title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

text: In 1997 a major reform was made to the FAP's training syllabus which led to the need for cost savings. This resulted in the 7 AFA Chipmunks being used by the FAP for an initial screen testing programme for potential pilots – the Estágio de Seleção de Voo (ESV). The 7 Chipmunks (serials – 1306, 1312, 1315, 1316, 1319, 1335, 1339) were first upgraded before being put into use. These upgrades consisted of replacing the Gipsy Major engines with the more powerful Lycoming O-360, adding a metal propeller, a new radio and an IFF transponder. Five of these aircraft were upgraded by OGMA at Alverca do Ribatejo, while the other two were converted by Indústrias Aeronáuticas de Coimbra (IAC). The first two upgraded Chipmunks were delivered to Esquadra 802 in July 1997 and began their screening programme the next month on 18 August. On 17 March 1998 an upgraded Chipmunk (serial – 1312) crashed on take-off at Sintra causing it to be written off, neither of the occupants – an Angolan student and Portuguese instructor – were harmed. As of 2018, Esquadra 802 still operates the remaining 6 Chipmunks.


title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

text: From the 1950s, the Chipmunk also became a popular civilian aircraft, having been used for various roles, such as pilot training, aerobatics and crop spraying. The majority of civilian aircraft are ex-military that had been resold and frequently modernised. It is also a mechanically sound aircraft and, consequently, many ex-RCAF Chipmunks have since remained operational for decades with private owners and operators around the world. By 2001, several hundred Chipmunks were reportedly operational in private service.


title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

text: Modifications or conversions by Bristol Aircraft Ltd. Modifications could be made on Chipmunk Mk 20, Mk 21, Mk 22 and 22A aircraft. The Chipmunks could be fitted with luggage compartments in the wings, a blown canopy, landing gear fairings and enlarged fuel tanks.


title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

text: In 1967–1968 a Chipmunk Mk 22A was converted, tested and flown by Hants and Sussex Aviation. The Chipmunk was fitted with an 86.42-kW (116-shp) Rover 90 turboprop engine. and extra fuel capacity.


title: De Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk

text: Today, the Chipmunk remains popular with specialized flying clubs and is also operated by private individuals located in many countries worldwide.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: In the Astragius Galaxy, the Gilgamesh and Balarant nations had until recently been locked in a century-old galactic war whose cause was long ago forgotten. Now, the war is ending and an uneasy truce has settled. The main weapon of the conflict is the common Armored Trooper, a mass-produced humanoid combat vehicle piloted by a single soldier. Both the Armored Troopers and their pilots are also known as VOTOMS (Vertical One-man Tank for Offense & ManeuverS). However, since Armored Troopers have extremely thin armor, and use a highly combustible liquid in their artificial muscle, their pilots have a very low chance of survival, and are commonly referred to instead as "Bottoms", the lowest of the low ("Votoms" and "Bottoms" are written and pronounced the same way in Japanese).


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: The series follows a main character named Chirico Cuvie, a special forces Armored Trooper pilot and former member of the Red Shoulder Battalion, an elite force used by the Gilgamesh Confederation in its war against the Balarant Union. Chirico is suddenly transferred to a unit engaged in a suspicious mission, unaware that he is aiding to steal secrets from what appears to be his own side. Chirico is betrayed and left behind to die, but he survives, is arrested by the Gilgamesh military as a traitor, and tortured for information on their homeworld. He escapes, triggering a pursuit extending across the entire series, with Chirico hunted by the army and criminals alike as he seeks the truth behind the operation. He is especially driven to discover the truth of one of the objects he was assigned to retrieve in that operation: a mysterious and beautiful woman who would become his sole clue to unravelling the galactic conspiracy.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: Ryōsuke Takahashi conceived of VOTOMS after watching the American film "Junior Bonner", in which the main character travels across towns performing rodeo shows, which gave Takahashi the idea of creating a story in a post-war setting, with mechs fighting each other for sport. Although several authors have noted similarities between Chirico and Steve McQueen, who played the main character in "Junior Bonner", Takahashi stated that Chirico was not modeled after anyone in particular.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: is a 50-minute OVA released on August 21, 1985. The storyline takes place after the Woodoo storyline in the TV series. It details Chirico meeting with his old comrades in his old military unit, and their plan to get revenge on General Pailsen.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: A 1986 60-minute OVA. Takes place near the end of the series. The storyline features Chirico and his comrades participating in a mecha gladiatorial match.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: , released as just "Origin of Ambition" by Maiden Japan, is a 60-minute OVA released in 1988. The storyline serves as a prequel to the main series and especially "The Last Red Shoulder". It details Chirico's time in the Red Shoulder elite military unit and his encounters with General Pailsen.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: is a twelve episode anime science fiction action OVA series spinoff of "Armored Trooper Votoms". It premiered on November 21, 1988. It takes place in the same universe (and time, and in some episodes, almost the same places) as "Votoms", but the two stories are entirely independent of each other.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: "Mellowlink" is the story of a soldier whose unit is sacrificed on the battlefield for reasons unknown. Although he was not meant to survive, the main character, Ality Mellowlink, manages to survive only to be framed for a crime he did not commit. Mellowlink escapes his captors and begins hunting down his former commanding officers, both to get revenge for his dead platoon members and to find out the nature of the conspiracy that led to their death.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: The series is available for download on Bandai Visual's official website and the Japanese DVD boxset was released on December 6, 2006. The series was previously issued twice on laserdisc, once as six individual volumes, and once as a three-disc box set along with the two soundtracks.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: is a 12-episode OVA series that was released from October 26, 2007 to August 22, 2008. It was also released as a feature film on January 17, 2009. It is a prequel to the main series and a sequel to "Origin of Ambition".


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: , released as "Genei ~ Phantom Arc" by Maiden Japan, is a 6-part OVA series that was released from March 26, 2010 to October 27, 2010. It is a sequel to the original TV series and "Shining Heresy".


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: "Armored Trooper VOTOMS Case;Irvine" (), an OVA that follows the story of Irvine Lester, a repairer of the tank-like robotic Armored Trooper (AT) mecha in the VOTOMS story world.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: "Votoms Finder" (), an "alternate universe" OVA that centers around Aki Tesuno, a Bottoms guard for scrap salvagers and a pilot of a robotic mecha called an At or Altro (as opposed to VOTOMS' trademark Armored Trooper mecha).


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: , released as "Chirico’s Return" by Maiden Japan, is a 2011 50-minute OVA that serves as sequel to the "Shining Heresy" and prequel to the "Phantom Arc".


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: For a limited time, the "Armored Trooper Votoms - Uoodo and Kummen" game included a Red Shoulder Custom model. Chirico also figures in the "Sunrise Eiyuutan (Sunrise Heroes)" game for the PlayStation 2.


title: Armored Trooper Votoms

text: "VOTOMS" was a direct inspiration for the "Heavy Gear" role-playing game. "VOTOMS" also has its own official role-playing game, "", developed by R. Talsorian Games and using the Fuzion system.


title: Proper time

text: In relativity, proper time (from Latin, meaning "own time") along a timelike world line is defined as the time as measured by a clock following that line. It is thus independent of coordinates, and is a Lorentz scalar. The proper time interval between two events on a world line is the change in proper time. This interval is the quantity of interest, since proper time itself is fixed only up to an arbitrary additive constant, namely the setting of the clock at some event along the world line.


title: Proper time

text: The proper time interval between two events depends not only on the events, but also the world line connecting them, and hence on the motion of the clock between the events. It is expressed as an integral over the world line (analogous to arc length in Euclidean space). An accelerated clock will measure a smaller elapsed time between two events than that measured by a non-accelerated (inertial) clock between the same two events. The twin paradox is an example of this effect.


title: Proper time

text: By convention, proper time is usually represented by the Greek letter "τ" (tau) to distinguish it from coordinate time represented by "t". Coordinate time is the time between two events as measured by an observer using that observer's own method of assigning a time to an event. In the special case of an inertial observer in special relativity, the time is measured using the observer's clock and the observer's definition of simultaneity.


title: Proper time

text: The concept of proper time was introduced by Hermann Minkowski in 1908, and is an important feature of Minkowski diagrams.


title: Proper time

text: The formal definition of proper time involves describing the path through spacetime that represents a clock, observer, or test particle, and the metric structure of that spacetime. Proper time is the pseudo-Riemannian arc length of world lines in four-dimensional spacetime. From the mathematical point of view, coordinate time is assumed to be predefined and an expression for proper time as a function of coordinate time is required. On the other hand, proper time is measured experimentally and coordinate time is calculated from the proper time of inertial clocks.


title: Proper time

text: Proper time can only be defined for timelike paths through spacetime which allow for the construction of an accompanying set of physical rulers and clocks. The same formalism for spacelike paths leads to a measurement of proper distance rather than proper time. For lightlike paths, there exists no concept of proper time and it is undefined as the spacetime interval is zero. Instead, an arbitrary and physically irrelevant affine parameter unrelated to time must be introduced.


title: Proper time

text: In any such frame an infinitesimal interval, here assumed timelike, between two events is expressed as


title: Proper time

text: and separates points on a trajectory of a particle (think clock). The same interval can be expressed in coordinates such that at each moment, the particle is "at rest". Such a frame is called an instantaneous rest frame, denoted here by the coordinates formula_3 for each instant. Due to the invariance of the interval (instantaneous rest frames taken at different times are related by Lorentz transformations) one may write


title: Proper time

text: since in the instantaneous rest frame, the particle or the frame itself is at rest, i.e., formula_5. Since the interval is assumed timelike (ie. formula_6), taking the square root of the above yields


title: Proper time

text: Here is the worldline from some initial event to some final event with the ordering of the events fixed by the requirement that the final event occurs later according to the clock than the initial event.


