title: Kidderminster

text: In 2005 the Harriers were relegated to the Conference Premier after five years in the Football League Two division. They had reached the Football League as Conference champions in 2000, and are Worcestershire's only representative in the league. They had won the title in 1994 but were denied promotion then as their stadium did not meet Football League capacity requirements. That same year they eliminated Birmingham City from the FA Cup; they eventually reached the 5th round of the competition (just missing the quarter-finals), where they hosted Premier League side West Ham United, narrowly losing 0–1. Prior to Lincoln City's run in the competition in 2017, Harriers were the last non-league side to reach round five of the FA Cup. Harriers were relegated to the National League North in 2016.


title: Kidderminster

text: The Kidderminster & District League has operated since 1984 and draws teams from Worcestershire and South Staffordshire.


title: Kidderminster

text: Kidderminster Carolians RFC is a local rugby union club, currently playing at level 6 in Midlands 1 West.


title: Kidderminster

text: Kidderminster Hockey club was founded in 1892 and in 2010 there are five men's hockey teams, a women's team and a junior team.


title: Kidderminster

text: Located in Kidderminster is the Severn Valley Railway a heritage railway. The Museum of Carpet opened in 2012, showcases the town's contribution to the carpet industry. To the west of Kidderminster towards Bewdley is the West Midlands Safari Park.


title: Kidderminster

text: The Wyre was the town's first local commercial radio station; it began broadcasting on 12 September 2005 from studios in Kidderminster. Other radio stations providing local coverage are Free Radio, Sunshine Radio and BBC Hereford & Worcester. The Wyre ceased broadcasting in 2012, and Signal 107 was launched on 26 March 2012 (it now broadcasts as Greatest Hits Radio Black Country & Shropshire).


title: Kidderminster

text: The town is noted for its particularly high record lows. Despite an average July low of 11.7 °C, the temperature has never fallen below 5 °C in that month. The coldest and warmest July nights were both recorded in 2015.


title: Abhinayashree

text: Her first major role came in Siddique's 2001 Tamil comedy "Friends", which featured her alongside Vijay and Suriya. She received a breakthrough in her career after featuring alongside Allu Arjun in the 2004 Telugu film "Arya" in an item number for the song "Aa Ante Amalapuram". The success led to further offers for the actress in similar roles. She played her first lead role in the 2005 Telugu comedy "Hungama" appearing alongside Ali and Venu Madhav and signed on to shoot for thirty days after the director Krishna Reddy convinced her with the role. The actress won the Nandi Award for Best Female Comedian for her role in "Paisalo Paramatma", her biggest recognition til date.


title: Abhinayashree

text: After appearing in a full-fledged supporting role in the 2007 Telugu film "Adivaram Adavallaku Selavu", Abhinayashree opted against appearing in any more item numbers, but soon went back on her decision explaining that the likes of Mumaith Khan were successfully able to balance both.


title: Caeneus

text: According to Book XII of Ovid's "Metamorphoses", he was originally a woman, Caenis (; ), daughter of Atrax.


title: Caeneus

text: In Apollonius of Rhodes' "Argonautica", he is briefly noted as the great father of a lesser son, Coronus, who sailed forth among the Argonauts. Caeneus was also an Argonaut in some versions. The striking mythic image of this hero is that, indomitable through his more-than-human power, his enemies the Centaurs resorted to driving him into the ground with timbers:


title: Caeneus

text: Caeneus was originally a woman named Caenis who was transformed into a man by the sea-god Poseidon. According to the Greek mythographer Apollodorus, and a scholiast on the "Iliad", Poseidon had sex with her, and afterward she asked him to turn her into an invincible man; Poseidon granted her wish. According to Acusilaus, whose version is the earliest surviving one, Caenis (here spelled Καινή, "Caene"), after having sex with him, asked Poseidon to turn her into a man so that she would not bear his child, or anyone else's. In another version, Poseidon wished to sleep with her, but Caenis made him promise her a favour in exchange for hers; he did, and she asked to be transformed into a man, whereupon he granted her wish, but due to her change he failed to fulfill his own.


title: Caeneus

text: According to Ovid however, Caenis was abducted and raped by Poseidon. After raping Caenis, Poseidon was pleased and promised to grant Caenis a wish. Caenis was so distraught that she demanded to be changed into a man, so that she might never be wronged again. Poseidon granted this wish, and also gave Caenis impenetrable skin. Thereafter, the spelling of Caenis was changed to Caeneus to mark his transformation.


