title: Ouse Valley Viaduct

text: Starting in March 1996, the viaduct underwent a £6.5 million renovation overseen by the national rail infrastructure company Railtrack and partially funded by grants from West Sussex County Council, Railway Heritage Trust and English Heritage. Harder-wearing limestone was imported from Bordeaux to ensure the closest match with the existing Caen stone in the balustrades and pavilions. Some of the piers had to be reconstructed because of failures in the Victorian brickwork. The new bricks were handmade in a variety of sizes to suit the existing brickwork and set in sand, cement, and lime mortar; stainless steel anchoring was used to firmly fix the new stone to the old stonework. Throughout the work, one of the lines always remained open while restoration activity was being carried out on the other side of the viaduct. The project, which took more than three years, was completed in September 1999.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude. It generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves disorientation, lethargy, and nausea among other symptoms. It occurs when the body fails to acclimatize while ascending to a high altitude.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: It appears to be a vasogenic edema (fluid penetration of the blood–brain barrier), although cytotoxic edema (cellular retention of fluids) may play a role as well. Individuals with the condition must immediately descend to a lower altitude or coma and death can occur. Patients are usually given supplemental oxygen and dexamethasone as well.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: HACE can be prevented by ascending to heights slowly to allow the body more time to acclimatize. Acetazolamide also helps prevent the condition. Untreated patients usually die within 48 hours. Those who receive treatment may take weeks to fully recover. It is a rare condition, occurring in less than one percent of people who ascend to . Although it was first described in 1913, little was known about the cause of the condition until MRI studies were performed in the 1990s.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Early symptoms of HACE generally correspond with those of moderate to severe acute mountain sickness (AMS). Initial symptoms of HACE commonly include confusion, loss of consciousness, fever, ataxia, photophobia, rapid heart beat, lassitude, and an altered mental state. Those affected generally attempt to cease physical activities, regardless of their necessity for survival. Severe headaches develop and people lose the ability to sit up. Retinal venous dilation occurs in 59% of people with HACE. Rarer symptoms include brisk deep tendon reflexes, retinal hemorrhages, blurred vision, extension plantar reflexes, and ocular paralysis. Cranial nerve palsies occur in some unusual cases.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: In the bestselling 1996 non-fiction book "Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster", Jon Krakauer describes the effects of HACE upon Dale Kruse, a forty-four-year-old dentist and one of the members of Scott Fischer's team: <br>


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: 'Kruse was having an incredibly difficult time simply trying to dress himself. He put his climbing harness on inside out, threaded it through the fly of his wind suit, and failed to fasten the buckle; fortunately, Fischer and Neal Beidleman noticed the screwup before Kruse started to descend. "If he'd tried to rappel down the ropes like that," says Beidleman, "he would have immediately popped out of his harness and fallen to the bottom of the Lhotse Face."


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: '"It was like I was very drunk," Kruse recollects. "I couldn't walk without stumbling, and completely lost the ability to think or speak. It was a really strange feeling. I'd have some word in my mind, but I couldn't figure out how to bring it to my lips. So Scott and Neal had to get me dressed and make sure my harness was on correctly, then Scott lowered me down the fixed ropes." By the time Kruse arrived in Base Camp, he says, "it was still another three or four days before I could walk from my tent to the mess tent without stumbling all over the place."'


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Patients with HACE have an elevated white blood cell count, but otherwise their blood count and biochemistry are normal. If a lumbar puncture is performed, it will show normal cerebral spinal fluid and cell counts but an increase in pressure. In one study, CT scans of patients with HACE exhibited ventricle compression and low density in the cerebellum. Only a few autopsies have been performed on fatal cases of HACE; they showed swollen gyri, spongiosis of white matter, and compressed sulci. There was some variation between individuals, and the results may not be typical of HACE deaths.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Most people who travel to high altitudes acclimatize. Acclimatization precludes the development of HACE by maintaining adequate levels of cerebral oxygen. The primary cause of HACE is hypoxia (oxygen deprivation). This occurs after the body is exposed to a low-oxygen environment and before it acclimatizes. The rate of change from a normal oxygen environment and how little oxygen is in the new environment can be used to predict the chance of developing HACE. Prolonged exertion in low oxygen also causes serious hypocapnia, lower carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, which may play a role in HACE. These factors cause the brain to swell with fluid, resulting in severe impairment. If the swelling is untreated, it causes death by brain herniation.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: The brain swelling is likely a result of vasogenic edema, the penetration of the blood–brain barrier by fluids. This process has been observed in MRI studies. Hypoxia increases extracellular fluid, which passes through the vasogenic endothelium in the brain. The leaking may be caused by increased pressure, or it may be caused by inflammation that makes the endothelium vulnerable to leaking. An MRI study found microhemorrhages in the corpus callosum of HACE patients, and hypoxia may also cause microvascular permeability. It has been hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor may cause the vascular permeability at the root of HACE. MRI scans of patients with HACE showed increased T2 in the corpus callosum, although grey matter was unchanged. This demonstrated that the blood-brain barrier was broken by cerebral blood vessels, thus interfering with white matter metabolism. Another study looked at the brains of people with HACE several months after their recovery; it showed hemosiderin deposits in the corpus callosum, evidence of vascular permeability.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: While there is strong evidence that vasogenic edema plays a major role in HACE, cytotoxic edema, cellular retention of fluids, may contribute as well. Cytotoxic edema may be caused by the failure of cellular ion pumps, which results from hypoxia. Then intracellular sodium and osmolarity increase, and there is an influx of water that causes cellular swelling. After the failure of the ATPase pumps, free radicals form and cause damage that complicates the edema. Evidence against cytotoxic edema includes the high levels of hypoxemia (low bloodstream oxygen) needed to cause it.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: It is not known why some are more vulnerable to HACE than others. One theory is that variations in brain size play a role, but the increase in brain volume from edema does not likely cause cranial vault impingement. The presence of large sulci indicate the condition may be influenced by the brain tightly fitting. Elevated intracranial pressure is generally accepted to be a late effect of HACE. High central venous pressure may also occur late in the condition's progression.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: One study demonstrated that normal autorelation of cerebral blood flow does not cause HACE. What role the sympathetic nervous system plays in determining who gets HACE is unclear, but it may have an effect.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Another theory about the cause of HACE is that hypoxia may induce nitrous oxide synthase. Vasodilation is caused by the release of nitric oxide and adenosine. This in turn can increase vascular permeability and causes edema. This may combine with low levels of cytokines to cause HACE.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Generally, high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) or AMS precede HACE. In patients with AMS, the onset of HACE is usually indicated by vomiting, headache that does not respond to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hallucinations, and stupor. In some situations, however, AMS progresses to HACE without these symptoms. HACE must be distinguished from conditions with similar symptoms, including stroke, intoxication, psychosis, diabetic symptoms, meningitis, or ingestion of toxic substances. It should be the first diagnosis ruled out when sickness occurs while ascending to a high altitude.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: HACE is generally preventable by ascending gradually with frequent rest days while climbing or trekking. Not ascending more than daily and not sleeping at a greater height than more than the previous night is recommended. The risk of developing HACE is diminished if acetazolamide or dexamethasone are administered. Generally, the use of acetazolamide is preferred, but dexamethasone can be used for prevention if there are side effects or contraindications. Some individuals are more susceptible to HACE than others, and physical fitness is not preventive. Age and sex do not by themselves affect vulnerability to HACE.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Patients with HACE should be brought to lower altitudes and provided supplemental oxygen, and rapid descent is sometimes needed to prevent mortality. Early recognition is important because as the condition progresses patients are unable to descend without assistance. Dexamethasone should also be administered, although it fails to ameliorate some symptoms that can be cured by descending to a lower altitude. It can also mask symptoms, and they sometimes resume upon discontinuation. Dexamethasone's prevention of angiogenesis may explain why it treats HACE well. Three studies that examined how mice and rat brains react to hypoxia gave some credence to this idea.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: If available, supplemental oxygen can be used as an adjunctive therapy, or when descent is not possible. FiO2 should be titrated to maintain arterial oxygen saturation of greater than 90%, bearing in mind that oxygen supply is often limited in high altitude clinics/environments.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: In addition to oxygen therapy, a portable hyperbaric chamber (Gamow bag) can by used as a temporary measure in the treatment of HACE. These devices simulate a decrease in altitude of up to 7000 ft, but they are resource intensive and symptoms will often return after discontinuation of the device. Portable hyperbaric chambers should not be used in place of descent or evacuation to definitive care.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Diuretics may be helpful, but pose risks outside of a hospital environment. Sildenafil and tadalafil may help HACE, but there is little evidence of their efficacy. Theophylline is also theorized to help the condition.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Although AMS is not life-threatening, HACE is usually fatal within 24 hours if untreated. Without treatment, the patient will enter a coma and then die. In some cases, patients have died within a few hours, and a few have survived for two days. Descriptions of fatal cases often involve climbers who continue ascending while experiencing the condition's symptoms.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Recovery varies between days and weeks, but most recover in a few days. After the condition is successfully treated, it is possible for climbers to reascend. Dexamethesone should be discontinued, but continual acetazolamide is recommended. In one study, it took patients between one week and one month to display a normal CT scan following HACE.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: HACE occurs in 0.5% to 1% of people who climb or trek between and . In some unusual cases, up to 30% of members of expeditions have had the condition. The condition is seldom seen below , but in some rare cases it has developed as low as . The condition generally does not occur until an individual has spent 48 hours at an altitude of .


