title: Religious cosmology

text: According to Akira Sadakata, the Buddhist cosmology is far more complex and uses extraordinarily larger numbers than those found in Vedic and post-Vedic Hindu traditions. It also shares many ideas and concepts, such as those about Mount Meru. The Buddhist thought holds that the six cosmological realms are interconnected, and everyone cycles life after life, through these realms, because of a combination of ignorance, desires and purposeful karma, or ethical and unethical actions.


title: Religious cosmology

text: The Hindu cosmology, like the Buddhist and Jain cosmology, considers all existence as cyclic. With its ancient roots, Hindu texts propose and discuss numerous cosmological theories. Hindu culture accepts this diversity in cosmological ideas and has lacked a single mandatory view point even in its oldest known Vedic scripture, the "Rigveda". Alternate theories include a universe cyclically created and destroyed by god, or goddess, or no creator at all, or a golden egg or womb (Hiranyagarbha), or self-created multitude of universes with enormous lengths and time scales. The Vedic literature includes a number of cosmology speculations, one of which questions the origin of the cosmos and is called the Nasadiya sukta:


title: Religious cosmology

text: Time is conceptualized as a cyclic Yuga with trillions of years. In some models, Mount Meru plays a central role.


title: Religious cosmology

text: Beyond its creation, Hindu cosmology posits divergent theories on the structure of the universe, from being 3 lokas to 12 lokas (worlds) which play a part in its theories about rebirth, samsara and karma.


title: Religious cosmology

text: The complex cosmological speculations found in Hinduism and other Indian religions, states Bolton, is not unique and are also found in Greek, Roman, Irish and Babylonian mythologies, where each age becomes more sinful and of suffering.


title: Religious cosmology

text: Jain cosmology considers the "loka", or universe, as an uncreated entity, existing since infinity, having no beginning or an end. describe the shape of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arm resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is narrow at the top, broad at the middle and once again becomes broad at the bottom.


title: Religious cosmology

text: There is a "primordial universe" Wuji (philosophy), and Hongjun Laozu, water or qi. It transformed into Taiji then multiplied into everything known as the Wuxing. The Pangu legend tells a formless chaos coalesced into a cosmic egg. Pangu emerged (or woke up) and separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the Earth (murky "Yin") and the Sky (clear "Yang"). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. After Pangu died, he became everything.


title: Religious cosmology

text: Gnostic teachings were contemporary with those of Neoplatonism. Gnosticism is an imprecise label, covering monistic as well as dualistic conceptions. Usually the higher worlds of Light, called the Pleroma or "fullness", are radically distinct from the lower world of Matter. The emanation of the Pleroma and its godheads (called "Aeons") is described in detail in the various Gnostic tracts, as is the pre-creation crisis (a cosmic equivalent to the "fall" in Christian thought) from which the material world comes about, and the way that the divine spark can attain salvation.


title: Religious cosmology

text: Serer religion posits that, Roog, the creator deity, is the point of departure and conclusion. As farming people, trees play an important role in Serer religious cosmology and creation mythology. The Serer high priests and priestesses (the Saltigues) chart the star Sirius, known as "Yoonir" in the Serer language and some of the Cangin languages. This star enables them to give accurate information as to when Serer farmers should start planting seeds among other things relevant to Serer lives and Serer country. "Yoonir" is the symbol of the universe in Serer cosmology and creation mythology.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Nancy Dell'Olio (born 23 August 1961) is an Italian-American lawyer and media personality. She first came to public notice as the girlfriend of football manager Sven-Göran Eriksson.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Annunziata Dell'Olio was born in New York City as the eldest of four children; when she was five her family moved back to Italy, to the town of Bisceglie in the Province of Barletta-Andria-Trani and region of Apulia.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Dell'Olio studied law at the University of Bari. She later gained a master's degree from New York University. In 1990, Dell'Olio married Giancarlo Mazza and established her own legal practice, specialising in property law.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In June 2005, Dell'Olio hosted the show "Footballers' Cribs" on MTV. She gave viewers tours of the luxury homes of English football players. "Nancy is a dream signing for us," said series executive producer Sean Murphy. "She's the first lady of football, so is in the perfect position to give us a real insider's view."


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In December 2008, Dell'Olio was interviewed on the BBC news analysis programme "Newsnight" to talk about a new range of lingerie she was launching but, according to interviewer Jeremy Paxman, "I haven't the faintest idea what you're talking about".


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In September 2011, Dell'Olio took part in the ninth series of BBC1 show "Strictly Come Dancing". On 30 October, she and partner Anton du Beke were eliminated. The "Daily Telegraph" reported that Dell'Olio clod hopped around the show. Dell'Olio reported it as "The best season Strictly ever had; everyone say so".


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Dell'Olio presented her own one woman show, co scripted by comedian Diane Spencer, called "Rainbows from Diamonds" at the Edinburgh Fringe in 2014.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In 2016 she competed in the seventeenth series of "Celebrity Big Brother". She became the second housemate to be evicted on Day 11.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In a January 2016 interview with the "Daily Telegraph" she stated that she was starting her own brand of limoncello. Dell'Olio aimed to start her new company through crowd funding investment, though only €1,865 of the required €70,000 was raised. The project went ahead. Dell'Olio's aim was not to be involved in the day-to-day running of the company, but only to act as ambassador for it.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: in January 2022 she appeared on Channel 4's Celebrity Coach Trip partnered with singer Chesney Hawkes.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In August 2022, she appeared on Celebrity Masterchef, becoming the first contestant to be eliminated in her heat.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Dell'Olio has visited British Red Cross projects in the United Kingdom and in Kenya. She stated, "I have always been a great admirer of the principles and values behind the work of the Red Cross. The thing that really impressed me is that the Red Cross seems to go everywhere, more than any other charity."


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: Dell'Olio is the chairwoman of Truce International, the British-based charity she founded with Eriksson, which aims to use football as a means of uniting people in areas affected by war. Dell'Olio is a member of the Accademia Apulia UK.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In May 1998, Dell'Olio was introduced to Sven-Göran Eriksson, the manager of the Lazio football team, and they began a relationship six months later. In January 2001, Eriksson became manager of the England team, and he and Dell'Olio relocated to London. In the beginning of 2002, Eriksson had a short-lived affair with television presenter Ulrika Jonsson, but he returned to Dell'Olio.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: In August 2004, Eriksson had an affair with The Football Association secretary Faria Alam. As Alam had also had an affair with FA CEO, Mark Palios, when the media got hold of the story, it became high profile and made leading headlines in newspapers and on television. Dell'Olio was upset, but chose to stay with Eriksson. The couple eventually split up in August 2007.


title: Nancy Dell'Olio

text: , Dell'Olio was in a relationship with Sir Trevor Nunn, but by the end of the year, it was reported the relationship had ended. In December 2011, she lost a High Court libel action against Associated Newspapers, publishers of the newspaper "Daily Mail", over an article that referred to her as a "man eater".


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The standard pronunciation of Cantonese is that of Guangzhou, also known as Canton, the capital of Guangdong Province. Hong Kong Cantonese is related to the Guangzhou dialect, and the two diverge only slightly. Yue dialects in other parts of Guangdong and Guangxi provinces, such as Taishanese, may be considered divergent to a greater degree.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: A syllable generally corresponds to a word or a character. Most syllables are etymologically associated with either standard Chinese characters or colloquial Cantonese characters. Modern linguists have discovered that about 1,760 syllables are used in Cantonese and cover the pronunciations of more than 10,000 Chinese characters. Therefore, there is an average of six homophonous characters per syllable.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: A Cantonese syllable usually consists of an initial (onset) and a final (rime/rhyme). There are about 630 syllables in the Cantonese syllabary.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Some of these, such as and (), (), () are no longer common; some, such as and (), or and (), have traditionally had two equally correct pronunciations but are beginning to be pronounced with only one particular way by its speakers (and this usually happens because the "unused" pronunciation is almost unique to that word alone), thus making the "unused" sounds effectively disappear from the language; some, such as (), (), (), (), have alternative nonstandard pronunciations which have become mainstream (as , , and respectively), again making some of the sounds disappear from the everyday use of the language; and yet others, such as (), (), () have become popularly (but erroneously) believed to be made-up/borrowed words to represent sounds in modern vernacular Cantonese when they have in fact been retaining those sounds before these vernacular usages became popular.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: On the other hand, there are new words circulating in Hong Kong which use combinations of sounds which had not appeared in Cantonese before, such as "get" (note: this is nonstandard usage as was never an accepted/valid final for sounds in Cantonese, though the final sound has appeared in vernacular Cantonese before this, – notably in describing the measure word of gooey or sticky substances such as mud, glue, chewing gum, etc.); the sound is borrowed from the English word "get" meaning "to understand".