title: Caeneus

text: Caeneus is said to have died in the battle between the Lapiths and the centaurs ("see Pirithous"). Similarly, in the "Iliad" (without referring to these transformations) Nestor numbers Caeneus among an earlier generation of heroes of his youth, "the strongest men that Earth has bred, the strongest men against the strongest enemies, a savage mountain-dwelling tribe whom they utterly destroyed".


title: Caeneus

text: In Ovid's description of the tale, a particular centaur, Latreus, mocks Caeneus and denies his skill as a fighter when he realizes that Caeneus is originally female. Caeneus strikes Latreus a blow in the side, and is unharmed by the centaur's last attempts at wounding him. In revenge for this, the centaurs piled pine-tree trunks (some say fir trees) and stones upon him, since he was immune to weapons.


title: Caeneus

text: There are several descriptions of Caeneus' fate after he had been crushed down by the trunks. One vase, for instance, depicts him as sinking down into the earth, upright, and buried at the waist; this legend is described in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" as well, and implies that Caeneus is falling directly into Tartarus. Ovid states that Caeneus flew away from the pile of tree trunks as a golden-winged bird. This version of the ending is witnessed by Mopsus as well as Nestor, who tells the story.


title: Caeneus

text: Caeneus' legend is found in "Metamorphoses", where he is mentioned briefly as a participant in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar. Some time after this appearance, Nestor tells the story of Caeneus to Achilles in fuller detail, describing his transformation from female to male. In Ovid's retelling, placed in the mouth of the aged Homeric hero Nestor, Caenis, the daughter of Elatus (a Lapith chieftain) and Hippea, was raped by Poseidon, who then fulfilled her request to be changed into a man so that she could never be raped again; he also made Caenis invulnerable to weaponry. Caenis then changed his name to Caeneus and became a warrior, traveling all over Thessaly, and later taking part in the hunt for the Calydonian Boar.


title: Caeneus

text: In the "Argonautica" of Apollonius Rhodius, Caeneus is said to be the father of Coronus, one of the Argonauts.


title: Caeneus

text: Virgil also says that Aeneas sees him, having been returned to his original female form by the Fates, in the Fields of Mourning as he visits the underworld in Book Six of the "Aeneid". He was also mentioned in the Hesiodic "Catalogue of Women".


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Igor Venediktovich Plotnitsky (born 25 June 1964) is a former Ukrainian separatist leader who served as the head of the self-proclaimed Luhansk People's Republic, in eastern Ukraine, from 14 August 2014 to 24 November 2017. He was born 26 June 1964 either in Luhansk or in the town of Kelmentsi, Chernivtsi Oblast. Plotnitsky himself did not issue a public statement on 24 November 2017, but on that day a Luhansk People's Republic website claimed he had resigned as their president. On 25 November the 38-member People's Council of the self-proclaimed state unanimously approved Plotnitsky's resignation.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Plotnitsky was born either in Luhansk or in the town of Kelmentsi to Venedikt and Nina Plotnitsky. He also has a brother Mykhailo Plotnitsky who resides in Kyiv. According to research carried out by a journalist, Plotnitsky graduated from a school in Kelmentsi. According to one of his classmates, Plotnitsky moved to Luhansk (then part of Soviet Ukraine) in 1982, when he joined the army. Other sources claim that he was drafted to the army and served in Penza where he graduated from the Penza Artillery and Engineer College. In 1991 Plotnitsky retired from the Soviet Army as a major and moved to Luhansk.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Plotnitsky was a reserve officer of the Soviet Army and started to dedicate himself to business activities after the fall of Soviet Union. Eventually Plotnitsky opened his own business in sale of fuel and lubrication materials. In 2004-2012 he worked for the regional Inspectorate for the Protection of Consumer Rights.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: In 2018 it was reported that Plotnitsky had been arrested and was in pre-trial detention in a Russian jail in St. Petersburg.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: With the start of 2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine (in the Donbass region), Plotnitsky sided with the Luhansk People's Republic (LPR). In April 2014 he organized the rebel battalion "Zarya" and on 21 May 2014 he was appointed as the Minister of Defense for Luhansk People's Republic. After the resignation of Valeriy Bolotov on 14 August 2014, Plotnitsky succeeded him as a Head of the LPR.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Plotnitsky won the 2014 LPR election with 63% of the vote. The Russian Foreign Ministry recognized the elections despite the Minsk Protocol which they signed. Despite participating in and winning the election, Plotnitsky later stated that he had been appointed to the post, but did not specify by whom.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Another journalist's research points to a direct connection between Plotnitsky and a former Ukrainian official, Oleksandr Yefremov (former Governor of Luhansk Oblast), one of the leaders of Party of Regions. On 30 October 2014, the Prosecutor General's Office of Ukraine issued a statement, that he and Aleksandr Popov are suspected of kidnapping Nadiya Savchenko. Since 10 November 2014 Plotnitsky has been wanted by the Security Service of Ukraine for his role in the LPR.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Plotnitsky challenged Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko to a duel (possibly to be broadcast live on TV) in an open letter published on 19 November 2014 in which he proposed "Whoever wins will dictate their terms to the opposing side". Plotinsky said that if he won the duel, he would begin by ending all military action in the country's turbulent east, and would then force "all legal, half-legal, paralegal and illegal armed groups" into exile.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: On 11 February 2015, the LPR leadership signed the Minsk II agreement that outlined the reintegration of rebel-held territory into Ukraine and amending the Ukrainian constitution to grant it special status within Ukraine's borders. The next week Plotnitsky said that "If Ukraine remains like it is now, we will never be together", but that if the Ukrainian government would carry out the reforms laid out in the Minsk agreement "Time will tell whether we will be part of the future, new and renewed Ukraine."


