title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: For the audio engineering on the tour, DiGiCo SD7 consoles were used by sound mixing specialist Andy Meyer, and monitor engineers Matt Napier and Sean Spuehler. Since Madonna wanted her vocals to sound live, Spuehler mixed her singing with effects and then added it to the house consoles for transmitting to the loudspeakers. During the show, the singer ventured into the middle of the audience at the end of the catwalk, resulting in the spill of her microphone constantly changing. The sound crew employed time-codes like the lighting and the choreography, thus the sound feed also changed depending on where the singer was onstage. All the musicians accompanying Madonna wore in-ear monitors. Additional monitors were used for musical director and keyboardist Kevin Antunes, a thumper for drummer Brian Frasier-Moore and sidefills for the dancers. All the inputs from the different personnel, including Madonna, were fed into the SD7 console. A Multichannel Audio Digital Interface (MADI) was used to record all the shows to a digital audio workstation in RAID drives. They were archived into 4TB hard disks.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: The first segment, "Joan of Arc/Samurai", began with a video showing Madonna in a gown, cavorting with bare-bodied males, and juxtaposed with Mike Tyson talking inside of a cage. Ten dancers dressed in samurai outfit of gold and black came out onto the catwalk carrying large gold pikes, as Madonna descended to the stage encased in a steel cage to sing "Iconic". The show continued with "Bitch I'm Madonna", which included four female dancers dressed as geishas and male dancers engaged in mock martial arts. Rapper Nicki Minaj appeared on the video screens. The singer then played "Burning Up" on a Gibson Flying V electric guitar, while moving to the center stage. During "Holy Water", the female dancers were dressed as nuns and danced on 20-feet cross-like poles; halfway through the performance, Madonna climbed onto one of the poles and sang a fragment of "Vogue". She then performed the rest of "Holy Water" with pictures of the Apostles on the video screens, followed by a reenactment of the Last Supper. "Devil Pray" saw Madonna appearing to subdue the male dancers before disappearing backstage.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: During the first video interlude, dancers appeared onstage waving large white cloths in front of fans. The album track "Messiah" played as scenes from the "Ghosttown" music video were shown on the screens. The next segment, "Rockabilly Meets Tokyo", started with "Body Shop", where Madonna sang the song, alongside dancers dressed as mechanics, in front of a 1965 Ford Falcon. She then played the ukulele for an acoustic version of "True Blue" followed by a disco version of "Deeper and Deeper", which was sung at end of the catwalk. A spiral staircase descended from the ceiling for a mashup of "HeartBreakCity" and "Love Don't Live Here Anymore", where a male dancer followed Madonna up and down the stairs before she pushed him off from the top. She closed the section with a remix of "Like a Virgin", performed in front of fans placed around the catwalk.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: The second video interlude began with a mashup of "S.E.X." and "Justify My Love", where eight dancers enacted sexual positions on four beds as an edited version of the "Erotica" music video played on the backdrops. The third section, "Latin/Gypsy", began with "Living for Love", with Madonna dressed as a bullfighter, before moving into a flamenco version of "La Isla Bonita". After a quick costume change, Madonna returned to the stage accompanied by dancers dressed in colorful Spanish outfits. A mashup of "Dress You Up", "Into the Groove" and "Lucky Star" was performed, with the pace slowing down for an acoustic version of "Who's That Girl". The album's title track closed the segment with Madonna playing the guitar and fan art submitted to the singer shown on the video screens.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: During the final interlude, "Illuminati", seven dancers climbed 20-feet poles and began swaying back and forth over the audience. The fourth segment, "Party/Flapper", saw the singer and her dancers returning to the stage in 1920s-inspired costumes and performed a mashup of "Music", "Give It 2 Me", and "Candy Shop". The performance of "Material Girl" found Madonna pushing her tuxedo clad dancers down an incline; the number ended with the singer walking down the catwalk in a bridal veil and carrying a white bouquet, which she eventually threw to the audience. She played the ukulele once again for "La Vie en rose" and ended the main set with "Unapologetic Bitch", where she invited someone from the audience, terming the person with the titular name, and gifting them with a banana. The show ended with "Holiday", where Madonna came out wrapped in the flag of the country she performed in, while dancing around the stage as confetti dropped from the ceiling. At the end of the performance, she was strapped into a harness and flew above the stage, before disappearing behind the video screens.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Rebel Heart was Madonna's third and final tour under the ten year multi-rights deal with Live Nation, signed in 2007 for $120 million. General sales for the tour started from March 9, 2015, and the North American tickets purchased online were bundled with an exclusive digital download of "Rebel Heart". Special access was granted to members of Madonna's fan club known as Icon, including first access to tickets and VIP passes. Citi was listed as the official bank for the tour, with cardholders having the ability to buy tickets early. Prices were almost identical as Madonna's last few tours, with the top price in the $300–$350 range, and the cheapest being at $35. However, tickets for her Manila performances were above the average price and ranged from $70 () to $1,300 ().


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: According to Jesse Lawrence from "Forbes", initial prices in the secondary markets indicated that the tour would become the most expensive concert tour of 2015. The average ticket for was valued at $452.33 in Madonna's secondary markets, a much higher total than Taylor Swift's 1989 World Tour, whose tickets were average priced at $305.21. Madonna surpassed Fleetwood Mac as the artist with the most expensive tour (51.5% more) in 2015. The show of October 24 in Las Vegas became the most expensive date with an average price of $949.21, while the cheapest tickets were available for $164.30 at the Edmonton date, according to Viagogo. Lawrence also noted that the secondary market prices were much higher than those of The MDNA Tour, indicating a competitive scenario favorable towards Madonna.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Tickets for the shows started selling out rapidly; cities like Edmonton, Paris and Turin sold out within minutes of being available, resulting in the addition of second shows there. Live Nation partnered with gay geosocial networking app Grindr, and posted advertisements there promoting the tour, which resulted in further ticket sales. For the Australian dates, the Telstra pre-sale resulted in all the cheaper tickets getting sold early, with only the VIP packages and the costlier ones left. Madonna's fan club members were given the first priority to buy the Australian tickets. It was followed by Citibank card holders, Telstra presale, Live Nation members, and ultimately general public tickets from July 6, 2015. Tickets for the singer's first ever concert in Taiwan sold out in 15 minutes, prompting a second date to be added. In Hong Kong, tickets sold out within ten minutes of being available, setting up a record for the fastest-selling concert there; second dates were added on February 18 at the same venue.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: A news report in the "New York Post" claimed that the tour's sales would be inferior to those of the MDNA Tour, with venues including New York still having tickets available after the first day. Fogel dismissed the report, explaining that "[a] tour with a budget like [Madonna's] counts on adding on second and third nights in markets... That's why it's scheduled with lots of empty dates in major markets." Writing for "Forbes", Lawrence criticized such news, saying that "Madonna is posting some of the most expensive ticket prices on the secondary market this year... And though media will continue to speculate that Madonna is nearing the end of her renowned career, her box office numbers have shown that she is still among the upper echelon of pop music's elite."


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: In October 2015, "Billboard" announced the first boxscores for the tour, reporting the first ten dates. Total gross was $20 million with 132,769 tickets sold. The opening shows in Montreal were considered a highlight with a total gross of $3.4 million. The highest gross came from shows in New York, earning $5.2 million from a total audience of 28,371. The second set of boxscores were published in November 2015, and the tour grossed another $25.4 million. The first leg of the tour had an attendance of over 300,000 with $46 million in gross. Among the arenas where Madonna performed for a single date, the MGM Grand Garden in Las Vegas had the maximum gross of $3.5 million, earned on October 24. Brooklyn's Barclays Center had the highest audience of 14,258 among the single-show dates.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: With the European leg starting, Swedish newspaper "Svenska Dagbladet" reported that the concert at Stockholm's Tele 2 Arena drew a total of 40,557 in audience, making it a new record for the venue. In December 2015, the fourth boxscore figures were reported with a total gross of $22.6 million from eight markets and a total of 194,827 tickets sold. "Billboard" also clarified the actual tickets sold in Sweden to be at 39,338. Another $7.5 million was reported from the shows in Zurich, Manchester, Birmingham and Glasgow. At the end of 2015, the tour was placed at number 11 on "Pollstar"s "2015 Year-End Top 100 Worldwide Tours" list, grossing $88.4 million from 49 shows with a total attendance of 693,061.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: The North American boxscores for the 2016 shows were published in March 2016, with total tickets sold increasing to 819,792 and a gross of $107.3 million. After the tour ended, "Billboard" announced the final gross at $169.8 million with a total of 1,045,479 tickets sold. In "Pollstar"s 2016 Mid Year Special Features, the tour was ranked at number four, grossing $85.5 million from 33 shows with a total attendance of 395,815. Upon Rebel Heart's completion, Madonna extended her record as the highest-grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990. Overall, Madonna is ranked third on the all-time top-grossing "Billboard" Boxscore list, behind the Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion).


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Writing for the "New York Daily News", Jim Farber noted that the most shocking aspect of the tour was not the provocative imagery and performances, but that Madonna appeared in a light mood and was smiling all throughout. This thought was echoed by Jordan Zivitz of "Montreal Gazette" who observed that after the first section, the tour's tone became more carefree since Madonna seemed to be "enjoying herself". She complimented the performance of "La Vie en rose" and ended the review saying that "the show shared a sense of self-confidence and a sense of play". Chris Kelly from "The Washington Post" reviewed the show at Verizon Center, saying that Madonna remained "as provocative as ever... The moment [her] show started... [questions like 'After three decades in the spotlight, does Madonna still have it?'] went out the window".


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Alex Needham from "The Guardian" rated the Madison Square Garden concert as five out of five stars, complimenting the performance of the old songs and describing the concert as "an affirmation that there is simply no other performer like her. Tonight, Madonna kills it". In a positive review written in "The Village Voice", Hillary Hughes called Madonna "the pop's patron saint of revolution in action". Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" complimented Madonna's camaraderie during the show saying, "She hasn't reached so far onstage, musically or emotionally, since her 2001 Drowned World extravaganza." Joe Gottlieb from "The Boston Herald" theorized that "Madonna's visions have a smart, thought-out feel her imitators can't replicate".


