrix mechanics

text: which turns the diagonal part of the commutation relation into a sum rule for the magnitude of the matrix elements:


title: Matrix mechanics

text: This yields a relation for the sum of the spectroscopic intensities to and from any given state, although to be absolutely correct, contributions from the radiative capture probability for unbound scattering states must be included in the sum:


title: Hostage

text: A hostage is a person seized by an abductor in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized, such as a relative, employer, law enforcement or government to act, or refrain from acting, in a certain way, often under threat of serious physical harm or death to the hostage(s) after expiration of an ultimatum. The "Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition" (1910-1911) defines a hostage as "a person who is handed over by one of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as a preventive measure against certain acts of war."


title: Hostage

text: A party who seizes one or more hostages is known as a hostage-taker; if the hostages are present voluntarily, then the receiver is known as a host.


title: Hostage

text: In civil society, along with kidnapping for ransom and human trafficking (often willing to ransom its captives when lucrative or to trade on influence), hostage taking is a criminal activity. In the military context, hostages are distinct from prisoners of war—despite prisoners being used as collateral in prisoner exchange—and hostage taking is regarded as a war crime.


title: Hostage

text: On occasion, hostage taking is an impulsive act of desperation, as when a criminal act goes awry, the criminal has lethal force available, and a bystander becomes hasty collateral, despite the prospects for evading justice remaining poor, now soon surrounded by lethal force with intent as well as criminal prosecution for a serious additional crime, should the hostage taker survive the escalated stand-off (not always the intent; see suicide by cop). These confrontations are extremely dramatic, and are prominent in the public eye, despite being rather uncommon. Hostage taking is sometimes the only way to enact a plan, hence tactical, such as certain forms of prison escape, especially as treated in film.


title: Hostage

text: At the other extreme, it can be an entirely calculated business venture by what amounts to organized crime. Before venturing into regimes known for lax rule of law, it is commonplace for affluent travellers and business persons to obtain kidnap and ransom insurance, though this will be less effective if the kidnapper's game plan transmutes into political extortion.


title: Hostage

text: Parental child abduction is not generally considered hostage taking because there is usually no threat of harm to the child and no ultimatum concerning the return of the child (though there are cases where the leverage obtained within the failed parental relationship is more desired than the child), but otherwise hostage taking and kidnapping are prone to blend together. When the goal is strictly financial, the primary lens is one of extortion, even in the face of a severe threat to the safety of the captive person if the financial negotiation fails; conversely, when the goal is political or geopolitical, the primary lens is terrorism.


title: Hostage

text: The English word "hostage" derives from French "ostage", modern "otage", from Late Latin "obsidaticum" (Medieval Latin "ostaticum, ostagium"), the state of being an "obses" (plural "obsides"), "hostage", from Latin "obsideō" ("I haunt/frequent/blockade/besiege"), but an etymological connection was later supposed with Latin "hostis" ("stranger," later "enemy").


title: Hostage

text: The long history of political and military use indicates that political authorities or generals would legally agree to hand over one or usually several hostages in the custody of the other side, as guarantee of good faith in the observance of obligations. These obligations would be in the form of signing of a peace treaty, in the hands of the victor, or even exchange hostages as mutual assurance in cases such as an armistice. Major powers, such as Ancient Rome and European colonial powers would especially receive many such political hostages, often offspring of the elite, even princes or princesses who were generally treated according to their rank and put to a subtle long-term use where they would be given an elitist education or possibly even a religious conversion. This would eventually influence them culturally and open the way for an amicable political line if they ascended to power after release.


title: Hostage

text: This caused the element "gīsl" = "hostage" in many old Germanic personal names, and thus in placenames derived from personal names, for example Isleworth in west London (UK) from Old English "Gīslheres wyrð" (= "enclosure belonging to [a man called] Gīslhere").


title: Hostage

text: The practice of taking hostages is very ancient, and has been used constantly in negotiations with conquered nations, and in cases such as surrenders, armistices and the like, where the two belligerents depended for its proper carrying out on each other's good faith. The Romans were accustomed to take the sons of tributary princes and educate them at Rome, thus holding a security for the continued loyalty of the conquered nation and also instilling a possible future ruler with ideas of Roman civilization. The practice was also commonplace in the Imperial Chinese tributary system, especially between the Han and Tang dynasties.


title: Hostage

text: The practice continued through the early Middle Ages. The Irish High King Niall of the Nine Hostages got his epithet "Noígiallach" because, by taking nine petty kings hostage, he had subjected nine other principalities to his power.


title: Hostage

text: This practice was also adopted in the early period of Company rule in India, and by France during the French colonization of North Africa. The position of a hostage was that of a prisoner of war, to be retained until the negotiations or treaty obligations were carried out, and liable to punishment (in ancient times), and even to death, in case of treachery or refusal to fulfil the promises made.


title: Hostage

text: The practice of taking hostages as security for the carrying out of a treaty between civilized states is now obsolete. The last occasion was at the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), ending the War of the Austrian Succession, when two British peers, Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk, and Charles, 9th Baron Cathcart, were sent to France as hostages for the restitution of Cape Breton to France.


title: Hostage

text: In France, after the revolution of Prairial (June 18, 1799), the so-called law of hostages was passed, to meet the royalist insurrection in La Vendée. Relatives of émigrés were taken from disturbed districts and imprisoned, and were liable to execution at any attempt to escape. Sequestration of their property and deportation from France followed on the murder of a republican, four to every such murder, with heavy fines on the whole body of hostages. The law only resulted in an increase in the insurrection. Napoleon in 1796 had used similar measures to deal with the insurrection in Lombardy.


title: Hostage

text: In later times the practice of official war hostages may be said to be confined to either securing the payment of enforced contributions or requisitions in an occupied territory and the obedience to regulations the occupying army may think fit to issue; or as a precautionary measure, to prevent illegitimate acts of war or violence by persons not members of the recognized military forces of the enemy.


title: Hostage

text: During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the Germans took as hostages the prominent people or officials from towns or districts when making requisitions and also when foraging, and it was a general practice for the mayor and adjoint of a town which failed to pay a fine imposed upon it to be seized as hostages and retained until the money was paid. Another case where hostages have been taken in modern warfare has been the subject of much discussion. In 1870 the Germans found it necessary to take special measures to put a stop to train-wrecking by "Francs-tireurs" - i.e. "parties in occupied territory not belonging to the recognized armed forces of the enemy", which was considered an illegitimate act of war. Prominent citizens were placed on the engine of the train so that it might be understood that in every accident caused by the hostility of the inhabitants their compatriots will be the first to suffer. The measure seems to have been effective. In 1900 during the Second Boer War, by a proclamation issued at Pretoria (June 19), Lord Roberts adopted the plan for a similar reason, but shortly afterwards (July 29) it was abandoned.


title: Hostage

text: The Germans also, between the surrender of a town and its final occupation, took hostages as security against outbreaks of violence by the inhabitants.


title: Hostage

text: Most writers on international law have regarded this method of preventing such acts of hostility as unjustifiable, on the ground that the persons taken as hostages are not the persons responsible for the act; that, as by the usage of war hostages are to be treated strictly as prisoners of war, such an exposure to danger is transgressing the rights of a belligerent; and as useless, for the mere temporary removal of important citizens until the end of a war cannot be a deterrent unless their mere removal deprives the combatants of persons necessary to the continuance of the acts aimed at. On the other hand, it has been urged that the acts, the prevention of which is aimed at, are not legitimate acts on the part of the armed forces of the enemy, but illegitimate acts by private persons, who, if caught, could be quite lawfully punished, and that a precautionary and preventive measure is more reasonable than reprisals. It may be noticed, however, that the hostages would suffer should the acts aimed at be performed by the authorized belligerent forces of the enemy.


title: Hostage

text: Article 50 of the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare provides that: "No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted on the population on account of the acts of individuals for which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible." The regulations, however do not allude to the practice of taking hostage.


title: Hostage

text: In May 1871, at the close of the Paris Commune, took place the massacre of the so-called hostages. Strictly they were not hostages, for they had not been handed over or seized as security for the performance of any undertaking or as a preventive measure, but merely in retaliation for the death of their leaders E. V. Duval and Gustave Flourens. The massacre occurred after the defeat at Mont Valrien on the 4 April and the entry of the army into Paris on the 21 May. Among the 52 victims who were shot in batches the most noticeable were Georges Darboy, archbishop of Paris, the Abbé Deguery, curé of the Madeleine, and the president of the Court of Cassation, Louis Bernard Bonjean.