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: On 18 January 2017 Plotnitsky (on his official website) declared "we will never return to Ukraine!" and that the LPR was "returning to its home – Russia, the Russian world".


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: On 22 November 2017 Russian media citing unofficial sources stated that he had been overthrown by the former interior minister on 21 November 2017 and had fled to Russia while other Russian media reported that he had not left Luhansk. On 24 November 2017 a separatist website stated that Plotnitsky had retired from the presidency citing poor health - "For health reasons. Multiple war wounds, the effects of blast injuries took their toll." The website stated that security minister Leonid Pasechnik had been named acting leader "until the next elections." Plotnitsky was stated to become the separatist's representative to the Minsk process. Plotnitsky himself did not issue a public statement on 24 November 2017. The following day the 38-member People's Council of the self-proclaimed state unanimously approved Plotnitsky's resignation.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: On 6 August 2016 Plotnitsky's car exploded, injuring its passengers including Plotnitsky. According to the separatists, an explosive device had been planted and detonated near a set of traffic lights. They also claimed Ukrainian "saboteurs" might be behind the "terrorist" attack – a claim denied by the Ukrainian authorities. On 7 August 2016 Plotnitsky was said to be stable after hospital treatment.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: Members of Russian Cossacks, particularly Pavel Dryomov, accused Plotnitsky of embezzlement of state property and called for an armed coup-d'état against him. The statement was released on 31 December 2014, soon after a major conflict between supporters of Plotnitsky and the Russian cossacks in Antratsyt during which, according to the RNBO, 18 people were killed and the leader of the cossacks Nikolay Kozitsyn disappeared. Dryomov also pointed out that the regional administration of Luhansk Oblast was being controlled by "people of Oleksandr Yefremov", while Plotnitsky was promoted by another Ukrainian parliamentarian Natalia Korolevska. Another conflict ensued in the city of Rovenky on 21 January 2015 and another street fight took place involving grenade launchers and armoured personnel vehicles in Krasny Luch on 28 February 2015.


