title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow Rowing Club, founded in 1871, is one of Britain's premier rowing clubs and has produced many Olympic oarsmen including Sir Steve Redgrave. The club is based by Marlow Bridge and exercises above and below the lock. The Olympic lightweight men's double-sculls gold medallist at Beijing 2008, Zac Purchase, is a former member of Marlow Rowing Club.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow F.C. is the oldest football club in the town, currently playing in Tier 8 Southern Football League Division One Central.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow F.C are the only football club in England to have applied for entry into the FA Cup every season since its inception in 1871. The first England captain Cuthbert Ottaway played for Marlow F.C. Ottaway was selected to lead the England team travelling to Partick to meet Scotland on 30 November 1872 in what is now recognised as the first international match to be played. The game ended in a 0–0 draw.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Another local football club, Marlow United F.C. plays in Tier 11 and finished 2nd of 14 in the 2016/17 season.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow Rugby Club plays at Riverwoods Drive. It was founded in 1947 and runs a range of senior, youth and mini-rugby teams.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: There are two cricket clubs, Marlow Park CC, and Marlow Cricket Club which was founded in 1829 and is now part of Marlow Sports Club. Marlow Cricket Club has three Saturday teams and plays in the Thames Valley League. The Sports Club caters to field hockey, tennis, running, cycling, junior football.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow Tennis Club was founded in 1899 and also plays at Marlow Sports Club. It has four floodlit all-weather courts and fields men's, women's and mixed teams in Bucks, Berks and Farnham Common leagues.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow Sports Club also hosts five other sports, hockey, running (Marlow Striders), cycling (Marlow Riders), junior football, and petanque.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: There are two regattas associated with Marlow; the Marlow Town Regatta and Marlow International Regatta. Earliest records indicate a regatta took place annually on the River Thames in Marlow from 1855. The latter transferred to the purpose built Dorney Lake, owned by Eton College, in 2003. Marlow still hosts its Original River Regatta which takes place annually in June.


title: Marlow, Buckinghamshire

text: Marlow FM is a local community radio station that was launched on FM on 11 May 2011. It broadcasts to Marlow and the surrounding areas on 97.5FM, and also streams over the internet. The station provides travel and news updates for the local area.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Anne McCue Graham Lotz (born May 21, 1948) is an American Protestant evangelist. She is the second daughter of evangelist Billy Graham and his wife Ruth Graham. She founded AnGeL Ministries, and is the author of 11 books, of which her best known is "Just Give Me Jesus".


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Lotz was born Anne McCue Graham, in 1948 in Montreat, North Carolina. Lotz is the second of the five children born to Billy and Ruth Graham. The Graham Family had settled near Ruth's parents in Montreat in what remains today as the Graham Family Home, Little Piney Cove.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Ruth was often the single parent for months at a time to the five Graham children. Of her upbringing, Lotz says, "[My father] was away almost full time. I was raised pretty much by single parents and grandparents, and then I didn't know any different."


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Lotz became a Christian at the age of about eight years old after watching "The King of Kings", a Cecil B. DeMille film, on Good Friday.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Anne Graham graduated from high school and shortly thereafter, married Dr. Daniel Lotz on September 9, 1966, at the age of 18. The young couple lived in Raleigh, North Carolina, where Dr. Lotz was beginning his dental practice. She had her first child at the age of 20, with two more in the three years that followed, and she did not work outside her home. Lotz says this was a hard time in her life saying: “Early in my marriage, I felt like I drifted from God just because I was busy – you know, small children, small house, all the business of being a housewife. But I sought God through the Scripture. That’s when I got into the Bible myself.”


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: In 1975, Lotz heard about Bible Study Fellowship, a Bible class for women that used a highly structured study method, and wanted a class to be offered in her hometown of Raleigh. She waited for a year for someone else to teach the class, but when no one else did, she decided to teach the class herself. The class immediately filled up with 500 people and had a waiting list. Lotz continued to teach the weekly class for 12 years. During this time, she began to receive many speaking invitations and in 1988, Lotz left BSF for an itinerant teaching ministry.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Upon leaving her BSF teaching class, Lotz founded AnGeL Ministries, a non-profit organization based in Raleigh, NC to undergird her ability to accept teaching invitations. Lotz says the name "AnGeL Ministries" takes her initials "AGL" and adds the "n" and "e" to form the word "AnGeL" because "angels in the Bible were messengers of God, and they went where God sent them and they give the message you put on their heart, and I felt that describes what I do."


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: In the early years of AnGeL Ministries, Lotz accepted invitations to speak all over the world: at pastor's conferences, at women's conferences, and world evangelism conferences. By the year 2000, she felt her ministry taking a different direction.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Although as a female evangelist she's encountered some resistance from conservative Protestants, her popularity is such that she draws large crowds across the world, and the "New York Times" in 1999 considered her one of the five most influential evangelists in the United States.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: In the late 1990s, though AnGeL Ministries was growing, Lotz's personal life became very stressful. Within two years, a hurricane devastated their property, her husband's dental office burned to the ground, their son was diagnosed with cancer and went through major surgery and radiation, all three of her children got married within an eight-month period, and her mother's health was failing, requiring multiple hospitalizations. Once again, Lotz turned to her study of Scripture for comfort. This time, she immersed herself in the Gospel of John and from that study, came her book "Just Give Me Jesus".


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Having experienced personal renewal as the result of her study of John, Lotz felt called to begin offering "Just Give Me Jesus" revivals in major arenas, both domestically and internationally for women who seek inspiration in their walk with God. Though the revivals are aimed at teaching women, men are not turned away should they desire to come, and there is no admission charge for anyone.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: In addition to her itinerant teaching ministry, Lotz is author to 11 books, including her signature book, "Just Give Me Jesus". She also wrote "The Vision of His Glory", "God's Story", and "My Heart's Cry". Other published works include "Heaven: My Father’s House", "Daily Light", "Why?: Trusting God When You Don’t Understand", "The Joy of My Heart", "My Jesus Is…Everything", "I Saw the Lord", and "Life is Just Better…with Jesus". Additionally, she produces daily radio messages, "Daily Light for Daily Living", that are heard on more than 700 outlets worldwide. Lotz's most recent works, "The Magnificent Obsession: Embracing the God-filled Life", made its debut in August 2009 and "Expecting to See Jesus: A Wake-Up Call for God's People" in July 2011.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Lotz's husband, Daniel Lotz, 78, died on August 19, 2015. He was discovered unresponsive in their backyard swimming pool two days before their 49th anniversary.


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: Lotz has been awarded four Gold Medallion Book Awards from the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association for excellence in Christian publications:


title: Anne Graham Lotz

text: She controversially stated that the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States were God's punishment on the country for transgender, evolution, and secularism.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: Equisetum arvense, the field horsetail or common horsetail, is an herbaceous perennial plant in the Equisetidae (horsetails) sub-class, native throughout the arctic and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It has separate sterile non-reproductive and fertile spore-bearing stems growing from a perennial underground rhizomatous stem system. The fertile stems are produced in early spring and are non-photosynthetic, while the green sterile stems start to grow after the fertile stems have wilted and persist through the summer until the first autumn frosts. It is sometimes confused with mare's tail, "Hippuris vulgaris".


title: Equisetum arvense

text: Rhizomes can pierce through the soil up to in depth. This allows this species to tolerate many conditions and is hard to get rid of even with the help of herbicides.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: Linnaeus described field horsetail with the binomial "Equisetum arvense" in his "Species Plantarum" of 1753. The specific epithet "arvense" is from the Latin "arvum", meaning "ploughed", referencing the growth of the plant in arable soil or disturbed areas. The common name "common horsetail" references the appearance of the plant that when bunched together appears similar to a horse's tail.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: "Equisetum arvense" creeps extensively with its slender and felted rhizomes that freely fork and bear tubers. The erect or prostrate sterile stems are tall and diameter, with jointed segments around long with whorls of side shoots at the segment joints; the side shoots have a diameter of about . Some stems can have as many as 20 segments. The solid and simple branches are ascending or spreading, with sheaths that bear attenuate teeth. The off-white fertile stems are of a succulent texture, tall and diameter, with 4–8 whorls of brown scale leaves and an apical brown spore cone. The cone is long and broad. The fertile stems are typically precocious and appear in early spring. It has changed little from its ancestors of the Carboniferous period.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: The plant is difficult to control due to its extensive rhizomes and deeply buried tubers. Fire, mowing, or slashing is ineffective at removing the plant as new stems quickly grow from the rhizomes. Some herbicides remove aerial growth but regrowth quickly occurs albeit with a reduction in frond density.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: "E. arvense" is a nonflowering plant, multiplying through spores. It absorbs silicon from the soil, which is rare among herbs. It has a very high diploid number of 216 (108 pairs of chromosomes).


title: Equisetum arvense

text: "Equisetum arvense" grows in a wide range of conditions, in temperatures less than to greater than and in areas that receive annual rainfall as low as and as great as . It commonly occurs in damp and open woodlands, pastures, arable lands, roadsides, disturbed areas, and near the edge of streams. It prefers neutral or slightly basic clay loams that are sandy or silty, especially where the water table is high, though it can occur occasionally on slightly acid soils.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: The plant is widespread in the northern hemisphere, growing as far as 83° North in North America and 71° North in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia and as far south as Texas, India and Iran. It is less widespread in the southern hemisphere, but it occurs in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Madagascar, Indonesia, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: The plant contains several substances that can be used medicinally. It is rich in silicon (10%), potassium, calcium, manganese, magnesium and phosphorus, phytosterols, dietary fiber, vitamins A, E and C, tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides and caffeic acid phenolic ester. The buds are eaten as a vegetable in Japan and Korea in spring. All other "Equisetum" species are toxic.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: In polluted conditions, it may synthesize nicotine. Externally it was traditionally used for chilblains and wounds. It was also once used to polish pewter and wood (gaining the name "pewterwort") and to strengthen fingernails. It is also an abrasive. It was used by hurdy-gurdy players to dress the wheels of their instruments by removing resin build up.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: In horticulture and agriculture, an aqueous extract of "E. arvense" has been approved for use as a fungicide in the European Union and the United Kingdom (since Brexit). Horsetail extract can be used to control a range of important fungal pathogens on crops, including:


title: Equisetum arvense

text: "Equisetum" is used in biodynamic farming (preparation BD 508) in particular to reduce the effects of excessive water around plants (such as fungal growth). The high silica content of the plant reduces the impact of moisture.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: "E. arvense" has been used in traditional Austrian herbal medicine internally as tea, or externally as baths or compresses, for treatment of disorders of the skin, locomotor system, kidneys and urinary tract, rheumatism and gout.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: Recent research has shown limited evidence of anti-inflammatory, diuretic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties.