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Initials (or onsets) refer to the 19 initial consonants which may occur at the beginning of a sound. Some sounds have no initials and they are said to have null initial. The following is the inventory for Cantonese as represented in IPA:


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Note the aspiration contrast and the lack of voicing contrast for stops. The affricates are grouped with the stops for compactness in the chart.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The position of the coronals varies from dental to alveolar, with and more likely to be dental. The position of the coronal affricates and sibilants , , is alveolar and articulatory findings indicate they are palatalized before the close front vowels and . The affricates and also have a tendency to be palatalized before the central round vowels and . Historically, there was another series of alveolo-palatal sibilants as discussed below.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Finals (or rimes/rhymes) are the part of the sound after the initial. A final is typically composed of a main vowel (nucleus) and a terminal (coda).


title: Cantonese phonology

text: As the traditionally transcribed near-close finals () have been found to be pronounced in the mid region on acoustic findings, some sources such as prefer to analyze them as close-mid () which results in eleven vowel phonemes. In this analysis, vowel length is a key contrastive feature of the vowels.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Some sources prefer to keep the near-close finals () as traditionally transcribed and analyze the long-short pairs , , , and as allophones of the same phonemes, resulting in an eight vowel system instead. In this analysis, vowel length is mainly allophonic and is contrastive only in the open vowels.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Note: Finals , , , and only appear in colloquial pronunciations of characters. They are absent from some analyses and romanization systems.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The diphthongal ending is rounded after rounded vowels. Nasal consonants can occur as base syllables in their own right and these are known as syllabic nasals. The stop consonants () are unreleased ().


title: Cantonese phonology

text: When the three checked tones are separated, the stop codas become allophones of the nasal codas respectively, because they are in complementary distribution, the former three appearing in the checked tones and the latter three in the non-checked tones.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Like other Chinese dialects, Cantonese uses tone contours to distinguish words, with the number of possible tones depending on the type of final. While Guangzhou Cantonese generally distinguishes between high-falling and high level tones, the two have merged in Hong Kong Cantonese and Macau Cantonese, yielding a system of six different tones in syllables ending in a semi-vowel or nasal consonant. (Some of these have more than one realization, but such differences are not used to distinguish words.) In finals that end in a stop consonant, the number of tones is reduced to three; in Chinese descriptions, these "checked tones" are treated separately by diachronic convention, so that Cantonese is traditionally said to have nine tones. However, phonetically these are a conflation of tone and final consonant; the number of phonemic tones is six in Hong Kong and seven in Guangzhou.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: For purposes of meters in Chinese poetry, the first and fourth tones are the "flat/level tones" (), while the rest are the "oblique tones" (). This follows their regular evolution from the four tones of Middle Chinese.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The first tone can be either high level or high falling usually without affecting the meaning of the words being spoken. Most speakers are in general not consciously aware of when they use and when to use high level and high falling. In Hong Kong, most speakers have merged the high level and high falling tones. In Guangzhou, the high falling tone is disappearing as well, but is still prevalent among certain words, e.g. in traditional Yale Romanization with diacritics, "sàam" (high falling) means the number three , whereas "sāam" (high level) means shirt .


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The relative pitch of the tones varies with the speaker; consequently, descriptions vary from one sources to another. The difference between high and mid level tone (1 and 3) is about twice that between mid and low level (3 and 6): 60 Hz to 30 Hz. Low falling (4) starts at the same pitch as low level (6), but then drops; as is common with falling tones, it is shorter than the three level tones. The two rising tones, (2) and (5), both start at the level of (6), but rise to the level of (1) and (3), respectively.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The tone 3, 4, 5 and 6 are dipping in the last syllable when in an interrogative sentence or an exclamatory sentence. "really?" is pronounced .


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The numbers "394052786" when pronounced in Cantonese, will give the nine tones in order (Romanization (Yale) saam1, gau2, sei3, ling4, ng5, yi6, chat7, baat8, luk9), thus giving a mnemonic for remembering the nine tones.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Like other Yue dialects, Cantonese preserves an analog to the voicing distinction of Middle Chinese in the manner shown in the chart below.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The distinction of voiced and voiceless consonants found in Middle Chinese was preserved by the distinction of tones in Cantonese. The difference in vowel length further caused the splitting of the dark entering tone, making Cantonese (as well as other Yue Chinese branches) one of the few Chinese varieties to have further split a tone after the voicing-related splitting of the four tones of Middle Chinese.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Cantonese is special in the way that the vowel length can affect both the rime and the tone. Some linguists believe that the vowel length feature may have roots in the Old Chinese language.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: There are also two changed tones, which add the diminutive-like meaning "that familiar example" to a standard word. For example, the word for "silver" (, "ngan4") in a modified tone ("ngan2") means "coin". They are comparable to the diminutive suffixes and of Mandarin. In addition, modified tones are used in compounds, reduplications ( "kam4 kam4 cheng1" > "kam4 kam2 cheng1 "in a hurry"") and direct address to family members ( "mui6 mui6" > "mui4 mui2" "sister"). The two modified tones are high level, like tone 1, and mid rising, like tone 2, though for some people not as high as tone 2. The high level changed tone is more common for speakers with a high falling tone; for others, mid rising (or its variant realization) is the main changed tone, in which case it only operates on those syllables with a non-high level and non-mid rising tone (i.e. only tones 3, 4, 5 and 6 in Yale and Jyutping romanizations may have changed tones). However, in certain specific vocatives, the changed tone does indeed result in a high level tone (tone 1), including speakers without a phonemically distinct high falling tone.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Like other languages, Cantonese is constantly undergoing sound change, processes where more and more native speakers of a language change the pronunciations of certain sounds.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: One shift that affected Cantonese in the past was the loss of distinction between the alveolar and the alveolo-palatal (sometimes termed as postalveolar) sibilants, which occurred during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This distinction was documented in many Cantonese dictionaries and pronunciation guides published prior to the 1950s but is no longer distinguished in any modern Cantonese dictionary.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The depalatalization of sibilants caused many words that were once distinct to sound the same. For comparison, this distinction is still made in modern Standard Mandarin, with most alveolo-palatal sibilants in Cantonese corresponding to the retroflex sibilants in Mandarin. For instance:


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Even though the aforementioned references observed the distinction, most of them also noted that the depalatalization phenomenon was already occurring at the time. Williams (1856) writes:


title: Cantonese phonology

text: A vestige of this palatalization difference is sometimes reflected in the romanization scheme used to romanize Cantonese names in Hong Kong. For instance, many names will be spelled with "sh" even though the ""sh" sound" () is no longer used to pronounce the word. Examples include the surname (), which is often romanized as "Shek", and the names of places like Sha Tin (; ).


title: Cantonese phonology

text: The alveolo-palatal sibilants occur in complementary distribution with the retroflex sibilants in Mandarin, with the alveolo-palatal sibilants only occurring before , or . However, Mandarin also retains the medials, where and can occur, as can be seen in the examples above. Cantonese had lost its medials sometime ago in its history, reducing the ability for speakers to distinguish its sibilant initials.


title: Cantonese phonology

text: In modern-day Hong Kong, many younger speakers do not distinguish between certain phoneme pairs such as vs. and vs. the null initial and merge one sound into another. Examples for this include being pronounced as , being pronounced as . Another incipient sound change is the loss of the distinctions vs. and vs. , for example being pronounced as . Although that is often considered substandard and denounced as "lazy sounds" (), it is becoming more common and is influencing other Cantonese-speaking regions (see Hong Kong Cantonese).


title: Cantonese phonology

text: Assimilation also occurs in certain contexts: 肚餓 is sometimes read as not , is sometimes read as not , but sound change of these morphemes are limited to that word.


The 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off is scheduled to be the inaugural edition of the ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off, a cricket tournament which forms part of the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualification process. It is scheduled to take place in March and April 2023, with all matches having One Day International (ODI) status, regardless of whether or not a team has ODI status prior to the start of the event.


title: 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off

text: Six teams will take part in the tournament, the bottom four teams from the 2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2 along with the top teams in Groups A and B of the 2019–2022 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League. The top two teams from this tournament will progress to the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier. The remaining teams cannot qualify for the 2023 Cricket World Cup.


