title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: In 1980, Dattatreya officially joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was appointed general secretary of the party's Andhra Pradesh unit. He served in that position until 1989.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: Dattatreya was elected to the Lok Sabha from the Secunderabad constituency In 1991. He defeated his nearest rival T. Manemma Anjaiah of the Indian National Congress by a margin of 85,063 votes. He was the only BJP candidate to win from Andhra Pradesh. In 1997, he became president of the party's Andhra Pradesh unit.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: P.V. Rajeshwara Rao defeated Dattatreya in the general election held in 1996. However, two years later, he defeated Rao by a margin of 185,910 votes and was re-elected to the Lok Sabha from the Secunderabad constituency. "Rediff.com" wrote that the party won four constituencies in the state due to his efforts. He served as Union Minister of State (MoS) for Urban Development in the second Vajpayee ministry from 1998 to 1999.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: In 1999, Dattatreya was elected to the Lok Sabha for the third time. Between 1999 and 2001, he again served as Union MoS for Urban Development in the third Vajpayee ministry. From 2001 to 2003, he served as Union MoS for Railways. In 2003, he was again given the Urban Development portfolio.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: Dattatreya lost the 2004 Indian general election. In the same year, he became the national secretary of the party, a post which he held until 2006. In 2006, he was appointed president of the party's state unit. Three years later, he became a national executive member of the party. In the 2009 Indian general election, he lost his constituency for the second time. He was appointed the national vice-president of the party in 2013.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: In May 2014, Dattatreya was re-elected to the Lok Sabha for the fourth time from the Secunderabad constituency. On 9 November, he was made a MoS Labour and Employment. He became the lone minister in the Modi ministry from the state of Telangana. On 1 September 2017, he resigned from his post. Subsequently, he was made a member of the standing committee on Finance.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: On 21 March 2019, the BJP replaced Dattatreya with former MLA G. Kishan Reddy as its candidate from Secunderabad for the upcoming Lok Sabha elections. He was appointed the Governor of Himachal Pradesh in the year 2019.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: Dattatreya married Vasantha on 17 May 1989. In November 2016, their daughter Vijaya Lakshmi married Jignesh Reddy, the son of chevella parliament constituency contested Janardan Reddy. On 24 May 2018, their son Vaishnav died of heart attack at the age of 21.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: Dattatreya has also served as joint secretary of A. P. Cyclone Committee and general secretary for Voluntary Organisations, India.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: According to "The Hindu", "Dattatreya is seen as the most non-controversial and acceptable BJP leader in Telangana". "Business Standard" wrote that he is simple, soft-spoken and has a down-to-earth nature.


title: Bandaru Dattatreya

text: In January 2016, Dattatreya was charged with abetting the suicide of Rohith Vemula, a student at the University of Hyderabad. Following allegations that he was instrumental in getting Vemula along with four other students suspended from the university's hostel, he was booked under the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. The previous August, he wrote a letter to Smriti Irani, the minister of Human Resource Development claiming the university had turned into a "den of casteist, extremist and anti-national politics". Dattatreya denied any wrongdoing and claimed that he had received the letter from Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad and just forwarded it to Irani with his official letterhead. Other students of the university claimed that his letter was a "part of the larger discrimination of Dalit students".


title: Harry's Law

text: Harry's Law is an American legal comedy-drama television series created by David E. Kelley, which ran for two seasons on NBC from January 17, 2011, to May 27, 2012. On May 11, 2012, NBC announced that "Harry's Law" would not be renewed for a third season.


title: Harry's Law

text: "Harry's Law" revolves around Harriet Korn, a recently fired patent lawyer, and her group of associates as they come together to form a unique law firm in a rundown shoe store in Cincinnati. In the second season the practice is moved upstairs to a larger office with the help of prestigious lawyer and friend Thomas "Tommy" Jefferson.


title: Harry's Law

text: This is the first television series that Kelley has not co-produced with 20th Century Fox Television—instead, the series is co-produced with Warner Bros. Television. On May 14, 2010, NBC officially announced that it was picking up the series. "Harry's Law" was held as a midseason replacement and premiered in January 2011 replacing the now-cancelled "Chase". In an attempt to make the show more realistic, producers decided to explore Cincinnati more thoroughly in the second season and have included an actual Cincinnati business, Arnold's Bar and Grill, as a part of the show.


title: Harry's Law

text: Following the cancellation of the series, supporters banded together on Facebook in an effort to bring "Harry's Law" back to television. The unsuccessful campaign was launched on May 13, 2012, titled "Save Harry's Law".


title: Harry's Law

text: The show has met with mixed reviews with a score of 48 out of 100 from Metacritic. In a particularly positive review of the pilot, Ed Bark called it "an improbably entertaining outing."


title: Harry's Law

text: The first episode opened with 11.07 million viewers and a second-place 2.2 rating/6 share among adults 18–49 at 10 p.m., building from the second episode of "The Cape" (viewers: #3, 6.19 million; A18–49: #3t, 1.8/ 4 at 9 p.m.) by 4.85 million viewers and 17 percent in the demo.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: The club was originally established in Nabari, Mie in 1980 under the name Mie Club, and it became a member of Mie Football Association to join the Mie prefectural league in 1982. The club went up to the top division in 1991 and remained there until 2005, when local organisers kicked off the idea of developing a larger and more ambitious football team.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: The region to the southwest of Nagoya has been traditionally very populous but still undeveloped from a football perspective despite a number of successes by local high school football. In mid- 2005, a group of local businessmen, football fans and coaches from Mie Prefecture, who were eager to put together a team to represent the area, approached Bunji Kimura, an ex-football manager of Kyoto Sanga F.C. and Yokohama Flügels. Kimura was convinced to accept the position of the president and technical director of a club that was then going by the name of "W.S.C. Nabari Admiral". Kimura plunged in and began a very ambitious project to transform the team from a bunch of amateur kickers in a tiny town to a much more competitive and tightly-run organisation representing the aspirations of the entire prefecture.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: At Kimura's insistence, the team in February 2006 took the name "MIE FC Rampole", taking its name from the famous Japanese mystery novel writer Rampo Edogawa, who was born in Mie Prefecture. The part "ole" of the name is supposedly a Spanish word "Olé" used to cheer and applaud (cf. Consadole Sapporo). Following the name change the club launched its official website on February 22. Kimura quickly began drawing upon his network of J.League contacts to bring in more experienced coaches and organisers, and by the end of his first season in charge the club advanced to the second division of the Tōkai Regional League.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: Whereas its progress on the pitch has stalled temporarily, with third-place finishes in both 2007 and 2008, the club has been focusing most of its attention on the organisational goals. An independent corporation was established in 2006, fulfilling one of the requirements of J. League Associate Membership, and in 2008 the team merged with nearby Suzuka Club, thereby absorbing a youth program that can help to meet another key requirement. Following the merger, the team announced on September 1, 2008, that it changed its name to "F.C. Suzuka Rampole" and moved its home playing ground from Ueno Athletic Park Stadium to Suzuka Sports Garden from 2009 season. The club carried out the move since first, Suzuka is the city world-famous for the F1 circuit located outside town, and second, its population base and location, squarely in the middle of Mie Prefecture's main population centres is considered to be ideal.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: On January 28, 2016, the team announced an immediate change of the team's name to Suzuka Unlimited FC(鈴鹿アンリミテッドFC).


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: With the appointment of coach Milagros "Mila" Martínez from the 2019 season, the club was the first and to date only in any of Japan's national level divisions to have a female leading the club.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: On February 1, 2020, the club announced that it would change its name to Suzuka Point Getters (鈴鹿ポイントゲッターズ). Their logo and attire were updated to reflect Suzuka's status as home of the Suzuka Circuit.


title: Suzuka Point Getters

text: On July 5, 2021, Suzuka announced Martínez's departure by mutual consent after her contract lapsed and published her gratitude to Point Getter fans throughout her tenure. Ten days later, former J3 League coach Yasutoshi Miura was hired to succeed her and also be Suzuka's general manager.


title: The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec (film)

text: The Extraordinary Adventures of (), released as Adèle: Rise of the Mummy in Malaysia and Singapore, is a 2010 French fantasy adventure feature film written and directed by Luc Besson. It is loosely based on the comic book series "The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec" by Jacques Tardi and, as in the comic, follows the eponymous writer and a number of recurring side characters in a succession of far-fetched incidents in 1910s Paris and beyond, in this episode revolving around parapsychology and ultra-advanced Ancient Egyptian technology, which both pastiche and subvert adventure and speculative fiction of the period. The primarily live-action film, shot in Super 35, incorporates much use of computer animation to portray its fanciful elements and contemporary action film special and visual effects within the form of the older-style adventure films they have largely superseded.


text: In Paris, Professor Espérandieu is experimenting with telepathic techniques, and he unintentionally hatches a 136 million year-old pterosaur egg within the "National Museum of Natural History". This results in the death of a former prefect (scandalously sharing a taxicab with a "" showgirl) which though witnessed only by the then-drunk sparks an epidemic of claimed sightings of the creature. The President of France orders the case be considered of utmost urgency by the National Police, only for it to be handed down to the bumbling Inspector Albert Caponi.


text: Adèle Blanc-Sec, a journalist and travel writer of some fame, finds herself involved after returning from Egypt, where she was searching for Ramesses II's mummified doctor/physician Patmosis. She wants to revive the mummy with the help of Espérandieu so the doctor can save her sister Agathe, who is comatose following an unfortunate tennis incident involving a hatpin. After a brief struggle with her nemesis, the mysterious Professor Dieuleveult, she retrieves the mummy and returns home. Her mission is complicated further by Espérandieu being on death row, having been blamed for the pterosaurs attacks, in lieu of Inspector Caponi and celebrity big game hunter Justin de Saint-Hubert having any success in taking down the beast itself. Andrej Zborowski, a researcher at the Jardin des Plantes who is enamored with Adèle, is able to lure the pterosaur into hiding. Adèle, riding the pterosaur, rescues Espérandieu moments before his execution.