title: Equisetum arvense

text: It was introduced into New Zealand in the 1920s and was first identified as an invasive species there by Ella Orr Campbell in 1949. It is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, prohibiting its sale, spread and cultivation.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: 22 Female Kottayam, also known as 22FK, is a 2012 Indian Malayalam-language thriller film directed by Aashiq Abu. Written by Syam Pushkaran and Abhilash S. Kumar. The film stars Fahadh Faasil and Rima Kallingal. It was set and filmed in Bengaluru.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: It released on 13 April 2012 and received positive reviews from critics. It was also well received at the box-office.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: Tessa is a nursing student in Bengaluru with plans of traveling to Canada for a career. She meets Cyril, a travel agency worker, when she is setting up her visa. They fall in love and start living together. Tessa loves him with all her heart and takes their relationship and cohabitation seriously.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: One day while at a pub, a guy misbehaves with Tessa and Cyril beats him up badly. The guy tries to take revenge on Cyril and searches for him. Cyril goes into hiding with the help of his friend Hegde. Hegde arrives at Cyril's home to inform Tessa about the situation. Then he asks her plainly "Can I have sex with you?" Though Tessa disagrees she is beaten up and forced to the bed. She gets raped that day. Cyril becomes violent and wants to kill Hegde. Tessa calms him down saying that she does not want to make the incident worse than it is; she instead wants to get to Canada at the earliest. Once Tessa recovers from her injuries, Hegde visits her again to ask for forgiveness. He comes while Cyril is not around and finds her in injury. He then rapes her again and leaves her. Tessa decides not to travel abroad and plans to murder Hegde.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: Cyril discusses the situation with his boss who suggests killing Tessa and appoints Cyril to do it. Cyril traps her by putting some drugs in her bag. The police arrest Tessa and she is imprisoned. While Tessa calls out for help, she finds Cyril simply walking away from her, which is when she realizes Cyril set her up. Cyril relocates to Cochin and runs a modeling agency. While in prison Tessa meets Zubeida who is sentenced for murder. Through Zubeida's criminal world connections Tessa realizes that Cyril is a known pimp and was cheating her along with the support of his boss Hegde. Zubeida and Tessa bond well with each other, and Zubeida molds a criminal mindset within her for the strength and courage needed to strike back at Cyril and Hegde.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: When the court sets her free, Tessa with the help of DK kills Hegde by poisoning him with a cobra. Next, she arrives in Cochin as a femme fatale in search of Cyril while pretending to be a model. Later one night Tessa hooks up with Cyril in his studio. Cyril who had recognized her earlier reveals it and angrily berates her. He beats her and abuses her by calling her a "slut who does any 'adjustment' to flourish her career" for stopping her further being a menace to him. But his frustration dissolves slowly as he wants to enjoy her company. She reminds him she is a mere woman.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: But at night Tessa executes her revenge plan and sedates Cyril and sadistically cuts off his penis. When he regains consciousness she tells him that she has removed his male organ through surgery. While Cyril finds himself in intense pain and bound to his bed, she taunts him to make him realize his faults and the gross wrongs he committed to her and rationalizes her crime. But he doesn't yield to her taunts and reveals a back-story concerning his mother and that his life as a pimp is not entirely his fault.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: Tessa tells Cyril that she knows that she is still somewhere in his heart. She reminds him that she has only lost someone who cheated on her, whereas he lost someone who genuinely loved him. Now Cyril is stunned that he is not even able to face Tessa. Cyril recollects that her love was true and his love was overshadowed by his male supremacy concept and greed for wealth. Over the days he admits his actions that caused her pain. Then Tessa leaves him but not before inviting him to settle the score with her, if any remains there. Cyril accepts the challenge of a true criminal as he is and taunts her that he will confront her when he is ready, most probably knowing that he has to settle the score with her in terms of true love with roots in violence. Tessa leaves for Canada, dismantles her cell phone, and cuts further contact with DK.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: The songs and score are composed by Bijibal and Rex Vijayan. The soundtrack album also consists of a title track "Chillaane" by Indian alternative rock band Avial.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: Ashik says that the concept of the film was in his mind for many years. "This concept was there in my mind when I was working on my maiden venture, "Daddy Cool". It stayed in my mind and I wanted to take it up at some point. I got the confidence to go ahead with the subject after the success of "Salt N' Pepper". This one is not the usual kind of storyline that will appeal to all producers. There is a certain amount of risk in it." After the success of "Salt N' Pepper", Ashik announced his next film "Idukki Gold". During the pre-production, Abu put the project on hold and started the work of "22 Female Kottayam". The film was scripted by debutant writer Abhilash Kumar (who is the husband of actress Lena) along with Shyam Pushkaran of "Salt N' Pepper" fame. Kumar had worked with Ashik in "Daddy Cool" and "Salt 'N Pepper" as an assistant director. Kumar says the story is loosely based on real-life stories about young women who move out of Kerala to Hyderabad, Orissa and Bengaluru in search of nursing jobs to eventually go abroad. The production controller of "22 Female Kottayam" is Shibu G Suseelan.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: "22FK" started production in December 2011 and was mostly filmed from Bengaluru. Shyju Khalid wielded the camera. He says that the film, which was shot on a multi-camera, was a big challenge for him. "It is a thriller-cum-romance movie. In the first half, there is romance and suddenly a rape scene, so I had to add a lot of grays to give that effect. And, the climax was the most challenging part, as it’s very dramatic and I had to add the proper effect to retain the mood. Here, the subject was a little dark so I could experiment, but in normal movies you can’t do much of an experiment. Also, you have to keep in mind the taste of Malayalis," says Khalid.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: "The Times of India" rated it 3 out of 5 stars, concluding that "The film has a theme as old as the Kannaki myth but comes nowhere near in terms of inspiration." One India commented that "22 Female Kottayam is like a fresh whiff of breeze" and concluded the review by adding, "Cheers for director Ashik for experimenting with such a novel and path breaking plot." Rediff also rated the film 3 out of 5 star praising the direction of Ashik by saying "Ashik adds a distinct style to his direction with 22 Female Kottayam." Sify rated it as good and said that "22 Female Kottayam may be far from perfect, but it is a movie in the right direction. Such efforts should be well appreciated, as it is a step that leads to better cinema." NowRunning rated the film 3/5 and said "Big hugs, Mr. Abu for gifting us with this fighter female, 22 years old, from Kottayam. And an extra big hug for not parading her as a virgin." Metro Matinee rated film as "Excellent" and said "Ashik's 22FK is a refreshing theme with superb execution."


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: "22 FK" is one of the low budget hits of 2012. The film made at a budget of 2.5 crore grossed 5.2 crore at the box office.


title: 22 Female Kottayam

text: The film was remade into Tamil as "Malini 22 Palayamkottai" with Nithya Menen and Krish J. Sathaar playing the lead roles.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Icewind Dale is a role-playing video game developed by Black Isle Studios and originally published by Interplay Entertainment for Windows in 2000 and by MacPlay for the Macintosh in 2002 (both the Classic Mac OS and OS X). The game takes place in the "Dungeons & Dragons" Forgotten Realms campaign setting and the region of Icewind Dale, and uses the 2nd edition ruleset. The story follows a different set of events than those of R. A. Salvatore's "The Icewind Dale Trilogy" novels: in the game, an adventuring party becomes enlisted as a caravan guard while in Icewind Dale, in the wake of strange events, and eventually discover a plot that threatens the Ten Towns of Icewind Dale and beyond.


title: Icewind Dale

text: "Icewind Dale" received positive reviews, being praised for its musical score and gameplay. It was a commercial success, with sales above 400,000 units worldwide by early 2001. An expansion, "", was released in 2001, and a sequel, "Icewind Dale II", followed in 2002. A remake by Overhaul Games, entitled "", was published for several platforms in 2014.


title: Icewind Dale

text: "Icewind Dale"s gameplay operates on a similar basis to that of "Baldur's Gate" in that it incorporates a modified version of the "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" 2nd edition ruleset in which the rules' intricacies are automatically computed; the game keeps track of statistics and controls dice rolling. It has a similar user interface with minor cosmetic changes, and focuses mainly on combat, often against large groups of enemies, with dialogue driving the main story. The player is able to order a character(s) to engage in movement, dialogue, combat, or other actions such as pickpocketing within each game location. Combat has a real-time as opposed to a turn-based system, though with the option of pausing at any time so the player can give the party orders which are carried out when the game is resumed. Like other "D&D"-based games developed and/or published by Black Isle, "Icewind Dale" employs a paper-doll style inventory system, the storyline is divided into chapters, and there is a journal system archiving quests and notable entries on specific story-related information from non-player characters.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Players begin the game by creating an adventuring party of up to six characters, either by creating new characters or importing those from a previous game. Each new character created requires the player to provide them with their name, gender, race, class, and alignment, and then determine their ability scores and weapon proficiencies. The class of a character affects what alignments are available to them, what weapons and combat styles they can use, and how proficient they can be in them. Characters designated as thieves require the player to allocate points to the various thieving skills, and spellcasters need a few 1st level spells selected for their spellbook and then one memorised for use at the start of the game. Once a party is created, characters earn experience points in the game through completing quests and defeating enemies, and level up upon earning enough. Leveling up will automatically increase a character's hit points, grants spellcasters access to more spell slots including higher levels of magic, sometimes allows additional weapon proficiencies, and allows thieves to improve their thieving abilities.