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: "Billboard"s Joe Lynch rated the concert four stars out of five, observing that "Madonna's restless creative spirit is on full display on the Rebel Heart Tour". He praised Schumer's opening act and the performances of "Music", the "Dress You Up" medley and "Body Shop". Jon Pareles wrote in "The New York Times" that "[t]hrough the decades, Madonna's tours have delivered spectacles that push hot buttons galore". However, with Rebel Heart, Pareles observed Madonna doing what she felt like, rather than being controversial. The reviewer also complimented the remix of her past hits. Ashley Lee from "The Hollywood Reporter" gave a similar feedback, saying that the singer "[showcased] her years of creative vision and onstage expertise to deliver an arena show packed with visual variety, thematic theatrics and inventive instrumentation to refresh even her earliest hits". Giving the concert a rating of B+, Melissa Maerz from "Entertainment Weekly" was surprised by Madonna's "playful" mood during the show, since she felt that the opening sequence was reminiscent of the darker intones during the MDNA Tour. In a review for "New York" magazine, Lindsay Zolatz commended the show, the dancers during "Illuminati", but criticized the excessive inclusion of "Rebel Heart" songs in the set list. The Odyssey's Rocco Papa named Rebel Heart Madonna's fifth greatest concert tour; he praised the sense of "romance and intimacy", as well as the "warmth and closeness to her fans".


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: German newspaper "Volksstimme" reviewed the show in Cologne and described it as a "Madonna-show in miniature", noting that the "classic" hits got the greatest acclaim from the audience. Anders Nunstedt from Swedish newspaper "Expressen" attended the show in Stockholm and called it as superior to the MDNA Tour. Nunstedt complimented the show's interactive nature, and commended the singer's speech regarding the November 2015 Paris attacks and singing "Like a Prayer" as a tribute to the victims and survivors. Andrea Annaratone from Italian "Vanity Fair" reviewed the shows in Turin and gave a similar feedback like Nunstedt, but he criticized Madonna for starting the concert late. Peter Vantyghem from Belgium's "De Standaard" reviewed the show at Antwerp. He criticized the music assimilation during the Latin section, but was complimentary about the ending of the show and the messages of love and positivism. Hester Carvalho from the "NRC Handelsblad" rated the Amsterdam show four stars out of five, noting that the concert gradually became more streamlined but had less synchronized dance moves unlike the MDNA Tour. Carvalho was also impressed by the stage setting and the long catwalk.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Will Hodgkinson from "The Times" reviewed the shows at London's The O, and gave it a five star rating. He commented that "Madonna goes in and out of fashion but one constant remains: her tenacity... [She] returned to the O for a concert that proved that there's nothing like a near-death experience to re-invigorate the Queen of Pop." Another five star rating came from Neil McCormick of "The Daily Telegraph" who noticed that the loudest cheer from the audience came when Madonna successfully unraveled herself from her cape during "Living for Love", referencing her falling down at the Brit Awards 2015. McCormick described the concert as "a dazzling hi-tech, multimedia melange of light and sound, with eye and mind boggling set pieces featuring fantasy medieval executioners, martial art fighting geishas, pole dancing nuns, simulated sex shows." Peter Robinson from "The Guardian" rated it four out of five stars complimenting "Iconic" as the "perfect opening number". He observed that most "signature hits appear in an updated style... but when Madonna delivers a refreshingly faithful version of 'Deeper and Deeper', it's the night's highlight". Nick Levine from "NME" believed that "too much" of the songs from "Rebel Heart" "could have felt try-hard from [Madonna]", but "on stage she still works harder and delivers more thrills than her younger [peers]". Reviewing the show for BBC, Mark Savage noted that its strongest moments came when Madonna performed alone onstage.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Lauren James from the "South China Morning Post" found the show as "tightly choreographed", adding that "Hong Kong finally got to bask in Madonna's glow, but it was far too much fun to be a one-night stand". Reviewing the concert in Bangkok, Manta Klangboonkrong from AsiaOne commented: "Madonna gave us what was clearly one of the most sensational concerts that's ever graced Bangkok. She did a great job as a dancer, singer and all-round entertainer." Jojo Panaligan from the "Manila Bulletin" noted that Madonna's unapologetic attitude was on display at the show in Mall of Asia Arena, and observed that the crowd reacted positively. Reviewing the show at Sydney's Rod Laver Arena, Michael Lallo from "The Sydney Morning Herald" awarded the concert four-and-a-half out of five stars. He felt that from Blond Ambition to Rebel Heart, Madonna had "re-asserted herself... Everything was polished to within an inch of its life – which is what made it so magnificent".


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Controversies surrounding the tour revolved around late show starts, unlawful uses of a country's flag and errors concerning tickets. Her appearance in Manchester attracted large criticism from fans, who booed at her for late arrival. Madonna responded to the audience during the show, stating that it was due to technical difficulties. During her first concert in Hong Kong and Taipei, Madonna was two-and-a-half hours late; the former delay caused a small protest outside the show. Another late incident happened for the shows in Brisbane.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: Madonna's Instagram post about her arrival in Taiwan caused controversy, when it was noted that the singer had used an old badge of the Taiwanese political party, the Kuomintang (associated with the White Terror incidents), instead of the actual national emblem. During the performance, Madonna wore the current flag of Taiwan before confessing her love for both Taiwan and China. In Philippines, Madonna wore the country's flag as part of the encore segment. As the use of the country's flag as a "costume or uniform" was banned in 1998 by federal law, Madonna faced threats from the government of the Philippines for "disrespecting" the flag, as well as a possible ban from the region.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: During Madonna's performances on March 5–6, 2016 in New Zealand, several attendees were refused entry to the shows because their tickets were rendered invalid. Approximately 20 people, who purchased their tickets through the Queen of Tickets website, were turned away from entering the venue, while others were required to generate a separate printed ticket at customer service booths. According to Stuff.co.nz, Ticketmaster had changed the seating plan of the venues without contacting Queen of Tickets website; as a result they had to refund the people who had brought a ticket from them. At the end of Madonna's second show in Brisbane, the singer accidentally exposed the breast of a 17-year-old girl named Josephine Georgiou on stage by pulling down her top. The singer had jokingly reacted: "Oh sorry, sexual harassment". It caused controversy when the general public took to social media to label the incident as a sexual assault. Georgiou defended the singer by stating it was "the best time of my life".


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: In March 2016, Madonna announced that the Sydney, Australia shows of March 19–20, 2016 would be filmed for a tour DVD. Danny Tull and Nathan Rissman, who had both worked on Madonna's previous tour videos, were enlisted to direct the concert film. In September 2016, Madonna announced on her Instagram that she had finished watching a "rough assembly" of the tour's film, and it would be out in the next two months. The concert premiered on December 9, 2016 on American cable channel Showtime. Titled "Madonna: Rebel Heart Tour", it featured the main concert as well as behind-the-scenes footage from the show. The international rights for the film was acquired by Alfred Haber Distribution Inc. (AHDI). A live album of the tour was released on September 15, 2017, in DVD, Blu-ray, CD and digital download formats. It contained bonus content like the Madonna: Tears of a Clown show, as well as a 22-song live double CD.


title: Rebel Heart Tour

text: The following set list was obtained from the concert held on December 1, 2015, at the O Arena in London, England. It does not represent all concerts for the duration of the tour. Samples taken from the notes and track listing of "Rebel Heart Tour", and additional notes.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: "The Name of the Doctor" is the thirteenth and final episode of the seventh series of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". It was first broadcast on BBC One on 18 May 2013. It was written by Steven Moffat and directed by Saul Metzstein. The episode was watched by 7.45 million viewers in the UK and received positive reviews from critics.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: In the episode, an entity called the Great Intelligence (Richard E. Grant) kidnaps Victorian-era detectives Madame Vastra (Neve McIntosh) and Jenny Flint (Catrin Stewart) and their butler Strax (Dan Starkey) to force their friend, time-travelling alien the Doctor (Matt Smith), to go to the planet Trenzalore, the site of the Doctor's future grave. The Intelligence's plan is to trap the Doctor and then force the Doctor to open a door in time so the Intelligence can reverse all the Doctor's victories.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: "She Said, He Said" is a mini-episode that acts as a prelude to "The Name of the Doctor", in which the Eleventh Doctor and Clara each have a monologue about how little they know about each other and that they discovered each other's secret at Trenzalore. It was released on on BBC Red Button and online. Viewers using Red Button were able to access the prologue between 7:40 and midnight every evening, until "The Name of the Doctor" aired on .