title: Proper time

text: &= \int \sqrt {1 - \frac{1}{c^2} \left [ \left (\frac{dx}{dt}\right)^2 + \left (\frac{dy}{dt}\right)^2 + \left ( \frac{dz}{dt}\right)^2 \right] }dt\\


title: Proper time

text: where is the coordinate speed at coordinate time , and , , and are space coordinates. The first expression is "manifestly" Lorentz invariant. They are all Lorentz invariant, since proper time and proper time intervals are coordinate-independent by definition.


title: Proper time

text: where Δ means the change in coordinates between the initial and final events. The definition in special relativity generalizes straightforwardly to general relativity as follows below.


title: Proper time

text: Proper time is defined in general relativity as follows: Given a pseudo-Riemannian manifold with a local coordinates and equipped with a metric tensor , the proper time interval between two events along a timelike path is given by the line integral


title: Proper time

text: This expression is, as it should be, invariant under coordinate changes. It reduces (in appropriate coordinates) to the expression of special relativity in flat spacetime.


title: Proper time

text: In the same way that coordinates can be chosen such that in special relativity, this can be done in general relativity too. Then, in these coordinates,


title: Proper time

text: This expression generalizes definition and can be taken as the definition. Then using invariance of the interval, equation follows from it in the same way follows from , except that here arbitrary coordinate changes are allowed.


title: Proper time

text: For a twin paradox scenario, let there be an observer "A" who moves between the "A"-coordinates (0,0,0,0) and (10 years, 0, 0, 0) inertially. This means that "A" stays at formula_12 for 10 years of "A"-coordinate time. The proper time interval for "A" between the two events is then


title: Proper time

text: So being "at rest" in a special relativity coordinate system means that proper time and coordinate time are the same.


title: Proper time

text: Let there now be another observer "B" who travels in the "x" direction from (0,0,0,0) for 5 years of "A"-coordinate time at 0.866"c" to (5 years, 4.33 light-years, 0, 0). Once there, "B" accelerates, and travels in the other spatial direction for another 5 years of "A"-coordinate time to (10 years, 0, 0, 0). For each leg of the trip, the proper time interval can be calculated using "A"-coordinates, and is given by


title: Proper time

text: So the total proper time for observer "B" to go from (0,0,0,0) to (5 years, 4.33 light-years, 0, 0) and then to (10 years, 0, 0, 0) is


title: Proper time

text: Thus it is shown that the proper time equation incorporates the time dilation effect. In fact, for an object in a SR (special relativity) spacetime traveling with a velocity of v for a time formula_16, the proper time interval experienced is


title: Proper time

text: An observer rotating around another inertial observer is in an accelerated frame of reference. For such an observer, the incremental (formula_18) form of the proper time equation is needed, along with a parameterized description of the path being taken, as shown below.


title: Proper time

text: Let there be an observer "C" on a disk rotating in the "xy" plane at a coordinate angular rate of formula_19 and who is at a distance of "r" from the center of the disk with the center of the disk at . The path of observer "C" is given by formula_20, where formula_21 is the current coordinate time. When "r" and formula_19 are constant, formula_23 and formula_24. The incremental proper time formula then becomes


title: Proper time

text: So for an observer rotating at a constant distance of "r" from a given point in spacetime at a constant angular rate of "ω" between coordinate times formula_26 and formula_27, the proper time experienced will be


title: Proper time

text: as for a rotating observer. This result is the same as for the linear motion example, and shows the general application of the integral form of the proper time formula.


title: Proper time

text: The difference between SR and general relativity (GR) is that in GR one can use any metric which is a solution of the Einstein field equations, not just the Minkowski metric. Because inertial motion in curved spacetimes lacks the simple expression it has in SR, the line integral form of the proper time equation must always be used.


title: Proper time

text: An appropriate coordinate conversion done against the Minkowski metric creates coordinates where an object on a rotating disk stays in the same spatial coordinate position. The new coordinates are


title: Proper time

text: The "t" and "z" coordinates remain unchanged. In this new coordinate system, the incremental proper time equation is


title: Proper time

text: Now let there be an object off of the rotating disk and at inertial rest with respect to the center of the disk and at a distance of "R" from it. This object has a coordinate motion described by , which describes the inertially at-rest object of counter-rotating in the view of the rotating observer. Now the proper time equation becomes


title: Proper time

text: So for the inertial at-rest observer, coordinate time and proper time are once again found to pass at the same rate, as expected and required for the internal self-consistency of relativity theory.


title: Proper time

text: To demonstrate the use of the proper time relationship, several sub-examples involving the Earth will be used here.


title: Proper time

text: For the Earth, , meaning that . When standing on the north pole, we can assume formula_35 (meaning that we are neither moving up or down or along the surface of the Earth). In this case, the Schwarzschild solution proper time equation becomes formula_36. Then using the polar radius of the Earth as the radial coordinate (or formula_37), we find that


title: Proper time

text: At the equator, the radius of the Earth is . In addition, the rotation of the Earth needs to be taken into account. This imparts on an observer an angular velocity of formula_39 of 2"π" divided by the sidereal period of the Earth's rotation, 86162.4 seconds. So formula_40. The proper time equation then produces


title: Proper time

text: From a non-relativistic point of view this should have been the same as the previous result. This example demonstrates how the proper time equation is used, even though the Earth rotates and hence is not spherically symmetric as assumed by the Schwarzschild solution. To describe the effects of rotation more accurately the Kerr metric may be used.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (Assamese: সংযুক্ত মুক্তি বাহিনী, অসম) is an armed separatist organisation operating in the Northeast Indian state of Assam. It seeks to establish an independent sovereign nation state of Assam for the indigenous Assamese people through an armed struggle in the Assam conflict. The Government of India banned the organisation in 1990 citing it as a terrorist organisation, while the United States Department of State lists it under "other groups of concern."


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: According to ULFA sources, it was founded on 7 April 1979 at Rang Ghar and began operations in 1990. Sunil Nath, former Central Publicity Secretary and spokesman of ULFA has stated that the organisation established ties with the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland in 1983 and with the Burma based Kachin Independent Army in 1987. Military operations against the ULFA by the Indian Army began in 1990 and continue into the present. On 5 December 2009, the chairman and the deputy commander-in-chief of ULFA was taken into Indian custody. In 2011, there was a major crackdown on the ULFA in Bangladesh, which greatly assisted the government of India in bringing ULFA leaders to talks. In January 2010, ULFA softened its stance and dropped demands for independence as a condition for talks with the Government of India.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On 3 September 2011, a tripartite agreement for "Suspension of Operations" against ULFA was signed between the Indian government, the Assam government and the ULFA.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The ULFA was founded on 7 April 1979 in Sivasagar, Assam by a group of young men that included Paresh Baruah, Arabinda Rajkhowa, Anup Chetia, Pradip Gogoi, Bhadreshwar Gohain, and Budheswar Gogoi. The organisation's purpose was to engage in an armed struggle to form a separate independent state of Assam.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: During its heyday (the late 80s and 90s), it enjoyed popularity among many of the indigenous Assamese people of the Brahmaputra valley. The majority of the supporters felt that a powerful organisation was necessary to get the voice of a peripheral region heard in the corridors of power in Lutyen's Delhi. But gradually, the organisation's emphasis on extortion and smuggling of weapons in the name of furthering the ‘revolution’ led to mindless violence throughout the state. It witnessed a period marked by growing disillusionment and anger amid supporters. In their bloody conflict with the security forces, many innocent civilians were killed and several thousand were permanently maimed. It is estimated that more than 10 thousand local youths perished during that turbulent period. In the process, owing to the twin factors of increasing operations by the security forces and dwindling support among its core sympathisers, ULFA's importance in Assam has been declined drastically.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Recruiting for the front did not begin until 1983. Soon after it finished recruitment in 1984, it began to seek out training and arms procurement from other groups such as the Kachin Independence Army (KIA) and the Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN). In 1986 it launched a fundraising "campaign" across India by way of extortion. It then began to set up camps in Tinsukia and Dibrugarh but was soon declared a terrorist organization by the government on 7 November, under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In less than a decade of its formation, the ULFA emerged as one of the most powerful and violent insurgent outfit in Southeast Asia, largely because of the immense popularity it enjoyed during the first decade of its struggle as well as its economic power which in turn helped it in bolstering its military capabilities. In the early 1990s, ULFA launched an aggressive campaign with victims such as security forces, political opponents, and blasting rail links. In July 1991 the front captured and held 14 people for ransom, included in the abductees was an engineer and a national of the Soviet Union. From the 1990s on the ULFA have continued to carry out attacks.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Till the late 2000s, it maintained a number of camps in Bangladesh, where members are trained and sheltered away from Indian security forces. In April 2004, Bangladesh police and Coast Guard intercepted massive amounts of illegal arms and ammunition, at Chittagong, being loaded into 10 trucks and intended for ULFA. A total of 50 were charged with arms smuggling and arms offenses, including former high-level Bangladesh political appointees including Bangladesh National Party ministers and National Security Intelligence military officers, as well as prominent businessmen, and Paresh Baruah, military wing chief of ULFA who was then living in Dhaka. He fled the country. Trials were still underway in Chittagong in 2012 under tight security.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: they had also maintained camps in Bhutan, which were destroyed by the Royal Bhutan Army aided by the Special Frontier Force in December 2003. These camps housed combatants and non-combatant families of ULFA members.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: ULFA maintained close relationships with other separatist organisations like NDFB, KLO and NSCN (Khaplang).