title: Hostage

text: Taking hostages in modern terms is considered a crime or an act of terrorism; the use of the word in this sense of abductee became current only in the 1970s. The criminal activity is known as kidnapping. An acute situation where hostages are kept in a building or a vehicle that has been taken over by armed terrorists or common criminals is often called a hostage crisis.


title: Hostage

text: Common Article 3 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions states that the taking of hostages during an internal conflict is a war crime and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever. In international conflicts, Articles 34 and 147 of the Fourth Geneva Convention state that using civilians as hostages is a grave breach of the convention. These conventions are supplemented by Article 75(2)(c) of Additional Protocol I in international conflicts and Article 4(2)(c) of Additional Protocol II in internal conflicts.


title: Hostage

text: The International Convention against the Taking of Hostages—which prohibits hostage-taking and mandates the punishment of hostage-takers—was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1979. The treaty came into force in 1983 and has been ratified by all but 24 of the member states of the United Nations.


title: Hostage

text: Hostage-taking is still often politically motivated or intended to raise a ransom or to enforce an exchange against other hostages or even condemned convicts. However, in some countries hostage-taking for profit has become an "industry", ransom often being the only demand.


title: Hostage

text: The United States makes hostage-taking a federal criminal offense pursuant to . Generally, the Act applies to conduct occurring within the territory of the United States. However, under Subsection B, an offender may be indicted under the Act even if the hostage-taking occurred outside the territory of the United States if the "offender or the person seized or detained is a national of the United States; the offender is found in the United States; or the governmental organization sought to be compelled is the Government of the United States." These provisions are consistent with the fundamental principles of international criminal law, specifically active nationality principle, universal principle, and the effects principle, respectively.


title: Hostage

text: Title 18 of the United States Code criminalizes hostage-taking under "18 USC 1203: Hostage Taking Act", which reads:


title: Hostage

text: The Hostage Taking Act is a subsection of the International Convention Against the Taking of Hostages. It became enforceable in the United States January 6, 1985.


title: Hostage

text: In old Germanic peoples the word for "hostage" ("gīsl" and similar) sometimes occurred as part of a man's name: "Ēadgils", "Cynegils", "Gīslheard", "Gīslbeorht", etc.; sometimes when a man from one nation was hostage in another nation, his position as hostage was more or less voluntary: for example the position of Æscferð son of Ecglāf, who was a Northumbrian hostage in Wessex; he fought under Byrhtnōð against Vikings in the Battle of Maldon on 10 August 991 AD (ref. lines 265 etseq), and probably died in battle there.


title: Hostage

text: Occasionally the word "hostage" is used metaphorically, for example: "The school did not buy the land because its headmaster missed the train to the meeting because of a road traffic accident; the whole matter thus proved to be "hostage" to one misbehaving carriage horse."


title: Hostage

text: In Dutch law the state can take people 'hostage' ("gijzeling" in Dutch) to force people to appear in court or (in civil cases) if the person refuses to pay his or her debts. In the latter case, the person in question is imprisoned one day for each €50 that are owed without cancellation of the debt.


title: Angel Eyes (TV series)

text: Angel Eyes () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Lee Sang-yoon and Koo Hye-sun. It aired on SBS from April 5 to June 15, 2014, on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:55 (KST) for 20 episodes.


title: Angel Eyes (TV series)

text: Yoon Soo-wan (Ku Hye-sun) and Park Dong-joo (Lee Sang-yoon) were each other's first loves, but were forced to separate due to painful family circumstances. Soo-wan, who had been blind, eventually undergoes an eye transplant surgery that restores her sight.


title: Angel Eyes (TV series)

text: Twelve years later, Soo-wan now works as an emergency rescue worker, while Dong-joo is a surgeon. They meet each other again, but Soo-wan is engaged to a neurosurgeon, Kang Ji-woon (Kim Ji-seok). Knowing this, Park Dong-joo decided to keep quiet and not reveal his identity to Soo-wan, and also decided to go back. Will Soo-wan realize that Doctor Dylan Park is her first love, Park Dong-joo? Will they end up together despite all the obstacles that they are going to face?


title: Welker White

text: Welker White (born September 1, 1964) is an American film and stage actress known for her roles in the Martin Scorsese films "Goodfellas" (1990), "The Wolf of Wall Street" (2013) and "The Irishman" (2019), in which she portrays the wife of Jimmy Hoffa, played by Al Pacino, as well as "The 40-Year-Old Version" (2020), in which she plays a director, described as "obliviously racist". Other film appearances include "Dead Poets Society" (1989), "Longtime Companion" (1990), "This Is My Life" (1992), "I Think I Love My Wife" (2007), "Eat Pray Love" (2010), "Cedar Rapids" (2011) and " Bad Education" (2019).


title: Murielle Telio

text: Murielle Telio is an American actress. She is best known for portraying Misty Mountains in the crime comedy film "The Nice Guys" (2016).


title: Murielle Telio

text: Telio began her acting career by appearing in small roles in several American television series and films. She appeared in guest starring television roles, including "Eastbound & Down, Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and "Red Oaks." In 2013, Telio portrayed Vanity in web series "The Bay" and appeared in two films "The Gauntlet" and "The Caterpillar's Kimono". In 2015, she landed a role as Mariah in teen comedy film "The DUFF". "The DUFF" received generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $43.5 million at the box office. She played adult film star Misty Mountains in crime comedy film "The Nice Guys" (2016), which grossed $62 million on a $50 million budget.


title: Murielle Telio

text: She has written multiple screenplays. She portrayed Larena in short film "Larena" (2018), which she also produced, directed and wrote.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger is a 2010 comedy-drama film written and directed by Woody Allen and starring Antonio Banderas, Josh Brolin, Anthony Hopkins, Gemma Jones, Freida Pinto, Lucy Punch, and Naomi Watts. It premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on May 15, 2010, in an out-of-competition slot.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Alfie and Helena divorce. Helena begins seeing a fortune teller, Cristal, for spiritual advice. Their daughter Sally has a troubled marriage with author Roy, who once wrote a successful book and is now anxiously waiting for a response from his publisher about the manuscript of his newest one. Helena helps pay their rent.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Alfie marries a prostitute, Charmaine. Roy falls for Dia, a musicologist he sees through a window near his and Sally's flat, who is engaged to another man. Sally considers having an affair with Greg, her new boss at an art gallery. Greg confesses he is having trouble at home and eventually it turns out he is having an affair with Iris, Sally's protégée. Helena begins a friendship with Jonathan, the proprietor of an occult bookshop, which develops into romance.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Roy's book is rejected. He hears that Henry, a friend who is also a writer, has died in an accident. Henry had just finished a brilliant manuscript he had shown only to Roy, and Roy decides to steal it and claim it as his work. It is well received. After a string of lunch dates with Dia, he convinces her to break off her engagement (much to the devastation of her fiancé and their families) and moves in with her.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Alfie gets into a fight with Charmaine over her high expenses. He asks Helena to make a new start with him, but she refuses. Charmaine has sex with another man and gets pregnant. Alfie wants a DNA test to discover whether he is the father, but Charmaine argues that his paternity is irrelevant.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Sally quits her job and asks Helena for a loan she promised, for setting up her own art gallery, but Helena refuses because according to Cristal it is astrologically a bad time. Sally is furious. Roy is informed that there was a mix-up of the people killed in the accident and is shocked to hear that Henry is actually in a coma and recovering.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: In the end, all are dissatisfied with their choices, except for Helena. She has acquired from Cristal a belief in reincarnation and sees her life now as only one episode in her series of lives. Jonathan shares her beliefs, and they receive his deceased wife's blessing for the new relationship via a séance.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Allen wrote the script because he was "interested in the concept of faith in something. This sounds so bleak when I say it, but we need some delusions to keep us going. And the people who successfully delude themselves seem happier than the people who can't. I've known people who have put their faith in religion and in fortune tellers. So it occurred to me that that was a good character for a movie: a woman who everything had failed for her, and all of a sudden, it turned out that a woman telling her fortune was helping her. The problem is, eventually, she's in for a rude awakening."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: The film is the fourth Allen film shot in London, following "Match Point" (2005), "Scoop" (2006), and "Cassandra's Dream" (2007).