text: This competition will also determine any promotion or relegation between League 2 and Challenge League. Of the bottom two teams from League 2 and the two champions of the Challenge League, the two teams ranked higher in this competition will play in the next League 2, while the two teams ranked lower will play in the next Challenge League.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover ( ) is a town in the English county of Hampshire. The town is on the River Anton, a major tributary of the Test, and is situated alongside the major A303 trunk road at the eastern end of Salisbury Plain, west of the town of Basingstoke, both major rail stops. It is NNW of the city of Winchester, north of the city of Southampton and WSW of London. Andover is twinned with the towns of Redon in France, Goch in Germany, and Andover, Massachusetts in the United States.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover's name is recorded in Old English in 955 as "Andeferas", and is thought to be of Celtic origin: compare Welsh "onn dwfr" = "ash (tree) water". The first mention in history is in 950 when King Edred is recorded as having built a royal hunting lodge there. In 962 King Edgar called a meeting of the Saxon 'parliament' (the Witenagemot) at his hunting lodge near Andover. Of more importance was the baptism, in 994, of a Viking king named Olaf (allied with the Danish king, Sweyn Forkbeard). The identity of that man was either Olav Tryggvason or Olof Skötkonung. The baptism was part of a deal with the English king, Æthelred the Unready, whereby the Viking stopped ravaging England and returned home.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: At the time of the Domesday Book (1086), "Andovere" had 107 adult male inhabitants and probably had a total population of about 500. It was a relatively large settlement; most villages had only 100 to 150 people. Andover had six watermills which ground grain to flour. The town's relative isolation implies a market for grain and flour. In 1175 Andover bought a royal charter granting certain townspeople rights and forming a merchant guild which took over local governance (see ancient borough); guild members elected two officials (bailiffs) who ran the town. In 1201 King John gave the merchants the right to collect royal taxes in Andover themselves. In 1256 Henry III gave the townspeople the right to hold a court and try criminals for offences committed in Andover. Andover sent MPs to the parliaments of 1295 and 1302–1307. The town was ravaged by two serious fires, in 1141 and 1435. Andover remained a small market town. Processing wool appears to have been the main industry and street names in the area of the town known as "Sheep Fair" commemorate this. A weekly market, and an annual fair were held.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: As well as the Church of St Mary, the town had a priory and a hospital run by monks, dedicated to St John the Baptist, and also a lepers hostel to St Mary Magdalene. In 1538 during the Reformation Henry VIII closed the priory and the hospital. In 1571 a free school for the boys of Andover was established in the grounds of St Mary's Church. This in time became Andover Grammar School, and in the 1970s it became John Hanson Community School. The school has occupied various sites in the town over the course of its history and is currently located in Floral Way.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In 1599 the town received a new charter from Elizabeth I. The merchants guild was made a corporation and the number of annual fairs was increased from one to three. Like other towns Andover suffered from outbreaks of plague. There were outbreaks in 1603–5, 1625–6 and 1636.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: During the 18th century, being on the main Exeter – Salisbury – London road, the place became a refuelling or overnight stop for stagecoaches and other passing trade. More than 30 coaches passed through the town each day. In 1789 a canal to Southampton was opened, though this was never a commercial success and closed in 1859. In 1836 the Borough established a small police force: for the most part two constables and a gaoler.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover was linked to Basingstoke and thus to London on its new railway to Salisbury (shortly thereafter to Exeter beyond) when Andover junction station was opened on 3 July 1854. A railway from the 1860s ran to Southampton, built on the bed of the canal, for about 100 years, until 1964. The land, together with the adjacent gasworks and P.M. Coombes woodyards, was then sold to the TSB Trust Company who later built their headquarters there. In 1883, Andover was linked to Swindon and destinations further north with the Swindon, Marlborough and Andover Railway.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The population grew from 3,304 in 1801 to 5,501 in 1871. During the 19th century the town acquired all the usual additions: a theatre in 1803, gas street lighting in 1838, a fire station and cottage hospital in 1877, a swimming pool opened in 1885 and a recreation ground opened in 1887. A water company was formed in 1875 to provide piped water to the town and a system of sewers and drains was built in 1899–1902. The public library opened in 1897. Despite this burgeoning of the amenities of the town, in 1845-6 a notorious scandal brought to light evidence of beatings, sexual abuse and general mistreatment of workhouse inmates by the overseers. The enquiry and public reaction led indirectly to the Poor Law Act, principally involving segregation of a now-obligatory infirmary for local people from the workhouse for the able-bodied, but also better governance. The town was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Reform Act 1835.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The woollen industry had declined but new industries took its place. Taskers Waterloo Ironworks opened at Anna Valley in 1809 and flourished. Many examples of the machinery produced by Taskers can be seen at the Milestones Museum in Basingstoke. Andover Guildhall, which enjoys a prominent location in the High Street, opened in 1825.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The town's largest employer is the Ministry of Defence. RAF Andover was opened on Andover Airfield, to the south of the town, during the First World War and became the site of the RAF Staff College.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In 1926, the Andover War Memorial Hospital was opened by Field Marshall Edmund Allenby. The hospital currently provides inpatient rehabilitation, day hospital services, a minor injury unit and an outpatient unit, and is operated by Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, with some services being provided by Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In 1932 Andover gained a new industry when the printers for Kelly's Directory moved to the town. Slowly the town grew from about 11,000 and by 1960 had a population of about 17,000, because already some Londoners were being housed in the first of the council houses/flats being constructed.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: During the Second World War, the RAF Staff College was the headquarters of RAF Maintenance Command, and gained a unique place in British history, as the first British military helicopter unit, the Helicopter Training School, was formed in January 1945 at RAF Andover. The airfield is no longer in use although the RAF retains a link to the area through the presence of 1213 (Andover) Squadron, Air Training Corps. When the RAF left the site became the Headquarters of the Quartermaster General and later Logistics Executive.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In 2001, the Defence Logistics Organisation (DLO) was formed and Andover became one of its major sites. Since 2012, the site has been the home of Army Headquarters. The Armed Forces Chaplaincy Centre is based locally at Amport House, as is the Army Air Corps Centre and the Museum of Army Flying at Middle Wallop.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Major industries include Twinings the tea and coffee firm, Ducal Pine Furniture (until they closed in 2003), Thomson International Publishers, who produce the Pitkin Guides to be found in many churches and other notable buildings, financial institutions such as Simplyhealth and Lloyds Banking Group, and the Stannah Group, whose HQ is also in the town. Among the proposals in the council's Borough Local Plan 2006 are plans to develop the former site of RAF Andover to Class B1, B2 and B8 uses. This site has been partially developed and is named Andover Business Park. The business park currently houses a Co-op Food Distribution centre, Rich Foods Factory, Costa Coffee Drive Thru, Pure Gym, Travelodge and the Chalkhill Blue pub.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In the 1950s the Borough Council was approached to become an overspill town for London, to build houses and take people and industry relocated from the overcrowded capital. In 1961 a plan was drawn up to expand to a population of some 47,000 by 1982, with 9,000 new homes to be built.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The first new council houses were ready by 1954, and by 1981 the population had risen to 51,000. A bypass, industrial estates and a new shopping centre in the town centre, called the Chantry Centre, were all built and the town's character changed completely.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover has a purpose-built arts and entertainment venue owned & managed by Test Valley Borough Council called The Lights. This hosts professional artists throughout the year. The venue has a 249 fully raked auditorium, a business suite, a dance studio and a craft studio. The Lights has attracted international artists such as Michael McIntyre.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The Town Museum (Andover Museum and Museum of the Iron Age), based in the former John Hanson Free School building, has a Museum of the Iron Age which was added in 1986 and houses the finds from excavations at nearby Danebury hillfort.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover was the name of a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1295 to 1307, and again from 1586, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800, and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1918. It was a parliamentary borough, represented by two Members of Parliament (MPs) until 1868, and by one member from 1868 to 1885. The name was then transferred to a county constituency electing one MP from 1885 until 1918.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Currently, Andover is in the constituency of North West Hampshire, which since 2015 has been represented in the House of Commons by Kit Malthouse for the Conservatives.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: When the Borough Council and Andover Rural District Council were abolished in the local government reorganisation of 1974, and replaced by Test Valley Borough Council (whose area extends south to the edge of Southampton), Andover became an unparished area, secularly, for 34 years. Andover Town Council was revived in May 2010, the townsfolk electing an initial 19 members, and since 2017 has included a Town Mayor.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Almost all areas of the town are served, and there are longer distance connections to the surrounding towns and villages. The majority of the buses in the town are operated by Stagecoach South, including inter-urban services to Basingstoke and Salisbury.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The Active8 service connects the smaller town of Tidworth with Andover and Salisbury, and is operated by both Stagecoach and Salisbury Reds, a brand of Go South Coast. This service is rare in Hampshire in that the operators provide a combined timetable and accept each other's tickets.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover's railway station is run by South Western Railway and is close to the town's centre. Trains run to Salisbury, Yeovil Junction, Exeter St Davids, Basingstoke and London Waterloo (with a usual intermittent stop of Woking) and some stopping services to places such as Whitchurch.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In April 2017, the Department for Transport predicted that train journey times between Andover and London Waterloo would be reduced by nearly 20 per cent after awarding the South Western franchise to South Western Railway; journey times to/from Waterloo to be cut by about 11 to 13 minutes from late 2018.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover previously had a second station, Andover Town, in the town centre on the Andover to Redbridge Line. The line and the station closed to passengers in September 1964 as part of the Beeching Axe.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The A303, a main route from London to South West England, essentially bounds the town to the south. The M4 motorway, to the north, can be reached by way of the A34 trunk road, which continues to Birmingham; or via Marlborough, Wiltshire.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In 2011, 65.1% of the population of Andover identified as English only and 15.8% identified as British only.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover Radio is a community radio station, broadcasting on 95.9 MHz FM, which was first licensed in 2016.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The independent local radio station for the area is Greatest Hits Radio Berkshire & North Hampshire, which broadcasts national and regional music programmes. The licence was first held by Andover Sound, then replaced by The Breeze between 2012 and 2020.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The weekly newspaper for the town and the surrounding area is the "Andover Advertiser", founded in 1858 and now owned by Newsquest.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: In the late 1980s, Andover was one of the first towns in England to have a cable television franchise, Andover Cablevision.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover Vision is a partnership of Andover's residents, community groups, business and public bodies. In April 2017, a strategy document set out the ambitions for the town and its future over the next 20 years. The strategy was shaped by local people through extensive consultation and brought together by the Vision partnership. The ambitions will influence how Andover manages the changing environment for the benefit of the whole community as well as providing a way in which local people can play an active role in the future of their town. The five themes for the Andover Vision are:


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Each of the ambitions has a set of 'big ideas'. The big ideas describe what the partnership will work on together for the town and inform the projects that the partnership will take forward through its action plan. The document will also be used as a basis to attract new funding and new opportunities to the town and a guide for partners for their future policies and strategies relating to Andover.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The Vision supports a number of projects in the town, including The Town Mills Riverside Park and organised events such as the Christmas lights switch on, Four Fun Fridays in the summer and the Artisan Markets.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The previous 20-year Andover Vision Strategy, launched in 2005, delivered projects including The Lights Theatre, Odeon cinema, Andover Business Park, the Chapel Arts Centre and events such as the Graduation ceremonies.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Watermills have formed an important part in Andover's history. The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded six mills.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Rooksbury Mill is one of the few surviving mill buildings in Andover. The existence of Rooksbury Mill is first recorded by name in the 17th century. Functioning as a flour mill, it has passed through a succession of owners. Milling ceased in the early 20th century, after which the mill building went through a series of uses including being used as a small theatre. Test Valley Borough Council sold the building in 2002, shortly after it had been devastated following an arson attack. The new owners, Anthony and Sarah de Sigley, restored the building in 2003, rebuilding much of the original structure.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Andover, in common with much of the UK, experiences a maritime climate type, reflected in its limited temperature range and lack of rainy/dry seasons, although rainfall does tend to peak in winter and reach a minimum in summer.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The absolute maximum temperature recorded was during August 1990. In an average year, the hottest day will achieve a temperature of . In total 12.8 days should have a maximum temperature of or above.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The absolute minimum temperature recorded was during December 1960. In an average year the coldest night will fall to . In total 46.6 nights should register an air frost.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: Total rainfall averages per year, with at least falling on 124 days. All averages refer to the 1971–2000 observation period.