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: A second mini-episode, entitled "Clarence and the Whisper Men", depicts the imprisoned Victorian murderer Clarence DeMarco being threatened by the Whisper Men (whom he believes to be a figment of his deranged imagination) into learning a set of space-time coordinates - promising him, in return, a "long, full life", though one overshadowed by his fear of them.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: Also released to promote the episode were three "Strax Field Reports", in the first of which, subtitled "The Name of the Doctor", Strax informed the Sontarans of a great battle predicted to occur and admitting suspicions that it had to do with the Doctor's greatest secret. He informed Sontar that the operation was called "The Name of the Doctor". In the second, subtitled "A Glorious Day Is Almost Upon Us...", Strax discussed a 'glorious day' in which death was likely. The final field report – "The Doctor's Greatest Secret" – discussed the cliffhanger, commenting that this new Doctor had the appearance of a warrior. This was the only field report released after the episode.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: In 1893, Madame Vastra and Jenny Flint are given information concerning the Doctor by Clarence DeMarco, in return for a stay on his execution. They use soporific drugs to hold a conference call through time and space between themselves, Strax, River Song, and Clara, in a dream. Vastra repeats DeMarco's words: "The Doctor has a secret he will take to the grave, and it is discovered." During their conference, eyeless humanoids called Whisper Men kidnap Vastra and Strax and kill Jenny. The Great Intelligence tells Clara to tell the Doctor that his friends are "lost" unless he goes to Trenzalore.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: The Doctor and Clara travel to Trenzalore, the planet holding his future grave, to save his friends. The planet is covered with tombstones, the result of a great war, while a future version of the TARDIS (having deteriorated and grown to enormous size) stands above the graveyard. The duo are attacked by Whisper Men. An echo of River, still telepathically linked to Clara, helps direct the two to an escape route that leads to the giant TARDIS. Strax, Vastra, and Jenny (who is revived by Strax) are awakened by Whisper Men and meet the Great Intelligence.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: The Great Intelligence threatens to kill the Doctor's allies unless the Doctor says his name to unlock the TARDIS doors. The Doctor refuses, but as he speaks, River says the Doctor's name and unlocks the TARDIS. Inside, the Doctor reveals a pulsating column of light to be his time stream. The Great Intelligence enters it in order to undo the Doctor's past as revenge for all the defeats it has been dealt. The positive effects of the Doctor's travels begin to be nullified by the Intelligence's interference. Jenny disappears, while Strax, having forgotten his history with Madame Vastra, attacks her and she vaporizes him in self-defense.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: Clara remembers the Doctor telling her that she has helped the Doctor in other places in time and space. She enters the time stream to restore the Doctor's timeline, bringing Jenny and Strax back in the process. Echoes of Clara fall through space and time and appear in adventures of the Doctor's previous incarnations. The Doctor enters the column of light to save the original Clara, guiding her from a place where she sees several previous incarnations of the Doctor. Reunited, the two spot another figure in the shadows which Clara does not recognise. The Doctor explains the elderly figure is another past incarnation of himself, but what he did in the past was not in the Doctor's name. The figure turns around, revealing himself to be the War Doctor, the incarnation who fought during the great Time War.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: Imagery of the Doctor's prior incarnations is used during scenes in which Clara and the Great Intelligence interact with the Doctor. Footage of the First (from "The Aztecs", 1964, with dialogue from "The Web Planet", 1965), Second, Third (both from "The Five Doctors", 1983), Fourth ("The Invasion of Time", 1978), Fifth ("Arc of Infinity", 1983), and Seventh ("Dragonfire", 1987) Doctors was shown. Stunt doubles were used for some other brief appearances, including the Sixth Doctor walking past Clara while she is in a corridor. The Ninth Doctor can also be seen running past her in the Doctor's time stream. The opening scene also includes a representation of Susan Foreman and reference to the Doctor's original departure from Gallifrey (as a globed city, previously seen in "The Sound of Drums", and later seen destroyed in "The End of Time").


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: The Great Intelligence says that the Doctor has been "bloodsoaked" several times, talking about the leader of the Sycorax (whom the Tenth Doctor kills in "The Christmas Invasion"), Solomon the trader (whom the Eleventh Doctor sends to his death in "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship"), the Daleks, and the Cybermen. The Great Intelligence also states that the Doctor will be known as the Valeyard before the end of his life. The Valeyard appeared in the 1986 serial "The Trial of a Time Lord", where he is described as an amalgamation of the darker sides of the Doctor's nature, somewhere between his twelfth and final incarnations.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: John Hurt makes his first ever appearance as the War Doctor at the climax of the episode, foreshadowing the events of "The Night of the Doctor" and "The Day of the Doctor", the 50th Anniversary special, in which the events of the Time War and also the Eighth Doctor's regeneration as well as the War Doctor's own is finally explained, bridging the gap between the 1996 Television Movie and the 2005 episode Rose.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: Lead writer Steven Moffat stated that he wanted to have a new monster in the finale, after the series had seen the reappearance of old monsters such as the Ice Warriors, Cybermen, and Daleks. The idea of the Whisper Men came from "the thought of stylish, whispering, almost faceless creatures" which seemed frightening and appropriate for "an episode that looks forward and back".


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: On 12 May 2013, a week before the official premiere of "The Name of The Doctor", it was announced that 210 "Doctor Who" fans in the United States had received their Blu-ray box set of the second half of the seventh series early due to a production error. After successfully requesting that they not reveal the plot, the BBC sent the recipients copies of an interview with the cast. Moffat later complimented the "210 of them, with the top secret episode in their grasp – and because we asked nicely, they didn't breathe a word."


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: "The Name of the Doctor" received overnight ratings of 5.46 million viewers on BBC One. When viewers who watched the episode later on were taken into account, the figure rose to 7.45 million, making "Doctor Who" the third most-watched programme of the week on BBC One. The episode received an Appreciation Index of 88.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: The episode received positive reviews. "The Guardian" described the episode as "the best episode of the season", and "possibly the best finale we've seen". Mark Snow of IGN gave the episode 9.1/10, praising the final conversation between the Doctor and River Song, as well as the revelation about Clara; however he noted that the Great Intelligence was "a little underwhelming" and "not very threatening", and that while the Whispermen impressed initially, they did not "[make] a great villain." Michael Hogan of "The Daily Telegraph" said that the episode was "even better" than the previous two. He noted that it was "momentous, moving and thrilling". However, he also noted that the episode had "a tad too much clunking exposition, the odd spot of creaky CGI and some unconvincing metaphors about soufflés and leaves." Despite this, he called it a "breathless, brilliant finale". Some advance coverage of the story assumed the Doctor's name would actually be revealed in the episode. The episode was nominated for the 2014 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation (Short Form), along with The Day of the Doctor, An Adventure in Space and Time and The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot.


title: The Name of the Doctor

text: As well as being released on DVD and Blu-ray in a box set alongside the rest of the "Series 7" episodes on 28 October 2013, the episode was announced as being a part of a limited edition "50th Anniversary Collection" on 23 July 2014. This special DVD and Blu-ray box set was released on 8 September 2014.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Sheep Without a Shepherd () is a 2019 Chinese drama thriller film directed by Sam Quah () and produced by Chen Sicheng. It is a remake of the 2013 Indian Malayalam-language film "Drishyam" by Jeethu Joseph. The film stars Xiao Yang, Tan Zhuo, and Joan Chen. "Sheep Without a Shepherd" was released in China on 13 December 2019 in conventional and IMAX formats. It became the 9th highest-grossing Chinese film in 2019, grossing US$199 million.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Internet technician Li Weijie, his wife Ayu, and their two daughters Ping Ping and An An are a middle-class family living in northern Thailand. Ping Ping is sexually assaulted at a summer camp by Su Cha, who is the son of mayor Du Peng and his wife, police chief La Wen. Using this information, Su Cha blackmails Ping Ping in order to extort further sexual favours from her.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Su Cha arranges to meet with Ping Ping on her family's property, but is confronted by Ayu, who seeks to defend her daughter. After Su Cha assaults Ayu, he is accidentally killed by Ping Ping. Ayu and Ping Ping hastily bury Su Cha's body in the grave of Weijie's uncle, which is located in a local cemetery, but not before they are spotted by An An.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Weijie is informed of the murder and seeks to defend his family from police action. He disposes of key evidence, including Su Cha's car and mobile phone. He establishes an alibi for his family through an impromptu weekend holiday to the nearby area of Hua Lamphong, seeking to improve the credibility of the alibi by talking to, and reminding witnesses of his and his family's presence in key areas, as well as through collecting physical evidence such as bus tickets and invoices. Weijie also trains his family on their conduct during police interrogations.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Weijie and his family eventually come under investigation after local police officer Sang Kun, who harbors animosity towards Weijie, spots him driving Su Cha's car when it was earlier being disposed of. Sang Kun's testimony is initially met with disbelief due to his reputation for misbehaviour, but he raises La Wen's suspicion towards Weijie, which is further reinforced after Weijie reacts negatively when news of the car's discovery ina a lake is mentioned. Despite intensive interrogations involving Weijie, his family, and relevant witnesses, La Wen is unable to successfully defeat Weijie's alibi.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: A breakthrough in the investigation appears after Sang Kun reveals that Weijie is a crime film enthusiast. By directing police to search Wiejie's shop, La Wen is able to produce a list of films that Weijie has recently watched"." Through this, she comes to the revelation that Weijie had been carefully constructing a falsified series of events through manipulating key witnesses, including restaurant owner Song En, and altering digital evidence, using his position as an internet technician to his advantage.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: Convinced of Weije's guilt, but lacking the means to prove so, a frustrated La Wen resorts to extreme measures, torturing his family in order to extract a confession from An An, who, as the youngest child, is most vulnerable to coercion. In order to further establish Weijie's guilt, La Wen directs the police to publicly exhume Su Cha's body from the local cemetery. However, this action backfires when the grave is revealed to contain the corpse of a goat that had been killed by Sang Kun earlier in the film during a confrontation with Weijie. This provokes a massive riot among the local population, who are convinced of the innocence of Weijie and his family.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: This event proves to be the downfall of La Wen, who is indefinitely suspended from her position over allegations of police corruption, and Du Peng, who resigns from his position as mayor in disgrace. Weijie and his family are publicly exonerated. However, Weijie, suffering guilt from his actions, confesses to his role in the killing to La Wen and Du Peng, and is sentenced to prison. It is heavily implied that Su Cha's body was earlier moved from the grave to a construction site that Weijie had been working on.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: In September 2017, it was announced that an undisclosed Chinese production company had acquired the rights to remake the Indian Malayalam-language film "Drishyam" (2013). Malaysian Chinese filmmaker Sam Quah was the director and Chen Sicheng served as the producer of the film.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: "Sheep Without a Shepherd" was released in China on 13 December 2019. It was also released in IMAX format.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: "Sheep Without a Shepherd" took the top spot at Chinese box offices, becoming the highest-grossing film in its opening weekend. In that weekend, 13 – 15 December, it grossed $32,152,680 in China, besting "Skyfire". The film continued to lead in Chinese box offices through to its second week, until 20 December. In its second weekend in China, the film earned $23,204,410, beating "" which debuted that weekend and ranked second behind "". The film's cumulative gross in China stood at $76,813,388 until 22 December. In the same weekend, in terms of worldwide box office ranking, it came fifth behind "Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker", "", "Ip Man 4: The Finale", and "Frozen 2", with $77,439,509. In three weeks, the film grossed $111,225,633 and $135,589,251 in four weeks. By 13 January 2020, the film earned $154.24 million from box office sales in China alone. As of 12 February, it has grossed $176 million from China. It became the 9th highest-grossing film in China in 2019. The film grossed more than $192 million internationally.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: The film holds an approval rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews with an average rating of . It received a 73 out of 100 score on Metacritic based on five reviews.


title: Sheep Without a Shepherd

text: In June 2021, it was announced that "Sheep Without a Shepherd" would be getting a sequel. The film was shot on October and November 2021, and will be released on 24 December 2021. The movie sees the return of Xiao Yang as the lead character. The movie titled as "Fireflies in the Sun" turned out to be a spiritual sequel and was a remake of 2002 American thriller "John Q. ".