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Originally, Nicole Kidman was cast in one of the lead roles. Scheduling conflicts arose because of her production company and her film "Rabbit Hole" (2010). She was eventually replaced by Lucy Punch.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: The film has received generally mixed reviews. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 46% based on reviews from 137 critics, with an average score of 5.4 out of 10. The site's critics consensus states: "It's sporadically amusing, and typically well-cast, but "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger" isn't one of Woody Allen's more inspired late-period efforts."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Metacritic, which assigns a rating of 0-100 of top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 51% based on 28 reviews.


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Kirk Honeycutt of "The Hollywood Reporter" described it as "A serviceable Woody Allen comedy that trifles with its characters rather than engaging with them."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: A. O. Scott called Allen the "great champion of cosmic insignificance" and said the film is served up with a "wry shrug and an amusing flurry of coincidences, reversals and semi-surprises. There are hints of farce, droplets of melodrama, a few dangling loose ends and an overall mood of sloppy, tolerant cynicism."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Two reviews expressed opposing viewpoints about where the film stands among Allen's films shot in London. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" stated "The film is notable, if that's the word, for being the first movie Allen has made in London that is every bit as bad as his most awful New York comedies, like "Anything Else" and "Melinda and Melinda"."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: David Gritten of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote, "It sounds like damning with faint praise, but Woody Allen's "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger" is easily the best of his recent London-based films... a fanciful fable... with an idealised London as its setting."


title: You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger

text: Mark Kermode also considered it the best of Allen's London films, but believed Allen was just "treading water".


title: Thai AirAsia

text: Thai AirAsia (, ) is a joint venture of Malaysian low-fare airline AirAsia () and Thailand's Asia Aviation. It serves AirAsia's regularly scheduled domestic and international flights from Bangkok and other cities in Thailand.


title: Thai AirAsia

text: Thai AirAsia was once the only low-cost airline operating both domestic and international flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport. However, the airline transferred all operations in Bangkok from Suvarnabhumi Airport to Don Mueang International Airport effective 1 October 2012. On 25 September 2020, Thai AirAsia resumed flights from Suvarnabhumi Airport.


title: Thai AirAsia

text: Thai AirAsia launched operations in February 2004. The first flight of Thai AirAsia from Bangkok-Don Mueang to Hat Yai.


title: Thai AirAsia

text: On 15 February 2006 it was announced that Asia Aviation PLC (AAV), a registered Thai company, had taken Shin Corp's 50 percent stake in Thai AirAsia. Asia Aviation was a joint venture set up by Shin Corp., which held 49 percent of Asia Aviation's shares while 51 percent was held by Thai investor Sittichai Veerathammanoon.


title: Thai AirAsia

text: In May 2007, Thai AirAsia's management acquired 100 percent of Asia Aviation. Thai AirAsia is 55 percent owned by Asia Aviation and 45 percent owned by Malaysia-based AirAsia Group. In June 2016 King Power purchased a US$225 million stake in Thai AirAsia. The purchase of 39 percent of holding company Asia Aviation makes King Power the second largest shareholder in Thai AirAsia.


title: Thai AirAsia

text: In June 2016, Tassapol Bijleveld, chief executive of AAV, said that, "Thai AirAsia will continue to grow and invest as planned for in 2016, accepting delivery of 51 new aircraft which, together with our existing fleet, will fly our estimated 17 million passengers to various destinations across the region...".


title: Thai AirAsia

text: The airline sponsors of Thailand national football team, Leicester City, Queens Park Rangers, the Thai Fight Muay Thai, the Thai football teams BG Pathum United, Bangkok United, Buriram United, SCG Muangthong United, Chonburi, Rajpracha, Police Tero, Chainat, Sisaket, Samut Prakan City, Rajnavy FC, Ubon United, Air Force Central, Port, Udon Thani, Krabi, Nakhon Ratchasima, Ayutthaya United, Khon Kaen, MOF CUTD, Nakhon Phanom, Loei City, Trang, Phayao, Phuket City, The referee of FAT, Coke Cup and Thailand Volleyball Association.


title: Food packaging

text: Food packaging is a packaging system specifically designed for food and represents one of the most important aspects among the processes involved in the food industry, as it provides protection from chemical, biological and physical alterations. The main goal of food packaging is to provide a practical means of protecting and delivering food goods at a reasonable cost while meeting the needs and expectations of both consumers and industries. Additionally, current trends like sustainability, environmental impact reduction, and shelf-life extension have gradually become among the most important aspects in designing a packaging system.


title: Food packaging

text: Packaging of food products has seen a vast transformation in technology usage and application from the stone age to the industrial revolution:


title: Food packaging

text: 1700s: The first manufacturing production of tinplate was introduced in England (1699) and in France (1720). Afterwards, the Dutch navy start to use such packaging to prolong the preservation of food products.


title: Food packaging

text: 1804: Nicolas Appert, in response to inquiries into extending the shelf life of food for the French Army, employed glass bottles along with thermal food treatment. Glass has been replaced by metal cans in this application. However, there is still an ongoing debate about who first introduced the use of tinplates as food packaging.


title: Food packaging

text: 1960s: Development of the two-piece drawn and wall-ironed metal cans in the US, along with the ring-pull opener and the Tetra Brik Aseptic carton package.


title: Food packaging

text: 1970s: The barcode system was introduced in the retail and manufacturing industry. PET plastic blow-mold bottle technology, which is widely used in the beverage industry, was introduced.


title: Food packaging

text: Plastic packaging saw its inaugural use during World War II, even though materials employed in its manufacturing (such as cellulose nitrate, styrene and vinyl chloride) were discovered in the 1800s.


title: Food packaging

text: Packaging design may vary largely depending on the function that are fashioned into different types of packages and containers, and depending on the food products and their function, such as:


title: Food packaging

text: Since almost all food products is packed in some fashion, food packaging is both fundamental and pervasive. Additionally, by enabling the creation and standardization of brands, it provides the opportunity to realized significant advertising, extensive distribution, and mass merchandising. Therefore, a distinction between the various type (or level) of packaging needs to be made.


title: Food packaging

text: Primary packaging is directly in contact with the food products, creating the ideal headspace for them while providing protection from external alteration. Additionally, primary packaging, also known as retail packaging or consumer units, is responsible for the marketing aspects of food packaging. Typically, the packaging materials used in the primary level include cardboard cartons, plastic trays, glass bottle and multi-layerd structure (Tetra Pak).


title: Food packaging

text: Secondary packaging contains a number of primary packages into one box being made usually out of corrugated cardboard. Thus, the secondary level is a physical distribution carrier for the primary packages, making more easy to handle during the transportation. Occasionally it can be used as an aid in retail outlets or super market for the display of basic goods.


title: Food packaging

text: The outermost package, known as tertiary packaging, makes it easier to handle, store, and distribute both primary and secondary packages in bulk safely, providing further protection of the product while creating an easy way to transport large quantities of materials. The most familiar type of tertiary packaging comprises a wrapped pallet of corrugated case.


title: Food packaging

text: A choice of packaging machinery requires consideration of technical capabilities, labor requirements, worker safety, maintainability, serviceability, reliability, ability to integrate into the packaging line, capital cost, floorspace, flexibility (change-over, materials, etc.), energy usage, quality of outgoing packages, qualifications (for food, pharmaceuticals, etc.), throughput, efficiency, productivity, and ergonomics, at a minimum.


title: Food packaging

text: Reduced packaging and sustainable packaging are becoming more frequent. The motivations can be government regulations, consumer pressure, retailer pressure, and cost control. Reduced packaging often saves packaging costs.


title: Food packaging

text: In the UK, a Local Government Association survey produced by the British Market Research Bureau compared a range of outlets to buy 29 common food items, and found that small local retailers and market traders "produced less packaging and more that could be recycled than the larger supermarkets."


title: Food packaging

text: In the last decades, the growing demand from the consumers and governments for more sustainable and eco-friendly packaging design has driven the food industry to re-design and propose alternative packaging solutions. However, in designing a brand new packaging system, several variables need to be taken in consideration. An ideal packaging design should only use the right amount of the appropriate materials to provide the desired performance for a specific product. As shown in the optimum packaging design chart, the variety of situations in which product losses occur increases as the material weight or volume is decreased. Such trend will eventually reach a situation in which the loss outweighs the cost savings from using less packing material. Beyond that point, any packing reduction increases the overall quantity of waste in the system, rendering it a false benefit. The goal of the optimal packaging design is to identify a weight below which the package can no longer be sold since it does not satisfy the specifications, while considering the environmental impact connected to the materials selection.


