title: Summerland disaster

text: The death toll brought about a public inquiry that ran from September 1973 to February 1974. Denis Cowley QC acted for the Douglas Corporation. No specific individuals or groups were blamed and the deaths were attributed to misadventure, although the delay in evacuation and the flammable building materials were condemned. On 17 September 1973, three Liverpool boys – two of them 12 and the other 14 – appeared before Douglas Juvenile Court and admitted wilfully and unlawfully damaging the lock of a plastic kiosk next to Summerland. They were each fined £3 (equal to £31.86 in 2020) and ordered to pay 33p compensation and 15p costs. Changes to building regulations to improve fire safety were introduced. The centre was seriously damaged by the fire. Its charred steel skeletal remains were demolished in 1975 and then rebuilt on a smaller scale, construction commencing in 1976, with a smaller area of glass than the original, and a highly advanced fire extinguisher and alarm system. The centre reopened in June 1978.


title: Summerland disaster

text: Soon after the disaster, John Hinnigan was brought in from Blackburn fire and rescue to become the new chief.


title: Summerland disaster

text: In October 2002, torrential rain caused damage to several structures, as well as two landslides behind Summerland which dislodged two 50-tonne concrete blocks that had once supported the roof of the original building, but had not been removed in the wake of the fire. After a geotechnical team determined that the blocks could not be safely stabilised or removed, and that there was a risk they would fall into the buildings below, the site was scheduled for demolition. With the building also suffering from concrete cancer, the remainder of the site closed in 2004, and demolition began in January 2006. The west wall remains intact as there is concern that its removal may cause the adjacent cliff to collapse.


title: Summerland disaster

text: Forty years after the tragedy, a permanent memorial in the form of three granite columns was unveiled at Kaye Memorial Gardens, at the bottom of Summer Hill. It bears the names of those killed in the fire and is set into a circle of paving, alongside a stone laid earlier to mark the 25th anniversary.


title: Summerland disaster

text: On other anniversaries of the disaster many memorials take place, such as a memorial concert and a moment of silence at the location which is now a vacant site.


title: Summerland disaster

text: One survivor wrote about her experiences from the fire in a book entitled "Made in Summerland", which was published in July 2018.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: Elio de Angelis (26 March 1958 – 15 May 1986) was an Italian racing driver who participated in Formula One between and , racing for the Shadow, Lotus and Brabham teams. He was killed in an accident while testing the Brabham BT55 at the Paul Ricard circuit, near the "commune" of Le Castellet, France, in 1986. De Angelis was a very competitive and highly popular presence in Formula One during the 1980s, and is sometimes referred to as Formula One's "last gentleman player".


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis was born in Rome. His father Giulio was an inshore and offshore powerboat racer who won many world championships in the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: After a brief spell with karts, de Angelis went on to win the Italian Formula Three Championship in 1977. In 1978 he raced in Formula Two for Minardi and then for the ICI British F2 Team, he also competed in one round of the British Formula One championship and won the prestigious Monaco F3 race.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: At the end of the 1977 season, de Angelis was on Enzo Ferrari's short list to replace Niki Lauda. De Angelis successfully tested the Ferrari at the Fiorano circuit but eventually Ferrari decided to hire Gilles Villeneuve. De Angelis's debut Formula One season was in with Shadow. He finished seventh in his maiden Grand Prix in Argentina and 15th in the championship with three points.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis's performance with Shadow caught the eye of Lotus boss Colin Chapman, who hired him to partner Mario Andretti in . At the age of 21, de Angelis became the youngest Grand Prix podium finisher of all time when he finished second at the Brazilian Grand Prix, run at the Interlagos circuit.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: His first victory came in the 1982 Austrian Grand Prix at the Österreichring, 0.05 seconds ahead of the Williams of eventual World Champion Keke Rosberg. The win was the last hailed by Colin Chapman's act of throwing his cloth cap into the air. Chapman died in December that year and Peter Warr became the new Lotus team manager.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: In Lotus switched from the Cosworth DFV they had been using since , to Renault turbo engines, but it was a disappointing season, suffering multiple mechanical failures. De Angelis's best result was a fifth place in the 1983 Italian Grand Prix.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: In de Angelis had a much better season, scoring a total of 34 points and finishing third in the standings with three podiums. His best result was a second place at the Detroit Grand Prix. De Angelis was the only driver to finish in the top 5 in 1984 not to score a race win, showing his consistent performances throughout the season with the improving Lotus-Renault.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: In , de Angelis was joined at Lotus by Ayrton Senna, who had left the Toleman team. De Angelis's second win came in the third race of the season, at the 1985 San Marino Grand Prix, after Alain Prost was disqualified when his McLaren MP4/2B was found 2 kg underweight. De Angelis also claimed his last Formula One pole position that year in Canada. He finished fifth in the championship, with 33 points, five points behind his teammate. However, de Angelis chose to leave Lotus at the end of the season, frustrated that the team's efforts were being focused mostly on Senna.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis's drive for was with Brabham, as a replacement for twice World Champion Nelson Piquet, who had moved to Williams to join de Angelis's former Lotus teammate Nigel Mansell. Fellow Italian Riccardo Patrese was his teammate. Patrese was returning to the Bernie Ecclestone owned team after two unhappy years with Alfa Romeo.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: The 1986 Brabham-BMW, the BT55, was the brainchild of long time Brabham designer Gordon Murray. The BT55 was a lowline car with a reduced frontal area, the idea being to have a cleaner airflow over the car to create more downforce, while at the same time reducing the car's drag. The chassis proved effective, unlike the l4 BMW turbo that had to be tilted to an angle of 72°. This caused severe oil surge and an even greater lack of throttle response than the BMW had become famous for. Although the team worked hard to overcome these problems, it was clear from early in the season that Brabham had fallen behind the leading pack.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: In May 1986, during tests at the Paul Ricard circuit in France, the rear wing of de Angelis's BT55 detached at high speed resulting in the car losing downforce on the rear wheels, which instigated a cartwheel over a crash barrier, causing the car to catch fire. The impact itself did not kill de Angelis but he was unable to extract himself from the car unassisted. The situation was exacerbated by the lack of track marshals on the circuit who could have provided him with emergency assistance. A 30-minute delay ensued before a helicopter arrived and de Angelis died 29 hours later, at the hospital in Marseille where he had been taken, from smoke inhalation. His actual crash impact injuries were only a broken collar bone and light burns on his back.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis's death also saw the end of Formula One using the full 5.81 km (3.61 mi) Paul Ricard Circuit. F1 cars started using the 3.812 km (2.369 mi) "Club" version of the circuit, bypassing the Verriere curves where the Brabham had crashed, and cutting the length of the Mistral Straight from 1.8 to 1 km in length. The move was unpopular with many of the drivers, although most did like the reduced straight length as it was easier on the engines. Paul Ricard would not host a race on the full layout until , which featured sharper Verriere curves and a chicane on Mistral effectively cutting the straight to two 800m straights.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis's place in the Brabham team was subsequently taken by Derek Warwick, allegedly because Warwick was the only available top level driver who did not contact team owner Bernie Ecclestone immediately after de Angelis's death asking to replace him. McLaren driver Keke Rosberg, who was a close friend of de Angelis, retired at the end of the 1986 season.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis was the last driver to die in a Formula One car until Roland Ratzenberger died during qualifying for the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola eight years later. The day after Ratzenberger's death, de Angelis's former Lotus teammate (and by then a triple World Champion) Ayrton Senna died from injuries sustained in a crash on the seventh lap when his Williams-Renault crashed into the Tamburello Curve wall at over .


title: Elio de Angelis

text: De Angelis was a concert-standard pianist, and famously kept his fellow Formula One drivers entertained with his skills by playing multiple concertos by Chopin and Mozart, while they locked themselves in a Johannesburg hotel before the 1982 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami when the Grand Prix Drivers Association held a strike in protest at the new Super Licence conditions imposed by the governing body, the FIA.