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar Zalmi (; ; literally meaning "Peshawar's youth") is a Pakistani franchise T20 cricket team which plays in the Pakistan Super League and represents Peshawar, the capital city of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The team is owned by Javed Afridi. Peshawar Zalmi was established in 2015 following the announcement of the inaugural Pakistan Super League (PSL) by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). Babar Azam is the current captain and Daren Sammy is the current head coach of the team.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: On 3 December 2015, the Pakistan Cricket Board PCB unveiled the owners of five city-based franchises for the first season of the Pakistan Super League. The Peshawar franchise was sold to Javed Afridi for US$16 million for a time period of ten-years.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar began their 2016 season well, winning their first two matches. After a loss to Quetta Gladiators the team went on to win six of their eight group stage matches and finished first in the points table, qualifying for the playoffs. The first playoff match was against Quetta in qualifier 1. The match came down to the last ball Quetta winning by one run, Peshawar scoring 132 runs in reply to Quetta's 133 runs. As a result of their first-place position in the group table, Peshawar then went on to play Islamabad United in the second qualifier match. Peshawar also lost this match and were eliminated


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar traded Aamer Yamin for Sohaib Maqsood of Lahore Qalandars during the off-season. During the 2017 Pakistan Super League players draft they retained 10 players and signed eight, including Overseas players Shakib Al Hasan, Eoin Morgan, Chris Jordan and Alex Hales. Shakib and Tamim were not available for selection during the initial stage of tournament due to national duties as they were in India to play only test match. Later Alex Hales and Shakib Al Hasan were replaced with Tillakaratne Dilshan and Marlon Samuels and Mohammad Shahzad was replaced with Andre Fletcher while Tamim Iqbal was replaced with Samit Patel.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In their first game of PSL 2017, Peshawar Zalmi lost to the Islamabad United by 7 wickets. In their next game against Karachi Kings, Zalmi won by 7 wickets in pursuit of 120 runs. Eoin Morgan starred in the chase with an unbeaten innings of 80 runs off 57 balls. Following this the Zalmi were involved in a low-scoring thriller with the Lahore Qalandars that saw the former collapse in the chase of just 60 runs before getting over the line with 3 wickets to spare.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: As the tournament moved to Sharjah, Zalmi's first game against Quetta Gladiators was abandoned after repeated showers and the two teams shared the points from the bout. Following this, against Islamabad United, the Zalmis lost a hard-fought game that went down to the last ball. After being put in to bat by United, Zalmi could only manage a below-par score of 137 runs and never really got going. But the team's bowlers bowled exceedingly well to make a contest out of it. In their final game of the Sharjah leg, the Zalmis continued their losing streak after being beaten by Karachi Kings in a thrilling contest. Setting up a target of 175 runs, the Kings had the Zalmis reduced to 69–6 before Shahid Afridi and Darren Sammy combined in a 70-runs partnership that almost won the game for the Zalmis. However, they couldn't see the game through as the Zalmis fell short by 9 runs.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: With the tournament shifting back to Dubai, the Zalmis registered consecutive wins against Lahore Qalandars and Quetta Gladiators respectively. Against the Qalandars, the team put up a target of 167 runs and then successful defended it after inducing a batting collapse of 5 wickets for 6 runs from the opposition. In the end prevailing by 17 runs and securing a playoff spot. But with the Gladiators, the team suffered a batting collapse of their own. Chasing a below-par total of 129 runs, the Zalmis were at one time reduced to 52–6 before a vintage performance from Shahid Afridi, who scored 45 off 23 balls, ensured that his team won with 2 wickets left intact.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In the first playoffs (qualifier 1) they faced Gladiators at Sharjah it proved to be a replica of last year qualifier 1 where quetta clinched 1 run win over Zalmi. after sent into bat by Zalmi Quetta gave a huge target of 200 runs thanks to Ahmed Shahzad for his 71 off 38 balls. In reply Zalmi had a poor start losing 2 early wickets for less than 10 runs, then came Mohammad Hafeez who started hitting Gladiators all over the stadium he with Dawid Malan put up a 100+ runs partnership. After Hafeez got out Shahid Afridi came looking in best six hitting form scoring 34 off just 17 balls shifting match in Zalmi's favour, but got out at wrong time and as a result Zalmi collapsed in the last over of the match. Left arm spinner for Quetta, Muhammad Nawaz was the bowler who didn't let Zalmi score 2 runs off last 3 balls hence, Gladiators progressed into the final and Zalmi into the qualifier 2 where they defeated Karachi Kings by 24 runs. Batting first Zalmi scored 181 runs for 3 wickets due to Kamran Akmal's brilliant 104 runs from 65 balls. Wahab Riaz and Chris Jordan 3-for took Zalmi into the final for the first time ever. Kamran was adjudged man of the match in the end.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In the final, Zalmis defeated Quetta Gladiators – the runners-up of the inaugural edition of the PSL, by 58 runs batting first. Zalmi's left-arm spinner Mohammad Asghar took 3 wickets for 16 runs. In the first innings, Gladiators' Rayad Emrit took 2 wickets in the 17th over, which left the score at 112 runs for 6 wickets but Darren Sammy clubbed 33 runs in the last two overs taking the Zalmis total to 148 runs.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In the opening match of 2018 season, defending champions Zalmi suffered a loss against new entrants Multan Sultans by 7 wickets. The next game, Zalmi secured a comfortable 34-runs win over Islamabad United. Defending a target of 176 runs, Zalmi's debuting fast bowler, Umaid Asif, was the star performer as he reduced the opposition to 25-4 inside the powerplay. Continuing on, the team suffered a loss against Karachi Kings in a closely fought game. Batting first, the Zalmis lost wickets with regular consistency. Only Dwayne Smith's unbeaten innings of 71 runs got them to a respectable total of 131 runs. Defending it, they took the game to the last three balls before the Kings prevailed by 5 wickets.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: As the tournament shifted to Sharjah, the team won a thriller against rivals Quetta Gladiators. Batting first, the Gladiators set a target of 143 runs in a batting display that was punctuated with starts and stops on a two-paced pitch. In reply, the Zalmis were on course for victory at 107-2 before losing three quick wickets to end up requiring 22 runs from the last two overs. At this point, an injured Darren Sammy single-handedly won the match for his team by striking 16 runs from 4 balls to finish the game with 2 balls to go. The following game, the Zalmis beat Lahore Qalandars comfortably in the chase of a low target of 101 runs. The margin of the win was 10 wickets - the first such instance in the history of the PSL. Additionally, this was the first game for Zalmi's main pacer, Hasan Ali this season as he had been sidelined due to an injury.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In the final, Peshawar Zalmi lost to Islamabad United by three wickets. Peshawar Zalmi won the toss and elected to bat first. Peshawar's in-form batsman Kamran Akmal was out lbw for 1 run off 8 balls, with Samit Patel taking the wicket in the third over early on. Chris Jordan and Liam Dawson were involved in a fourth-wicket fifty-partnership. Later, Wahab Riaz's 28 runs off 14 balls ensured their side reached to a total of 148 runs. Islamabad's Luke Ronchi hit five sixes in the first five overs as he raced to 45 runs off just 15 balls, before he got out in the ninth over after scoring a 26-ball 52, batting second. But a sudden collapse resulted in Islamabad losing six wickets for 20 runs leaving them at 116/6. Akmal then dropped a catch at fine leg when Asif Ali attempted a pull shot off Umaid Asif with Islamabad needing 30 runs off 33 balls. Asif Ali then hit three sixes on the trot off Hasan Ali. Islamabad's Faheem Ashraf hooked Wahab Riaz for six with just one run required in the 17th over.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar Zalmi finished the group stage with first position by winning seven of their matches and losing only three. Peshawar came on top because of the higher run rate. Peshawar Zalmi lost to Quetta Gladiators in the qualifier by 10 runs.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In January before the season started, they signed Hashim Amla as batting mentor of the team, replacing Younis Khan for the job.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: On 13 December 2015 Javed Afridi owner of the team revealed the team name and the official logo of the team in Army Public School Peshawar. The word "Zalmi" is a Pashto language word meaning youth.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: The logo of the team is a fusion of a traditional Peshawari turban with cricket stumps. The logo has three, shades blue, yellow and white, signifying the pride of the region, the skies and the energy of the people.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: The team's kit colours were yellow and blue, but are now yellow & black as they changed the kit in PSL 4.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar Zalmi is Pakistan's biggest sports entity valued at US$40.5 Million according to NIelsen. Peshawar Zalmi has managed to retain most of its partners in PSL 4. The list of national and multi-national partners of Peshawar Zalmi include Haier, TCL, Sprite, McDonald's, JW Forland, Ruba Digital & Storm Fiber. The media partners of Zalmi include Urdu News, HUM Network, Dawn News, AVT Khyber News, FM 91, Daily Pakistan.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Actor Hamza Ali Abbasi and actress Humaima Malick were team's star ambassadors for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. In 2018 season, Mahira Khan joined Hamza as team's ambassadors after she replaced Humaima Malik. For the 2019 season, actress Sana Javed was announced as the team's goodwill ambassador. Gul Panra is Peshawar Zalmi's Regional Brand Ambassador from PSL 4 and also sang the Peshawar Zalmi Pashto Anthem for Zalmi.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Zalmi Foundation (ZF) is a non-profit organization, established in April 2016, with the mission to “Bring Back Smiles” by supporting and facilitating the implementation of sustainable development agenda across Pakistan in short, medium and long run. The foundation was established as a result of realization among the associates of Peshawar Zalmi – a Pakistani franchise T20 cricket team - that developmental challenges of Pakistan can be addressed through systematic and collaborative efforts from diverse stakeholders such as private sector, state institutions and civil society. With primary support from Cooperate Social Responsibility funds along with collaboration with diverse stakeholders, the ZF aims to help achieve sustainable development across the globe.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: As majority of the development challenges require interdisciplinary solutions, we are committed to undertake impactful programme/projects that specifically aim to harness the synergies amongst various developmental themes. Our scope of activities involves research, implementation and advocacy regarding sustainable development themes including but not limited to youth development, women empowerment, education, health, social activism, peace and security, inclusive economic growth and international trade.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: As its name suggests and having rich expertise in bringing social cohesion amongst all races through sports activities, we take pride in promoting sports and bringing peace by educating the youth of the affected areas by the harsh dials of the times.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Over the years, Zalmi Foundations has completed numerous successful projects along the lines of its key impact areas which include but not limited to education, women empowerment, sports, health, tourism and responsible citizenship.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In 2017, Peshawar Zalmi joined hands with International Rescue Committee to raise awareness of education in Pakistan. The franchise is also actively involved in Pakistan in giving sports education to children through sports camps and training all across Pakistan. The team has largely contributed in charity works