title: Food packaging

text: Food packaging is created through the use of a wide variety of plastics and metals, papers, and glass materials. Recycling these products differs from the act of literally reusing them because the recycling process has its own algorithm which includes collecting, sourcing, processing, manufacturing and marketing these products. According to the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States, the recycling rate has been steadily on the rise, with data reporting that in 2005 40% of the food packaging and containers that were created were recycled.


title: Food packaging

text: The product's quality and safety are the package's most important responsibility. However, there have been growing demands for packaging to be designed, manufactured, consumed, and recycled in a more sustainable fashion due to the increasing pollution connected with packaging and food wastes. It has been estimated that only 10.33% of all municipal solid waste (MSW), which makes up to 30.3% of the total waste, is recycled into new products globally.<br>


title: Food packaging

text: However, depending on the level of packaging and the materials that are being used during their manufacturing, the end-of-life of a package may differ completely. Despite the fact that a recycling process is usually the desired path, lots of complications may lead to less sustainable destines.


title: Food packaging

text: A critical requirement in food packaging is represented by the barrier properties against the permeation of gases, water vapor, and aroma compounds of the packaging system. In fact, the chemical interactions between the products and the environment are the principal reasons for improper shelf-life and spoilage phenomena. Therefore, the evaluation of the gas exchange by means of the permeation of gas molecules is a crucial aspect in designing a product. The permeation of a gas molecule through a packaging system is a physical process made up of three independent phenomena: the adsorption of the molecule to the packaging's outer surface; the diffusion of the molecule through the packaging’s section; and the desorption in the internal headspace. Under the assumption of steady state condition, the physical processes involved in the permeation can be modeled by simple equations. Particularly, the diffusion of a permeant's molecule is dependent to the concentration difference between the two sides of the packaging system, which acts as a driving force, thus creating a diffusive flux following the first Fick's law of diffusion. Furthermore, other assumptions are needed, such as the absence of chemical interaction between the penetrant and the packaging material and the fact that the diffusion flow must follow only one direction. The adsorption/desorption processes of a permeant's molecule normally exhibit a linear dependency with the partial pressure gradient across the barrier layer while keeping the assumption of steady-state transport condition and exhibiting a concentration lower than the penetrant's maximum solubility, thereby adhering to Henry's law of solubility.


title: Food packaging

text: The type of permeant, the barrier layer's thickness, the specific permeabilities of the packaging films against gases or vapors, the packaging's permeable area, the temperature, and the pressure or concentration gradient between the barrier's interior and external sides can all have an impact on a system's permeability.


title: Food packaging

text: The gas exchange occurring between the packaging system and the external environment has a significant impact on the quality and safety of food products. Uncontrolled physico-chemical and biological processes such as oxidation of vitamins, excessive microbial growth, and spoilage of the packed food may lead to improper conditions inside the packaging headspace, hence reducing their shelf-life. Therefore, the packaging system should be designed to create the ideal conditions for the selected product, avoiding excessive gas exchange.


title: Food packaging

text: Among the permeants that could affect the organoleptic properties of food, oxygen and water vapour represent the most important ones. These permeants affect several bio-chemical processes in food products, such as ripening, degradation, hydration/dehydration, microbial growth, vitamins oxidation; they also have an impact on the organoleptic properties, hence causing off-flavours, excessive weight loss, textural changing and generally shortening the shelf life.


title: Food packaging

text: To quantify the barrier properties of a packaging system, both oxygen and water vapour permeation are commonly assessed by measuring the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), respectively.


title: Food packaging

text: The oxygen transmission rate of a gas through the packaging is defined as the amount of oxygen permeating per unit of permeable area and unit of time in a packaging system considering standardized test conditions (23 °C and 1 atm partial pressure difference). It is an effective tool to estimate the barrier properties of a certain material. The determination of the OTR is usually carried out by means of a steady-state and isostatic method, reported by the ASTM D 3985 or ASTM F 1307, containing respectively standardized protocol for the measurements of the OTR of several kind of packaging.


title: Food packaging

text: The typical instrumentation consists in a permeation cell composed by two distinct chambers separated by the tested material; one of the chambers is then filled with a carrier gas (e.g., nitrogen), while the other one with oxygen, hence creating the necessary driving force to let the oxygen permeate across the barrier’s material.


title: Food packaging

text: Concurrently to the oxygen barrier property, the permeability of water vapor through a food packaging system should be minimized to effectively prevent physical and chemical changes connected to an excessive moisture content.The moisture barrier properties of a material can be assessed by measuring the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR), which can be defined as the amount of water vapour per unit of area and unit of time passing through the packaging film.


title: Food packaging

text: The WVTR measurements, like the OTR, adhere to the standards for standardized tests as outlined in the ASTM E96 (standard methods for water vapor transmission of materials). An impermeable test dish (such as a stainless steel cup) and a test chamber where temperature and relative humidity (RH) can be adjusted in accordance with the standard specification, make up the basic instrumentation used in such tests.


title: Food packaging

text: Although both oxygen and water vapour represent the most studied permeants in food packaging application, other gases such as carbon dioxide (CO) and nitrogen (N) have also great relevance in the preservation of food products. In fact, N and CO have been employed in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technology to establish the correct conditions inside the package's headspace to lessen food spoiling.


title: Food packaging

text: It is critical to maintain food safety during processing, packaging, storage, logistics (including cold chain), sale, and use. Conformance to applicable regulations is mandatory. Some are country specific such as the US Food and Drug Administration and the US Department of Agriculture; others are regional such as the European Food Safety Authority. Certification programs such as the Global Food Safety Initiative are sometimes used. Food packaging considerations may include: use of hazard analysis and critical control points, verification and validation protocols, Good manufacturing practices, use of an effective quality management system, track and trace systems, and requirements for label content. Special food contact materials are used when the package is in direct contact with the food product. Depending on the packaging operation and the food, packaging machinery often needs specified daily wash-down and cleaning procedures.


title: Food packaging

text: Health risks of materials and chemicals that are used in food packaging need to be carefully controlled. Carcinogens, toxic chemicals, mutagens etc. need to be eliminated from food contact and potential migration into foods. Besides, the consumers need to be aware of certain chemical products that are packaged exactly like food products to attract them. Most of them have pictures of fruits and the containers also resemble food packages. However, they can get consumed by kids or careless adults and lead to poisoning.


title: Food packaging

text: Packaging lines can have a variety of equipment types: integration of automated systems can be a challenge. All aspects of food production, including packaging, are tightly controlled and have regulatory requirements. Uniformity, cleanliness and other requirements are needed to maintain Good Manufacturing Practices.


title: Food packaging

text: Product safety management is vital. A complete Quality Management System must be in place. Hazard analysis and critical control points is one methodology which has been proven useful. Verification and validation involves collecting documentary evidence of all aspects of compliance. Quality assurance extends beyond the packaging operations through distribution and cold chain management.


title: American ginseng

text: American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) is a herbaceous perennial plant in the ivy family, commonly used as an herb in traditional Chinese medicine. It is native to eastern North America, though it is also cultivated in China. Since the 18th century, American ginseng ("P. quinquefolius") has been primarily exported to Asia, where it is highly valued for its cooling and sedative medicinal effects. It is considered to represent the cooling yin qualities, while Asian ginseng embodies the warmer aspects of yang.


title: American ginseng

text: The aromatic root of American ginseng ("Panax quinquefolius") resembles a small parsnip that forks as it matures. The plant grows tall, usually bearing three leaves, each with three to five leaflets, long.


title: American ginseng

text: American ginseng can be found in much of the eastern and central United States and in part of southeastern Canada. It is found primarily in deciduous forests of the Appalachian and Ozark regions of the United States. American ginseng is found in full shade environments in these deciduous forests underneath hardwoods.


title: American ginseng

text: In the United States, American ginseng is generally not listed as an endangered species, but it has been declared under threat by some states. States recognizing American ginseng as "endangered" include Maine and Rhode Island. States recognizing American ginseng as "vulnerable" are New York and Pennsylvania. States recognizing American ginseng as "threatened" are Michigan, New Hampshire, and Virginia. Connecticut, Massachusetts, North Carolina, and Tennessee recognize American ginseng as a "special concern".


title: American ginseng

text: In Canada, American ginseng is listed as endangered nationally, particularly in Ontario, and as threatened in Quebec (the highest risk categories in both provinces).