title: Andover, Hampshire

text: The town is served by state, independent and special schools. Secondary education is provided by three state schools. John Hanson Community School, formerly Andover Grammar School, which dates back to the 16th century and is the oldest school in the town, Harrow Way Community School and Winton Community Academy. Rookwood School, an independent day and boarding school, caters for pupils aged 3 to 18. Another local independent school is Farleigh School, a Catholic prep school. There is one sixth form provision, Andover College, formerly known as Cricklade College.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke (also known as Yémba, Bamiléké-Tchang, Bamiléké-Dschang) are a Central African people who inhabit the Western High Plateau of Cameroon. They primarily speak Yemba, a Southern Bantoid language within the Bamileke language group.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke languages belong to the Grassfields branch of the Niger-Congo language family, which is sometimes labeled as a "Bantuoid language," rather than a Bantu language.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke are said to have entered their current location from the Mbam region further north, They were originally known as the "Dschang" people who referred to themselves as "Baliku". "Bamileke" is thought to be a colonial corruption of their original names. They were later joined by the Tikar, Bali, Bamum and Bafia peoples, who migrated into their current region of Cameroon. This accounts for the use of the title "Fon" by all five of the ethnic groups. Like a king, the "Fon" is head of all authorities, from territory to civil and military, within a given kingdom.


title: Bamileke people

text: In the 17th century, the Bamileke migrated further south and west under the pressure of the Fulani people. When Cameroon was colonized, the British granted status and a certain amount of control to traditional authorities, such as the Fon. This was due to a colonial policy known as indirect rule. On the other hand, the Germans and French looked at Fons with contempt and were often suspicious of them.


title: Bamileke people

text: According to research compiled in "The Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon", the "Bamiléké have a reputation of being excellent farmers and businessmen and -women. While they have become a significant factor in the national economy, their success has also generated some jealousy and resentment, especially among the original inhabitants of areas to which Bamiléké migration has occurred." This led to many Fulani leading raids against the Bamileke, who were often sold by the Fulani into slavery in the Atlantic slave trade. Today, a number of Black people across the Americas, such as Erykah Badu and Jessica Williams, can trace their lineage back to the Bamileke people through genetic testing.


title: Bamileke people

text: Resentment for enslavement and slave trading lingered and led to the 1967 Tombel Massacre, where over 230 Bamileke are believed to have been murdered by the neighboring Bakossi people.


title: Bamileke people

text: Bamileke settlements follow a well-organized and structured pattern. Houses of family members are often grouped together and surrounded by small fields. Men typically clear the fields, but it is largely women who work them. Most work is done with tools such as machetes and hoes. Staple crops include cocoyams, groundnuts and maize.


title: Bamileke people

text: Bamileke settlements are organized as chiefdoms. The chief, or "fon" or "fong" is considered as the spiritual, political, judicial and military leader. The chief is also considered as the 'father' of the chiefdom. He thus has great respect from the population. The successor of the 'father' is chosen among his children. The successor's identity is typically kept secret until the fon's death.


title: Bamileke people

text: The fon typically has 9 ministers and several other advisers and councils. The ministers are in charge of the crowning of the new fon. The council of ministers, also known as the Council of Notables, is called "Kamveu". In addition, a "queen mother" or "mafo" was an important figure for some fons in the past. Below the fon and his advisers lie a number of ward heads, each responsible for a particular portion of the village. Some Bamileke groups also recognize sub-chiefs, or "fonte".


title: Bamileke people

text: Traditional homes are constructed by first erecting a raffia-pole frame into four square walls. Builders then stuff the resulting holes with grass and cover the whole building with mud. The thatched roof is typically shaped into a tall cone. In the present day, however, this type of construction is mostly reserved for barns, storage buildings, and gathering places for various traditional secret societies. Instead, modern Bamileke homes are made of bricks of either sun-dried mud or of concrete. Roofs are usually made of metal sheeting.


title: Bamileke people

text: During the colonial period, parts of the Bamileke region adopted Christianity, though some of them practice Islam. Today, the dominant form of worship is still ancestral with most Bamileke practicing Veneration of the dead. Death is always met with mystery, and the family is required to turn the body over to an examiner to determine the cause of death. After this is completed, the family must gather at the home. Each member must step up to the totem and swear that they were not involved in the death of the loved one. It is believed that if someone in the room really is the murderer, the totem will trap their spirit forever. To satisfy the Ancestors, the person believed to be a murderer must perform a special ritual that consists of the pouring out of libation during the burial ceremony. The family will then gather the wet earth and shape it into a circle. This is seen as a metaphorical skull of the deceased, blessed by libation.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke also believe that the Ancestor's spirit still remains within the actual skulls of the Ancestors as well, so they keep possession of them. The oldest male in the family keeps the skulls of both male and female ancestors in a dwelling that the family built and a diviner has blessed. In the event that a skull is not well preserved, a special ritual must be performed that consists of the pouring out of libation.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke are known for elaborate elephant masks used in dance ceremonies or funerals to show the importance of the deceased person. During the homegoing celebration of King Njoya's mother in 1913, elephant masks were worn by those in attendance.


title: Bamileke people

text: Masquerades are an integral part of Bamileke culture and expression. Colorful, beaded masks are donned at special events such as funerals, important palace festivals and other royal ceremonies. The masks are performed by men and aim to support and enforce royal authority.


title: Bamileke people

text: The power of a Bamileke king, called a Fon, is often represented by the elephant, buffalo, and leopard. Oral traditions proclaim that the Fon may transform into either an elephant or leopard whenever he chooses. An elephant mask, called a "mbap mteng," has protruding circular ears, a human-like face, and decorative panels on the front and back that hang down to the knees and are covered overall in beautiful geometric beadwork, including triangular imagery. Isosceles triangles are prevalent, as they are the known symbol of the leopard. Beadwork, shells, bronze, and other precious embellishments on masks elevate the mask's status. On occasion, a Fon may permit members of the community to perform in an elephant mask along with a leopard skin, indicating a statement of wealth, status, and power being associated with this masquerade.


title: Bamileke people

text: Buffalo masks are also very popular and present at most functions throughout Grassland societies, including the Bamileke. They represent power, strength and bravery, and may also be associated with the Fon.


title: Bamileke people

text: Beadwork is an essential element of Bamileke art and distinguishes it from other regions of Africa. It is an art form that is highly personal in that no two pieces are alike and are often used in dazzling colors that catch the eye. They may be an indication of status based on what kinds of beads are used. Beadwork utilized all over on wooden sculptures is a technique that is unique only to the Cameroon grasslands.


title: Bamileke people

text: Before they were colonized, popular beads were obtained from Sub-Saharan countries like Nigeria and were made of shells, nuts, wood, seeds, ceramic, ivory, animal bone, and metal. Colonization and trade routes with other countries in Europe and the Middle East introduced brightly colored glass beads as well as pearls, coral and rare stones like emeralds. These came at a price, however. There were often agreements with these other countries to exchange these precious luxury commodities for slaves, gold, oil, ivory and some types of fine woods.


title: Bamileke people

text: The Bamileke trace their ancestry, inheritance and succession through the male line, and children belong to the fondom of their father. After a man's death, all of his possessions typically go to a single, male heir. Polygamy (more specifically, polygyny) is practiced, and some important individuals may have literally hundreds of wives. Marriages typically involve a bride price to be paid to the bride's family.


title: Bamileke people

text: "Succession and inheritance rules are determined by the principle of patrilineal descent. According to custom, the eldest son is the probable heir, but a father may choose any one of his sons to succeed him. An heir takes his dead father's name and inherits any titles held by the latter, including the right to membership in any societies to which he belonged. And, until the mid-1960s, when the law governing polygamy was changed, the heir also inherited his father's wives--a considerable economic responsibility. The rights in land held by the deceased were conferred upon the heir subject to the approval of the chief, and, in the event of financial inheritance, the heir was not obliged to share this with other family members. The ramifications of this are significant. First, dispossessed family members were not automatically entitled to live off the wealth of the heir. Siblings who did not share in the inheritance were, therefore, strongly encouraged to make it on their own through individual initiative and by assuming responsibility for earning their livelihood. Second, this practice of individual responsibility in contrast to a system of strong family obligations prevented a drain on individual financial resources. Rather than spend all of the inheritance maintaining unproductive family members, the heir could, in the contemporary period, utilize his resources in more financially productive ways such as for savings and investment. [...] Finally, the system of inheritance, along with the large-scale migration resulting from population density and land pressures, is one of the internal incentives that accounts for Bamileke success in the nontraditional world".


title: Bamileke people

text: Donald L. Horowitz also attributes the economic success of the Bamileke to their inheritance customs, arguing that it encouraged younger sons to seek their own living abroad. He wrote in "Ethnic groups in conflict": "Primogeniture among the Bamileke and matrilineal inheritance among the Minangkabau of Indonesia have contributed powerfully to the propensity of males from both groups to migrate out of their home region in search of opportunity".


title: Amber Nash

text: Amber Nash (born June 6, 1977) is an American actress and improvisational comedian. She is known as the voice actress for Pam Poovey in the animated TV series "Archer". She was also featured in the animated TV series "Frisky Dingo".