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: HACE was first described by a medical officer stationed in Chile in 1913, but few took note of it. Later, access to air travel made the condition more common because it allowed more people access to high mountains, such as those in the Himalayas. One early description of HACE may have been published in 1969 after a group of Indian soldiers made a rapid ascent to almost . It is not definitely established whether they had HACE or acute decompression sickness. MRI has been used to study the effects of high altitude on the brain, providing the best evidence about the condition. A 1998 MRI study of nine climbers with HACE clearly demonstrated vasogenic edema.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Data about HACE are lacking because it generally occurs in remote areas, far from hospitals and is generally rare. It is uncommon for doctors to be able to study victims within six days of the condition's development. Animal models of HACE have not been developed. Several genes are being examined for the role they may play in the development of the condition.


title: High-altitude cerebral edema

text: Increased education and helicopter capabilities have combined to cut the number of deaths from the condition. Symptoms of HACE have been reported in many cases of deaths while descending Mount Everest, although HACE may not be the only problem they experienced. HACE also posed a threat to workers on the Qinghai–Tibet Railway.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Ghanaian cuisine is the cuisine of the Ghanaian people. Ghanaian main dishes are organized around a starchy staple food, which goes with a sauce or soup containing a protein source. The main ingredients for the vast majority of soups and stews are tomatoes, hot peppers and onions. As a result, most of the Ghanaian soups and stews are red or orange in appearance.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: The typical staple foods in the southern part of Ghana include cassava and plantain. In the northern part, the main staple foods include millet and sorghum. Yam, maize and beans are used across Ghana as staple foods. Sweet potatoes and cocoyam are also important in the Ghanaian diet and cuisine. With the advent of globalization, cereals such as rice and wheat have been increasingly incorporated into Ghanaian cuisine. The foods below represent Ghanaian dishes made out of these staple foods.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: A deviation to the starch and stew combination are Red red and "tubaani," primarily based on vegetable protein (beans). Red red is a popular Ghanaian bean and fish stew served with fried ripe plantain and often accompanied with "gari", fish and pulses. It earns its name from the palm oil that tints the bean stew and the bright orange color of the fried ripe plantain. "Tubaani" is a boiled bean cake, called "moin moin" in Nigeria.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Most Ghanaian side dishes are served with a stew, soup or "mako" (a spicy condiment made from raw red and green chilies, onions and tomatoes (pepper sauce). Ghanaian stews and soups are quite sophisticated, with liberal and delicate use of exotic ingredients, a wide variety of flavours, spices and textures.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Vegetables such as palm nuts, peanuts, cocoyam leaves, "ayoyo", spinach, wild mushroom, okra, garden eggs (eggplant), tomatoes and various types of pulses are the main ingredients in Ghanaian soups and stews and in the case of pulses, may double as the main protein ingredient.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Beef, pork, goat, lamb, chicken, smoked turkey, tripe, dried snails, and fried fish are common sources of protein in Ghanaian soups and stews, sometimes mixing different types of meat and occasionally fish into one soup. Soups are served as a main course rather than a starter. It is also common to find smoked meat, fish and seafood in Ghanaian soups and stews.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Meat, mushrooms and seafood may be smoked, salted or dried for flavour enhancement and preservation. Salt fish is widely used to flavour fish based stews. Spices such as thyme, garlic, onions, ginger, peppers, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, "Tetrapleura tetraptera" ("prekese") and bay leaf are delicately used to achieve the exotic and spicy flavours that characterize Ghanaian cuisine.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Palm oil, coconut oil, shea butter, palm kernel oil and peanut oil are important Ghanaian oils used for cooking or frying and may sometimes not be substituted for in certain Ghanaian dishes. For example, using palm oil in okro stew, "eto", "fante fante", "red red" or "Gabeans", "egusi" stew and "mpihu/mpotompoto" (similar to poi). Coconut oil, palm kernel oil and shea butter have lost their popularity for cooking in Ghana due to the introduction of refined oils and negative Ghanaian media adverts targeted at those oils. They are now mostly used in few traditional homes, for soap making and by commercial (street food) food vendors as a cheaper substitute to refined cooking oils.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Common Ghanaian soups are groundnut soup, light (tomato) soup, "kontomire" (taro leaves) soup, palm nut soup, "ayoyo" soup and okra soup.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Ghanaian tomato stew or gravy is a stew that is often served with rice or "waakye". Other vegetable stews are made with "kontomire", garden eggs, "egusi" (pumpkin seeds), spinach, okra, etc.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Among the Ewes , some soups are prepared with gboma (solanum macrocarpa)and also yevugboma(European gboma. Water leaf) or ademe (jute mallow ). These are eaten with the various varieties of akple or abolo (steamed corn dough)or yakayake (steamed cassava dough).


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Most of the dishes mentioned above are served during lunch and supper in modern Ghana. However, those engaged in manual labour and a large number of urban dwellers still eat these foods for breakfast and will usually buy them from the streets.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Another popular breakfast is called huasa koko (northern porridge). It is usually prepared in Northern Ghana, sweet, and often eaten with koose or bread with groundnut.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: In large Ghanaian cities, working-class people would often take fruit, tea, chocolate drink, oats, rice porridge/cereal(locally called rice water) or "kooko" (fermented maize porridge) and "koose/akara" or "maasa" (beans, ripe plantain and maize meal fritters). Other breakfast foods include grits, "tombrown" (roasted maize porridge), and millet porridge.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Bread is an important feature in Ghanaian breakfast and baked foods. Ghanaian bread, which is known for its good quality, is baked with wheat flour and sometimes cassava flour is added for an improved texture. There are four major types of bread in Ghana. They are tea bread (similar to the baguette), sugar bread (which is a sweet bread), brown (whole wheat) bread, and butter bread. Rye bread, oat bread and malt bread are also quite common.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: There are many sweet local foods which have been marginalized due to their low demand and long preparation process. Ghanaian sweet foods (or confectionery) may be fried, barbecued, boiled, roasted, baked or steamed.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Fried sweet foods include cubed and spiced ripe plantain ("kelewele") sometimes served with peanuts. "Koose" made from peeled beans (and its close twin "acarajé" or "akara" made from beans which are not peeled), "maasa", "pinkaaso", and "bofrot"/Puff-puff (made from wheat flour); "waakye" "dzowey" and "nkate" cake (made from peanuts); "kaklo" and "tatale" (ripe plantain fritters); "kube" cake and "kube" toffee (made from coconut); "bankye krakro", "gari" biscuit, and "krakye ayuosu" (made from cassava); condensed milk, toffee, plantain chips (or fried plantain) and "wagashi" (fried farmer's cheese) are fried Ghanaian savory foods (confectionery).


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Kebabs are popular barbecues and can be made from beef, goat, pork, soy flour, sausages and guinea fowl. Other roasted savoury foods include roasted plantain, maize, yam and cocoyam.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Steamed fresh maize, "yakeyake", "kafa", "akyeke", "tubani, moimoi" (bean cake), "emo dokonu" (rice cake) and "esikyire dokonu" (sweetened "kenkey") are all examples of steamed and boiled foods whilst sweet bread, (plantain cake), and meat pie similar to Jamaican patties and empanadas are baked savoury foods. "Aprapransa", "eto" (mashed yam) and "atadwe" milk (tiger nut juice) are other savory foods. "Gari" soakings is a modern favorite. It is a blend of "gari" (dried, roasted cassava), sugar, groundnut (peanut) and milk.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: In southern Ghana, Ghanaian drinks such as "asaana" (made from fermented maize) are common. Along Lake Volta and in southern Ghana, palm wine extracted from the palm tree can be found, but it ferments quickly and then it is used to distill akpeteshie (a local gin). "Akpeteshie" can be distilled from molasses too. In addition, a beverage can be made from "kenkey" and refrigerated into what is in Ghana known as ice kenkey. In northern Ghana, bisaab/sorrel, "toose" and "lamujee" (a spicy sweetened drink) are common non-alcoholic beverages whereas "pitoo" (a local beer made of fermented millet) is an alcoholic beverage.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: In urban areas of Ghana drinks may include fruit juice, cocoa drinks, fresh coconut water, yogurt, ice cream, carbonated drinks, malt drinks and soy milk. In addition, Ghanaian distilleries produce alcoholic beverages from cocoa, malt, sugar cane, local medicinal herbs and tree barks. They include bitters, liqueur, dry gins, beer, and aperitifs.


title: Ghanaian cuisine

text: Street food is very popular in both rural and urban areas of Ghana. Most Ghanaian families eat at least three times a week from street food vendors, from whom all kinds of foods can be bought, including staple foods such as "kenkey", red red and "waakye". Other savoury foods such as raw steak, boiled corn cob, "boflot" (ball-float) and roasted plantain are sold mainly by street food vendors.


title: We Care a Lot

text: We Care a Lot is the debut studio album by American rock band Faith No More, originally released in 1985 and distributed through Mordam Records. On the original vinyl release, the band is credited as Faith. No More. on the album's liner notes, back cover, and on the record itself.


title: We Care a Lot

text: The title track "We Care a Lot" was rerecorded for their follow-up album "Introduce Yourself" and released as their first single. This later version of the song was incorrectly listed as the original and the album "Introduce Yourself" was listed as the début in the sleeve notes for some subsequent releases, such as the 1998 compilation "Who Cares a Lot?".


title: We Care a Lot

text: The band is known to have re-recorded only one song from "We Care a Lot" in the studio with current singer Mike Patton on vocals. "As the Worm Turns" was recorded during the "Angel Dust" sessions.


title: We Care a Lot

text: However, a number of live recordings of songs from this album with Patton on vocals have been released over the years.


title: We Care a Lot

text: A later recording of "We Care a Lot" (from the album "Introduce Yourself") is used as the theme song for the show "Dirty Jobs".


title: We Care a Lot

text: The band initially started recording the album without backing from a record label and, after pooling their money, recorded five songs. This gained the attention of Ruth Schwartz (who was then forming the independent label Mordam Records) under which the band (after receiving the finances to do so) finished and released the album. It was the first official release for both the band and the label.