title: American ginseng

text: Like "Panax ginseng", American ginseng contains dammarane-type ginsenosides, or saponins, as the major biologically active constituents. Dammarane-type ginsenosides include two classifications: 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (PPD) and 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT). American ginseng contains high levels of Rb1, Rd (PPD classification), and Re (PPT classification) ginsenosides—higher than that of "P. ginseng" in one study.


title: American ginseng

text: When taken orally, PPD-type ginsenosides are mostly metabolized by intestinal bacteria (anaerobes) to PPD monoglucoside, 20-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (M1). In humans, M1 is detected in plasma starting seven hours after intake of PPD-type ginsenosides and in urine starting 12 hours after intake. These findings indicate M1 is the final metabolite of PPD-type ginsenosides.


title: American ginseng

text: The plant's root and leaves were used in traditional medicine by Native Americans. Since the 18th century, the roots were collected by ""sang" hunters" and sold to Chinese or Hong Kong traders, who paid high prices for particularly old wild roots.


title: American ginseng

text: Cold-fX is a product derived from the roots of North American ginseng ("Panax quinquefolius"). The makers of Cold-fX were criticized for making health claims about the product that have never been tested or verified scientifically. Health Canada's review of the scientific literature confirmed that this is not a claim that the manufacturer is entitled to make.


title: American ginseng

text: Individuals requiring anticoagulant therapy such as warfarin should avoid use of ginseng. It is not recommended for individuals with impaired liver or renal function, or during pregnancy or breastfeeding. Other adverse effects include: headaches, anxiety, trouble sleeping and an upset stomach.


title: American ginseng

text: Recent studies have shown that through the many cultivated procedures that American ginseng is grown, fungal molds, pesticides, and various metals and residues have contaminated the crop. Though these contaminating effects are not considerably substantial, they do pose health concerns that could lead to neurological problems, intoxication, cardiovascular disease and cancer.


title: American ginseng

text: American ginseng was formerly particularly widespread in the Appalachian and Ozark regions (and adjacent forested regions such as Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario). Due to its popularity and unique habitat requirements, the wild plant has been overharvested, as well as lost through destruction of its habitat, and is thus rare in most parts of the United States and Canada. Ginseng is also negatively affected by deer browsing, urbanization, and habitat fragmentation. It can be grown commercially, under artificial shade, woods-cultivated, or wild-simulated methods, and is usually harvested after three to four years, depending on cultivation technique; the wild-simulated method often requires up to 10 years before harvest.


title: American ginseng

text: Ontario, Canada, is the world's largest producer of North American ginseng. Marathon County, Wisconsin, accounts for about 95% of production in the United States. Woods-grown American ginseng programs in Vermont, Maine, Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado, West Virginia, and Kentucky, have been encouraging the planting of ginseng both to restore natural habitats and to remove pressure from any remaining wild ginseng.


title: American ginseng

text: The name ginseng derives from the Chinese herbalism term, "jen-shen". Other Chinese names are "huaqishen" () or "xiyangshen" ().


title: American ginseng

text: The word “panax” is derived from the Greek ‘Panakos’ ( panacea), in reference to the various benefits attributed to the herb. The word “ginseng” is said to mean “the wonder of the world”.


title: American ginseng

text: American ginseng is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species to control international trade.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In the Land of Blood and Honey () is a 2011 war drama film written, produced, and directed by Angelina Jolie and starring Zana Marjanović, Goran Kostić, and Rade Šerbedžija. The film, Jolie's first commercial release as a director, depicts a love story set against the background of the Bosnian War. It opened in the United States on December 23, 2011, in a limited theatrical release.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In Sarajevo, 1992, Ajla Ekmečić is an ethnic Bosniak artist and lives with her sister who is a single mother of a baby boy. One evening, she meets her boyfriend, ethnic Serb police officer Danijel Vukojević, at a club. They enjoy the evening together, but many of the patrons are killed and Danijel is badly injured when the club is destroyed by artillery fire, signifying the opening salvo of the Bosnian War.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Some months later, Ajla and her sister Lejla prepare to flee the now besieged city, but their neighborhood is occupied by the Army of Republika Srpska before they can escape. The men are separated from the women, and then taken away to be executed, while Ajla and several other younger, more attractive women are taken away on buses to a Serb rape camp.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In the camp, the soldiers instruct the women on what life will be like and then ask the women what sort of duties they can perform. A doctor named Esma volunteers to perform medical services. Another woman says she can sew; rather than use her skills, an officer rapes her in front of the other women to demoralize them. Before another soldier can do the same to Ajla, the camp's commander takes her away, where it is revealed he is none other than Danijel.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: The former couple struggle to grasp the magnitude of their predicament, especially given that inter-ethnic relationships are forbidden, and any evidence of such a relationship could compromise both Danijel and his father Nebojša, a General of the VRS Main Staff. Danijel tells Ajla that to shelter her from sexual abuse at the hands of the other soldiers, he has said that she is his "personal property." They begin an intense love affair, but Ajla is deeply disturbed by the horrors of the camp, and she subsequently makes numerous attempts to escape, all of which fail. The escape attempts greatly anger Danijel and compound his paranoia; he frequently lashes out at her.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Danijel's unit is involved in ethnic cleansing massacres directed by Nebojša, although these tactics do little to change the situation at the front line. A frustrated Nebojša learns of Ajla's existence and the special treatment she receives; he chastises his son for being affectionate towards "the enemy." Danijel remains coy, insisting he is doing his patriotic duty. Fearing the repercussions if their relationship is exposed, he allows Ajla to escape.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Ajla shelters herself in the forest outside the city, where she is found by Bosniak guerrilla forces, who take her back to their camp. In the camp, she happily reunites with Lejla, though this happiness is short-lived when Lejla informs her that her baby died some months earlier, sending her into inconsolable grief. Over a campfire, the guerrillas lament the paradoxical insanity of the war, one in particular pointing out that he feels he hates Serbs, yet his own mother is a Serb. Lejla blames Danijel, who has gained notoriety for his prominence in the siege amongst the anti-Serb forces. At this moment, Ajla informs the camp she was his prisoner, and the guerrillas concoct a plan for her to return to the camp and act as a mole.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Ajla returns to the camp claiming it's the safest place for her, leading a confused but grateful Danijel to rekindle their relationship. Shortly after her return, a soldier in the camp, Darko, is killed by an improvised explosive device, orphaning his infant child. Nebojša, learning of her return, immediately suspects her involvement. While Danijel is at the front line, Nebojša visits Ajla and orders her to paint a portrait of him. While she paints, he criticizes the "Muslim decadence" of such a career, which contrasts starkly with his own mother, a lifelong farm labourer widowed during World War II. Ajla counters that her grandfather was a Partisan, and that he taught her as a child that the constituent peoples of Yugoslavia are all equal irrespective of ethnicity. Nebojša smirks at her observation then leaves her alone with a soldier, Petar, who violently rapes her.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Danijel returns from the front line to find a distraught Ajla crying in the shower. Believing that she has cheated on him, he assaults her, but then sees his father's unfinished portrait and knows what has transpired. Danijel lures Petar to a hill above the city, then kills him. He then confronts his father, who attacks him and berates him for disgracing the family, saying "your mother would turn over in her grave if she knew you liked to fuck Muslim whores."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: A sense of normalcy descends on Ajla and Danijel up until the events at Srebrenica. As NATO forces prepare to launch an offensive against the Serbs, Nebojša convenes a meeting with other commanders at a church. Danijel narrowly avoids being killed alongside his father when a massive explosion destroys the church (whether or not Ajla had a role in the attack is left ambiguous).