title: Amber Nash

text: Nash graduated from Georgia State University and worked as a youth counselor before beginning her work as an actor and improvisor.


title: Amber Nash

text: Nash is part of the Improv Ensemble at Dad's Garage Theater and The Laughing Matters. She is a co-founder of The Doug Dank Project at Push Push Theatre and part of the Catch 23.


title: Amber Nash

text: Nash is married to improviser and actor Kevin Gillese with whom she regularly collaborates on comedic projects through Dad's Garage Theatre Company. She is vegan.


title: Amber Nash

text: Nash is a member of the board of directors of Project Chimps, a sanctuary for former research chimpanzees funded in large part by the Humane Society of the United States.


title: Silicon Valley (season 6)

text: The sixth and final season of the American comedy television series "Silicon Valley" premiered in the United States on HBO on October 27, 2019, and concluded on December 8, 2019. It consisted of 7 episodes.


title: Silicon Valley (season 6)

text: In April 2018, it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a sixth season. In May 2019, HBO confirmed that season six would be the final season and that it would consist of seven episodes; the show had production delays to accommodate producer Alec Berg, who runs the HBO comedy series "Barry".


title: Silicon Valley (season 6)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a 92% approval rating, with an average rating of 7 out of 10 based on 12 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "Though the strangeness of reality threatens to one-up it, "Silicon Valley"s final season is funny, fearless, and still playing by its own rules to the very end." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 78 out of 100 based on 4 reviews.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Legoland Billund Resort, the original Legoland park, opened on 7 June 1968 in Billund, Denmark. The park is located next to the original Lego factory and Billund Airport, Denmark's second-busiest airport. Over 1.9 million guests visited the park in 2011, and since the opening more than 50 million guests have visited the park. This makes Legoland the largest tourist attraction in Denmark outside Copenhagen. The Legoland parks that have since been built are modelled upon Legoland Billund, most noticeably the Miniland area, which is made up of millions of plastic Lego bricks.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: The Lego company, led by Ole Kirk Christiansen, introduced plastic toys alongside their existing wooden toy line in 1949 after purchasing one of the first injection moulding machines in 1947. One son, Godtfred Kirk Christiansen (GKC), was named the managing director of the family business in 1957 shortly before his father died and just two years later he bought out his three brothers. In the 1960s, GKC decided to open a Legoland Park adjacent to the Lego factory in Billund to promote his toy business; the factory itself was already drawing approximately 20,000 visitors per year by the mid-1960s, who came to view models produced for trade shows and shops.  GKC hired Arnold Boutrop as the park's first general director and designer; after visiting Madurodam, the two men began finalizing plans for what would become Miniland, the main attraction of Legoland. Dagny Holm, a cousin of GKC trained as a sculptor who was hired as a model designer in 1961 is credited with much of the original design and building of Miniland. The park became an instant success, with 625,000 visitors in its first abbreviated season after opening on 7 June 1968.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Over the years, Legoland Billund has added many original models and rides. The park, which has now been expanded to cover , is divided into nine themed areas, including Duplo Land, Imagination Zone, LEGOREDO Town, Adventure Land, Lego City, Knight's Kingdom, Mini Land, Pirate Land, and Polar Land.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Today, Legoland Billund is the most visited tourist attraction in Jutland and the third-most visited attraction in Denmark, after Tivoli Gardens and Dyrehavsbakken. Several other Legolands have since been built in other parts of the world:


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: The Blackstone Group, an investment firm, bought a 70% controlling stake in Legoland in 2005, with the remaining 30% still owned by Lego. The parks are operated by Merlin Entertainments.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: This area contains some of the park's more exciting rides such as the wild mouse roller coaster, "X-treme Racers". "Jungle Racers" jet ski ride has a jungle theme and spins the riders quite fast. In 2010, "The Temple" was introduced, an indoor ride where riders board Explorer SUVs and are equipped with laser guns to shoot at moving targets in 11 scenes themed to ancient Egypt. The Temple also has a game area with an Egyptian theme, containing ring-toss, water-shooting, balloon-popping and a mummy game. The area contains two gift shops (Temple Gifts and Adventure Shop) and two restaurants.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: "Falck" "Fire Brigade" is a ride where you take your assigned vehicle to the scene of a fire where you and your fellow firefighters have to put out a fire in a building, and the fastest team wins.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Duplo Land contains rides and attractions for young children, with the Lego Duplo brand name. The "Duplo Playhouse" is a play area for children ages 2–6, which is themed like a city in which children can play. They can build using Lego, or play on planes and cars. There are also slides, stairs, interactive elements and a role-play area. The "Duplo Train", a train ride that looks like a train made of Duplo bricks, takes two minutes to complete its loop. "Duplo Planes" is a plane ride similar to Disney's Dumbo ride, but with a Lego theme. The land also used to feature "Duplo Driving School". This was a car ride for children ages 2–6, who are not yet ready for the Traffic School ride.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: This zone contains the "Lego Studios", a purpose-built 600-seat 4-D theater, complete with special effects and a giant screen. Four movies play daily ; these are Lego Racers, Spellbreaker, Bob the Builder 4D, and .


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: "Lego Atlantis" by Sea Life was added in 2007. The attraction starts off with an animated movie, featuring Lego figures and a submarine that travels down to the submerged city of Atlantis. There is also a Sea Life aquarium featuring a walk-through underwater tunnel and other hands-on activities with more than 800 sea creatures. Numerous Lego figures and models are in and around the aquarium.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Knight's Kingdom contains "The Dragon" coaster, located inside a medieval castle. The ride starts with a slow-moving dark ride scene with Lego figures themed to medieval times, including a mighty dragon. "Vikings River Splash" is a Viking theme river rapids ride that was added in 2006 and has plenty of wet surprises. Riders' photos are taken at the end of the ride. Knight's Kingdom also has Granny's Apple Farms Restaurant, Knight's Barbecue Grill and Castle Burgers.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Along with Legoland California, the park will be receiving a LEGO Movie world in 2021. Its location has yet to be disclosed as it does not seem to be taking over a pre-existing land like the US versions (Chima in Florida and Friends/Duplo in California). It will feature the Masters of Flight and Unikitty's Disco Drop found in the California and Florida versions with its exclusive ride being a Technical Park Aerobat.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: LEGOREDO Town is a Western-themed land that contains the rides "Lego Canoe", "LEGOLDMINE", "Westernride", "Timber Ride", "LEGOLDMINE Train". There is also an Indian camp led by the popular Chief Long Ears (referring to the long rabbit ears on his headdress). LEGOREDO also has its own band called "The Rattlesnakes" and they play country music all day long. The mountain terrain of "Lego Canoe" offers a scenic background.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Directly opposite on the other side of the town was the hilly landscape of The "Mine Train", which traveled through mines in the mountain. "Mine Train" was shut down in 2013 and a new haunted house attraction entitled "Ghost - The Haunted House" replaced it starting with the 2014 season.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Mini Land is the heart of any Legoland park. The 1:20 scale Lego brick models feature landscapes, sights and buildings from all over Denmark, as well as famous landmarks from other parts of the world. These include, in addition to the models listed below, the Acropolis of Athens and scenes from "Star Wars". The LEGOTop observation tower offers a nice view of the entire park. The models and structures in Mini Land were made using more than 25 million Lego bricks.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Ninjago World, which opened in 2016, features "NINJAGO: The Ride", an interactive dark ride using gesture controls. The technology was developed by Triotech, who had previously developed the interactive "Voyage to the Iron Reef" dark ride at Knott's Berry Farm.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Pirate Land is a pirate-themed area. It features the "Pirate Splash Battle" where participants get wet. Other rides include "Pirate Wave Breaker", "Pirate Water Falls" and "Pirate Boats".


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: Polar Land is a North Pole and South Pole theme area that opened in 2012. This themed area was partially created from part of the Lego City themed area and the Event Center. It features the "Polar X-plorer" roller coaster, "Penguin Bayaturing live penguins, and "Ice Pilots School". In Polar Land, visitors can eat at Polar Pizza and Pasta with a view overlooking the Penguin Bay habitat.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: "Ice Pilots School" was previously named "Power Builders" and carried a Bionicle theme when it was part of the Lego City themed area.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: The park hosts many special events throughout the season, including a Halloween celebration, firework shows, and Star Wars days.


title: Legoland Billund Resort

text: On 29 April 2007, a 21-year-old female employee was killed by a roller coaster when she climbed over a security fence to retrieve a guest's wallet.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality became a prominent feature of Soviet popular culture in 1929, after a lavish celebration of his purported 50th birthday. For the rest of Stalin's rule, the Soviet press presented Stalin as an all-powerful, all-knowing leader, with Stalin's name and image appearing everywhere. Historian Archie Brown sets the celebration of Stalin's 50th birthday on 21 December 1929 as the starting point for his cult of personality.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The building of the cult of personality around Stalin had to proceed judiciously, as British historian Ian Kershaw explains in his history of Europe in the first half of the 20th century, "To Hell and Back":