title: Igor Plotnitsky

text: In June 2015, Plotnitsky told an audience at a Russian university that Ukraine's Euromaidan revolution was masterminded by a cabal of Jews, and that the name "Euromaidan" was really "Evreimaidan", which translates from Russian to "Jewmaidan". He also referred to President Petro Poroshenko as "Valtzman" (there is an unproven urban legend that Poroshenko's father was actually named Valtzman until he adopted his wife's last name). In the speech he also said "I have nothing against the Jews as a people, as the 'chosen people,' we can talk about this separately if we have the time". Jewish leaders commenting on his remarks agreed they were anti-Semitic. The Anti-Defamation League also condemned Plotnitsky.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: The Norwich Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United Kingdom, and was bred to hunt small rodents. With a friendly personality, Norwich Terriers are today mostly a companion dog breed. One of the smallest terriers, these dogs are generally healthy, but are relatively rare, due in part to their low litter size and the common need for caesarian sections. Their drop-eared variety is the Norfolk Terrier.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: These terriers are one of the smallest working terriers (; at the withers), with prick ears and a double coat, which come in red, tan, wheaten, black and tan, and grizzle. Norwich Terriers can enjoy a tail length ranging from 2 inches to an impressive 8 inches. The consistency and frequency of tail wagging by the Norwich Terrier serves as an indicator of happiness.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: These small but hardy dogs are typically courageous, intelligent and affectionate. They can be assertive, but it is unusual for them to be aggressive. They are energetic and thrive on an active life. They are known to be consistently hungry and will eat anything edible. They are eager to please, but have definite minds of their own. They can be very sensitive to scolding. They should not be kept outside alone or in a kennel setting as they enjoy the companionship of their owners. Norwich are not known to bark unnecessarily, but will warn if a stranger is approaching. Once they realize that there is no threat, they become quite friendly. Norwich are generally good with children, and if introduced to other household pets as a puppy they generally co-habit peacefully, though caution should be observed around rodent pets as they may be mistaken for prey.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: US and UK breed surveys put the life expectancy of the Norwich Terrier at 13–13.5 years. While the Norwich Terrier is considered a healthy breed, there are some health issues for which responsible breeders do preventive genetic health testing, thereby reducing the incidences.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: The Norwich Terrier does have a predisposition for some health issues but studies to determine the exact mode of inheritance or the exact frequency in the breed are unknown or have not been conclusive. At present there are no disorders identified as "most important". Of secondary magnitude, cataracts are recognized as a disorder that has been reported sporadically and may be inherited. Also of a secondary magnitude there are instances of epilepsy, narrow tracheas, luxating patellas, hip dysplasia, mitral valve disease, portosystemic shunts, atopy(allergic inhalant dermatitis) and incorrect bites (how the teeth meet when the jaws are closed).


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Like all dogs, Norwich Terriers can have autoimmune reactivity to rabies vaccinations. Rabies-Vaccine-Induced Ischemic Dermatopathy, or RVI-ID, is a non-fatal but potentially serious reaction to chemicals called adjuvants in the vaccine. RVI-ID is often misdiagnosed, but if correctly diagnosed, is treatable. Symptoms may include: symmetrical dark spots or lesions at the tips of the ears; swelling, hard lumps or dark spots in the vicinity of the injection site.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Higher volume Norwich breeders are seeing more dogs with breathing concerns, and the Norwich and Norfolk Terrier Club (USA) has formed a new "Health and Genetics Sub-Committee for Research on Upper Airway Syndrome in Norwich Terriers". Upper Airway Syndrome (UAS) covers all abnormalities that can occur in the upper airway, including: elongated soft palates; too short soft palates; narrow/misshapen tracheas; collapsing tracheas; stenotic nares (nasal passages that are too small); swollen tonsils; everted laryngeal saccules. These upper airway disorders can occur singly or in combination with one or two others. All compromise the airway and the dog's ability to breathe normally; the dog's breathing often sounds raspy or moist. It may be that shorter muzzles may have increased incidence of such issues.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Norwich Terriers generally have small litters of 1 to 3 puppies. Generally, if a female is healthy, its optimal breeding period is between the ages of 2 (after all genetic health testing is complete - heart, eyes, hips and patellas) and six years. At seven years of age dogs are considered geriatric. The small supply and the high price of a purebred Norwich Terrier - often around US$4,500 in 2020 - has attracted fraud, as unsuspecting buyers pay full price for Cairn Terriers with docked tails, or mixed-breed puppies.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: In Canada and the United States, the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals maintains an open registry of dogs that have completed their genetic health testing program.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Norwich Terriers are hardy, active dogs, bred for a working life of pursuing vermin and accompanying their farmer owners on horseback. A good daily walk is therefore the minimum needed to meet the exercise requirements of a healthy Norwich Terrier. Norwich Terriers compete in Earthdog competitions, and are increasingly common in Agility and Flyball competitions. The dogs were bred as working terriers, and thrive best with at least one hour of real activity daily, such as a good walk, run, or working session. Like any hard working dog, the Norwich Terrier loves to be rewarded with a hearty play session. Norwich Terriers show remarkable skills in fetching sticks, running long distances and even the occasional swim if supervised. Norwich Terriers are devoted to their owners and love companion sports.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: The Norwich Terrier has two coats - a harsh, wiry topcoat and a soft warm undercoat. Ideally, the coat is combed with a steel comb daily to once a week to remove the loose, dead hairs and prevent matting. Proper maintenance of the Norwich coat, like other hard wiry coats, requires "stripping," or pulling the oldest hairs from the coat (using fingers and/or a "stripping knife," a special grooming comb). Stripping results both in the coat retaining its proper appearance, and in the health of the dog's skin and coat. Ideally, owners hand-strip the coat on a regular basis to achieve what is called a "rolling" coat, where hairs of all lengths are growing in. Maintaining a rolling coat is easier on the dog's skin and requires shorter grooming sessions. At minimum, the coat should be stripped once in the autumn and once in the spring. Clipping or cutting negatively affects the appearance of the coat's natural colours and texture.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Only the American Kennel Club calls for a medium docked tail (long enough for a man's hand to grasp), though a natural tail is not a disqualification. In Canada and most of Australia,


