title: Optical tweezers

text: In the optically actuated sorting process, the cells are flowed through into an optical landscape i.e. 2D or 3D optical lattices. Without any induced electrical charge, the cells would sort based on their intrinsic refractive index properties and can be re-configurability for dynamic sorting. An optical lattice can be created using diffractive optics and optical elements.


title: Optical tweezers

text: On the other hand, K. Ladavac "et al." used a spatial light modulator to project an intensity pattern to enable the optical sorting process. K. Xiao and D. G. Grier applied holographic video microscopy to demonstrate that this technique can sort colloidal spheres with part-per-thousand resolution for size and refractive index.


title: Optical tweezers

text: The main mechanism for sorting is the arrangement of the optical lattice points. As the cell flow through the optical lattice, there are forces due to the particles drag force that is competing directly with the optical gradient force (See Physics of optical tweezers) from the optical lattice point. By shifting the arrangement of the optical lattice point, there is a preferred optical path where the optical forces are dominant and biased. With the aid of the flow of the cells, there is a resultant force that is directed along that preferred optical path. Hence, there is a relationship of the flow rate with the optical gradient force. By adjusting the two forces, one will be able to obtain a good optical sorting efficiency.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Competition of the forces in the sorting environment need fine tuning to succeed in high efficient optical sorting. The need is mainly with regards to the balance of the forces; drag force due to fluid flow and optical gradient force due to arrangement of intensity spot.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Scientists at the University of St. Andrews have received considerable funding from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) for an optical sorting machine. This new technology could rival the conventional fluorescence-activated cell sorting.


title: Optical tweezers

text: An evanescent field is a residue optical field that "leaks" during total internal reflection. This "leaking" of light fades off at an exponential rate. The evanescent field has found a number of applications in nanometer resolution imaging (microscopy); optical micromanipulation (optical tweezers) are becoming ever more relevant in research.


title: Optical tweezers

text: In optical tweezers, a continuous evanescent field can be created when light is propagating through an optical waveguide (multiple total internal reflection). The resulting evanescent field has a directional sense and will propel microparticles along its propagating path. This work was first pioneered by S. Kawata and T. Sugiura, in 1992, who showed that the field can be coupled to the particles in proximity on the order of 100 nanometers.


title: Optical tweezers

text: This direct coupling of the field is treated as a type of photon tunnelling across the gap from prism to microparticles. The result is a directional optical propelling force.


title: Optical tweezers

text: A recent updated version of the evanescent field optical tweezers makes use of extended optical landscape patterns to simultaneously guide a large number of particles into a preferred direction without using a waveguide. It is termed as Lensless Optical Trapping ("LOT"). The orderly movement of the particles is aided by the introduction of Ronchi Ruling that creates well-defined optical potential wells (replacing the waveguide). This means that particles are propelled by the evanescent field while being trapped by the linear bright fringes. At the moment, there are scientists working on focused evanescent fields as well.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Another approach that has been recently proposed makes use of surface plasmons, which is an enhanced evanescent wave localized at a metal/dielectric interface. The enhanced force field experienced by colloidal particles exposed to surface plasmons


title: Optical tweezers

text: at a flat metal/dielectric interface has been for the first time measured using a photonic force microscope, the total force magnitude being found 40 times stronger compared to a normal evanescent wave. By patterning the surface with gold microscopic islands it is possible to have selective and parallel trapping in these islands. The forces of the latter optical tweezers lie in the femtonewton range.


title: Optical tweezers

text: The evanescent field can also be used to trap cold atoms and molecules near the surface of an optical waveguide or optical nanofiber.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Ming Wu, a UC Berkeley Professor of electrical engineering and computer sciences invented the new optoelectronic tweezers.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Wu transformed the optical energy from low powered light emitting diodes (LED) into electrical energy via a photoconductive surface. The idea is to allow the LED to switch on and off the photoconductive material via its fine projection. As the optical pattern can be easily transformable through optical projection, this method allows a high flexibility of switching different optical landscapes.


title: Optical tweezers

text: The manipulation/tweezing process is done by the variations between the electric field actuated by the light pattern. The particles will be either attracted or repelled from the actuated point due to its induced electrical dipole. Particles suspended in a liquid will be susceptible to the electrical field gradient, this is known as dielectrophoresis.


title: Optical tweezers

text: One clear advantage is that the electrical conductivity is different between different kinds of cells. Living cells have a lower conductive medium while the dead ones have minimum or no conductive medium. The system may be able to manipulate roughly 10,000 cells or particles at the same time.


title: Optical tweezers

text: See comments by Professor Kishan Dholakia on this new technique, K. Dholakia, "Nature Materials" 4, 579–580 (01 Aug 2005) News and Views.


title: Optical tweezers

text: "The system was able to move live E. coli bacteria and 20-micrometre-wide particles, using an optical power output of less than 10 microwatts. This is one-hundred-thousandth of the power needed for [direct] optical tweezers".


title: Optical tweezers

text: When a cluster of microparticles are trapped within a monochromatic laser beam, the organization of the microparticles within the optical trapping is heavily dependent on the redistributing of the optical trapping forces amongst the microparticles. This redistribution of light forces amongst the cluster of microparticles provides a new force equilibrium on the cluster as a whole. As such we can say that the cluster of microparticles are somewhat bound together by light. One of the first experimental evidence of optical binding was reported by Michael M. Burns, Jean-Marc Fournier, and Jene A. Golovchenko, though it was originally predicted by T. Thirunamachandran. One of the many recent studies on optical binding has shown that for a system of chiral nanoparticles, the magnitude of the binding forces are dependent on the polarisation of the laser beam and the handedness of interacting particles themselves, with potential applications in areas such as enantiomeric separation and optical nanomanipulation.


title: Optical tweezers

text: In order to simultaneously manipulate and image samples that exhibit fluorescence, optical tweezers can be built alongside a fluorescence microscope or as an integrated solution such as C-trap. Such instruments are particularly useful when it comes to studying single or small numbers of biological molecules that have been fluorescently labelled, or in applications in which fluorescence is used to track and visualize objects that are to be trapped.


title: Optical tweezers

text: This approach has been extended for simultaneous sensing and imaging of dynamic protein complexes using long and strong tethers generated by a highly efficient multi-step enzymatic approach and applied to investigations of disaggregation machines in action.


title: Optical tweezers

text: Other than 'standard' fluorescence optical tweezers are now being build with multiple color Confocal, Widefield, STED, FRET, TIRF or IRM.


title: Optical tweezers

text: This allows applications such as measuring: protein/DNA localization binding, protein folding, motor protein force generation, visualization of cytoskeletal filaments and motor dynamics, microtubule dynamics, manipulating liquid droplet (rheology) or fusion. These are being built in non correlated 'academic' setups and fully integrated solutions such as Lumicks's C-trap


title: Peeps

text: Peeps are a marshmallow confection marketed since 1953 in the United States and Canada in the shape of chicks, bunnies and other animals as well as holiday shapes — by Pennsylvania-headquartered Just Born Quality Confections.


title: Peeps

text: Originally promoted primarily at Easter, Peeps have subsequently been marketed as "Always in Season", having expanded to Halloween, Christmas and Valentine's Day. Since 2014 the confection has been available year-round with the introduction of Peeps Minis.


title: Peeps

text: Peeps are produced by Just Born, a candy manufacturer founded in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, by Ukrainian immigrant Sam Born (1891–1959).


title: Peeps

text: In 1953, Just Born acquired the Rodda Candy Company and its marshmallow chick line, and replaced the painstaking process of hand-forming the chicks with mass production. When founder Sam Born displayed a sign for his freshly made candy, he titled it "Just Born", playing off of his last name and the fact that he made his candy fresh daily. According to Mary Bellis, the newly purchased company, Just Born, was soon the "largest marshmallow candy manufacturer in the world."


title: Peeps

text: Just Born began producing other shapes in the 1960s, following seasonal themes. Twenty years later, the Marshmallow Peeps Bunny was released as a popular year-round shape of the candy. The yellow chicks were the original form of the candy — hence their name — but then the company introduced other colors and, eventually, the myriad of shapes in which they are now produced. Peeps were manufactured in different colors, such as lavender starting in 1995 and blue in 1998. Prior to that, they were only being produced in the traditional colors: yellow, pink and white. New flavors such as vanilla, strawberry, and chocolate were introduced between the years of 1999 and 2002.


title: Peeps

text: In 2009, Just Born expanded the Peeps product line further by introducing Peeps Lip Balm in four flavors: grape, strawberry, vanilla, and cotton candy. Just Born has come out with several other various accessories. Items such as nail polish, wrist bands, umbrellas, plush toys, golf gloves, earrings, and necklaces are produced and sold online and in retail stores. Other companies have produced items based on the popular Peeps candy. Peeps micro bead pillows were made by Kaboodle and conform to one's shape. The company Kaboodle promises that "they'll last a lot longer than their edible counterpart!" Ranging from infant sizes to adult sizes, Peeps Halloween costumes can also be found on the shelves of several costume stores. The first Peeps & Co. store opened in November 2009 in National Harbor, Maryland, Prince George's County. Peeps & Company retail stores were later opened in Minnesota (as of 2019, shut down due to low profits) and Pennsylvania. In 2014, Peeps Minis were introduced, and were intended to be available year-round.


title: Peeps

text: A "Peeps Eating" contest is held each year at National Harbor in front of the Peeps & Company store. The 2017 winner, Matt Stonie of California, ate 255 Peeps in five minutes. The first such event was arranged by Shawn Sparks in 1994, and had only six participants. Dave Smith started an annual Peep Off in Sacramento after contacting a participant in the first Peep Off. Another contest in Maryland asks that participants create a diorama of a culturally important scene from the modern era, featuring a number of Peeps. The winner gets two free inflatable life jackets.