title: Icewind Dale

text: In the town of Easthaven, a party of adventurers are met in the tavern by the town's leader, Hrothgar (voiced by Jim Cummings), who invites them to join him on an expedition to investigate the town of Kuldahar, after reports of strange happenings there. On the road to Kuldahar, the expedition is ambushed by frost giants, who cause an avalanche that blocks the path back to Easthaven. With only the adventurers surviving, they continue to Kuldahar and meet with Arundel (also voiced by Cummings), the village's archdruid, who explains that a mysterious evil force has been kidnapping villagers, causing abnormal weather patterns, provoking monsters, and reducing the magical warmth provided by the giant tree that towers over the village.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Asking for their help to discover the source of the evil, the adventurers begin by searching the Vale of Shadows, an area containing Kuldahar's crypts, due to rumours of undead creature sightings. They encounter a cursed barbarian spirit named Kresselack (Tony Jay) who tells them that the threat lies elsewhere. Reporting this back to the druid, Arundel instructs the group to retrieve an ancient scrying item called the Heartstone Gem, so that he may discover the source of the evil more quickly. After finding the gem was stolen from its original resting place within a temple, the party travel to the caverns of Dragon's Eye, finding a number of the missing villagers being held there by lizard men. They eventually find the gem being used by a powerful Marilith named Yxunomei (Tara Strong). After killing Yxunomei and retrieving the gem, the party return to find Kuldahar under attack by Orogs, and Arundel mortally wounded by a shapeshifter disguised as the archdruid, who taunts them before vanishing. The true Arundel advises the party to take the Heartstone to Larrel (Michael Bell) at the fortress of the Severed Hand, the only one capable of using it now, before dying from his wounds.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Arriving at the fortress, the party discover that Larrel is insane, and complete a task to help him regain his sanity. Using the gem, Larrel discovers the source of the evil to reside in the former dwarven city of Dorn's Deep. Fighting their way through the city, the group eventually come across the source of the evil – a priest named Brother Poquelin (John Kassir). Poquelin reveals himself to be a demon who was exiled from his home realm by his superiors, and that both he and Yxunomei maintained a vendetta against each other that was getting out of control. Predicting she would follow him to the material plane, the demon sought a base of operation in the region to form a military force that could crush her. While doing so, he stumbled upon the ancient artifact Crenshinibon, which he claims had been "calling" to him. Poquelin immediately used its power to help him amass an army to conquer the lands of Icewind Dale, until Yxunomei's activities around Kuldahar led to the formation of Hrothgar's expedition. Seeking to stop it, the demon had his frost giant minions crush the expedition, but did not count on the adventurers' survival being a problem until they recovered the Heartstone Gem, forcing him to eliminate Arundel. Despite the party having found someone else to use it, Poquelin had managed to build up his forces, which he soon sent to Easthaven.


title: Icewind Dale

text: After a brief battle with Poquelin, the party finds itself transported back to Easthaven, which is now in ruins. After freeing the surviving villagers, the local cleric of Tempus, Everard, informs the party that Poquelin is going after Jerrod's Stone, a mystical object housed under the town's temple, which acts as a seal on a portal to the Nine Hells of Baator. Originally opened during a major historic battle between the combined might of the barbarian tribes and an army of a powerful mage, it was sealed shut by the sacrifice of the shaman Jerrod who led the barbarians in the conflict. Gaining entry into the demon's crystal tower that enveloped the temple, the group discover that Poquelin's true intention was to reopen the portal contained within the Stone, allowing him to conquer the North with an army of devils at his command. Although he successfully achieves this, Everard, having shunned the tale of Jerrod's sacrifice until finally understanding what he did, throws himself into the portal and seals it off at the cost of his life. The party then fights Poquelin in his true form as the devil Belhifet, and manage to defeat him, banishing him to the Nine Hells and escaping the tower as it collapses. In time, Easthaven eventually recovers, and the town is reconstructed.


title: Icewind Dale

text: In a twist ending, it is revealed that the game's narrator (David Ogden Stiers), was really Belhifet, who spent a mandatory century of imprisonment at the hands of the adventurers that is now close to end, and that he will soon walk the Prime Material once more to seek his revenge. (see "")


title: Icewind Dale

text: "Icewind Dale" is based on the BioWare Infinity Engine, featuring pre-rendered backgrounds and sprite-based characters displayed with an isometric camera perspective. This engine was used to power Black Isle Studios' previous games "", "Baldur's Gate", and others.


title: Icewind Dale

text: "Icewind Dale" was released on June 29, 2000 for Windows by Interplay Entertainment, and on March 26, 2002 for Mac OS and OS X by MacPlay.


title: Icewind Dale

text: "Icewind Dale" was well received by critics, scoring 86% from GameRankings and 87/100 from Metacritic. "Computer Gaming World", GameSpot, "The Electric Playground" and CNET Gamecenter nominated it as the top computer role-playing game of 2000, although all four awards went to "".


title: Icewind Dale

text: "GameSpot" Greg Kasavin gave the game 8.6/10, opining it is "well suited for fans of Black Isle Studios' previous games, fans of classic hack-and-slash AD&D computer games, and anyone looking for an action-packed role-playing game with a lot of depth". "IGN" scored it 8.8/10 and GameZone gave it 9.5/10. According to GameSpy's Allen Rausch, ""Icewind Dale" was a fun dungeon romp that can hold its head up high, even if it can't match its big brothers". The game's music score by Jeremy Soule received widespread critical acclaim. Chris Chan of the "New Straits Times" said the game was one of the best he ever played, and went on to positively compare it with "Diablo II".


title: Icewind Dale

text: The strongest criticism was that the gameplay was too uniform and was mostly combat-focused, with little interaction or investigation. Bob Low of the "Daily Record" noted technical issues such as poor pathfinding and occasional crashes. "PC Zone" criticized its similarities to previous Infinity Engine games. "IGN" ranked "Icewind Dale" No. 6 on their list of "The Top 11 Dungeons & Dragons Games of All Time" in 2014. Ian Williams of "Paste" rated the game #3 on his list of "The 10 Greatest Dungeons and Dragons Videogames" in 2015.


title: Icewind Dale

text: Kevin Rice reviewed the PC version of the game for "Next Generation", rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "a huge, engrossing game with the most action in the "Forgotten Realms" series, "Icewind Dale" earns its place on the hard drive of any self-respecting RPG fan".


title: Icewind Dale

text: In the United States, "Icewind Dale" debuted at #4 on PC Data's weekly computer game sales rankings for June 25–July 1, 2000, following the title's release on the 30th. Domestic sales for the period totaled 39,285 copies, which drew revenues of $1.71 million. Mark Asher of "CNET Gamecenter" called this performance a "mild surprise" and noted that the game was "doing well". It was the country's 16th-best-selling computer game for the month of June. After retaining position 4 in its second week, it dropped to sixth place in its third week. "Computer Games Magazine" reported that "Icewind Dale" was among the titles that "dominated the retail charts in the U.S. for the month of July". It was the United States' sixth-highest computer game seller of July and 16th-highest of August, moving 21,923 units and earning $1.05 million during the latter month alone. The game remained in PC Data's weekly top 10 until the week ending August 5. Three days later, Interplay's Brian Fargo noted that "Icewind Dale" was "selling beyond our forecasts and in number one position[s] in certain European territories".


title: Icewind Dale

text: According to Chart-Track, "Icewind Dale" was the United Kingdom's best-selling computer game for its debut week, breaking "Diablo II"s three-week streak in the region. It dropped to third place the following week, before falling to seventh. Discussing "Icewind Dale"s chart performance, a writer for "PC Zone" mentioned being "a little surprised at seeing "Diablo II" capitulate so easily, especially to "Icewind Dale", despite the success of "Baldur's Gate"". "Icewind Dale" was the United Kingdom's third-best-selling computer title in August, placing above "Diablo II" for the month. According to "PC Gamer US", it also achieved "high sales" in Germany, where it debuted in 17th place on the computer game sales charts in July. After peaking at #5 the following month, it claimed places 16 and 29 in September and October before exiting Germany's top 30.


title: Icewind Dale

text: By the end of 2000, "Icewind Dale" had sold 145,564 copies and earned $6.8 million in the United States, according to PC Data. Its sales by early 2001 totaled more than 350,000 units worldwide, including 45,000 units in Germany. Global sales had surpassed 400,000 units by April 2001. As of 2006, the lifetime domestic sales of "Icewind Dale" had reached 270,000 copies ($9.5 million), while the "Icewind Dale" franchise together had sold 580,000 units domestically. In August 2006, "Edge" ranked the original "Icewind Dale" as the United States' 74th-best-selling computer game, and best-selling "Icewind Dale" title, released since January 2000.


title: Icewind Dale

text: The game and its expansion were re-released in two budget packages in 2002, entitled "Icewind Dale: The Collection" and "Icewind Dale: Complete". They were re-released again in 2002 alongside "Baldur's Gate" and "Planescape: Torment" in "Black Isle Compilation". A collector's edition called "Icewind Dale: The Ultimate Collection", which included the sequel "Icewind Dale II" and its expansion, was released in 2003.


title: Icewind Dale

text: All four games were released again in "Black Isle Compilation – Part Two" in 2004, in "Ultimate Dungeons & Dragons" in 2006, and in Atari's "Rollenspiele: Deluxe Edition" in 2007. "Icewind Dale" was again re-released on October 6, 2010, complete with expansion packs on GOG.com.