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 2008, News Services reported citing Indian police and intelligence officials reported ULFA's commander-in-chief Paresh Baruah had taken refuge in Yunnan Province of China, along China-Myanmar border, due to continuous defeat of his Organization. The report also stated that a small batch of militants had also taken refuge along with him. Paresh Baruah had previously visited China in the 1980s. In December 2003, China spurned ULFA's chairman Arabinda Rajkhowa appeal to provide safe passage to the rebels from Bhutan.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: During the government of AGP leader Prafulla Kumar Mahanta, as a part of his government's counter-insurgency strategy, unidentified gunmen had assassinated a number of family members of ULFA leaders. With the fall of this government following elections in 2001, the secret killings stopped. Dinesh Barua, the elder brother of Paresh Barua, was taken from his house at night by unidentified Assamese men, Later his body was found lying near a cremation center in Chabua. ULFA's self-styled Publicity Secretary, Mithinga Daimary, also had his five family members killed during this period.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Government investigations into the killings culminated in the report of the "Saikia Commission", presented to the Assam Assembly on 15 November 2007. The report describes how the killings were organised by Prafulla Mahanta, then the Assam Home Minister. They were executed by the police. The gunmen were former members of ULFA who had surrendered to the government. They approached their targets at home, at night, knocking on the door and speaking in Assamese to allay suspicion. When the victims answered the door, they were shot or kidnapped to be shot elsewhere.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: During the 1990s and 2000s, the total strength of ULFA was stated to be around 3,000, while various other sources put the figure ranging from 4,000 to 6,000. A military wing of the ULFA, the Sanjukta Mukti Fouj (SMF) was formed on 16 March 1996.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: SMF had formed three full-fledged so-called battalions: the 7th, 28th, and the 709th. While remaining battalions exist only on paper at best they have the strengths of a company or so. Their allocated spheres of operation are as follows:


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Enigma Force or Enigma Group was an exclusive and near autonomous striking group of the ULFA. It is known to a few top leaders of the outfit and the cadres were isolated from the others. It was designed for hit and run type of operations. It was headed by the Raju Baruah.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On 29 July 1990, the Superintendent of Police (SP) of the Dibrugarh district Daulat Singh Negi (IPS) and his PSO and driver were killed by an ambush in Lahoal of Dibrugarh district by the ULFA.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Some of the major assassinations by ULFA include that of Surendra Paul in May 1990, the brother of businessman Lord Swraj Paul, that precipitated a situation leading to the sacking of the Government of Assam under Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and the beginning of Operation Bajrang.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On the ULFA's Army Day on 16 March 2003, an IED explosion under a bus on National Highway No. 7 killed six civilians and wounded approximately 55 others.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 1991 a Russian engineer, and national of the Soviet Union was kidnapped along with others and killed. In 1997, Sanjay Ghose, a social activist and a relative of a high ranking Indian diplomat, was kidnapped and killed. The highest government officer assassinated by the group was local Asom Gana Parishad minister Nagen Sarma in 2000. An unsuccessful assassination attempt was made on AGP Chief Minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta in 1997. A mass grave, discovered at a destroyed ULFA camp in Lakhipathar forest, showed evidence of executions committed by ULFA.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 2003, the ULFA was accused of killing labourers from Bihar in response to an alleged molestation of a Mizo girl in a train passing through Bihar. This incident sparked off anti-Bihari sentiment in Assam and ULFA saw it as an opportunity to regain its lost ground. The ULFA killed civilians of Bihari origin and other outsiders of mainland India.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 2003, during a Railways Recruitment Board Examination for Group (D) posts conducted by Northeast Frontier Railway zone a wing of Indian Railways, a good number of candidates from Bihar and other states were beaten up and stopped from taking the exam by some elements who were seeking 100 percent reservations for unemployed indigenous Assamese people in the said test.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In resentment, conflicts arose with train passengers from North Eastern Indians states passing through some of the stations like Katihar, Jamalpur, Kishanganj in Bihar.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: During that period ULFA was already losing its popularity and ground across many pockets in Assam where it had strongholds. However, ULFA took this situation as an opportunity to fan an opposition against 'India' among people in Assam. They started killing Hindi-speaking people mostly having origin in Bihar in the State.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On 15 August 2004, an explosion occurred in Dhemaji District of Assam in which 13 people died, mainly women and school children. This explosion was carried out by ULFA. The ULFA has obliquely accepted responsibility for the blast. This appears to be the first instance of ULFA admitting to public killings with an incendiary device.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In January 2007, the ULFA once again struck in Assam killing approximately 62 Hindi-speaking migrant workers mostly from Bihar. ULFA notoriety as a directionless and unpopular organisation increased, as the bomb blast victims also included several indigenous Assamese people.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The Central Government made a tough response, forcing a dreaded group of ULFA - 28 Battalion to unilaterally bow down and seek asylum from the government. This particular one-sided ceasefire broke the backbone of ULFA.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On 15 March 2007, ULFA triggered a blast in Guwahati, injuring six persons as it celebrated its 'army day'.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The ULFA has claimed responsibility for bombings of economic targets like crude oil pipelines, freight trains and government buildings, including 7 August 2005 attack on oil pipelines in Assam. ULFA carried out a bombing and destruction of a five million-liter petrol reservoir at Digboi refinery in Tinsukia, with an estimated property loss of Rs 200million. On the same day they also damaged a gas pipeline in the oil district of Tinsukia.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In the initial years of the ULFA movement (when it used to enjoy widespread public support in both urban and rural areas of Assam among the indigenous Assamese people), cadres were recruited from rural areas as well as from many towns in Lower Assam, Northern and Upper Assam and middle Assam districts. One of the most popular ULFA leader of all time, the late Heerak Jyoti Mahanta hailed from a place which is just a few kilometres from Guwahati. However, with the elite upper caste Assamese urban middle class becoming increasingly sceptical of ULFA's method of functioning, the ULFA targeted the remote villages and the predominantly backward areas of predominantly marginalised indigenous communities for recruitment. According to intelligence sources, the Paresh Baruah faction of the Ulfa, which have been continuously raising its voice against the ongoing peace process being initiated by the Arabinda Rajkhowa faction, is engaged in a massive recruitment drive in the rural areas of Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sivasagar, Lakhimpur and Nalbari districts of Assam. The Ulfa also has strong following among the Naga people in Assam.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: After 1985 and before it was banned in 1990, ULFA was credited in the media with many public activities. It has continued a public discourse of sorts through the local media (newspapers), occasionally publishing its position on political issues centred around the nationality question. It has participated in public debates with public figures from Assam. During the last two local elections, the ULFA had called for boycotts. Media reports suggest that it used its forces to intimidate activists and supporters of the then-ruling parties (Congress and AGP respectively).


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The ULFA is credited with some bank robberies during its initial stages. Now it is widely reported to extort businessmen, bureaucrats and politicians for collecting funds. In 1997, the Chief Minister of Assam accused Tata Tea of paying the medical bills of the ULFA cultural secretary Pranati Deka at a Mumbai hospital.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Beginning in 1990, the Government of India has attempted to wean away members of the ULFA. This occurred due to the death of the ULFA's deputy Commander in chief Heerak Jyoti Mahanta on 31 December 1991. He had opposed surrenders, but they began after his death. The group has been meeting more local opposition as residents are tired of the violence and disruption, and some energy has gone out of the movement.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 1992 a large section of second-rung leaders and members surrendered to government authorities. These former members were allowed to retain their weapons to defend against their former colleagues; they were offered bank loans without any liabilities to help them re-integrate into society. This loose group, now called SULFA, has become an important element in the armed politics and business of Assam.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The total number of ULFA militants to have laid down arms has gone up to 8,718. 4,993 cadres surrendered between 1991 and 1998. 3,435 surrendered between 1998 and 2005, when a new policy to deal with the ULFA was unveiled. On 24 January 2012, one of northeast India's biggest surrender ceremonies took place in Assam's main city of Guwahati, when a total of 676 militants laid down their weapons. In 2020, 1,675 militants of ULFA(I) and allied militant groups surrendered.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 2003, ULFA had put forward a set of three preconditions for talks and negotiations with the Indian government. Thought government had rejected these preconditions. The preconditions were:


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: In 2004, the ULFA dropped the first two preconditions and offered to talk with the government. The Government of India was not ready to negotiate on the issue of Independence. Still some progress was made when the ULFA formed a "People's Consultative Group" in September 2005 to prepare the grounds for an eventual negotiation between the government and ULFA, which the government has welcomed. In a sustained operation launched by Indian Army inside a National Park in Dibru Saikhowa, ULFA lost its hides and camps, important leaders and cadres. The group came to the negotiating table in 2005.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: According to the India Times, talks were first held in December 2005 at the residence of the Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: There were three rounds of peace talks with the 11-member People's Consultative Group (PCG), headed by noted Assamese writer Indira Goswami, leading to a temporary truce in August 2006. However the truce broke down by 23 September of the same year as ULFA continued with its violent activities against civil population mainly tea estates and oil pipelines. It also violated ceasefire as it lobbed grenades on Army columns during the ceasefire period.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: On 24 June 2008, some leaders and cadres of the A and C companies of ULFA declared unilateral ceasefire at a press meet held at Amarpur in Tinsukia district. They declared the ceasefire to pressure the top brass of ULFA to sit on negotiation table with the Government of India. But the top brass of ULFA expelled the leaders of 28 Battalion led by Mrinal Hazarika and Jiten Dutta (who had managed to escape from the cordon of Indian Army in Dibru Saikhowa National Park). The group later renamed as ULFA ( Pro-talk).