title: Peeps

text: Several newspapers hold annual contests in which readers submit photos of dioramas featuring Peeps. The "St. Paul Pioneer Press" was the first paper to hold such a contest. Similar contests are put on by The "Chicago Tribune", and the "Seattle Times". These contests frequently correspond with the Easter holiday. MIT also has a yearly Peeps contest. The "Washington Post" held an annual contest until 2017, when it was discontinued. The smaller "Washington City Paper" introduced their contest in its place.


title: Peeps

text: The Racine Art Museum holds the Annual International Peeps Art Exhibition each April. Anyone can enter the contest, centered on the theme "peep-powered work of art".


title: Peeps

text: The following are other contests held in various states. Peeps jousting consists of putting two Marshmallow Chicks into the microwave and seeing which one gets the biggest and therefore affects/deforms the other. "Peepza" is a dessert pizza made with Peeps. Also, blogs were created according to Fox News entitled "101 Fun Ways to Torture a Peep."


title: Peeps

text: Peeps are sometimes jokingly described as "indestructible". In 1999 scientists at Emory University jokingly performed experiments on batches of Peeps to see how easily they could be dissolved, burned or otherwise disintegrated, using such agents as cigarette smoke, boiling water and liquid nitrogen. In addition to discussing whether Peeps migrate or evolve, they claimed that the eyes of the confectionery "wouldn't dissolve in anything". One website claims that Peeps are insoluble in acetone, water, diluted sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide (the site also claims that the Peeps experimental subjects sign release forms). Concentrated sulfuric acid seems to have effects similar to the expected effects of sulfuric acid on sugar.


title: Peeps

text: This debate featured in an episode of the sitcom "Malcolm in the Middle" ("Traffic Jam"), in which Francis, insisting the "Quacks" (as they were called) would dissolve in his stomach rather than expand, takes up the dare to eat 100 of them and does so, but gets very sick in the process.


title: Peeps

text: As marshmallow ages exposed to air — it dehydrates, becoming "stale" and slightly crunchy. According to Just Born, 25%–30% of their customers prefer eating Peeps stale.


title: Peeps

text: Barry Church, a football player for the Dallas Cowboys, was unable to attend training camp due to an unexpected root canal, caused by eating Jolly Ranchers. Just Born offered Church a season's supply of their product—in that marshmallows are a lot softer on the teeth.


title: Peeps

text: Several recipes and creative ideas to alter Peeps have been invented. "Fox News Magazine" published an article in 2013 including several recipes from various creators, including Peeps smores, Peeps pancakes, home-made chocolate covered Peeps, Peeps marshmallow chocolate chip cookies, Peeps brownies, Peeps popcorn, Peeps frosting, Peeps Krispie Treats, and Peeps syrup.


title: Peeps

text: A recipe for "Peepshi" involves placing a Peep onto a Rice Krispie Treat and wrapping it in a Fruit by the Foot, to create a single "Peepshi roll" in the style of a sushi roll.


title: Peeps

text: In April 2017, several internet and Twitter postings, and TV news stories claimed 'outrage' that Peeps were being used as a pizza topping.


title: Peeps

text: In March 2021, Just Born and Pepsico (maker of Pepsi products) announced a "limited edition" of "Peeps marshmallow cola" soft drinks.


title: Peeps

text: On April 22, 2014, Adam Rifkin acquired the feature film and TV rights to the classic candies to make a franchise of it. Then, on April 5, 2021, it was announced that Wonder Street has acquired the rights to the candies with David Goldblum writing and producing alongside Christine and Mark Holder. The film's plot centered around a ragtag group of Peeps characters who set out on a cross-country journey in order to attend Peepsfest, an annual brand celebration in Pennsylvania.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The 2001 Vengeance was the inaugural Vengeance professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on December 9, 2001, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California. The event replaced the promotion's usual December PPV, Armageddon, for the year 2001; Armageddon was reinstated in 2002 with Vengeance moved up to July. It was also the only Vengeance event promoted under the WWF name as the promotion was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in May 2002. It would also be the only Vengeance held before the introduction of the brand extension in March 2002.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The main event was a three-match tournament to unify the WWF Championship and the World Championship (formerly the WCW Championship) into what became known as the Undisputed WWF Championship.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: In 1999 and 2000, the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) held a December pay-per-view (PPV) entitled Armageddon. However, following the September 11 attacks, WWF staff felt that the "Armageddon" name may potentially be considered offensive to the victims of the terrorist attacks. In turn, the WWF replaced Armageddon with an event titled Vengeance, and it was scheduled to be held on December 9, 2001, at the San Diego Sports Arena in San Diego, California.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The Invasion, which began in June 2001, ended at Survivor Series, when Team WWF won a "Winner Takes All" Survivor Series match. The Alliance was forced to close business as a result, and all their titles except for the World Championship were abandoned (the remaining championships were unified with their respective WWF equivalents and subsequently deactivated, and the WCW Cruiserweight Championship became a WWF title). On "Raw" the following night, WWF Owner Vince McMahon attempted to strip Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was a member of The Alliance, of his WWF Championship, and award it to Kurt Angle due to his actions in costing The Alliance the match. However, before he could do so Ric Flair, who had not been seen on any wrestling program since McMahon's purchase of WCW in March 2001, interrupted McMahon and announced that the leaders of The Alliance, Shane and Stephanie McMahon, had sold their stake in the WWF to him and that he was now equal partners with McMahon. Austin then attacked both Angle and McMahon, after which Flair presented him with his title belt.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Soon after, Flair announced a match between Austin and The Rock, the holder of the World Championship, to unify both titles and create one undisputed champion. McMahon, however, convinced Flair to create a four-man tournament instead. Two matches were made, with Austin defending the WWF Championship against Angle and The Rock defending the World Championship against Chris Jericho. The winners of both matches would then face each other in a third match where the winner would be the first Undisputed WWF Champion.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Both title matches were rooted in feuds that were carrying over from earlier in the year. Austin and Angle had become allies after Triple H, with whom Austin had been teaming with since after WrestleMania X-Seven, went down with an injury and left Austin without a partner. Around this time The Invasion was taking hold of the WWF and in July at the InVasion event, Austin and Angle were part of Team WWF in a ten-man tag team match against five members of The Alliance. During the match, Austin turned on Team WWF and hit Angle with a Stone Cold Stunner, allowing Team Alliance to win. On the July 23 episode of "Raw Is War" Austin, now the leader of The Alliance, stated that he did this because he felt that Vince McMahon was grooming Angle to take over his spot, and that he was "unappreciated" when McMahon insisted he return to the old Austin.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Angle, who became a fan favorite as a result of Austin's treachery, immediately began challenging Austin for the WWF Championship. His first chance came at SummerSlam, which Angle won by disqualification allowing Austin to retain the title. At Unforgiven in September, Angle forced Austin to submit to his ankle lock and won the WWF Championship in front of his hometown fans in Pittsburgh. Austin demanded a rematch, claiming his hand was under the ropes when he tapped out, and received it on the October 8, 2001 edition of "Raw". Austin regained the title when William Regal, the WWF Commissioner and special enforcer, attacked Angle and joined The Alliance.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Three weeks later Angle successfully defended the WCW United States Championship against Regal. Angle later joined The Alliance during a WrestleMania X-Seven rematch between Vince McMahon and then-WCW owner Shane McMahon, he interfered seemingly to aid Vince but instead struck the members of team WWF with a steel chair. However, McMahon revealed that he had planted a "mole" in The Alliance and Angle revealed himself to be that person at Survivor Series, which led to the leading to the aforementioned events involving Flair and Austin.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The feud between The Rock and Jericho had started while the two were uneasy allies due to their mutual hatred of Alliance co-owner Stephanie McMahon. The Rock kept reminding Jericho that he had never won "the big one" (a world heavyweight championship) and wrote Jericho off as a "comedy act". On the October 11 episode of "SmackDown!", Jericho defeated Rob Van Dam of The Alliance to become the number one contender to Rock's WCW Championship (later renamed the World Championship). At No Mercy he defeated The Rock to win the title, becoming a world champion for the first time in his career. The following night on "Raw", Jericho and The Rock set aside their differences and won the WWF Tag Team Championship when they defeated The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley). On the October 29 episode of "Raw", Rock and Jericho successfully defended the WWF Tag team titles against then-Alliance members, Booker T and Test but a few days later on "SmackDown!", they dropped the titles to Booker T and Test after Jericho inadvertently Missile dropkicked The Rock, enabling Test to nail Rock with the big boot for the victory. After the match, The Rock and Jericho stared each other down, which ended with Rock nailing Jericho with two Rock Bottoms. Later on that episode, Rock challenged Jericho for the WCW Championship in a No Mercy rematch. On the November 5 episode of "Raw", The Rock defeated Jericho to win the title back with a surprise roll up, beginning his second WCW Championship reign. Irate at having lost the title, Jericho savagely attacked Rock after the match and hit him with a steel chair and the championship. Jericho was made part of Team WWF for the Winner Take All match at Survivor Series, promising that he would set aside his differences with Rock for the good of the company. However, Jericho attacked The Rock following his elimination from the match and nearly cost Team WWF the victory. The feud resumed after Jericho attacked Rock on "Raw" the next night and escalated leading up to Vengeance.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Before the event went live on pay-per-view, The APA (Bradshaw and Faarooq) defeated Billy and Chuck in a match, taped for "Sunday Night Heat".