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: and as for 2017 SKMH are team's official charity. In 2016 they invited Army Public School attack survivors to watch PSL Live from the stands. Around 150 students and staff members from the school were invited to attend the inauguration ceremony of the first edition of PSL. In 2017, they took cancer patients of the SKMH for free to Dubai and gave the children a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to fly out of the country and make beautiful memories together. Eoin Morgan member of 2017 squad donated Zalmi's Kit which he wore during the course of 2017 season to cancer patients of Shoukat Khanum Memorial Hospital. In 2018, team owner Javed Afridi invited 13 young patients under treatment at SKMH to watch team's matches live from ground.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: In April 2019, Zalmi Foundation partnered with the U.S. consulate in Lahore to jointly work for vulnerable  girls of KP and Punjab to boost up their capacity building and make them empower through sports. And has recently  taken a Girls Cricket Camp Initiative with U.S. Consulate Lahore, which is focusing on sharing the importance of  sports involvement in the lives of vulnerable young girls from high school aged between 13 – 16 years, and aims to  increase the number of women and girls involved in sports in Pakistan. We aim to increase sports participation for  vulnerable young girls from high school, as ZF believes by taking such initiatives for Women and young girls, we can  make them enable to acquire new professional networks, develop a sense of identity and access new opportunities to become more engaged in school and community life. In addition, sports serve as a vehicle to improve women’s and  girls’ leadership roles and participation in decision-making and help to convene people across borders, cultures and  belief systems. They can promote greater tolerance and understanding among individuals and communities and can  challenge gender stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Zalmi Foundation continued its fight against the deadly Coronavirus. Donation of PKR 10 Million was made to Prime Minister Imran Khan’s Corona Relief Fund. Javed Afridi, Chairman Peshawar Zalmi, presented the cheque to Prime Minister Imran Khan at Prime Minister House Islamabad. Two hundred thousand surgical masks were handed over to the government of Pakistan. Prime Minister Imran Khan praised the Zalmi Foundation and Javed Afridi's efforts to help the needy in these difficult times. He added that we can only succeed against the Corona virus if all of us stand together. Moreover, Zalmi Foundation developed and delivered a Ration Distribution Drive in remote areas of Bara and Khyber Agency. Zalmi Foundation distributed rations to the needy people in KP. Javed Afridi, Chairman Peshawar Zalmi and Zalmi Foundation, said efforts are being made to provide the essential supplies at the door steps of the needy during the lockdown situation due to Corona Virus Pandemic. The Ration Drive then continued in Tirah Valley. More than 36,000 families were provided with necessary food items. In addition, Zalmi Foundation donated 50,000 masks as well as medical gear to the Afghanistan Government in order to help Pakistan’s neighboring country fight against the virus. Haier Pakistan CEO and Zalmi Foundation Chairman, Mr. Javed Afridi said that Corona Pandemic has severely affected economies worldwide. Our neighboring country Afghanistan suffers from the same fate as the world is facing. Mr. Javed Afridi added that this is a combine effort of Haier Pakistan and Zalmi Foundation to help people across the border who are going through a very challenging time.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Turkish Airlines signed a deal to become the official airline sponsor of the franchise for Pakistan Super League 6 starting February 20, 2021.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Peshawar Zalmi is the biggest sports entity in Pakistan valued at more than $40 million as of 2019. It is the number one brand of the PSL since the past 3 years.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

text: Global Zalmi comprises the International Sports Branches of Peshawar Zalmi spread across 25 countries. Each year the teams from these countries come and play the Global Zalmi League.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Allison Langdon (born 20 May 1979) is an Australian television presenter, reporter, journalist, and author.


title: Allison Langdon

text: From 2023, Langdon will be the host of "A Current Affair" through Monday to Thursday, whilst Deborah Knight will still host from Friday to Sunday. Langdon also is a reporter and presenter on the localised version of current affairs program "60 Minutes".


title: Allison Langdon

text: Langdon attended Wauchope High School and Port Macquarie's MacKillop Senior College. During her time at school, she presented radio programs on Monday evenings on the local community radio station 2WAY FM, which is based in Wauchope. After leaving school, she studied journalism at Charles Sturt University and filed stories for the National Radio News service of the Australian Community Radio Network, run by the CBAA.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Langdon joined the Nine Network after completing her journalism degree, which included an internship with CBS in New York City. She began her media career as a producer for "Nightline" in 2001.


title: Allison Langdon

text: In 2002, Langdon worked as a producer for the 6:00pm bulletin of "National Nine News". Seeking more on-the-road experience, Langdon moved to Nine's Darwin newsroom and, in her first year in the Top End, won the David Marchbank Award for best new journalist. Alongside her round as political reporter for the Northern Territory, Langdon travelled to Mexico and East Timor covering stories for news and the "Sunday" program.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Langdon was one of the first Australian journalists on the ground following the Australian Embassy Bombing in Jakarta in September 2004. She filed daily for all of Nine's bulletins.


title: Allison Langdon

text: In October 2004, Langdon returned to Sydney as a general reporter and took over the court rounds for "National Nine News".


title: Allison Langdon

text: In early 2007, she was appointed as news presenter on "Today", filling-in for Georgie Gardner while she was on maternity leave during the first half of 2007. Later in 2007, Langdon often presented "National Nine News: Morning Edition" and "National Nine News: Afternoon Edition" bulletins on Fridays. Langdon also presented bulletins over the 2007-08 summer.


title: Allison Langdon

text: In 2008, Langdon was appointed as the Friday presenter of "Nightline", staying in this role until the axing of the program. Langdon continued as a fill-in presenter for "Nine News" through 2008.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Also in 2008, Langdon released her first book; "The Child Who Never Was: Looking for Tegan Lane", which examined the murder of newborn infant Tegan Lane by her mother Keli Lane.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Langdon was a senior reporter in the Sydney newsroom, and continued to fill-in on "Nine News" bulletins, and "Today".


title: Allison Langdon

text: In February 2009, Langdon was criticised for her reporting in Marysville, Victoria, which had been devastated by the Black Saturday bushfires, and where 34 people had died. The town was sealed off as a crime scene, but Langdon and her camera crew helicoptered into the scene despite a police ban on entering the town.


title: Allison Langdon

text: In December 2017, Langdon was appointed co-host of "Weekend Today" replacing Deborah Knight. She will also continue as a reporter on "60 Minutes" and be a fill-in presenter on "Nine News Sydney" and "Today".


title: Allison Langdon

text: In November 2019, the Nine Network announced that Langdon will host "Today" with Karl Stefanovic from January 2020.


title: Allison Langdon

text: In November 2022, Langdon was appointed as host of "A Current Affair" replacing Tracy Grimshaw from 2023.


title: Allison Langdon

text: Langdon filed a stalking complaint against an admirer she alleges went too far, by sending her sexually explicit love letters. The admirer, who pleaded not guilty to the charges, and was banned from coming within 500 m of Langdon, or Channel Nine' studios in Sydney and he appeared in court on 22 June 2007.


title: Allison Langdon

text: It was reported on 26 August 2007, that Langdon had announced her engagement to journalist Michael Willesee, Jr., son of former "A Current Affair" host Mike Willesee. Langdon and Willesee, Jr. married in 2008. The couple had a son in January 2017, followed by a daughter in March 2019.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: The glenoid labrum (glenoid ligament) is a fibrocartilaginous structure (not a fibrocartilage as previously thought) rim attached around the margin of the glenoid cavity in the shoulder blade. The shoulder joint is considered a ball and socket joint. However, in bony terms the 'socket' (the glenoid fossa of the scapula) is quite shallow and small, covering at most only a third of the 'ball' (the head of the humerus). The socket is deepened by the glenoid labrum, stabilizing the shoulder joint.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: The labrum is triangular in section; the base is fixed to the circumference of the cavity, while the free edge is thin and sharp.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: It is continuous above with the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii, which gives off two fascicles to blend with the fibrous tissue of the labrum.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: Tearing of the labrum can occur from either acute trauma or repetitive shoulder motion such as in the sports of swimming, baseball and football. Acute trauma may be from dislocation of the shoulder, direct blows to the shoulder, and other accidents of the sort. Tears are classified as either superior or inferior in regards to where the tear is in the glenoid cavity. A SLAP lesion (superior labrum, anterior to posterior) is a tear where the glenoid labrum meets the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle. Symptoms include increased pain with overhead activity, popping or grinding, loss of strength, and trouble localizing a specific point of pain. Because a SLAP lesion involves the biceps, pain and weakness may also be felt when performing elbow flexion with resistance.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: Clinicians can use any combination of the following manual tests to assist in determining if a labral tear has occurred; Jobe Relocation, O'Brien, Anterior Apprehension, Bicipital Groove Tenderness, Crank, Speed, and Yergason tests. As a general rule, abnormal pain experienced during any of these tests will indicate a positive result, or a tear of the glenoid labrum. All of the tests take advantage of the fact that the labrum meets the tendon of the long head of the biceps muscle, and thus will normally produce pain in the region if a tear is present. Additionally, clinicians may order an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) or CT (Computed Tomography) scan to be conducted utilizing contrast injections to highlight where tears may be present. However, due to inherent variability between humans, manual tests, when possible, are more accurate in determining the presence of a labral tear.