text: Saint-Hubert fatally shoots the pterosaur along with Espérandieu, but not before Espérandieu is able to revive the mummy. The mummy reveals itself to be the Pharaoh's physicist ("I'm a nuclear physicist. I deal in figures, signs and equations.") and is unable to help her sister medically. Instead he accompanies Adèle to the Louvre, where they revive the rest of the Pharaoh's mummified court on display there, including the Pharaoh himself. The Pharaoh's doctor uses their advanced medical techniques to revive Agathe. The Pharaoh then decides he wants to see Paris, so the entire court wanders out into the night, scaring the ever-hapless Choupard yet again.


text: Adèle decides she needs a vacation to relax. As she boards the ship, the name RMS "Titanic" is revealed. Dieuleveult is then shown, sarcastically wishing her a "good journey".


text: In a mid-credits scene, Ménard pursues Saint-Hubert with a rifle, still outraged that Saint-Hubert shot the pterosaur. Ménard is arrested by Caponi as two gorillas stare menacingly at Saint-Hubert.


text: The film incorporates characters and events from several of the "", in particular the first, "Adèle and the Beast", first published in 1976, and the fourth, 1978's "Mummies on Parade," within an overall plot of 's construction and takes place primarily in Paris, .


text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a score of 85% based on reviews from 26 critics, with an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc-Sec" is an old-school adventure yarn with a distaff European - and generally rather delightful - spin."


text: "Variety" magazine called the film a "polished comicbook adaptation" and praised the performance of Louise Bourgoin's as the titular heroine. The reviewer complains that Besson's work is uneven, and the reviewer suggests that Besson would benefit from fresh collaborative voices, and a scissors for the overlong third act.


text: Angie Errigo of "Empire" magazine gave the film 4 stars, proclaiming that "Besson is back". Matthew Turner of "ViewLondon" gave the film 5 stars, writing: "impressively directed and beautifully designed, this is a highly entertaining and frequently funny action-adventure romp with a witty script, great special effects and a terrific central performance from rising star Louise Bourgoin".


text: Shout! Factory released a censored PG-rated version of the film in the United States on Blu-ray and DVD in August 2013. The original unedited version was released on Blu-ray in October 2013.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Tanya Moodie (born 16 April 1972) is a Canadian-born British actress and producer, best known for her work on "Motherland", "The Clinic", and her many stage credits, which include productions with the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal Court Theatre, the National Theatre and the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Tanya Moodie was born on 16 April 1972 in Quebec, Canada, to Jamaican parents. She moved to England at the age of 17, when she was offered a place at RADA, where she was later employed as an associate teacher and council member.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Moodie's first television role was in the comedy "So Haunt Me" in 1994, followed by a starring role as Hunter in Neil Gaiman's 1996 fantasy mini-series "Neverwhere" (1996). She featured in guest roles in various series in the 2000s, and in 2008–9 had a regular role in Irish medical drama "The Clinic". She also played the role of John Watson's therapist Ella Thompson in "Sherlock"


title: Tanya Moodie

text: In 2016 she played Gertrude in Simon Godwin's production of "Hamlet" for the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: From 2019-2021, Moodie starred as Meg in the BBC comedy series "Motherland". In a 2021 interview with the "Huffington Post", Moody shared that she was proud of the feedback she had received about her character's cancer storyline: "There’s been people who have written me very personal messages saying that they’re going through [cancer] right now or their parents are, and they say we’ve really shown what it’s like. I’m really happy that that’s happened – I didn’t expect it to. I didn’t finish filming and say ‘I really feel like I’ve nailed what it’s like to go through this journey’, because it’s so subjective and unique to people."


title: Tanya Moodie

text: In 2020, Moodie starred in the third series of "Tin Star" as Catherine Mckenzie. The series was created by Rowan Joffé.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Moodie will appear in Sam Mendes' film "Empire of Light", due for release in the US in December 2022, and the UK in January 2023. Moodie appears alongside Olivia Colman, Colin Firth and Micheal Ward.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Moodie has one child, a daughter, and was married to a yoga teacher before they separated. Her brother Andrew Moodie is a noted Canadian playwright.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Politically, Moodie is a supporter of the Women's Equality Party. She has practised yoga and Buddhism since 1994, and claimed in an interview in 2021, "cut me in half, you’ll see Buddhism down the middle".


title: Tanya Moodie

text: Moodie was nominated for a 2017 UK Theatre Award for Best Performance for her performance as Wiletta in "Trouble in Mind" by Alice Childress. Other nominations include Best Actress at the London Evening Standard Theatre Awards, as well as an Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre for her performance as Esther in "Intimate Apparel" at the Park Theatre. In the same year she was nominated for an Olivier for Outstanding Achievement in an Affiliate Theatre for her performance as Makeda in "The House That Will Not Stand" at the Tricycle Theatre. Her portrayal of Rose in August Wilson's "Fences" opposite Lenny Henry in the West End earned her a nomination for Best Actress in the 2014 What's On Stage Awards.


title: Tanya Moodie

text: At the 2020 Royal Television Society Programme Awards, Moodie was presented with the Breakthrough Award for her role in "Motherland".


title: Mitzi Kapture

text: Mitzi Kapture (born Mitzi Gaynor Donahue; May 2, 1962) is an American actress, known for her role as Sgt. Rita Lee Lance in the CBS/USA Network crime drama series "Silk Stalkings" from 1991 to 1995.


title: Mitzi Kapture

text: Kapture was born in Yorba Linda, California, and raised in Atlanta, Georgia. She began her career in films such as "Lethal Pursuit" (1988), "" (1988), "Liberty & Bash" (1989), and "The Vagrant" (1992), before moving to television. She gained exposure with her first regular series role as Sergeant Rita Lee Lance in the television series "Silk Stalkings". "Silk Stalkings" premiered on CBS and USA, but later moved solely to USA Network. The show aired for eight seasons and became USA network's highest-rated original drama series. She played Rita, the other half of the two "Sams" for almost five years. Paired with Rob Estes, who played Sergeant Chris Lorenzo, Kapture gained recognition along with her co-star. Sergeant Lance eventually became Lieutenant Lance by the time Kapture left the series in 1995 to have her first daughter. During her time with the series, Kapture also directed episodes.


title: Mitzi Kapture

text: Kapture returned to television in 1997, starring in two made-for-USA-Network movies. She played lead roles in USA Pictures Originals telemovies, "Perfect Crime" (based on a true story, also called "Hide and Seek: The Joanne Jensen Story"), which also starred Jasmine Guy, and "His Bodyguard" with Robert Guillaume. She returned to series television in a lead role on "Baywatch" as Alexis Ryker.


title: Mitzi Kapture

text: From 2002 through 2005, she played the seductive Anita Hodges on the CBS daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless", credited as Mitzi Kapture Donahue. She also starred in the made-for-Lifetime television movie "Night of Terror", which premiered March 26, 2007. In her latest film, she played the role of a therapist specializing in autism in the independent feature "God's Ears", released in 2008 and on DVD in 2012.


title: Kripa

text: Kripa (), also known as Kripacharya (), is a figure in Hindu mythology. According to the epic "Mahabharata", he was a council member of Kuru Kingdom and a teacher of the Pandava and Kaurava princes.


title: Kripa

text: Born to warrior-sage Sharadvan and nymph Janapadi in an extraordinary manner, Kripa and his sister Kripi were adopted by King Shantanu of Kuru Kingdom. Kripa was trained by his birth father and became a great archer like him. Later in the epic, he fought on the Kauravas's side against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra war and was among the few survivors of the war.


title: Kripa

text: Kripa is considered as a "Chiranjivi", an immortal being destined to live until the end of the "Kali Yuga", the last "yuga" (age). According to some texts, he will also become one of the "Saptarishi"—the seven revered sages—in the next "Manvantara", which is a cyclic period of time in Hindu cosmology.


title: Kripa

text: The Sanskrit word Kripa ("Kṛpa") means 'pity' or 'mercy'. According to the "Mahabharata" (c. 700 BCE - 400 CE), he and his sister were named "Kripa" and "Kripi" as they were adopted by King Shantanu out of pity. Kripa was given the title "acharya" ('master') as he was an expert archer.


title: Kripa

text: In the epic, Kripa is known by many other names including Gautama ('descendant of Gautama'), Sharadvata ('son of Sharadvan'), Sharadvanputra ('son of Sharadvan') and Bharatacharya ('teacher of the descendants of Bharat').


title: Kripa

text: According to the "Adi Parva" of the "Mahabharata", a boy named Sharadvan was born to sage Gautama and his wife Ahalya. Contradictory to this account, some later Puranic scriptures such as "Agni Purana" mention him as Gautama's great-grandson. Sharadvan showed great passion in archery and as he matured, he became a great archer. He once did penance to become undefeatable, but this threatened the devas, especially Indra. He then sent a beautiful "apsara" (celestial nymph), Janapadi, from heaven to distract the celibate saint. When Sharadvan saw her, he lost his control and ejaculated. Ashamed of his actions, he left his weapons and went deep into a forest. The semen fell on some weeds, dividing the weeds into two-part. A boy and a girl were born from the weeds.


title: Kripa

text: Shantanu—The king of Kuru Kingdom—was out for hunting, when one of his soldiers spotted the twins and brought them to him. Shantanu became so compassionate towards them that he adopted them and returned to his palace. The children were then named Kripa and Kripi. Sharadvan, who was performing "tapas" in the forest, came to know about his children and went to the palace of Kuru. He revealed their identity to the king and taught Kripa the four branches of "Dhanurveda" (archery). Kripa became a great archer like his father and taught warfare to many warriors and kings.


title: Kripa

text: The "Adi Parva" mentions that Kripa taught the Pandavas, Kauravas, Vrishnis and Yadavas about "Dhanurveda". Later, the Pandava and Kaurava princes studied under Drona, Kripi's husband who was born to Bharadvaja and apsara Ghritachi in the similar way like her. When the princes' training was over, a test was organised. Karna—the adopted son of a charioteer—challenged Arjuna in an archery match, but Kripa interfered and asked Karna to specify his lineage.


title: Kripa

text: The "Sabha Parva" of the epic narrates that Kripa participated in the Rajasuya ritual of Yudhishthira, where he distributed "dakshina" (fees). In the "Virata Parva", Kripa helped Duryodhana, the eldest Kaurava, by sending spies to find the Pandavas during their incognito period of exile.