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The opening match was a tag team match between Scotty 2 Hotty and Albert, and Christian and Test. Before the match had even started, Scotty and Albert started attacking Christian and Test. Scotty dominated in the beginning but Test soon tagged in. Albert, who was of Test's size, then tagged in. Scotty and Albert double-teamed Test before Christian attacked Scotty. Test and Christian took the opportunity and assaulted Scotty and prevented him from tagging in Albert. Scotty fought them out, however, and tagged in Albert. Albert dominated both of them, and set Christian up for a Baldo Bomb, but Test pulled Albert out of the ring. Scotty hit Christian with a bulldog, and attempted a Worm, but Christian knocked him down. Christian tried to hit the Worm, but Albert stopped him. Test made the save by hitting Albert with a big boot. Scotty hit a bulldog on Test, and hit a Worm. Christian tried to hit Scotty with an Unprettier, but Albert hit Christian with a Baldo Bomb for the victory.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The second match was between Edge and William Regal for Edge's WWF Intercontinental Championship. In the beginning of the match, Edge had the advantage, showing his speed and agility. However, Regal threw Edge out of the ring, and knocked him against the barricade. In the ring, Regal hit Edge with a series of European uppercuts and reversed a sunset flip into a knee drop. Edge fought back and got several near-falls before Regal knocked Edge with a forearm smash but Edge kicked Regal to the outside. On the ring apron, Edge tried to hit Regal, a diving spear on the floor but Regal sidestepped and Edge crashed the ring steel steps. As the referee was distracted, Regal took out a pair of brass knuckles from under the ring and stuffed them into his tights. In the ring, Regal hit Edge with a powerbomb and two double underhook suplexes. Regal then hit Edge with a series of brutal kicks and, when the referee turned around, he took out his brass knuckles. Edge immediately speared Regal to win and retain his title.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The third match was between Matt Hardy and Jeff Hardy with Lita as the Special Guest Referee. In the beginning, the two had several reversals until Matt got in control. Jeff sidestepped when Matt attempted a diving leg drop. Jeff hit a falling headbutt and a clothesline. Jeff went on to deliver a diving leg drop of his own. Jeff went to the top rope but Matt trapped him in a Tree of Woe. Matt then applied the sunset flip, which Jeff countered and both men were lying outside the ring. In the ring, Jeff injured his left knee, which Matt would work on. He hit a chop block and a series of moves. He tried a powerbomb, but Jeff countered it into a Compactor Clutch. Matt assaulted Jeff again with a Half Boston Crab. Jeff got to the ropes, breaking the hold, and kicked Matt to the outside. Jeff went to the top, but, because of his hurt knee, he fell down. Matt grabbed Jeff's leg but Jeff hit a mule kick. Matt tried a Twist of Fate, but Jeff countered it into a leg drop. Jeff hit a suplex, and went to the top rope again but, because of his knee, Matt took advantage and clutched him. Matt tried to hit a Twist of Fate but Jeff reversed it into his own. Matt attempted a pinfall on Jeff and used ropes for leverage but Lita ordered him to break it. Jeff went to the top rope again, but Matt caught him, and tried to hit him a Twist of Fate from the top. Jeff forced Matt off and hit a Swanton Bomb. Matt tried to get his feet on the ropes, but Jeff pulled them off, and won the match.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The fourth match was between The Dudley Boyz (Bubba Ray Dudley and D-Von Dudley), and Big Show and Kane for the Dudley Boyz's WWF Tag Team Championship. Kane dominated in the beginning, and tagged in The Big Show. The Big Show also dominated, but as he attempted a chokeslam, Bubba Ray held the ropes and raked the eyes of The Big Show. D-Von tagged in but received a sidewalk slam from The Big Show. The Big Show then hit D-Von with a series of hip attacks. Kane and The Big Show dominated in the ring, knocking the Dudleys out of the ring. Kane went to the top rope and jumped to the outside, knocking out Dudleys. In the ring, Stacy Keibler tried to encourage the Dudleys, but The Big Show snuck up and pulled down her skirt. The Dudleys hit Kane with a double suplex and started working on him. They gave Kane a diving headbutt low blow, and a series of double-team maneuvers. They set him for the Dudley Death Drop but Kane kicked D-Von in the head and hit Bubba Ray with a clothesline. Kane tagged in The Big Show, who tried to chokeslam D-Von but Bubba Ray hit him a chop block. Kane tried to hit D-Von with a flying clothesline but accidentally hit The Big Show. Dudleys fell to the outside while Kane and Show argued in the ring. The Dudleys then hit The Big Show with a Hotshot onto an exposed turnbuckle for the win, retaining their title.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The fifth match was between The Undertaker and Rob Van Dam for Van Dam's WWF Hardcore Championship. Earlier in the match, Van Dam hit The Undertaker with a top-rope somersault. The Undertaker crotched Van Dam on the top rope and knocked him to the outside. He tried to drive him into the ringpost, but Van Dam reversed and knocked him into the ringpost instead. Van Dam attacked The Undertaker with the barricade, and tried to hit a bodypress but The Undertaker punched him. The Undertaker tossed him over a railing and choked Van Dam on the floor. The Undertaker tried to use a steel chair, but Van Dam hit him with a fire extinguisher. He hit The Undertaker's head with a trash can, and a flying crossbody. They fought on the stage where Van Dam hit a somersault leg drop. The Undertaker drove Van Dam's head on the stage, and attempted a Last Ride, but Van Dam held onto the stage. The Undertaker went backstage and came back with a chair but Van Dam kicked it. He hit a Rolling Thunder on the stage and a Chair Surf. He tried to hit a Van Daminator but missed, and The Undertaker hit him with the chair. The Undertaker chokeslammed Van Dam off the stage through a set of tables for the victory, and won his first and only WWF Hardcore Championship.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The sixth match was between Trish Stratus and Jacqueline for Stratus' WWF Women's Championship. Jacqueline wrestled a great match in the beginning while knocking Stratus to the mat several times. Stratus kicked Jacqueline several times but was unable to knock her down. However, Jacqueline knocked Stratus by punching and kicking her on numerous occasions. She slammed Stratus twice and walked on her hair. Stratus however hit her with a clothesline for a near-fall. Jacqueline knocked Stratus down again but Stratus sent her in the corner. Stratus made a pinfall attempt with a victory roll for a near-fall. She tried to hit Jacqueline with the Stratusfaction but Jacqueline shoved her and kicked her for a near-fall. Stratus then hit and pinned her with a bridging backslide to win the match and retain her title.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The seventh, eighth, and ninth matches of the evening comprised the main event championship unification tournament. The first match was the match between Stone Cold Steve Austin and Kurt Angle for Austin's WWF Championship. In the beginning, both men applied holds. Austin then took advantage and pounded Angle. The two had a test of strength and Angle applied the ankle lock. Austin kicked out of the hold, and applied an armlock, followed by an eye rake. He choked Angle in the ropes and attacked in his biceps. Austin threw Angle into the ringpost three times, injuring the left side of Angle's torso. In the ring, Austin used an armbar takedown on Angle's injured left shoulder. Angle then applied the ankle lock on Austin. Austin reached the ropes and Angle broke the hold. Austin followed by knocking Angle's head on the announce table. Angle then wrapped Austin's leg around the ringpost, and applied the ringpost figure four leglock. Back in the ring, Angle applied the ankle lock but Austin rolled through. Angle hit a belly-to-belly suplex, and three German suplexes. Angle missed a moonsault, and Austin took advantage, hitting a Lou Thesz press, and a spinebuster. Austin then hit five German suplexes, but, while in the ropes, Angle hit a low blow, and an Angle Slam. Angle then tried to hit a Stone Cold Stunner, but Austin reversed it into his Stone Cold Stunner to win the match, and retain his title.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: This was followed by the second tournament match pitting Chris Jericho and The Rock for the World Championship. The two exchanged many holds and reversals in the beginning. Jericho hit a spinning heel kick, and a missile dropkick. Jericho knocked The Rock's head into the steel ring steps, and hit a flying back elbow. The Rock came back with a flying clothesline. Jericho applied a sleeper hold but The Rock fought out of it. Jericho then hit a one-handed bulldog and a Lionsault. Jericho went to the top rope, but The Rock crotched him on the top. The Rock tried a Superplex but Jericho knocked him down, and hit a flying crossbody, but The Rock rolled through for a near-fall. Jericho continued attacking The Rock, but The Rock sent Jericho's head into the ringpost. Jericho fell to the outside where he dropped The Rock onto the barricade, and catapulted him into the ringpost. Jericho then tried to hit a Rock Bottom through the announce table, but The Rock reversed it into a People's DDT through the table. The Rock threw Jericho into the ring and set him up for a Rock Bottom, but Jericho countered it into a Breakdown. He set The Rock up for the People's Elbow, but The Rock caught his legs, and tried to apply a Sharpshooter on Jericho, but Jericho reversed it into his own Sharpshooter. The Rock got to the ropes to break the hold. Jericho then attempted the Walls of Jericho, but The Rock countered it into a roll-up for a near-fall. The Rock hit a Rock Bottom, as Mr. McMahon came down to ringside. The Rock went for the pinfall but McMahon distracted the referee. The Rock hit McMahon, and hit a Spinebuster on Jericho. He brought McMahon into the ring and hit Jericho with a People's Elbow. The Rock attacked McMahon and, while the referee checked McMahon, Jericho hit a low blow and a Rock Bottom to win the match, and the title.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Immediately following Jericho's win, Austin came back out to wrestle the final. Angle attacked Austin with a steel chair while The Rock went to attack Jericho with a Rock Bottom and chased Angle to the back. The match began with Austin spearing Jericho. The two fought off outside the ring and on the announce table. Jericho took Austin to the top of table where Austin tried to hit a Stone Cold Stunner. Jericho countered it into the Walls of Jericho but Austin flipped him off the table. On the floor, he suplexed Jericho and tossed him into the ring. The two fought out of the ring, and Jericho threw Austin shoulder-first into the ringpost. Jericho wrapped Austin's arm into an armbar, and used the ropes for leverage, but the referee caught onto this and broke the hold. Jericho attempted a flying forearm smash, but Austin ducked, and Jericho hit the referee. Jericho hit a low blow and a Stone Cold Stunner. McMahon came out again and ordered Nick Patrick to referee the match. However, Ric Flair interfered and pulled Patrick out of the ring and attacked him. McMahon knocked Flair into the ringpost. Austin then hit a low blow, and assaulted McMahon. He hit a Lou Thesz press on Jericho and applied the Walls of Jericho. Jericho tapped out but the referee was still down. Booker T came out and hit Austin with the WWF Championship belt from behind in the back of Austin's head, knocking him out. The referee recovered and Jericho capitalized on the interference, pinning Austin to win the match, and became the first ever Undisputed WWF Champion in the World Wrestling Federation. The World Championship was unified into the WWF Championship and the two belts collectively represented the Undisputed WWF Championship.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: Stone Cold Steve Austin lost in a steel cage rematch against Chris Jericho for the Undisputed WWF Championship on the December 10 episode of "Raw" due to interference from Booker T. Austin then briefly feuded with Booker T, which involved the famous supermarket brawl on the December 13 episode of "SmackDown!", and the returning Big Bossman. Jericho successfully defended his title against different opponents until The Rock earned a match for the Undisputed WWF Championship at the Royal Rumble on the January 3 episode of "SmackDown!"