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Lt Bijoy Chinese alias Bijoy Das, Commander of 28th Battalion also surrendered to state authorities in 2013.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: Between 2009 and 2018, entire leadership of ULFA was either Captured or surrendered to the government thus leading to disbanding of the all ULFA battalions, besides only part of 27th battalion renamed as Kapili Gut remained. Currently, there are no commanders other than Paresh Baruah. All the others have been downgraded to staff and workers.


title: United Liberation Front of Asom

text: The leftover faction of ULFA has allegedly been using China for shelter following expulsion from both Burma and Bangladesh.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Assassin's Creed: Lineage is a series of three Canadian short films based on the "Assassin's Creed" video game series, directed by Yves Simoneau. The films are made by Ubisoft Montreal in collaboration with Hybride Technology, and mark Ubisoft's first attempt to step into the film industry. The three short films were released on YouTube to promote "Assassin's Creed II", to which they serve as a prequel, describing the history of Ezio Auditore da Firenze and his family before the events of the game. The films primarily revolve around Ezio's father Giovanni (played by Romano Orzari), an Assassin from 15th-century Florence, and his investigation of the mysterious murder of the Duke of Milan, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, which leads him to confront a larger conspiracy.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: The first episode was released on 26 October 2009, followed by the other two on 12 November. The complete film was released on 14 November 2009.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: In 1476 Florence, Giovanni Auditore monologues about the corruption, betrayal and murder hidden behind the enlightenment of the Renaissance, and about his fight to preserve justice, honor, and his family's safety. From the shadows, he quietly watches his family enjoying themselves at dinner, before departing into the moonlit streets of Florence. Outside, he ambushes a party of mercenaries led by Rodrigo Borgia as they attempt to sneak out of the city. Giovanni kills two of the mercenaries and incapacitates the third, but Borgia escapes in the confusion. Giovanni brings the surviving mercenary to Lorenzo de' Medici, where he is tortured for information, revealing a plot to assassinate the Duke of Milan, Galeazzo Maria Sforza, on St Stephen's Day. Giovanni races to Milan but arrives too late to prevent Sforza's death. After killing the assassins, Giovanni searches one of the bodies and finds several coins stamped with the coat of arms of Venice. Returning home, he monologues that Sforza's death has robbed Medici of a powerful ally, but that he knows where to find those responsible.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Giovanni arrives in Venice to search for whoever ordered Sforza's death. His investigation leads him to the Doge's Palace, Venice, where he sees two men—Silvio and Marco Barbarigo—dispatching a courier to deliver a letter to their master in Rome. Giovanni intercepts and overpowers the courier, who commits suicide to avoid interrogation. Giovanni returns to Florence and presents the letter to Lorenzo and Uberto Alberti, Florence's Gonfaloniere of Justice, but it is encrypted. Uberto gets Father Antonio Maffei da Volterra to decode the letter but secretly orders him not to tell anyone of its contents.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: After enjoying some time with his family, Giovanni is summoned by Maffei back to Lorenzo's palace. His son Ezio, confused as to why his father must leave so late in the night, asks to come with him, but Giovanni refuses. At the palace, Uberto claims the letter could not be decoded, meaning the only way to see who it is intended for is to deliver it personally. Giovanni volunteers for the mission and departs for Rome. Back in Venice, Borgia and his allies meet to formulate their next move, and pray "May The Father of Understanding be with us!" while arranging their swords in familiar symbol akin the cross pattée—confirming they are Templars.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Giovanni arrives in Rome and delivers the letter, which is passed through the crowd until it reaches Borgia. Borgia goes to the Holy See and gives the letter to Pope Sixtus IV. The pair discuss the fact that Lorenzo is unwilling to bend to the Pope's authority; when Borgia suggests using force, the Pope agrees to support the Pazzi conspiracy to restore order to Florence. After Borgia leaves, Giovanni follows him to St. Peter's Basilica, only to discover it is an ambush. Borgia reveals that he knows Giovanni's name and invites him to join the Templars and live to see "a new world", but Giovanni refuses. Giovanni manages to fight off Borgia's men, but his left hidden blade is broken and he is struck in the chest with a throwing knife by Borgia, who seizes the opportunity to escape.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Back home, while his wife Maria tends to his wounds, Giovanni confesses to her his fear that Sforza's assassination was merely the start of a conspiracy, and that the next blow will strike Florence. Suddenly, Maffei and several guards arrive at the house, asking for Giovanni. His eldest son Federico lies that his father has already left while Giovanni escapes through a hidden passage. In Rome, Borgia and his fellow Templars agree that the main threat to their plans is Giovanni. Borgia says he has a plan to deal with the Assassin, and that with him gone, nothing will stand in their way. Back in Florence, Giovanni prowls the streets—pausing to muse when he sees Ezio flirting with his girlfriend—while monologuing that dark days are approaching Florence and time is running out. He remarks that no matter what happens, he and his sons are "the Auditore da Firenze, and we are Assassins!" The film concludes with the message "The conclusion ... is in your hands", setting the stage for "Assassin's Creed II".


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: The films and the game share a common cast. All of the actors (except Devon Bostick, who only has his face and voice used) have been mo-capped (for narrative sequences), their faces have been scanned and their voices have been recorded for the video game.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Both film makers and game makers worked very closely to link the two titles. Live actors were filmed on green screen (just like Hybride Technologies, participating in the production, did with "300", "Sin City" and "Avatar") which was then replaced by the game's environment extracted from the engine to XSI (half of those assets were re-worked on the texture and geometrical levels before being exported to be used in the film).


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: About 50% of the costumes that appear in Lineage were authentic period re-creations leased from Italy, the rest of the costumes were designed and crafted by a 3rd party design studio on behalf of Ubisoft and assembled by a group of Montreal, Quebec costume specialists.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Corey May, the writer of "Assassin's Creed II", worked closely with the "Assassin's Creed: Lineage" scriptwriter, William Reymond, in order to make sure both stories were linked to the original story.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: The score of the films is composed by George S. Clinton, unlike "Assassin's Creed II" soundtrack, which was scored by Jesper Kyd.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Ubisoft acquired on 8 July 2008 the post-production VFX studio Hybride Technologies based in Piedmont as part of the game company's strategy to extend its brands to other media and to converge gaming and filming entertainment.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: A year later, during a press conference held at the E3 2009, Ubisoft revealed the making of short films based on the universe of "Assassin's Creed II" using the game's engine with the participation of Hybride and Ubisoft Digital Arts. Ubisoft then released more details about the project during the 2009's Comic-Con, revealing some behind the scenes shots at the same period.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: Ubisoft held a special press screening of the first episode at a theater in the Champs-Élysées on 19 October 2009 and a public teaser trailer was released on the same day.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: The first episode was released on YouTube on 26 October 2009, though it was announced for the 27th, and it was showcased on YouTube homepage in eight different countries. It was also released on EuroGamerTV on 2 November 2009. The second and the third parts of the Lineage were released on YouTube on 12 November 2009. The complete film was released two days later.


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: "Assassin's Creed: Lineage" was first released on DVD in March 2010 as a bonus content in a special "Lineage Edition" of "Assassin's Creed II" (also known as "Special Film Edition"). The DVD was included in the special editions of ": Auditore Edition" (exclusive to Australia, Europe and New Zealand) and "Limited Codex Edition".


title: Assassin's Creed: Lineage

text: IGN's Christopher Monfette said in a 2009 review that ""Lineage" feels more like something that would make an excellent inclusion in a high-priced special edition than anything that one would pay to see". In a 2011 review R.L. Shaffer said that "The short is very good, but not quite engaging enough to earn the series any new fans".


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The Walhalla is a hall of fame that honours laudable and distinguished people in German history – "politicians, sovereigns, scientists and artists of the German tongue"; Built decades before the foundation of the modern German state in 1871 and the formation of a modern German identity, "German" was initially understood as "Germanic", and included ancient Germanic (Gothic, Vandal, Lombardic, Anglo-Saxon) as well as medieval Dutch, Swedish and Russian figures. The hall is a neo-classical building above the Danube River, in Donaustauf, east of Regensburg in Bavaria.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The Walhalla is named for the "Valhǫll" of Norse Paganism. It was conceived in 1807 by Crown Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria in order to support the gathering momentum for the unification of the many German states. Following his accession to the throne of Bavaria, construction took place between 1830 and 1842 under the supervision of the architect Leo von Klenze. The memorial displays some 65 plaques and 130 busts covering 2,000 years of history, beginning with Arminius, victor at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in AD 9.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: By 1806 Napoleon's First French Empire had annexed German lands along the Rhine River and the North Sea. Central German states formed the Confederation of the Rhine, which sided with Napoleon. Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, then formally dissolved the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (6 August 1806) and instead styled himself Emperor of Austria. The War of the Fourth Coalition (1806–1807) pitted German forces on both sides against each other, and Napoleon again prevailed.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: In 1807, 20-year-old Crown Prince Ludwig of the Kingdom of Bavaria (newly elevated from Electorate to Kingdom by Napoleon in 1806), had the idea of reminding all Germans of their common heritage – of the great figures and events in ethnic German history. He commissioned several sculptors to create busts of famous individuals of his choice. Johann Gottfried Schadow's bust of Nicolaus Copernicus became one of the first completed, in 1807. Further suggestions for individuals to be honoured were solicited in 1808 from Swiss historian Johannes von Müller.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: By the time of Crown Prince Ludwig's coronation as King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1825, 60 busts had been completed. In 1826 Ludwig commissioned the construction of a memorial above the Danube River, near Regensburg, modelled after the Parthenon in Athens. The southern pediment frieze features the 1815 creation of the German Confederation; the northern pediment frieze features scenes from the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest of 9 AD. According to "Pictorial Travels Continentally Described" (circa 1892), the construction of the building cost £666,666.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: A two thaler coin was minted commemorating the opening of the Walhalla, Krause catalog number KM# 811. It is moderately scarce.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: At Walhalla's inauguration on October 18, 1842, there were 96 busts, plus 64 plaques for persons or events of which no portrait was available on which to model a sculpture.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: When the memorial was opened in 1842, Joseph Hartmann Stuntz authored a poem about Germany's greatness which was set to music by Joseph Hartmann Stuntz (two distinct men).