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: A Stalin cult had to be built carefully. This was not just because the man himself was so physically unprepossessing – diminutive and squat, his face dominated by a big walrus mustache and heavily pitted from smallpox – or that he was a secretive, intensely private individual who spoke in a quiet, undemonstrative voice, his Russian couched in a strong Georgian accent that never left him. The real problem was the giant shadow of Lenin. Stalin could not be seen to be usurping the legendary image of the great Bolshevik hero and leader of the revolution. So at first Stalin tread cautiously.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Lenin had not wanted Stalin to succeed him, stating that "Comrade Stalin is too rude" and suggesting that the party find someone "more patient, more loyal, more polite". Stalin did not completely succeed in suppressing Lenin's Testament suggesting that others remove Stalin from his position as leader of the Communist party. Nevertheless, after Lenin's death 500,000 copies of a photograph of Lenin and Stalin apparently chatting as friends on a bench appeared throughout the Soviet Union. Before 1932, most Soviet propaganda posters showed Lenin and Stalin together. This propaganda was embraced by Stalin, who weaponized this relationship in speeches to the proletariat, stating Lenin was "the great teacher of the proletarians of all nations" and subsequently identifying himself with the proletarians by their kinship as mutual students of Lenin. However, eventually the two figures merged in the Soviet press; Stalin became the embodiment of Lenin. Initially, the press attributed any and all success within the Soviet Union to the wise leadership of both Lenin and Stalin, but eventually Stalin alone became the professed cause of Soviet well-being.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The celebrations for Stalin's 50th birthday in December 1929 marked the real beginning of the construction of the cult around Stalin. Publicly, Stalin was modest, rejecting suggestions that he was Lenin's equal, but allowing a dual celebration of the two men to proceed, before later shifting it primarily to himself. By 1933, central Moscow had twice as many busts and images of Stalin as of Lenin, and Stalin would receive ovations at his rare public appearances lasting 15 minutes or more.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The Soviet press constantly praised Stalin, describing him as "Great", "Beloved", "Bold", "Wise", "Inspirer", and "Genius". It portrayed him as a caring yet strong father figure, with the Soviet populace as his "children". From 1936, the Soviet press started to refer to Stalin as the "Father of Nations", reminding the peasantry of their image of their previous ruler, the tsar, who was seen as a "stern family patriarch". After years of revolutions and civil war, the Russian people longed for strong and purposeful leadership.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Interactions between Stalin and children became a key element of the personality cult. Stalin often engaged in publicized gift giving exchanges with Soviet children from a range of different ethnic backgrounds. Beginning in 1935, the phrase, "Thank You Dear Comrade Stalin for a Happy Childhood!" appeared above doorways at nurseries, orphanages, and schools; children also chanted this slogan at festivals.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Speeches described Stalin as "Our Best Collective Farm Worker", "Our Shockworker, Our Best of Best", and "Our Darling, Our Guiding Star". The image of Stalin as a father was one way in which Soviet propagandists aimed to incorporate traditional religious symbols and language into the cult of personality; the title of "father" now first and foremost belonged to Stalin, as opposed to the Russian Orthodox priests. The cult of personality also adopted the Christian traditions of procession and devotion to icons through the use of Stalinist parades and effigies. By reapplying various aspects of religion to the cult of personality, the press hoped to shift devotion away from the church and towards Stalin.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Initially, the press also aimed to demonstrate a direct link between Stalin and the common people; newspapers often published collective letters from farm or industrial workers praising the leader, as well as accounts and poems about meeting Stalin. Shortly after the revolution of October 1917 the Ivan Tovstukha drafted up a biographical section featuring Stalin for the Russian Granat Encyclopedia Dictionary. Even though most of the description of Stalin's career was very much embellished, it had gained so much favor with the public that they released a fourteen-page pamphlet of it alone named "Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin: A Short Biography" with a print run of 50,000"." However, these sorts of accounts declined after World War II; Stalin drew back from public life, and the press instead began to focus on remote contact (i.e. accounts of receiving a telegram from Stalin or seeing the leader from afar). Another prominent part of Stalin's image in the mass media was his close association with Vladimir Lenin. The Soviet press maintained that Stalin had been Lenin's constant companion while the latter was alive, and that as such, Stalin closely followed Lenin's teachings and could continue the Bolshevik legacy after Lenin's death. Stalin fiercely defended the correctness of Lenin's views in public, and in doing so Stalin implied that, as a faithful follower of Leninism, his own leadership was similarly faultless.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Stalin became the focus of literature, poetry, music, paintings and film that exhibited fawning devotion. An example was 's "Hymn to Stalin", which came from an earlier speech made by him in 1935:


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Numerous pictures and statues of Stalin adorned public places. In 1955 a giant monument dedicated to Stalin was constructed in Prague and stood until 1962. The statue was a gift for Stalin's sixty-ninth birthday from Prague to commemorate "Mr. Stalin's personality, mostly from his ideological features". After 5 years in the making, the massive 17,000-ton monument was finally revealed to the public which depicted Stalin, with one at the front of a group of proletarian workers. Statues of Stalin depicted him at a height and build approximating the very tall Tsar Alexander III, but photographic evidence suggests he was between 5 ft 5 in and 5 ft 6 in (165–168 cm). Stalin-themed art appeared privately, as well: starting in the early 1930s, many private homes included "Stalin rooms" dedicated to the leader and featuring his portrait. Although it was not an official uniform, party leaders throughout the Soviet Union emulated the dictator's usual outfit of dark green jacket, riding breeches, boots, and cap to prove their devotion.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The cult also led to public devotional behavior: by the late 1930s, people would jump out of their seats to stand up whenever Stalin's name was uttered in public meetings and conferences. Nikita Khrushchev described it as "a sort of physical culture we all engaged in."


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The advent of the cult also led to a renaming craze: numerous towns, villages and cities were renamed after the Soviet leader. The Stalin Prize and Stalin Peace Prize were also named in his honor, and he accepted several grandiloquent titles (e.g., "Father of Nations", "Builder of Socialism", "Architect of Communism", "Leader of Progressive Humanity") among others.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The cult reached new levels during World War II, with Stalin's name included in the new Soviet national anthem.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: In December 1949, Stalin celebrated his purported 70th birthday (he had in fact been born in December 1878). His birthday was celebrated extensively throughout the USSR. In the Ukrainian city of Mariupol, the former Sanatorium Avenue was renamed to Stalin Avenue. Various statues and institutions were made to honor him. On 2 December 1949, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree to form a government committee centered on Stalin's birthday. 18 days later, the Supreme Soviet awarded the Order of Lenin to Stalin. On 21 December, the day after he was awarded, a ceremonial meeting dedicated to the 70th birthday of Stalin took place in the Bolshoi Theater. Notable world leaders were in attendance, including Chinese leader Mao Zedong and East German Deputy Prime Minister Walter Ulbricht. Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic Khorloogiin Choibalsan, who was once a favorite of Stalin, did not attend the ceremonies, instead sending General Secretary Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal. For Mao, the celebrations were part of his first state visit to the USSR since taking power.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: In many Eastern bloc countries, Stalin's birthday was also celebrated extensively. The Bulgarian city of Varna was renamed to Stalin and Musala was renamed to Stalin Peak. The Gerlachovský štít in Czechoslovakia was also renamed after Stalin.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: One way Stalin's cult was spread was through the Komsomol, the All-Union Leninist Communist League of Youth in Soviet Russia, created in 1918. The ages of these young people ranged from 9 to 28 years old making it a favorable instrument to reshape the members and ideology of the Soviet Union. This organization was created to raise the next generation into the type of socialist that Stalin envisioned. Being a part of this organization was beneficial to the participants for they were favored over a non-member when it came to getting scholarships and jobs. Just like most youth clubs, they focused on their members' education and health, with sports and physical activities. They also focused on the youths' behavior and character. The children were encouraged to reject anyone who didn't embody the values of a socialist. In cases of lying and cheating on the schoolyard, it resulted to "classroom trials". Stalin wanted the best to prevail in his image of the future Soviet Union so he put into effect a decree that would punish juvenile delinquency to ensure the 'good apples' were the ones paving the road for his ideal society.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Organizations like the Komsomol were not the only influences on the children at the time. Cartoons like "The Strangers Voice" by Ivan Ivanov-Vano, reinforced the idea of a Soviet culture by depicting foreign thinking and customs as unwanted and strange. Children would play their own version of 'Cowboys and Indians' as 'Reds and Whites' with children fighting to play the main party leaders like Stalin.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The cult of personality primarily existed among the Soviet masses; there was no explicit manifestation of the cult among the members of the Politburo and other high-ranking Party officials. However, the fear of being marginalized made oppositionists sometimes hesitant to honestly express their viewpoints. This atmosphere of self-censorship created the illusion of undisputed government support for Stalin, and this perceived support further fueled the cult for the Soviet populace. The politburo and comintern secretariat (E.C.C.I.) also gave the impression of being unanimous in its decisions although this was often not the case. Many top ranking leaders in the politburo such as Zhdanov and Kaganovich sometimes disagreed with Stalin. Not all of Stalin's proposals were passed, but this was not made known to people outside the party leadership. The party leadership discussed and debated various alternatives but always presented themselves as monolithic to the outside world to appear stronger, more credible and unified. Among the leadership this was also considered correct Leninist practice, since the Leninist organizational principle of democratic centralism provided "freedom of debate" but required "unity of action" after a decision had been reached. The minority felt it their duty to submit to the will of the majority and Stalin himself practiced this when losing a vote.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Stalin disapproved and distrusted the personality cult around him. Like Lenin, Stalin acted modestly and unassumingly in public. John Gunther in 1940 described the politeness and good manners to visitors of "the most powerful single human being in the world". In the 1930s Stalin made several speeches that diminished the importance of individual leaders and disparaged the cult forming around him, painting such a cult as un-Bolshevik; instead, he emphasized the importance of broader social forces, such as the working class. Stalin's public actions seemed to support his professed disdain of the cult: Stalin often edited reports of Kremlin receptions, cutting applause and praise aimed at him and adding applause for other Soviet leaders. Walter Duranty stated that Stalin edited a phrase in a draft of an interview by him of the dictator from "inheritor of the mantle of Lenin" to "faithful servant of Lenin".