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The feud between Edge and William Regal continued. Regal ambushed Edge several times with brass knuckles before finally challenging Edge to a rematch for the WWF Intercontinental Championship at the Royal Rumble, which Edge accepted. On the January 7 episode of "Raw", buildup towards the Royal Rumble match started, with Austin, the returning Triple H, Kurt Angle, Kane, The Big Show and The Undertaker all declaring their participation in the match, and starting a feud.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: According to Kurt Angle, he was the original winner of the main event and would become the first Undisputed WWF Champion. However, one week before the event, Vince McMahon changed the plan and gave the title to Jericho, since he was very popular with the fans.


title: Vengeance (2001)

text: The following year, Vengeance was moved up to July as Armageddon was reinstated for December, thus establishing Vengeance as an annual event for the promotion and replacing Fully Loaded in that slot (which was replaced that same year by InVasion). The 2001 Vengeance would be the only Vengeance event promoted under the WWF name as in May 2002, the company was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), after a lawsuit by the World Wildlife Fund over the WWF initialism. The 2001 event was also the only Vengeance to be held before the first brand extension was enacted in March 2002, in which the promotion divided its roster into two distinct brands, Raw and SmackDown!, where the wrestlers were exclusively assigned to perform. Vengeance would continue annually until 2007. That year, it was a joint promoted event titled , being both the seventh Vengeance event as well as the inaugural Night of Champions event. Vengeance was then discontinued in favor of continuing Night of Champions. In 2011, Vengeance was reinstated, but separate from Night of Champions. However, Vengeance was again discontinued, this time until 2021. That year, WWE revived the PPV for their NXT brand as a TakeOver event titled , the name of which was also a play on the event's Valentine's Day scheduling.


title: Ietsism

text: Ietsism ( () – "somethingism") is an unspecified belief in an undetermined transcendent reality. It is a Dutch term for a range of beliefs held by people who, on the one hand, inwardly suspect – or indeed believe – that "there must be something undefined beyond the mundane and that which can be known or can be proven", but on the other hand do not accept or subscribe to the established belief system, dogma or view of the nature of a deity offered by any particular religion. Some related terms in English are agnostic theism (though many ietsists do not believe in anything that could be called "god", and therefore are agnostic atheists), eclecticism, deism and spiritual but not religious.


title: Ietsism

text: Ietsists might call themselves Christian or followers of another religion based on cultural identification with that religion, without believing in the dogmas of that particular religion.


title: Ietsism

text: The name derives from the Dutch equivalent of the question: "Do you believe in (the conventional 'Christian') God?", a typical "ietsist" answer being "No, but there must be something", "something" being "iets" in Dutch.


title: Ietsism

text: The atheist political columnist and molecular biologist Ronald Plasterk (who later served as the Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and Science and Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations) published a piece in 1997 in the magazine "Intermediair" in which he used the word. The term became widely known in the Netherlands after Plasterk used it in a feature for the television programme "Buitenhof". In October 2005, the word "ietsisme" was included in the 14th edition of the Dutch Language Dictionary "Dikke Van Dale".


title: Ietsism

text: Around the year 2012, the word began to circulate among English speakers as a loanword. More recently, the word "ietsers" ("somethingers") has emerged in the Netherlands to describe people of this viewpoint, but this has not yet been widely borrowed into English.


title: Ietsism

text: The term "ietsism" is becoming more widely used in Europe, as opposed to the phrase 'spiritual but not religious' which prevails in North America.


title: Ietsism

text: Ietsism may roughly be described as a belief in an end-in-itself or similar concept, without further assumption as to exactly what object or objects have such a property, like intrinsic aliquidism without further specification. Other aliquidistic lifestances include the acceptance of "there is something – that is, some meaning of life, something that is an end-in-itself or something more to existence – and it is...", assuming various objects or truths, while ietsism, on the other hand simply accepts "there is something", without further specification, detailing or assumption.


title: Ietsism

text: In contrast to traditional agnostics who often hold a skeptical view about gods or other metaphysical entities (i.e. “We can't or don't know for sure that there is a God"), “ietsists” take a viewpoint along the lines of, “And yet it "feels" like there is something out there..." It is a form of religious liberalism or non-denominationalism. Ietsism may also be described as the minimal counterpart of nihilism, since it accepts that there is something, but yet, assumes as little further as possible without any more substantial evidence.


title: Ietsism

text: Within ietsism beliefs are very diverse but all have in common that they are not classifiable under a traditional religion. Often concepts from different religions, folk beliefs, superstitions or ideologies are combined, but the ietsist does not feel that they belong to or believe in the dogmas of any particular religion. There is usually not a personal god who actively intervenes in the believer's life and an ietsist can be an atheist at the same time.


title: Ietsism

text: An opinion poll conducted by the Dutch daily newspaper "Trouw" in October 2004 indicated that some 40% of its readership felt broadly this way, and other Northern European countries would probably get similar rates. From a December 2014 survey by the VU University Amsterdam, it was concluded that the Dutch population has 27% ietsists, 31% agnostics, 25% atheists and 17% theists.


title: Ietsism

text: As ietsists cannot be neatly classified as religious or nonreligious, ietsism is somewhat notorious for blighting statistics on religious demographics. Hence labeling ietsists as either religious or nonreligious will tilt the demographic balance for those countries to either predominantly religious or predominantly nonreligious.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: Alwyn Crendall Cashe (July 13, 1970 – November 8, 2005) was a United States Army senior non-commissioned officer who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in Iraq. On November 10, 2020, the United States Congress voted to upgrade Cashe's initially awarded Silver Star to the Medal of Honor. On December 16, 2021, more than 16 years after his death at age 35, Cashe's widow, Tamara, accepted the Medal of Honor from President Joe Biden at a ceremony commemorating the actions of Cashe and two fellow soldiers for their acts in separate battles.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: Cashe was born in Sanford, Florida, on July 13, 1970. He was raised in Oviedo, Florida, and attended Oviedo High School, graduating in 1988.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: Cashe enlisted in the U.S. Army following high school graduation in 1988. As an infantryman, he deployed in support of the 1991 Gulf War. He also deployed to former Yugoslavia, earning the Kosovo Campaign Medal. Prior to his assignment to 3rd Infantry Division, he deployed once again to Iraq in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom following the 2003 invasion.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On the evening of October 17, 2005, Cashe, a member of A Company, 1st Battalion, 15th Infantry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division, he managed to save the lives of six of his fellow soldiers after the Bradley fighting vehicle they were riding in struck an improvised explosive device despite suffering second and third-degree burns over 72% of his body. Cashe succumbed to his injuries on November 8, 2005, at Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Cashe is interred at Restlawn Cemetery in Sanford, Florida.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On July 23, 2020, Alwyn Cashe's son, Andrew Cashe, graduated One Station Unit Training (OSUT) for Infantry soldiers at Fort Benning, Georgia.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On May 20, 2021, 3rd Infantry Division at Fort Stewart, GA renamed their primary ceremonial grounds from “Marne Gardens” to “Cashe Gardens”. Located next to the Division Headquarters, Cashe Gardens is utilized by the installation for Battalion, Brigade, and Division Changes of Command as well as other high-profile ceremonies.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: Gary Brito, Cashe's battalion commander at the time of the action, did not initially realize the extent of Cashe's injuries and the pain he must have been in when he nominated Cashe for the Silver Star award. Witnesses were evacuated for medical treatment and unavailable for statement. Brito subsequently submitted additional statements to the Army to justify upgrading Cashe's award to the Medal of Honor. Brito continued to support efforts to upgrade Cashe's Silver Star to the Medal of Honor


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On October 17, 2019, the 14th anniversary of Cashe's actions, three members of Congress wrote to Defense Secretary Mark Esper and Army Secretary Ryan McCarthy formally requesting an upgrade of Cashe's award to the Medal of Honor. The letter was authored by retired Navy SEAL Dan Crenshaw, former Special Forces officer Michael Waltz and Stephanie Murphy.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On August 24, 2020, Secretary of Defense, Mark Esper, agreed that Cashe's actions merited award of the Medal of Honor.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On September 22, 2020, the U.S. House of Representatives unanimously passed a bill, introduced by Rep. Stephanie Murphy (D-FL), which allowed Cashe to finally receive the Medal of Honor. HR 8276 waived a five-year time statute of limitations that expired for normal consideration for Medal of Honor awards by directly authorizing the President to award the medal “for acts of valor during Operation Iraqi Freedom.”