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Since being "of the German tongue" (viz., Germanic tongue) was the main selection criterion for the original 160 persons representing the 1,800 years of German history, the King included individuals of the wider Germanic sphere, including ancient Germanic notables as well as people from the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Whereas the Valhalla of Norse mythology served as home to those gloriously slain in battle, Ludwig intended his Walhalla not only for warriors but also for scientists, writers, and clerics, and specifically included both men and women. Decades before the foundation of the modern German state in 1871 or the clear formation of a German identity, "German" was initially understood as "Germanic", and included ancient Germanic (Gothic, Vandal, Lombardic, Anglo-Saxon) as well as medieval Dutch, Swedish, Russian and modern Austrian and Swiss figures.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Leo von Klenze's plans reveal the purpose of the subterranean level set within the foundation, the entrance to which is visible from the Danube River. The Central Aisle leads to the Hall of Expectations (Halle der Erwartungen), which was meant to house busts of individuals considered worthy of joining Walhalla, but who were still living at the time of their busts' creation. These busts would be ceremoniously carried into Walhalla following the deaths of the subjects. The Hall of Expectations was abandoned owing to changes in criteria for induction into Walhalla.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Ludwig, as a devout Catholic, had hesitated to include Luther. Several of the sculptors, including Ohnmacht and Schadow, had urged the king to include Luther, as did Johannes von Müller. Ludwig finally commissioned Luther's bust in 1831 from Ernst Friedrich Rietschel.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Luther's bust was placed just after the last of the original busts (Goethe's), disregarding the chronological arrangement by year of death.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: In 1853, King Ludwig I established an additional "Hall of Fame" in Munich, specifically for Bavarians – the Ruhmeshalle. Nine of the Bavarian enshrinees have since become Walhalla enshrinees. Their busts in the Ruhmeshalle were destroyed in 1944, during a bombing raid, and have not been replaced. Instead, a plaque with their names tells of their transfer to Walhalla. King Ludwig I himself, who commissioned the "Liberation


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Beginning in 1933, when "Kraft durch Freude" and other National Socialist organizations promoted trips to "Walhalla", visitor numbers increased exponentially. In 1937, when Hitler unveiled a Bruckner bust, 131,520 were counted.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The Walhalla memorial was reached by the Allied invasion of Germany in April 1945, by the US Third Army led by General George S. Patton.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Additions since 1945 are proposed by private individuals or private foundations, who will also pay for the production of the new bust. Suggestions are reviewed by the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, based on which a recommendation is made by the Bavarian Ministry of the Interior. The final decision lies with the Bavarian Council of Ministers. Official practice since 1945 has been to favour "eminent figures from science or art, or individuals with extraordinary social or caritative merit".


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Nineteen busts have been added between 1945 and 2018, for an average interval of a little below four years between additions:


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: At the inauguration in 1842, a total of 96 busts were arranged, in two rows, in chronological order (by year of death), beginning with Henry the Fowler (d. 936) and ending with Goethe (d. 1832).


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The lower row comprised a total of 26 busts of modern scholars, beginning with Lessing and ending with Goethe.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Plaques were made for people (or acts) of which no portraits or descriptions were available to model sculptures after. The timeline spans from Arminius a.k.a. Hermann der Cherusker (born 17 BC) to watchmaker Peter Henlein, who died in 1542. In 2003 a plaque was added to commemorate the German Resistance against Nazi Germany.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: Each plaque includes a short characterization of the individual, with the year of death given in Roman numerals.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The year of death in the table below is that given on the plaque, even where modern historiography suggests a revised date.


title: Walhalla (memorial)

text: The 65th plaque, dedicated to the "Widerstand" (Resistance) against Nazi Germany, added in 2003, is not part of the two rows of 64 numbered plaques.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: Dead Man Inc. or DMI is a predominantly white organized crime enterprise. It was founded in prison and has members in many correctional facilities and streets throughout Maryland, as well as other states in the U.S.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: DMI was founded by Perry Roark, James Sweeney and Brian Jordan in the late 1990s in the Maryland Department of Corrections. Roark was a close associate of the Black Guerrilla Family and received permission from them to start an organization to unite white inmates in the system. The group grew in size quickly due to infiltration by a man named Michael Quinn, who had joined to secure protection for himself. He recruited anybody who wanted to join in every location. Sweeney sought numbers as opposed to quality as he felt secure with numbers and thought numbers brought strength.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: The gang hierarchy is divided into many sections, with the Supreme Commanders (SC) at the very top. These are the gang's founders Perry Roark, James Sweeney and Bryan Jordan. DMI members in each facility are collectively called a "unit". Each unit is led by a commander, followed by lieutenant, field general, sergeant-at-arms, and a finance officer. Around 2007, a new position known as the "elders" has been established between the Supreme Commanders and the units, in order to help direct orders down the hierarchy.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: Initially, DMI worked for the BGF, but soon began offering those services to other gangs by targeting rivals and correctional staff. This led to entry into drug trafficking and other crimes to advance their own agendas as their size and power increased.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: The once tight-knit structure of the group has broken down with the explosion in numbers, as members compete with one another leading to violence between members. Fueling these internal divisions is the fact that leaders disagreed about the direction of the gang. Perry Roark wanted to return the gang to its former position alongside the BGF, while other leaders like James Sweeney want to adopt a white supremacist ideology.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: A federal grand jury in Baltimore has charged 22 defendants with conspiracy to participate in a violent racketeering enterprise. All but one defendant are also charged with conspiring to distribute drugs. The indictment was returned on October 6, 2011, and unsealed upon the arrests of seven defendants and the execution of seven search warrants. Eleven defendants were previously in custody and four defendants are still at large.


title: Dead Man Incorporated

text: The highly secret organization has begun to recruit members on the streets of Baltimore City, Baltimore County, and Anne Arundel County. Moving operations into small communities like Dundalk and Essex, MD, and taking advantage of the drug trade and murder-for-hire business where they are employed by other gangs for protection and "hits".


title: Submarine pen

text: A submarine pen ("U-Boot-Bunker" in German) is a type of submarine base that acts as a bunker to protect submarines from air attack.


title: Submarine pen

text: The term is generally applied to submarine bases constructed during World War II, particularly in Germany and its occupied countries, which were also known as U-boat pens (after the phrase "U-boat" to refer to German submarines).


title: Submarine pen

text: Among the first forms of protection for submarines were some open-sided shelters with partial wooden foundations that were constructed during World War I. These structures were built at the time when bombs were light enough to be dropped by hand from the cockpit. By the 1940s, the quality of aerial weapons and the means to deliver them had improved markedly.


title: Submarine pen

text: The mid-1930s saw the Naval Construction Office in Berlin give the problem serious thought. Various factions in the navy were convinced protection for the expanding U-boat arm was required. A Royal Air Force (RAF) raid on the capital in 1940, the occupation of France and Britain's refusal to surrender triggered a massive building programme of submarine pens and air raid shelters.


title: Submarine pen

text: By the autumn of 1940, construction of the "Elbe II" bunker in Hamburg and "Nordsee III" on the island of Heligoland was under way. Others swiftly followed.


title: Submarine pen

text: It was soon realised that such a massive project was beyond the "Kriegsmarine", and the Todt Organisation (OT) was brought in to oversee the administration of labour. The local supply of such items as sand, aggregate, cement, and timber was often a cause for concern. The steel required was mostly imported from Germany. The attitudes of the people in France and Norway were significantly different. In France there was generally no problem with the recruitment of men and the procurement of machinery and raw materials. It was a different story in Norway. There, the local population were far more reluctant to help the Germans. Indeed, most labour had to be brought in. The ground selected for bunker construction was no help either: usually being at the head of a fjord, the foundations and footings had to be hewn out of granite. Several metres of silt also had to be overcome. Many of the workers needed were forced labour, most especially the concentration camp inmates supplied by the "Schutzstaffel" from camps near the pens.


title: Submarine pen

text: The incessant air raids caused serious disruption to the project, hampering the supply of material, destroying machinery, and harassing the workers. Machinery such as excavators, pile drivers, cranes, floodlighting, and concrete pumps (which were still a relatively new technology in the 1940s) was temperamental, and in the case of steam-driven equipment, very noisy.


title: Submarine pen

text: Bunkers had to be able to accommodate more than just U-boats; space had to be found for offices, medical facilities, communications, lavatories, generators, ventilators, anti-aircraft guns, accommodation for key personnel such as crewmen, workshops, water purification plants, electrical equipment, and radio testing facilities. Storage space for spares, explosives, ammunition, and oil was also required.


title: Submarine pen

text: There is no truth in the rumour of an underground bunker on Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands. This story was gleaned from a similar situation in Le Havre in France when captured U-boat men were interrogated by the British.


title: Submarine pen

text: Pens protecting construction of the Type XXI submarine were located in Hamburg (Blohm & Voss), Bremen (AG Weser), and Danzig (F. Schichau).


title: Submarine pen

text: "Valentin" was the largest bunker in Germany. Begun in 1943, it was built to be a manufacturing facility, where Type XXI submarines were to be constructed. It too was never completed. Post-war, it was briefly used as a test site for British and American bombs (most of the damage done to the bunker was inflicted at this time) before becoming a storage facility for the German Navy. The labour to construct it was supplied by local concentration camps such as Neuengamme in Hamburg.


title: Submarine pen

text: The city was the site of two structures, "Elbe II" and "Fink II". The Finkenwerder bunker was constructed by 1,700 slave labourers over four years. After capture, it was demolished with 32 tonnes of bombs.


title: Submarine pen

text: The "Nordsee III" bunker in Helgoland was one of the oldest submarine pens, being started in 1940. It was left alone until near the end of the war when it was attacked by the RAF and like most of the facilities on the island, completely destroyed. It was also used after the end of the war for testing new weapons. No trace of the pen has survived.


title: Submarine pen

text: This town was constantly bombed in World War II, the targets often being the "Kilian" and "Konrad" bunkers. They were started in 1941 and 1942 respectively. The latter was used for the construction of "Seehund" midget submarines.


title: Submarine pen

text: It was in "Kilian" that was probably the only submarine to be lost in a bunker. Misguided bombs from an air raid on the town caused what might today be called a "tsunami" to cross the "Förde" and enter the bunker. "Oberleutenant zur See" Hans-Gerold Hauber, the captain of , had courted ridicule by ordering all hatches on his boat to be closed, despite being in the bunker. "This simple precaution saved "U-170" from sinking while lying next to "U-4708"".