title: Icewind Dale

text: A remake of "Icewind Dale" was developed by Beamdog's Overhaul Games and published by Atari for Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS in 2014.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Jorge "Rivi" Ayala-Rivera is a former hitman for Medellín Cartel leader, Griselda Blanco. In 1993, Ayala was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 25 years.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Jorge Ayala was born in Cali, Colombia but grew up in Chicago. He spoke perfect English and was born with a distinctive high-pitched voice.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: While living in Chicago, he started off as a car mechanic for his father at General Motors. He soon became one of the biggest car thieves in the city, stealing cars for Chicago chop shops. As a side job, he also worked in bringing immigrants into the country over from Mexico.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Ayala was first brought to Miami in 1979 by a job that required him transport a truck full of used guns from Chicago to Miami. Upon arriving with the shipment, he ended up deciding to live in the state. Ayala started off his criminal career here by simply shaking people down as a "small-time" enforcer.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Ayala was considered to be Griselda Blanco's top enforcer. He led a small crew which helped him carry out various crimes. Rivi's brother, Alonso Ayala, also worked as a sicario for Blanco.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Ayala pleaded guilty to three killings in 1993, but was believed to be responsible for roughly three dozen murders that took place throughout the Miami Drug War.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: In 1982, Griselda Blanco ordered Ayala to kill Jesus “Chucho” Castro, one of her former enforcers. According to George Cadavid, a Miami police homicide detective, she wanted Castro dead after he had been hired to protect a drug supplier, but refused to carry out an unspecified order. However, Ayala claims that Blanco wanted Castro dead supposedly for an offense against one of her sons.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: The attempt on Castro's life occurred on February 6 that same year. That afternoon, Miguelito Perez and Jorge Ayala drove up to the side of Jesus Castro's vehicle - while he was stopped at a red light - and performed a drive-by shooting with a silenced machine gun. The bullets, however, missed Jesus Castro and accidentally hit his two-year-old son, Johnny, who was unknowingly present in the car with him.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Acting on orders of Griselda Blanco, Ayala and his crew killed Drug-dealing married couple Alfredo and Grizel Lorenzo in their South Miami home on May 26, 1982. Their killings were the apparent result of a cocaine shipment which the couple had received from Blanco, but failed to pay her for. According to Ayala, Griselda Blanco had originally ordered the murder of everyone in the house, but he made sure that the kids of Alfredo and Grizel Lorenzo were not harmed.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Jorge Ayala was arrested in connection with a Chicago bank robbery. It was during this time that authorities were also searching for Griselda Blanco's top hitman, whom they only knew by the name of "Riverita". Soon after his capture, they realized that he was the assassin they had been looking for.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: Ayala made an agreement with Florida district attorney's office to testify against Griselda Blanco who had been charged with 3 counts of first-degree murder, but the case fell apart and was ultimately dismissed due to Ayala being involved in phone sex scandal with 2 secretaries that worked in the state's attorney's office. Ayala pleaded guilty in 1993 to three murders and was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole after 25 years. If released, Ayala will be deported to Colombia.


title: Jorge Ayala

text: A character based on Ayala, renamed to "Rudy", was briefly featured in "Cocaine Godmother", a 2017 TV film loosely based on the life of Griselda Blanco Restrepo.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: Shinichi Mochizuki was born to parents Kiichi and Anne Mochizuki. When he was five years old, Shinichi Mochizuki and his family left Japan to live in the United States. His father was Fellow of the Center for International Affairs and Center for Middle Eastern Studies at Harvard University (1974–76). Mochizuki attended Phillips Exeter Academy and graduated in 1985.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: Mochizuki entered Princeton University as an undergraduate student at the age of 16 and graduated as salutatorian with an A.B. in mathematics in 1988. He completed his senior thesis, titled "Curves and their deformations," under the supervision of Gerd Faltings.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: He remained at Princeton for graduate studies and received his Ph.D. in mathematics in 1992 after completing his doctoral dissertation, titled "The geometry of the compactification of the Hurwitz scheme," also under the supervision of Faltings.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: After his graduate studies, Mochizuki spent two years at Harvard University and then in 1994 moved back to Japan to join the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (RIMS) at Kyoto University in 1992, and was promoted to professor in 2002.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: Mochizuki proved Grothendieck's conjecture on anabelian geometry in 1996. He introduced the Nilcurve concept-. He was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1998. In 2000–2008 he discovered several new theories including the theory of frobenioids, mono-anabelian geometry and the etale theta theory for line bundles over tempered covers of the Tate curve.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: On August 30, 2012 Mochizuki released four preprints, whose total size was about 500 pages, that develop inter-universal Teichmüller theory and apply it to attempt to prove several very famous problems in Diophantine geometry. These include the strong Szpiro conjecture, the hyperbolic Vojta conjecture and the "abc" conjecture over every number field. The preprints have not been published. In September 2018, Mochizuki posted a report on his work by Peter Scholze and Jakob Stix asserting that the third preprint contains an irreparable flaw; he also posted several documents containing his rebuttal of their criticism. The majority of number theorists have found Mochizuki's preprints very difficult to follow and have not accepted the conjectures as settled, although there are a few prominent exceptions, including Go Yamashita, Ivan Fesenko, and Yuichiro Hoshi, who vouch for the work and have written expositions of the theory.


title: Shinichi Mochizuki

text: On April 3, 2020, two Japanese mathematicians, Masaki Kashiwara and Akio Tamagawa, announced that Mochizuki's claimed proof of the "abc" conjecture would be published in "Publications of the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences", a journal of which Mochizuki is chief editor. The announcement was received with skepticism by Kiran Kedlaya and Edward Frenkel, as well as being described by "Nature" as "unlikely to move many researchers over to Mochizuki's camp." The Special issue on Inter-universal Teichmüller Theory containing Mochizuki's articles was published on March 5, 2021.


title: Herleva

text: Herleva ( 1003 – c. 1050) was an 11th-century Norman woman known for having been mother of William the Conqueror, born to an extramarital relationship with Robert I, Duke of Normandy, and also of William's prominent half-brothers Odo of Bayeux and Robert, Count of Mortain, born to Herleva's marriage to Herluin de Conteville.


title: Herleva

text: Herleva's background and the circumstances of William's birth are shrouded in mystery. The written evidence dates from a generation or two later, and is not entirely consistent, but of all the Norman chroniclers only the Tours chronicler and William of Malmesbury, the latter thought to have simply copied the Tours source, assert that William's parents were subsequently joined in marriage. According to Edward Augustus Freeman, the Tours chronicler's version cannot be true, because if Herleva married the Duke, then William's birth would have been legitimized, and thus he would not have been known as William the Bastard by his contemporaries.


title: Herleva

text: The earliest source to refer to Herleva's origin is the early-12th-century additions made by Norman chronicler Orderic Vitalis to the "Gesta Normannorum Ducum", where Herleva's father is named as Fulbert, who would become the Duke's Chamberlain ("cubicularii ducis"). Orderic reports the birth of William as occurring at Falaise, in Normandy, presumed to be Herleva's native town, apparently during its 1026/7.


title: Herleva

text: In a separate addition to the "Gesta", Orderic relates an anecdote that has given rise to Fulbert being characterized with more humble origins, as a tanner. During his siege of Alençon, the townspeople are said to have called William "peliciarius" (pelterer) because his mother's kinsmen had been "pollinctors". The latter is a rarely-used word, and two late-12th century poets, Wace and Benoît de Sainte-Maure, translate it differently, as "parmentier" (skinner/furrier/tanner) and "peletier" (tailor), respectively. An alternative suggested reading of "pollinctors" would see Fulbert as an embalmer, apothecary, or a person who laid out corpses for burial, the latter perhaps in turn an allusion to the court official who supervised that process, the chamberlain. Indirect evidence suggests that Herleva's father was not a lowly tanner but, rather, a member of the burgher class. Her brothers appear in a later document as attestors for an under-age William. Also, the Count of Flanders accepted Herleva as a proper guardian for his own daughter. Both of these would have been nearly impossible had Herleva's father only been a mere tanner, which would place his social standing little above that of a peasant.


title: Herleva

text: According to one legend, her relationship with Robert began when he saw Herleva from the roof of his castle tower. The walkway on the roof still looks down on the dyeing trenches cut into stone in the courtyard below, which can be seen to this day from the tower ramparts above. The traditional way of dyeing leather or garments was to trample barefoot on the garments which were awash in the liquid dye in these trenches. Herleva, legend goes, seeing the Duke on his ramparts above, raised her skirts perhaps a bit more than necessary in order to attract the Duke's eye. The latter was immediately smitten and ordered her brought in (as was customary for any woman that caught the Duke's eye) through the back door. Herleva refused, saying she would only enter the Duke's castle on horseback through the front gate, and not as an ordinary commoner. The Duke, filled with lust, could only agree. In a few days, Herleva, dressed in the finest her father could provide, and sitting on a white horse, rode proudly through the front gate, her head held high. This gave Herleva a semi-official status as the Duke's concubine. She later gave birth to his son, William, in 1027 or 1028.


title: Herleva

text: Herleva later married Herluin de Conteville in 1031. Some accounts maintain that Robert always loved her, but the gap in their social status made marriage impossible, so, to give her a good life, he married her off to one of his favourite noblemen.


title: Herleva

text: From her marriage to Herluin she had two sons: Odo, who later became Bishop of Bayeux, and Robert, who became Count of Mortain. Both became prominent during William's reign. They also had at least two daughters: Emma, who married Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches, and a daughter of unknown name who married William, lord of la Ferté-Macé.


title: Herleva

text: According to Robert of Torigni, Herleva was buried at the abbey of Grestain, which was founded by Herluin and their son Robert around 1050. This would put Herleva in her forties around the time of her death.


title: National University (California)

text: National University (NU) is a private university with its headquarters in San Diego, California. Founded in 1971, National University offers academic degree programs at campuses throughout California, a satellite campus in Nevada, and various programs online. Programs at National University are designed for adult learners. On-campus classes are typically blended learning courses, concentrated to four weeks or on weeknights with occasional Saturday classes. The university uses asynchronous learning and real-time virtual classrooms for its online programs.