title: Kripa

text: In the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and Kauravas, Kripa supported Duryodhana and fought from his side. The "Udyoga Parva" of the " Mahabharata" mentions that Bhishma, commander of the Kaurava army, declared Kripa as a mighty warrior. During the war, Kripa fought with many warriors including Brihatkshetra, Chekitana, Satyaki, Sahadeva, Arjuna, Bhima, Dhrishaketu and Vardhakshremi. He also defeated Shikhandi and Yudhamanyu, as well as killed Abhimanyu's guards, Suketu and Kalinda prince. The "Shalya Parva" mention that Kripa advised Karna to make peace with the Pandavas. On the 18th day of the war, the Kauravas side was defeated and Duryodhana was killed by Bhima. Kripa cried for him and along with Ashwatthama, he massacred the remaining Pandava army during that night and lit the fire at the camp.


title: Kripa

text: The "Stri Parva" of the epic records Kripa returning to Dhritarashtra and Gandhari, the parents of the Kauravas, and telling them about the war. In the epic's "Ashramavasika Parva", when Dhritarashtra decided to retire to the forest, Kripa wanted to accompany him. However, Dhritarashtra stopped him and advised Yudhishthira, the new emperor of Kuru Kingdom, to make Kripa a council member. When the Pandavas also retired to the Himalayas after many years, Kripa became the preceptor of Parikshit, the grandson of Arjuna. It is believed that after fulfilling his duties, Kripa finally went to the forest for penance and lived the rest of his life.


title: Kripa

text: In Hinduism, Kripa, along with Ashwatthama, Bali, Vyasa, Hanuman, Vibhishana, Markandeya and Parashurama, are Chiranjivi, the "immortals" who will remain alive till the end of the "Kali Yuga", the last of the four "yugas" (age). According to some scriptures, Kripa and Ashwatthama were cursed to remain immortal and suffer because of the sin they committed on the 18th night of the war.


title: Kripa

text: According to the "Vishnu Purana" (c. 400 BCE - 900 CE), Kripa will become one of the "Saptarishi"—the seven most revered sages—in the next "Manvantara", which is a cyclic period of time identifying the age of a Manu—the progenitor of mankind—in Hindu cosmology.


title: Vigil

text: A vigil, from the Latin "vigilia" meaning "wakefulness" (Greek: "pannychis", or "agrypnia" ), is a period of purposeful sleeplessness, an occasion for devotional watching, or an observance. The Italian word "vigilia" has become generalized in this sense and means "eve" (as in "on the eve of the war").


title: Vigil

text: A vigil may be held on the eve of a major religious festival (feast days), observed by remaining awake—"watchful"—as a devotional exercise or ritual observance on the eve of a holy day. Such liturgical vigils usually consist of psalms, prayers and hymns, possibly a sermon or readings from the Holy Fathers, and sometimes periods of silent meditation.


title: Vigil

text: The term "morning" means that the observance begins on the evening before. In traditional Christianity, the celebration of liturgical feasts begins on the evening before the holy day because the Early Church continued the Jewish practice of beginning the day at sunset rather than midnight.


title: Vigil

text: Most likely the best known vigil is the Easter Vigil held at night between Holy Saturday and Easter Sunday. The Midnight Mass held on Christmas Eve is a remnant of this practice. Christmas Eve is a time of reflection for Christians all over the world.


title: Vigil

text: Vigils are also commonly observed on Holy Days in the Catholic, Lutheran, Anglican, and Methodist Churches. In the Eastern Orthodox Church an All-Night Vigil (consisting of Great Vespers, Matins and the First Hour) is held on the eves of Sundays and all Major Feast Days (such as the Twelve Great Feasts and the Feast Days of important Saints) during the liturgical year. In the Methodist tradition, Watchnight Vigil services are celebrated on New Year's Eve.


title: Vigil

text: When a Jew dies, a watch is kept over the body and Tehillim are recited constantly, until the burial service.


title: Vigil

text: In Christianity, especially the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, a vigil is often held when someone is gravely ill or mourning. Prayers are said and votives are often made. Vigils extend from eventual death to burial, ritualistically to pray for a loved one, but more so their body is never left alone.


title: Vigil

text: During the Middle Ages, a squire on the night before his knighting ceremony was expected to take a cleansing bath, fast, make confession, and then hold an all-night vigil of prayer in the chapel, preparing himself in this manner for life as a knight. For the knighting ceremony, he dressed in white as a symbol for purity, and over that was placed a red robe to show his readiness to be wounded, over which a black robe was placed as a symbol of his willingness to die for his king.


title: Vigil

text: In some countries, including the United States, vigils are held in public spaces as a form of peaceful protest or public mourning. Examples include the numerous public vigils during the protests against police violence as well as public vigils for victims of mass shootings, which can occur as a remembrance or commemoration of a death or traumatic event. These vigils typically begin with an announcement or speech, and can be silent or include chanting, song, or prayer. Public vigils in the United States are not necessarily religious in scope or tone and are often completely secular, but can be religious depending on the group or individuals organizing the vigil.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The (Latin for "Moral Letters to Lucilius"), also known as the Moral Epistles and Letters from a Stoic, is a collection of 124 letters that Seneca the Younger wrote at the end of his life, during his retirement, after he had worked for the Emperor Nero for more than ten years. They are addressed to Lucilius Junior, the then procurator of Sicily, who is known only through Seneca's writings. Regardless of how Seneca and Lucilius actually corresponded, it is clear that Seneca crafted the letters with a broad readership in mind.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The letters often begin with an observation on daily life, and then proceed to an issue or principle abstracted from that observation. The result is like a diary, or handbook of philosophical meditations. The letters focus on many traditional themes of Stoic philosophy such as the contempt of death, the stout-heartedness of the sage, and virtue as the supreme good.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The "Letters" were probably written in the last three years of Seneca's life. Scholars generally agree that the letters are arranged in the order in which Seneca wrote them. In letter 8, Seneca alludes to his retirement from public life, which is thought (by reference to Tacitus "Annals" xiv. 52–56) to have been around spring of the year 62. Letter 18 was written in December, in the run-up to the Saturnalia. Letter 23 refers to a cold spring, presumably in 63. Letter 67 refers to the end of a cold spring and is thought (to allow forty-three intervening letters) to have been written the following year. Letter 91 refers to the great fire of Lugdunum (Lyon) that took place in the late summer of 64. Letter 122 refers to the shrinking daylight hours of autumn. Other chronologies are possiblein particular if letters 23 and 67 refer to the same spring, that can reduce the timescale by a full year.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The 124 letters are arranged in twenty manuscript volumes, but the collection is not complete. Aulus Gellius (mid-2nd-century) quotes an extract from the "twenty-second book", so some letters are missing. However since the fire of Lyon mentioned in letter 91 took place less than a year before Seneca's death (in spring 65) the number of missing letters is not thought to be very many.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Collectively the letters constitute Seneca's longest work. Although addressed to Lucilius, the letters take the form of open letters, and are clearly written with a wider readership in mind. The epistolary genre was well-established in Seneca's time. Seneca refers to Cicero's letters to Atticus and the letters of Epicurus, and he was probably familiar with the letters of Plato and the epistles of Horace. However, despite the careful literary crafting, there is no obvious reason to doubt that they are real letters. Seneca often says that he is writing in response to a letter from Lucilius, although there is unlikely to have been a strict back-and-forth exchange of letters. Even if both writers had access to the imperial mail service, a letter from central Italy to Sicily would have taken four to eight days to travel. In many instances Seneca probably composed letters as a new subject occurred to him. On average the letters tend to become longer over time, and the later letters focus increasingly on theoretical questions. However even in the later letters Seneca continues to include letters that are very short.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The letters all start with the phrase ""Seneca Lucilio suo salutem"" ("Seneca greets his Lucilius") and end with the word ""Vale"" ("Farewell"). In these letters, Seneca gives Lucilius advice on how to become a more devoted Stoic. Some of the letters include "On Noise" and "Asthma". Others include letters on "the influence of the masses" and "how to deal with one's slaves" (Letter 47). Although they deal with Seneca's personal style of Stoic philosophy, they also give us valuable insights into daily life in ancient Rome.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: There is a general tendency throughout the letters to open proceedings with an observation of a specific (and usually rather minor) incident, which then digresses to a far wider exploration of an issue or principle that is abstracted from it. In one letter (letter 7), for instance, Seneca begins by discussing a chance visit to an arena where a gladiatorial combat to the death is being held; Seneca then questions the morality and ethics of such a spectacle, in what is the first record (to our current knowledge) of a pre-Christian writer bringing up such a debate on that particular matter.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Seneca frequently quotes Latin poets, especially Virgil, but also Ovid, Horace, and Lucretius. Seneca also quotes Publilius Syrus, such as during the eighth letter, "On the Philosopher's Seclusion".


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Seneca's letters are focused on the inner-life, and the joy that comes from wisdom. He emphasizes the Stoic theme that virtue is the only true good and vice the only true evil. He repeatedly refers to the brevity of life and the fleeting nature of time.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Underlying a large number of the letters is a concern with death on the one hand (a central topic of Stoic philosophy, and one embodied in Seneca's observation that we are "dying every day") and suicide on the other, a key consideration given Seneca's deteriorating political position and the common use of forced suicide as a method of elimination of figures deemed oppositional to the Emperor's power and rule.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Early letters often conclude with a maxim to meditate on, although this strategy is over by the thirtieth letter. Such maxims are typically drawn from Epicurus, but Seneca regards this as a beginner's technique. In letter 33 he stresses that the student must begin to make well-reasoned judgements independently.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The language and style of the letters is quite varied, and this reflects the fact that they are a mixture of private conversation and literary fiction. As an example, there is a mix of different vocabulary, incorporating technical terms (in fields such as medicine, law and navigation) as well as colloquial terms and philosophical ones. Seneca also uses a range of devices for particular effects, such as ironic parataxis, hypotactic periods, direct speech interventions and rhetorical techniques such as alliterations, chiasmus, polyptoton, paradoxes, antitheses, oxymoron, etymological figures and so forth. In addition there are neologisms and hapax legomena.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The oldest manuscripts of the letters date from the ninth-century. For a long time the letters did not circulate together; instead they appear as two distinct groups: Letters 1 to 88 and Letters 89 to 124.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: For the second group of the letters, 89 to 124, there is only a limited selection of early manuscripts. The best manuscripts are:


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: In 1913 Achille Beltrami announced the discovery of the earliest manuscript which combined both groups. "Codex Quirinianus" (or "Brixiensis"), Q, is a 9th or 10th century manuscript from the Biblioteca Queriniana, Brescia containing letters 1–120.12.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The letters began to be widely circulated together from the twelfth-century onwards, and around four hundred manuscripts of Seneca's letters are known.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The letters were first printed at Naples in 1475. They were printed in an edition with most of the Seneca's other works, and with works by the elder Seneca. The letters were then published separately, also in 1475, at Paris, Rome, and Strasbourg. Erasmus produced a much superior edition in 1529.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: Michel de Montaigne was influenced by his reading of Seneca's letters, and he modelled his "Essays" on them. The letters were a principal source for Justus Lipsius for the development of his Neostoicism towards the end of the 16th century.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: There have been several full translations of the 124 letters ever since Thomas Lodge included a translation in his complete works of 1614.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: There have been many selected and abridged translations of Seneca's letters. Recent editions include:


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The tag "Vita sine litteris mors" ('Life without learning [is] death') is adapted from "Epistle" 82 (originally "Otium sine litteris mors", 'Leisure without learning [is] death') and is the motto of Derby School and Derby Grammar School in England, Adelphi University, New York, and Manning's High School, Jamaica.


title: Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium

text: The work is also the source for the phrase "non scholae sed vitae": "We do not learn for school, but for life".


title: Pottery Barn

text: Pottery Barn is an American upscale home furnishing store chain and e-commerce company, with retail stores in the United States, Canada, Mexico and Australia. Pottery Barn is a wholly owned subsidiary of Williams-Sonoma, Inc.


title: Pottery Barn

text: The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California. Pottery Barn also operates several specialty stores such as Pottery Barn Kids and Pottery Barn Teen. It has three retail catalogues: the traditional Pottery Barn catalogue; Pottery Barn Bed + Bath to focus on its bed and bath lines; and one for outdoor furniture.


title: Pottery Barn

text: The Pottery Barn was co-founded in 1949 by Paul Secon and his brother Morris in West Chelsea, Manhattan. Paul discovered three barns full of pottery from the factory of Glidden Parker in Alfred, New York, who had stored extras and seconds up the road from the business. The Secon brothers built their chain up to seven stores. Paul sold his share in 1966 and Morris sold his to a pair of outside partners in 1968. The new owner expanded the chain to 13 stores before selling it to The Gap in 1984.


title: Pottery Barn

text: The company was acquired by Williams-Sonoma, Inc. in 1986. Growth continued until the Great Recession. Its mail-order catalog was first published in 1987. In 1999, the company introduced Pottery Barn Kids as a premium children's home furnishing and accessories brand. By 2000, the company had launched an e-commerce site for quick ordering process.


title: Pottery Barn

text: Pottery Barn Teen, the first home retailer to focus on teenagers, was launched in 2003. The first Pottery Barn Teen store opened in Georgia in 2009, as well as in New York City and Chicago. The store has a sub-brand Pottery Barn Dorm for young people starting college life.


title: Pottery Barn

text: In 2017, the company introduced an augmented reality app for iOS that allowed users to virtually place Pottery Barn products into a room and save room design ideas. It also announced PB Apartment, a small-space furnishings line, for millennials.


title: Pottery Barn

text: In 2018, Pottery Barn Kids partnered with John Lewis which marked the first appearance of the brand in the United Kingdom. Its shop-in-shops featured furniture and accessories for nurseries. Ireland became the first European country to hold the franchise for Pottery Barn Kids in 2019. Pottery Barn Teens partnered with Aquafil on the Spring 2020 collection "Watercolor Dots" rug, which uses regenerated nylon made from waste gathered in the ocean and other bodies of water.


title: Pottery Barn

text: Pottery Barn is referenced a number of times in "Friends". For instance, when Rachel buys furniture for Phoebe's apartment (which she is staying in at the time), and claims it's all authentically old furniture, rather than being from Pottery Barn. Another example is in "Seinfeld", Kramer talks with Jerry about how he is receiving too many catalogs from Pottery Barn. He saves the collected catalogs, takes them, and throws them into the store. Sheldon Cooper references it often in "The Big Bang Theory". A Pottery Barn retail store is seen situated next to Felix Unger's Manhattan F.U. Enterprises office/studio in "The Odd Couple's" first season in 1970. Pottery Barn is referenced in the Broadway musical "Dear Evan Hansen", as a location where the title character works. He informs another character that he can get her and her family a discount in "overpriced home décor." In the season 3 episode of the American family sitcom Boy Meets World titled "What I Meant to Say", Corey Matthews confesses to his girlfriend, Topanga Lawrence, that he loves her. Eric Matthews, Corey's older brother, then under social pressure, tells his girlfriend, Christie, that he loves her as well. This leads Christie to take Eric on a trip to Pottery Barn, which Eric laments. While at Pottery Barn, Eric and Christie buy a ceramic cat and napkin holders.


title: Pottery Barn

text: The brand's "Found" collection sells vintage items from around the world. The company has partnered on collections with a number of pop cultural brands such as "Harry Potter", "Star Wars", "Frozen", "Thomas & Friends", "Fantastic Beasts", and "Friends".


title: Walker: Independence

text: Walker: Independence is an American western television series developed by Anna Fricke for The CW. It is a prequel to the television series "Walker", which also airs on The CW. The series stars Katherine McNamara in the lead role, along with Matt Barr as Hoyt Rawlins, and Katie Findlay as Kate, with Greg Hovanessian, Philemon Chambers, Justin Johnson Cortez, Lawrence Kao, and Gabriela Quezada also starring. The series was ordered in May 2022 for a fall premiere, paired with its parent series in a Thursday time slot on October 6, 2022.


title: Walker: Independence

text: Set in the late 1800s, this origin story follows Abby Walker, an affluent Bostonian whose husband is murdered before her eyes while on their journey out West, as she crosses paths with Hoyt Rawlins, a lovable rogue in search of purpose. Abby and Hoyt's journey takes them to Independence, Texas, a small town with a big future.


title: Walker: Independence

text: In December 2021, it was reported that a prequel series titled, "Walker: Independence", is in development with Jared Padalecki as executive producer and Anna Fricke as showrunner. The CW was pleased with the pilot episode and gave a full series order in May 2022 for a fall premiere, pairing it with its parent series in a Thursday time slot. Fricke developed the story with Seamus Fahey, who wrote the pilot teleplay.


title: Walker: Independence

text: In February 2022, Justin Johnson Cortez was cast as a series regular, and Matt Barr joined the cast as Hoyt Rawlins. In March 2022, it was announced that Katherine McNamara had been cast in the lead role of Abby Walker, the ancestor of Padalecki's Cordell Walker. In June 2022, Gabriela Quezada was cast as a series regular.


title: Walker: Independence

text: The pilot for the series was filmed in Santa Fe, New Mexico in early 2022. Filming for the remainder of the season began in and around Santa Fe on July 18, 2022.


title: Walker: Independence

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series holds an approval rating of 71% based on 7 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: "Michael Scott Paper Company" is the twenty-third episode of the fifth season of the television series "The Office", and the 95th overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9, 2009.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: In the episode, Michael, Pam and Ryan try to get their new paper company off the ground, but end up bickering among themselves due to the stress and cramped office space. Meanwhile, Jim tries to do a "rundown" for new boss Charles Miner without admitting he does not know what a rundown is, while Dwight and Andy compete for the affections of the new receptionist, Erin, played by Ellie Kemper.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: The episode was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky. It included a guest appearance by Idris Elba, who played new Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner. The episode aired the same day as "Dream Team"; the debut episode of the new NBC show "Parks and Recreation" was shown between the two episodes. "Michael Scott Paper Company" included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting, rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from previous episodes. The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics, although many said it was not as funny as the previous episode, which had aired previously on the same day. According to Nielsen ratings, it was watched by eight million viewers and captured the most viewers in its time slot for adults between the ages of 18 and 49. "Michael Scott Paper Company" received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Michael Scott (Steve Carell), Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer), and Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) are struggling to adjust to the work environment of the new Michael Scott Paper Company. The office space used to be a closet; water pipes run through the room, so they can hear the toilets flush from the Dunder Mifflin bathrooms above them. Ryan openly goofs off in front of Pam and Michael and mocks both of them in their presence during phone conversations. Pam and Ryan bicker over who is responsible for making copies until Michael separates them into corners. Pam, who joined the company as a saleswoman, is given the corner where the photocopier sits. She is concerned that Michael will force her to be the receptionist, which is why she quit Dunder Mifflin in the first place. She goes upstairs and asks Charles Miner (Idris Elba) for her job back, but Charles has already given the job to a new employee, Kelly Hannon (Ellie Kemper), who ends up going by her middle name—Erin—to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor (Mindy Kaling).


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Michael hosts a pancake luncheon to introduce the company to potential clients, but only one person and a few Dunder Mifflin employees show up. When Michael, Pam, and Ryan come close to giving up, the potential client from the luncheon calls asking for paper. Pam closes the sale and the three cheer in celebration.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: In the Dunder Mifflin office, Charles asks Jim Halpert (John Krasinski) for a "rundown" of his client information. Jim does not know what a rundown is, but is too embarrassed to ask because he has been making such a poor impression with Charles. Jim spends much of the day trying to figure out what a rundown is, making several failed attempts to figure it out by chatting vaguely about it with Charles and other coworkers. When he finally finishes what he believes is a rundown, Charles does not look at it and simply asks Jim to fax it to everyone on the distribution list. Jim does not know what the distribution list is either, but rather than asking Charles, he simply faxes the rundown to his father.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) and Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) plan a hunting trip, but their new friendship is tested by their mutual romantic interest in Erin. Both make passes at her, but eventually agree their friendship is more valuable than a romantic interest. However, they end up trying simultaneously to impress Erin during a competitive duet of John Denver's "Take Me Home, Country Roads", with Andy on a banjo and Dwight playing guitar; both sing, and Dwight sings part of the song in German. Erin is initially impressed with both of them, but winds up awkwardly sneaking out of the room as they play. The loud duet is finally stopped by a frustrated Toby Flenderson (Paul Lieberstein). Angela Martin (Angela Kinsey) is visibly annoyed by Dwight and Andy's budding friendship.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: "Michael Scott Paper Company" was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky. It originally aired April 9, 2009, the same day as the episode "Dream Team"; the debut episode of the new NBC show "Parks and Recreation" was shown between the two episodes. "Michael Scott Paper Company" was the fourth of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba, best known as Stringer Bell from "The Wire". Elba said he did not watch the episode after it aired because "I'm hypercritical about my work, so I try not to torture myself." According to the Season 5 DVD episode commentary, B. J. Novak came up with the story idea involving Jim and the "rundown" and worked it into Spitzer's final script. The episode included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting, rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from the previous episodes. Rainn Wilson and Ed Helms practiced the guitar competition in Helms' trailer during lunch the day of the filming; Helms, a proficient bluegrass banjo player, coached Wilson, who is proficient at guitar and drums. Wilson said he proposed doing a full studio cover of the song, with Creed Bratton providing backup guitar and vocals, and selling it on iTunes for charity. Helms said he was happy to have the opportunity to play banjo on screen, but did not feel the instrument made much sense for his character; Helms said, "It's so fun and weird, but he's a Connecticut preppy guy. How did he pick up a banjo? It's one of Andy's many mysteries, not all of which I even understand."