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On September 28, 2020, Pittsburgh Steelers left tackle Alejandro Villanueva, a former US Army ranger, taped Cashe's name on the back of his helmet, covering the name of Antwon Rose Jr, who was killed by an East Pittsburgh policeman in June 2018. The team had previously decided to honor Rose. Villanueva stated his actions were intended to support the campaign to award Cashe the Medal of Honor.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On November 10, 2020, the Senate passed legislation that cleared the way for Cashe to be awarded the Medal of Honor.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: On December 4, 2020, President Donald Trump signed H.R. 8276, which authorized the President to posthumously award the Medal of Honor to Alwyn C. Cashe.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: The awarding of Cashe's Medal of Honor to his family was delayed by the new administration. It was hoped by members of Cashe's family and several U.S. House Representatives that the award ceremony would take place as fast as possible. However, on January 11, 2021, it was announced that it was now expected to happen after President Biden assumed office on January 20.


title: Alwyn Cashe

text: President Biden awarded three Medals of Honor, to Cashe's family, Earl Plumlee and the family of Christopher Celiz, in a ceremony on December 16, 2021.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt, often abbreviated to AIDS Memorial Quilt or AIDS Quilt, is an enormous memorial to celebrate the lives of people who have died of AIDS-related causes. Weighing an estimated 54 tons, it is the largest piece of community folk art in the world as of 2020. It was conceived in 1985, during the early years of the AIDS pandemic, when social stigma prevented many AIDS victims from receiving funerals. It has been displayed on the Mall in Washington, D.C. several times. In 2020, it returned to the AIDS Memorial in San Francisco, and can also be seen virtually.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The idea for the NAMES Project Memorial Quilt was conceived on November 27, 1985, by AIDS activist Cleve Jones during the annual candlelight march, in remembrance of the 1978 assassinations of San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk and Mayor George Moscone. For the march, Jones had people write the names of loved ones that were lost to AIDS-related causes on signs, and then they taped the signs to the old San Francisco Federal Building. All the signs taped to the building looked like an enormous patchwork quilt to Jones, and he was inspired. The NAMES Project officially started in 1987 in San Francisco by Jones, Mike Smith, and volunteers Joseph Durant, Jack Caster, Gert McMullin, Ron Cordova, Larkin Mayo, Steve Kirchner, and Gary Yuschalk. At that time many people who died of AIDS-related causes did not receive funerals, due to both the social stigma of AIDS felt by surviving family members and the outright refusal by many funeral homes and cemeteries to handle the deceased's remains. Lacking a memorial service or grave site, the Quilt was often the only opportunity survivors had to remember and celebrate their loved ones' lives. The first showing of The Quilt took place on October 11, 1987 on the National Mall in Washington, DC, as part of the National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay rights. The Quilt was last displayed in full on the Mall in Washington, D.C., in 1996, a display that included a visit by President Bill Clinton and first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton, but it returned in July 2012 to coincide with the start of the XIX International AIDS Conference.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The Quilt is a memorial to and celebration of the lives of people lost to the AIDS pandemic which marks it as a prominent forerunner of the twentieth century shift in memorial design that moved towards celebrating victims or survivors. Each panel is by , approximately the size of the average grave; this connects the ideas of AIDS and death more closely. The Quilt is still maintained and displayed by The NAMES Project Foundation.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: In observance of National HIV-Testing Day in June 2004 the 1,000 newest blocks were displayed by the Foundation on The Ellipse in Washington, D.C. The largest display of The Quilt since it was last displayed in its entirety in October 1996, the 1,000 blocks displayed consisted of every panel submitted at or after the 1996 display.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: In 1997, the NAMES Project headquarters moved from San Francisco to Washington, D.C., and in 2001 the quilt panels were moved from San Francisco to Atlanta, Georgia. The NAMES Project Foundation was headquartered in Atlanta.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: In 2019, the organization announced that the Quilt would be relocating to San Francisco under the care of the National AIDS Memorial. In 2020, its archives were relocated to the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress. The AIDS Memorial Quilt is warehoused in San Francisco when not being displayed, and continues to grow, currently consisting of more than 48,000 individual memorial panels (to over 94,000 people) and weighing an estimated 54 tons.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The goal of the Quilt is to bring awareness to how massive the AIDS pandemic really is, and to bring support and healing to those affected by it. Another goal is to raise funds for community-based AIDS service organizations, to increase their funding for AIDS prevention and education. As of 1996, more than $1.7 million had already been raised, and the effort continues to this day.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: panels made typically of fabric are created in recognition of a person who died from AIDS-related complications. The panels are made by individuals alone or in a workshop, such as Call My Name (which focuses on African American representation on the quilt) or in quilting bees, such as the one held during the 2012 Smithsonian Folklife Festival on the National Mall. Construction choices are left to the quilter and techniques such as traditional fabric quilting, embroidery, applique, paint and stencil, beading, and iron-ons are common.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: Panels are submitted to the National AIDS Memorial, along with a panel-maker identification form and a documentation letter. Occasionally, other supplemental material is donated along with the panel such as photographs of the subject. The information about the panel is recorded in a database.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: Panels are backed in canvas and sewn together in blocks of eight. Grommets for hanging are attached and the blocks are numbered and photographed. The numbers help with identification and location in storage, on the quilt website, and when the quilt is displayed.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The quilt is maintained, repaired, and managed by Hand Maidens of the Quilt. The most dedicated Hand Maiden is Gert McMullin. McMullin, chief quilt production coordinator for the NAMES Project Foundation, volunteered her anger-driven energy and sewing skills to Cleve Jones in the early days of the quilt in San Francisco. After witnessing and experiencing the deaths of so many friends from HIV, McMullin dedicated herself, working nights after her job at a Macy's cosmetic counter, to combat the invisibility her community felt. Materials and sewing machines were donated and McMullin and a group of volunteers worked in a storefront on Market Street. They created hundreds and later thousands of panels.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: McMullin's first two panels were for her friends, Roger Lyon and David Calgaro. Her panel for Lyon was eventually accessioned into the collection of the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (accession number 1998.0254.01) and was featured in the book "The Smithsonian's History of America in 101 Objects".


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: When San Francisco became prohibitively expensive, the project, and McMullin, moved to Atlanta, Georgia. McMullin returned to San Francisco in 2020 as the Quilt returned to the city where it originated under the care and stewardship of the National Aids Memorial. Gert continues to care for each Quilt panel and works with a team of Quiltmakers and caretakers to maintain and preserve each panel and organize displays around the country.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Gert and her colleagues struck by the similarities of the COVID and AIDS pandemics, wanted to help those in need. They began making protective masks made from quilting fabric for first responders as a way to show their support and deal with their own grief and memories of loved ones being lost during the AIDS pandemic. They have made thousands of protective masks and delivered them to organizations throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: Those who submit panels do not have to know the person, but they do have to feel some sort of connection with the individual that they want people to recognize. For example, to memorialize Queen lead-singer Freddie Mercury, there were many panels made, two of which were a solid white background with a blue and black guitar, and "Freddy Mercury" written down the sides in black, with the AIDS ribbon above his name, and a purple silk with "Freddie Mercury", "Queen", and "1946–1991" in silver applique, along with two pictures of Mercury with Queen.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: Many panels were also made for the actor Rock Hudson, one of which consisted of a navy blue background with silver "Rock Hudson" and stars, above a rainbow with the word "Hollywood".


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: Other panels are made by loved ones and then attached to make one large block. Some are flamboyant and loud, whereas some are more muted and simple.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: The AIDS Memorial Quilt was the first of its kind as a continually growing monument created piecemeal by thousands of individuals, and as of 2007, it constituted the largest piece of community folk art in the world. The Quilt was followed by, and inspired a number of memorials and awareness projects, both AIDS-related and otherwise. Examples of these include:


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: There are also quilts for sub-sects of the AIDS Pandemic, including Children, 2010, North Californians, 2008, Australians, 2009, New Zealand, 2017.


title: NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt

text: In November 2019 the NAMES Project Foundation and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced that the quilt would relocate to San Francisco under the permanent care and stewardship of the National AIDS Memorial starting in 2020. The Project's archives were gifted to the joint care with the American Folklife Center at the U.S. Library of Congress, allowing for greater public access. This action returns the quilt to San Francisco, where the project began.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: NXT TakeOver: New York was the 24th NXT TakeOver professional wrestling livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's NXT brand division. The event aired exclusively on the WWE Network and took place on April 5, 2019, at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York as part of the WrestleMania 35 weekend festivities.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: Five matches were contested at the event. In the main event, Johnny Gargano defeated Adam Cole in a two-out-of-three falls match to win the vacant NXT Championship. Other matches on the undercard saw Walter defeat Pete Dunne to win the WWE United Kingdom Championship (also ending Dunne's record-setting reign at 685 days), Shayna Baszler retaining the NXT Women's Championship in a fatal four-way match, Velveteen Dream ending Matt Riddle's undefeated streak and retaining the NXT North American Championship, and the War Raiders (Hanson and Rowe) retaining the NXT Tag Team Championship against Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic winners Aleister Black and Ricochet in the opening bout.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: TakeOver was a series of professional wrestling shows that began in May 2014, as WWE's then-developmental league NXT held their second WWE Network-exclusive event, billed as TakeOver. In subsequent months, the "TakeOver" moniker became the brand used by WWE for all of their NXT live specials. In March 2018, it was announced that WrestleMania 35 would be held at the MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, with the event's associated NXT TakeOver being held at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York on April 5, 2019. The event was in turn titled TakeOver: New York. It was the 24th NXT TakeOver event and was the first TakeOver named after the U.S. state instead of the host city.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: NXT previously held a recurring subseries of TakeOvers titled TakeOver: Brooklyn, which were each held at the Barclays Center and were a support show for WWE's annual SummerSlam pay-per-view in August. Although TakeOver: New York was held at this same venue, it did not continue the TakeOver: Brooklyn name. It was also held in April as a support show for WrestleMania.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: The card comprised five matches. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the NXT brand, while storylines were produced on their weekly television program, "NXT".