title: Glenoid labrum

text: Detachment of the glenoid labrum often requires surgery to reattach it to the glenoid fossa. Arthroscopic surgical techniques can also be used for more minor detachments.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Vaishali, Vesali or Vaiśālī was a city in present-day Bihar, India, and is now an archaeological site. It is a part of the Tirhut Division.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: It was the capital city of the Vajjika League of Vrijji mahajanapada, considered one of the first examples of a republic around the 6th century BCE. Gautama Buddha preached his last sermon before his death in c. 483 BCE, then in 383 BCE the Second Buddhist council was convened here by King Kalasoka, making it an important place in both Jain and Buddhist religions. It contains one of the best-preserved of the Pillars of Ashoka, topped by a single Asiatic lion.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Vaishali is also home to possibly the earliest known example of a stupa, the Buddha relic stupa which is said to contain the ashes of the Buddha.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: The city finds mention in the travel accounts of Chinese explorers, Faxian (4th century CE) and Xuanzang (7th century CE), which were later used in 1861 by British archaeologist Alexander Cunningham to first identify Vaiśālī with the present village of Basarh in Vaishali District, Bihar.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Even before the advent of Buddhism and Jainism, Vaiśālī was the capital of the republican Licchavi state. In that period, Vaiśālī was an ancient metropolis and the capital city of the republic of the Vaiśālī state, which covered most of the Himalayan Gangetic region of present-day Bihar state, India. However, very little is known about the early history of Vaiśālī. The Vishnu Purana records 34 kings of Vaiśālī, the first being "Nabhaga", who is believed to have abdicated his throne over a matter of human rights and believed to have declared: "I am now a free tiller of the soil, king over my acre." The last among the 34 was "Sumati", who is considered a contemporary of Dasaratha, father of the Hindu god, Lord Rama.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Vaiśālī is also renowned as the land of Amrapali, the great Indian courtesan, who appears in many folktales, as well as in Buddhist literature. Ambapali became a disciple of Buddha. Manudev was a famous king of the illustrious Lichchavi clan of the confederacy, who desired to possess Amrapali after he saw her dance performance in Vaishali.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: A kilometer away is "Abhishek Pushkarini", the coronation tank. The sacred waters of the tank anointed the elected representatives of Vaiśālī. Next to it stands the Japanese temple and the Vishwa Shanti Stupa (World Peace Pagoda) built by the Nipponzan Myohoji sect of Japan. A small part of the Buddha's relics found in Vaiśālī have been enshrined in the foundation and in the "chhatra" of the Stupa.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Near the coronation tank is Stupa 1 or the Relic Stupa. Here the Lichchavis reverentially encased one of the eight portions of the Master's relics, which they received after the Mahaparinirvana. After his last discourse the Awakened One set out for Kushinagar, but the Licchavis kept following him. Buddha gave them his alms bowl but they still refused to return. The Master created an illusion of a river in spate which compelled them to go back. This site can be identified with Deora in modern Kesariya village, where Ashoka later built a stupa. Ānanda, the personal attendant of the Buddha, attained Nirvana in the midst of the Ganges outside Vaiśālī.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Vaishali is well known for its close association with the Buddha. After leaving Kapilavastu for renunciation, Prince Siddhartha came to Vaishali first and undertook his initial spiritual training from Uddaka Rāmaputta (Rāmaputra Udraka) and Āḷāra Kālāma. After the Enlightenment the Buddha frequently visited Vaishali. He organized the sangha on the pattern of Vaishalian democracy. It was here that he first allowed females to join the sangha, initiating his maternal aunt Mahaprajapati Gautami into the order. His last Varshavasa (rainy season resort) was here and he announced his approaching Mahaparinirvana (the final departure from the world) just three months in advance. Before leaving for Kusinagara, where he died, he left his alms-bowl (Bhiksha-Patra) here with the people of Vaishali.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: The Svetambaras state that the final Tirthankara, Lord Mahavira, was born and raised in Kshatriyakund district, Vaiśālī to King Siddhartha. and Queen Trishala. According to Jain text "Uttarapurāṇa",


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: King Chetaka ruled as a Republican President in Vaishali and was a famous and complaisant king. He is mentioned as a staunch follower of Jainism. According to the text, Chetaka had ten sons and seven daughters. His sister Priyakarini (also known as Trishala) was married to Siddhartha. His daughter Chellana married Shrenik (also known as Bimbisara). As per Indologist Hermann Jacobi, Vardhaman Mahavira's mother Trishala was sister of King Chetaka.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Near the coronation tank is Stupa 1 or the Relic Stupa. Here the Licchavis reverentially encased one of the eight portions of the Master's relics, which they received after the Mahaparinirvana. After his last discourse the Buddha set out for Kushinagar, but the Licchavis kept following him. The Buddha gave them his alms bowl but they still refused to return. He then created an illusion of a river in spate which compelled them to go back. This site can be identified with Deora in modern Kesariya village, where Ashoka later built a stupa.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: As per recent research, the relic stupa is potentially one of the earliest archaeologically known stupas.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Kutagarasala Vihara is the monastery where Buddha most frequently stayed while visiting Vaiśālī. It is located 3 kilometres from the relic Stupa, and on its ground can be found the Ānanda Stupa, with an Asokan pillar in very good condition (perhaps the only complete Asokan pillar left standing), and an ancient pond.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: A few hundred metres from the Relic Stupa is Abhishek Pushkarini, the coronation tank. The sacred waters of the tank anointed the elected representatives of Vaiśālī.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: Next to the coronation tank stands the Japanese temple and the "Viśvā Śānti Stūpa" (World Peace Pagoda) built by the Japanese Nichiren Buddhist sect Nipponzan-Myōhōji. A small part of the Buddha's relics found in Vaiśālī have been enshrined in the foundation and in the chhatra of the Stupa.


title: Vaishali (ancient city)

text: The Vaishali Museum was established in 1971 by the Archaeological Survey of India to preserve and display the antiquities found during the exploration of sites around ancient Vaishali.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Postmodern feminism is a mix of post-structuralism, postmodernism, and French feminism. The goal of postmodern feminism is to destabilize the patriarchal norms entrenched in society that have led to gender inequality. Postmodern feminists seek to accomplish this goal through rejecting essentialism, philosophy, and universal truths in favor of embracing the differences that exist amongst women to demonstrate that not all women are the same. These ideologies are rejected by postmodern feminists because they believe if a universal truth is applied to all woman of society, it minimizes individual experience, hence they warn women to be aware of ideas displayed as the norm in society since it may stem from masculine notions of how women should be portrayed.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Postmodern feminists seek to analyze any notions that have led to gender inequality in society. Postmodern feminists analyze these notions and attempt to promote equality of gender through critiquing logocentrism, supporting multiple discourses, deconstructing texts, and seeking to promote subjectivity. Postmodern feminists are accredited with drawing attention to dichotomies in society and demonstrating how language influences the difference in treatment of genders.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: The inclusion of postmodern theory into feminist theory is not readily accepted by all feminists—some believe postmodern thought undermines the attacks that feminist theory attempts to create, while other feminists are in favor of the union.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Postmodern feminism's major departure from other branches of feminism is perhaps the argument that sex, or at least gender, is itself constructed through language, a view notably propounded in Judith Butler's 1990 book, "Gender Trouble". They draw on and critique the work of Simone de Beauvoir, Michel Foucault, and Jacques Lacan, as well as on Luce Irigaray's argument that what we conventionally regard as 'feminine' is only a reflection of what is constructed as masculine.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Butler criticises the distinction drawn by previous feminisms between (biological) sex and (socially constructed) gender. They ask why we assume that material things (such as the body) are not subject to processes of social construction themselves. Butler argues that this does not allow for a sufficient criticism of essentialism: though recognizing that gender is a social construct, feminists assume it is always constructed in the same way. Butler's argument implies that women's subordination has no single cause or single solution; postmodern feminism is thus criticized for offering no clear path to action. Butler rejects the term "postmodernism" as too vague to be meaningful.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Paula Moya argues that Butler derives this rejection to postmodernism from misreadings of Cherríe Moraga's work. "She reads Moraga's statement that 'the danger lies in ranking the oppressions' to mean that we have no way of adjudicating among different kinds of oppressions—that any attempt to casually relate or hierarchize the varieties of oppressions people suffer constitutes an imperializing, colonizing, or totalizing gesture that renders the effort invalid…thus, although Butler at first appears to have understood the critiques of women who have been historically precluded from occupying the position of the 'subject' of feminism, it becomes clear that their voices have been merely instrumental to her" (Moya, 790) Moya contends that because Butler feels that the varieties of oppressions cannot be summarily ranked, that they cannot be ranked at all; and takes a short-cut by throwing out the idea of not only postmodernism, but women in general.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Mary Joe Frug suggested that one "principle" of postmodernism is that human experience is located "inescapably within language". Power is exercised not only through direct coercion, but also through the way in which language shapes and restricts our reality. She also stated that because language is always open to re-interpretation, it can also be used to resist this shaping and restriction, and so is a potentially fruitful site of political struggle.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: Frug's second postmodern principle is that sex is not something natural, nor is it something completely determinate and definable. Rather, sex is part of a system of meaning, produced by language. Frug argues that "cultural mechanisms ... encode the female body with meanings", and that these cultural mechanisms then go on explain these meanings "by an appeal to the 'natural' differences between the sexes, differences that the rules themselves help to produce".