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Prior to the episode's airing, NBC set up a web site for the new Michael Scott Paper Company at www.michaelscottpapercompany.com, which included a mission statement for the company, photos of the new office space and a downloadable copy of the coupon for "unparalleled customer service" featured in the episode. The official website for "The Office" included four cut scenes from "Michael Scott Paper Company" within a week of the episode's original release. In one 85-second clip, Dwight and Andy pretend to shoot, stab and throw grenades at each other in pantomime in anticipation of their hunting trip; they pretend to kill Jim and pester him until he plays dead, after which Charles walks in and believes he is napping. A second one-minute clip includes Pam and Ryan fighting around the new office until they are interrupted by a janitor who believes the room is still a closet and leaves water jugs on the floor. In a third, 40-second clip, Jim asks Charles directly what a "rundown" is, but when an annoyed Charles asks if this is "one of your pranks", Jim gives up and leaves. The fourth and final clip, which is 85 seconds long, features Andy and Dwight both making passes at Erin; Andy discusses how easy it would be to learn sign language, while Dwight tells her to be careful not to get her hair or clothes caught in the nearby paper shredder.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Dwight and Andy sing and perform the John Denver song "Take Me Home, Country Roads" while trying to impress the new receptionist. At one point, Toby is overheard through a vent discussing and praising the FX show "Damages" while on the phone in a bathroom. He said it is as good as anything on HBO, a premium television channel known for such shows as "The Sopranos", "Six Feet Under" and "The Wire". During the workday, Ryan watches a YouTube video of a rap music commercial for Flea Market Montgomery; the low-budget rap music advertisement for the Montgomery, Alabama flea market gained Internet fame. Michael uses Evite, social-planning website for creating online invitations, to invite people to his pancake luncheon. On a whiteboard, Michael writes a quote of himself quoting Wayne Gretzky, the popular ice hockey player who said "You miss 100% of the shots you don’t take." The new paper company office included Apple computers and a Nerf basketball hoop. During a phone conversation, Ryan said he wants an iPod music player that also serves as a phone, but not an iPhone, which is essentially that very product; both items are Apple products. Michael listens to "Just Dance", a Lady Gaga song, while driving his convertible to work, which he mistakes for a Britney Spears song. Near the end of the episode, when Andy states that every song sounds better a cappella, Dwight asks about the songs "Cherry Pie" by Warrant, "Enter Sandman" by Metallica and "Rebel Yell" by Billy Idol.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: In its original American broadcast on April 9, 2009, "Michael Scott Paper Company" was watched by 8 million overall viewers, according to Nielsen ratings. The episode earned more ratings than "Dream Team", the other "Office" episode of the night, which had 7.2 million viewers. It also performed better than the "Parks and Recreation" pilot, which ran between the two "Office" episodes and had 6.8 million viewers. "Michael Scott Paper Company", as well as "Dream Team", had the most viewers in its time slot among adults between the ages of 18 and 49.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: The episode received mostly positive reviews. Travis Fickett of "IGN" said this and other recent episodes are "proving that the show has plenty of life in it and [that] "The Office" has still got it." He said the funniest element of the show was the emerging "bro-mance" between Dwight and Andy. Will Leitch of "New York" magazine said, ""The Office" kind of needed this sort of shake-up, even if it’s something as simple as another room to put all our characters in." Keith Phipps of "The A.V. Club" said he liked the plot aspects involve the new company, particularly the pancake breakfast and the first successful sales call: "I know the series probably has to revert to something like the old status quo at some point, but I almost wish it could stay in that dank little corner a little longer." Phipps, who gave the episode a B+ grade, said the "rundown" subplot between Jim and Charles was a bit strained by the end. Steven Mullen of "The Tuscaloosa News" called the episode "stellar" and particularly praised the comedic chemistry between Andy and Dwight.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: Alan Sepinwall of "The Star-Ledger" said he was enjoying the new paper company storyline, but that "Michael Scott Paper Company" was not as funny as "Dream Team", which aired the same day. Sepinwall praised particular scenes such as Dwight and Andy's competitive duet and Kelly's plan to make Charles want her. She criticized the cramped new office space jokes as being less funny than those in previous episodes. Sepinwall also said the storyline between Jim and Charles was getting repetitive and, "It would help if the writers ever gave Idris Elba something funny to do." Margaret Lions of "Entertainment Weekly" said, "This episode wasn't one of my favorites … No bombs, no bits that failed, and by "The Office"'s standards, nothing even particularly cringe worthy. But 'TMSPC' is more groundwork than payoff." She said Dwight's rendition of "Take Me Home, Country Roads" in German was "the absolute funniest moment of the episode".


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: In her list of the top ten moments from the fifth season of "The Office", "phillyBurbs.com" writer Jen Wielgus ranked Michael's formation of the Michael Scott Paper Company in the downstairs storage closet as the number one, citing the "Dream Team", "Michael Scott Paper Company" and "Heavy Competition" episodes in particular. She also said she specifically enjoyed the paper-shaped pancakes from "Michael Scott Paper Company". "Michael Scott Paper Company" was voted the twelfth highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite "OfficeTally"; the episode was rated 8.27 out of 10.


title: Michael Scott Paper Company

text: This episode received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (Half-Hour) and Animation. "Michael Scott Paper Company" accounted for one of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations "The Office" received for the show's fifth season at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards, which were held on September 20, 2009.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill Road () is one of the main roads leading through West Belfast, in Northern Ireland. It runs through the working-class, predominantly loyalist, area known as the Shankill.


title: Shankill Road

text: The road stretches westwards for about from central Belfast and is lined, to an extent, by shops. The residents live in the many streets which branch off the main road. The area along the Shankill Road forms part of the Court district electoral area.


title: Shankill Road

text: In Ulster-Scots it is known as either "Auld Kirk Gate" ("Old Church Way"), or as "Auld Kirk Raa" ("Old Church Road"). In Irish, it is known as "" ("the road of the old church").


title: Shankill Road

text: The first Shankill residents lived at the bottom of what is now known as Glencairn: a small settlement of ancient people inhabited a ring fort, built where the Ballygomartin and Forth rivers meet.


title: Shankill Road

text: A settlement around the point at which the Shankill Road becomes the Woodvale Road, at the junction with Cambrai Street, was known as Shankill from the Irish "Seanchill" meaning "old church". Believed to date back to 455 AD, it was known as the "Church of St Patrick of the White Ford" and in time had six smaller churches, known as "alterages", attached to it across the west bank of the River Lagan. The church was an important site of pilgrimage and it is likely that the ford of the River Farset, which later became the core of Belfast, was important because of its site on the pilgrimage route. It was in ruins by the 17th century and had disappeared entirely by the 19th, leaving only its graveyard. Its font, an ancient bullaun stone, resides at St Matthew's on Woodvale Road, and is said to hold the power to heal warts.


title: Shankill Road

text: As a paved road the Shankill dates back to around the sixteenth century as at the time it was part of the main road to Antrim, a role now filled by the A6. The lower sections of the Shankill Road were in former times the edge of Belfast with both Boundary Street on the lower Shankill and Townsend Street in the middle Shankill taking their names from the fact that at the time they were built they marked the approximate end of Belfast.


title: Shankill Road

text: The area expanded greatly in the mid to late 19th century with the growth of the linen industry. Many of the streets in the Shankill area, such as Leopold Street, Cambrai Street and Brussels Street, were named after places and people connected with Belgium or Flanders, where the flax from which the linen was woven was grown. The linen industry, along with others that had previously been successful in the area, declined in the mid-20th century leading to high unemployment levels. The Harland and Wolff shipyard was also a traditional employer for the area, and it too has seen its workforce numbers decline in recent years.


title: Shankill Road

text: The area was also a regular scene of rioting in the nineteenth century, often of a sectarian nature after Irish Catholic areas on the Falls Road and Ardoyne emerged along with the city's prosperity. One such riot occurred on 9 June 1886 following the defeat of the Government of Ireland Bill 1886, when a crowd of around 2,000 locals clashed with the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC) who were attempting to stop the mob from looting a liquor store. Local law enforcement officers had to barricade themselves in Bower's Hill barracks where a long siege followed. Bower's Hill was a name applied to the area of the road between Agnes Street and Crimea Street.


title: Shankill Road

text: The West Belfast Division of the original Ulster Volunteer Force organised on the Shankill and drilled in Glencairn and some of its members saw service in the First World War with the 36th (Ulster) Division. A garden of remembrance beside the Shankill Graveyard and a mural on Conway Street commemorate those who fought in the war. Recruitment was also high during the Second World War and that conflict saw damage occur to the Shankill Road as part of the Belfast Blitz when a Luftwaffe bomb hit a shelter on Percy Street, killing many people. The site of the destruction was visited by the Duke and Duchess of Gloucester soon after the attack.