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: In the fourth annual Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic, Aleister Black and Ricochet advanced to the finals and defeated The Forgotten Sons (Steve Cutler and Wesley Blake) to win the tournament. This also earned them an NXT Tag Team Championship match against the War Raiders at TakeOver.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: In the Classic, Johnny Gargano decided to team up once again with former friend and bitter rival, NXT Champion Tommaso Ciampa, reforming #DIY. After losing to Black and Ricochet in the semifinals, Ciampa was about to turn on Gargano again, but Gargano was prepared and turned the attack around. On the March 20 episode of "NXT", Triple H revealed that Gargano was supposed to face Ciampa at TakeOver for the NXT title, but those plans halted due to the real life situation of Ciampa needing neck surgery, thus forcing him to vacate the title. Triple H then stated Gargano would still be in the match, and The Undisputed Era's Adam Cole won a fatal five-way against Velveteen Dream, Matt Riddle, Aleister Black, and Ricochet to fight for the vacant title. Triple H also announced that, in order to get a definitive winner, the match would be a two-out-of-three falls match.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: After winning the Worlds Collide tournament during Royal Rumble Axxess for a championship match of his choosing, Velveteen Dream defeated Johnny Gargano for the NXT North American Championship. Over the next few weeks, Dream had runs ins with Matt Riddle, who fantasized about what the championship would look like around his waist. After weeks of head games, it was eventually announced that Dream would defend the title against Riddle at TakeOver.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: At , Shayna Baszler retained the NXT Women's Championship against Bianca Belair by technical submission. During the match, Belair also had to deal with outside interference from Baszler's friends, former UFC Horsewomen Jessamyn Duke and Marina Shafir. This led to a match with Belair teaming with Io Shirai and Kairi Sane against the three women, and resulted in Shirai pinning Baszler. Belair, however, was not pleased as she wanted the pin and another shot at Baszler's title. During a match for a title shot at TakeOver, both Shirai and Belair were attacked by Baszler, who also choked out an assisting Sane. As she was leaving the building, Baszler was informed that, due to her actions, she would be defending her title against Belair, Shirai, and Sane in a fatal four-way.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: In the opening match, The War Raiders (Hanson and Rowe) defended the NXT Tag Team Championship against Aleister Black and Ricochet. Hanson and Rowe performed Fallout on Ricochet to retain the title.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: Next, The Velveteen Dream defended the NXT North American Championship against Matt Riddle. Dream pinned Riddle with a roll up to retain the title.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: After that, Pete Dunne defended the WWE United Kingdom Championship against Walter. Walter performed a Diving Splash on Dunne to win the title; this ended Dunne's record title reign at 685 days.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: In the penultimate match, Shayna Baszler defended the NXT Women's Championship against Kairi Sane, Bianca Belair and Io Shirai. After Belair performed a double KOD on Shirai and Sane, Baszler applied the Kirifuda clutch on Belair, who submitted, to retain the title.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: In the main event, Johnny Gargano and Adam Cole competed in a 2 out of 3 falls match for the vacant NXT Championship. Cole performed a Last Shot on Gargano to win the first fall. Cole performed a second Last Shot on Gargano for a near-fall. Gargano forced Cole to submit to the Garga-No-Escape to win the second fall. Gargano performed a Slingshot DDT on Cole for a near-fall. Cole performed a Panama Sunrise on Gargano for a near-fall. Cole performed a Fairytale Ending on an announce table on Gargano. Gargano applied the Garga-No-Escape but The Undisputed Era (Bobby Fish, Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong) appeared. O'Reilly attacked Gargano with an eye rake and Cole pushed Gargano into the referee. Fish and O'Reilly performed Total Elimination on Gargano and Cole scored a near-fall. Gargano performed a Back Body Drop onto Fish, O'Reilly and Strong on Cole and threw Strong into the ring post. Gargano performed a Superkick on Fish and a Tornado DDT off the ring apron on O'Reilly. Cole performed a third Last Shot on Gargano for a near-fall. Cole attemped another Last Shot, but Gargano avoided it and applied the Garga-No-Escape. Cole tried to make it to the bottom rope, but Gargano brought him to the middle of the ring and forced him to submit to win the third fall and the title.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: After the match, Candice LeRae, Gargano's wife, appeared to celebrate with Gargano. Tommaso Ciampa, the former NXT Champion, appeared and congratulated Gargano. Gargano celebrated with LeRae and Ciampa as the event ended.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: The event received widespread acclaim. Jake St-Pierre of "411Mania" rated the event a perfect 10/10 rating. He described it by saying, "It's getting to the point where I don't know which TakeOver event stands out the most, but I'll be damned if New York didn't throw its hat in the ring with authority."


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" awarded, out of five stars, 4.5 stars for both the NXT Tag Team Championship and the North American Championship matches, 4.75 stars to the Walter-Dunne match, 3.75 stars to the Women's Championship match (the only match of the event below four stars), and 5.5 stars to the Gargano-Cole match, making it the first WWE match to break the five-star rating system. To date the Gargano-Cole match is the highest-rated WWE match by Meltzer.


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: On the April 17 episode of "NXT", Johnny Gargano talked about his NXT Championship win, but Adam Cole (along with Bobby Fish and Kyle O'Reilly) called him the "uncrowned champion" of NXT, since Cole won the first fall. Gargano then mocked Cole's "bay bay" catchphrase. Afterwards, Cole, Fish, and O'Reilly attacked Gargano. The following month, a singles match between Cole and Gargano for the NXT Championship was made official for .


title: NXT TakeOver: New York

text: The rivalry between Kairi Sane and NXT Women's Champion Shayna Baszler ended on the April 17 episode of "NXT", where they battled for the title under the stipulation that Sane could no longer challenge for the title if she loses. Throughout the match, Baszler focused on injuring Sane's arm. In the end, Io Shirai shoved Baszler, who won via disqualification to retain the title. Afterwards, Baszler's Horsewomen stablemates, Jessamyn Duke and Marina Shafir, dragged Shirai out of the ring and forced her to watch as Baszler stomped on Sane's injured arm. A match between Shirai and Baszler for the NXT Women's Championship would later be scheduled for NXT TakeOver: XXV.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Armindo Tué Na Bangna (born 24 October 1994), known as Bruma, is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for Turkish club Fenerbahçe on loan from PSV as a winger, with skill and speed being his main assets.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, Bruma moved to Portugal as a child, joining Sporting CP's academy before his 13th birthday. He proceeded to score more than 80 goals for the club's various youth sides.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma made his senior debut in the 2012–13 season, starting with the B team in the Segunda Liga. On 6 December 2012 he netted twice against C.F. União, but was also sent off in the 3–2 away loss.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: On 10 February 2013, at the age of 18, Bruma made his official debut with the "Lions"' main squad, playing the first half of the 0–1 home defeat against C.S. Marítimo. He scored his first Primeira Liga goal the following matchday, the first in a 3–2 win at Gil Vicente FC.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: On 3 September 2013, after a lengthy and sour contract dispute with Sporting, ultimately resolved in the club's favour, Bruma signed a five-year deal with Turkish giants Galatasaray SK for €10 million. He made his debut ten days later against Antalyaspor, coming on as a substitute in the 1–1 draw.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma made his maiden UEFA Champions League appearance on 17 September 2013, playing roughly 30 minutes in a 1–6 home loss to Real Madrid in the group stage. He made his first assist for his new club in a local derby against Beşiktaş JK, a 2–1 away victory, and scored his first goal against Balıkesirspor on 18 December, in a 4–0 win in the campaign's Turkish Cup.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: On 15 January 2014, also in the domestic cup but against Tokatspor, Bruma suffered a serious knee injury and was sidelined for most of the season. Due to this and the restriction on foreign players allowed per team, he was loaned to fellow Süper Lig side Gaziantepspor, failing to play any matches.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma was loaned to Spain's Real Sociedad in the 2015 off-season, in a season-long deal. He made his La Liga debut on 22 August, starting and playing 85 minutes in a 0–0 away draw with Deportivo de La Coruña.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma scored his first competitive goal for the Basques on 3 December 2015, in a 2–1 loss at UD Las Palmas in the Copa del Rey (3–2 aggregate). His first in the league arrived 27 days later, as he came on as an early substitute for the injured Imanol Agirretxe and netted the 1–1 equaliser against Real Madrid, but in an eventual 3–1 defeat at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: On 4 June 2017, Bruma completed a €12.5m move to German club RB Leipzig, with a €2.5m bonus. He made his Bundesliga debut on 19 August, playing 15 minutes in a 0–2 away loss against FC Schalke 04. He scored his first goal for his new club the following weekend, helping the hosts defeat SC Freiburg 4–1.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma was sparingly played by manager Ralf Rangnick during the 2018–19 season, only totalling 14 league appearances. He was also sidelined for two months, due to injury.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: On 28 June 2019, Bruma signed a five-year contract at PSV Eindhoven. He made his official debut on 23 July, in a Champions League game against FC Basel in which he scored his first goal for the club; he repeated the feat in the second leg, but his team were eliminated on the away goals rule.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma joined Olympiacos F.C. on a season-long loan on 3 October 2020, with an option to make the move permanent for €7 million the following 30 June. He scored on 11 April 2021 in a 3–1 win over Panathinaikos F.C. in the Derby of the eternal enemies, as his club won the title.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Still aged 18, Bruma was part of the Portuguese under-20 side that competed in the 2013 FIFA World Cup in Turkey. He was awarded the "Silver Shoe" as second top scorer of the tournament, scoring five times in four games in an eventual round-of-16 exit.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma played his first game for the under-21s on 10 October 2013, 14 days shy of his 19th birthday, and he netted the second from a close-range header in an eventual 3–0 home win against Israel for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers. Just two days later he was called by full side manager Paulo Bento, replacing suspended Cristiano Ronaldo for the last 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Luxembourg.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma won his first full cap on 10 November 2017, replacing Gonçalo Guedes for the last 15 minutes of the 3–0 friendly win over Saudi Arabia in Viseu. He scored his first goal the following 14 October in another exhibition game, helping to a 3–1 win over Scotland at Hampden Park.


title: Bruma (footballer)

text: Bruma's older brother, Mesca, is also a footballer and a winger. He too played youth football for Sporting, also spending his formative years at Chelsea and Fulham.