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In conjunction with the bombing, ARBiH forces simultaneously launch a counter-offensive. Danijel hastily organizes his troops to halt their advance, but the Serb forces are decimated and most of his men are killed. Danijel returns to the now abandoned camp and finds Ajla patiently waiting. Believing she helped orchestrate the attack, he beats her, then shoots and kills her.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Danijel wanders through the wreckage of the city, which is now near liberation. Perhaps realizing what the war has driven him to become, and that it was all for nothing, he breaks down in tears on the street. UNPROFOR personnel arrest him shortly afterwards.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Jolie got the idea to write a script of a wartime love story after traveling to Bosnia and Herzegovina as a U.N. goodwill ambassador. While writing the script she consulted with Richard Holbrooke, a U.S. diplomat and high-ranking Clinton Administration official who was one of the architects of the Dayton Agreement that put an end to the Bosnian War, General Wesley Clark, who was the director for strategic plans and policy on the United States Department of Defense's Joint Chiefs of Staff during the war, and Tom Gjelten, a foreign correspondent for NPR. After finishing the screenplay, she secured a production team and financing for the project that was being called "Untitled Bosnian Love Story." When it came down for the production team to choose a director, Jolie realized she herself wanted to direct. When casting calls and auditions were held, her name was deliberately withheld from all aspects of the project. When it was revealed to the cast that Angelina Jolie wrote the script, a number of them expressed pleasant surprise.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In July 2010, with the film already in pre-production, the producers approached the Serbian tycoon and media magnate Željko Mitrović over the usage of the sound stages and studio sets owned by his Pink International Company's subsidiary Pink Films International in Šimanovci. However, he refused to do business with them, releasing a press statement: "I've held great affection and admiration for Angelina Jolie both as a person and as an artist, but unfortunately she's full of prejudice against the Serbs. I do not wish to be part of something that for the umpteenth time presents the Serbs as eternal bad guys."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: The film was shot in Budapest and Esztergom during October and November 2010. The cast were entirely local actors from various parts of former Yugoslavia, many of whom lived through the war. Jolie said she spoke with the cast about their experiences during the war and tried to incorporate them into the film. The film was also shot in two versions – one in English, the other in Serbo-Croatian.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Jolie explained the reason she wrote and directed the film was to rekindle attention for the survivors of a war that took place in recent history. In an interview with Christiane Amanpour, Jolie said she felt a responsibility to learn about the conflict in great detail, adding, "This was, you know, the worst genocide since World War II in Europe ... What were we all doing? And did we do enough? And why do we not speak about this enough?" Responding to claims that her film was not balanced, she stated that "The war was not balanced. I can't understand people who are looking for a balance that did not exist. There are some people who don't want to be reminded of these things, some even who deny that these things even happened. Those people are going to be angry."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: During production, it was falsely reported that the story was about a Bosnian woman falling in love with her Serbian rapist, prompting protests from the Bosnian Women Victims of War association and the revocation of the filming permit. Jolie denied the rumors and presented the script to Bosnia's ministry of culture, which then quickly reinstated the permit.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In September 2011, the Bosnian Croat author Josip Knežević, a.k.a. James J. Braddock, accused Jolie of plagiarizing his story "Slamanje duše" ("The Soul Shattering"), which was published in December 2007. He claimed to have made repeated attempts to contact the film's producers during the production phase, but they ignored him. He then announced his intention to sue Jolie. On 2 December 2011, he filed a lawsuit against Jolie, GK Films, FilmDistrict, Scout Film (a production company based in Bosnia), and producer Edin Šarkić before the U.S. District Court in Chicago that has jurisdiction over Northern Illinois.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Asked to comment during an interview with "Los Angeles Times", Jolie dismissed Knežević's claims: "It's par for the course. It happens on almost every film. There are many books and documentaries that I did pull from, such as work by journalists Peter Maas and Tom Gjelten. It's a combination of many people's stories. But that particular book I've never seen."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In July 2012 the case was transferred to the District Court with jurisdiction over Central California. On 29 March 2013, judge Dolly Gee ruled that no breach of copyright had occurred thus deciding in favor of Jolie, concluding that the two stories were not similar because ""Blood and Honey" is primarily a story of betrayal, revenge and tragedy with little or no hope, while "Slamanje duše" focuses on family, love and strength". adding that "although "Blood and Honey" is also a story of love, it highlights the complications of romantic love during wartime", that "Braddock could not have invented the concept of rape as a war crime", and that similarities are not strong enough particularly in light of the fact that those overlapping concepts are commonplace in books and films depicting war".


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Braddock appealed the decision, filing a motion with the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit on 11 March 2014. The case was decided in 2017 with the Ninth Circuit siding with Jolie.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Critics expressed mixed feelings after viewing a trailer for the film. Christiane Amanpour, a journalist who covered the Bosnian War for CNN, introduced the film at its New York premiere on December 5, 2011, calling it "remarkable and courageous". The premiere after-party was held on The Standard hotel's rooftop and was co-sponsored by the US foreign policy think tank Council on Foreign Relations (of which Jolie has been a member since July 2007) and Women for Women International, a women's rights organization. The film's script consultant, General Wesley Clark, was also at the premiere, calling the film "incredible."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: "Washington Post" columnist Richard Cohen praised the film, seeing it as an indictment of the hesitant American reaction to the atrocities Serbs committed against Bosniaks in Bosnia as well as an endorsement of American interventionism such as the 2011 Libyan civil war.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: After the film was shown to non-Serb victims in a special screening in Sarajevo, Murat Tahirović, the head of association of prisoners of war, said that Jolie "really succeeded in telling the story of the whole war in her film and to show the most characteristic situations that detainees faced—mass executions, rapes, [being used as] human shields and all the other horrors." The head of an association of mothers of Srebrenica massacre victims, Hatidža Mehmedović, who had earlier spoken out against Jolie after the media rumours regarding the film, said the final product was "really an excellent movie," "objective and sincere," and wanted to "thank Angelina for her intellectual and financial investment."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Talking about the film during an appearance on Croatian talk show "Nedjeljom u 2", Srđan Dragojević, a Serbian film director, said: "It's a very bad movie. I find it interesting that someone spent $12-13 million for something that in the end looks like those Croatian or Bosniak patriotic propaganda films from the 1990s. "In the Land of Blood and Honey" has the historical authenticity of "'Allo 'Allo!". It's completely senseless, badly directed, badly written, and deserves absolutely no attention at all, but for the fact it's got the name of a global film star attached to it. And having worked in Hollywood and interacted with some of its movie stars, I think I know how this film got made. Being a big star does not always work to your advantage. These people live their sheltered and insular Beverly Hills lives and have very little clue about what's going on 15 miles away in The Valley, let alone half a world away in Bosnia. This film is a very strange attempt at tackling something you're absolutely clueless about; it would be like me writing a story about American suburbia using news reports as the basis. It seems like nobody had enough courage to tell Angelina that during the making of the film".


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In the Serbian media, the film received more negative reviews, arguing that it ignored Serbian war victims and unfairly presented Serbs as evildoers. Serbian filmmaker and two-time Palme d'Or winner Emir Kusturica called it a "propaganda film."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: The film has received generally mixed reviews. The aggregate film review website Rotten Tomatoes shows that, based on 80 reviews, "In the Land of Blood and Honey" received a positive response from 56% of critics with an average rating of 5.86/10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average, gives the film a score of 56/100 based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Though feeling "In the Land of Blood and Honey" "has you dreading to learn what atrocity awaits around the next corner", "The Hollywood Reporter"s Todd McCarthy also thinks Jolie "deserves significant credit for creating a powerfully oppressive atmosphere and staging the ghastly events so credibly."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: "Variety"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Justin Chang penned a negative review of the movie, labeling it a "dramatically misguided attempt to renew public awareness of the 1992–95 Balkan conflict" that "springs less from artistic conviction than from an over-earnest humanitarian impulse." He didn't like the way the film "almost seems to sense its scenario tilting into tarted-up banality and abruptly shifts gears, to shockingly blunt effect" and criticized the actors for being a bit colorless, especially Marjanović and Kostić who "don't seem entirely at home with their characters' fairly risible dynamic."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" has some issues with the way certain characters' dialogues are used as "short history lesson on the region that's clearly meant for the benefit of those watching the movie", but for the most part feels the movie "moves briskly and easily holds your attention, largely through a perverse love story that doesn't suffer for being such an obvious metaphor for the larger battle raging beyond Ajla and Danijel's relationship."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Jake Coyle of "Associated Press" wrote a negative review in which he gives Jolie some credit for "using her celebrity to bring attention to the dangers of pacifism in the face of war crimes and ethnic cleansing", but criticizes her for "a heavy-handed touch" as well as for "putting politics ahead of story and character, thus blatantly imposing a message, which results in a movie whose narrative feels like a fictionalized United Nations presentation." He also has problems with the way the story is told – from "not enough context given to the overall conflict", over to "the love story that feels increasingly myopic as the war drags on and the film's ambitions broaden", and finally the way the film "makes its case only in the illustration of extreme, intolerable violence instead of finding a way to dramatize international inaction."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Joe Neumaier of the "New York Daily News" sees the biggest accomplishment of "In the Land of Blood and Honey" to be "the way it never loses sight of the closeness of the combatants, turning national intimacy into a tragic casualty." He goes on to commend the actors for "their commitment that helps us through a movie that is often harrowing, never less than intense but important, one unafraid of moments too many have chosen to forget."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: According to "Los Angeles Times" resident critic Kenneth Turan Jolie accomplished something that "is both impressive and unexpected." However, "The Ajla/Danijel relationship is not always convincing, key plot points can feel contrived and the preponderance of Bosnian Serb bad guys comes off as schematic." He further points out Lu Chuan's film "City of Life and Death" as an example of "how far "In the Land of Blood and Honey" needs to travel." He writes that Jolie has accomplished a great deal in a difficult area. "She has done her homework about the conflict's disturbing, unflinching atrocities as well as the rationales the Bosnian Serbs used for their actions.