title: Elio de Angelis

text: The French-Italian driver Jean Alesi, who broke into the sport in , wore a helmet that matched de Angelis's design, in tribute to his semi-compatriot.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: FeDerius Terrell Edmunds (born January 20, 1997) is an American football safety for the Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Virginia Tech.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: Edmunds attended Dan River High School in Ringgold, Virginia. Terrell started at both running back and defensive back over three varsity seasons but primarily focused on tailback, rushing for a career total of 2,438 rushing yards and 33 touchdowns on 263 carries, averaging 9.3 yards per carry. He also caught 43 passes for 396 yards and 3 receiving touchdowns, while finishing his defensive career with 112 tackles, 5 interceptions, and 3 fumble recoveries. He committed to Virginia Tech to play college football.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: Edmunds played a key defensive role at Virginia Tech starting at Strong Safety and sharing time at middle linebacker from 2015 to 2017. After his junior season in 2017, he decided to forgo his senior year and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. He finished his career with 196 tackles, six interceptions, and 1.5 sacks.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: On January 6, 2018, Edmunds announced his decision to forgo his remaining eligibility and enter the 2018 NFL Draft. Edmunds and his brother Tremaine released joint statements on their Twitter accounts regarding their declaration for the draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, but was unable to perform all of the combine and positional drills due to a pre-existing shoulder injury and after developing cramps.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: On March 14, 2018, Edmunds participated at Virginia Tech's pro day, but opted to stand on his combine numbers and only performed positional drills. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Edmunds was projected to be a third round pick by the majority of NFL draft experts and scouts. He was also ranked the third best strong safety in the draft by DraftScout.com and was ranked the sixth best safety by NFL analyst Mike Mayock.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: The Pittsburgh Steelers selected Edmunds in the first round (28th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft. Edmunds was the third safety drafted in 2018.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: On July 24, 2018, the Pittsburgh Steelers signed Edmunds to a four-year, $10.80 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $6 million. Throughout training camp, Edmunds competed to be a starting safety against veterans Morgan Burnett and Sean Davis. Head coach Mike Tomlin named Edmunds the backup strong safety, behind Morgan Burnett, to begin the regular season.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the Pittsburgh Steelers’ season-opener at the Cleveland Browns and broke up one pass attempt during a 21–21 tie. Edmunds started in place of Morgan Burnett in the season-opener and became the permanent starting strong safety in Week 3 after Burnett was inactive for four games (Weeks 3-6) due to a groin injury. On September 24, 2018, Edmunds recorded one tackle, deflected a pass, and made his first career interception during a 30–27 win at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in Week 3. Edmunds intercepted a pass by Buccaneers’ quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick that was intended for wide receiver Mike Evans, and returned it for a 35-yard gain during the second quarter. In Week 12, Edmunds collected a season-high nine solo during a 24–17 loss at the Denver Broncos. On December 2, 2018, he recorded eight combined tackles, deflected a pass, and made his first career sack as the Steelers lost 33–30 against the Los Angeles Chargers in Week 13. He finished his rookie season in 2018 with 78 combined tackles (55 solo), four pass deflections, one sack, and one interception in 16 games and 15 starts. He received an overall grade of 63.7 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked 66th among all safeties in 2018.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: In Week 2 against the Seattle Seahawks, Edmunds recorded a team high 11 tackles as the Steelers lost 26-28. Edmunds started all 16 games in his second season, recording 105 tackles, two for loss, and 3 pass defenses.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: In Week 2 against the Denver Broncos, Edmunds recorded his first sack of the season on Jeff Driskel during the 26–21 win. In Week 11 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Edmunds recorded his first two interceptions of the season off of passes thrown by Jake Luton during the 27–3 win.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: The Steelers declined to exercise the fifth-year option on Edmunds' contract on May 3, 2021, making him a free agent after the 2021 season.


title: Terrell Edmunds

text: His brothers, Trey and Tremaine also played college football at Virginia Tech. Trey and Tremaine also play in the NFL. Trey is a free agent that has played for the Saints and Steelers while Tremaine plays for the Buffalo Bills. Their father, Ferrell Edmunds, also played in the NFL as a tight end. Ferrell was a two-time Pro Bowler with the Miami Dolphins as a tight end. Along with Tremaine, he was part of the first set of brothers to be drafted in the first round of the same NFL Draft.


title: Falken Tire

text: Falken Tire is a brand of passenger car, light truck, and medium truck tires owned by the Japanese company Sumitomo Rubber Industries (SRI). It was launched in its native country of Japan in 1983, and was introduced to the North American market two years later and in Europe in 1988. Falken has now become a stand-alone brand that focuses on UHP (Ultra High Performance) products while utilizing professional motorsports to further develop and improve products for worldwide distribution.


title: Falken Tire

text: Sumitomo Rubber North America, Inc., formerly known as Falken Tire Corporation, is the corporate headquarters in Rancho Cucamonga, California, with a West Coast distribution center in Ontario, California. Additional Falken Tire distribution locations include warehouses in Illinois, Florida, New Jersey, and Texas.


title: Falken Tire

text: In June 2015, Sumitomo and Goodyear announced that they would dissolve their worldwide partnership. As part of the deal, Sumitomo bought Goodyear Dunlop Tires North America, which included a manufacturing plant in Tonawanda, near Buffalo, New York. The plant, rebranded as Sumitomo Rubber USA, began to produce Falken Tire-branded tires in January 2016.


title: Falken Tire

text: Falken Tire Corporation has participated in many motorsport activities, including the Tudor United Sports Car Championship IMSA, the former American Le Mans Series ALMS, British Drift Championship, Irish Drift Championship, Drift Allstars European Series with driver James Deane, Formula Drift Series Formula D, ADAC 24 Hours of Nürburgring and International Drift Series. Drivers for the IMSA GT Class were Wolf Henzler and Bryan Sellers, in which they co-piloted a Porsche 911 RSR. Sponsored drivers for the Formula Drift competition were Daijiro Yoshihara, Justin Pawlak, James Deane, Piotr Wiecek, Matt Field, and Aurimas "Odi" Bakchis. Current drivers in the British Drift Championship competition are Matt Carter, Paul Cheshire and Alan Green. Drivers sponsored in 2010 International Drift Series were Remmo Niezen, Lars Verbraeken and Lennard Wanders.


title: Falken Tire

text: Falken has sponsored racing series such as ALMS and domestic championships like Super Taikyu series, 24 Hours Nürburgring and drifting series such as Formula D and D1 Grand Prix. Falken was previously the title sponsor of the British Drift Championship until 2010 when Maxxis Tyres became the title sponsor.


title: Falken Tire

text: Since at least 2009, Falken Tire have also a team of spokesmodels that attend to all of the American Le Mans Series and Formula Drift motorsport events.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: Gaana is India's largest commercial music streaming service with over 200 million monthly users. It was launched in April 2010 by Times Internet and provides both Indian and international music content. The entire Indian music catalog is available to users worldwide. Gaana features music from 21 Indian languages including the major languages such as Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, English, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Urdu, Odia, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Maithili, Malayalam and other Indian regional languages.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: Gaana allows users to make their playlists public so that they can be seen by other users. They can view and favorite playlists. Its mobile app was launched to support almost all popular operating systems like Android, iOS and Windows. Gaana is priced at per month (within India) or $3.99 per month (outside India). Gaana becomes a subscription-only service after failing to secure fresh funds or find a buyer. And it does not provide customers with free streaming from Friday 9th September 2022.Premium version offers Ad-free music, HD quality music streaming and allow users to download songs to play offline.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: Gaana.com formed a partnership in February 2013 with South Indian Music Companies Association to acquire rights to music from 79 different labels. Consequently, Gaana.com had access to more than 45+ million songs. Gaana generates an annual revenue of US$5 million for Times Internet.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: Micromax bought a stake in Gaana.com in October 2015. In February 2018, Tencent also backed the company with an investment of $115 million.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: In May 2015, Gaana launched gaming innovation in their music streaming app. The music app has also introduced voice assistant feature.


title: Gaana (music streaming service)

text: On 8 July 2020, Gaana debuts a short video platform called HotShots after the Government of India banned Bytedance-owned TikTok. In 2022, Bharti Airtel initiated acquisition talks with Times Internet for Gaana.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Petroleum is a fossil fuel that can be drawn from beneath the earth's surface. Reservoirs of petroleum was formed through the mixture of plants, algae, and sediments in shallow seas under high pressure. Petroleum is mostly recovered from oil drilling. Seismic surveys and other methods are used to locate oil reservoirs. Oil rigs and oil platforms are used to drill long holes into the earth to create an oil well and extract petroleum. After extraction, oil is refined to make gasoline and other products such as tires and refrigerators. Extraction of petroleum can be dangerous and have led to oil spills.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Geologists and geophysicists use seismic surveys to search for geological structures that may form oil reservoirs. The "classic" method includes making an underground explosion nearby and observing the seismic response, which provides information about the geological structures underground. However, "passive" methods that extract information from naturally occurring seismic waves are also used.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Other instruments such as gravimeters and magnetometers are also used in the search for petroleum. Extracting crude oil normally starts with drilling wells into an underground reservoir. When an oil well has been tapped, a geologist (known on the rig as the "mudlogger") will note its presence.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Historically in the United States, in some oil fields the oil rose naturally to the surface, but most of these fields have long since been used up, except in parts of Alaska. Often many wells (called "multilateral wells") are drilled into the same reservoir, to an economically viable extraction rate. Some wells ("secondary wells") may pump water, steam, acids or various gas mixtures into the reservoir to raise or maintain the reservoir pressure and economical extraction