title: Shankill Road

text: During the Troubles, the Shankill was a centre of loyalist activity. The modern Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) had its genesis on the Shankill and its first attack occurred on the road on 7 May 1966 when a group of UVF men led by Gusty Spence petrol bombed a Catholic-owned pub. Fire also engulfed the house next door, killing seventy-seven-year-old Protestant widow, Matilda Gould, who lived there. This was followed on 27 May by the murder of John Scullion, a Catholic, as he walked home from a pub. On 26 June a Catholic civilian, Peter Ward, a native of the Republic of Ireland, was killed and two others wounded as they left a pub on the Shankill's Malvern Street. Shortly after this attack, Spence and three others were arrested and later convicted. The UVF continued to be active on the Shankill throughout the Troubles, most notoriously with the Shankill Butchers led by Lenny Murphy, as well as the likes of William Marchant and Frankie Curry, the latter a member of the Red Hand Commando.


title: Shankill Road

text: Similarly, the Ulster Defence Association, established in September 1971, began on the Shankill when vigilante groups such John McKeague's Shankill Defence Association and the Woodvale Defence Association merged into a larger structure. Under the leadership of Charles Harding Smith and Andy Tyrie, the Shankill Road became the centre of UDA activity, with the movement establishing its headquarters on the road. Leading members such as James Craig, Davy Payne and Tommy Lyttle made their homes in the area. The Shankill was covered by the West Belfast Battalion of the UDA, which was divided into three companies: A (Glencairn and Highfield), B (middle Shankill), and C (lower Shankill). During the 1990s, C Company under Johnny Adair became one of the most active units in the UDA, with gunmen such as Stephen McKeag responsible for several murders. C Company would later feud with both the UVF and the rest of the UDA until 2003 when they were forced out. Following the exile of Adair and his supporters, as well as the murder of Alan McCullough, the lower Shankill UDA was once again brought into line with the rest of the movement under former Adair supporter Mo Courtney.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Greater Shankill and its residents were also subjected to a number of bombings and shootings by Irish republican paramilitaries. During 1971 two pub bombings took place on the Shankill, one in May at the Mountainview Tavern, at which several people were injured, and a second at the Four Step Inn in September, which resulted in two deaths. A further bomb exploded at the Balmoral Furnishing Company on 11 December that same year, resulting in four deaths, including two infants. Another pub attack followed on 13 August 1975 when the IRA opened fire on patrons outside the Bayardo Bar and then left a bomb inside the crowded bar area, killing four civilians and one UVF member. Brendan McFarlane was given a life sentence for his part in the attack.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill Road bombing occurred on 23 October 1993. A bomb exploded in Frizzell's Fish Shop, below the UDA's Shankill headquarters. The bomb exploded prematurely as it was being planted. Nine people were killed in addition to one of the bombers, Thomas Begley. None of the loyalist paramilitaries targeted were hurt, as they had postponed a planned meeting. Begley's accomplice, Sean Kelly, survived and was imprisoned.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill Road begins at Peter's Hill, a road that flows from North Street in Belfast city centre and quickly merges into the Shankill itself at the Westlink. Peter's Hill is adjacent to Carrick Hill, a small nationalist area to the north of the city centre. The area of housing on the lower Shankill around Agnes Street was known colloquially as "The Hammer", one of a number of nicknames applied to districts that included "the Nick". The Hammer name is recalled in the Hammer Sports Complex, the home ground of amateur football side Shankill United F.C. The Lower Shankill has been redeveloped in recent years although during the 1960s the housing was ranked as the worst in Belfast. A Lower Shankill Community Association is active in the area whilst the Shankill Leisure Centre is also located here. The Shankill Women's Centre, a women's educational initiative established by May Blood (now Baroness Blood) in 1987, is also located on the lower Shankill. George McWhirter, a writer and first Poet Laureate of Vancouver, B.C., Canada, also came from the area originally.


title: Shankill Road

text: Several streets link the Shankill Road to the neighbouring Crumlin Road with the area around North Boundary Street formerly the stronghold of Johnny Adair's C Company. Several members of C Company who have died are commemorated on murals around the area, notably Stephen McKeag, William "Bucky" McCullough, who was killed by the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) in 1981 as part of a series of tit for tat murders between that group and the UDA and Jackie Coulter, killed by the UVF during a loyalist feud in 2000. The Shankill theoretically links to the neighbouring Falls Road at a few locations although most of these exits are blocked by peace lines. The entrance at Northumberland Street is sometimes open although it has lockable gates at the midpoint.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Lower Shankill is home to many loyalist pubs, the most notable being the "Royal Bar", associated with the UVF, and the "Diamond Jubilee" – a UDA haunt which became notorious as the main meeting place of "C Company" during the early 1990s. The "Long Bar" and the "Windsor Bar", both frequented by the UVF in the 1970s, have since vanished. According to investigative journalist Martin Dillon, the latter was used a centre of operations for a UVF platoon led by Anthony "Chuck" Berry.


title: Shankill Road

text: Although there is no precise dividing line between the Lower, Middle and Upper Shankill locally it is usually said that the lower Shankill ends at Agnes Street. The area was redeveloped some time before the lower Shankill leading to feelings locally that those in the upper part of the road were better off compared to the "Apaches" of the lower Shankill as they were colloquially known. A number of Protestant churches are situated in this area including the West Kirk Presbyterian Church, the Shankill Methodist church and the independent Church of God.


title: Shankill Road

text: The West Belfast Orange Hall is located near the top of the road. This building, which houses the No. 9 District Orange Lodge, has been revamped by Belfast City Council. The same is true of the nearby Shankill Cemetery, a small graveyard that has received burials for around 1000 years. The graveyard is noted for a statue of Queen Victoria as well as the adjacent memorial to the members of the 36th Ulster Division who died at the Battle of the Somme. Amongst those buried in the Shankill Graveyard is Rev Isaac Nelson, a Presbyterian minister who was also active in nationalist politics. Nelson lived at Sugarfield House on the Shankill, which has since given its name to Sugarfield Street. Also buried here is 2nd Private W.A. Sterling on 5 November 1918 at the age of 14.


title: Shankill Road

text: The area includes Lanark Way, one of the few direct links to the neighbouring nationalist areas, which leads directly to the Springfield Road (although the street is gated close to the Springfield Road end and these are locked at night). A regular route for UDA gunmen seeking access to the Falls during the Troubles, it was dubbed the "Yellow Brick Road" by Stephen McKeag and his men.


title: Shankill Road

text: A number of pubs frequented by UVF members were located in the area. These included the "Berlin Arms" at the Shankill and Berlin Street junction, and the "Bayardo", which was situated on the corner of Shankill and Aberdeen Street. The pub was close to "The Eagle" where the UVF "Brigade Staff" had their headquarters in rooms above a chip shop bearing the same name at the Shankill and Spiers Place junction. The "Brown Bear" pub which loyalist Lenny Murphy used as his headquarters to direct his notorious murder gang – the Shankill Butchers – was located on the corner of the Upper Shankill and Mountjoy Street. The pub, which went out of business, has since been demolished. Another drinking den in the area used by Murphy and his gang was the "Lawnbrook Social Club" in Centurion Street. The "Rex Bar" on the middle Shankill is one of the oldest pubs on the Shankill Road and frequented by members of the UVF. This bar was attacked by members of the UDA's C Company in 2000 to launch a loyalist feud between the two groups.


title: Shankill Road

text: The term, "Greater Shankill", is used by a number of groups active in the area, most notably the Greater Shankill Partnership, to refer to both the Shankill Road and the unionist/loyalist areas that surround it. The main areas identified within this area are Woodvale, Glencairn, and Highfield. The Greater Shankill as a whole has a population of around 22,000.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Woodvale area begins after Lanark Way, when the road changes from Shankill Road to Woodvale Road. As well as extensive housing the Woodvale area contains the Woodvale Presbyterian Church, which building on the corner of the Woodvale and Ballygomartin Roads dates back to 1899. The area takes its name from Woodvale Park, a public gardens and sports area that was opened in 1888.


title: Shankill Road

text: Also found locally is St. Matthew's Church of Ireland, which was rebuilt in 1872 and is named after the original church which had sat in the grounds of the Shankill graveyard. The architecture of this church is called trefoil, which means it is built in the shape of a shamrock. The oldest stone in the Shankill graveyard was known locally as the "Bullaun Stone" and was traditionally said to cure warts if the affected area were rubbed on the stone. It was removed to the grounds of St Matthews in 1911.


title: Shankill Road

text: Glencairn is an area based around the Ballygomartin Road, which runs off the Woodvale Road, as well the Forthriver Road. It is bordered by the Crumlin Road. As well as a large housing estate the area also includes Glencairn Park, a large woodland area at the bottom of Divis Mountain. Previously the estate of the Cunningham family the area was open to the public in 1962. The park features Fernhill House, the ancestral family home, which was not only used by Edward Carson to drill his Ulster Volunteers but was also the setting for the announcement of the Combined Loyalist Military Command (CLMC) ceasefire on 13 October 1994. It subsequently became a museum but closed down in late 2010-early 2011. A further area of housing, known as the Lyndhurst area after a number of local streets, lies to the west of Glencairn Park (with the Glencairn estate to the east of the woodland area). The Ballygomartin Road extends as far as the Upper Whiterock Road although after Springmartin the area is mainly countryside.


title: Shankill Road

text: The estate was the scene of the killings of two prominent loyalists. In 1982 Lenny Murphy was shot and killed by the Provisional IRA close to his girlfriend's house on the estate. In 2001 William Stobie was killed by members of the UDA, a group to which Stobie had formerly belonged, after intimating that he would testify at a public inquiry into the death of Pat Finucane. Stobie's killing, which occurred near his home on Forthriver Road, was publicly claimed by the Red Hand Defenders, a cover name used by various loyalist groups on ceasefire.


title: Shankill Road

text: Highfield is a housing estate situated around the West Circular and Springmartin Roads, both of which run off the Ballygomartin Road. Highfield comes close to the nationalist Springfield Road and there is limited access between the two areas through West Circular and Springmartin. Due to its location parts of the area are sometimes known as the Springmartin estate. Highfield is seen as an enclave and has been the scene of sectarian tension. As a consequence the Springmartin Road is home to an peace line that runs for the length of the road from the junction with the Springfield Road until near that with the Ballygomartin Road. In May 1972 the area was the scene of a two-day gun battle between republican and loyalist paramilitaries and the British Army. The peace line ensured that such open conflict was not repeated later in the Troubles.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill has been traditionally unionist and loyalist, albeit with some strength also held by the labour movement. Belfast Shankill, covering the north-west part of the Shankill Road, was established as a constituency of the Parliament of Northern Ireland in 1929 and existed until the body was abolished in 1973. During that time the seat was held by three men, Tommy Henderson (1929–1953), Henry Holmes (1953–1960) and Desmond Boal (1960–1973). Of these only Holmes belonged to the mainstream Ulster Unionist Party for the entirety of his career with Boal a sometime member who also designated as both independent Unionist and Democratic Unionist Party and Henderson always an independent who for a time was part of the Independent Unionist Association. Henderson was a native of Dundee Street on the Shankill.