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: A banner in 1934 was to feature Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin, but Stalin had his name removed from it, yet by 1938 he was more than comfortable with the banner featuring his name. Still, in 1936, Stalin banned renaming places after him. In some memoirs Molotov claimed that Stalin had resisted the cult of personality, but soon came to be comfortable with it.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: The Finnish communist Arvo Tuominen reported a sarcastic toast proposed by Stalin himself at a New Year's Party in 1935, in which he said: "Comrades! I want to propose a toast to our patriarch, life and sun, liberator of nations, architect of socialism [he rattled off all the appellations applied to him in those days] – Josef Vissarionovich Stalin, and I hope this is the first and last speech made to that genius this evening." In the beginning of 1938, Nikolai Yezhov proposed renaming Moscow to "Stalinodar". The question was raised at a session of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. Stalin, however, reacted entirely negatively to this idea and, for this reason, the city retained the name Moscow.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Veneration of Stalin by the Soviet people for his role as the leader of the Soviet Union's victory over Nazi Germany in World War II helped to stabilize their belief in the Soviet system, a factor of which Stalin was aware. Historian Archie Brown wrote: "Stalin himself believed that his 'image' ... as a charismatic, almost superhuman, leader helped to solidify support for Communism and to bestow on it legitimacy." It was a constant in Stalin's beliefs that the Russian people, especially the peasants, were used to being ruled by a single person, the tsar, and did not understand the complexities of the structure of power and governance in the Soviet Union. Because of this, there had to be one person who was perceived as "the" ruler, someone they could, in his words "revere and in whose name to live and labour." In 1940, Gunther noted that "[Stalin] knows the Russians understand a master". The dictator could easily have stopped the adoration but "permitted and encouraged his own virtual deification", he said. "Or perhaps he likes" the worship, Gunther speculated.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: However, Stalin discouraged all interest in his private and family life, and divulged only limited personal information. He rarely appeared in public or met with ambassadors, as of 1940 had met only seven foreign journalists for formal interviews in 20 years, and during the first five-year plan made no speeches or public appearances for 18 months.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Nikita Khrushchev in his "Secret Speech" to the 20th Party Congress in February 1956, claimed that Stalin had personally added by hand to the manuscript of the hagiographical "Short Biography of Stalin", published in 1948, passages such as: "Although he performed his task as the leader of the party and the people with consummate skill and enjoyed the unreserved support of the entire Soviet people, Stalin never allowed his work to be marred by the slightest hint of vanity, conceit or self-adulation." In addition Khrushchev claimed that Stalin expanded the list of his accomplishments enumerated in the book. Despite this, scholars have cited evidence that cast doubt to Khrushchev's claims. Few scholars today would cite Khrushchev’s speech as a reliable source and it now seems clear that Stalin distrusted the cult of personality around him.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: On February 16, 1938, after the release of a book called "Stories of the Childhood of Stalin", the publishing committee was urged to retract the book, as Stalin claimed that the book was an example of excessive hero worship that elevated his image to idealistic proportions. Stalin spoke disdainfully of this excess, expressing concern that idolatry is no substitute for rigorous Bolshevik study, and could be spun as a fault of Bolshevism by right-deviations in the USSR. Specifically he wrote:


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: I am absolutely against the publication of "Stories of the childhood of Stalin". The book abounds with a mass of inexactitudes of fact, of alterations, of exaggerations and of unmerited praise. Some amateur writers, scribblers, (perhaps honest scribblers) and some adulators have led the author astray. It is a shame for the author, but a fact remains a fact. But this is not the important thing. The important thing resides in the fact that the book has a tendency to engrave on the minds of Soviet children (and people in general) the personality cult of leaders, of infallible heroes. This is dangerous and detrimental. The theory of "heroes" and the "crowd" is not a Bolshevik, but a SR theory. The heroes make the people, transform them from a crowd into people, thus say the SRs. The people make the heroes, thus reply the Bolsheviks to the SRs. The book carries water to the windmill of the SRs. No matter which book it is that brings the water to the windmill of the SRs, this book is going to drown in our common, Bolshevik cause. I suggest we burn this book.A more accurate depiction of his childhood and achievements are found in many other areas of writing and genre.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: De-Stalinization was the process of political reform that took place after Stalin's death, where a majority of Joseph Stalin's actions during his reign were condemned and the government reformed. February 1956 was the beginning of the destruction of his image, leadership, and socialist legality under the thaw of Nikita Khrushchev at the 20th Party Congress. The end of Stalin's leadership was met with positive and negative changes. Changes and consequences revolved around politics, the arts and literature, the economic realm, to the social structure.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: His death and the destabilization of his iconic leadership was met with the chance of new reforms and changes to his regime that had originally been immediately locked down under his control. The tight lock he kept on what was published, what was propagated, and what changes to the government and economics, became accessible. With the control that Stalin held being passed on to the government, an endorsed methodology was ideally enacted. There after, a collective leadership system was the result. The result left Nikita Khrushchev, Lavrentiy Beria, Nikolai Bulganin, Georgy Malenkov, Vyacheslav Molotov, and Lazar Kaganovich as members of that committee. The program of de-Stalinization was soon after put into effect by Krushchev as he took on an opposite personality into the government. This allowed for better relations with the West in the future.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: After Stalin's death, Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 "Secret Speech" to the Twentieth Party Congress famously denounced Stalin's cult of personality, saying, "It is impermissible and foreign to the spirit of Marxism-Leninism to elevate one person, to transform him into a superman possessing supernatural characteristics akin to those of a god." The "Secret Speech" initiated a political reform known as "the overcoming/exposure of the cult of personality", later called de-Stalinization, that sought to eradicate Stalin's influence on the Soviet society. This also led the people to find the liberation to revolt publicly in Poland and Hungary. These changes were inevitably met with opposition. Even after losing favor with Stalin during his leadership, Molotov still argued in favor of Stalin's regime, opposing de-Stalinization and criticizing Stalin's successors.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Mao Zedong, along with some other communist leaders, while initially supporting the struggle against the "cult of the individual", criticized Khrushchev as an opportunist who merely sought to attack Stalin's leadership and policies in order to implement new different policies that in the Stalin-era would have been considered anti-Marxist Revisionism.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Under Khrushchev's successor, Leonid Brezhnev, pro-Stalinist forces attempted to re-establish Stalin's reputation as the "Great Leader". Having failed to do so at the 23rd Party Congress in the spring of 1966, they turned to another method, the text of a speech that Brezhnev was scheduled to give in November of that year in Georgia, Stalin's native country. A draft of the speech made by hard-core Stalinists was presented to Brezhnev, who, being a cautious man, distributed it to other officials for their comments. One of his advisors, Georgi Arbatov, with the support of his superior, Yuri Andropov, put the arguments against the draft to Brezhnev: rehabilitating Stalin would complicate the Soviet Union's relations with the Eastern European Communist states, especially those headed by men who had been victims of Stalin's actions; changing the status of Stalin once again, so soon after it had been downgraded, would make things difficult for the Western Communist parties; it would be difficult to reconcile the harsh words spoken against Stalin by prominent Communist leaders at the 20th and 22nd Party Congresses; and finally, it was pointed out that Brezhnev himself had participated in those Congresses, which would raise questions about his own role. As a result of these arguments, the speech was re-written without any mention of rehabilitating Stalin. Even though the anti-Stalinists prevailed in this instance, the use of the phrase "the period of the cult of personality" – referring to 1934-1953 – disappeared, indicating a softening of the official anti-Stalin line. Thus, it became easier for pro-Stalin viewpoints to be published, and harder to get anti-Stalin's works before the public.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: This changed when Mikhail Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the country's top leadership position. In a speech given in November 1987, on the eve of the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution, Gorbachev said It is sometimes asserted that Stalin did not know the facts about the lawlessness. Documents we have at our disposal speak to the fact that this is not so. The guilt of Stalin and of his closest associates before the party and people for indulging in mass repression and lawlessness is enormous and unforgivable. This is a lesson for all generations. After this, during the period of "glasnost" ("openness") and "perestroika" ("restructuring") initiated by Gorbachev, another wave of de-Stalinization took place. This "second wave" evolved into something more fundamentally anti-communist. It condemned not only Stalin but also the other responsible people in the Soviet power hierarchy. In the end, it adopted something closer to a Western democratic structure in place of the traditional closed communist authoritarian system. This campaign aimed to restructure the Soviet Union entirely, engaging public constituencies to diminish communism and bringing an end to the U.S.S.R.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: After the breakup of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation under Vladimir Putin saw a return of both centralized and authoritarian control of the state and the cult of Stalin, focusing primarily on his role in the defeat of Nazi Germany and the winning of World War II. During this period, in the early 2000s, Russia had lost its role as a global superpower, and restoring the positive legacy of Stalin helped to ameliorate the felt loss of status, bringing back a symbol of the country – albeit the Soviet Union predecessor state – at the height of its power.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: Nevertheless, a "third wave" of more ambivalent de-Stalinization was still able to get off the ground around 2009. This fostered a reassessment of Stalinism as well as commemorating the victims of his totalitarian regime. For instance, Dmitry Medvedev, the president of Russia, said about the Katyn massacre of Polish officers in World War II by the Soviet Army that "Stalin and his henchmen bear responsibility for this crime," echoing a previous statement by the Russian Parliament: "The Katyn crime was committed on direct order by Stalin and other Soviet leaders." Partly driven by the Russian re-engagement with the West, the new de-Stalinization, unlike that under Gorbachev, has not been accompanied by liberalization and reform of the political system, which remains centralized, authoritarian, and dependent on the repression of the people by the security police, much as in Stalin's time. Such a paradoxical situation, where Stalin's reputation is downgraded, but the state is essentially following in the path blazed by him, leads to the ambivalence of the official position. On the one hand, Moscow city officials were prevented from putting up decorations featuring Stalin for the celebration of the 65th anniversary of the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany, with Medvedev saying that Stalin had "committed many crimes against his people. And even though the country achieved success under his guidance, what was done against his own people cannot be forgiven." On the other hand, there is no shortage of publications and television programs glorifying Stalin. Anti-Stalin sentiment is not being suppressed, but neither are pro-Stalin views. And despite the official statements of Stalin's culpability, those in power are still anxious to use the symbolic value of the dictator in support of their own monopolistic hold on the country.