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: The oil well is created by drilling a long hole into the earth with an oil rig. A steel pipe (casing) is placed in the hole, to provide structural integrity to the newly drilled well bore. Holes are then made in the base of the well to enable oil to pass into the bore. Finally, a collection of valves called a "Christmas tree" is fitted to the top; the valves regulate pressures and control flow. The drilling process comes under "upstream", one of the three main services in the oil industry, along with mid-stream and downstream.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: During the "primary recovery stage", reservoir drive comes from a number of natural mechanisms. These include: natural water displacing oil downward into the well, expansion of the associated petroleum gas at the top of the reservoir, expansion of the associated gas initially dissolved in the crude oil, and gravity drainage resulting from the movement of oil within the reservoir from the upper to the lower parts where the wells are located. Recovery factor during the primary recovery stage is typically 5-15%.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: While the underground pressure in the oil reservoir is sufficient to force the oil (along with some associated gas) to the surface, all that is necessary is to place a complex arrangement of valves (the Christmas tree) on the well head to connect the well to a pipeline network for storage and processing. Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps (ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface; these are known as artificial lifting mechanisms.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Over the lifetime of a well, the pressure falls. At some point there is insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface. After natural reservoir drive diminishes, "secondary recovery" methods are applied. These rely on supplying external energy to the reservoir by injecting fluids to increase reservoir pressure, hence increasing or replacing the natural reservoir drive with an artificial drive. Secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by water injection, gas reinjection and gas lift. Gas reinjection and lift each use associated gas, carbon dioxide or some other inert gas to reduce the density of the oil-gas mixture, and thus improve its mobility. The typical recovery factor from water-flood operations is about 30%, depending on the properties of the oil and the characteristics of the reservoir rock. On average, the recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery operations is between 35 and 45%.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Enhanced, or tertiary oil recovery methods, increase the mobility of the oil in order to increase extraction.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Thermally enhanced oil recovery methods (TEOR) are tertiary recovery techniques that heat the oil, reducing its viscosity and making it easier to extract. Steam injection is the most common form of TEOR, and it is often done with a cogeneration plant. This type of cogeneration plant uses a gas turbine to generate electricity, and the waste heat is used to produce steam, which is then injected into the reservoir. This form of recovery is used extensively to increase oil extraction in the San Joaquin Valley, which yields a very heavy oil, yet accounts for ten percent of the United States' oil extraction. Fire flooding (In-situ burning) is another form of TEOR, but instead of steam, some of the oil is burned to heat the surrounding oil.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Occasionally, surfactants (detergents) are injected to alter the surface tension between the water and the oil in the reservoir, mobilizing oil which would otherwise remain in the reservoir as residual oil.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Tertiary recovery allows another 5% to 15% of the reservoir's oil to be recovered. In some California heavy oil fields, steam injection has doubled or even tripled the oil reserves and ultimate oil recovery. For example, see Midway-Sunset Oil Field, California's largest oilfield.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Tertiary recovery begins when secondary oil recovery is not enough to continue adequate extraction, but only when the oil can still be extracted profitably. This depends on the cost of the extraction method and the current . When prices are high, previously unprofitable wells are brought back into use, and when they are low, extraction is curtailed.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: The use of microbial treatments is another tertiary recovery method. Special blends of the microbes are used to treat and break down the hydrocarbon chain in oil, making the oil easy to recover. It is also more economical versus other conventional methods. In some states such as Texas, there are tax incentives for using these microbes in what is called a secondary tertiary recovery. Very few companies supply these.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: The amount of oil that is recoverable is determined by a number of factors, including the permeability of the rock, the strength of natural drives (the associated gas present, pressure from adjacent water or gravity), porosity of the reservoir rock, i.e. the rock storage capacity, and the viscosity of the oil. When the reservoir rocks are "tight", as in shale, oil generally cannot flow through, but when they are permeable, as in sandstone, oil flows freely.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Although recovery of a well cannot be known with certainty until the well ceases production, petroleum engineers often determine an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) based on decline rate projections years into the future. Various models, mathematical techniques, and approximations are used.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: Shale gas EUR is difficult to predict, and it is possible to choose recovery methods that tend to underestimate decline of the well beyond that which is reasonable.


title: Extraction of petroleum

text: The oil and gas extraction workforce faces unique health and safety challenges and is recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. During 2003–2013, the annual rate of occupational fatalities significantly decreased 36.3%; however, the number of work-related fatalities in the U.S. oil and gas extraction industry increased 27.6%, with a total of 1,189 deaths because the size of the workforce grew during this period. Two-thirds of all worker fatalities were attributed to transportation incidents and contact with objects or equipment. More than 50% of persons fatally injured were employed by companies that service wells. Hazard controls include land transportation safety policies and engineering controls such as automated technologies.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The fourth season of America's Next Top Model aired in spring 2005, with the shooting location being moved from New York City to Los Angeles. The catchphrase of the season was "Dive In."


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: These were the last appearances of Janice Dickinson and Nolé Marin as judges and the Beauty Tip of the Week was replaced by the My Life as a CoverGirl segment. The house that the girls stayed in the first half of the competition was later used in The CW TV series (successor to UPN with the WB) "" and the Oxygen TV series "Pretty Wicked."


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The international destination for the cycle was Cape Town, South Africa, the show’s first visit to Africa and only visit to Southern Africa.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The winner was 20-year-old Naima Mora from Detroit, Michigan with Kahlen Rondot placing as the runner up.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The prizes for this cycle were a modeling contract with Ford Models, a fashion spread and cover in "Elle" magazine, and a 100,000 contract with CoverGirl cosmetics.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The "Return to the Runway" special aired on September 20, 2005, preceding the premiere of the fifth cycle. In this "Where are they now?" episode, we learned:


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: Shannon Stewart, Mercedes Scelba-Shorte, Shandi Sullivan, Catie Anderson, Ann Markley, Norelle Van Herk, Eva Marcille, Amanda Swafford, Toccara Jones, Kahlen Rondot, Brittany Brower, Tiffany Richardson, Keenyah Hill, and Naima Mora.


title: America's Next Top Model (season 4)

text: The show was criticized for its handling of sexual assault allegations from Keenyah, who was sexually harassed by a male model on a photo shoot. The show has been criticized for not doing anything when the model stroked her inner thigh, moaned in her ear, took photos of her and harassed her repeatedly for her phone number.


title: Robinson R66

text: The Robinson R66 is a helicopter designed and built by Robinson Helicopter Company. It has five seats, a separate cargo compartment and is powered by a Rolls-Royce RR300 turboshaft engine. The R66 is slightly faster and smoother than the Robinson R44 from which it is derived. The R66 received both type and production certificates from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on October 25, 2010.


title: Robinson R66

text: Announced in 2007, the R66 was designed to be the company's first turbine-powered product and to extend its product range to compete with larger helicopters manufactured by Bell Helicopter and Eurocopter. Most of the R66 design is based on the earlier piston-engine R44.


title: Robinson R66

text: Robinson started taking orders for the R66 in February, 2010. It went into preliminary production in 2010, and full production in 2011. The existing two-seat R22 and four-seat R44 continued in production. A four-seat police version of the R66 has entered production with a forward looking infrared (FLIR) camera system, searchlight, and external public address (PA) system as standard equipment.


title: Robinson R66

text: In 2012, Robinson delivered 191 R66s while Robinson's competitors in the light single turbine sector delivered only 40 units between them. About 70 percent of the R66 production is exported. In 2014, the production rate slowed to about two R66s per week for a total of 101 for the year. In 2015, Robinson produced three R66s per week. RHC has contracted with Rolls-Royce to supply 100 RR300 turbines per year for 10 years.


title: Robinson R66

text: Russia certified the R66 in March 2013, while Canada certified it in June 2013. European EASA and Chinese CAAC certifications were granted in the second quarter of 2014.


title: Robinson R66

text: The R66 Turbine Marine with pop-out floats was FAA certified in November 2014. A journalist pilot described ground landing with them as "better than the standard R66". Retrofit floats are not available for the standard R66.


title: Robinson R66

text: On 25 January 2017 Robinson announced that it had delivered its 12,000th aircraft, an R66 to a charter and tour operator, Fly Karoo Air Services.


title: Robinson R66

text: On 17 July 2017, Robinson introduced the TB17 lithium-ion phosphate battery as optional equipment. The battery weighs , which is lighter than the previous standard and high capacity batteries.


title: Robinson R66

text: The R66 is a single-engined helicopter with two-bladed main and tail rotors, and a fixed skid landing gear. The R66 is constructed from advanced composites, aluminum alloy (sheet), and chromoly steel. Like the R44, the R66 has both electromechanical instruments and optional digital glass cockpit.


title: Robinson R66

text: The RR300 engine is more compact and lighter than the Lycoming O-540 six-cylinder piston engine that powers the R44—the R66 has a lower empty weight than the R44. The RR300 has a simplified single-stage centrifugal compressor which makes it less expensive and is expected to result in lower maintenance costs.


title: Robinson R66

text: At Heli Expo 2018, Robinson introduced a cargo hook as an optional equipment. This modification increases the aircraft's maximum gross weight from . It is currently available in two variants.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: The Republic of China Marine Corps (ROCMC; ), also known colloquially as the Taiwan Marine Corps, is the amphibious arm of the Republic of China Navy (ROCN) responsible for amphibious combat, counter-landing and reinforcement of the areas under the jurisdiction of the Republic of China (ROC), including the island of Taiwan, Kinmen, and the Matsu Islands, and defense of ROCN facilities, also functioning as a rapid reaction force and a strategic reserve capable of amphibious assaults.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: Established in 1914 on Mainland China, the ROCMC is considered an elite force within the ROC Armed Forces and is well known for its "Road to Heaven" stage in its 10-week amphibious training program.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: The ROC Marine Corps' official motto is (), the Chinese translation of ""Semper Fidelis"". The ROC Marines trains with the USMC though these are generally classified, unofficial, or with trainees officially considered by either side as "observers."