title: Julius Packiam

text: Julius Packiam is an Indian film score composer. His has composed for Ek Tha Tiger, Tiger Zinda Hai, Baaghi, Baaghi 2, Bajrangi Bhaijaan, Sultan and Bharat.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: No Pressure is the sixth studio album by American rapper Logic. It was released through Def Jam Recordings and Visionary Music Group on July 24, 2020. The production on the album was handled by Logic himself, No I.D., 6ix, and FnZ, among others. "No Pressure" contains samples from different classic radio shows, with the final track on the album being solely an excerpt from "Orson Welles Commentaries". The album was marketed as Logic's final commercial release, however this statement was retracted upon the release of Logic's following mixtape "Bobby Tarantino III". It was supported by the single "Perfect", which was sent to rhythmic contemporary radio on August 11, 2020.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: "No Pressure" received generally positive reviews from critics, many of whom commended Logic for returning to his roots. The album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, earning 221,000 album-equivalent units in its first week. It debuted behind Taylor Swift's eighth studio album, "Folklore". Shortly after his retirement, Logic embarked on a streaming career on Twitch. On June 16, 2021, Logic announced his comeback from retirement.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: On July 16, 2020, Logic announced the album and also announced that the album would be his last as he would be retiring. In the tweet, he stated that it had been a "great decade", and it was time to "be a great father." The next day, he debuted photos of his son, "Little Bobby". His son is also credited as a songwriter on the twelfth track, "A2Z". However, Logic returned to rapping on June 16, 2021.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: To celebrate the release, Logic had a "release party extravaganza" on Twitch, where, after playing the album, he became emotional while thanking his fans and other rappers such as Kendrick Lamar, J. Cole, and Drake for how their contributions as his contemporaries inspire him and support him, whether they know it or not.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: Music videos for the tracks "DadBod" and "Aquarius III" were released in the week following the album's release.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: Opening track "No Pressure" features a sample from Orson Welles's "The Hitch-Hiker", with Logic cutting in the script with words and phrases. The track also features David Hayter, reprising his role as Solid Snake.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: The ending track, "Obediently Yours", uses a sample from the July 28, 1946 episode of Welles's "Orson Welles Commentaries". Many listeners praised the usage of samples from Welles, including his commentary on the Isaac Woodard case. Beatrice Welles, his youngest daughter, commented that she "was pleased with the final product and thrilled that her father's message on racism from 76 years ago has struck a chord with a younger audience".


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: "No Pressure" received generally positive reviews from critics, with some calling it a return to form for the Maryland MC. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a weighted average score of 78, based on six reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews". It is the highest score in Logic's discography. Album of the Year gave the album a score of 73 based on six critic reviews.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: Will Lavin of "NME" gave the album four out of five stars, saying that the album "continues the trend even as he bids farewell to the art form that raised him and gave him a platform to speak his truth." A.D. Amorosi of "Variety" said that the album is a "solid, soulful finale" for his career, and that Logic was in his best, "kid-like Q-Tip mode." Tim Hoffman of "RIFF" magazine gave the album an 8/10, calling it a "masterful final release" for Logic.


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: In the review for AllMusic, Fred Thomas called it one of Logic's "best and most enjoyable albums, wrapping up an electrified run with his most clearheaded and honest material yet." Donna-Claire Chesman and Yoh Phillips of DJBooth both praised the rapper for having the album be "driven by love" of life, self, music, and "all the feel-good emotions", as well as finally "finding balance" with himself. Judah Charles Lotter of "Meaww" called the album a "powerful and infectiously catchy swansong album."


title: No Pressure (Logic album)

text: "No Pressure" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, earning 221,000 album-equivalent units (including 172,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week. This became Logic's seventh US top-ten debut. The album also accumulated a total of 65.16 million on-demand streams of the set's tracks in the week ending August 8.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: We're Going on a Bear Hunt is a 1989 children's picture book written by Michael Rosen and illustrated by Helen Oxenbury. It has won numerous awards and was the subject of a "Guinness World Record" for "Largest Reading Lesson" with a book-reading attended by 1,500 children, and an additional 30,000 listeners online, in 2014.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: A family of four children (plus a baby sister and their dog), are going out to hunt a bear. They travel through grass (Long wavy grass), a river (Deep, cold river), mud (Thick oozy mud), a forest (A big dark forest) and a snowstorm (A swirling whirling snowstorm) before coming face to face with a bear in a cave (A narrow gloomy cave). This meeting causes panic and the children are told by a bird to start running back home, across all the obstacles (see obstacle phrases below), chased by the bear. Finally, the children return to home and lock the bear out of their house. After the bear retreats, leaving the children safe. The children hide under a duvet and saying: "We're not going on a bear hunt again!" (see below). At the end of the book, the bear is pictured trudging disconsolately on a beach at night, the same beach that is shown on a sunny day as the frontispiece. Most of the illustrations were painted in watercolor. However, the six pictures of the family facing each new hazard are black and white drawings.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: At each obstacle is an onomatopoeic description. Before each obstacle the children chant the refrain:


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: The story was adapted from an American folk song. Rosen, who heard the song, incorporated it in his poetry shows and subsequently wrote the book based upon it. Since publication, the book has never been out of print and each year has been in the 5,000 best selling books. The publisher has stated that the book has attained worldwide sales of more than 9 million copies.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: The book won the overall Nestlé Smarties Book Prize in 1989 and also won the 0–5 years category. In 1989 it was an 'Honor Book' in the Boston Globe–Horn Book Awards. The book also won the 'School Library Journal Best Book of the Year' and the 'Mainichi Newspapers Japanese Picture Book Award, Outstanding Picture Book from Abroad' award. It was highly commended for the 1989 Kate Greenaway Medal.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: The publisher, Walker Books, celebrated the work's 25th anniversary in 2014 by breaking a "Guinness World Record" for the "Largest Reading Lesson", with a book-reading by author Rosen that was attended by 1,500 children, with an additional 30,000 online.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: The book has been adapted as a stage play by director Sally Cookson with musical score by Benji Bower and design by Katie Sykes. The play has run in the West End and in provincial theatres. The ending of the performance has been changed so that there is a reconciliation between the family and the bear. "Time Out" magazine, who awarded four stars out of five, whilst describing the performers as "wonderfully entertaining" also said "those in the later primary years might find it a little boring – not an awful lot happens, after all."


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: Channel 4 first aired a half hour animated television adaptation on 24 December 2016 at 7:30 pm. It was voiced by Olivia Colman, Mark Williams, and Michael Rosen, in the US dub, the characters are voiced by Anna Faris and Jimmy Kimmel, and Michael Rosen keeps his UK dub. "The Daily Telegraph", giving the programme three stars out of five, commented that "The whole thing was skilfully made, but ... did it need to take such a carefree story and cast a pall of gloom?". However, "The Guardian" said that adaptation was "sumptuous", "prestigious" but that "The animation adds a dose of festive sadness."


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: A mobile app, based on the book, was launched in December 2016. It is available on Amazon, Android, and Apple platforms.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: In 2013, the novelists Josie Lloyd and Emlyn Rees wrote a bestselling parody of the book, called "We're Going On A Bar Hunt", which was illustrated by Gillian Johnson in the style of the original and was published by Constable books and then republished by Little, Brown & Company.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, "bear hunts" became popular with houses across the United States, Belgium, Netherlands, and Australia placing stuffed bears in windows, in front yards, or on mailboxes for children to look for and find during walks or drives.


title: We're Going on a Bear Hunt

text: A book was inspired for an adults joke book "We're Going on a Bar Hunt", by Josie Lloyd and Emlyn Rees and illustrated by Gillian Johnson. In this parody, it tells the story of two parents who book a baby sitter to look after their children while they meet up with two friends and set off for a night on the tiles. They travel through an offie (Trendy new offie), a pub (Groovy gastro pub), a cocktail bar (Funky cocktail bar) and a club (Really rocking club). The two parents and their friends get drunk until they come face to face with a bear (man in a suit). This causes the gang to flee with the bear following and chasing after them all the way back through the obstacles where they all come from. Finally the two friends carry on running away and the parents get to their children, quickly act sober and pay the baby sitter until the bear comes. They shut the door and crash on the sofa and the children jump up from behind at 6 a.m. until their parents sit up and say "We're not going on a bar hunt again!" Like in the book We're Going on a Bear Hunt, the bear is pictured trotting away down the streets.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Pantherophis obsoletus, also known commonly as the western rat snake, black rat snake, pilot black snake, or simply black snake, is a nonvenomous species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is native to central North America. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid. Its color variations include the Texas rat snake. Along with other snakes of the eastern United States, like the eastern indigo snake ("Drymarchon couperi)" and the eastern racer ("Coluber constrictor"), it is called “black snake”.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: "P. obsoletus" is found west of the Mississippi River, from eastern and southern Iowa southward through Missouri and Arkansas to western Louisiana, westward to eastern Texas, northward through Oklahoma and eastern Kansas to southeastern Nebraska.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Aside from the usual variety that is black or has patches of black on a lighter background, color variations include


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: the Texas rat snake, which is a brown-to-black variant, often with tinges of orange or red, that can be found in southern Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Rat snakes of the genus "Pantherophis" are diurnally-active and live in a variety of habitats; some overlap each other. They have adapted to a variety of habitats, including bayou, prairie, and rock outcrops, but they seem to have a particular preference for wooded areas, especially oak trees. Rat snakes are excellent climbers and spend a significant amount of their time in trees. The black rat snake is also a competent swimmer.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: During winter it hibernates in shared dens, often with copperheads and timber rattlesnakes. This association gave rise to one of its common names, pilot black snake, and the superstition that this nonvenomous species led the venomous ones to the den.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Adults of "P. obsoletus" can become quite large, with a reported typical total length (including tail) of . It is the largest snake found in Canada. The record total length is , making it (officially) the longest snake in North America. Unofficially, indigo snakes (genus "Drymarchon") are known to exceed it, and one wild-caught pine snake ("Pituophis melanoleucus"), with a portion of its tail missing, measured . The body mass of "P. obsoletus" can range up to in adults, although most adults are on the smaller end of this scale, per herpetology research sites, with weights most commonly between .