title: National University (California)

text: National University founder David Chigos, a former United States Navy captain and director of employee training for General Dynamics Corporation, established the school as a non-traditional university for working adults. In 1971, National University was organized as a private, non-profit institution with 27 students. The university's first commencement ceremony had 143 graduates. From 1971-1975, the university was based at 1050 Rosecrans St. in San Diego. In 1975, National purchased two properties in Mission Valley as its headquarters. Two years later, National opened teaching facilities in Kearny Mesa and San Diego County. During that time, the school gained approximately 1000 alumni and received accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. By 1979, National had purchased a campus with of classroom and library space and 3,500 alumni. National also acquired the Cabrillo Pacific College of Law in 1979, which closed in 1991.


title: National University (California)

text: During the 1980s, National expanded by establishing several satellite campuses in California. The School of Education was established in 1980. In 1988, Chigos retired and Jerry C. Lee became the university's second president from 1989 to 2007. During Lee's tenure, campuses were restructured, the university's finances stabilized, National's academics were formally reviewed by accrediting bodies, and affiliate institutions were added to the university. In 1996, the headquarters of the university was moved from Mission Valley to La Jolla and online degree programs were established.


title: National University (California)

text: The Board of Trustees established the National University System in 2001 with Jerry Lee appointed as Chancellor of the system. The university was re-organized as a multi-tiered alliance of individual educational and research institutions with each of its respective leaders (including the National University president) reporting to the chancellor. In 2006, National University earned an Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, Pacific Southwest Chapter, for its "One University" commercial. In 2007, Dana Gibson was appointed as National's third president, and Lee became President Emeritus. Two years later, Gibson left National and Patricia E. Potter served as Interim President. Michael R. Cunningham became President and Chancellor in 2013.


title: National University (California)

text: As of 2010, National University was the second-largest private, non-profit institution of higher education in California and the 12th largest private, non-profit organization in the United States. At National University's 40th anniversary, the system had an endowment of over $400 million and real estate valued over $145 million. The university had over 24,000 enrollment with over 130 undergraduate and graduate academic degree programs and 23 teacher credential programs at 28 campuses in California, a satellite campus in Henderson, Nevada, and over 100 online academic programs.


title: National University (California)

text: In 2019, T. Denny Sanford donated $350 million to National University to rename the university's School of Education to the Sanford College of Education. In addition to the name change, a tuition decrease was announced, aided by Sanford's donation.


title: National University (California)

text: In July 2022 National announced a merger with Northcentral University, an entirely online institution specializing in advanced degrees. The merger will bring the combined enrollment to more than 42,000 students.


title: National University (California)

text: National University confers associate's degrees, bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, teaching credentials, and continuing education programs.


title: National University (California)

text: The university also has a Division of Extended Learning, which houses continuing education, professional development programs, and 23 teacher credential/certificate programs. Since 1996, National University offers more than 100 degree programs through over 1,500 courses online.


title: National University (California)

text: National University received sanctions in 2021, threatening its regional accreditation, when a scathing report from the American Association of University Professors revealed the institution made a series of sweeping changes that included firing 50 full-time professors, six associate vice presidents, unilateral changes to the school's governance structure, consolidation of its libraries into a central library without any meaningful consultation with the faculty or library staff, closing several campuses across California, and bypassing the faculty when making decisions regarding the discontinuation of several academic programs.


title: National University (California)

text: National's graduation rate for the 2014 academic year is 71% at undergraduate level and 65% at the graduate level.


title: National University (California)

text: National University's College of Letters and Sciences provides undergraduate, general education courses to students enrolled in all other schools of the university. The college itself has four departments and offers an Associate of Arts degree, liberal arts bachelor's degrees in biological science, history, and psychology. It also offers master's degrees in creative writing, English, film studies, gerontology, and strategic communications.


title: National University (California)

text: The School of Business and Management offers business degree programs on campus and online. The school is composed of three departments and also offers various master's degrees. The school offers a Bachelors in Business Administration, Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Accountancy, and Master of Science in Organizational Leadership.


title: National University (California)

text: The College of Education offers bachelor's degrees, master's degrees, certificates, and education credentials in areas including teaching, school counseling, school psychology, special education, early childhood education, and school administration. National holds teaching contracts with 643 California school districts and approximately 70% of the 26,000 teachers in San Diego County earned teaching credentials from National University. At the University's Henderson campus, the College of Education offers Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts teacher licensure programs in elementary education, secondary math, and secondary English. In 2015, National University renamed the School of Education to the Sanford College of Education in honor of philanthropist T. Denny Sanford. The college also houses the Sanford Education Center and two of its programs: the Sanford Harmony Program which promotes respect and understanding of differences among children by expanding understanding and acceptance of gender differences at an early age to positively affect adult relationships and the Sanford Institute of Philanthropy which offers a certificate in Cause Sales and hosts various professional development workships in nonprofit management.


title: National University (California)

text: The School of Engineering and Computing offers degree programs in engineering, technology, computer science, and other related fields. The school focuses curriculum on management information systems, construction engineering, electrical engineering, and information technology management.


title: National University (California)

text: The School of Health and Human Services offers undergraduate and graduate degree programs in clinical health sciences, healthcare administration, nursing, public health, allied health, clinical laboratory science, radiation therapy, and clinical regulatory affairs.


title: National University (California)

text: The School of Professional Studies offers academic degree programs in digital media, paralegal, pre-law, criminal justice, and several others.


title: National University (California)

text: National University is geographically dispersed, with its academic and administrative centers located in La Jolla, California. These centers include administrative offices of the president, vice presidents, school deans and department chairs, financial aid, registrar, and admissions. From its administrative center, the university maintains its academic campuses throughout urban areas in California and Nevada. The university's satellite campuses are located in:


title: National University (California)

text: The NU System is governed by a board of trustees and is headquartered in La Jolla, California. The board meets three times a year, consisting of 25 voting members with two ex-officio members (the president of the university and the chancellor of the system) also holding voting privileges.


title: National University (California)

text: National University is the flagship institution of the National University System. In addition to National University, there are four academic affiliates and two research institutes of the National University System:


title: National University (California)

text: John F. Kennedy University was an affiliate of the National University System from 2009 until JFKU was closed in 2020, at which time JFKU's programs were continued by other universities in the National University System.


title: National University (California)

text: National University is the second-largest private, non-profit institution of higher education in California by total enrollment. The average age of an NU student is 32. Roughly 23,000 full-time undergraduate and graduate students are currently enrolled with nine percent of the student body also in active military service. National University is also one of the largest graduate student institutions of higher education in the United States with 23,909 students enrolled. The university has approximately150,000 alumni from all 50 states and internationally.


title: Dying Young

text: Dying Young is a 1991 American romance film directed by Joel Schumacher. It is based on a novel of the same name by Marti Leimbach, and stars Julia Roberts and Campbell Scott with Vincent D'Onofrio, Colleen Dewhurst, David Selby, and Ellen Burstyn. The original music score was composed by James Newton Howard, with the main song "Theme from Dying Young" performed by American saxophonist Kenny G.


title: Dying Young

text: Hilary O'Neil is a beautiful, outgoing yet cautious young woman who has had little luck in work or love. After recently parting ways with her boyfriend when she caught him cheating, Hilary finds herself living with her eccentric mother. One day, Hilary answers an ad in a newspaper for a nurse only to find herself being escorted out before the interview starts.


title: Dying Young

text: Victor Geddes is a well-educated, rich, and shy 28-year-old. As the film progresses, Victor's health worsens progressively, due to leukemia. Despite his father's protests, Victor hires Hilary to be his live-in caretaker while he undergoes a traumatic course of chemotherapy. Hilary becomes insecure of her ability to care for Victor after her first exposure to the side effects of his chemotherapy treatment. She researches leukemia and stocks healthier food in the kitchen.


title: Dying Young

text: Victor is "finished" with his chemotherapy and suggests they take a vacation to the coast. They rent a house and Hilary begins to feel that she is no longer needed to care for him. They fall in love and continue living at the coast. Victor hides his use of morphine to kill the pain. During dinner with one of the friends they made at the coast, Victor starts acting aggressively and irrationally. He collapses and is helped to bed. Hilary searches the garbage and discovers his used syringes. She confronts him and he admits he was not finished with his chemotherapy. Victor explains that he wants quality in his life and Hilary says that he has been lying to her. She calls his father, who comes to take him home, but Victor wants to stay for one last Christmas party. Hilary and Victor reconnect at the party and he tells her that he is leaving with his father to go back to the hospital in the morning.


title: Dying Young

text: After speaking with Victor's father, who says Victor wants to spend one night alone before leaving, Hilary goes back to the house they rented only to find Victor packing clothes, ready to run away and not go with his father to the hospital. Hilary confronts him about running away and Victor admits that he is afraid of hoping. At this confession, Hilary finally tells Victor she loves him and they then decide to go back to the hospital, where he will fight for his life with Hilary. The last scene of the film shows Victor and Hilary leaving the house, which has a small picture of Gustav Klimt's "Adam and Eve" (the first painting Victor shows Hilary) in the window.


title: Dying Young

text: The original music score was composed by James Newton Howard, with the main song "Theme from Dying Young" performed by American saxophonist Kenny G, it was nominated for a Best Pop Instrumental Performance. The soundtrack was released on July 2, 1991 by Arista Records.


title: Dying Young

text: Prior to its original 1991 release, "Premiere" magazine predicted the film to be the highest-grossing movie that summer.


title: Dying Young

text: "Dying Young" grossed $33.6 million domestically and $48.6 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $82.2 million.


title: Dying Young

text: The film earned mainly negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 23% based on 39 reviews. Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B+" on scale of A+ to F.