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: The Marine Corps Command () is subordinate to the Navy GHQ, the General Staff, the Minister of Defense, and the ROC President.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the ROC marines saw little in amphibious warfare for the Japanese dominated the seas & thus saw combat in the same form as the regular infantry.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: Likewise, during the civil war, the ROC marines were either absorbed as regular infantry units, or played as supporting role. However, in 1947, the ROC Marine Corps was reconstituted & saw action Mawei, Fujian.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: The Marine Corps used to be 2 divisions, 66th and 99th divisions, in size, when its doctrine focused on retaking mainland China. Since its transition to a defensive posture, the ROCMC has been downsized towards a focus as a small rapid reaction force, a strategic reserve, and has learned skills compatible with guerrilla warfare operations. The Marine Corps is by design trained and equipped for transport by the ROC Navy to conduct amphibious assaults to defend Taiwan's outlying islands and Taiwan's coasts.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: In 2004, the ROCMC redeployed a brigade near the Taipei area to defend against a possible PRC decapitation strike.


title: Republic of China Marine Corps

text: Since its formation the ROC Marine Corps has received training from the United States Marine Corps, from 1979 to 2020 that training was conducted secretly however in 2020 the annual month long training exercise held with trainers from the USMC's Marine Raider Regiment was conducted publicly.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Palm kernel oil is an edible plant oil derived from the kernel of the oil palm tree "Elaeis guineensis". It is related to other two edible oils: "palm oil", extracted from the fruit pulp of the oil palm, and "coconut oil", extracted from the kernel of the coconut.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Palm kernel oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats; these oils give the name to the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid palmitic acid that they contain.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Palm kernel oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, is more saturated than palm oil and comparable to coconut oil.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Oil from the African oil palm "Elaeis guineensis" has long been recognized in West African countries. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but palm kernel oil remained rare outside West Africa.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: The USDA has published historical production figures for palm kernel oil for years beginning October 1 and ending September 30:


title: Palm kernel oil

text: In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia's Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory. The Malaysian government also established Kolej Serdang, which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (UPM) in the 1970s to train agricultural and agroindustrial engineers and agribusiness graduates to conduct research in the field.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: In 1979 with support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (Porim), a public-and-private-coordinated institution. B. C. Shekhar was appointed founder and chairman. Porim's scientists work in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use. Porim was renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Palm kernel oil, similar to coconut oil, is high in saturated fats and is more saturated than palm oil. Palm kernel oil is high in lauric acid, which has been shown to raise blood cholesterol levels, both as LDL-C (cholesterol contained in low-density lipoprotein) and HDL-C (cholesterol contained in high-density lipoprotein). However, the raise in total cholesterol concentration is partly due to more HDL-C than LDL-C. Palm kernel oil does not contain cholesterol or trans fatty acids.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Palm kernel oil is commonly used in commercial cooking because it is lower in cost than other oils and remains stable at high cooking temperatures. The oil can also be stored longer than other vegetable oils.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The split-off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18, depending on the type of oil or fat.


title: Palm kernel oil

text: Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm (aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate).


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Phacoemulsification is a modern cataract surgery method in which the eye's internal lens is emulsified with an ultrasonic handpiece and aspirated from the eye. Aspirated fluids are replaced with irrigation of balanced salt solution to maintain the anterior chamber.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: The term originated from phaco- (Greek "phako-", comb. form of "phakós", lentil; see lens) + emulsification.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Proper anesthesia is essential for ocular surgery. Topical anesthesia is most commonly employed, typically by the instillation of a local anesthetic such as tetracaine or lidocaine. Alternatively, lidocaine and/or longer-acting bupivacaine anesthetic may be injected into the area surrounding (peribulbar block) or behind (retrobulbar block) the eye muscle cone to more fully immobilize the extraocular muscles and minimize pain sensation. A facial nerve block using lidocaine and bupivacaine may occasionally be performed to reduce lid squeezing. General anesthesia is recommended for children, traumatic eye injuries with cataract, for very apprehensive or uncooperative patients and animals. Cardiovascular monitoring is preferable in local anesthesia and is mandatory in the setting of general anesthesia. Proper sterile precautions are taken to prepare the area for surgery, including use of antiseptics like povidone-iodine. Sterile drapes, gowns and gloves are employed. A plastic sheet with a receptacle helps collect the fluids during phacoemulsification. An eye speculum is inserted to keep the eyelids open.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Before the phacoemulsification can be performed, one or more incisions are made in the eye to allow the introduction of surgical instruments. The surgeon then removes the anterior face of the capsule that contains the lens inside the eye. Phacoemulsification surgery involves the use of a machine with microprocessor-controlled fluid dynamics. These can be based on peristaltic or a venturi type of pump.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: The phaco probe is an ultrasonic handpiece with a titanium or steel needle. The tip of the needle vibrates at ultrasonic frequency to sculpt and emulsify the cataract while the pump aspirates particles through the tip. In some techniques, a second fine steel instrument called a "chopper" is used from a side port to help with chopping the nucleus into smaller pieces. The cataract is usually broken into two or four pieces and each piece is emulsified and aspirated out with suction. The nucleus emulsification makes it easier to aspirate the particles. After removing all hard central lens nucleus with phacoemulsification, the softer outer lens cortex is removed with suction only.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: An irrigation-aspiration probe or a bimanual system is used to aspirate out the remaining peripheral cortical matter, while leaving the posterior capsule intact. As with other cataract extraction procedures, an intraocular lens implant (IOL), is placed into the remaining lens capsule. For implanting a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL, the incision has to be enlarged. For implanting a foldable IOL, the incision does not have to be enlarged. The foldable IOL, made of silicone or acrylic of appropriate power is folded either using a holder/folder, or a proprietary insertion device provided along with the IOL.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: It is then inserted and placed in the posterior chamber in the capsular bag (in-the-bag implantation). Sometimes, a ciliary sulcus implantation may be required because of posterior capsular tears or because of zonular dialysis. Because a smaller incision is required, few or no stitches are needed and the patient's recovery time is usually shorter when using a foldable IOL.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Charles Kelman and Anton Banko introduced phacoemulsification in 1967. Kelman had the idea to use ultrasonic vibrations after being inspired by his dentist's ultrasonic probe and collaborated with Banko who designed the first phacoemulsifier.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Use of ultrasound in phacoemulsification can cause effects such as corneal edema, and macular edema after surgery. However, in some cases, use of ultrasound energy does not generate macular edema. The cause of macular edema in phacoemulsification is intraocular pressure fluctuation during surgery. Intraocular fluctuation can create micro bubbles and generate micro emboli in macular vessels that can cause micro ischemia in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL).


title: Phacoemulsification

text: A Cochrane Review seeking to determine whether glaucoma surgery combined with cataract surgery via phacoemulsification has any advantages over cataract surgery (via phacoemulsification) alone, found that eyes that underwent combined (glaucoma and phacoemulsification) surgery had a significantly lower intraocular pressure (-1.62 mmHg) compared to eyes that underwent phacoemulsification cataract surgery alone. The authors note that this finding is not conclusive, as the studies examined had many differences and poor reporting outcomes.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: A Cochrane Review of 16 trials seeking to compare the effectiveness of laser-assisted cataract surgery with standard ultrasound phacoemulsification found uncertain evidence suggesting benefits of one procedure over the other. A meta-analysis of more than 14500 eyes and 37 studies found no significant differences between the two techniques in terms of visual or refractive outcomes or overall complications.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: In a Cochrane Review, clinical trials comparing NSAIDs versus corticosteroids in the treatment of postoperative eye inflammation were uncertain, but there was some evidence suggesting patients treated with NSAIDs were less likely to develop cystoid macular edema.


title: Phacoemulsification

text: Recent advances in phacoemulsification technology involve combining the ultrasonic and I/A irrigation sleeve into a single disposable handpiece. This design reduces manufacturing costs, eliminates the risk of infection and provides better surgical outcomes