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Juveniles are strongly patterned with brown blotches on a gray background (like miniature fox snakes: "P. gloydi", "P. ramspotti", and "P. vulpinus"). Darkening occurs rapidly as they grow. Adults are glossy black above with white lips, chin, and throat. Sometimes traces of the "obsolete" juvenile pattern are still discernible in the skin between the scales, especially when stretched after a heavy meal.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: Other common names for "P. obsoletus" include: gray rat snake, black chicken snake, black coluber, chicken snake, mountain black snake, mountain pilot snake, pilot, rat snake, rusty black snake, scaly black snake, cow snake, "schwartze Schlange", sleepy John, and white-throated racer.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: When not fully grown, rat snakes are subject to predation by many animals, including other snakes. Once they attain maturity, they are readily preyed on by mammalian carnivores (including the American mink, which weighs no more than an adult rat snake) and large birds of prey (especially red-tailed hawks). When startled, they may freeze and wrinkle themselves into a series of kinks. If they feel further threatened, they may flee quickly or tail vibrate (potentially a form of mimicry, which makes them sound like rattlesnakes). They are also capable of producing a foul-smelling musk, which they will release onto predators if picked up. They spread the musk with their tails in hopes of deterring the threat. When cornered or provoked, black snakes are known to stand their ground and can become aggressive. Counterattacks on large birds of prey, often committed by large snakes in excess of in length, have resulted in violent prolonged struggles. Utilizing its infamous agility and the great strength of its muscular coils, the black rat snake is sometimes able to overwhelm and kill formidable avian predators such as red-tailed hawks, great horned owls and red-shouldered hawks, though in many cases the bird is able to kill the snake and both combatants may even die.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: "P. obsoletus" is a constrictor, meaning it squeezes its prey to the point of cardiovascular collapse due to obstructive shock, coiling around small animals and tightening its grip until the prey can no longer circulate blood and dies of profound hypotension, before being eaten. Though it will often consume mice, voles, and rats, the western rat snake is far from a specialist at this kind of prey and will readily consume any small vertebrate it can catch. Other prey opportunistically eaten by this species can include other snakes (including both those of its own and other species), frogs, lizards, moles, chipmunks, squirrels, juvenile rabbits, juvenile opossums, songbirds, and bird eggs. One snake was observed to consume an entire clutch of mallard eggs. Cavity-nesting bird species are seemingly especially prevalent in this snake's diet. The western rat snake has been noted as perhaps the top predator at purple martin colonies as a single large snake will readily consume a number of eggs, hatchlings, and adults each summer. Several rat snake repelling methods have been offered to those putting up martin houses, but most are mixed in success.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: In "P. obsoletus" mating takes place in late May and early June. The male snake wraps its tail around the female with their vents nearly touching. The male then everts one of its sex organs, a hemipenis, into the female sex organ, the cloaca. The mating lasts a few minutes to a few hours. After five weeks, the female lays about 12 to 20 eggs, which are long by wide. The eggs hatch about 65 to 70 days later in late August to early October. The hatchlings are in total length, and they look like miniature fox snakes.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: This species has previously been placed (and is still placed by many) in the genus "Elaphe", as "Elaphe obsoleta". However, Utiger et al. found that "Elaphe" is broadly construed as paraphyletic, and placed this species in the genus "Pantherophis". In addition, because "Pantherophis" is masculine, the specific epithet becomes the masculine "obsoletus". The split of "Pantherophis" from "Elaphe" has been further confirmed by additional phylogenetic studies.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: In 2001, suggested this species be divided into three species based on geographic patterns of mitochondrial DNA diversity. He assigned new common names and resurrected old scientific names, resulting in the following combinations: eastern ratsnake ("Elaphe alleghaniensis", now "Pantherophis alleghaniensis"), central ratsnake ("Elaphe spiloides", now "Pantherophis spiloides"), and western rat snake ("Elaphe obsoleta", now "Pantherophis obsoletus"). However, these three species are not morphologically distinct and overlap in all examined morphological characters. More recent investigations have indicated "P. alleghaniensis" and "P. spiloides" interbreed freely in Ontario.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: In 2008, Collins and resurrected the genus "Scotophis" for Burbrink's three taxa ("i.e.", "Scotophis alleghaniensis", "Scotophis spiloides", and "Scotophis obsoletus") in response to the findings of Burbrink and , 2007. The justification for this nomenclatural change has been removed by more recent research.


title: Pantherophis obsoletus

text: The western rat snake is available captive-bred in the United States pet trade, and it has been bred for mutations such as leucistic, albino, and scaleless. However, it is not as popular as other colubrids such as corn snakes, kingsnakes, milksnakes, and hognose snakes. Opinions vary on the western rat snake's disposition, but captive-bred individuals are reported to be more docile than their wild counterparts. With appropriate care, this species may be expected to live 15 years in captivity, and possibly more.


title: Jaya Bhattacharya

text: Jaya Bhattacharya is an Indian television actress. She is known for playing antagonistic roles in TV serials. She has also done small roles in movies. Best known for playing Payal in soap opera "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi", she also played the roles of Jigyasa Bali in "Kasamh Se", Sakku Bai in "Jhansi Ki Rani", and Sudha Buaa in "Gangaa". She again gained popularity with her role of Vasundhara Pandey in drama series "Thapki Pyar Ki" (2015–2017). She appeared in "Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka" (2018–2019) and then she played the role of veena devi in "Thapki Pyar Ki 2"


title: Jaya Bhattacharya

text: She played minor roles in Bollywood films "Devdas" and "Lajja." She also appeared on television with shows like "Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi", playing Payal, and "Banoo Main Teri Dulhan". Bhattacharya was given a cameo appearance in the 2000s Hindi film "Fiza", starring Karisma Kapoor. She has also worked in the film "Jigyaasa" where she played a filmmaker who wants to make a documentary on a controversial actress. This character was similar to the Alice Patten's role in the Indian movie "Rang De Basanti". She has also acted in "Kasamh Se" as Jigyasa in 2007, in the same role.


title: Jaya Bhattacharya

text: Bhattacharya was seen in the avatar of Sakku Bai in historical series "Jhansi Ki Rani" on Zee TV. She joined the romantic soap opera "Thapki Pyar Ki" in the prominent supporting character of Vasundhara Pandey; the show aired between 2015–2017. In 2018, she entered the hit show "Badho Bahu" as a social worker Sushma Bua.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Marquis Who's Who ( or ) is an American publisher of a number of directories containing short biographies. The books usually are entitled "Who's Who in..." followed by some subject, such as "Who's Who in America", "Who's Who of American Women", "Who's Who in the World", "Who's Who in Science and Engineering", "Who's Who in American Politics", etc. Often, "Marquis Who's Who" books are found in the reference section of local libraries, at corporate libraries, and are also used for research by universities.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: In 2005, while Marquis was owned by News Communications, Inc., publishers of "The Hill"; "The New York Times" referred to the sixtieth edition of "Who's Who in America" as "a librarian's "Vanity Fair"".


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Marquis states in its preface that "Who's Who in America" "endeavors to profile the leaders of American society; those men and women who are influencing their nation's development".


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Entries in "Marquis Who's Who" books list career and personal data for each biography, including birth date and place, names of parents and family members, education, writings and creative works, civic activities, awards, political affiliation, religion, and addresses. The content also is provided online to libraries and other paid subscribers.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Founded in 1898 by Albert Nelson Marquis as an American counterpoint to the UK-oriented publication of the same name (published by A.C. Black since 1849 and, notably, including substantial biographies since 1897), the first edition of the publication contained concise biographies of more than 8,500 "distinguished Americans". Albert Marquis wrote that the book's objective was to "chronicle the lives of individuals whose achievements and contributions to society make them subjects of widespread reference interest and inquiry."


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Originally independent, it was acquired by the conglomerate ITT. Macmillan bought ITT's publishing division in 1985. Reed Publishing bought Marquis and National Register from Macmillan in 1991. Reed Elsevier sold Marquis and National Register to Commonwealth Business Media in 2001. News Communications, Inc., which owns "The Hill", bought Marquis in 2003.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: In 2016, the company's assets, including all the trademarks were transferred to Marquis Who's Who Ventures LLC, which is privately owned.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: "Marquis Who's Who" states that selection of individuals for listing in its publications "is based on reference value. Individuals become eligible for listing by virtue of their positions and/or noteworthy achievements that have proved to be of significant value to society. An individual's desire to be listed is not sufficient reason for inclusion. Similarly, wealth or social position are not criteria. Purchase of the book is never a factor in the selection of biographees".<ref name="Compiling the Forbes/CCAP Rankings"></ref>


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: A 2005 "The New York Times" feature describes some aspects of the selection process: "An editorial team of 70, including 12 researchers, make the call on who's notable and who's not".


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Marquis calls its selection criteria "stringent" and claims that biographical data on candidates for listing are reviewed by its editors to confirm that its requirements are met. Their chief executive, Gene M. McGovern, told "The New York Times" that "the fundamental standards here are position and accomplishment". Once selected, a biographical draft is sent to biographees for pre-publication checking. In cases where notable individuals decline to submit biographical data, Marquis proceeds to compile all of the information to be published.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: In 2007, referring to the International Biographical Centre, the American Biographical Institute, and "Marquis Who's Who", Jan Margosian, consumer information coordinator for the Oregon Department of Justice, lumped all biographical reference volumes together in a "warning to consumers" to be wary, labeled all such companies "pretty tacky", and added that "I don't know why they would put you in there if they weren't hoping to get you to buy the book. You truly have to look at how they are marketing and what the spin is. It's something you might want to watch out for".


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: In 1999, "Forbes" magazine published "The Hall of Lame" by Tucker Carlson, in which Carlson reported that the selection process was neither rigorous nor meaningful; self-nominators and thousands of people who are not particularly notable were included; and that Marquis profited by selling subscriber addresses to direct mail marketers.


title: Marquis Who's Who

text: "Forbes" adopted "Who’s Who in America" as a source for compiling information on post-graduate success when it began ranking America's most prestigious colleges in 2007. "Forbes" stopped referencing "Marquis Who’s Who" in 2013, replacing it with various of its own lists, such as Power Women, 30 Under 30, CEOs on the Global 2000, Nobel and Pulitzer prize winners, Guggenheim and MacArthur Fellows, those elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and winners of major Arts awards.