title: Norwich Terrier

text: tail docking is optional, but in New South Wales, it is illegal. In the United Kingdom, tail docking is only permitted for working dogs and is banned for dogs bred as pets or showing. Other countries that have banned tail docking include: Norway in 1987, and Sweden in 1988. In the last four years Cyprus, Greece, Luxembourg and Switzerland have also decided to introduce a ban on tail docking.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Historically, tails were docked in the UK to avoid taxation of sporting dogs. Today, proponents of tail docking argue working Norwich Terriers should have a docked tail because there is less risk of damaging the tail or spine if it is used to extract the dog from a hole. Some proponents suggest the docked tail makes for a prettier breed silhouette. Opponents of tail docking note that docking severely damages the important canine tail-signalling system, so vital to dogs' social communication. Where form follows function, the tail assists the dog with balance for movement over rough terrain and turning at speed. Arguments for and against tail docking are covered in this Michigan State University (Detroit College of Law) paper, including "History":


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Norwich Terriers are difficult to breed. Many have Caesarean sections. The North American average litter size for 2007 is two puppies with the total number of puppies for the year, in the USA, at approximately 750.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: There are breeding lines with higher average litter sizes as can be easily traced in pedigrees of kennel clubs who include such information, e.g., The Dutch Kennel Club. Similar information can be obtained at the internet site of the Finnish Kennel Club. Recently in the United States, there has been significant pedigree fraud. Sometimes these fake Norwich Terriers are sold over the internet.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: The breed has existed since at least the late 19th century as a working terrier of East Anglia, England. The dogs were useful as ratters in the stable yard, bolters of fox for the hunt, and family companions. It was the mascot of Cambridge students. Small red terriers, descendants of Irish Terriers, had existed in the area since at least the 1860s, and these might be the ancestors of the Norwich, or it might have come from the Trumpington Terrier, a breed that no longer exists. In its earliest history, it was also known as the "Jones Terrier" and the "Cantab Terrier".


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Since its earliest identification as a breed, puppies have had either drop or prick ears, and both were allowed when the Norwich was first recognized in the show ring in 1932 by The Kennel Club (England). Drop ears were often cropped until it became illegal to do so. This intensified a long-standing controversy over whether drop-eared dogs should be allowed in the show ring and whether the primary difference was simply the ears or whether other, deeper, personality and structural differences marked the drop-eared variety. Starting in the 1930s, breeders increased their efforts to distinguish the breeds. While Norfolk and Norwich Terriers were inter-bred for a number of years today they are positively two distinctive breeds. In fact some historical texts indicate that they were distinctive breeds before they were inter-bred.


title: Norwich Terrier

text: Both ear types continued to be allowed in the ring until The Kennel Club recognized the drop-eared variety as a separate breed, the Norfolk Terrier, in 1964, and the American Kennel Club, United Kennel Club, and Canadian Kennel Club did the same in 1979. Until that time, the breeds were designated by the AKC as Norwich Terriers, P.E. (prick ears) and Norwich Terriers, D.E. (drop ears).


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: She Who Became the Sun is a 2021 historical fantasy novel by Shelley Parker-Chan. Parker-Chan's debut novel, the work is a re-imagining of the rise to power of the Hongwu Emperor in the 14th century.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: The book won both the Best Novel and Best Newcomer awards at the British Fantasy Awards, and was a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award for Transgender Fiction and the Hugo Award for Best Novel, making Parker-Chan the first Australian to be nominated for the latter award.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: The novel is set in 14th century China, during the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and the Red Turban Rebellions. In this historical reimagining, the Mandate of Heaven is a literal flame that can be summoned by the Emperor. With the Empire fracturing, both the Emperor and others with the power to challenge him can summon the Mandate of Heaven.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: A local fortune teller describes the fate of two children from a peasant family. The son is told he will achieve greatness, while the daughter is told she is nothing. However, after bandits kill their father, the son wastes away and dies. The daughter takes on her brother's name, Zhu Chongba, and pretends to be a boy in order to find refuge in a Buddhist monastery.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: Zhu Chongba remains at the monastery for years, maintaining her disguise and eventually becoming ordained as a monk. When the abbot angers the Mongolians, the monastery is destroyed by General Ouyang. Zhu joins the Red Turbans. She rises to the rank of commander after a series of seemingly miraculous military victories.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: Meanwhile, Ouyang, an ethnically Han man who was castrated and enslaved by the Mongolians because of his family's treason, plots to overthrow his rulers. This is complicated by Ouyang's love for Esen, the Mongolian prince he serves. Ouyang and Zhu have several military clashes; he eventually cuts off Zhu's hand, but allows her to live. Eventually, he orchestrates the death of both Esen and Esen's father, then turns his forces against the Mongolian Emperor.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: Zhu Chongba believes that she must totally deny her female identity in order to seize her brother's destiny of greatness and avert the nothingness originally foretold for her. However, her point of view changes as her knowledge of feminine skills and insights into a woman's point of view continually provide her with opportunities to succeed. Zhu marries Ma Yingzi, who loves Zhu but is troubled by the violence inherent in Zhu's quest for power. Zhu gradually eliminates the other commanders of the Red Turbans, consolidating power for herself. Zhu captures the capital city and succeeds in summoning the Mandate of Heaven's flame. She is crowned Emperor as Ma Yingzi watches on.