title: Submarine pen

text: The German occupying forces built many U-boat pens in the Atlantic ports of France in Bordeaux, Brest, La Rochelle/La Pallice, Lorient, and St. Nazaire. Almost 4.4 million cubic metres of concrete were used.


title: Submarine pen

text: An unnamed bunker and bunkered lock were constructed in Bordeaux, the fourth largest French city at the start of the war. Both structures were started in 1941; the bunkered lock was not finished by war's end. The main building was larger than those in other locations; this was to allow supply boats and minelayers to use it. The Royal Italian Navy established the Betasom base at Bordeaux. The port was also the target of a British commando raid – the so-called Cockleshell Heroes.


title: Submarine pen

text: The Brittany port only had one bunker, but it was the largest; it was also unnamed. Started in 1941, the plans were modified many times before completion a year later.


title: Submarine pen

text: By February 1942 the RAF had lost interest in the area; most of the town had already been destroyed and they did not possess large enough bombs to seriously threaten the bunker. Between February 1942 and early 1943, apart from a few American aircraft, the place was left alone. The German garrison surrendered to US forces in September 1944. They had had sufficient explosives to cripple the bunker but did not use them due to the proximity of a hospital.


title: Submarine pen

text: Only separate La Rochelle and La Pallice so they are usually considered as one port. An unnamed bunker was built at La Pallice (); it was started in April 1941. Similar building techniques to those used in St. Nazaire were employed. Due to the relative ease of construction, the main structure was ready for its first U-boats six months later. A bunkered lock was begun in June 1942. It was completed in March 1944. Scenes for the 1981 films "Das Boot" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark" were shot in La Pallice.


title: Submarine pen

text: The largest U-boat base was the Lorient Submarine Base in Brittany. Three bunkers, "Keroman I", "II" and "III", the "Scorff" bunker and two "Dom" bunkers, east and west, were all begun in 1941. Two more were in the planning stage.


title: Submarine pen

text: "Keroman I" was unique in that it required its U-boats to be "hauled out of the water, placed on a many-wheeled buggy and then transported into the bunker on a sliding bridge system." This arrangement might have been more vulnerable to air raids, but damage was minimal and it had the advantage of the U-boat not needing a dry dock. "Keroman II", being landlocked, was served by the same system.


title: Submarine pen

text: "Keroman III" was more conventional, as was the "Scorff" bunker. The two "Dom" bunkers (so-called because of their resemblance to the religious building, "Dom" means 'cathedral' in German) were located around a massive turntable which fed U-boats into the covered repair bays.


title: Submarine pen

text: Karl Dönitz, head of the U-boat arm and later the chief of the "Kriegsmarine", had his headquarters at nearby Kernevel.


title: Submarine pen

text: The construction of the Saint-Nazaire submarine base was commenced in 1941, including a bunkered lock. (Elsewhere in the reference, it states that "the excavations" for the bunkered lock were begun in October 1942).


title: Submarine pen

text: The pens were not affected by the British commando raid in March 1942, whose main objective were the "Normandie" dock gates.


title: Submarine pen

text: Norway is to some extent ruled by its weather. Building submarine pens was often hampered by snow and ice; the ground might have been chosen, but the occupation of France only a few months after Norway's surrender rather overshadowed the Scandinavian country as far as bunkers for U-boats was concerned. Nonetheless, a requirement for protection was identified. With the liberation of France in 1944, Norway regained its importance, but for barely a year.


title: Submarine pen

text: The Norwegian bunkers in Bergen and Trondheim were originally designed to have two floors, the lower one for U-boats, the upper one for accommodation, workshops and offices. However, with the project running six months late, plans for the second storey were abandoned.


title: Submarine pen

text: Control of the Bergen project came under the German Naval Dockyard. Construction of "Bruno" commenced in 1941, with a Munich-based firm taking the lead. A shortage of labour, along with the acquisition of raw materials in sufficient quantities and poor weather, was always going to cause problems. Specialised machinery had to be imported, as did accommodation that could stand up to the harsh Norwegian winter.


title: Submarine pen

text: In a bid to increase its protection, the bunker had granite blocks, each about a cubic metre in size, positioned on its roof. The shortage of cement ensured that the blocks could not be properly stuck down.


title: Submarine pen

text: "Dora I" was started in 1941, shortly after Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. It was constructed by Soviet prisoners of war. Despite any number of precautions being taken when putting in the foundations, "Dora I" developed a noticeable sag of . It did not seem to bother the submariners as much as the builders. Work on "Dora II" started in 1942, but it was not completed by the end of the war.


title: Submarine pen

text: U-boat facilities first became a bombing priority in March 1941 and again during the Combined Bomber Offensive. The bunkers did not suffer as much as their surroundings until August 1944 when a new type of bomb was used against them, the "Tallboy" bomb.


title: Submarine pen

text: U-boat yards and pens were the primary objectives for the US Eighth Air Force from late 1942 to early 1943. In the course of the war, the Allies used various tactics and weaponry against German U-boat pens. For example, The United States Army Air Forces, as part of Operation Aphrodite, used US designed and operated radio-controlled aircraft, "Bat" guided bombs. Whereas the RAF Bomber Command, used the Royal Navy designed "Disney" rocket-assisted bombs, and the Barnes Wallis devised Tallboy and Grand Slam deep penetration bombs.


title: Submarine pen

text: A U-boat pen concrete target had been built at Ashley Walk bombing range in the New Forest, Hampshire, to assist in preparation for these raids. It consisted of a concrete roof covering three shallow "pens". After the war it was buried in an earth mound, although its edges are once again visible in places due to weathering.


title: Submarine pen

text: The Yugoslav People's Army used submarine pens as well, including ones on the islands of Vis and Brač or in Kotor Bay, carved inside natural hills. The ones in Montenegro fulfilled their purpose, housing and protecting the submarines and missile boats from NATO aerial attacks during Operation Allied Force in 1999. They are now abandoned and freely accessible from sea or by foot.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Ocean Rain is the fourth studio album by the English post-punk band Echo & the Bunnymen. It was released on 4 May 1984 and reached number four on the UK Albums Chart, number 87 on the United States "Billboard" 200, number 41 on the Canadian "RPM" 100 Albums and number 22 on the Swedish chart. Since 1984 the album has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry. "Ocean Rain" includes the singles "The Killing Moon", "Silver" and "Seven Seas".


title: Ocean Rain

text: The band wrote the songs for the new album in 1983. In early 1984 they recorded most of the album in Paris using a 35-piece orchestra, with other sessions taking place in Bath and Liverpool. Receiving mixed reviews the album was originally released as an LP and a cassette in May 1984 before it was reissued on CD in August. The album was reissued on CD in 2003, along with the other four of the band's first five studio albums, having been remastered and expanded before again being reissued in 2008 with a live bonus disc. The artwork for the album was designed by Martyn Atkins and the photography was by Brian Griffin. Echo & the Bunnymen played a number of concerts in 2008 where they performed "Ocean Rain" in full and with the backing of an orchestra.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Following the poor reception of Echo & the Bunnymen's third album, 1983's "Porcupine", the band recorded the single "Never Stop". The title track of the single was produced by Hugh Jones, who had produced the band's second album, 1981's "Heaven Up Here". The single introduced a new sound for the band with an expanded arrangement including congas, marimbas, violins and cellos. After "Never Stop" was released on 8 July 1983 the band toured the Outer Hebrides in Scotland before two successful concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 18 and 19 July. Also that month, the band was filmed by RPM Productions for the Channel 4 documentary series "Play at Home". Filmed in a café used by the band they recorded acoustic versions of two old songs, "Stars Are Stars" and "Villiers Terrace", as well as two new songs, "The Killing Moon" and "Silver", for their episode of "Play at Home" titled "Life at Brian's".


title: Ocean Rain

text: After spending some time in Liverpool writing new songs for the album, the band recorded their sixth session for John Peel's radio show on BBC Radio 1 on 6 September 1983. The songs recorded were "Nocturnal Me", "Ocean Rain", "My Kingdom" and "Watch Out Below", which would all later appear on the band's fourth album "Ocean Rain" – "Watch Out Below" was later renamed "The Yo Yo Man". When the band's John Peel session was broadcast on 10 October 1983, the punk zine "Jamming" said, "[The songs] hint at a readjustment and a period of new positive recovery."


title: Ocean Rain

text: Echo & the Bunnymen were booked to headline a two-week youth festival at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon on the evening of 23 October 1983. Due to a high demand for tickets a matinee performance was added. The matinee concert at Stratford-upon-Avon saw the live debut of "Seven Seas". With representatives from the band's record company and lead singer Ian McCulloch's mother in the audience, the performance was nervous and uncertain; although the evening performance, without the record company representatives and McCulloch's mother, was much improved.


title: Ocean Rain

text: At the end of 1983 Echo & the Bunnymen recorded a live special called "A Crystal Day" for the Channel 4 programme "The Tube". Ignoring their old material, the band played "The Killing Moon", "Nocturnal Me", "Ocean Rain" – which had now developed into a ballad – and an early version of "Thorn of Crowns" called "Cucumber".