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: Coleus scutellarioides, commonly known as coleus, is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae (the mint or deadnettle family), native to southeast Asia through to Australia. Typically growing to tall and wide, it is a bushy, woody-based evergreen perennial, widely grown for the highly decorative variegated leaves found in cultivated varieties. Another common name is painted nettle, reflecting its relationship to deadnettles ("Lamium" species), which are in the same family. (True nettles and their close kin are in the distant family Urticaceae.) The synonyms Coleus blumei, Plectranthus scutellarioides and Solenostemon scutellarioides are also widely used for this species.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: "Coleus scutellarioides" is an upright annual or short-lived perennial plant. It may be as much as tall, with well-branched, more-or-less four-sided stems. Shorter, more trailing forms have sometimes been described as separate species, under names such as "Coleus pumilus" or "Solenostemon pumilus", but are all now considered part of the very variable "C. scutellarioides". The species is extremely variable in the colour and shape of the leaves. They are somewhat fleshy, varying in size from long by wide, generally ovate in shape, and borne on petioles (stalks) from long. The leaf margin is divided to a variable degree. Hairs are present on both sides of the leaf.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The inflorescence is borne on the end of a stem and, like the leaves, is very variable in size; it may be up to long, with few or many flowers. The calyx is bell-shaped, initially only long, but lengthening to when in fruit. The bluish-purple petals are joined to form a typical two-lipped labiate flower, long. The stamens are joined for about half their length and are covered by the upper lip of the flower. The fruit is described as a "nutlet", and is black, about long.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The leaves of the wild species may be somewhat variegated, but this has been developed to an extreme degree in cultivated varieties, whose leaves may include one or more shades of green, white, cream, yellow, pink, red, maroon and dark purple. Green coloration is due to the amount of chlorophyll present in the chloroplasts in the leaves. Red, purple, pink, and orange colors are due to anthocyanins – water-soluble, flavonoid biosynthetic pigments, found in the foliage in addition to chlorophyll. The increase in anthocyanin production is accompanied by a decrease in chlorophyll production. The production of anthocyanins and chlorophyll is affected by light levels; the more light is present, the more anthocyanins are produced, with an inverse relationship to the production of chlorophyll. Anthocyanins are created inside the cell and facilitate photosynthesis in leaves that are exposed to very intense or prolonged sunlight by providing protection from damage caused by ultraviolet light. Some coleus cultivars over-produce anthocyanins and under-produce chlorophyll to the extent that optimal growth is prevented.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1763, as "Ocimum scutellarioides". The genus "Ocimum" is best known for "Ocimum basilicum", sweet basil. The specific epithet "scutellarioides" (with the suffix "") means ""Scutellaria"-like". "Scutellaria" is a genus also in the Lamiaceae; its name is derived from the Latin , meaning a small dish or bowl.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: Genera and species related to "Ocimum", placed in the tribe Ocimeae, have been the subject of considerable taxonomic confusion, and "C. scutellarioides" has been placed in several genera and been given multiple synonyms. Robert Brown transferred "O. scutellarioides" to the genus "Plectranthus" in 1810. George Bentham transferred it to the genus "Coleus" as "Coleus scutellarioides" in 1830, and in 1832 also described "Coleus blumei", now regarded as just a variant of this species. Placement in the genus "Coleus" led to the name "coleus", still widely used by horticulturalists and gardeners, and now treated as a common name for this species. It was transferred to "Solenostemon" by Leslie E. W. Codd in 1975.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: A major phylogenetic study of the subtribe Plectranthinae in 2018 showed that the genus "Plectranthus", as then circumscribed, was not monophyletic, and the authors proposed re-instating "Coleus", then wholly submerged in "Plectranthus". A summary cladogram for the subtribe Plectranthinae, based on the 2018 study, was published in 2019, along with names in "Coleus" for all the species recognized in that genus. In the version of the cladogram below, the three genera that formed part of "Plectranthus" s.l. are highlighted.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: "Coleus scutellarioides" is native from southeast Asia through to Australia (the Bismarck Archipelago, Borneo, Cambodia, Southeast China, Java, Laos, the Lesser Sunda Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Maluku, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Queensland, the Solomon Islands, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Western Australia). It is cultivated worldwide and may be naturalized in other tropical regions. In its native habitat, it is found at elevations of , where it flowers and fruits throughout the year. It is winter hardy to USDA Zones 10–11.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The species was first introduced into Europe from Java in 1851 by a Dutch horticulturalist. At this time, there were few leaf colors and shapes. A wider variety was available by 1877, when the American William Bull offered seeds at 43 US cents each. However, by selecting for seed production, early flowering was inadvertently favored, and leaf color also declined in intensity. Coleus breeding revived in the early 1940s, and by the 1980s, the availability of an improved range of cultivars led to coleus becoming the tenth most important bedding crop in the US. More recently, vegetative propagation has enabled cultivars with novel leaf colors and shapes to be offered for sale. Plants with trailing as well as upright habits are now available.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The leaves of cultivars typically show sharp contrasts between their colors; particular leaves may be several shades of green, pink, yellow, "black" (a very dark purple), maroon, cream, white, and red (somewhat resembling the unrelated "Caladium"). The leaf shape also varies from broadly ovate to more narrowly lanceolate. The leaf margins may have small or large teeth or be wavy, as may the whole leaf. New cultivars with different leaf shapes and color combinations are constantly being created.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: In cultivation, plants grow well in moist well-drained soil, and are usually tall, though some may grow as tall as . Coleus are grown as ornamental plants. They are heat-tolerant, but they do less well in full sun in subtropical areas than in the shade. In areas without freezing temperatures, plants can usually be kept as perennials if well managed. In colder areas, they are often grown as annuals, since the plants are not hardy and become leggy with age. In bright, hot areas, the colors of the plant are typically more intense in shade than in full sun, and the plants require less water there. Coleus also make low-maintenance houseplants, and can often be propagated by clipping a piece of stem just below the leaves and putting the stem in water to root. Young inflorescences may be removed to keep plants more compact.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: There are two ways to propagate coleus. Seeds are inexpensive and easily obtainable, though named cultivars do not come true from seeds. To germinate seeds, simply sprinkle seeds on the soil surface and press down. Seeds require light to germinate, so should not be covered. They may be kept moist by growing in a container covered with plastic, or by misting seeds daily. Sprouts can show color in as little as two weeks. Alternatively, cuttings can be taken. Cuttings root readily in plain water, without the addition of rooting hormone (although it is still beneficial).


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: The downy mildew "Peronospora" sp. makes leaves brownish and can also cause leaf curling and twisting. It is harder to control this mildew on stems compared to leaves. Another disease is impatiens necrotic spot virus which causes brown or yellow spots on leaves, rings, black or brown stem discoloration, and brown leaf veins, ultimately resulting in plant death. The disease is spread by an insect called a thrips that carries the virus from an infected plant to an uninfected one. It only takes a few of these insects to infect a whole greenhouse.


title: Coleus scutellarioides

text: "Coleus scutellarioides", under the name "Coleus blumei", has been reported to have very mild relaxing and/or hallucinogenic effects when consumed. The effects of the plant have not been scientifically explored in great detail, but the plant is known to have been used by the Mazatec people of southern Mexico for its mind-altering effects.


title: Sung Si-kyung

text: Sung Si-kyung (; born April 17, 1979) is a South Korean singer, entertainer and television host. He debuted in 2001 and has released eight studio albums in Korean and two studio albums in Japanese. He has also hosted and appeared on numerous South Korean variety television shows including "2 Days & 1 Night, Witch Hunt," "Non-Summit, Duet Song Festival," "," "Battle Trip," "The Voice Of Korea 2020," "On & Off."


title: Sung Si-kyung

text: Sung's comeback track "난 좋아" (Even Now) released on his 7th album debuted at number 5 on Billboard's Korea K-Pop Hot 100 for the week of September 22.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Cartersville is a city in Bartow County, Georgia, United States; it is located within the northwest edge of the Atlanta metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 23,187. Cartersville is the county seat of Bartow County.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Cartersville, originally known as Birmingham, was founded by English-Americans in 1832. The town was incorporated as Cartersville in 1854. The present name is for Col. Farish Carter of Milledgeville, the owner of a large plantation. Cartersville was the long-time home of Amos Akerman, U.S. Attorney General under President Ulysses S. Grant; in that office he spearheaded the federal prosecution of members of the Ku Klux Klan and was one of the most important public servants of the Reconstruction era.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Cartersville was designated the seat of Bartow County in 1867 following the destruction of Cassville by Sherman in the American Civil War. Cartersville was incorporated as a city in 1872.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: On February 26, 1916 a group of one hundred men and boys took Jesse McCorkle from the jail and hanged him from a tree in front of the city hall and riddled his body with bullets.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Cartersville is located in south-central Bartow County, northwest of downtown Atlanta and southeast of Chattanooga, Tennessee.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: The Etowah River flows through a broad valley south of the downtown, leading west to Rome, where it forms the Coosa River, a tributary of the Alabama River. The city limits extend eastward, upriver, as far as Allatoona Dam, which forms Lake Allatoona, a large U.S. Army Corps of Engineers reservoir. Red Top Mountain State Park sits on a peninsula in the lake, just outside the city limits. Nancy Creek also flows in the vicinity. The highest point in the city is at the summit of Pine Mountain.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Cartersville has a total area of , of which is land and , or 0.59%, is water.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Interstate 75, the major north-south route through the area, passes through the eastern edge of the city, with access from five exits: Exit 285 just south of the city limits in Emerson, Exit 288 (East Main Street) closest to downtown, and exits 290, 293, and 296 along the city's northern outskirts. U.S. Highway 41, which is concurrent with State Route 3, is an older, parallel highway to Interstate 75 that goes through the eastern edge of downtown, leading north to Calhoun and Dalton and south to Marietta. U.S. Highway 411 passes through the northern edge of the city, leading west to Rome and north to Chatsworth. State Route 20 runs west to Rome concurrent with U.S. Highway 411 and runs east to Canton. State Route 61 runs north to White concurrent with U.S. Highway 411 and runs south to Dallas, Georgia. State Route 113 runs southwesterly to Rockmart. State Route 293 runs west-northwest to Kingston.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Cartersville Airport is a public use airport located in the west side of Cartersville on State Route 61. It is the home base of Phoenix Air.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 23,187 people, 7,835 households, and 5,285 families residing in the city.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 19,010 people, 5,870 households, and 4,132 families residing in the city. The population of Cartersville is growing significantly. The population density was . There were 6,130 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 63.93% White, 29.64% African American, 0.82% Asian, 0.28% Native American, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.76% from other races, and 1.53% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.28% of the population.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: There were 5,870 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.6% were married couples living together, 13.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.6% were non-families. 25.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.10.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 30.2% from 25 to 44, 20.8% from 45 to 64, and 14.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.1 males.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: The median income for a household in the city was $41,162, and the median income for a family was $48,219. Males had a median income of $35,092 versus $25,761 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,977. About 8.9% of families and 11.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.7% of those under age 18 and 15.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: Manufacturing, tourism, and services play a part in the economy of the city. The city's employers include:


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: The city is home to Piedmont Cartersville Medical Center and The Hope Center, making it a minor healthcare hub for the surrounding area.


title: Cartersville, Georgia

text: In 2017, the Cartersville Police Department arrested 65 people at a house party because of a suspicion that there was an ounce of marijuana at the party. In 2022, a federal court awarded 45 of the arrested individuals a $900,000 settlement due to a violation of their constitutional rights.On September 8 2022, Deputy Police Chief Jason DiPrima resigned after being arrested in a prostitute police-sting operation.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford is a town and the administrative centre of the Borough of Rushcliffe in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. It lies immediately south of the city of Nottingham, from which the River Trent divides it. Forming part of the Nottingham Urban Area, West Bridgford is a commuter town for the city. The population was estimated at 48,225 in 2018. The town is part of the constituency of Rushcliffe, which is held by Ruth Edwards of the Conservative Party.


title: West Bridgford

text: Most main roads in central West Bridgford are named after wealthy families that dominated its early history. There are also new developments. The roads in the Gamston development have names from the Lake District, and Compton Acres from Dorset and the Purbeck Coast.


title: West Bridgford

text: At the end of the First World War, the Musters family sold the Trent Bridge Inn and Trent Bridge cricket ground to the county cricket club. The club owned the inn only briefly, then resold it at a profit to a brewery. After pressure, the Musters sold land for building, but strict planning regulations were stipulated for the area then known as the West Bridgford Estate. This was planned over a grid of tree-lined roads. The main roads, such as Musters Road, had restrictions on housing density and size. All houses were specified to contain a certain number of bedrooms. Smaller houses were permitted on side roads and terraces were erected on roads such as Exchange Road for the servants of wealthy Nottingham merchants who had bought West Bridgford property.