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: The novel has been noted to touch on themes of gender, sexuality, and diasporic identity. In an interview with the "South China Morning Post", Parker-Chan described the novel as "a queer reimagining of the rise to power of the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty. It’s also a fun story about gender," adding that mainstream white Australian culture had "a particular type of Australian masculinity that is held as the ideal. This excludes every other kind of masculinity, especially queer masculinity and Asian masculinity."


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: "She Who Became the Sun" topped the "Sunday Times" Bestseller List. Writing for "USA Today", Eliot Schrefer gave the book 3.5 stars out of 4, saying that it was "an important debut that expands our concept of who gets to be a hero and a villain", but that it had a "restricted emotional range", as "scenes of kindness and compassion are nearly absent". Writing for "Locus", Liz Bourke called the novel "expansive, epic novel, filled with political manoeuvering, armed conflict (and a lot of it), and intense emotions", and that there were few other novels that "attempts the same kind of re-imagining, and especially not such a queer re-imagining." Also writing for Locus, Alex Brown said that "fantasy elements aren’t as grand in this book as they might be in other epic fantasies" and that the "political scheming here makes the "A Song of Ice and Fire" series look like child’s play".


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: Lee Mandelo of "Tor.com" said the book was "propelled by the intense, grasping, often amoral desires of two queer protagonists whose deeply complicated relationships to gender and their bodies are center-stage" and that the novel pulled "no punches with its gnawing ethical quandaries about the foundations of empire". "Publishers Weekly" wrote that "though Parker-Chan’s unrelentingly grim view of humanity bogs down the middle of the novel, her nuanced exploration of gender identity and striking meditation on bodily autonomy set this fantasy apart". Yaameen Al-Muttaqi of "The Daily Star" wrote that the novel was "quite transparently a tale of identity: shaping your own space in a world that does not want you, and making that shape yours despite what others think you should be," and that the book had a sombre, introspective tone, "not concerned with the grand battles and heroic moments".


title: She Who Became the Sun

text: "She Who Became the Sun" is the first novel by an Australian writer to be nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel.


title: War discography

text: The American funk-rock band War (originally Eric Burdon and War) has released eighteen studio albums, three live albums, seven compilation albums, and sixty singles.


title: Coracoid process

text: The coracoid process (from Greek κόραξ, raven) is a small hook-like structure on the lateral edge of the superior anterior portion of the scapula (hence: coracoid, or "like a raven's beak"). Pointing laterally forward, it, together with the acromion, serves to stabilize the shoulder joint. It is palpable in the deltopectoral groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles.


title: Coracoid process

text: The coracoid process is a thick curved process attached by a broad base to the upper part of the neck of the scapula; it runs at first upward and medialward; then, becoming smaller, it changes its direction, and projects forward and lateralward.


title: Coracoid process

text: Anatomically it is divided into intervals of: base of coracoid process, angle of coracoid process, shaft and the apex of the coracoid process. The coracoglenoid notch is an indentation localized between the coracoid process and the glenoid. As the coracoid process projects laterally, it house underneath it the subcoracoid space.


title: Coracoid process

text: The "ascending portion", flattened from the frontal aspect backward, presents in front a smooth concave surface, across which the subscapularis passes.