title: Postmodern feminism

text: French feminism, as it is known today, is an Anglo-American invention coined by Alice Jardine to be a section in a larger movement of postmodernism in France during the 1980s. This included the theorizing of the failure of the modernist project, along with its departure. More specifically for feminism, it meant returning to the debate of sameness and difference. The term was further defined by Toril Moi, an academic with a focus on feminist theory, in her book "Sexual/Textual Politics." In this book she further defined French feminism to only include a few authors such as Hélène Cixous, Luce Irigaray, and Julia Kristeva, while also creating a distinction between French feminism and Anglo-American Feminism. She states that the difference between the two is that Anglo-American feminists want to find a "woman-centered perspective" and a woman identity since they were not given the chance to have one in the past. French Feminists believe there is no identity for a woman but that "the feminine can be identified where difference and otherness are found." Elaine Marks, an academic in the field of Women's Studies, noted another difference between French and American feminists. French feminists, specifically radical feminists, criticized and attacked the systems that benefit men, along with widespread misogyny as a whole, more intensely than their American counterparts. Through American academics contriving their own concept of French feminism, it separated and ignored the already marginalized self-identifying feminists, while focusing on the women theorists associated with Psych et po (Psychanalyse et politique) and other academics who did not always identify as feminists themselves. This division ultimately ended up placing more importance on the theories of the French feminists than the political agenda and goals that groups such as radical feminists and the Mouvement de liberation des femmes (women's liberation movement) had at the time.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: There have been many critiques of postmodern feminism since it originated in the 1990s. Most of the criticism has been from modernists and feminists supporting modernist thought. They have put a focus on the themes of relativism and nihilism as defined by postmodernism. Though modernist critics believe more importantly, that through abandoning the values of Enlightenment thought, postmodern feminism "precludes the possibility of liberating political action." This concern can be seen in critics like Meaghan Morris, who have argued that postmodern feminism runs the risk of undercutting the basis of a politics of action based upon gender difference, through its very anti-essentialism. Alison Assiter published the book "Enlightened Women" to critique postmodernists and postmodern feminists alike, saying that there should be a return to Enlightenment values and modernist feminism. Gloria Steinem has also criticized feminist theory, and especially postmodernist feminist theory, as being overly academic, where discourse that is full of jargon and inaccessible is helpful to no one.


title: Postmodern feminism

text: The very term "postmodernism" has been criticised by some theorists who have "themselves" been labelled as postmodern feminists.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi (Sinhala: ජය ශ්‍රී මහා බොධිය) is a historical sacred bo tree ("Ficus religiosa") in the Mahamewna Garden in historical city of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This is believed to be a tree grown from a cutting of the southern branch from the historical sacred bo tree, Sri Maha Bodhi, which was destroyed during Emperor Ashoka the Great time, at Buddha Gaya in India, under which Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) attained Enlightenment. The Buddhist nun Sangamitta Maha Theri, a daughter of Indian Emperor Ashoka, in 288 BC, brought the tree cutting to Sri Lanka during the reign of Sinhalese King Devanampiya Tissa. At more than 2,300 years old, it is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date. The Mahavamsa, or the great chronicle of the Sinhalese, provides an elaborate account of the establishment of the Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi on the Island and the subsequent development of the site as a major Buddhist pilgrimage site.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Today, the Jaya Siri Maha Bodhi is situated on a high terrace, about 6.5 meters above the ground, and surrounded by 4 other lower-level terraces with Bo trees called “Parivara Bodhi” planted for its protection. The site is currently administered by the Chief High Priest of Atamasthana and the Atamasthana Palakasabha, the administrative body of the Atamasthana, and receives millions of pilgrims each year. The site is open to visitors and continuously hosts numerous acts of worship throughout the year. However, access to the uppermost terrace where the bo tree is located is restricted due to the old age of the tree and various acts of vandalism it has endured throughout history, including a terrorist attack by LTTE in 1985, where around 146 pilgrims were massacred.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi is a sacred Bo tree, that stands in the Mahamewna Gardens in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Not only is it the closest authentic living link to Gautama Buddha, it is also the oldest human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date and a recorded history.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: About 2,600 years ago, Lord Gautama Buddha sat with his back against an Esathu tree on the banks of the Neranjana River in Bodhgaya, India. It was at this moment, as he sat against the tree, that the Buddha is said to have achieved enlightenment. In doing so, the tree also gained a venerated status. It became known as the Bodhi tree, and pilgrims came to see it even within the lifetime of the Buddha.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Later, in 236 BC, the Buddhist nun Sanghamitta Maha Theri was sent by Emperor Asoka from India to Sri Lanka. With her, she carried a southern branch of the original sacred fig. This branch was ceremoniously presented to Devanampiya Tissa, one of the earliest kings of Sri Lanka whose reign was notable for the arrival of Buddhism. In 288 BC, Tissa planted the branch of the Bodhi tree in his Royal Park in Anuradhapura.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, as it became known, has since been cared for and protected by Buddhist monks and dedicated kings. Statues, water canals, golden fences, and walls have been built around the tree over the centuries, and many vows and offerings have been made by Buddhists at the foot of the sacred fig.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: At times the tree has faced serious threats, and not only from wild elephants. Two storms in 1907 and 1911 resulted in broken branches. A vandal attacked the tree in 1929, hacking off another branch. In 1985, Tamil Tiger separatists stormed the site and massacred 146 Sinhalese-Buddhists on the upper terrace.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Buddhists on the Island have had a practice of visiting and paying homage to the most sacred Bodhi tree. It is an annual custom for pilgrims from far-away villages to visit the city of Anuradhapura and to pay homage to the Sri Maha Bodhi. The caretaker of this site provides various offerings on a daily basis. The Buddhists in general have a strong belief that offerings made to the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi have produced significant and positive changes in their life. It has also been customary for many Buddhists to make a special vow before the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi for the safe delivery of their babies without malformations and for many other cures. It has also been a long tradition among farmers around Anuradhapura to offer the Sri Maha Bodhi tree the rice prepared from their first paddy harvest. They strongly believe that such offerings lead to a sustained paddy production with the least sufferings from drought as well as pest attacks, including elephant damage.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: In the 3rd century BC, it was brought to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta Theri (Pali; Skt.: Sanghamitra), the daughter of Emperor Asoka and founder of an order of Buddhist nuns in Sri Lanka. In 288 BC it was planted by King Devanampiya Tissa on a high terrace about above the ground in the Mahamevnāwa Park in Anuradhapura and surrounded by railings.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Several ancient kings have contributed in developing this religious site. King Vasabha (65 - 107 AD) placed four Buddha statues in four side of the sacred tree. King Voharika Tissa (214 - 236 AD) added metallic statues. King Mahanaga (569 - 571 AD) constructed a water canal around the sacred tree and King Sena II (846 - 866 AD) renovated it.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The present wall was constructed by "Ilupandeniye Athtadassi" Thero during the reign of King Kirti Sri Rajasinha (r. 1747-1782), to protect it from wild elephants which might have damaged the tree. The height of the wall is ; and in thickness; its length from north to south is and from east to west .


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The first golden fence around the sacred tree was constructed by some Buddhist followers in Kandy under the guidance of "Yatirawana Narada" Thero in 1969. The iron fence below the above golden fence was created by people of "Gonagala" under the guidance of "Yagirala Pannananda" Thero.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Two statues of Buddha can be seen in the image-house; a stone-standing-statue is in the right side of the stone wall. The cobra-stone is a very rare creation, showing the embossed figure of cobra. Several monolith heads with plain incisions are in this religious site.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: The largest – and also in other aspects the most spectacular – stone image of a seated Buddha in Sri Lanka is located since about the sixth century on the premises of the Śrī Mahā Bodhi Shrine at the Mahāvihāra complex at Anurādhapura. The statue is carved out of a single slab of dolomite marble, measures 3.3 metres in height and is since 1911 installed in the image-house located east of the sacred Bodhi-tree. This Buddha is presumably the only known Sri Lankan Buddha seated in the “diamond posture” ("vajraparyaṅkāsana") with both soles pointing upwards, and displaying the gesture of touching the earth ("bhūmisparśa-mudrā" or "māravijaya-mudrā"). All other seated Sri Lankan Buddhas usually rest in the “noble posture” ("sattvaparyaṅkāsana") with the right leg placed upon the left leg with only the sole of the right foot visible, displaying instead the gesture of meditation with both hands placed in the lap ("dhyāna-mudrā"). The gesture of touching the earth ("bhūmisparśa-mudrā") symbolizes Buddha Siddhartha’s defeat of Māra ("māravijaya") and subsequent enlightenment under the Bodhi-tree at Bodhgayā (Gayā district, Bihar, N.-E. India). The only known Sri Lankan Buddha image displaying the "bhūmisparśa-mudrā" is thus fittingly placed beside the principal Bodhi-tree of Sri Lanka located at the Mahāvihāra complex. This Buddha was commissioned to be installed in the Śrī Mahā Bodhi Shrine and likely copied after an early North-Eastern Indian Pāla style image. Faxian, the Chinese pilgrim, left the following account of his visit to the Śrī Mahā Bodhi Shrine during his stay in Sri Lanka in the years 411 to 413 AD, which was during the reign of King Mahānāma (c. 406–428 AD): “"At the foot of the tree a shrine has been built, with the image of Buddha seated inside, an object of ceaseless worship to priests and laymen"”. The image seen by Faxian in the early 5th century cannot be the one installed at present in the Śrī Mahā Bodhi Shrine at the Mahāvihāra complex, dating earliest from the 6th century. Therefore it can be concluded that the present Buddha image was likely not the first one to be installed near the Bodhi tree, but possibly the first depicted with the gesture of touching the earth ("bhūmisparśa-mudrā"). Buddha of the Śrī Mahā Bodhi Shrine


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Ruins of an ancient building called Mayura Pirivena (Mayura Monastery) have been found to the south-west of the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi, and the ruins of a stupa called Dakkhina Tupa (Southern Monastery) can be seen nearby.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: According to the ancient chronicles in Sri Lanka, some walls and terraces had been built surrounding the sacred tree at some time in the past. Mahavamsa states that King Gothabhaya (249 – 262 AD) built a rubble wall. Dipavamsa reports that a rock-laid terrace and a lattice wall was built by King Kirthi Sri Meghavarna (302 - 330 AD).