title: We Care a Lot

text: The album was recorded in a short space of time on a low budget. In a 2015 interview, bassist Billy Gould reflected, "There are probably things we could have done better, but at the same time I think that the performances were pretty damned good. And that had to do with us keeping focused and needing to work within those budget restrictions. We rehearsed quite a lot before we went in to record, so we were ready."


title: We Care a Lot

text: While released on vinyl and cassette in 1985, this album would not be released to buy as a CD until 1995 in Australia (on Mushroom Records) as a pink disc for the first pressing, and black disc for the second, to coincide with the tour for their fifth studio album "King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime", released that year. In 1996, it was reissued on CD, vinyl and cassette in the UK and Japan with slightly modified artwork, one being a purple disc. The CD reissue version of the album can be seen during a scene at a record store in the 1997 film "Chasing Amy".


title: We Care a Lot

text: The album was reissued by Koolarrow Records on August 19, 2016, and includes nine additional tracks, including three remixes, four demos and two live recordings from a 1986 show at the I-Beam, San Francisco. It was remastered by Maor Appelbaum


title: We Care a Lot

text: The third track "Mark Bowen" was titled after an early Faith No More/Faith No Man guitarist of the same name.


title: We Care a Lot

text: "Select" magazine, while also mentioning the roughness of production, said that the music is inexorable and "a lustful marriage of mutoid metal and dancefloor verve that owed nothing to anybody". AllMusic made repeated reference to the absence of future front man Mike Patton and criticized Chuck Mosley's vocals, calling him "often off-key, fairly monotonous, and colorless" but credited the album for having "lots of attitude", comparing it to early Public Image Ltd works.


title: We Care a Lot

text: Mike Patton labelled the album as "bad hippie music". However, his Mr. Bungle bandmate Trey Spruance was a fan. When Spruance joined Faith No More for their 1995 album "King for a Day... Fool for a Lifetime", he suggested that the band return to the sound they had on "We Care a Lot".


title: Joist

text: A joist is a horizontal structural member used in framing to span an open space, often between beams that subsequently transfer loads to vertical members. When incorporated into a floor framing system, joists serve to provide stiffness to the subfloor sheathing, allowing it to function as a horizontal diaphragm. Joists are often doubled or tripled, placed side by side, where conditions warrant, such as where wall partitions require support.


title: Joist

text: Joists are either made of wood, engineered wood, or steel, each of which has unique characteristics. Typically, wood joists have the cross section of a plank with the longer faces positioned vertically. However, engineered wood joists may have a cross section resembling the Roman capital letter ""; these joists are referred to as -joists. Steel joists can take on various shapes, resembling the Roman capital letters "C", "", "L" and "S".


title: Joist

text: Wood joists were also used in old-style timber framing. The invention of the circular saw for use in modern sawmills has made it possible to fabricate wood joists as dimensional lumber.


title: Joist

text: Joists must exhibit the strength to support the anticipated load over a long period of time. In many countries, the fabrication and installation of all framing members including joists must meet building code standards. Considering the cross section of a typical joist, the overall depth of the joist is critical in establishing a safe and stable floor or ceiling system. The wider the spacing between the joists, the deeper the joist will need to be to limit stress and deflection under load. Lateral support called dwang, blocking, or strutting increases its stability, preventing the joist from buckling under load. There are approved formulas for calculating the depth required and reducing the depth as needed; however, a rule of thumb for calculating the depth of a wooden floor joist for a residential property is to take half the span in feet, add two, and use the resulting number as the depth in inches; for example, the joist depth required for a 14‑foot span is 9 inches. Many steel joist manufacturers supply load tables in order to allow designers to select the proper joist sizes for their projects.


title: Joist

text: Standard dimensional lumber joists have their limitations due to the limits of what farmed lumber can provide. Engineered wood products such as I-joists gain strength from expanding the overall depth of the joist, as well as by providing high-quality engineered wood for both the bottom and the top chords of the joist. A common saying regarding structural design is that "deeper is cheaper", referring to the more cost-effective design of a given structure by using deeper but more expensive joists, because fewer joists are needed and longer spans are achieved, which more than makes up for the added cost of deeper joists.


title: Joist

text: In traditional timber framing there may be a single set of joists which carry both a floor and ceiling called a single floor (single joist floor, single framed floor) or two sets of joists, one carrying the floor and another carrying the ceiling called a double floor (double framed floor). The term binding joist is sometimes used to describe beams at floor level running perpendicular to the ridge of a gable roof and joined to the intermediate posts. Joists which land on a binding joist are called bridging joists. A large beam in the ceiling of a room carrying joists is a summer beam. A ceiling joist may be installed flush with the bottom of the beam or sometimes below the beam. Joists left exposed and visible from below are called "naked flooring" or "articulated" (a modern U.S. term) and were typically planed smooth (wrought) and sometimes chamfered or beaded.


title: Joist

text: Joists may join to their supporting beams in many ways: joists resting on top of the supporting beams are said to be "lodged"; dropped in using a butt cog joint (a type of lap joint), half-dovetail butt cog, or a half-dovetail lap joint. Joists may also be tenoned in during the raising with a soffit tenon or a tusk tenon (possibly with a housing). Joists can also be joined by being slipped into mortises after the beams are in place such as a chase mortise (pulley mortise), L-mortise, or "short joist". Also, in some Dutch-American work, ground level joists are placed on a foundation and then a sill placed on top of the joists such as what timber frame builder Jack Sobon called an "inverted sill" or with a "plank sill".


title: Joist

text: Joists can have different joints on either ends such as being tenoned on one end and lodged on the other end.


title: Joist

text: A reduction in the under-side of cogged joist-ends may be square, sloped or curved. Typically joists do not tie the beams together, but sometimes they are pinned or designed to hold under tension. Joists on the ground floor were sometimes a pole (pole joist, half-round joist, log joist. A round timber with one flat surface) and in barns long joists were sometimes supported on a sleeper (a timber not joined to but supporting other beams).


title: Joist

text: Joists left out of an area form an opening called a "well" as in a stairwell or chimney-well. The joists forming the well are the heading joist (header) and trimming joist (trimmer). Trimmers take the name of the feature such as hearth trimmer, stair trimmer, etc.


title: Joist

text: Shortened joists are said to be "crippled". The term rim joist is rare before the 1940s in America; it forms the edge of a floor. The outermost joist in half timber construction may be of a more durable species than the interior joists. In a barn, loose poles above the drive floor are called a scaffold. Between the joists, the area called a joist-bay, and above the ceiling in some old houses is material called pugging, which was used to deaden sound, insulate, and resist the spread of fire.


title: Joist

text: In platform framing, the joists may be connected to the rim joist with toenailing or by using a joist hanger.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty Lau Farrell (born Etty Lau; December 10, 1974) is an Asian American vocalist, dancer and actress. She began working in the entertainment industry in Los Angeles, appearing in numerous music videos as well as nationally televised award shows. Etty was part of the original Pussycat Dolls, when the group, as a dance troupe, had a monthly residency at the Viper Room. In 1997, she toured with Jane’s Addiction on their "It’s my party tour", later dubbed the "Relapse Tour" where she met her future husband Perry Farrell. Etty's first major venture as a musician came in 2005 when she and Perry Farrell formed Satellite Party. Their debut album went in at #24 on the Billboard album chart. In 2008, Etty's vocals featured on the Twilight soundtrack. In 2010, she was one of the stars of "Married to Rock", a TV series on the E! Network.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2018, Etty formed the Performance entity named Kind Heaven Orchestra, releasing a full album on BMG Records. In 2022, Etty began releasing her own solo music. Her debut single "He's a Rebel" was produced by husband Perry Farrell and featured well known artists, Taylor Hawkins, David Bryan and Elliot Easton.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty was born in Kowloon, Hong Kong, to a Cantonese father and a Shanghainese Mother. Her parents had a manufacturing and exporting company, supplying to brands such as Pepe Jeans and Unionbay. She attended St. Mary Canonian School in Tsim Sha Tsui, where she was raised. At the age of 10, her family moved to Bellevue, Washington. She attended Bellevue High School, where she founded a dance team. She trained as a classical ballerina at the Royal Academy of Dance in Hong Kong, then Pacific Northwest Ballet, and Cornish College of the Arts in Seattle. At the age of 18, after winning a year-long scholarship to the Edge Performing Art Center in Hollywood, she relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a professional dance career.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: After completing the year-long professional scholarship at EDGE PAC, Etty began working in Los Angeles, in the entertainment industry as a dancer. She appeared in music videos, commercials, and movies, working with artists such as Bon Jovi, Jewel, Smash Mouth, Wyclef Jean, Ricky Martin, as well as televised award shows, dancing with Madonna at the Grammys and Eric Benet at the Soul Train Awards. In 1999, Etty joined Mötley Crüe as a dancer on their North American leg "Greatest Hits" tour.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty played Ginger, the love interest of the Red Power Ranger in the episode titled "A Red Romance". She also appeared in Hollywood Salome/Johnny 316, an experimental short film starring Vincent Gallo.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 1997, Etty was booked as a dancer on the Jane’s Addiction ""Relapse Tour"", which started a performance relationship that would span a couple of decades. With the exception of the Jane’s Addiction and Nine Inch Nails tour, dubbed the ""NINJA tour"", Etty has performed at every Jane’s Addiction show since 1997, including the Jubilee tour in 2001, the 'Strays' tour leading into the 2003 Lollapalooza tour. ""The Great Escape Artist"" tour in 2011, ""Detour"" in 2015, and the ""Sterling Spoon Anniversary Tour"" in 2016.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2005, Perry Farrell and the William Morris Agency partnered with Austin, Texas-based company Capital Sports Entertainment (now C3 Presents) and retooled the event into its current format as an annual festival in Chicago. In 2014, Live Nation Entertainment bought a controlling interest in C3 Presents. Etty became co-chair on the board of directors, alongside Perry and six other partners from Lollapalooza, C3 Presents and LiveNation.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Just over a year after the Jane's Addiction disbanded, Satellite Party played its first gig at the Key Club in Los Angeles in 2005. Etty performed backing vocals, while husband Perry was lead singer, Tony Kanal on bass, Nuno Bettencourt on guitar, Steve Ferlazzo on keyboard and Kevin Figueiredo on drums. A second performance quickly followed at Lollapalooza in 2005 at Grant Park, Chicago on July 24, 2005.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: The debut album "Ultra Payloaded" was released on May 29, 2007. Satellite Party's only album featured many well-known musicians, including Flea and John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Fergie of The Black Eyed Peas, and New Order bassist Peter Hook. The album also featured unheard vocals from the late Jim Morrison of The Doors on the track "Woman in the Window." The album received positive reviews and debuted in the Billboard album chart at number 24. Etty's vocals featured on the tracks "Awesome," "Celebrate," "Ultra Payloaded Satellite Party" and "Mr. Sunshine."