title: Coracoid process

text: The "horizontal portion" appears flattened when viewed from above looking downward; its upper surface is convex and irregular, and gives attachment to the pectoralis minor; its under surface is smooth; its medial and lateral borders are rough; the former gives attachment to the pectoralis minor and the latter to the coracoacromial ligament; the apex is embraced by the Conjoint tendon of origin of the coracobrachialis and short head of the biceps brachii and gives attachment to the coracoclavicular fascia.


title: Coracoid process

text: On the medial part of the root of the coracoid process is a rough impression for the attachment of the conoid ligament; and running from it obliquely forward and lateralward, on to the upper surface of the horizontal portion, is an elevated ridge for the attachment of the trapezoid ligament.


title: Coracoid process

text: The coracoid process is a snare molded bone design projecting anterolaterally from the unrivaled part of the scapular neck. Surgeons refer to this part of the body as the “lighthouse of the shoulder” as it is close to the area where structures of veins and nerves (neurovascular) are bound together. The distances between the coracoid base and the neurovascular structures is like a 90 degree chair. The suprascapular ligament is right next to the coracoid process. The muscles that are attached are: Pectoralis Minor, Coracobrachialis, and Biceps Brachii.


title: Coracoid process

text: In addition, this structure attaches all the tendons and ligaments together.  There are two purposes for this structure: it is the primary hold by which the clavicle is joined to the scapula and alongside the acromion and coraco-acromial tendon, it shapes the curve over the glenoid. By having the coracoid process, this allows the scapula to not be attached to the skeletons by the bone so that it can only support the limbs. Although there are minor instances where the coracoid process can be damaged by itself, there can still be damage to the structure with an acute subscapularis tear. Usually a disruption in the coracoid process can indicate a shoulder injury such as dislocation and instability.


title: Coracoid process

text: The coracoid process is palpable just below the lateral end of the clavicle (collar bone). It is otherwise known as the "Surgeon's Lighthouse" because it serves as a landmark to avoid neurovascular damage.


title: Coracoid process

text: Major neurovascular structures enter the upper limb medial to the coracoid process, so that surgical approaches to the shoulder region should always take place laterally to the coracoid process.


title: Coracoid process

text: In monotremes, the coracoid is a separate bone. Reptiles, birds, and frogs (but not salamanders) also possess a bone by this name, but is not homologous with the coracoid process of mammals.


title: Coracoid process

text: Analyses of the size and shape of the coracoid process in "Australopithecus africanus" (STS 7) have shown that in this species it displayed a prominent dorsolateral tubercle placed more laterally than in modern humans. This reflect, according to one interpretation, a scapula positioned high on a funnel-shaped thorax and a clavicle positioned obliquely as in extant great apes.


title: Coracoid process

text: Anthropologists use the coracoid process to study shoulder morphology in order to find out if the upper limbs provided support for bipedalism in the early hominin ages.  The shoulder is an area of primate life structures that previous examinations have demonstrated to emphatically mirror the varying useful requests forced by contrasts in locomotor modes. Since the morphology of early hominin upper appendage components comprises a blend of derived traits, it is noted that these primitive features are of continuous usage throughout the evolution of hominins. When "Australopithecus africanus" (known as Sts 7 within the realms of Anthropology) was being examined, it was observed that the scapular orientation was higher as compared to modern day humans (Homo sapiens). However, Homo Sapiens do not have distinct features in terms of shape or size when it comes to the coracoid process. Within the research of Elizabeth Vrbua, a paleoanthropologist who made a study called “A New Study of the Scapula of Australopithecus africanus from Sterkfontein”, it was seen that "A. africanus" had a higher scapular position which could infer that this position is likely to be seen in earlier hominins as well.


title: Coracoid process

text: According to the authors of “The human acromion viewed from an evolutionary perspective”, there were different shapes of surface of the coracoid process within the various hominins. The gorillas had a wide shape, chimpanzees, orangutans and humans had an intermediate shape, and the gibbon had a small shape. This can further be analyzed as the different hominids have variability in their shape of the coracoid process.  The latest contributions to the evolutionary coracoid process were from Doctor M. Hussan in 2016 where he added further insight on the significance of the subacromial impingement and coracoacromial arch’s importance with the aid of pathology.


title: Reliant Regal

text: The Reliant Regal is a small three-wheeled car and van that was manufactured from 1952 to 1973 by the Reliant Motor Company in Tamworth, England, replacing the earlier Reliant Regent three-wheeled cyclecar van which had its origins in a design bought by Reliant from the Raleigh Bicycle Company. As a three-wheeled vehicle having a lightweight (under 7 cwt, 355.6 kg) construction, under UK law it is considered a "tricycle" and can be driven on a full (class A) motorcycle licence. In 1962, with the release of the Reliant Regal 3/25, van and estate versions with a side-hinged rear door were marketed as the Reliant Supervan.