title: West Bridgford

text: The result is a community separate from Nottingham, with no ties of governance to it. In Nottingham, West Bridgford was sometimes dubbed "Bread and Lard Island", implying that its people had spent so much on big houses and fur coats that they could only afford to eat bread and lard. It grew from a small village in the mid-19th century into a town of over 48,000 inhabitants by 2018.


title: West Bridgford

text: The northern boundary of West Bridgford is the River Trent. The river is spanned by two road bridges and one pedestrianised bridge allowing access from the town to the city of Nottingham. The bridges link in with safer cycling routes to Nottingham city and railway station, and to the university areas.


title: West Bridgford

text: The central West Bridgford area has a diversity of buildings, mostly Victorian, although larger properties are being demolished for development, as no protection exists for the common housing stock. St. Giles Church is medieval, but heavily restored at the end of the 19th century.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford has no town or parish council. It was created as an urban sanitary district in 1891 and became an urban district with an elected council under the Local Government Act 1894. In 1935, the parishes of Edwalton and South Wilford were added to the urban district. This then became part of the larger borough of Rushcliffe under the Local Government Act 1972.


title: West Bridgford

text: The town holds the headquarters of Nottinghamshire County Council at County Hall, a landmark on the south bank of the River Trent. Nottinghamshire County Council provides the uppermost tier of local government in the area. The town also holds the headquarters of the lower tier Rushcliffe Borough Council at Rushcliffe Arena, a joint headquarters and leisure facility on Rugby Road.


title: West Bridgford

text: Nottingham Forest Football Club play at the City Ground on the banks of the River Trent. The club was founded in 1865 and has played at the site since 1898. Between 1975 and 1993, Nottingham Forest was managed by Brian Clough and won a Football League title, two European Cups and four Football League Cups as well as fielding players Trevor Francis, John Robertson, Martin O'Neill, Stuart Pearce and Roy Keane.


title: West Bridgford

text: At local level, West Bridgford also has a number of football teams for all ages. West Bridgford Colts FC are the largest FA-approved football organisation in the country, running over 90 teams; the club includes West Bridgford Football Club the Senior section for Colts, which started in 2011 on Saturday afternoons in the Nottinghamshire Senior League. Also playing in the Nottinghamshire Senior League are Magdala Amateurs who play at the ROKO Ground.


title: West Bridgford

text: Trent Bridge Cricket Ground was first used for the purpose in 1838 and held its first Test match in 1899, for England playing against Australia. It is the third oldest ground used as a Test cricket venue after Lord's in London and Eden Gardens in Calcutta, India. Trent Bridge is also home to Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club, a first-class English cricket club.


title: West Bridgford

text: There are two rowing clubs in West Bridgford – Nottingham Rowing Club and "Nottingham and Union Rowing Club" – and a rowing shell manufacturer, "Raymond Sims Ltd". Several of the town's secondary schools feature rowing activities.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford has two major rugby clubs: Nottingham Moderns RFC in Wilford village and West Bridgford Rugby Club. Nottingham RFC moved its training base and reserve team ground from Ireland Road, Beeston, to Lady Bay after the 2005/2006 season. It plays first-team fixtures at Meadow Lane, just over Trent Bridge from West Bridgford.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford Hockey Club on Loughborough Road was the childhood hockey club of Olympic Gold medallist and former West Bridgford resident Helen Richardson-Walsh.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford was the location of the UK's first major out-of-town superstore. In 1964, an American company, GEM, opened a store on Loughborough Road. Despite ambitions, GEM's British operations were not a success, with only two other such stores opening. National concessionaires withdrew from these, and in 1966 the fledgling Asda superstore chain, owned by a Leeds, Yorkshire-based dairy farming conglomerate, Associated Dairies, acquired a controlling interest in the GEM operations. The Loughborough Road site still has an Asda store, although it was replaced by a much larger one on land adjacent to the old site in 1999. The original building was demolished and replaced by a car park and petrol station area.


title: West Bridgford

text: In 2018 Rushcliffe Borough Council appointed a team to recommend improvements and changes to the town. These include better road design, with landscaping points to improve the movement of people from Gordon Road through to Central Avenue. Both roads have independent retailers and national chains. Other proposals include moving Bridgford Road car park underground and putting retail space at ground level.


title: West Bridgford

text: The West Bridgford School and Rushcliffe School are secondary schools with academy status. The Becket School and The Nottingham Emmanuel School are Catholic and Church of England schools respectively, both in West Bridgford, but operated through Nottingham City Council. The Becket School is fed by primary schools around Nottingham, but only one school in West Bridgford: St Edmund Campion Catholic Primary School. The other feeder schools are Blessed Robert, St Edmund Campion, Our Lady and St Edward's.


title: West Bridgford

text: The West Bridgford School's feeder primary schools are West Bridgford Infant and Junior School, Jesse Gray Primary School, Heymann Primary School and Greythorn Primary School. Rushcliffe School's feeder primary schools are Abbey Road Primary School, Pierpont Gamston Primary School, Edwalton Primary School, Lady Bay Primary School and St Peter's School in Ruddington.


title: West Bridgford

text: Nottingham station is directly northwest of the town across the River Trent. It is the nearest railway station to the town.


title: West Bridgford

text: The former Manton Route from Nottingham to Melton Mowbray ran to the east of the town although no station was ever built to serve the town. Instead there was a station at Edwalton but it closed to passengers in 1944 with the through line to Nottingham not long after. Only a stub remains in use south of the old station site to Melton Mowbray as a test track. The site of Edwalton station has since been redeveloped for housing.


title: West Bridgford

text: There was also a station in Ruddington on the Great Central Main Line between Loughborough Central and Nottingham Victoria. But this closed in 1969 and since been left unused.


title: West Bridgford

text: West Bridgford UDC's own fleet of buses with brown-and-yellow livery merged with Nottingham City Transport in 1968.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Night Time, My Time is the debut studio album by American singer Sky Ferreira, released on October 29, 2013, by Capitol Records. The album was originally set to be released in 2011, following the singles "17", "One", and "Obsession". However, they became commercial failures and caused her label to postpone the album repeatedly. As a result, many recording sessions were held for the album; some of which went towards two extended plays (EP), "As If!" (2011) and "Ghost" (2012).


title: Night Time, My Time

text: The final result includes work from Ferreira and producers including Ariel Rechtshaid, Justin Raisen, and Dan Nigro, which marks a departure from her previously released material. Musically, it is an indie rock and synth-pop album that explores 1980s pop music, 1990s grunge, and various styles of rock, while its lyrics convey themes such as failure, love, and anger. The album cover, shot by film director Gaspar Noé, portrays a topless Ferreira in a shower. "Night Time, My Time" received positive reviews from music critics, who praised its sound; it has been recognized by numerous media outlets as one of 2013's best albums and was ranked by "Pitchfork" as number 43 in a list of the 200 best albums of the 2010s. It was a modest success commercially; it debuted on the US "Billboard" 200 at number 45 and on the Australian Albums Chart at number 40.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "Night Time, My Time" was preceded by the digital release of its lead single "You're Not the One", accompanied by a music video. Capitol Records also issued "24 Hours" and "Boys" as free digital promotional singles, and although it was not released as a single, a music video was filmed for the album's title track.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: After releasing the tracks "17", "One", and "Obsession", Ferreira announced that her debut studio album would be released on January 11, 2011. However, Ferreira's budget was dramatically reduced which led to the cancellation of the record; such release was substituted with the extended play (EP) "As If!", which was released on March 22, 2011. In November 2011, Ferreira announced that her debut studio album would be released in 2012, with a lead single planned to precede its release that February. The following month, she revealed that she was currently in the studio, working in her debut album with Jon Brion throughout 2012, and "possibly" with Shirley Manson and Greg Kurstin. In early 2012, Ferreira renamed the LP "Wild at Heart", and confirmed "24 Hours" and "Swamp Girl" would be included in it. Another song, entitled "Lost in My Bedroom", surfaced online that March. After releasing the music video for the track "Red Lips" in June, she stated that she had renamed the record once again, changing its title to "I'm Not Alright". The album was also briefly referred to as "I Will".


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Ferreira began working with Ariel Rechtshaid, whom she contacted and met after Rechtshaid had heard "One" and subsequently "liked" Ferreira's Facebook page. After her single "Everything Is Embarrassing" unexpectedly became popular on indie-oriented music blogs, Ferreira released another EP, "Ghost", on October 16, 2012. In early 2013, Ferreira intended to release an album composed of a mixture of tracks she had written and recorded with Brion and those she had written and recorded with Rechtshaid. After the album experienced more delays, Ferreira decided to keep recording with Rechtshaid and co-producer Justin Raisen in order to make the album more cohesive in sound, dropping the Brion-produced tracks from the record. After her record label refused to fund the album's recording sessions any further, Ferreira did so herself, with money she had earned from her modeling career to cover the costs of recording and equipment for these sessions. A majority of the album's content was completely recorded, mixed, and mastered in just a few weeks during August 2013. On August 29, 2013, Ferreira posted a photograph on her Facebook page indicating that the record was complete.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "Night Time, My Time" is an indie rock and synth-pop album, exploring different musical styles of those heard on Ferreira's second EP "Ghost" (2012). While the latter had a more "relaxed" sonic atmosphere—featuring electropop, synth-pop and acoustic styles—the album incorporates 1980s pop and 1990s grunge, while also drawing inspiration from 1970s art rock and 1980s psychedelic rock, new wave, and post-punk. The songs occasionally include guitars and "hard-hitting", as on "I Will" and "You're Not the One"; however, the album incorporates diverse music genres, including new wave on "Love in Stereo" and "24 Hours", and ska on "Kristine". Amongst other elements in the album's songs, are arcade game samples. The atmosphere of the album was said to evoke records of Best Coast, Garbage, and Siouxsie and the Banshees with "distorted tracks".