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: A couple of months after the release of its first album, guitarist Nuno Bettencourt decided to leave the band, with Kevin Figueiredo also leaving shortly afterward to reform Extreme, who themselves had a hiatus since 1996. Satellite Party themselves decided to have a hiatus when Jane's Addiction spoke about reforming in 2008.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty's solo career began in the mid-2000s, originally when she started performing with Satellite Party. In 2008, ""Go All the Way (Into the Twilight)"" featured Etty's vocals and was a track on the blockbuster film, Twilight. She stood in for Macy Gray in the late 2000s and performed with The Doors after Gray didn't arrive at the venue due to her flight being diverted due to bad weather. In May 2016, Etty performed with husband Perry at a tribute for Fleetwood Mac at the Fonda Theater in Hollywood.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2018, it was announced that a new orchestra would be forming, made up of rock legends from various bands. Matt Chamberlain of Pearl Jam with Chris Cheney and keyboardist Matt Rohde from Jane's Addiction also part of the lineup. Kind Heaven Orchestra debuted at the first ever Bill Graham Festival of Lights.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2019, husband Perry Farrell released new solo music and an album soon followed, titled Kind Heaven. Many of the tracks on the album featured Etty's vocals. The album reached 2nd position on "Billboard"'s Heatseeker album chart.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In January 2022, it was announced that Farrell would be releasing new music as a solo artist. Her debut single was a cover of The Crystals 1962 track, He's a Rebel. The track was produced by husband Perry Farrell and also featured Taylor Hawkins from Foo Fighters, David Bryan from Bon Jovi and Elliot Easton from The Cars. She performed the track live at Lollapalooza in Chicago.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: On May 22, 2022, Jane's Addiction had to pull out of performing at Welcome to Rockville after Dave Navarro was still unwell with Covid-19. Perry Farrell announced that Porno for Pyros would be reuniting for the first time in 26 years, with Etty on back-up vocals.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2022, Etty launched ‘Heaven After Dark’ a new nightlife concert series created in partnership with her husband, Perry Farrell. Heaven After Dark focuses on iconic and up and coming musicians, performance artists and varietal acts to showcase alternative music, underground culture, and festival experiences into one event. The show's debut was in February 2022 in Los Angeles at the 1926 room at the Belasco Theater and featured The Kind Heaven Orchestra supported by The Paranoyds and NIIS and local electronic artist Nedarb.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In June 2022, Heaven After Dark announced their next show, Etty alongside her husband Perry Farrell reformed the original lineup of Porno for Pyros (Martyn LeNobel - Bass, Peter DiStefano - Guitar, Stephen Perkins - Drummer) for the first time in 26 years, the performance included a special appearance from Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke, who performed the Jane’s Addiction songs 1% and Bad Shit. The event also featured performances from Frankie and the Witch Fingers, Starcrawler and Electronic artists Mana and Lira.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: In 2022, Etty debuted as a back up singer while the band performed for the first time in 26 years at Welcome to Rockville in Daytona Beach. She subsequently performed with the band at Belasco theatre in downtown LA, then the Metro in Chicago, both shows were quickly sold out. In the Summer of 2022, Etty once again join the band on stage at the Flagship Lollapalooza in Chicago.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty married Perry Farrell, lead singer of Jane's Addiction in June 2002. They have two sons together, Hezron and Izzadore Farrell.


title: Etty Lau Farrell

text: Etty met husband and future bandmate Perry Farrell while she was a dancer on Jane's Addiction's Relapse tour in 1997. They started dating a couple of years later in 1999. The Jane's Addiction songs "Wrong Girl", "Superhero", "To Match the Sun", and the unreleased "Cling to You" were written for Etty.


title: Northampton-class cruiser

text: The "Northampton"-class cruisers were a group of six heavy cruisers built for the United States Navy, and commissioned between 1928 and 1931.


title: Northampton-class cruiser

text: The "Northampton"s saw much action in World War II. Three ("Northampton", "Chicago", and "Houston") were lost during the war. The other three were decommissioned soon after the end of the war, and scrapped in 1959–1961.


title: Northampton-class cruiser

text: The design of the ships was heavily influenced by the Washington Naval Treaty, which limited cruisers to a maximum of 10,000 tons displacement and a maximum main battery caliber of . The "Northampton"s were a reaction to the weight and cost of the immediately preceding , differing in several ways. The "Pensacola"s mounted a main battery of 10 guns in four turrets, a twin and superfiring triple fore and aft. In contrast, the "Northampton"s mounted 9 guns in three triple turrets, two forward and one aft, the layout followed in all subsequent U.S. heavy cruisers.


title: Northampton-class cruiser

text: Although armor was increased, the "Northampton"s turned out to be lighter than the "Pensacola"s, and nearly 1,000 tons below the treaty limitations. Freeboard was increased in the "Northampton"s by adopting a high forecastle, which was extended aft in the last three for use as flagships. These ships were also the first U.S. ships to adopt a hangar for aircraft, and bunks instead of hammocks. Their lighter-than-expected weight caused them to roll excessively, which necessitated the fitting of deep bilge keels. The immediately-following was essentially a modified "Northampton".


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: A pterygium of the eye (plural "pterygia" or "pterygiums", also called surfer's eye) is a pinkish, roughly triangular tissue growth of the conjunctiva onto the cornea of the eye. It typically starts on the cornea near the nose. It may slowly grow but rarely grows so large that it covers the pupil and impairs vision. Often both eyes are involved.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: The cause is unclear. It appears to be partly related to long term exposure to UV light and dust. Genetic factors also appear to be involved. It is a benign growth. Other conditions that can look similar include a pinguecula, tumor, or Terrien's marginal corneal degeneration.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Prevention may include wearing sunglasses and a hat if in an area with strong sunlight. Among those with the condition, an eye lubricant can help with symptoms. Surgical removal is typically only recommended if the ability to see is affected. Following surgery a pterygium may recur in around half of cases.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: The frequency of the condition varies from 1% to 33% in various regions of the world. It occurs more commonly among males than females and in people who live closer to the equator. The condition becomes more common with age. The condition has been described since at least 1000 BC.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Symptoms of pterygium include persistent redness, inflammation, foreign body sensation, tearing, dry and itchy eyes. In advanced cases the pterygium can affect vision as it invades the cornea with the potential of obscuring the optical center of the cornea and inducing astigmatism and corneal scarring. Many patients do complain of the cosmetic appearance of the eye either with some of the symptoms above or as their major complaint. The use of standard contact lenses can become uncomfortable or even impossible although custom shaping may improve the fit to some extent.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: The exact cause is unknown, but it is associated with excessive exposure to wind, sunlight, or sand. Therefore, it is more likely to occur in populations that inhabit the areas near the equator, as well as windy locations. In addition, pterygia are twice as likely to occur in men than women.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Pterygium in the conjunctiva is characterized by elastotic degeneration of collagen (actinic elastosis) and fibrovascular proliferation. It has an advancing portion called the head of the pterygium, which is connected to the main body of the pterygium by the neck. Sometimes a line of iron deposition can be seen adjacent to the head of the pterygium called "Stocker's line". The location of the line can give an indication of the pattern of growth.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: The predominance of pterygia on the nasal side is possibly a result of peripheral light focusing, where the sun's rays passing laterally through the cornea, where they undergo refraction and become focused on the limbic area. Sunlight passes unobstructed from the lateral side of the eye, focusing on the medial limbus after passing through the cornea. On the contralateral (medial) side, however, the shadow of the nose medially reduces the intensity of sunlight focused on the lateral/temporal limbus.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Some research also suggests a genetic predisposition due to an expression of vimentin, which indicates cellular migration by the keratoblasts embryological development, which are the cells that give rise to the layers of the cornea. Supporting this fact is the congenital pterygium, in which pterygium is seen in infants. These cells also exhibit an increased P53 expression likely due to a deficit in the tumor suppressor gene. These indications give the impression of a migrating limbus because the cellular origin of the pterygium is actually initiated by the limbal epithelium.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Pterygium (conjunctiva) can be diagnosed without need for a specific exam, however corneal topography is a practical test (technique) as the condition worsens.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Pterygium should be differentiated from pinguecula, which is histologically and etiologically similar to pterygium. Unlike pterygium, pinguecula is seen only on the conjunctiva, it will not progress to limbus or cornea.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Another condition which is similar to pterygium is inflammatory adhesion of conjunctiva to cornea known as pseudopterygium. Unlike pterygium, it may occur anywhere around cornea and the adhesion is usually limited to its apex.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: As it is associated with excessive sun or wind exposure, wearing protective sunglasses with side shields and/or wide brimmed hats and using artificial tears throughout the day may help prevent their formation or stop further growth. Surfers and other water-sport athletes should wear eye protection that blocks 100% of the UV rays from the water, as is often used by snow-sport athletes. Many of those who are at greatest risk of pterygium from work or play sun exposure do not understand the importance of protection.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: A pterygium typically does not require surgery unless it grows to such an extent that it causes visual problems. Some of the symptoms such as irritation can be addressed with artificial tears. Surgery may also be considered for unmanageable symptoms.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: A Cochrane review found conjunctival autograft surgery was less likely to have reoccurrence of the pterygium at 6 months compared to amniotic membrane transplant. More research is needed to determine which type of surgery resulted in better vision or quality of life. The additional use of mitomycin C is of unclear effect. Radiotherapy has also been used in an attempt to reduce the risk of recurrence.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Conjunctival auto-grafting is a surgical technique that is an effective and safe procedure for pterygium removal. When the pterygium is removed, the tissue that covers the sclera known as the Tenons layer is also removed. Auto-grafting covers the bare sclera with conjunctival tissue that is surgically removed from an area of healthy conjunctiva. That "self-tissue" is then transplanted to the bare sclera and is fixated using sutures or tissue adhesive.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Amniotic membrane transplantation is an effective and safe procedure for pterygium removal. Amniotic membrane transplantation offers practical alternative to conjunctival auto graft transplantation for extensive pterygium removal. Amniotic membrane transplantation is tissue that is acquired from the innermost layer of the human placenta and has been used to replace and heal damaged mucosal surfaces including successful reconstruction of the ocular surface. It has been used as a surgical material since the 1940s, and has been shown to have a strong anti-adhesive effect.