title: Dying Young

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 2/4 and wrote: "Dying Young is a long, slow slog of a movie, up to its knees in drippy self-pity as it marches wearily toward its inevitable ending."" Variety magazine" wrote: "Julia's hot; Dying Young is lukewarm."


title: Dying Young

text: The film was nominated for 3 MTV Movie Awards at the 1992 MTV Movie Awards: 'Best Female Performance' and 'Most Desirable Female' for Julia Roberts, and 'Best Breakthrough Performance' for Campbell Scott.


title: Rino Romano

text: He is known for his work as Batman in the animated series "The Batman" (2004–2008), Spider-Man in "Spider-Man Unlimited" (1999–2001), and the video games "Spider-Man", "" for PlayStation and an uncredited cameo in "", Eduardo Rivera in "Extreme Ghostbusters", Luis Sera in "Resident Evil 4", King Pen and Scorp in the "Skylanders" franchise, Carlos "Stunts" Rey in "NASCAR Racers" and the original Tuxedo Mask in the '90s English dub of the anime series "Sailor Moon".


title: Rino Romano

text: Between 2006 and 2021 Romano also provided voice narration for the PBS series "Curious George", as well as previews on NBC, The WB, and The CW. He was also the narrator for the courtroom reality TV series "Hot Bench" (created by Judy Sheindlin, known for "Judge Judy") from the show's beginning in 2014 until 2020.


title: Otto Binder

text: Otto Oscar Binder (; August 26, 1911 – October 13, 1974) was an American author of science fiction and non-fiction books and stories, and comic books. He is best known as the co-creator of Supergirl and for his many scripts for "" and other stories involving the entire superhero Marvel Family. He was prolific in the comic book field and is credited with writing over 4,400 stories across a variety of publishers under his own name, as well as more than 160 stories under the pen-name Eando Binder.


title: Otto Binder

text: Born in Bessemer, Michigan, Otto Binder was the youngest of six children born into a German-Lutheran family that had emigrated from Austria a year earlier. They settled in Chicago in 1922, during a period rich with science fiction, which enthralled Binder and his brother Earl. The two began writing in partnership and sold their first story, "The First Martian" to "Amazing Stories" in 1930; it saw publication in 1932 under the pen name "Eando Binder" ("E" and "O" Binder).


title: Otto Binder

text: Not earning enough as a writer, Binder and his brother worked at many jobs. Earl found employment at an iron works. In late December 1935, Otto Binder began working for Otis Adelbert Kline as a literary agent in charge of Kline's New York City office most prominently marketing the stories of Robert E. Howard, although insufficient business during this Great Depression era forced Kline to close his company after a year and a half. At the time of Otto's move to New York City, Earl Binder dissolved the writing partnership, and all new material produced under the name of Eando Binder from January 1936 on, was solely the work of Otto Binder. Concurrent with his agent work, Binder was writing for Mort Weisinger, editor of "Thrilling Wonder Stories", and Ray Palmer, editor of "Amazing", for the latter of whom he created the Adam Link series.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder entered comics in 1939 on the heels of his artist brother, Jack, who moved to New York to work at the studio of Harry "A" Chesler, one of that era's "packagers" who provided outsourced content for publishers entering the new medium of comic books. The following year, magazine publisher Fawcett Publications began its Fawcett Comics line, and Binder started writing the exploits of such characters as Captain Venture, Golden Arrow, Bulletman, and El Carim. After a year, editor Ed Herron had Binder tackle Fawcett's most prominent character, the superhero Captain Marvel. He soon wrote for the spin-off features starring Captain Marvel, Jr. and Mary Marvel, the latter of whom he co-created with Marc Swayze.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder spent from 1941 to 1953 with Fawcett, writing "986 stories ... out of 1,743, over half the entire Marvel Family saga", per comic-book writer-editor E. Nelson Bridwell. His first Captain Marvel writing was the "Dime Action Book" novel "Return of the Scorpion", featuring the villain from the 1941 Republic serial "The Adventures of Captain Marvel". His first Captain Marvel comic-book story was "Captain Marvel Saves the King" in "Captain Marvel Adventures" #9 (April 1942). He wrote for numerous other Fawcett features, as well as many two-page text fillers that were required in comics in order to be eligible for magazine postal rates. His text stories in "Captain Marvel Adventures", under the "Eando" pseudonym, starred Lieutenant Jon Jarl of the Space Patrol. During his time at Fawcett, Binder co-created with Swayze and C. C. Beck such characters as Mary Marvel, Uncle Dudley, Mr. Tawky Tawny, Black Adam, and Mr. Mind, as well as two of Doctor Sivana's four children: the evil teens Thaddeus Sivana Jr. and daughter Georgia. Binder and Beck unsuccessfully attempted to launch a newspaper comic strip featuring Mr. Tawky Tawny in 1953.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder left Fawcett when the company shut down its comic book division in 1953, but found no shortage of work. For Timely Comics, the 1940s company that would evolve into Marvel Comics, he [co-]created Captain Wonder, the Young Allies, Tommy Tyme and the patriotically themed superheroine Miss America, and wrote for stories starring Captain America, the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, the Destroyer, the Whizzer, and the All-Winners Squad.


title: Otto Binder

text: For Quality Comics, Binder co-created Kid Eternity, and wrote Blackhawk, Doll Man, Uncle Sam and Black Condor stories. For MLJ Comics (subsequently known as Archie Comics), he wrote stories starring Steel Sterling, the Shield, the Hangman, and the Black Hood. At Gold Key Comics, Binder co-created Mighty Samson and other characters. His science fiction for EC Comics includes "Lost in Space", illustrated by Al Williamson, in "Weird Science-Fantasy" #28 (March–April 1955).


title: Otto Binder

text: In 1948, Binder began working for DC Comics, then known as National Periodical Publications, swiftly creating Merry, Girl of 1,000 Gimmicks, in the feature "Star-Spangled Kid", whose place Merry soon took in "Star-Spangled Comics".


title: Otto Binder

text: He then moved on to his best-known DC work, the Superman group of titles, including launching the "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen" series in 1954. Binder and artist Al Plastino collaborated on the Superboy story in "Adventure Comics" #247 (April 1958) that introduced the Legion of Super-Heroes, a teen superhero team from the future that eventually became one of DC's most popular features. Binder and Plastino debuted the supervillain Brainiac and the Bottle City of Kandor in "Action Comics" #242 (July 1958) and co-created Supergirl in "Action Comics" #252 (May 1959). With various artist collaborators, he co-created Krypto the Super Dog, the Phantom Zone, and the supporting characters Lucy Lane, Beppo the Super Monkey, and Titano the Super Ape. In the first issue of "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen", he introduced Jimmy Olsen's signal-watch, and in #31, Jimmy's Elastic Lad identity. He wrote the Lois Lane feature in "Showcase" #9 (Aug. 1957) which served as a tryout for the character's own series.


title: Otto Binder

text: DC writer-editor E. Nelson Bridwell credits Binder as creating the first "Imaginary Tale, for Lois Lane", and of writing "most of the early" Bizarro stories, including at least the first "Tales of the Bizarro World" feature. The character's first comic book appearance was in "Superboy" #68 (Oct. 1958) by Binder and artist George Papp and Bizarro World was introduced in "Action Comics" #263 (April 1960). Binder scripted what Bridwell calls the "classic [storyline] 'Superman's Return to Krypton.'" His last Superman story was "The Cage of Doom" in "Action Comics" #377 (June 1969).


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder was featured in a story in the first issue of "", DC Comics' 1970s revival of the original Captain Marvel. The Binder character, drawn by C. C. Beck, meets a young Billy Batson and is astonished that the boy, who has been missing for 20 years, is still a kid.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder was a proponent of the ancient astronauts theory, and a believer in extraterrestrial life. Binder's theory is that human beings are "homo hybrid", an "interstellar crossbreed" (half human, half extraterrestrial). He first discussed this hypothesis in his 1968 book "Flying Saucers Are Watching Us" (later called "Unsolved Mysteries of the Past", Tower Publications; reissue edition, 1970). He wrote "Mankind Child of the Stars" with Max Flindt in 1974, discussing the concept of "astroevolution". Erich von Däniken wrote a foreword for the book, which was revised and reprinted in 1999. He wrote extensively about UFOs in magazines, including articles detailing the experiences of claimed UFO contactee Ted Owens.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder's previously unpublished 1953 story, "The Unwanted," has been adapted as a graphic novel by Robert L. Reiner. To be published in early 2023 by Fantagraphics, the manuscript had been given to Reiner in the late sixties when he was a teenage fanzine editor and publisher. The story describes a census to be taken in the distant future. A civilization of "Mastermen" rule a galactic empire and visit this planet to determine if it is worthy to join an imperial congress. Membership means access to technology and protection. In evaluating this particular planet, the Mastermen are shocked by what they find. The book is illustrated by Milton Caniff Award winning EC/Creepy/MAD artist Angelo Torres and the much acclaimed Austrian sculptor and speed painter Stefan Koidl. The introduction and foreword are written by Eisner Award winning graphic novelist Emil Ferris.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder became editor of "Space World" magazine, a move that ended in bankruptcy in the early 1960s. As he recalled in 1974:


title: Otto Binder

text: Otto Binder's daughter Mary, had been on her way to school one morning when a car jumped the curb, went into the driveway in front of the school, and killed her. As film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan, a family friend, recalled, "Otto never recovered. His wife never recovered. She had a breakdown, and Otto started drinking, and eventually he dropped dead of a heart attack. And the three of them were gone, like in a flash." Binder recalled in a 1972 history of comics, that after his daughter's death


title: Otto Binder

text: In 1973, Binder worked for Vincent Fago's Pendulum Press, adapting classic science-fiction stories into comic book format, including "Frankenstein", "The Invisible Man", "The Time Machine", "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea," and "The Mysterious Island".


title: Otto Binder

text: He died in Chestertown, New York, on October 13, 1974, leaving behind, counted Bridwell, "almost 50,000 pages of comics" comprising "over 1,300 scripts for Fawcett" and "more than 2,000 for 20 other publishers", including "some 93 heroes in 198 magazines".