title: Shankill Road

text: A Belfast Shankill constituency also returned a member to the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1918–1922, with Labour Unionist Samuel McGuffin holding the seat. The areas south of the road were covered by the Belfast Woodvale seat at Westminster and a seat of the same name at Stormont. Robert John Lynn of the Irish Unionist Alliance represented the seat at Westminster for the entirety of its existence (1918–1922). The Stormont seat was held by John William Nixon (independent Unionist) from 1929 to 1950, Ulster Unionists Robert Harcourt (1950–1955) and Neville Martin (1955–1958), Billy Boyd of the Northern Ireland Labour Party until 1965 then finally John McQuade, who was variously Ulster Unionist, independent Unionist and Democratic Unionist until the seat was abolished in 1972.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill is currently part of the Belfast West constituencies for the Northern Ireland Assembly and Westminster. At the Assembly the Shankill is represented by four Sinn Féin MLAs and one from the People Before Profit Alliance. At Westminster, since 1966, when the seat was lost by the last sitting unionist member Jim Kilfedder, it has also always had a nationalist or republican MP. The abstentionist policy of Sinn Féin MP Gerry Adams, who was West Belfast's MP until his resignation in 2011, led to an attempted legal challenge by local councillor Frank McCoubrey who argued that Shankill residents were being denied their right to representation. The case was not a success.


title: Shankill Road

text: On Belfast City Council the Greater Shankill area is covered by the Court electoral area. At the 2019 election the six councillors elected were Frank McCoubrey, Brian Kingston and Nicola Verner of the Democratic Unionist Party, Claire Canavan and Tina Black of Sinn Fein and the Progressive Unionist Party's Billy Hutchinson.


title: Shankill Road

text: Robert McCartney, who led his own UK Unionist Party and represented North Down at Westminster, is also originally from the Shankill.


title: Shankill Road

text: Secondary schools serving the Shankill area include the Belfast Boys' Model School and Belfast Model School for Girls due to their location in the Ballysillan area of the neighbouring Crumlin Road. Pupils from the area also attend Hazelwood College or Malone College which are both integrated schools, as well as Victoria College and the Royal Belfast Academical Institution both of which are grammar schools. Prior to its closure, and before several changes of name, Cairnmartin Secondary School also served the greater Shankill area. Famous pupils include footballer Norman Whiteside and boxer Wayne McCullough. The school, by then known as Mount Gilbert Community College, closed permanently in 2007 after a fall in pupil numbers.


title: Shankill Road

text: Primary schools in the greater Shankill area included Forth River Primary School on the Ballygomartin Road. Established in 1841, the original building was cramped and inspection reports over the years commented on the high standard of teaching despite the inadequacy of the building. During the 1980s and 1990s, closure and amalgamation were both suggested and vehemently opposed by everyone connected with the school. Ultimately a new £1.4m state-of-the-art school was announced as a replacement for the old building and this new school, which is on the adjacent Cairnmartin Road, was officially opened by Prince Andrew, Duke of York in 2005. Others primary schools in the area include three on the Shankill Road itself in Glenwood Primary School, established in 1981, Edenbrooke Primary School on Tennent Street and Malvern Primary School as well as Black Mountain Primary School and Springhill Primary School on Springmartin Road.


title: Shankill Road

text: Wayne McCullough, a gold medalist at the Commonwealth Games and a world champion in the Bantamweight division and an olympic silver medalist at the 1992 Summer Olympics representing Ireland is a native of the Shankill. He is one of a number of boxers from the area to be featured on a mural on Gardiner Street celebrating the area's strong heritage in boxing. The image has since been moved to Hopewell Crescent. McCullough trained in the Albert Foundry boxing club, located in the Highfield estate where he grew up. Other locals to make an impact in the sport have included Jimmy Warnock, a boxer from the 1930s who beat world champion Benny Lynch twice, and his brother Billy.


title: Shankill Road

text: Football is also a popular sport in the area with local teams including Shankill United, Albert Foundry, who play on the West Circular Road, Lower Shankill, who share the Hammer ground with United and Woodvale who won the Junior Cup in 2011. All four clubs are members of the Northern Amateur Football League. The main club in the area however is Linfield with a Linfield superstore trading on the Shankill Road despite the club being based on the Lisburn Road in south Belfast. A Linfield Supporters and Social Club is situated on Crimea Street. An Ulster Rangers social club is also open on the road, with the Glasgow team widely supported amongst Northern Irish Protestants. Norman Whiteside, the ex-Northern Ireland and Manchester United midfielder, lived on the Shankill. Whiteside also lends his name to the Norman Whiteside Sports Facility, a community sports area used by Woodvale F.C. The facility is located on Sydney Street West between the Shankill and the neighbouring Crumlin Road. George O'Boyle, who had a long career in Scottish football, is also a Shankill native.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Ballygomartin Road is also home to a cricket ground of the same name which in 2005 hosted a List-A match between Canada and Namibia in the 2005 ICC Trophy. The ground is the home of Woodvale Cricket Club, established in 1887.


title: Shankill Road

text: Although the Shankill Road initially grew as part of the main road to Antrim, it is no longer part of any wider network linking Belfast to neighbouring towns, with its peripheral roads all either terminating in the mountains or linking to the Springfield Road. Belfast was served by a network of trams in the first half of the 20th century and the Shankill was the last part of the city to see this service removed in the 1950s. Public transport is now provided by the Metro arm of Translink with the Shankill forming the eleventh of the company's twelve corridors. Buses link Belfast City Centre to the estates at the top of the Shankill as well as the Ballysillan area of the Crumlin Road.


title: Shankill Road

text: The Shankill Graveyard is one of the oldest cemeteries in the Greater Belfast Area. It was used for active burials for more than 1,000 years, but is no longer an active burial site. George McAuley who died in 1685 has one of oldest legible headstones in the cemetery.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, the Two Trees of Valinor are Telperion and Laurelin, the Silver Tree and the Gold Tree, which brought light to Valinor, a paradisiacal realm also known as the Undying Lands where angelic beings lived. The Two Trees were apparently of enormous stature, and exuded dew that was a pure and magical light in liquid form. They were destroyed by the evil beings Ungoliant and Melkor, but their last flower and fruit were made into the Moon and the Sun.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Commentators have seen mythic and Christian symbolism in the Two Trees; they have been called the most important symbols in the entire legendarium.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: The first sources of light for all of Tolkien's imaginary world, Arda, were two enormous Lamps on the central continent, Middle-earth: Illuin, the silver one to the north, and Ormal, the golden one to the south. They had been created by the Valar, powerful spirit beings, but were cast down and destroyed by the Dark Lord Melkor.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: The Valar retreated to Valinor to make their home on the western continent, and there one of them, Yavanna the Vala of living things, sang into existence the Two Trees to provide a new pair of light-sources. Again one was silver and the other golden. Telperion was referred to as male and Laurelin female. The Trees stood on the hill Ezellohar located outside the city of the Valar, Valimar. They grew in the presence of all of the Valar, watered by the tears of the Vala of pity and mourning, Nienna.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Telperion had leaves that were dark green on their upper surface and silver on their lower. His blossoms were white like that of cherry and his silvery dew was collected as a source of water and of light. Laurelin had leaves of a young green, similar to the colour of newly opened beech leaves, trimmed with gold, and her dew was likewise collected by the Vala of light Varda.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Each Tree, in turn, would give off light for seven hours (waxing to full brightness and then slowly waning again), with the ends of their cycles overlapping so that at one hour each of "dawn" and "dusk" soft gold and silver light would be given off together. In total, therefore, one "day" of first silver then gold light lasted twelve hours.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Countless numbers of these "days" had passed by when Melkor reappeared. He enlisted the help of the giant spider-creature Ungoliant to destroy the Two Trees. Concealed in a cloud of darkness, Melkor struck each Tree and the insatiable Ungoliant devoured whatever life and light remained in them.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Yavanna and Nienna attempted a healing, but they succeeded only in reviving Telperion's last flower (to become the Moon) and Laurelin's last fruit (to become the Sun). These were turned into flying ships crossing the sky, and each was steered by spirits who were chosen after the 'genders' of the Trees themselves: male Tilion and female Arien. This is why, in "The Lord of the Rings", the Sun is usually referred to as "she" and the moon as "he".


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: However the true light of the Trees, before their poisoning by Ungoliant, was said to now reside only in the three jewels called Silmarils, which had been created by Fëanor the most gifted of the Elves before the disaster.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Because the Elves that first came to Valinor especially loved Telperion, Yavanna made a second tree like it to stand in their city of Tirion. This tree, named Galathilion, was identical to Telperion except that it gave no light of its own being. It had many seedlings, one of which was named Celeborn, and planted on the isle of Tol Eressëa.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: In the Second Age, a seedling of Celeborn was brought as a gift to the Men who lived on the island of Númenor to the east of Valinor. It was known as Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor. When the dark lord Sauron took control of the island, he made king Ar-Pharazôn cut it down. The hero Isildur managed to save a single fruit of Nimloth, and planted seedlings in Middle-earth. During the rule of the Stewards of Gondor, the White Tree of Gondor stood dead in the citadel of Minas Tirith; on Aragorn's return as King, he found a seedling in the snow on the mountain behind the city, and brought it back to the citadel, where it flourished.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Tolkien never mentioned any tree made in the likeness of Laurelin, writing that "of Laurelin the Golden no likeness is left in Middle-Earth". In the First Age, however, the Elvish King Turgon of the city of Gondolin did create a non-living image of Laurelin, named "Glingal" 'Hanging Flame'. Turgon's daughter, Idril Celebrindal, had hair described as "as the gold of Laurelin before the coming of Melkor."