title: Pterygium (eye)

text: Using an amniotic graft facilitates epithelialization, and has anti-inflammatory as well as surface rejuvenation properties. Amniotic membrane transplantation can also be fixated to the sclera using sutures, or glue adhesive. Amniotic membrane by itself does not provide an acceptable recurrence rate.


title: Laura Birn

text: Birn was born in Helsinki, Finland. She completed her master's degree from Helsinki Theatre Academy in 2008. She is most famous for her appearances in the 2003 film "Helmiä ja sikoja" alongside Mikko Leppilampi and most notably in her role in the 2005 film "Lupaus". In the United States, she is best known for her supporting role in the Finnish film "Joulutarina" (English title: "Christmas Story") and "A Walk Among the Tombstones".


title: Laura Birn

text: In addition to her native Finnish, Birn also speaks or understands English, Swedish, Portuguese, and Spanish.


title: Laura Birn

text: Her performance in the 2012 film "Purge" earned her a nomination for a Satellite Award for Best Actress. She appears in "Foundation" (2021) as Eto Demerzel.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), often shortened to RGS, is a learned society and professional body for geography based in the United Kingdom. Founded in 1830 for the advancement of geographical sciences, the Society has 16,000 members, with its work reaching the public through publications, research groups and lectures.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society was founded in 1830 under the name "Geographical Society of London" as an institution to promote the 'advancement of geographical science'. It later absorbed the older African Association, which had been founded by Sir Joseph Banks in 1788, as well as the Raleigh Club and the Palestine Association. In 1995 it merged with the Institute of British Geographers, a body for academic geographers, to officially become the Royal Geographical Society "with IBG".


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The society is governed by its Council, which is chaired by the Society's President, according to a set of statutes and standing orders. The members of Council and the President are elected from and by its Fellows, who are allowed to use the postnominal title FRGS. As a Chartered body, the RGS holds the register of Chartered Geographers in the public interest, a source of qualified, practising and experienced professional geographers. Fellows may apply for chartership if they fulfil the required criteria.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society was founded in 1830 under the name "Geographical Society of London" as an institution to promote the 'advancement of geographical science'. It later absorbed the older African Association, which had been founded by Sir Joseph Banks in 1788, as well as the Raleigh Club and the Palestine Association.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Like many learned societies, it had started as a dining club in London, where select members held informal dinner debates on current scientific issues and ideas.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Founding members of the Society include Sir John Barrow, Sir John Franklin and Sir Francis Beaufort. Under the patronage of King William IV it later became known as The Royal Geographical Society (RGS) and was granted its Royal Charter under Queen Victoria in 1859.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: From 1830 to 1840 the RGS met in the rooms of the Horticultural Society in Regent Street, London and from 1854 -1870 at 15 Whitehall Place, London. In 1870, the Society finally found a home when it moved to 1 Savile Row, London – an address that quickly became associated with adventure and travel.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society also used a lecture theatre in Burlington Gardens, London which was lent to it by the Civil Service Commission. However, the arrangements were thought to be rather cramped and squalid.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: A new impetus was given to the Society's affairs in 1911, with the election of Earl Curzon, the former Viceroy of India, as the Society's President (1911–1914). The premises in Savile Row were sold and the present site, Lowther Lodge in Kensington Gore, was purchased for £100,000 and opened for use in April 1913. In the same year the Society's ban on women was lifted.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Lowther Lodge was built in 1874 for the William Lowther by Norman Shaw, one of the most outstanding domestic architects of his day. Extensions to the east wing were added in 1929, and included the New Map Room and the 750 seat Lecture Theatre. The extension was formally opened by the Duke of York (later King George VI) at the Centenary Celebrations on 21 October 1930.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The history of the Society was closely allied for many of its earlier years with 'colonial' exploration in Africa, the Indian subcontinent, the polar regions, and central Asia especially.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: It has been a key associate and supporter of many notable explorers and expeditions, including those of Darwin, Livingstone, Stanley, Scott, Shackleton, Hunt and Hillary.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The early history of the Society is inter-linked with the history of British Geography, exploration and


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: discovery. Information, maps, charts and knowledge gathered on expeditions was sent to the RGS, making up its now unique geographical collections. The Society published its first journal in 1831 and from 1855, accounts of meetings and other matters were published in the Society Proceedings. In 1893, this was replaced by "The Geographical Journal" which is still published today.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society was also pivotal in establishing Geography as a teaching and research discipline in British universities, and funded the first Geography positions in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: With the advent of a more systematic study of geography, the "Institute of British Geographers" (IBG) was formed in 1933, by thirteen geographers including Hilda Ormsby, Andrew Charles O'Dell, as the RGS was seen as too focused on exploration. Its activities included organising conferences, field trips, seminars and specialist research groups and publishing the journal, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. The RGS and IBG co-existed for 60 years until 1992 when a merger was discussed. In 1994, members were balloted and the merger agreed. In January 1995, the new Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) was formed.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society also works together with other existing bodies serving the geographical community, in particular the Geographical Association and the Royal Scottish Geographical Society.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: In 2004, The Society's historical Collections relating to scientific exploration and research, which are of national and international importance, were opened to the public for the first time. In the same year, a new category of membership was introduced to widen access for people with a general interest in geography. The new Foyle Reading Room and glass Pavilion exhibition space were also opened to the public in 2004 – unlocking the Society intellectually, visually and physically for the 21st century. For example, in 2012 the RGS held an exhibition, in the glass Pavilion, of photographs taken by Herbert Ponting on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's expedition to the South Pole in 1912.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The society is governed by its board of trustees called the council, which is chaired by its president. The members of council and the president are elected from its fellowship. The council consists of 36 members, 22 of which are elected by fellows and serve for a three-year term. In addition to the elected trustees, there are honorary members—who include the Duke of Kent as honorary president—who sit on the council.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The society has five specialist committees that it derives advice from the Education Committee, Research Committee, Expedition and Fieldwork Committee, Information Resources Committee, and the Finance Committee.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: People aged between 14 and 24 currently studying, a recent graduate of geography or a related subject.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: This status is available by application to postgraduate students who are pursuing Geography or an allied subject at a UK university and are recommended by their relevant university head of department or main research supervisor.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Fellows of the Society must either be proposed and seconded by an existing fellow or an individual may submit evidence of his or her own work and academic publications in the field of geography and closely related subjects such as international development, climate change and expedition medicine. Applicants must be of at least 21 years of age and provide evidence of a body of relevant work; alternatively, a previous five-year commitment at the regular member level (less, at the council's discretion) is also considered for eligibility. Fellows may use the post-nominal designation "FRGS" after their names.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Since 2002 the society has been granted the power to award the status of chartered geographer. The status of can be obtained only by those who have a degree in geography or related subject and at least 6 years' geographical experience, or 15 years' geographical work experience for those without a degree. Being awarded the status allows the use of the post-nominal letters "CGeog".


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Chartered geographer (teacher) is a professional accreditation available to teachers who can demonstrate competence, experience and professionalism in the use of geographical knowledge or skills in and out of the classroom, and who are committed to maintaining their professional standards through ongoing continuing professional development (CPD).