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: During excavation for reconstructing the present wall, the rubble wall with its foundation created by King Gotabhya, and the rock-laid terrace together with a lattice wall constructed by King Kirthi Sri Meghavarna were found. These were preserved at place, and were opened to public in January 2010.


title: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi

text: Two branches of the sacred tree were broken during separate storms in 1907 and 1911. An individual called Katuwawala Jamis, cut down a branch in 1929. Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam shot and massacred a number of Sinhalese-Buddhists on the upper terrace in 1985. This incident is known as the Anuradhapura massacre.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Mushroom hunting, mushrooming, mushroom picking, mushroom foraging, and similar terms describe the activity of gathering mushrooms in the wild, typically for culinary use. This practice is popular throughout most of Europe, Australia, Japan, Korea, parts of the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent, as well as the temperate regions of Canada and the United States.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Morphological characteristics of the caps of mushroom, such as those illustrated in the above chart, are essential for correct visual mushroom identification.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Numerous field guides on mushrooms are available and recommended to help distinguish safe, edible mushrooms from the many poisonous or inedible species.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: A spore print is a mushroom identification technique commonly used by mycologists and mushroom hunters to help identify the genus of a specimen and differentiate between similar looking species.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Knowing where and when to search for mushrooms is an important identification skill that takes practice. Most mushroom species require specific conditions. For example, some species only grow at the base of a certain type of tree. Finding a desired species that is known to grow in a certain region can be a challenge.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Mushroom hunting can be associated with significant health risks if it is done without caution since many mushrooms that are safe for consumption have lethally poisonous lookalikes. Even if consuming a poisonous mushroom does not result in death, some can still cause permanent organ damage. Mushroom poisoning kills an average of seven people every year in the United States alone and sickens thousands more.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Many mushroom guidebooks call attention to similarities between species, especially significant if an edible species is similar to, or commonly confused with, one that is potentially harmful.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: "Little brown mushrooms" (or LBMs) refers to a large number of small, dull-coloured agaric species, with few uniquely distinguishing macromorphological characteristics. As a result, LBMs typically range from difficult to impossible for mushroom hunters to identify. Experienced mushroom hunters may discern more subtle identifying traits that help narrow the mushroom down to a particular genus or group of species, but exact identification of LBMs often requires close examination of microscopic characteristics plus a certain degree of familiarity or specialization in that particular group.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: For mycologists, LBMs are the equivalent of LBJs ("little brown jobs") and DYCs ("damned yellow composites") that are the bane of ornithologists and botanists, respectively.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: "Big white mushroom" (or BWM) is also sometimes used to describe groups of difficult to identify larger and paler agarics, many of which are in the genus "Clitocybe."


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The "Amanita muscaria"s psychotropic properties have been traditionally used by shamans in Siberia in their rituals. However, its use for such purposes is very rare today, despite the mushroom's abundance and in part because of its severe side effects.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The "Psilocybe semilanceata" is more sought after for its hallucinogenic properties. It is more popular for recreational use than "A. muscaria" due to its reduced side effects. The use of "P. semilanceata" may be hindered by its small size, requiring larger quantities to take effect and being hard to spot.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Other Psilocybe species are abundant in the American south and west, as well as Mexico, where they have been used by traditional shamans for centuries. In the west, mushroom pickers may frequent cow pastures looking for psilocybes. This can be dangerous, as many species can grow in pastures and amateurs often misidentify psilocybes.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: There are treatments to reduce or eliminate the toxicity of certain (but not all) poisonous species to the point where they may be edible. For instance, false morels are deadly when eaten raw or incorrectly prepared, but their toxins can be reduced by a proper method of parboiling. Prepared in this way, this mushroom is widely used and considered a delicacy in many European countries, although recent research suggests that there may still be long-term health consequences from eating it.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The popularity of mushroom picking in some parts of the world has led to mushroom festivals. The festivals are usually between September and October, depending on the mushrooms available in a particular region. Festivals in North America include:


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Nuclear fallout from the Chernobyl disaster is an important issue concerning mushroom picking in Europe. Due to the wide spread of their mycelium, mushrooms tend to accumulate more radioactive caesium-137 than surrounding soil and other organisms. State agencies (e.g. Bellesrad in Belarus) monitor and analyze the degree of radionuclide accumulation in various wild species of plants and animals. In particular, Bellesrad claims that Svinushka ("Paxillus" ssp.), Maslenok ("Suillus" ssp.), Mokhovik ("Xerocomus" ssp.), and Horkushka ("Lactarius rufus") are the worst ones in this respect. The safest one is Opyonok Osyenniy ("Armillaria mellea"). This is an issue not only in Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia: the fallout also reached western Europe, and until recently the German government discouraged people gathering certain mushrooms.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: A large number of mushroom species are favored for eating by mushroom hunters. The king bolete is a popular delicacy. Sulphur shelf (also known as "chicken mushroom" and "chicken of the woods") is often gathered because it occurs in bulk, recurs year after year, is easily identified, and has a wide variety of culinary uses. Pine mushrooms, chanterelles, morels, oyster mushrooms, puffballs and polypores are among the most popular types of mushrooms to gather, most of these being fairly simple to properly identify by anyone with practice. Much more care, education, and experience is typically required to make a positive identification of many species, however, and as such, few collect from more dangerous groups, such as "Amanita", which include some of the most toxic mushrooms in existence.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: mushroom species mentioned in each group are listed at the end of the paragraph using the following convention:


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The genus "Macrolepiota", usually "Macrolepiota procera", and, to a lesser extent, "Macrolepiota rhacodes" are highly regarded, especially in Europe, being very palatable and very large, with specimens of "M. procera" as high as one metre being reported.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: While the family of amanitas are approached with extreme caution, as it contains the lethal "Amanita phalloides" and "Amanita virosa", those confident in their skills often pick the "Amanita rubescens", which is highly prized in Europe and to a much lesser extent in Russia, accounted by some not to superior taste, but to its relation to the "Amanita caesarea", which is not found in Russia, but was considered a delicacy worthy of the emperor in Ancient Rome.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: This order is often viewed as the order of "noble" mushrooms, containing few poisonous species, identifiable with relative ease, and having superior palatability. The most notable species is the "Boletus edulis", the "mushroom king", an almost legendary, relatively rare mushroom, edible in almost any (even raw) form, and commonly considered "the" best-tasting mushroom. (It is common to confuse the Russian name, literally "white mushroom", with champignons, often known in English as "white mushrooms".)


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The genus "Leccinum" includes two well-known mushroom species named after the trees they can usually be found next to. The "Leccinum aurantiacum" (as well as the "Leccinum versipelle"), found under aspen trees, and the "Leccinum scabrum" (as well as the "L. holopus"), found under birch trees. The latter species, are significantly different in cap colour only. Both types are very sought after, being highly palatable and more common than the B. edulis.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The genus "Suillus", characterised by its slimy cap, is another prized mushroom, the "Suillus luteus" and "Suillus granulatus" being its most common varieties, and while abundant in some parts of Eurasia, is a rare occurrence in others. It is easy to identify and very palatable.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The genus "Xerocomus" is generally considered a less desirable (though mostly edible) mushroom group, due to common abundant mould growth on their caps, which can make them poisonous. The "Xerocomus badius", however is an exception, being moderately sought after, especially in Europe. Some scientific classifications now consider species in the genus "Xerocomus" as members of "Boletus".


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The "Cantharellus cibarius" is a common and popular mushroom in Europe. It is edible and highly palatable. It is very rarely infested by worms or larvae, has a unique appearance, and when rotting, the decomposed parts are easily distinguishable and separable from those that are edible.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Craterellus cornucopioides and Craterellus tubaeformis are also very popular mushrooms, and dry well.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The "Gyromitra esculenta" is considered poisonous, but can be consumed if dried and stored for over a year according to Slavic literature. It can be used to supplement or replace morel (see "Morchellaceae" below) mushrooms, while Western literature claims that even the fumes of the mushroom are dangerous. It is similar to morels both in appearance and palatability.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The morel, "Morchella esculenta" is highly prized in Western Europe, India and North America. It is significantly less prized in Slavic countries where it is considered marginally edible with mediocre palatability. Boiling the mushroom and discarding the water is often recommended.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: Members of the genus "Lactarius", as the name suggests, lactate a milky liquid when wounded and are often scoffed upon by Western literature. The "Lactarius deliciosus" is however regarded as one of the most palatable mushrooms in Slavic culture, comparable to the "Boletus edulis". Also considered as similarly palatable are the species "Lactarius necator" and particularly "Lactarius resimus". Thermal treatment may however be necessary in some cases. The "Lactarius pubescens" has a less appealing, bitter taste.


title: Mushroom hunting

text: The Russula family includes over 750 species of mushroom. They are one of the most common and abundant mushrooms in Eurasia. Their cap colours can be red, brown, yellow, blue and green. Due to their prevalence, large shape and bright colours, they can be easily spotted. The "Russula vesca" species, one of the many red-capped varieties, is one of the most common, is reasonably palatable and can be eaten raw. The edible Russulas have a mild taste, compared to many inedible or poisonous species that have a strong hot or bitter taste. (However, this is not a defining feature of "all" poisonous mushrooms, as deadly poisonous Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa and many other poisonous mushrooms have mild tastes.) The "Russula emetica" (the sickener) is known to cause gastrointestinal upset and has a very hot taste. Due to their abundance they may be regarded as an inferior mushroom for hunting. They may be eaten if parboiled.