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Ferreira, who mostly sings in a low register, explores a multitude of lyrical themes. A prominent one is failure, provoked by record label manipulation and oppression. Ferreira stated that the record was her try at getting the listeners to "know [her]", and further said that in the record, she felt like herself and that she had control over such lyricism. However, another scope of themes is present on the record, such as love, inconstant relationships and feminism. Her personality is reflected through an array of states of spirit—frustration and anger are contrasted with vulnerability, "redemption" and self-confidence. "Night Time, My Time" was named after lines spoken by Laura Palmer in the film "" (1992).


title: Night Time, My Time

text: The artwork for "Night Time, My Time" was photographed by Argentine director Gaspar Noé at Hotel Amour in Paris, and was unveiled by Ferreira on October 10, 2013. It depicts the close-up of a topless Ferreira, whose left breast is exposed and is wearing a cross necklace, inside of a green-tiled shower. She originally considered using another picture for the album artwork, and was additionally encouraged by Capitol Records to choose an older photograph where she was seen with "long blonde hair [...] sitting on a bed looking cute [...] in a black dress looking pretty". Ferreira ultimately selected the topless image because she felt it more accurately reflected the nature of the record. The artwork for the album on most streaming services is censored and does not show her breasts. The uncensored version is available on the cover of the vinyl release.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "Night Time, My Time" was released as a digital download through the iTunes Store in the United States on October 29, 2013, where it was exclusively available until November 5, 2013. It was additionally made available for pre-order on CD and LP formats, although Ferreira publicly criticized Capitol Records when they were unavailable for its initial release and announced that she would self-fund the creation of vinyl versions. Following the launch of her third extended play "" in November, her MyPlayDirect store began selling bundles that included a green translucent vinyl pressing, a compact disc, a digital download, and a poster of the album artwork. Ferreira announced that the pre-ordered copies of "Night Time, My Time" were shipped on November 27, while Capitol Records released their own vinyl versions of the record on January 28, 2014. A limited edition that included Ferreira's second extended play "Ghost" (2012) was also released.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "You're Not the One" was released as the lead single from "Night Time, My Time" on September 24, 2013. Its music video, paying visual homage to 1983 film "The Hunger" and set in a high-fashion nightclub, was released on the same day. On November 25, 2013, Ferreira appeared on the program "Late Show with David Letterman", where she performed the single. "24 Hours" was released as a free promotional single on the same day of the album's release. A music video for the album's title track, directed by Grant Singer and released on November 27, 2013, sees Ferreira wearing a variety of wigs and lingerie. Natasha Stagg of "V" wrote that, in the video, Ferreira "embraces the title she's been deemed by dressing in provocatively infantile accessories" and "cleverly [delivers] the junkie role back in her detractors' faces." "Consequence of Sound" named the video among the best of 2013. Though not a single, on December 19, 2014, "Omanko" received a music video, directed by Ferreira's then-boyfriend, DIIV frontman Zachary Cole Smith, consisting of "silly homemade videos of Ferreira spliced with footage of her onstage performances" in a lo-fi quality. The video was later taken off of YouTube by a copyright claim from Universal Music Group.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Prior to the album release, US tour dates featuring Ferreira alongside Vampire Weekend and Smith Westerns were revealed. Due to a vocal injury, Ferreira canceled the tour with three shows remaining. On November 25, 2013, a live concert with Ferreira was held at Rough Trade New York, followed by a signing session. The attendance could purchase the original LP along with its "Night Time, My Time: B-sides Part I" EP. In addition to serving as an opening act for several dates of Miley Cyrus's worldwide Bangerz Tour, Ferreira also promoted the record at one-off headlining shows and festival appearances throughout 2014, punctuated by a five-date run of West Coast shows in November.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "Night Time, My Time" received generally positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 79, based on 30 reviews. Writing for AllMusic, Heather Phares complimented the record for being "consistently good", and elaborated that Ferreira successfully blended "her teen pop past with her current interest in indie rock in surprising, creative, and always catchy ways". Annie Zaleski from "The A.V. Club" commented that it seemed "like the first release on which Ferreira is truly engaged with the music she's creating", and placed particular praise towards her success in "portraying [herself] as a complex person who's successfully discovered her own voice." Lauren Martin from "Fact" appreciated that Ferreira "[tells] personal tales of familiar issues of love, heartbreak and identity in refreshed and engaging ways", which she elaborated was her personal "highlight" from the record. Carrie Battan from "Pitchfork" stated that "Night Time, My Time" was "one of the most pleasingly conventional and cohesive pieces of pop-rock to come along this year" for integrating "80s pop sparkle and full-bodied 90s grunge in a streamlined way."


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Writing for "PopMatters", Elias Leight felt that the fact that "Night Time, My Time" "[came] out half a lifetime after she started trying to make music" exemplified a "survive and stay" philosophy; he suggested that said dedication would provide Ferreira with career longevity. Kevin Leidel from "Slant Magazine" commented that the record had the potential of becoming the "gaunt, darkly painted neurosis" that would successfully "combat popular music's deluge of silly and crude self-affirmations." Jordan Sargent from "Spin" enjoyed seeing Ferreira confidently and comfortably "reveling in the swirling cacophony that is her sound and her life." Referencing its frequent delays, Lavanya Ramanthan from "The Washington Post" opined that "Night Time, My Time" "[normalized] the singer" and "might even have listeners rooting for her." However, Stacey Anderson from "Rolling Stone" offered a more mixed review of "Night Time, My Time"; she criticized it for "[sounding] like a soundtrack for "The Breakfast Club" remake playing in her head." Samuel Tolzmann from the Pretty Much Amazing felt that the quality of the record dropped off from "Omanko" through the remainder of the album. Benji Taylor of "Clash" panned the album as "cheap theatrics masquerading as inspired art".


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Several media publications recognized "Night Time, My Time" as one of the best albums of 2013. The staff from "Idolator" listed the record as their favorite record of the year, writing that the project "is not only a defining (long awaited) first statement, but a defying, perfectly imperfect middle finger in the air." It was additionally placed as the second best album by "Dazed" and "Fact", and the sixth best record by "The New York Times" and "Stereogum". The staff from Popjustice ranked "Night Time, My Time" as the ninth best album of 2013, simply commenting that "she did it." "Pitchfork" described the project as "blown-speaker, smeared-lipstick pop—would-be radio hits with that last topcoat of paint left incomplete", and acknowledged it as the 15th best record. "Rolling Stone", "Complex", and "The Guardian" respectively placed the album as the 21st, 25th, and 27th best record of 2013. "Consequence of Sound" listed "Night Time, My Time" as the 49th best album of the year, adding that "if teens are digging "Night Time, My Time", they're only a few steps removed from Suicide, Bauhaus, Siouxsie and the Banshees, and Blondie." Although its rank was not specified, NPR and "The New Yorker" recognized the record as among the best of the year.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: "Night Time, My Time" debuted at number 45 on the US "Billboard" 200, on the strength of digital downloads from its exclusive first-week release through the iTunes Store. In doing so, it became her highest-charting record in the country; by comparison, her second extended play "Ghost" (2012) reached number eight on the "Billboard" Heatseekers Albums chart. As of November 2014, the album had sold 39,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In Australia, "Night Time, My Time" peaked at number 40 on the ARIA Albums Chart. The album debuted at number 73 on the UK Albums Chart, selling 1,337 copies in its first week.


title: Night Time, My Time

text: Night Time, My Time: B-Sides Part 1 is the third extended play (EP) by American singer Sky Ferreira, released on November 25, 2013, by Capitol Records. It includes three previously unreleased tracks, in addition to the original version and the Unknown Mortal Orchestra remix of her earlier single "Everything Is Embarrassing" from her second extended play "Ghost" (2012).


title: Ranchera

text: Ranchera () or canción ranchera is a genre of traditional music of Mexico. It dates to before the years of the Mexican Revolution. Rancheras today are played in virtually all regional Mexican music styles. Drawing on rural traditional folk music, the ranchera developed as a symbol of a new national consciousness in reaction to the aristocratic tastes of the period.


title: Ranchera

text: The classic "rancheras" songs usually talk about life in Mexico not only in rural areas, but also portray life in Mexico at the time of the bandits.


title: Ranchera

text: That said, it refers to romanticizing canteens,charros "Mexican cowboy", firearms, love affairs and duels.


title: Ranchera

text: The word "ranchera" was derived from the word "rancho" because the songs originated on the ranches and in the countryside of rural Mexico.


title: Ranchera

text: Rhythms can have a meter in (in slow tempo: " ranchera lenta" and faster tempo: "ranchera marcha"), ("ranchera valseada"), or ("bolero ranchero").


title: Ranchera

text: Songs are usually in a major key, and consist of an instrumental introduction, verse and refrain, instrumental section repeating the verse, and another verse and refrain, with a tag ending. Rancheras are also noted for the grito mexicano, a yell that is done at musical interludes within a song, either by the musicians and/or the listening audience.


title: Ranchera

text: The normal musical pattern of rancheras is a–b–a–b. Rancheras usually begin with an instrumental introduction (a). The first lyrical portion then begins (b), with instrumental adornments interrupting the lines in between. The instruments then repeat the theme again, and then the lyrics may either be repeated or begin a new set of words. One also finds the form a–b–a–b–c–b used, in which the intro (a) is played, followed by the verse (b). This form is repeated, and then a refrain (c) is added, ending with the verse.