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society's Research and Study Groups bring together active researchers and professional geographers in particular areas of geography. There are 27 active research groups, with each group organising their own seminars, conferences, workshops and other activities.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The society also presents awards to geographers that have contributed to the advancement of geography.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The most prestigious of these awards are the Founder's Medal and the Patron's Medal. The award is given for "the encouragement and promotion of geographical science and discovery", and are approved by Queen Elizabeth II. The awards originated as an annual gift of fifty guineas from King William IV, first made in 1831, "to constitute a premium for the encouragement and promotion of geographical science and discovery". The Society decided in 1839 to change this monetary award into two gold medals: Founder’s Medal and the Patron’s. The award has been given to notable geographers including David Livingstone (1855), Nain Singh Rawat (1876), Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen (1878), Alfred Russel Wallace (1892), and Frederick Courtney Selous (1893) to more recent winners including Percy Harrison Fawcett (1916), Professor William Morris Davis (1919), Sir Halford John Mackinder (1945), Professor L. Dudley Stamp (1949), Professor Richard Chorley (1987) and Professor David Harvey (1995). In 2004 Harish Kapadia was awarded the Patron's Medal for contributions to geographical discovery and mountaineering in the Himalayas, making him the second Indian to receive the award in its history. In 2005 the Founder's Medal was awarded to Professor Sir Nicholas Shackleton for his research in the field of Quaternary Palaeoclimatology and the Patron's Medal was awarded to Professor Jean Malaurie for a lifelong study of the Arctic and its people. In 1902 they awarded khan Bahadur Sher Jang a Sword of Honour (the Black Memorial) in recognition of his valuable services to geography


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: In total the society awards 17 medals and awards including Honorary Membership and Fellowships. Some of the other awards given by the Society include:


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society's Collections consist of over two million documents, maps, photographs, paintings, periodicals, artefacts and books, and span 500 years of geography, travel and exploration. The Society preserves the Collections for the benefit of future generations, while providing public access and promoting Collections-related educational programmes for schools and lifelong learners. The Foyle Reading Room acts as a consultation space for using the Society's collections, and hosts showcases and workshops as well as the "Be Inspired" series of talks.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The artefacts collection includes over a thousand items brought to the Society, consisting mainly of cultural objects from around the world, ranging from Inuit boots (from Canadian Arctic) to ceremonial leopard's claws (from the then Belgian Congo), paraphernalia of exploration, for example oxygen sets used in the various attempts on Everest, and personal items belonging to explorers, such as Shackleton's Burberry helmet. Artefacts from the collection have been loaned to exhibitions around the world and are in continual demand.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The library collection holds over 150,000 bound volumes which date primarily from the foundation of the Society in 1830 onwards, and focus on the history and geography of places worldwide. Example volumes include information on European migration, a 19th-century guidebook to Berlin, and David Livingstone's account of his search for the source of the Nile. It currently receives around 800 journal titles, as well as many more journal titles that are either not currently subscribed to, or have ceased publication, allowing Society members access to the latest geographical academic literature in addition to the journals published by the RGS-IBG itself.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The RGS-IBG houses a collection of 4,500 expedition reports. These documents contain details of the achievements and research results of expeditions to almost every country of the world. The catalogue of these reports, and over 8,500 planned and past expeditions, is held on a database which provides contact with a wide variety of sporting, scientific and youth expeditions from 1965 to the present day.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society holds one of the largest private map collections in the world which is continuously increasing. It includes one million sheets of maps and charts, 3000 atlases, 40 globes and 1000 gazetteers. The earliest printed item in the Collection dates back to 1482. The RGS-IBG also holds manuscript materials from the mid sixteenth century onwards, aerial photography from 1919 and contemporary satellite images.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Manuscript archive collection consists of material arising out of the conduct of Society business and manuscripts relating to persons or subjects of special interest. The document collection includes a few papers from before the Society's foundation in 1830, and is particularly useful to biographers of nineteenth and early twentieth century travellers and geographers, as well as research into the development of geographical knowledge and the historical development of geography.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Since 1994, the Society has recorded the majority of its Monday night lectures – Society members and Fellows can watch selected lectures from 2006 onwards online.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society's Picture Library holds over half a million photographs, artworks, negatives, lantern slides and albums dating from around 1830. Historic images range from the Antarctic adventures of Scott and Shackleton to the pioneering journeys of Livingstone, Baker, Speke and Burton.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: An important way in which the RGS-IBG develops new knowledge and advances geographical science is by providing funding for geographical research and scientific expeditions. The Society offers a number of grants to researchers, students, teachers and independent travellers. More than 70 projects are supported each year and in excess of £180,000 is awarded annually. Research has been conducted in more than 120 countries, from Namibia to Brazil to Greenland.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Every year the RGS-IBG helps teams of students and researchers to get into the field with Geographical Fieldwork Grants, the Society's longest running grant scheme. The newest initiative is the RGS-IBG International Field Centre Grants, for work in international field centres in developing nations. Independent travel grants support geographical expeditions.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Each year, the Society supports over 50 student fieldwork projects, from PhD students collecting data for their dissertation to groups of undergraduates looking to get out into the field for the first time. Grants are available for both human and physical geography projects, in any area of the world.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society supports a range of field and desk-based research by academic geographers, from established researchers undertaking fieldwork to early career academics working on smaller projects. The RGS-IBG also supports academics attending geographical conferences around the world. Some awards focus on particular geographical regions or topics, with others open to any aspect of the discipline.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society supports innovation in teaching geography at secondary and higher education level, offering several awards for school teachers to work alongside researchers in geographical research, so to develop educational resources for the classroom, and to create teaching materials.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: 21st Century Challenges is the Society's discussion series that aims to improve public understanding of, and engagement with, some of the big issues likely to affect our lives and society in the coming years. The talks are held at the Society's headquarters in South Kensington, London, with all talks available to watch online along with additional information.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Discovering Britain is a website featuring a series of self-led geographical walks that help explain the stories behind the UK's built and natural landscapes. Each walk explores a particular landscape, finding out about the way in which the forces of nature, people, events and the economy have created and shaped the area. There are now more than 120 walks on the Discovering Britain website, covering all regions of the United Kingdom. Walks are themed according to the landscape in which they are located, including built, prehistoric, historic, working, hidden and changing landscapes. Walks also look at people in the landscape, and shaping, preserving and exploiting the landscape.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: Hidden Journeys is a public engagement project of the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG) that started in 2010. The Hidden Journeys website combines images, stories and maps (many from the Society's geographical collections) into a series of interactive guides of popular flight paths, enabling people to explore the incredible places they fly over and might see from the air. Since launching, online guides have been published for more than 25 flight paths, including London to Johannesburg, New York City to Los Angeles, Sydney to Singapore, Madrid to Rio de Janeiro.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Hidden Journeys project is also integrating its content with the moving maps aboard airliners, as a new form of in-flight entertainment (IFE) that has been termed geo-entertainment or geotainment.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: In December 2013, Singapore Airlines began a trial of an enhanced moving map that featured Hidden Journeys content. Developed in partnership between Hidden Journeys and the IFE software company Airborne Interactive, the enhanced map is available for the Singapore-London route on the airline's brand new Boeing 777-300ER (flight number SQ308 and SQ319), and features a range of geographical facts and highlights, photography and maps, all curated by the Royal Geographical Society (with IBG). Information is delivered in real time, with content changing as the flight progresses, so for example, while a passenger is passing over the United Kingdom, they'll be met with a pop-up that explains the origins and importance of the English Channel.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The RGS-IBG education department offers courses, resources, accreditation, grants, awards, competitions and school membership, all for the benefit of teachers, students and parents. It also runs the Geography Ambassador scheme.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society produces cases studies, lesson plans and activity ideas for an all levels of learning, from KS1 up to post-GCSE. The Geography in the News website is available for Schools Members and Young Geographers. It has more than 300 topical case studies. Many of the Society's other resources are free to use.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Geography Ambassadors scheme recruits, trains and supports volunteer undergraduate, postgraduate and graduate geographers from universities and business. Geography Ambassadors deliver lively, activity-based sessions at schools and they engage with more than 30,000 pupils each year. The scheme is aimed at introducing students to the benefits of studying geography beyond a compulsory level in schools, but also into higher education and employment.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Society also has competitions for students studying geography. The Young Geographer of the Year has four categories for students in KS2 through to A-Level. All students have to produce posters on a given topic, except the A-Level students who are expected to write an essay. For A-Level students there is also the David W. Smith Memorial Award, an annual essay competition, and the Ron Cooke Award for the best A-Level coursework.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: The Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)'s scholarly publications provide an outlet and support for the dissemination of research across the breadth of the discipline. In 2012, three main journals alone were accessed online internationally over 1.3 million times.


title: Royal Geographical Society

text: "Geographical" is the official monthly magazine of the Society, and has been published continuously since 1935. The magazine contains illustrated articles on people, places, adventure, travel, and environmental issues, as well as summarising the latest academic research and discoveries in geography. "Geographical" also reports news of the Society's latest work and activities to members and the public.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: The 71st annual Cannes Film Festival was held from 8 to 19 May 2018. Australian actress Cate Blanchett acted as President of the Jury. The Japanese film "Shoplifters", directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda, won the Palme d'Or.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: Asghar Farhadi's psychological thriller "Everybody Knows", starring Javier Bardem, Penélope Cruz and Ricardo Darín, opened the festival and competed in the Main Competition section. It was the second Spanish-language film to open Cannes, following Pedro Almodóvar's "Bad Education", which screened on the opening night of the 2004 festival.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: The official festival poster features Jean-Paul Belmondo and Anna Karina from Jean-Luc Godard's 1965 film "Pierrot le Fou". It is the second time the festival poster was inspired by Godard's film after his 1963 film "Contempt" at the 2016 festival. According to festival's official statement, the poster is inspired by and paid tribute to the work of French photographer Georges Pierre.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: The Cinéma de la Plage is a part of the Official Selection of the festival. The outdoors screenings at the beach cinema of Cannes are open to the public.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: A ban on Netflix films in competition, which came about after the streaming giant refused to show them in French cinemas, has meant the issues of streaming and distribution have also been hot topics. The issue prompted Juror Ava DuVernay, who made "13th" for Netflix, to make a plea for "flexibility of thought".


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: In March and April 2018, weeks before general delegate Thierry Frémaux was set to unveil the official selection, reports suggested streaming service Netflix was to pull its already-selected films from premiering at the festival in retaliation for the barring of Netflix films from competing. They were still allowed to premiere in other sections, and many reportedly opted for an Out of Competition berth. The films affected were Alfonso Cuarón's "Roma", Morgan Neville's "They'll Love Me When I'm Dead", Orson Welles' final film "The Other Side of the Wind", Paul Greengrass' "Norway", and Jeremy Saulnier's "Hold the Dark".