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: The Tolkien scholar John Garth traces the Two Trees to the medieval Trees of the Sun and the Moon. Tolkien stated in an interview that the Two Trees derived from them rather than from the World Tree Yggdrasil of Norse myth. The "Wonders of the East", a manuscript in the same Codex as "Beowulf", tells that Alexander the Great travelled beyond India to Paradise, where he saw the two magical trees. They drip down a wonderful balsam, and have the power of speech. They tell Alexander that he will die in Babylon. Garth writes that Tolkien's trees emit light, not balsam; and instead of prophesying death, their own deaths bring the era of immortality to an end.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Matthew Dickerson writes in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" that the Two Trees are "the most important mythic symbols in all of the legendarium".


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Verlyn Flieger describes the progressive splintering of the first created light, down through successive catastrophes. After the destruction of the twin lamps of Arda, Yavanna recreates what she can of the light in the two trees; Varda catches some of the light, and some of that fills the Silmarils. The whole of the history of Tolkien's First Age is strongly affected by the desire of many characters to possess the Silmarils that contain the only remaining unsullied light of the Trees.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: In the Second and Third Ages, the White Trees of Númenor and of Gondor, whose likeness descends from that of Telperion, have a mostly symbolic significance, standing both for the kingdoms in question, and also as reminders of the ancestral alliance between the Men who had lived on Númenor and the Elves. The destruction of one of these trees precedes trouble for each kingdom in question.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Martin Simonson describes the destruction of the Two Trees as setting a "mythical precedent" for the transfer of the stewardship of Arda (Earth) from the Valar to Elves and Men. In his view, this stewardship is central to the moral battle, as the Two Trees, like Men and Elves, are composed of both matter and spirit.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Matthew Dickerson and Jonathan Evans note that Tolkien calls the elves "stewards and guardians of [Middle-earth's] beauty"; they are constantly preoccupied with maintaining the beauty of nature, something they inherited from Yavanna's making of the Two Trees.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Tolkien, as a Roman Catholic, would certainly have been exposed to the significance of light in Christian symbolism. Trees were of special importance to Tolkien — in his short story "Leaf by Niggle", an elaborate allegory explaining his own creative process, the protagonist, Niggle, spends his life painting a single tree.


title: Two Trees of Valinor

text: Lisa Coutras states that transcendental light is an essential element of his subcreated world. In it, the Two Trees embody the light of creation, which in turn reflects God's light.


title: Igraine

text: In the Matter of Britain, Igraine () is the mother of King Arthur. Igraine is also known in Latin as Igerna, in Welsh as Eigr (Middle Welsh Eigyr), in French as Ygraine (Old French Ygerne or Igerne), in "Le Morte d'Arthur" as Ygrayne—often modernised as Igraine or Igreine—and in "Parzival" as Arnive. She becomes the wife of Uther Pendragon, after the death of her first husband, Gorlois.


title: Igraine

text: In Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Regum Britanniae", Igerna enters the story as the wife of Gorlois, Duke of Cornwall. In Thomas Malory's "Le Morte d'Arthur", her daughters by Gorlois are Elaine, Morgause and Morgan le Fay. In the "Brut Tysilio", Cador of Cornwall is their son. John Hardyng's "Chronicle" calls Cador Arthur's brother "of his mother's syde".


title: Igraine

text: Geoffrey describes her as one "whose beauty surpassed that of all the women of Britain." King Uther Pendragon falls in love with her and attempts to force his attentions on her at his court. She informs her husband, who departs with her to Cornwall without asking leave. This sudden departure gives Uther Pendragon an excuse to make war on Gorlois. In Layamon's "Brut", Igraine "was sorry and sorrowful at heart / that so many men should be lost for her".


title: Igraine

text: Gorlois conducts the war from the castle of Dimilioc but places his wife in safety in Tintagel Castle. Disguised as Gorlois by Merlin, Uther Pendragon is able to enter Tintagel to satisfy his lust. He manages to rape Igraine by deceit – she believes that she is lying with her husband and becomes pregnant with Arthur. Her husband Gorlois dies in battle that same night. Geoffrey does not say, and later accounts disagree, as to whether Gorlois died before or after Arthur was begotten. Uther Pendragon later marries Igraine. Geoffrey says "from that day on they lived together as equals, united by their great love for each other". Geoffrey does not indicate whether Igraine ever learned of Uther's deception. Layamon says "Uther greeted Ygaerne, noblest of wives, and sent her token what they had spoken in bed; he commanded her that she should give up the castle quickly – there was no other way, for her lord was dead."


title: Igraine

text: Malory has Arthur, who had been raised by Sir Ector, meet his mother for the first time after he had grown to manhood and become king.


title: Igraine

text: According to Geoffrey, Igraine also bore a daughter, Anna, to Uther Pendragon, and this Anna later becoming the mother of Gawain and Mordred.


title: Igraine

text: Igraine is indirectly mentioned several times in the 11th/12th century Welsh text "Culhwch and Olwen" as the unnamed mother of Arthur. Culhwch is given as Arthur's cousin, though it is not said whether this is through his father Cilydd (son of Celyddon) or his mother Goleuddydd (daughter of Amlawdd Wledig), nor whether through Igraine or Arthur's father. "Culhwch and Olwen" lists several brothers of Arthur's mother: Llysgadrudd Emys, Gwrbothu Hen, Gweir Gwrhyd Ennwir, and Gweir Paladyr Hir. It also says she had another son, Gormant, to Ricca, the chief elder of Cornwall. The 12th century "Life of St Illtud" says Illtud was the son of Rieingulid (daughter of Amlawdd Wledig), and cousin to Arthur, reinforcing the connection between Igraine, Rieingulid, and Goleuddydd as three of the many children of Amlawdd Wledig, which was set out in later genealogies. When combined with the two previous sources, the "Brut Dingestow" suggests that Arthur's mother was named Eigyr. Welsh genealogies list Eigyr's mother as Gwen (daughter of Cunedda Wledig), and her father Amlawdd Wledig is made a descendant of Joseph of Arimathea's sister Enigeus. Around 1400, Glastonbury monks modified the genealogies to make the Maimed King either Igraine's grandfather or great-grandfather through Amlawdd Wledig.


title: Igraine

text: In Robert de Boron's poem "Merlin", Igraine's previous husband is an unnamed Duke of Tintagel and it is by him that she becomes the mother of two unnamed daughters. One marries King Lot and by him becomes the mother of Gawain, Mordred, Gaheriet, and Guerrehet. A second daughter, also unnamed in some variants but in some named Morgaine, is married to King Nentres of Garlot, who is identified with Budic II of Brittany. According to Robert de Boron, Igraine died before her second husband. A third illegitimate daughter of the Duke of Tintagel is sent to a school and there learns so much, she becomes the great sorceress Morgan the Fairy (no other medieval accounts state that Morgan is illegitimate and therefore, as in this version, Arthur's stepsister).


title: Igraine

text: In the Lancelot-Grail cycle's Vulgate "Merlin", Igraine is provided with two earlier husbands, one named Hoel who is the father of two daughters: Gawain's mother and a daughter named Blasine who marries King Nentres of Garlot. After Hoel's death, Ygraine marries the Duke of Tintagel and by him becomes mother of three more daughters: a third daughter who marries a King Briadas and becomes mother of King Angusel of Scotland (in no other extant text made Arthur's nephew), a fourth daughter named Hermesent who marries King Urien of Rheged and becomes mother of Ywain the Great, and a fifth daughter, Morgan. In other accounts, Ywain is not Arthur's nephew, although sometimes, he is Gawain's cousin when their respective fathers are presented as brothers.


title: Igraine

text: "Le Morte d'Arthur" names the first daughter Margawse, the second Elayne and the third Morgan. Lancelot is the son of Arthur's sister Clarine in Ulrich von Zatzikhoven's "Lanzelet", Caradoc is Arthur's sister's son in the Prose "Lancelot", Percival is son of Arthur's sister Acheflour in the English romance "Syr Percyvelle". Arthurian tales are not consistent with one another and sisters of Arthur seem to have been created at desire by any storyteller who wished to make a hero into Arthur's nephew.


title: Igraine

text: Some romances show her alive after Uther's death. In Chrétien de Troyes' "Perceval, the Story of the Grail" she and her daughter Gawain's mother are discovered by Gawain in an enchanted castle named the Castle of Marvels, after he had thought both his mother and grandmother to be long dead. This same account appears in Wolfram von Eschenbach's "Parzival" and in Heinrich von dem Türlin's "Diu Crône". In both of these, it is explained that Igraine was abducted (and it is hinted that she was "willingly" abducted) by the magician who has enchanted the castle. In the French "Livre d'Artus", an incomplete alternate conclusion to the French Vulgate "Merlin", it is mentioned that Ygraine dwells hidden in Corbenic, the castle of the Holy Grail. This is apparently a version of the same tradition since in the late Lancelot-Grail, the enchantments of the Grail castle are very similar to and seem to be based on the enchantments found in Chrétien's Castle of Marvels.


title: Igraine

text: Richard Carew's "Survey of Cornwall" (1602), drawing on earlier sources, mentions a sister of Arthur called Amy born to Igerna and Uther.


title: Igraine

text: Bosigran promontory fort in Zennor parish, Cornwall, was suggested by Henry Jenner to mean . Jenner also noted the proximity of Bosigran to Bosworlas (in St Just parish) , who he believed was a real petty-chief in fifth or sixth century Dumnonia.


title: Amiga CD32

text: The Amiga CD32 (stylized as Amiga CD, code-named "Spellbound") is a 32-bit home video game console developed by Commodore and released in Europe, Australia, Canada, and Brazil. It was first announced at the Science Museum in London on July 16, 1993, and was released in September of the same year.


title: Amiga CD32

text: The CD32 is part of a family of Amiga computers and other hardware. It uses CD-ROM as its storage medium. It was based on Commodore's Advanced Graphics Architecture chipset, and is of similar specification to the Amiga 1200 personal computer. Using third party devices, it is possible to upgrade the CD32 with a keyboard, floppy drive, hard drive, RAM and mouse, turning it into the equivalent of an Amiga 1200. A hardware MPEG decompression module for playing Video CD was also released.


title: Amiga CD32

text: In the Christmas period following its launch, the CD32 accounted for 38% of all CD-ROM drive sales in the UK, exceeding sales of the Mega-CD; however, it was discontinued as Commodore went into bankruptcy.