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder was posthumously inducted into the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1999 and the Will Eisner Hall of Fame in 2004. He was the posthumous recipient of the Bill Finger Award in 2010.


title: Otto Binder

text: Binder is referenced in the first episode of the 2015 television series "Supergirl" as the title character prevents a crippled jet from crashing into the "Otto Binder bridge".


title: Intestacy

text: Intestacy is the condition of the estate of a person who dies without having in force a valid will or other binding declaration. Alternatively this may also apply where a will or declaration has been made, but only applies to part of the estate; the remaining estate forms the "intestate estate". Intestacy law, also referred to as the law of descent and distribution, refers to the body of law (statutory and case law) that determines who is entitled to the property from the estate under the rules of inheritance.


title: Intestacy

text: Intestacy has a limited application in those jurisdictions that follow civil law or Roman law because the concept of a will is itself less important; the doctrine of forced heirship automatically gives a deceased person's next-of-kin title to a large part (forced estate) of the estate's property by operation of law, beyond the power of the deceased person to defeat or exceed by testamentary gift. A forced share (or legitime) can often only be decreased on account of some very specific misconduct by the forced heir. In matters of cross-border inheritance, the "laws of succession" is the commonplace term covering testate and intestate estates in common law jurisdictions together with forced heirship rules typically applying in civil law and Sharia law jurisdictions.


title: Intestacy

text: After the Statute of Wills 1540, Englishmen (and unmarried or widowed women) could dispose of their lands and real property by a "will". Their personal property could formerly be disposed of by a "testament", hence the hallowed legal merism "last will and testament".


title: Intestacy

text: Common law sharply distinguished between real property and chattels. Real property for which no disposition had been made by will passed by the law of kinship and descent; chattel property for which no disposition had been made by testament was escheat to the Crown, or given to the Church for charitable purposes. This law became obsolete as England moved from being a feudal to a mercantile society, and chattels more valuable than land were being accumulated by townspeople.


title: Intestacy

text: Where a person dies without leaving a will, the rules of succession of the person's place of habitual residence or of their domicile often apply, but it is also common for the principality where the property is located to have jurisdiction regardless of the decedent's residence or domicile. In certain jurisdictions such as France, Switzerland, the U.S. state of Louisiana, and much of the Islamic world, entitlements arise whether or not there was a will. These are known as "forced heirship" rights and are not typically found in common law jurisdictions, where the rules of succession without a will (intestate succession) play a back-up role where an individual has not (or has not fully) exercised his or her right to dispose of property in a will.


title: Intestacy

text: In most contemporary common-law jurisdictions, the law of intestacy is patterned after the common law of descent. Property goes first or in major part to a spouse, then to children and their descendants; if there are no descendants, the line of inheritance goes back up the family tree to the parents, the siblings, the siblings' descendants, the grandparents, the parents' siblings, and the parents' siblings' descendants, and usually so on further to the more remote degrees of kinship. The operation of these laws varies from one jurisdiction to another.


title: Intestacy

text: In England and Wales the Intestacy Rules have been uniform since 1925 and similar rules apply in Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and many Commonwealth countries and Crown dependencies. These rules have been supplemented by the discretionary provisions of the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 so that fair provision can be made for a dependent spouse or other relative where the strict divisions set down in the intestacy rules would produce an unfair result, for example by providing additional support for a dependent minor or disabled child vis-a-vis an adult child who has a career and no longer depends on their parent.


title: Intestacy

text: The rules of succession are the Intestacy Rules set out in the Administration of Estates Act 1925 and associated legislation. The Act sets out the order for distribution of property in the estate of the deceased. For persons with surviving children and a wealth below a certain threshold (£270,000 as from February 2020), the whole of the estate will pass to the deceased's spouse or also, from December 2005, their registered civil partner. For persons with no surviving children but surviving close relatives (such as siblings or parents), the first £450,000 goes to the spouse or civil partner (as from February 2009). Such transfers below the threshold are exempt from UK inheritance tax.


title: Intestacy

text: If a person dies intestate with no identifiable heirs, the person's estate generally escheats (i.e. is legally assigned) to the Crown (via the Bona vacantia division of the Treasury Solicitor) or to the Duchy of Cornwall or Duchy of Lancaster when the deceased was a resident of either; in limited cases a discretionary distribution might be made by one of these bodies to persons who would otherwise be without entitlement under strict application of the rules of inheritance.


title: Intestacy

text: For deaths after 1 October 2014, the current rules where someone dies leaving a spouse or civil partner are as follows:


title: Intestacy

text: In larger estates, the spouse will not receive the entire estate where the deceased left other blood relatives and left no will. They will receive the following:


title: Intestacy

text: The children (or more distant relatives if there are no children) of the deceased will be entitled to half of the estate remaining immediately and the remaining half on the death of the surviving spouse. Where no beneficiaries can be traced, see "bona vacantia".


title: Intestacy

text: The law on intestacy in Scotland broadly follows that of England and Wales with some variations. A notable difference is that all possible (blood) relatives can qualify for benefit (i.e. they are not limited to grandparents or their descendants). Once a class is 'exhausted', succession continues to the next line of ascendants, followed by siblings, and so on. In a complete absence of relatives of the whole or half-blood, the estate passes to the Crown (as "ultimus haeres"). The Crown has a discretion to benefit people unrelated to the intestate, e.g. those with moral claims on the estate.


title: Intestacy

text: In Canada the laws vary from province to province. As in England, most jurisdictions apply rules of intestate succession to determine next of kin who become legal heirs to the estate. Also, as in England, if no identifiable heirs are discovered, the property may escheat to the government.


title: Intestacy

text: In the United States intestacy laws vary from state to state. Each of the separate states uses its own intestacy laws to determine the ownership of residents' intestate property. Attempts in the United States to make probate and intestate succession uniform from state to state, through efforts such as the Uniform Probate Code, have been met with limited success.


title: Intestacy

text: The distribution of the property of an intestate decedent is the responsibility of the "administrator" (or "personal representative") of the estate: typically the administrator is chosen by the court having jurisdiction over the decedent's property, and is frequently (but not always) a person nominated by a majority of the decedent's heirs.


title: Intestacy

text: Many states have adopted all or part of the Uniform Probate Code, but often with local variations, In Ohio, the law of intestate succession has been modified significantly from the common law, and has been essentially codified. The state of Washington also has codified its intestacy law. New York has perhaps the most complicated law of descent of distribution. Maryland's intestacy laws specify not only the distribution, but also the order of the distribution among family members. Florida's intestacy statute permits the heirs of a deceased spouse of the decedent to inherit, if the decedent has no other heirs.


title: Rajshree

text: Rajashree Shantaram (born 8 October 1944), known as Rajshree, is an Indian actress of Bollywood. She is best known for her work in the movies "Janwar" and "Brahmachari".


title: Rajshree

text: Rajshree is the daughter of acclaimed Indian filmmaker V. Shantaram and actress Jayshree, second wife of V. Shantaram. Her brother Kiran Shantaram was a former Sheriff of Mumbai.


title: Rajshree

text: While shooting with Raj Kapoor in America for the film "Around the World", she met American student Greg Chapman. The two married three years later, in an Indian ceremony that lasted five days. She went with her husband to permanently live in America. They have one daughter. They live in Los Angeles.


title: Rajshree

text: She has been living in America for the last 30 years running a very successful custom clothing business with her husband, while still maintaining her interest in films. She was an assistant director on "Hack-O-Lantern", "Tainted Love" and "Monsoon" and has done narration on a children's video titled "Ashok By Another Name".


title: Tom Skinner (drummer)

text: Tom Skinner is an English drummer, percussionist, and record producer. He was a member of the jazz band Sons of Kemet and is a member of the rock band the Smile. He has released two albums under the name Hello Skinny. His first album under his own name, "Voices of Bishara", was released 4 November 2022.


title: Tom Skinner (drummer)

text: Skinner began playing drums at the age of nine. He enjoyed 1990s grunge and metal bands such as Napalm Death, before discovering experimental jazz musicians such as John Zorn and Ornette Coleman.


title: Tom Skinner (drummer)

text: Skinner emerged in the London jazz scene, playing with musicians including Finn Peters, Cleveland Watkiss and Denys Baptiste, and the electronic artist Matthew Herbert. Skinner was a member of the jazz trio Zed-U and the avant-garde soul group Elmore Judd. In 2011, he cofounded the jazz band Sons of Kemet. They released four albums and announced their disbandment in 2022.


title: Tom Skinner (drummer)

text: Skinner first worked with the Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood when he performed on Greenwood's soundtrack to the 2012 film "The Master". In 2021, Skinner debuted a new band, the Smile, with Greenwood and Greenwood's bandmate Thom Yorke. They made their surprise debut in a performance streamed by Glastonbury Festival on 22 May of that year. In May 2022, they released their debut album, "A Light for Attracting Attention", and began an international tour.


title: Tom Skinner (drummer)

text: Skinner has released two albums under the name Hello Skinny. The first album released under his own name, "Voices of Bishara", was released on 4 November 2022. It features jazz musicians including Shabaka Hutchings, Nubya Garcia, Kareem Dayes and Tom Herbert. The first single, "Bishara", was released in September 2022. NPR described Skinner as "the sort of drummer who always locates the pivot point between chaos and clarity".


title: Beefcake

text: Beefcake is a performance or a form of glamour photography depicting a large and muscular male body. Beefcake is also a publication genre. A role a person plays in a performance may be called "beefcake". The term was believed to be first used by Hollywood columnist Sidney Skolsky.