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: Ultimately, Netflix pulled all of their films from selection. Notably, in the press conference announcement, Frémaux commented that he wanted "The Other Side of the Wind" and had planned to screen it as a special screening with the Welles-related documentary "They'll Love Me When I'm Dead". He also noted that he had selected "Roma" for competition.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: Danish film director Lars von Trier returned to Cannes with his film "The House That Jack Built", after he was declared ""persona non grata"" at the 2011 festival.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: The chair of the jury Cate Blanchett has called for gender parity at the Cannes Film Festival, calling it "almost a gladiatorial sport". However, she concedes that there has been improvements and the change "won't happen overnight".


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: During the festival, 82 female film professionals, led by Jury president Cate Blanchett and veteran director Agnès Varda, took part to a demonstration on the red carpet, demanding more equality between men and women in the film industry, notably the end of the pay gap.


title: 2018 Cannes Film Festival

text: The festival launched a sexual harassment hotline in partnership with France’s Ministry of Gender Equality where victims of harassment and abuse could receive support and guidance by calling a dedicated number.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Ragini Dwivedi (born 24 May 1990) is an Indian actress and model who works primarily in Kannada films.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: She made her entry to filmdom with "Veera Madakari" (2009). She rose to fame starring in successful Kannada language films, "Kempe Gowda" (2011), "Shiva" (2012), "Bangari" (2013) and "Ragini IPS" (2014), thus establishing herself as one of the leading actresses in Kannada cinema until 2019.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Dwivedi was born on 24 May in Mhow, Madhya Pradesh and was brought up there. However, she has her roots in Rewari, Haryana. Her father Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi, born in Rewari, was a Colonel in the Indian Army and her mother Rohini, a housewife. Her paternal grandfather Pyare Lal Dwivedi was a railway guard in Rewari.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: She was recognised by fashion designer, Prasad Bidapa in 2008 and introduced her to modelling. As a model, she modelled for Lakme Fashion Week, Sri Lanka fashion week and for designers like Rohit Bal, Tarun Tahiliani, Manish Malhotra, Ritu Kumar and Sabyasachi Mukherjee. She participated in the Femina Miss India contest held in Hyderabad in December 2008, where she was declared the first runner-up, thus receiving a direct entry to the 2009 Pantaloons Femina Miss India in Mumbai, where she was given the Richfeel Miss Beautiful Hair title.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Dwivedi made her acting debut with the Kannada film "Veera Madakari" in 2009. The action-comedy was a remake of the Telugu film "Vikramarkudu" and she was cast opposite Sudeep. The film became a major commercial success of the year. In the same year, she appeared in the film "Gokula" in a brief role. In 2010, she featured in five films out of which her Malayalam debut, "Kandhahar", was one.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Dwivedi's career break came in 2011, with the action film, "Kempegowda", with Sudeep as her co-star. She earned a nomination in the South Filmfare awards as a best female leading actress. The same year saw her in comic-capers such as "Kalla Malla Sulla" and "Kaanchaana". The song Thuppa Beku Thuppa in "Kalla Malla Sulla" shot on her became a rage and one of the biggest hits of the year.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: The year 2012 saw her featuring in films alongside leading male actors of Kannada cinema, with Upendra in "Aarakshaka" and with Shivarajkumar in "Shiva". She received the award for the best actress in the critics' category for her performance in "Shiva" as well as in "Arakshaka" her role was highly appreciated. Her other film "Villain" also released in the same year. She then appeared in a Malayalam language film titled "Face2Face" with Mammootty as her co-actor. She made special appearances in the films "Victory" and Prabhu Deva's Hindi film, "R... Rajkumar".


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Dwivedi's first release of 2014 was a bilingual film known as "Nimirndhu Nil" in Tamil language and "Janda Pai Kapiraju" in Telugu, her first film in Telugu. Her second release of the year was "Ragini IPS", the long delayed film. Cast as a police officer Ragini, the film marked her break from glamorous characters that she had a reputation for portraying. The film however opened to mixed reviews from film critics. However, it earned her, her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress nomination. Her next release was "Namaste Madam", a remake of the 2002 Telugu film "Missamma". Her performance as Radhika, chairperson of a multinational corporation playing as a seductress, received positive reviews from critics. Her first release of 2015, "Shivam" saw her appear in another glamorous role as a femme fatale, and as a parallel lead alongside Upendra.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: As of April 2016, Dwivedi has completed filming "Ranachandi" is filming with "Naane Next CM". She is also filming with Faisal Saif's multi-lingual film "Amma". In preparation for her role in "Naane Next CM", she shed 15 kg over a span of three months.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Since 2011, Dwivedi has been endorsing for Nandini Milk which is a product of Karnataka Milk Federation. After actress Khushbu, Dwivedi is the only Indian actress to have a fan club named after her, on which she said, "Already there are many fans pages in my name on social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter. I will also be interacting with my followers over there. But these registered and official fans association will help me to have direct conversation with my fans."


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: In 2015, Dwivedi was made the brand ambassador of Times Asia Wedding Fair. The same year, at the India Leadership Conclave in Mumbai, she was honoured and awarded the Most Promising Face of Indian Cinema.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: Ragini is passionate about the environment. She is brand ambassador of Hubballi Dharwad Municipal Corporation for the clean city campaign under the Swachh Bharat programme. She spoke about UV Index, alarming levels of UV and the need for environment initiatives.


title: Ragini Dwivedi

text: The Central Crime Branch (CCB) on 4 September 2020, conducted raids at Ragini Dwivedi's residence in Bengaluru in connection to the Sandalwood drug racket case. The CCB had intensified its investigation into a drugs haul in Bengaluru after the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) arrested three people from the city, who were allegedly supplying drugs to singers and actors in the Kannada film industry. She was arrested on 4 September 2020, after nearly seven hours of interrogation that happened at the CCB office. She and 11 other were charged under various sections of IPC including criminal conspiracy and Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: Randy Arozarena González (born February 28, 1995) is a Cuban-Mexican professional baseball outfielder for the Tampa Bay Rays of Major League Baseball (MLB). He previously played for the St. Louis Cardinals. In 2020, Arozarena set the MLB record for home runs in a single postseason with ten. Four of those came against the Houston Astros in the 2020 American League Championship Series, netting him series MVP honors. The following year, he won the AL Rookie of the Year award.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: During the 2013–14 and 2014–15 seasons, Arozarena played for Vegueros de Pinar del Río of the Cuban National Series. In his final season, he slashed .291/.412/.419 with three home runs, 24 RBIs, and 15 stolen bases over 74 games.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: In 2016, Arozarena arrived in Mexico and had brief stints in the Mérida Winter League, Norte de México League, and with the Toros de Tijuana of the Mexican League, before playing for the Mayos de Navojoa of the Mexican Pacific League during the winter.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: Arozarena signed with St. Louis Cardinals as an international free agent in July 2016 for $1.25 million. He made his minor league debut in 2017 and spent his first full professional season with both the Palm Beach Cardinals, with whom he was named a Florida State League All-Star, and the Springfield Cardinals, posting a combined .266 batting average with 11 home runs, 49 RBIs and 18 stolen bases over 121 games between both clubs. Following the season, he returned to the Mexican Pacific League to play for the Mayos de Navojoa for the 2017–2018 season, where he slashed .292/.366/.558 with 14 home runs and 37 RBIs in 64 games. That season the Mayos made it to the championship series. Although the team did not win the series, Arozarena had a game winning hit in the bottom of the ninth inning in game 6. Arozarena was a non-roster invitee to 2018 spring training. He began the season with the Memphis Redbirds. In July 2018, he was selected to represent the Cardinals in the 2018 All-Star Futures Game. Arozarena also spent time during the season with Springfield. With Memphis, he helped them win the Pacific Coast League title, and was named a co-MVP of the PCL playoffs alongside teammate Tommy Edman. Over 113 games between Memphis and Springfield, he batted .274/.359/.433 with 12 home runs, 49 RBIs, and 26 stolen bases. Arozarena returned to play for Mayos de Navojoa in 2018 for the third time, but appeared in only 15 games.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: Arozarena began the 2019 season on the injured list with Memphis due to a fractured hand suffered during spring training. He returned to play in May with Springfield before being promoted back to Memphis in June.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: On August 12, 2019, the Cardinals selected Arozarena's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. He made his major league debut on August 14 versus the Kansas City Royals. Over 19 games with St. Louis, Arozarena hit .300 with one home run, two RBIs, and two stolen bases.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: On January 9, 2020, Arozarena was traded to the Tampa Bay Rays (along with José Martínez and the Cardinals’ Competitive Balance Round A Draft Pick) in exchange for Matthew Liberatore, Edgardo Rodriguez, and the Rays’ Competitive Balance Round B Draft Pick. Over 23 games for the 2020 season, Arozarena batted .281 with seven home runs and 11 RBIs.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: In Game 7 of the American League Championship Series against the Houston Astros, Arozarena hit a two-run home run, surpassing Evan Longoria for most home runs by a rookie in the postseason. Arozarena was named the MVP of the ALCS, becoming the first rookie position player to win the award. In the series, he hit .321 with four home runs and six RBIs. In the World Series, Arozarena hit home runs in the third, fourth, and sixth games, breaking the all-time record for most home runs in a single postseason. In Game 3, he surpassed Derek Jeter for most hits by a rookie in the postseason. In Game 5, he recorded his 27th hit in the postseason, surpassing Pablo Sandoval for the most hits in a single postseason. Arozarena has attributed his playoff power stroke to his wearing of a special pair of lucky cowboy boots, which he calls his "power boots".