title: Joseph Stalin's cult of personality

text: In classrooms across Russia, students are taught out of a modern textbook which represents Stalin as simply an efficient leader who had the unfortunate responsibility to resort to extreme measures to protect Russia and ensure its leadership role on a global scale. A poll in 2019 found that 70% of Russians believed that Stalin had a positive impact on Russian history despite the fact that only 51% of people in Russia still viewed Stalin with a positive attitude.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heinz Siegfried Heydrich (29 September 1905 – 19 November 1944) was the son of Richard Bruno Heydrich and the younger brother of "SS-Obergruppenführer" Reinhard Heydrich. After the death of his brother in June 1942, Heinz Heydrich helped Jews escape the Holocaust.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heinz Heydrich was born in Halle an der Saale to composer Richard Bruno Heydrich, a Protestant, and his wife Elisabeth Anna Maria Amalia Krantz, a Catholic. Her father was Eugen Krantz, director of the Dresden Royal Conservatory.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heydrich's family held social standing and substantial financial means. The father, Richard Bruno Heydrich, was an opera singer, the founder of a music conservatory in Halle, and a German Nationalist who instilled patriotic ideas in the minds of his three children. The Heydrich household was very strict and the children were frequently disciplined. As a youth, Heydrich engaged his older brother, Reinhard Heydrich, in mock fencing duels.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heinz Heydrich was an "Obersturmführer" (lieutenant), journalist, and publisher of the soldiers' newspaper, "Die Panzerfaust". He was at first a fervent admirer of Hitler. But before Reinhard Heydrich's State funeral in Berlin in June 1942, Heinz Heydrich had been given a large packet containing his brother's files, released from his strongbox at Gestapo Headquarters, 8 Prinz-Albrecht-Strasse, Berlin. Heinz had shut himself away in his room with the papers. The next morning, his wife noticed that her husband had sat up all night burning the documents from the package. Heinz, on leave from the front, could not be engaged in conversation, his wife remembered; he seemed to be elsewhere mentally, and like stone. The files in the package were probably Reinhard Heydrich's personal files, from which Heinz Heydrich understood for the first time in all its enormity the systematic extermination of the Jews, the so-called Final Solution. Thereafter, Heinz Heydrich helped many Jews escape by forging identity documents and printing them on "Die Panzerfaust" presses.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: When in November 1944 an economic commission headed by a State Attorney investigated the editorial staff of "Die Panzerfaust", Heinz Heydrich thought he had been discovered and shot himself in order to protect his family from the Gestapo. In reality, the attorney knew nothing about the forgeries, and was only trying to find out the reason for shortages in paper supplies. According to his nephew Heider, however, Heydrich committed suicide because of a pending court martial case against him for theft and corruption.


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heinz Heydrich is buried in the war cemetery of Riesenburg, according to the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt).


title: Heinz Heydrich

text: Heinz Heydrich had five children. His oldest, (1931–2000), was a well-known German cabaret singer, and wrote a book about his childhood, father, and uncle. In the book, Peter Heydrich describes how, as a youth, he enjoyed the fame of being a "crown prince", as the nephew of Reinhard Heydrich. During boyhood, he thought of his uncle as a successful sportsman and a sensitive musician. In Prague, Peter observed that his uncle had become a "bigwig". Peter derived many privileges from being Reinhard Heydrich's nephew. Even after the war, Peter still felt some pride in the familial relationship, if not so openly. But finally, Peter Heydrich had to admit that Reinhard Heydrich was a devious schemer, who planned and executed important parts of the Holocaust and other crimes. Peter died on 22 November 2000, after a long illness.


title: Joe Lolley

text: Joseph Lolley (born 25 August 1992) is an English winger who plays for Sydney FC. He has also represented his country at England C level and University level.


title: Joe Lolley

text: Born in Redditch, Lolley was part of Birmingham City's academy until the age of 16. He then moved to Bromsgrove Rovers, but made his name with Midland Combination side Littleton, scoring 88 goals in 83 games.


title: Joe Lolley

text: In July 2013, following a successful trial, Lolley signed a one-year contract with Conference Premier side Kidderminster Harriers. After a strong start to the season, Lolley scored his first Harriers goal in his second appearance, a 3–1 win over Chester. Lolley went on to score 9 league goals in 21 league appearances, and also 2 goals in 4 appearances in the FA Cup. Kidderminster won every single game that Lolley scored in. In his last league game for the Harriers, he scored a hat-trick against Salisbury City, in his last game for the Harriers, he scored the winning goal in a 3–2 FA Cup 3rd Round replay away to Peterborough United. Kidderminster received an offer from Peterborough United, but Lolley rejected the move.


title: Joe Lolley

text: On 15 January 2014, just one day after scoring the goal that knocked Peterborough out of the FA Cup, Lolley joined Championship side Huddersfield Town for an undisclosed fee. He made his début as a substitute in the 5–1 defeat by Leeds United at Elland Road on 1 February 2014. On 3 May 2014, Lolley made his first start for the Terriers where he scored the first goal in the 4–1 victory over Watford in the 46th minute and also claimed two assists which was the last game of the season. On 14 March 2015, Lolley scored his second league goal for Huddersfield in a 1–1 away draw at Birmingham City. His first home goal for the Terriers was the equalising goal in the 2–2 draw against Blackburn Rovers on 25 April 2015.


title: Joe Lolley

text: On 25 September, Lolley joined Scunthorpe United on an initial one-month loan. After making 6 appearances on loan for the Iron, he along with his teammate Murray Wallace were recalled on 1 November.


title: Joe Lolley

text: On 31 January 2018, Lolley signed a four-and-a-half-year contract with Nottingham Forest for an undisclosed fee. He was one of six additions to the Forest squad on deadline day. He scored his first goal for Forest in a 5–2 win at QPR on 24 February 2018.


title: Joe Lolley

text: On 3 May 2019 he was crowned Nottingham Forest's Player of the Season for the 2018–19 season. He also won Forest's Goal of the Season award for a long range strike against his boyhood club Aston Villa in a thrilling match that would finish 5-5. He also provided four assists in this game.


title: Joe Lolley

text: Lolley's first goal of the 2019–20 season came in a 3–0 victory against Birmingham City on 17 August 2019, his fifth career goal against Aston Villa's local rivals.


title: Joe Lolley

text: In August 2022, Lolley was training with the club's U23 side and was looking for a move away from the club.


title: Joe Lolley

text: On 15 August 2022, it was announced that Lolley had signed a two-year deal with A–League side Sydney FC. Joe Lolley scored his first goal against Western United


title: Joe Lolley

text: As an England and Great Britain International, Lolley has represented his country at both University Level and semi-professional level. In the summer of 2013 he was selected by the Great Britain University team to play at the 2013 World University Games in Russia where GB went on to reach the final winning the silver medal. He then made his debut for the England C team in a 2–2 friendly match with the Czech Republic U21s in November 2013 during his time at Kidderminster.


title: Joe Lolley

text: Lolley also takes a keen interest in politics, and would often use his now deleted Twitter account to discuss current affairs. He has supported increasing rates of income tax for high earners.


title: Joe Lolley

text: Lolley is also a dog lover. He visited the Soi Dog Foundation in Thailand in June 2019, and also has his own black Labrador named Bear.


title: Tom Amandes

text: Tom Amandes (born March 9, 1959) is an American actor. His best-known role to date is that of Eliot Ness in the 1990s television series "The Untouchables"; he also played Geena Davis' boyfriend in "The Long Kiss Goodnight", and Abraham Lincoln in the 2013 film "Saving Lincoln".


title: Tom Amandes

text: Amandes was born the sixth of 11 children in Richmond, Illinois. Amandes began acting at an early age, performing at home with his siblings and starring in school productions. He graduated in 1977 from Crystal Lake Central High School. In 1981, after graduating from the Goodman School of Drama at DePaul University, Amandes set out to apprentice on the Chicago stage.


title: Tom Amandes

text: A turning point in Amandes' career was being cast as Eliot Ness in the television series "The Untouchables". He went on to star in "The Pursuit of Happiness" with Brad Garrett and Larry Miller. Amandes co-starred in the TV drama "Everwood" from 2002 to 2006. Other television credits include recurring roles on "The Guardian", "JAG", "Spin City", "Sisters" and "From the Earth to the Moon", in which Amandes portrayed Astronaut Harrison 'Jack' Schmitt. Amandes has guest-starred on "Roseanne", "The Practice", "The King of Queens", "Just Shoot Me!", "ER", "Seven Days", "The Larry Sanders Show", "Greek", "The Good Guys", "NUMB3RS", and "Private Practice".


title: Tom Amandes

text: During his summer hiatus, Amandes wrapped production on the comedy "Dirty Deeds". He has appeared in the films "Brokedown Palace", "Second Chances", "Straight Talk", and "Billboard Dad". Amandes appeared in the HBO film "Live From Baghdad".