title: Beefcake

text: Beefcake poses by male actors were used far less frequently than cheesecake layouts of actresses. Nevertheless, as early as the 1920s photographs were taken of such stars as Rudolph Valentino and Ramón Novarro to highlight their physical appeal. Male physique shots of famous stars were even less frequent during the early talking picture era outside of stars of jungle films such as Johnny Weissmuller (Tarzan) and Buster Crabbe. The 1940s saw a rise in shirtless shots of such handsome stars as Tyrone Power, Guy Madison, Sterling Hayden and Victor Mature; and in the 1950s movie magazines began running swimsuit shots of actors such as Tony Curtis, Rock Hudson, Tab Hunter, Jeff Chandler, Robert Conrad and Robert Wagner almost as frequently as they did with actresses. This period also included the rise of bodybuilding magazines, which continue to be popular to the present day, as well as musclemen movie stars such as Steve Reeves who were often barely dressed in their action/adventure films. In the 1980s, heavily muscular actors Arnold Schwarzenegger, Lou Ferrigno, and Sylvester Stallone continued to star in beefcake-type action/adventure movies (such as "Conan the Barbarian" or "Hercules").


title: Beefcake

text: The 1970s proved a golden age for beefcake with the debut of "Playgirl" magazine and its completely nude pictorials of men, "Cosmopolitan" magazine's famous semi-nude centerfolds of actors including Burt Reynolds, and the rise of pornography directed at both female and gay male audiences in both magazines and films.


title: Beefcake

text: Today, it is common to see beefcake shots of male sex symbols on the cover of general interest magazines. While for many actors and models shirtless poses are their most revealing, in line with their conservative images, such poses look almost prudish when compared to more revealing work by other models and actors.


title: Beefcake

text: In advertisement, beefcake male models have become a popular ingredient for "spicy" (and often humorous) commercial spots; for example, British pop star Nick Kamen remains most famous for his 1985 beefcake performance in Levi's "Launderette" TV commercial. In the ad, he strips down in order to stone-wash his blue jeans in a 1950s style public laundromat while he waits clad only in boxer shorts; it was selected for "The 100 Greatest TV Ads" in 2000 and followed by many others, often bare-chested.


title: Beefcake

text: Many professional male bodybuilders advertise their services, offering advice concerning nutrition and training, sometimes marketing their videos in which training programmes are demonstrated.


title: Beefcake

text: A 1999 film of the same name, "Beefcake", details the history of the Athletic Model Guild, an early company known for their photos of men in various publications.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Dispute resolution or dispute settlement is the process of resolving disputes between parties. The term "dispute resolution" is sometimes used interchangeably with "conflict resolution".


title: Dispute resolution

text: Prominent venues for dispute settlement in international law include the International Court of Justice (formerly the Permanent Court of International Justice); the United Nations Human Rights Committee (which operates under the ICCPR) and European Court of Human Rights; the Panels and Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization; and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. Half of all international agreements include a dispute settlement mechanism.


title: Dispute resolution

text: States are also known to establish their own arbitration tribunals to settle disputes. Prominent private international courts, which adjudicate disputes between commercial private entities, include the International Court of Arbitration (of the International Chamber of Commerce) and the London Court of International Arbitration.


title: Dispute resolution

text: One could theoretically include violence or even war as part of this spectrum, but dispute resolution practitioners do not usually do so; violence rarely ends disputes effectively, and indeed, often only escalates them.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Not all disputes, even those in which skilled intervention occurs, end in resolution. Such intractable disputes form a special area in dispute resolution studies.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Dispute resolution is an important requirement in international trade, including negotiation, mediation, arbitration and litigation.


title: Dispute resolution

text: The legal system provides resolutions for many different types of disputes. Some disputants will not reach agreement through a collaborative process. Some disputes need the coercive power of the state to enforce a resolution. Perhaps more importantly, many people want a professional advocate when they become involved in a dispute, particularly if the dispute involves perceived legal rights, legal wrongdoing, or threat of legal action against them.


title: Dispute resolution

text: The most common form of judicial dispute resolution is litigation. Litigation is initiated when one party files suit against another. In the United States, litigation is facilitated by the government within federal, state, and municipal courts. The proceedings are very formal and are governed by rules, such as rules of evidence and procedure, which are established by the legislature. Outcomes are decided by an impartial judge and/or jury, based on the factual questions of the case and the application law. The verdict of the court is binding, not advisory; however, both parties have the right to appeal the judgment to a higher court. Judicial dispute resolution is typically adversarial in nature, for example, involving antagonistic parties or opposing interests seeking an outcome most favorable to their position.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Due to the antagonistic nature of litigation, collaborators frequently opt for solving disputes privately.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Retired judges or private lawyers often become arbitrators or mediators; however, trained and qualified non-legal dispute resolution specialists form a growing body within the field of alternative dispute resolution (ADR). In the United States, many states now have mediation or other ADR programs annexed to the courts, to facilitate settlement of lawsuits.


title: Dispute resolution

text: Some use the term "dispute resolution" to refer only to alternative dispute resolution (ADR), that is, extrajudicial processes such as arbitration, collaborative law, and mediation used to resolve conflict and potential conflict between and among individuals, business entities, governmental agencies, and (in the public international law context) states. ADR generally depends on agreement by the parties to use ADR processes, either before or after a dispute has arisen. ADR has experienced steadily increasing acceptance and utilization because of a perception of greater flexibility, costs below those of traditional litigation, and speedy resolution of disputes, among other perceived advantages. However, some have criticized these methods as taking away the right to seek redress of grievances in the courts, suggesting that extrajudicial dispute resolution may not offer the fairest way for parties not in an equal bargaining relationship, for example in a dispute between a consumer and a large corporation. In addition, in some circumstances, arbitration and other ADR processes may become as expensive as litigation or more so.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an infectious disease in cattle caused by a virus of the family "Poxviridae", also known as Neethling virus. The disease is characterized by large fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes and multiple nodules (measuring in diameter) on the skin and mucous membranes (including those of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts). Infected cattle also may develop edematous swelling in their limbs and exhibit lameness. The virus has important economic implications since affected animals tend to have permanent damage to their skin, lowering the commercial value of their hide. Additionally, the disease often results in chronic debility, reduced milk production, poor growth, infertility, abortion, and sometimes death.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: Onset of fever occurs almost one week after infection by the virus. This initial fever may exceed and persist for one week. At this time, all of the superficial lymph nodes become enlarged. The nodules, in which the disease is characterized by, appear seven to nineteen days after virus inoculation. Coinciding with the appearance of the nodules, discharge from the eyes and nose becomes mucopurulent.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: The nodular lesions involve the dermis and the epidermis, but may extend to the underlying subcutis or even to the muscle. These lesions, occurring all over the body (but particularly on the head, neck, udder, scrotum, vulva and perineum), may be either well-circumscribed or they may coalesce. Cutaneous lesions may be resolved rapidly or they may persist as hard lumps. The lesions can also become sequestrated, leaving deep ulcers filled with granulation tissue and often suppurating. At the initial onset of the nodules, they have a creamy grey to white color upon cut section, and may exude serum. After about two weeks, a cone-shaped central core of necrotic material may appear within the nodules. Additionally, the nodules on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, rectum, udder and genitalia quickly ulcerate, aiding in transmission of the virus.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: In mild cases of LSD, the clinical symptoms and lesions are often confused with Bovine Herpesvirus 2 (BHV-2), which is, in turn, referred to as pseudo-lumpy skin disease. However, the lesions associated with BHV-2 infections are more superficial. BHV-2 also has a shorter course and is more mild than LSD. Electron microscopy can be used to differentiate between the two infections. BHV-2 is characterized by intranuclear inclusion bodies, as opposed to the intracytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of LSD. It is important to note that isolation of BHV-2 or its detection in negatively-stained biopsy specimens is only possible approximately one week after the development of skin lesions.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is double-stranded DNA virus. It is a member of the capripoxvirus genus of "Poxviridae". Capripoxviruses (CaPVs) represent one of eight genera within the Chordopoxvirus (ChPV) subfamily. The capripoxvirus genus consists of LSDV, as well as sheeppox virus, and goatpox virus. CaPV infections are usually host specific within specific geographic distributions even though they are serologically indistinguishable from one another.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: Like other viruses in the "Poxviridae" family, capripoxviruses are brick-shaped. Capripoxvirus virions are different than orthopoxvirus virions in that they have a more oval profile, as well as larger lateral bodies. The average size of capripoxvirions is 320 nm by 260 nm.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: The virus has a 151-kbp genome, consisting of a central coding region which is bounded by identical 2.4 kbp-inverted terminal repeats and contains 156 genes. There are 146 conserved genes when comparing LSDV with chordopoxviruses of other genera. These genes encode proteins which are involved in transcription and mRNA biogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, protein processing, virion structure and assembly, and viral virulence and host range. Within the central genomic region, LSDV genes share a high degree of collinearity and amino acid identity with the genes of other mammalian poxviruses. Examples of viruses with similar amino acid identity include suipoxvirus, yatapoxvirus, and leporipoxvirus. In terminal regions, however, collinearity is interrupted. In these regions, poxvirus homologues are either absent or share a lower percentage of amino acid identity. Most of these differences involve genes that are likely associated with viral virulence and host range. Unique to Chordopoxviridae, LSDV contains homologues of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-1 binding proteins, G protein-coupled CC chemokine receptor, and epidermal growth factor-like protein, which are found in other poxvirus genera.


title: Lumpy skin disease

text: LSDV mainly affects cattle and zebus, but has also been seen in giraffes, water buffalo, and impalas. Fine-skinned "Bos taurus" cattle breeds such as Holstein-Friesian and Jersey are the most susceptible to the disease. Thick-skinned "Bos indicus" breeds including the Afrikaner and Afrikaner cross-breeds show less severe signs of the disease. This is probably due to the decreased susceptibility to ectoparasites that "Bos indicus" breeds exhibit relative to "Bos taurus" breeds. Young calves and cows at peak lactation show more severe clinical symptoms, but all age-groups are susceptible to the disease.