title: Randy Arozarena

text: For the 2021 season, Arozarena batted .274/.356/.459 with 20 home runs, 69 RBIs, and 20 stolen bases in 141 games. During game one of the 2021 ALDS against the Boston Red Sox, Arozarena became the first player in baseball history to hit a home run and steal home in the same game during the playoffs. Following the season's end, Arozarena won the AL Rookie of the Year Award, becoming the first Ray to do so since Wil Myers in 2013.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: In 2022 while he stole 32 bases (tied for third in the majors) he also led the major leagues in caught stealing with 12; he batted .269/.344/.463.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: Arozarena has a daughter who was born in Mexico in 2018. His younger brother is soccer player Raiko Arozarena, who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Tampa Bay Rowdies who compete in the USL Championship. He has stated that he would like to become a Mexican citizen and represent Mexico in the World Baseball Classic.


title: Randy Arozarena

text: On November 23, 2020, Arozarena was arrested in Mexico’s Yucatan state after allegedly trying to kidnap his two-year-old daughter from her mother and assaulted the woman’s father. He was released two days later as the mother of the child did not press charges.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Born in 1593, he was Hideyoshi's second son. The birth of Hideyori created a potential succession problem. To avoid it, Hideyoshi exiled his nephew and heir Hidetsugu to Mount Kōya and then ordered him to commit suicide in August 1595. Hidetsugu's family members who did not follow his example were then murdered in Kyoto, including 31 women and several children and also Mogami Yoshiaki's daughter. Hideyoshi refused to spare the life of Yoshiaki's daughter, who had only just arrived in Kyoto to become Hidetsugu's concubine and had not yet even met her future husband.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: When Hideyoshi died in 1598, the five regents he had appointed to rule in Hideyori's place began jockeying amongst themselves for power. Tokugawa Ieyasu seized control in 1600, after his victory over the others at the Battle of Sekigahara. Hideyori's arranged marriage to Senhime, the seven-year-old granddaughter of Ieyasu, was designed to mitigate Toyotomi clan dissension and plotting. In this period, the eight-year-old boy practiced calligraphy with phrases wishing for peace throughout the world.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Fourteen years later, Hideyori was now a young "daimyō" living in Osaka Castle, son and rightful heir to Toyotomi Hideyoshi. However, Tokugawa Ieyasu continued to view the young Hideyori as a potential threat. Many "samurai" who opposed Ieyasu rallied around Hideyori, claiming that he was the rightful ruler of Japan.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Ieyasu found fault with the opening ceremony of a temple built by Hideyori; it was as if he prayed for Ieyasu's death and the ruin of the Tokugawa clan. Ieyasu ordered Hideyori to leave Osaka Castle, but those in the castle refused and summoned samurai to gather within the castle. Then in 1614, Tokugawa besieged Osaka Castle against Hideyori.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Tokugawa forces led by "Shogun" Tokugawa Hidetada attacked Hideyori in the Siege of Osaka in the winter of 1614 known as "the winter Siege of Osaka". The attack failed, but Hideyori was induced to sign a truce and dismantle the defenses of his stronghold at Osaka Castle.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: In April 1615, Ieyasu received word that Toyotomi Hideyori was gathering even more troops than in the previous November, and that he was trying to stop the filling of the moat of Osaka Castle. Toyotomi forces began to attack contingents of the "shōgun"s forces near Osaka. On June 5, 1615, Tokugawa attacked Osaka Castle, an attack known as "the summer Siege of Osaka". As Toyotomi's forces began to lose the battle, a smaller force led directly by Hideyori sallied forth from Osaka Castle too late, and was chased right back into the castle by the advancing enemies. There was no time to set up a proper defense of the castle, and it was soon set ablaze and pummeled by artillery fire. Hideyori and his mother committed "seppuku", and the final major uprising against Tokugawa rule for another 250 or so years was put to an end. His widow remarried but later became a Buddhist nun.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: According to James Murdoch's "A History of Japan During The Century of Early Foreign Discourse", based heavily upon the works of many Japanese sources (the "Nihon Shoki", Miyoshi-Ki, and many more) as well as heavily based on the writings of the Jesuits, their annual letters, the letters of Will Adams and the diaries of Adams' Dutch comrades, the events of Hideyori's death and the final fall of Osaka Castle were as such – Sanada Yukimura had been tactician of the climactic battle outside the gates of Osaka. Recognizing that they had a serious numerical disadvantage, they decided to attempt a tactic of inducing surprise and confusion in the Tokugawa camp. This was to be effected by first, Osaka captain Akashi Morishige getting behind the Tokugawa van, which would then be taken with Akashi's surprise attack, fall on Akashi, allowing Sanada with his troops and Mōri Katsunaga, who was in charge of the Osaka "rōnin", to fall into the Tokugawa front. When the confusion was to be at its height, Hideyori would have marched out of Osaka castle with his home troops and would in theory be the final blow to the Tokugawas.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: What happened, according to Murdoch, was that Akashi was not able to get behind the Tokugawa troops, having been discovered and engaged before he emerged from the lanes. The plans fell apart as Mōri's "rōnin", ever eager to fight, began shooting at the Tokugawa ranks, not waiting for Sanada (who was serving as Commander of the battle, in addition to being the tactician of the battle) to command them to do so. Sanada at once told the rōnin to stop but they only doubled their efforts. Mori Katsunaga, deciding to take advantage of his rōnin's eagerness, then decided to launch them forward nevertheless. Upon this, Sanada realized in order to keep any structure of his original plan, he too, would need to engage alongside the "rōnin". He decided then to launch himself alongside Katsunaga's force, straight into the Tokugawas, while dispatching a messenger to Hideyori to march out at that very moment instead of a bit further on as had been decided in the plan.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Hideyori began moving with his troops to leave Osaka. Meanwhile, the Osaka troops had been doing quite well in spite of the numerical disadvantage. It has even been said, in Murdoch's book, as he goes to show in an extract from a missionaries letter regarding the event (there were several inside Osaka castle at this point) that the Osaka assault was actually quite successful and drove the Tokugawa back quite promptly. The plan of creating Tokugawa confusion worked and according to the Jesuits, Ieyasu himself, serving as the ultimate reinforcement to the center force, had told his men to kill him if victory seemed for nigh. Not only did the Jesuits write this, but, in another account, Murdoch states that Ieyasu had at least for some time had designs of seppuku because victory seemed to be escaping him.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: According to Siebold, at this critical moment, as Hideyori was leaving Osaka to enter the fray, Ieyasu sent forth into Osaka the son of Osaka captain Ōno Harunaga who had been a hostage to the Tokugawa. Ono Harunaga's son entered the castle and immediately dispatched a letter from Tokugawa to his father. The letter said "Do not let Hideyori leave the castle. In the castle is a conspiracy and as soon as Hideyori leaves it he will be attacked from the rear." It is because of this letter, according to Siebold, that Hideyori's portion of the plan miscarried. He was just about to leave when he was brought word of its contents, and at this point, stalled in entering the fray.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Eventually, despite the ferocity and initial victories of the Osaka troops, the numerical advantage of the Tokugawa forces proved too much. According to the Nihon Senshi:


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: "Hideyori, when he received intelligence of the defeat of his rōnin, said, "Death is what I have been ready to meet for long", and was about to sally from the castle in order to fight his very last battle when he was stopped by Hayami, one of his seven captains, who urged that a commander-in-chief should not expose his person among the promiscuous dead. Let Hideyori defend the castle to the last; when it fell, it would be time to take a decision!"


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: And amidst the ensuing chaos, Hideyori fell back. The castle was fired and general chaos ensued. This Hayami, one of his seven captain's, eventually lead Hideyori, his wife, the daughter of the "shōgun" and granddaughter of Ieyasu, and his mother, Yodogimi to a fire proof keep in the castle. From here, Hideyori's wife, the daughter of the "shōgun", left to beg of her father and grand father to spare Hideyori. According to Murdoch, when she finally reached the "shōgun", Hidetada, he had remarked coldly to her, "Why don't you die with your husband?" which was customary. However, Ieyasu feigned compassion and instructed Tokugawa captains Ii and Ando to see to Hideyori's safe retreat.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Hideyori, however, remained in the fire-proof keep with his mother and, having sent dispatches to Ieyasu and Hidetada, waited for a response. He was given none and, upon his fire-proof keep being fired upon by the forces of Ii and Ando, allegedly then committed ritual suicide and the keep was destroyed.


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Although Ii had been tasked with seeing to Hideyori's safe retreat, when, shortly after, Ii had reported the affairs to Ieyasu and told of his exceeding the orders he'd been given and, thereupon asked Ieyasu to punish him accordingly, according to Murdoch's book, Ieyasu merely nodded without saying anything and Ii left Ieyasu's presence. Not but a few weeks later Ii received a raise on his revenue at Hikone, in Omi, the sum going from 180,000 "koku" to 230,000 "koku" and still, later on, in 1617 to 280,000 "koku".


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Hideyori's actual corpse was never discovered, and a popular rumor persisted that Hideyori had escaped Osaka. The rumors had enough merit to concern the Tokugawa shogunate, according to Murdoch. The matter was serious enough that it found mention in the journals of Cocks, the Dutch comrade of William Adams. The following extracts from Cocks' journal explain the matter at hand:


title: Toyotomi Hideyori

text: Capt. Adames went againe to the Cort [at Yedo] to procure our dispatch, and found all the Council busied about matters of justice of life and death; and amongst the rest, one man was brought in question about Fidaia Samme [Hideyori], as being in the castle with him to the last hour. This man was racked and tormented very much, to make him confess where his master was, or whether he were alive or dead; but I cannot hear whether he confessed anything or no."