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: "The Village Voice"s Karina Longworth's review is particularly negative. She dismisses the movie as "a United Nations extra-credit project about the Bosnian War" and criticizes Jolie for "producing a sanctimonious vanity commercial for her own good intentions."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: Nathan Rabin of "The A.V. Club" refers to "In the Land of Blood and Honey" as "a film of shuddering earnestness and fevered good intentions gone awry, a dreary slog of a message movie with little but noble if unfulfilled aspirations to commend it." He continues by opining that "Serbian groups have justifiably complained about Jolie's glib stereotyping of Serbs as racist heavies" before concluding that "Jolie has, after disastrously received 2003 message movie "Beyond Borders", once again succeeded in attracting international attention to international atrocities and it's possible, if not particularly likely, that someday she will get around to dramatizing atrocities compellingly as well".


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: "Screen International"s Howard Feinstein commended Jolie for "attempting to rectify the gross injustices perpetrated against the Muslims that were tolerated in the name of a mythological Greater Serbia, masterminded by Slobodan Milošević", while reproaching her for "going beyond acceptable dramatic license and presenting the Serbs as caricatures". He furthermore has issues with her script "that often misses the boat" and its "over- and under-drawn characters."


title: In the Land of Blood and Honey

text: In the Dutch daily "De Volkskrant", Bor Beekman slated "In the Land of Blood and Honey" as "messy, unnatural war porno" and gave the film one star out of five. Beekman regarded the plot as rambling, and replete with implausible developments. Most objectionable was the unnatural dialogue, which rubs in the meaning of war dilemmas some more, as if they were not already made obvious (in scenes of gruesome cruelty). Typifying is the scene where Ajla, the Bosnian Muslim, hides behind a corpse during a solitary escape through the forest. The scene is completely gratuitous, but it supplies Jolie with a compelling visual image. "However well-intentioned, it is war porno."


title: Kuon

text: Kuon is a 2004 survival horror video game developed by FromSoftware for the PlayStation 2. Published by FromSoftware in Japan, it was released in North America by Agetec, and in Europe by Nobilis and Indie Games Productions in 2006. The narrative takes place in Japan's Heian period, and follows the actions of three protagonists during an outbreak of monsters at Fujiwara Manor in Kyoto; Utsuki, daughter of the "onmyōji" Ashiya Doman, Doman's apprentice Sakuya, and the veteran "onmyōji" Abe no Seimei. Gameplay has the different characters exploring the grounds and buildings of Fujiwara Manor, solving puzzles and fighting off hostile monsters.


title: Kuon

text: The game was conceived by its producer Atsushi Taniguchi. His aim was to create a dark narrative based around Japanese "kaidan" ghost stories, with a focus on female protagonists. The gameplay was designed as an evolution of the company's earlier title "Lost Kingdoms". The artwork was handled by Nozomu Iwai, with promotional artwork designed by Kyosuke Chinai. Reception was mixed, with praise going to its atmosphere while many journalists faulted its controls and gameplay.


title: Kuon

text: "Kuon" is a survival horror video game in which the player takes on the role of three characters—Utsuki, Sakuya, and Abe no Seimei—exploring the buildings and grounds of Fujiwara Manor. The characters are seen from an overhead third-person fixed perspective. The characters navigate the mansion during gameplay; the standard pace is a slow walk, with an option to run, but comes with a greater risk of attracting enemies. To progress the game, the characters explore the mansion to solve puzzles and find key items. Items are displayed in environments using flashing points of light. From the beginning of the game, certain doors within the mansion grounds are sealed, and require a particular item to open. These items can be restricted to particular characters.


title: Kuon

text: During navigation, the characters are attacked by monsters, many of which are drawn by noise. The characters have access to different weapon types; Utsuki uses a knife, Sakuya uses a fan, and Abe no Seimei, a naginata. There is no lock-on, meaning characters must be aligned manually before attacking an enemy. The characters can also find a limited number of spell cards during exploration, which can be used in combat. There are two types of cards; projectiles that trigger an immediate attack, and summoning papers that create an allied creature for a limited time that attacks enemies.


title: Kuon

text: Navigation is impeded by areas of negative energy, both occurring naturally and when enemies appear. The characters can be afflicted with vertigo when low on health, or struck by dark energy; when struck by the energy when running, the character is momentarily stunned. The character can recover by standing still and using meditation to restore health and remove the vertigo effect. The player can also use healing items found around the manor to restore health.


title: Kuon

text: "Kuon" takes place in and around Fujiwara Manor, an estate in Kyoto, Japan during the Heian period. Central to the plot are two magical Mulberry trees planted near the present Fujiwara Manor by the Hata clan. The trees birth silkworms which weave cocoons around the dead and resurrect them. The resurrection can only be sustained by merging with other living beings, including humans, and absorbing their "grudge". The ultimate goal of the Mulberries is to perform the merging nine times, completing the Kuon Ritual and birthing a being which will become a new Mulberry.


title: Kuon

text: Many of the characters are either qualified or trainee "onmyōji"—referred to in the English version as exorcists—practitioners of mystical onmyōdō powers. A key character and antagonist is Ashiya Doman, an ambitious "onmyōji" who becomes fascinated by the Mulberry tree and the Kuon Ritual. The playable characters are Utsuki, Doman's daughter who lives near one of the Mulberry trees with her sister Kureha; Sakuya, an "onmyōji"-in-training and one of Doman's apprentices; and Abe no Seimei, a master "onmyōji" and Doman's rival.


title: Kuon

text: The narrative is split into three parts; the "Yin" phase following Utsuki, the "Yang" phase following Sakuya, and the unlockable "Kuon" phase following Abe no Seimei. Utsuki and Kureha arrive at Fujiwara Manor from their home in search of Doman. Utsuki is soon separated from Kureha, and must defend herself from the many monsters roaming the grounds. Sakuya arrives with three of Doman's disciples, including her brother, to investigate the recent rumors of terrible incidents. As they investigate, Sakuya fights off the monsters, and two of the disciples are killed and corrupted by the monsters.


title: Kuon

text: During their explorations, Utsuki and Sakuya find notes by Doman and members of the Fujiwara clan. It is revealed that when Kureha died in an accident for which Utsuki is presumed responsible, Doman was tempted by the Mulberries' twin spirits to subject Kureha to the Kuon Ritual, performed using a special chest. Doman also subjected members of the Fujiwara family to the ritual, with they and other victims returning as monsters. During her exploration, Sakuya burns one of the Mulberry trees. Utsuki is revealed to have already been absorbed by Kureha, with most of her narrative being a dream during her absorption. Utsuki awakes, struggling against Kureha's influence, and ends up absorbing Sakuya's older brother. Both reach the underground chamber where Doman's experiments were conducted, and despite the monstrous Utsuki attacking her, Sakuya vows to help her.


title: Kuon

text: Alerted to Doman's actions, Abe no Seimei arrives and makes her way through the Fujiwara estate, coming across a wounded Sakuya, who begs Abe no Seimei to help Utsuki. Abe no Seimei also comes across a weakened Utsuki, who is momentarily calmed. Confronting Doman, he reveals his wish for Abe no Seimei to become the Kuon Ritual's ninth and final sacrifice. Abe no Seimei kills Doman, then the possessed Utsuki takes Doman's body and enters the prepared chest, beginning the final stage of the Kuon Ritual. Abe no Seimei seals the surviving Mulberry's power, but is stopped by Sakuya from killing Utsuki. Abe no Seimei leaves, warning Sakuya of the new being's potential for evil. During the credits, Sakuya coaxes the Kuon Ritual's child, a young girl resembling Utsuki, outside the Fujiwara grounds for the first time. They walk away together, leaving their futures uncertain.