title: Ranchera

text: The most popular ranchera composers include Lucha Reyes, Cuco Sánchez, Antonio Aguilar, Juan Gabriel and José Alfredo Jiménez, who composed many of the best-known rancheras, with compositions totaling more than 1,000 songs, making him one of the most prolific songwriters in the history of western music.


title: Ranchera

text: Another closely related style of music is the corrido, which is often played by the same ensembles that regularly play rancheras. The corrido, however, is apt to be an epic story about heroes and villains, or the narrator's lifestyle.


title: Joint European Torus

text: The Joint European Torus, or JET, is an operational magnetically confined plasma physics experiment, located at Culham Centre for Fusion Energy in Oxfordshire, UK. Based on a tokamak design, the fusion research facility is a joint European project with a main purpose of opening the way to future nuclear fusion grid energy. At the time of its design JET was larger than any comparable machine.


title: Joint European Torus

text: JET was built with the hope of reaching "scientific breakeven" where the fusion energy gain factor "Q" =1.0. It began operation in 1983 and spent most of the next decade increasing its performance in a lengthy series of experiments and upgrades. In 1991 the first experiments including tritium were made, making JET the first reactor in the world to run on the production fuel of a 50–50 mix of tritium and deuterium. It was also decided to add a divertor design to JET, which occurred between 1991 and 1993. Performance was significantly improved, and in 1997 JET set the record for the closest approach to scientific breakeven, reaching "Q" = 0.67 in 1997, producing 16 MW of fusion power while injecting 24 MW of thermal power to heat the fuel.


title: Joint European Torus

text: Between 2009 and 2011, JET was shut down to rebuild many of its parts, to adopt concepts being used in the development of the ITER project in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, in Provence, southern France. In December 2020, a JET upgrade commenced using tritium, as part of its contribution to ITER. On 21 December 2021, using deuterium-tritium fuel, JET produced 59 megajoules during a five second pulse, beating its previous 1997 record of 21.7 megajoules, with "Q" = 0.33.


title: Joint European Torus

text: By the early 1960s, the fusion research community was in the "doldrums". Many initially promising experimental paths had all failed to produce useful results, and the latest experiments suggested performance was stalled out at the Bohm diffusion limit, far below what would be needed for a practical fusion generator.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In 1968, the Soviets held the periodic meeting of fusion researchers in Novosibirsk, where they introduced data from their T-3 tokamak. This represented a dramatic leap in fusion performance, at least 10 times what the best machines in the world had produced to that point. The results were so good that some dismissed them as faulty measurements. To counter this, the Soviets invited a team from the UK to independently test their machine. Their 1969 report confirmed the Soviet results, resulting in a "veritable stampede" of tokamak construction around the world.


title: Joint European Torus

text: A key issue in tokamak designs was that they did not generate enough of an electrical current in their plasma to provide enough heating to bring the fuel to fusion conditions. Some sort of external heating would be required. There was no shortage of ideas for this, and in the mid-1970s a series of machines were built around the world to explore these concepts. One of these, the Princeton Large Torus (PLT) demonstrated that neutral beam injection was a workable concept, using it to reach record temperatures well over the 50 million K that is the minimum needed for a practical reactor.


title: Joint European Torus

text: With the PLT's success, the path to scientific breakeven finally appeared possible after decades of effort. Scientific breakeven is the point where the power produced by the fusion reactions is equal to the amount of power injected to heat the plasma. Once breakeven is achieved, even small improvements from that point begin to rapidly increase the amount of net energy being released. Teams around the world began planning for a new generation of machines combining PLT's injectors with superconducting magnets and vacuum vessels that could hold deuterium-tritium fuel instead of the test fuels containing pure deuterium or hydrogen that had been used up to that point.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In 1971, the member states of the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) decided in favour of a robust fusion programme and provided the necessary legal framework for a European fusion device to be developed. In 1975, the first proposals for the JET machine were completed. Detailed design took three years. At the end of 1977, after a long debate, Culham was chosen as the host site for the new design. Funding was approved on 1 April 1978 as the "JET Joint Undertaking" legal entity.


title: Joint European Torus

text: The reactor was built at a new site next to the Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, the UK's fusion research laboratory which opened in 1965. The construction of the buildings was undertaken by Tarmac Construction, starting in 1978 with the Torus Hall. The Hall was completed in January 1982 and construction of the JET machine itself began immediately after the completion of the Torus Hall. The cost was 198.8 Million European Units of Account (predecessor to the Euro) or 438 million in 2014 US dollars.


title: Joint European Torus

text: JET was one of only two tokamak models designed to work with a real deuterium-tritium fuel mix, the other being the US-built TFTR. Both were built with the hope of reaching "scientific breakeven" where the "fusion energy gain factor" or "Q" = 1.0.


title: Joint European Torus

text: JET achieved its first plasma on 25 June 1983. It was officially opened on 9 April 1984 by Queen Elizabeth II. On 9 November 1991, JET performed the world's first deuterium-tritium experiment. This beat the US's machine, TFTR, by a full two years.


title: Joint European Torus

text: Although very successful, JET and its counterpart TFTR failed to reach scientific breakeven. This was due to a variety of effects that had not been seen in previous machines operating at lower densities and pressures. Based on these results, and a number of advances in plasma shaping and divertor design, a new tokamak layout emerged, sometimes known as an "advanced tokamak". An advanced tokamak capable of reaching scientific breakeven would have to be very large and very expensive, which led to the international effort ITER.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In 1991, the first experiments including tritium were made, allowing JET to run on the production fuel of a 50–50 mix of tritium and deuterium. It was also decided at this time to add a divertor, allowing removal of waste material from the plasma. Performance was significantly improved, allowing JET to set many records in terms of confinement time, temperature and fusion triple product. In 1997, JET set the record for the closest approach to scientific breakeven. It attained "Q" = 0.67, producing 16 MW of fusion energy while injecting 24 MW of thermal power to heat the fuel, a record that endured until 2021. This was also the record for greatest fusion power produced.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In 1998, JET's engineers developed a remote handling system with which, for the first time, it was possible to exchange certain components using artificial hands only. A "Remote Handling" system is, in general, an essential tool for any subsequent fusion power plant and especially for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) being developed at Saint-Paul-lès-Durance, in Provence, southern France. This Remote Handling system was later to lead on to become RACE (Remote Applications in Challenging Environments).


title: Joint European Torus

text: In 1999, the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA) was established with responsibility for the future collective use of JET.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In October 2009, a 15-month shutdown period was started to rebuild many parts of the JET to adopt concepts from the ITER design. This including replacing carbon components in the vacuum vessel with tungsten and beryllium ones.


title: Joint European Torus

text: In mid-May 2011, the shutdown reached its end. The first experimental campaign after the installation of the "ITER-Like Wall" started on 2 September 2011.


title: Joint European Torus

text: On 14 July 2014, the European Commission signed a contract worth €283m for another 5-year extension so more advanced higher energy research can be performed at JET.


title: Joint European Torus

text: Brexit threw the plans for JET in doubt. As part of its plan to leave the EU, the UK was to leave Euratom, which provides the funding for JET. Talks on the funding after 2018, when the 5-year plan expired, commenced and a new agreement to extend JET's operation until 2019 or 2020 appeared to be largely complete. These talks were put on hold after the Brexit announcement. However, in March 2019, the UK Government and European Commission signed a contract extension for JET. This guaranteed JET operations until the end of 2024 regardless of Brexit situation. In December 2020, a JET upgrade commenced using tritium, as part of its contribution to ITER. On 21 December 2021, JET produced 59 megajoules using deuterium-tritium fuel while sustaining fusion during a five second pulse, beating its previous record of 21.7 megajoules with Q = 0.33, set in 1997.


title: Joint European Torus

text: JET has a major radius of 3 metres, and the D-shaped vacuum chamber is 2.5 metres wide and 4.2 metres high. The total plasma volume within it is 100 cubic metres, about 100 times larger than the largest machine in production when the JET design began.


title: Joint European Torus

text: JET was one of the first tokamaks to be designed to use a D-shaped vacuum chamber. This was initially considered as a way to improve the safety factor, but during the design, it was also noticed that this would make it much easier to build the system mechanically, as it reduced the net forces across the chamber that are trying to force the torus towards the centre of the major axis. Ideally, the magnets surrounding the chamber should be more curved at the top and bottom and less on the inside and outsides in order to support these forces, which leads to something like an oval shape that the D closely approximated. The flatter shape on the inside edge was also easier to support due to the larger, flatter surface.


title: Joint European Torus

text: While exploring the stability of various plasma shapes on a computer, the team noticed that non-circular plasmas did not exactly cancel out the vertical drift that the twisted fields have originally been introduced to solve. If the plasma was displaced up or down, it would continue travelling in that direction. However, the simulations demonstrated that the drift rate was slow enough that it could be counteracted using additional magnets and an electronic feedback system.


title: Joint European Torus

text: The primary magnetic field in a tokamak is supplied by a series of magnets ringing the vacuum chamber. In JET, these are a series of 32 copper-wound magnets, each one weighing 12 tonnes. In total, they carry a current of 51 MA, and as they had to do so for periods of tens of seconds, they are water cooled. When operating, the coil is attempting to expand with a force of 6 MN, there is a net field towards the centre of the major axis of 20 MN, and a further twisting force because the poloidal field inside the plasma is in different directions on the top and bottom. All of these forces are borne on the external structure.