title: Ocean Rain

text: The band recorded and self-produced "The Killing Moon" – which was released on 20 January 1984 – at Crescent Studio in Bath, Somerset. After catching a cold, McCulloch completed the recording of the vocals for the song at Amazon Studio in Liverpool, where de Freitas also completed the drumming. The band then went to Paris where they were booked into Les Studios des Dames and Studio Davout. Henri Loustau, the engineer at des Dames, assisted on the string passages and Adam Peters provided the string arrangements and played cello and piano. McCulloch, not happy with the lead vocals he had recorded in Paris, re-recorded most of the vocals at Amazon Studio in Liverpool.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Continuing the band's prominent use of strings – which began with the 1982 single "The Back of Love" – they recorded "Ocean Rain" using a 35-piece orchestra. Lead guitarist Will Sergeant said, "We wanted to make something conceptual with lush orchestration; not Mantovani, something with a twist. It's all pretty dark. 'Thorn of Crowns' is based on an eastern scale. The whole mood is very windswept: European pirates, a bit Ben Gunn; dark and stormy, battering rain; all of that." During recording De Freitas used xylophones and glockenspiels in addition to his usual percussion, bass player Les Pattinson used an old reverb machine at des Dames and Sergeant's solo on "My Kingdom" was played using a Washburn acoustic guitar which he distorted through a valve radio.


title: Ocean Rain

text: As with their previous albums, the album cover was designed by Martyn Atkins and the photography was by Brian Griffin. With the band wanting to continue the elemental theme of the previous three albums, the photograph used on the front cover of the album is a picture of the band in a rowing boat which was taken inside Carnglaze Caverns, Liskeard, Cornwall. In his 2002 book "Turquoise Days: The Weird World of Echo & the Bunnymen", author Chris Adams describes the cover as "a perfect visual representation of arguably the Bunnymen's finest album".


title: Ocean Rain

text: The picture on the front cover of the original album was kept for the 2003 reissue. However, the design was altered slightly by graphic designer Rachel Gutek of the design company guppyart. This release contains an expanded booklet written by music journalist Max Bell giving the background to the album. The booklet contains a number of photographs which are credited to Sergeant and Pattinson.


title: Ocean Rain

text: "Ocean Rain" was first released on 4 May 1984 as an LP and on cassette by Korova in Europe. It was subsequently released by Sire Records in the United States on 14 May and on CD in Europe and the United States on 24 August 1984. The album was marketed as "the greatest album ever made" and McCulloch later said it was because they believed it was, although he later claimed it was meant as a joke: "That wasn't my idea! I was on the phone to <nowiki>[</nowiki>Rob Dickins, managing director of Warner Bros.], just joshing and I said 'Oh, it's the greatest album ever made.' And he used it on the poster." In a 2005 interview for "Record Collector" magazine, Sergeant asked, "Why not?". After wondering "what all the fuss was about", he went on to ask, "Doesn't every band think that way when they've got a new record out?"


title: Ocean Rain

text: Along with the other four of the band's first five albums, "Ocean Rain" was remastered and reissued on CD in 2003—these releases were marketed as 25th anniversary editions. Eight bonus tracks were added to the album: "Angels and Devils", which had been recorded at The Automatt in San Francisco, was the B-side to the single "Silver" and was produced by The Bunnymen and Alan Perman; five "Life at Brian's – Lean and Hungry" tracks ("All You Need Is Love", "The Killing Moon", "Stars Are Stars", "Villiers Terrace" and "Silver"), which had been recorded for the Channel 4 programme "Play at Home"; and two live tracks ("My Kingdom" and "Ocean Rain"), which were recorded for "A Crystal Day", a Channel 4 special for "The Tube". The "Life at Brian's – Lean and Hungry" track, "Silver", and the two "A Crystal Day" tracks had previously been unreleased. The 2003 reissue was produced by Andy Zax and Bill Inglot.


title: Ocean Rain

text: A collector's edition was released in October 2008 which, while still including "Angels and Devils", replaced the bonus tracks of the 25th anniversary edition with the extended 12-inch single versions of "Silver" and "The Killing Moon". The collector's edition also includes a bonus disc containing a recording of the band's 1983 Royal Albert Hall concert, omitting only two encore tracks, "Heroin" and "Do It Clean", which are included on the "" box set.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Three tracks from the original "Ocean Rain" album were released as singles: "The Killing Moon", released on 20 January 1984; "Silver", released on 13 April 1984; and "Seven Seas", released on 6 July 1984. This was the first time Echo & the Bunnymen had released more than two singles from one album.


title: Ocean Rain

text: The album was released to mixed reviews. Describing Echo & the Bunnymen's change from the more rock sound of their previous albums to the lighter sound of "Ocean Rain", music journalist Max Bell said in his 1984 review for "The Times" newspaper, "This time vocalist Ian McCulloch has tempered his metaphysical songs with a romantic sweetness and the band's melodies are more to the fore. Acoustic guitars, brushes and sparingly used keyboards all add to the album's optimistic warmth and there is a consistency of atmosphere in songs like 'Seven Seas' and 'Silver', the current single, which justifies the departure."


title: Ocean Rain

text: However, Parke Puterbaugh of "Rolling Stone" rated the album two out of five stars and described it as "too often a monochromatic dirge of banal existential imagery cloaked around the mere skeleton of a musical idea". While finding that the album had some "nifty choruses and nice atmospheres", he went on to say it "evinces too little melodic development and too much tortured soul-gazing". In his 1984 review for "NME", Biba Kopf said, "... "Ocean Rain" has been designed to buttress the notion of the group's importance. Not unnaturally the results have the opposite effect." He went on to criticise McCulloch's lyrics, which he described as "tired juxtapositions of mysterious buzzwords, nonsense, and banality", and the music, "mellotron-style wash of strings and bleating wood winds".


title: Ocean Rain

text: "Ocean Rain" reached number four on the UK Albums Chart in its first week of release and stayed on the chart for 26 weeks. In the United States it entered the "Billboard" 200 at number 172 on 9 June 1984 and stayed on the chart for 11 weeks, reaching a peak of number 87. It entered the Canadian "RPM" 100 Albums chart at number 89 before it reached a peak of number 41. Staying on the Swedish chart for three weeks the album reached a peak of number 22. As of 1984, "Ocean Rain" has been certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry for having sold more than copies.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Of the singles from the album; "The Killing Moon", which was released on 20 January 1984, reached number nine on the UK Singles Chart and number seven on the Irish Singles Chart; "Silver", released on 13 April 1984, reached number 30 on the UK Singles Chart and number 14 on the Irish Singles Chart; and "Seven Seas", released on 6 July 1984, reached number 16 on the UK Singles Chart and number 10 on the Irish Singles Chart.


title: Ocean Rain

text: Over the years since its release, the album has attracted more positive commentary and also sometimes more nuanced views. In a highly praising retrospective review on AllMusic, Jason Ankeny gave the album a 5-star rating. He described it as "dramatic and majestic", praising the "sweeping string arrangements and hauntingly evocative production." He felt that in comparison to the band's album "Porcupine", the "conventional and simple structural parameters" of "Ocean Rain" made it Echo & the Bunnymen's "most beautiful and memorable effort" and he asserted that "The Killing Moon" was the band's "unrivalled pinnacle".


title: Ocean Rain

text: "The Killing Moon" is featured in the original theatrical version of the opening sequence of the 2001 cult film "Donnie Darko". However, in the , the song is replaced by INXS's "Never Tear Us Apart", with "The Killing Moon" being placed later in the movie.


title: Ocean Rain

text: When reissued in 2003, Andrew Harrison in "Blender" described the album as "a portrait of splendid derangement with spectacular orchestrations". Keith Cameron of "Mojo" said the album had "effervescent songs, sympathetically orchestrated". "Pitchfork" critic Joe Tangari found that on "Ocean Rain", the band had "mellowed to a degree... but all it did was cause them to get weirder"; he described the album as "stuffed with queasy midtempo tracks and bizarre orchestration", yet also "by no means impenetrable", concluding that "a chilly, haunted ambience settles over the whole recording like a fine dust."


title: Ocean Rain

text: In his 2005 book "Rip It Up and Start Again: Post Punk 1978–1984", British music journalist Simon Reynolds describes the album as "lush, orchestrated and [...] overtly erotic". Mark Blacklock, in Robert Dimery's "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die", wrote that the album's confidence, lush strings, romance, warmth and poetry means that "it stands the test of time better than any other Bunnymen album".


title: Ocean Rain

text: Reviewing the collector's edition for the BBC, Chris Jones described the album as both "the last truly great record they made" and "the point where the cracks began to show, but were masked with such beauty as to hardly matter". Jones went on to say how the 35-piece orchestra helped on tracks such as "Nocturnal Me" but made others, such as "The Yo-Yo Man", "flounder under the weight of intrusive arrangements". Adam Sweeting wrote that "Ocean Rain" was "only half a classic album", adding: "If you picture it in its original LP format, side two is superb, while side one sounds like a few extra songs they hastily knocked off to go with it".


title: Ocean Rain

text: In the first season of "Stranger Things", the fifth episode, "The Flea and Acrobat" featured "Nocturnal Me" in the end credits. The Swedish heavy metal band Ghost covered "Nocturnal Me" for their "Popestar" EP, which consisted mainly of cover versions.


title: Ocean Rain

text: On 16 September 2008, Echo & the Bunnymen played a concert at the Royal Albert Hall in London playing the album with the backing of a 16-piece orchestra. Two similar concerts subsequently took place at Radio City in New York City on 1 October 2008 and at the Liverpool Echo Arena on 27 November 2008. These concerts were played with a 10-piece orchestra which was conducted by Rupert Christie. The posters used to advertise the concerts have the image of the band from the cover of the album overlaying an image of the venue. Further concerts took place in Europe and North America during 2009.


title: Ocean Rain

text: The concerts were received well. Simon O'Hagan, reviewing the London concert in "The Independent", described it as "a moving, memorable evening" and went on to describe McCulloch's voice as "torn silk" and "magnificent". Giving the London concert five out of five stars, Angus Batey, writing in "The Guardian", described "The Killing Moon" as a "dizzying high" which was "topped by 'Ocean Rain' itself, where the strings are held back until the end of the second verse so that they hit with a euphoric punch of almost physical intensity, sunny melodic optimism piercing the lyrics' chiaroscuro of storm clouds and 'blackest thoughts'." However, Adam Sweeting, for "The Daily Telegraph", said the orchestra "often didn't add much beyond a vague sonic sludge".