title: Kuon

text: "Kuon" was developed by FromSoftware, a company that made its name developing the "King's Field" and "Armored Core" series. The producer was Atsushi Taniguchi, who had previously worked on "The Adventures of Cookie & Cream" for PlayStation 2, and "Lost Kingdoms" for GameCube. The art director was Nozomu Iwai. Work on "Kuon" began following "Lost Kingdoms II" in 2003, with the target audience being people wanting a new approach to horror. Having previously handled dark adventure-based titles before, Taniguchi wanted to create his own take on that style using a traditional Japanese setting. Production was difficult and hectic, with the game going through unspecified production troubles. The weapon assignment for characters was intended to invert the typical precepts for their character styles; the weakly Utsuki used a knife, while the stronger Sakuya used a fan. The battle system was an evolution of the card system from "Lost Kingdoms". The "tempest" and meditation mechanics were designed to produce unease, and while easy to implement were a later addition which threatened to disrupt the production schedule. Taniguchi put a lot of effort into creating an atmosphere of fear.


title: Kuon

text: The Heian period setting was chosen due to its mystic presentation in Japanese culture and folklore, with multiple interlinked narratives which told a deep story within limited environments. The narrative took inspiration from "kaidan", a type of Japanese ghost story. The numbers "four" and "nine" were included based on their unlucky reputation in Japanese culture, with the game's title having a plot-related double meaning of both "Nine Evils" and "Eternity". The storyline focused on female protagonists to promote a particular aesthetic, as many games of its kind focused on male protagonists. The historic onmyōji Abe no Seimei was included in the narrative, though the character was changed from a man to being a woman, keeping in line with the character goals. As Taniguchi wanted to create a sequel, the storyline ended on a cliffhanger. A notable outside contributor was artist Kyosuke Chinai, who created the cover and promotional artwork for Japan. Chinai was picked from a selection of artists, whose work was brought by different team members to find someone who drew with the right atmosphere for the game. Taniguchi contacted Chinai multiple times during production, persuading him to accept the collaboration.


title: Kuon

text: The game was announced in an issue of "Famitsu" in September 2003. At this point, it was said to be 25% complete. The title was exhibited in the company stall during the 2003 Tokyo Game Show, alongside other titles including "Shadow Tower Abyss", "" and "". A live-action commercial was filmed at the Kannon-ji Temple in Setagaya. The staff were surprised when the temple priests agreed to the commercial, and some filmed scenes were direct recreations of scenes from the game. It released in Japan on April 1, 2004. Two different strategy guides were released by ASCII Corporation and Softbank Creative alongside the game.


title: Kuon

text: A North American release was announced by Agetec in May 2004. Agetec was a regular Western publisher for FromSoftware's titles during this time. Their localization was designed to keep as much of the original game intact as possible, and included the original Japanese dub. It was released in the region on December 7, 2004. It was originally going to be released in the UK by Digital Jesters prior to the company's liquidation, with publishing duties assumed across Europe by Nobilis and Indie Games Productions. It released in the region on April 14, 2006. In the years since its release, the Western version has become a rare collectable, and the game itself obscure due to its limited coverage and rarity.


title: Kuon

text: "Kuon" received mixed reviews from journalists. The game was described as having "mixed or average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic, earning 57 points out of 100 based on 20 reviews. Similar contemporary website "GameRankings" gave the game a score of 59% based on 19 reviews.


title: Kuon

text: When mentioned, the narrative and world design were praised. The gameplay saw mixed responses, with many finding the combat unenjoyable and the puzzle design outdated. The controls also met with general criticism due to lack of response, and noted its slow pace.


title: Kuon

text: Jeremy Parish, writing for "1UP.com", noted its visual design as a standout compared to other titles in the genre, but otherwise found its gameplay derivative and uninteresting. "Eurogamer"s Marc McEntegart was disappointed overall, feeling that its horror elements were too conventional and generally criticised its gameplay and seemingly-wasted aesthetics. "GamePro" felt that the game as a whole was "dragged down" by mechanical and combat problems which had been with the genre since its early days. "Game Informer" enjoyed its atmosphere, but faulted its slow pace.


title: Kuon

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" felt the game was let down by poor translation, and noted its archaic design compared to other titles of the day. Bethany Massimilla of "GameSpot" praised the aesthetic and narrative design, but found the gameplay generally lacking for either long-term play or replaying. David Chen from magazine "GMR" noted a lack of excitement or engagement with either standard gameplay or combat, and noted that its focus on Japanese folklore limited its audience.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Timothy James Pawlenty (; born November 27, 1960) is an American attorney, businessman, and politician who served as the 39th governor of Minnesota from 2003 to 2011. A member of the Republican Party, Pawlenty served in the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003, and as House Majority Leader from 1999 to 2003. He unsuccessfully ran for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2012 presidential election. As of 2022, he is the most recent Republican to serve as governor of Minnesota.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, and raised in nearby South St. Paul. He graduated from the University of Minnesota, becoming a labor law attorney and the vice president of software company. In 1992 he was elected to represent District 38B, a district in suburban Dakota County, in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was reelected four times and was elected majority leader in 1998.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: After securing the Republican endorsement, Pawlenty won the three-way 2002 Minnesota gubernatorial election. He campaigned under a conservative platform with a pledge not to raise taxes. Upon entering office, he was faced with fixing Minnesota’s large budget deficit. He worked to lower the state’s deficit by cutting funds from state programs. To avoid raising taxes, he also instituted "user fees". He was reelected in 2006 by a margin of less than one percent. Although Pawlenty eliminated the budget deficit in his first term, the deficit returned as a result of the Great Recession in 2007. The effectiveness of Pawlenty’s economic policy as governor is disputed.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: As governor, Pawlenty also reformed Minnesota's education system, passed a concealed carry law, and codified a 24-hour wait period before receiving an abortion. His administration advocated for numerous notable public works projects, including the construction of the Northstar Commuter Rail Line and Target Field. From 2007 to 2008, Pawlenty chaired the National Governors Association.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty was rumored to be a contender for both the Republican presidential and vice-presidential nominations in the 2008 presidential election. He went on to co-chair John McCain’s unsuccessful 2008 presidential campaign. Pawlenty ran for president in the 2012 Republican presidential primary. His campaign fell short of expectations by failing to gain traction. It lasted from May to August 2011. After withdrawing from the race, Pawlenty became a finalist to join Mitt Romney on the 2012 ticket as the vice presidential candidate. He was not selected, but he served as co-chair of Romney’s campaign until his departure two months before the election.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty sought a third term as governor of Minnesota in the 2018 election with Michelle Fischbach as his running mate. He lost the Republican primary to Jeff Johnson.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota, to Eugene Joseph Pawlenty, and his wife, Virginia Frances (née Oldenburg). His father, who drove a milk delivery truck, was of Polish descent, while his mother was of German ancestry. She died of cancer when he was 16. Pawlenty grew up in South St. Paul, where he played ice hockey on his high school's junior varsity squad.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Intending to become a dentist, Pawlenty enrolled in the University of Minnesota, the only one in his family to go beyond high school. But he changed his plans and spent the summers of 1980 and 1982 working as an intern at the office of U.S. Senator David Durenberger. In 1983, he graduated with a B.A. in political science. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1986. There, he met his wife, Mary Anderson, whom he married in 1987.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty first worked as a labor law attorney at the firm Rider Bennett (formerly Rider, Bennett, Egan & Arundel), where he had interned while a law student. He later became vice president of a software as a service company, Wizmo Inc.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Having moved to Eagan, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Pawlenty was appointed to the city's Planning Commission by Mayor Vic Ellison. One year later, at age 28, he was elected to the City Council.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty entered state politics in 1990 as a campaign advisor for Jon Grunseth's campaign for governor. After becoming engulfed in a scandal, Grunseth dropped out of the race just weeks before the general election. After Pawlenty himself became governor, he appointed Grunseth's ex-wife, Vicky Tigwell, to the board of the Minneapolis−Saint Paul International Airport, which was called out as an ethics and accountability issue in 2003.


title: Tim Pawlenty

text: Pawlenty was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1992, winning 49.1% of the vote in District 38B (suburban Dakota County). In the House, he authored bills instituting term limits for committee chairmen, funding for infant parenting classes, minimum sentences for repeat domestic violence offenders, and community notification for sex offenders. In response to a state budget surplus, he advocated reducing taxes rather than increasing education funding. He was reelected four times and was chosen House Majority Leader when Republicans gained the majority in the State Legislature in 1998.