title: Ocean Rain

text: Reviewing the New York concert for "Rolling Stone", Jim Allen described Radio City as an "appropriately dramatic, grandiose setting", and added that McCulloch "was in fine voice, growling and sneering wondrously". Reviewing the Liverpool concert, Jade Wright wrote in the "Liverpool Echo" that McCulloch "was on form – one part Lou Reed, one part Oliver Reed, with a bit of Jim Morrison thrown in for good measure."


title: Ocean Rain

text: All tracks written by Will Sergeant, Ian McCulloch, Les Pattinson and Pete de Freitas except where noted.


title: Crosstalk

text: In electronics, crosstalk is any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one circuit or channel of a transmission system creates an undesired effect in another circuit or channel. Crosstalk is usually caused by undesired capacitive, inductive, or conductive coupling from one circuit or channel to another.


title: Crosstalk

text: Crosstalk is a significant issue in structured cabling, audio electronics, integrated circuit design, wireless communication and other communications systems.


title: Crosstalk

text: Every electrical signal is associated with a varying field, whether electrical, magnetic or traveling. Where these fields overlap, they interfere with each other's signals. This electromagnetic interference creates crosstalk. For example, if two wires next to each other carry different signals, the currents in them will create magnetic fields that will induce a smaller signal in the neighboring wire.


title: Crosstalk

text: In electrical circuits sharing a common signal return path, electrical impedance in the return path creates between the signals, resulting in crosstalk.


title: Crosstalk

text: In structured cabling, crosstalk refers to electromagnetic interference from one unshielded twisted pair to another twisted pair, normally running in parallel. Signals traveling through adjacent pairs of wire create magnetic fields that interact with each other, inducing interference in the neighboring pair. The pair causing the interference is called the “disturbing pair”, while the pair experiencing the interference is the “disturbed pair”.


title: Crosstalk

text: In stereo audio reproduction, crosstalk can refer to signal leakage across from one program channel to another, reducing channel separation and stereo imaging. Crosstalk between channels in mixing consoles, and between studio feeds is a much more noticeable problem, as these are likely to be carrying very different programs or material.


title: Crosstalk

text: Crosstalk is an electrical effect and can be quantified with a crosstalk measurement. Crosstalk measurements are made on audio systems to determine the amount of signal leaking across from one channel to another. The Independent Broadcasting Authority published a weighting curve for use in crosstalk measurement that gives due emphasis to the subjective audibility of different frequencies. In the absence of any international standards, this is still in use despite the demise of the IBA.


title: Crosstalk

text: Good crosstalk performance for a stereo system is not difficult to achieve in today's digital audio systems, though it is hard to keep below the desired figure of -30 dB or so on vinyl recordings and FM radio.


title: Crosstalk

text: In telecommunication or telephony, crosstalk is often distinguishable as pieces of speech or in-band signaling tones leaking from other people's connections. If the connection is analog, twisted pair cabling can often be used to reduce crosstalk. Alternatively, the signals can be converted to digital form, which is typically less susceptible to crosstalk.


title: Crosstalk

text: In wireless communication, crosstalk is often denoted co-channel interference, and is related to adjacent-channel interference.


title: Crosstalk

text: In integrated circuit design, crosstalk normally refers to a signal affecting another nearby signal. Usually, the coupling is capacitive, and to the nearest neighbor, but other forms of coupling and effects on signal further away are sometimes important, especially in analog designs. See signal integrity for tools used to measure and prevent this problem, and substrate coupling for a discussion of crosstalk conveyed through the integrated circuit substrate. There are a wide variety of repair solutions, with increased spacing, wire re-ordering, and shielding being the most common.


title: Crosstalk

text: In full-field optical coherence tomography, "crosstalk" refers to the phenomenon that due to highly scattering objects, multiple scattered photons reach the image plane and generate coherent signal after traveling a pathlength that matches that of the sample depth within a coherence length.


title: Crosstalk

text: In stereoscopic 3D displays, crosstalk refers to the incomplete isolation of the left and right image channels so that one bleeds into the other - like a double exposure, which produces a ghosting effect.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Joseph Samuel Nye Jr. (born January 19, 1937) is an American political scientist. He and Robert Keohane co-founded the international relations theory of neoliberalism, which they developed in their 1977 book "Power and Interdependence". Together with Keohane, he developed the concepts of asymmetrical and complex interdependence. They also explored transnational relations and world politics in an edited volume in the 1970s. More recently, he pioneered the theory of soft power and explained the distinction between it and hard power. His notion of "smart power" ("the ability to combine hard and soft power into a successful strategy") became popular with the use of this phrase by members of the Clinton Administration and the Obama Administration.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye is the former Dean of the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he currently holds the position of University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus. In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. He is also a member of the Defense Policy Board. He has been a member of the Harvard faculty since 1964. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences and a foreign fellow of The British Academy. He is also a member of the American Academy of Diplomacy.


title: Joseph Nye

text: The 2011 Teaching, Research, and International Policy (TRIP) survey of over 1,700 international relations scholars ranked Nye as the sixth most influential scholar in the field of international relations in the past 20 years. He was also ranked as one of the most influential figures in American foreign policy. In 2011, "Foreign Policy" magazine named him on its list of top global thinkers. In September 2014, "Foreign Policy" reported that international relations scholars and policymakers both ranked Nye as one of the field's most influential scholars.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye attended Morristown Prep (now the Morristown–Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey and graduated in 1954. He then attended Princeton University, from where he graduated "summa cum laude" with a B.A. in history in 1958. He was a member of Phi Beta Kappa and won the Myron T. Herrick Thesis Prize. His senior thesis was titled "Death of a Family Firm: An Entrepreneurial History of the American Preserve Company." During his time at Princeton, Nye was vice president of the Colonial Club, a columnist for The Daily Princetonian, and a member of the American Whig–Cliosophic Society's Debate Panel. After studying Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University's Exeter College, he obtained his PhD in political science from Harvard University in 1964. Nye's doctoral dissertation was on regional integration in East Africa.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye joined the Harvard faculty in 1964 and served as Director of the Center for Science and International Affairs at John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1985 to 1990 and as Associate Dean for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1989 to 1992. Nye also served as Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1989 to 1993 and Dean of John F. Kennedy School of Government from 1995 to 2004. Nye is currently (as of July 2018) University Distinguished Service Professor, Emeritus.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye and his colleague Keohane have been characterized as key figures in the development of a discipline of international political economy, largely as a result of their authorship of "Power and Interdependence". Nye's influences include Karl Deutsch and Ernst Hass.


title: Joseph Nye

text: From 1977 to 1979, Nye was Deputy to the Undersecretary of State for Security Assistance, Science, and Technology and chaired the National Security Council Group on Nonproliferation of Nuclear Weapons. In recognition of his service, he was awarded the State Department's Distinguished Honor Award in 1979. In 1993 and 1994, he was Chairman of the National Intelligence Council, which coordinates intelligence estimates for the President, and was awarded the Intelligence Community's Distinguished Service Medal. In the Clinton Administration from 1994 to 1995, Nye served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs, and was awarded the Department's Distinguished Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster. Nye was considered by many to be the preferred choice for National Security Advisor in the 2004 presidential campaign of John Kerry.


title: Joseph Nye

text: He is the chairman of the North American branch of the Trilateral Commission and the co-chair of the Aspen Strategy Group. He is also a member of the Atlantic Council's Board of Directors. Nye has also served as a trustee of Radcliffe College and Wells College. He was on the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, the Guiding Coalition of the Project on National Security Reform, the Advisory Board of Carolina for Kibera, and the Board of the Center for Strategic and International Studies. He has been awarded the Woodrow Wilson Prize by Princeton University and the Charles E. Merriman Prize by the American Political Science Association. In 2005, he was awarded the Honorary Patronage of the University Philosophical Society of Trinity College Dublin and has been awarded honorary degrees by ten colleges and universities. In 2010, Nye won the Foreign Policy Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Studies Association. In 2009, he was made a Theodore Roosevelt Fellow of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.


title: Joseph Nye

text: In October 2014, Secretary of State John Kerry appointed Nye to the Foreign Affairs Policy Board. The group meets periodically to discuss strategic questions and to provide the Secretary and other senior Department officials with independent informed perspectives and ideas. In November 2014, Nye was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold and Silver Star in recognition of his "contribution to the development of studies on Japan-U.S. security and to the promotion of the mutual understanding between Japan and the United States."


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye serves as a Commissioner for the Global Commission on Internet Governance, and served on the Global Commission on the Stability of Cyberspace from 2017 until its conclusion in 2019.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye coined the term soft power in the late 1980s, and it first came into widespread usage following a piece he wrote in "Foreign Policy" in 1990. Nye has consistently written for "Project Syndicate" since 2002.


title: Joseph Nye

text: Nye and his wife, Molly Harding Nye, have three adult sons. He is a member of a Unitarian Universalist Association church.


title: Bombardment of Ellwood

text: The Bombardment of Ellwood during World War II was a naval attack by a Japanese submarine against United States coastal targets near Santa Barbara, California. Though the damage was minimal, the event was key in triggering the West Coast invasion scare and influenced the decision to intern Japanese-Americans. The event also marked the first shelling of the North American mainland during the conflict.


title: Bombardment of Ellwood

text: Following the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, seven Japanese submarines patrolled the American West Coast. They sank two merchant ships and damaged six more, skirmishing twice with U.S. Navy air or sea forces. By the end of December, the submarines had all returned to friendly waters to resupply. However, several had gone to Kwajalein and would pay a return visit to American waters. One of these was the Imperial Japanese Navy submarine . The "I-17" displaced when submerged and was long. Her armament included six torpedo tubes and 17 torpedoes, plus a 14-cm deck gun. She carried 101 officers and men, captained by Commander Kozo Nishino.