title: Reliant Regal

text: Following the launch of the Mk I in 1953, the Regal passed through many revisions in a short period, with the "first generation" using the original wooden frame and discrete-panel bodywork design through to the 1961 Mk VI. The Mk II was introduced in 1954 with a mostly similar design to the Mk1, though it can be distinguished by an updated windshield. The Mk III was introduced in 1956 with a heavily updated design and featured an all-fibreglass body for the first time. This was followed by the Mk IV in 1958, the Mk V in 1959 and the Mk VI in 1960.


title: Reliant Regal

text: code named "TW7" (Three Wheeler 7). This version featured a new OHV Reliant engine (based on a reverse-engineered all-alloy version of the 803cc Standard SC engine used in the discontinued Standard Eight), a new steel chassis and bonded shell design for the body, fully updated visual styling, and was badged based on their number of wheels/bhp. The Regal 3/25, was sold from 1962 to 1968, with a 600cc engine produced 25 bhp (actually 598cc/24 bhp). In 1969, the Regal 3/30 was introduced with a 700cc engine that produced 30 bhp (actually 701cc / 29 bhp). The Regal 21E and Regal 21E 700 were also sold. The 21E version was fitted with 21 extras, which were otherwise available as optional extras to the standard car. These extras included a spot light, a fog light, chrome plated bumper over-riders, sun visors, an oil gauge, outer wheel trims and metallic paint. In 1973, the Regal was replaced by the Reliant Robin (code named "TW8").


title: Reliant Regal

text: Regals MkI–MkII had aluminium bodies and 747-cc side-valve engines. However, during the 1950s, the price of aluminium increased markedly across Europe. In response, Reliant developed an expertise in making panels of glass fibre which piece by piece replaced the aluminium panels, until the 1956 Mark 3 Regal featured a wholly glass fibre body.


title: Reliant Regal

text: Unlike Panhard, who responded to the increased cost of aluminium by substituting heavier steel panels, Reliant's choice of the glass fibre technology ensured that the Regal was able to retain its advantageous light weight, with the resulting ability to use smaller, lower powered and therefore cheaper and more economical engines. The Regal Mk VI was the last Regal to be powered by a side-valve engine, as by 1962 Reliant had developed their own all aluminium 600 cc OHV engine that was fitted into the new Regal 3/25.


title: Reliant Regal

text: The Regal 3/25 (TW7) version was introduced in October 1962 and was available as a saloon, van, estate and pickup. The estate version was essentially a van (and badged as a Supervan) but with rear side windows and fold down, removable rear seats. Unlike previous Regals, this no longer had a wooden frame and instead had a unitary construction body of reinforced fibreglass. Fibreglass was moulded in two major units (outer and inner) and then bonded together and bolted to a steel chassis. Meanwhile, on 25 April 1968, a year before BMC celebrated their 2,000,000th Mini, Reliant sales director T.H.Scott personally drove the 50,000th Regal 3/25 off the assembly line at Reliant's Tamworth plant.


title: Reliant Regal

text: A few months later, in August 1968, the 701 cc engine introduced in the Reliant Rebel the previous autumn found its way into the Regal.


title: Reliant Regal

text: For the three-wheeler, the compression ratio was lowered to 7.5:1, reducing the power to a claimed 29.5 bhp from the Rebel's 35 bhp. Nevertheless, this still represented a useful increase over the 26 bhp claimed for the 600 cc unit which the 701 replaced.


title: Reliant Regal

text: Reliant Regals and Robins enjoy something of a special place in British culture as symbols of British eccentricity.


title: Reliant Regal

text: An example of a Supervan III is the iconic yellow van belonging to Del Boy and Rodney Trotter in the long-running BBC sitcom "Only Fools and Horses". Many people claim to own genuine screen used vans but very few have any proof. British boxer Ricky Hatton bought a replica Del Boy van in 2004 which the seller claimed was genuine but later proved false. Another van was sold for around £44,000 in 2007 by Peter Nelson, a Keswick dentist, who had displayed it for 10 years in his 'Cars Of the Stars' museum. This genuine prop was used in the "Batman and Robin" Christmas special and Mr. Nelson claimed to have more than recouped the purchase price by renting the vehicle back to the production company. The company was sold in 2011, along with the rest of the collection, to American collector Michael Dezer, to be added to his 'Dezer Collection' in Miami, Florida. This collection has since been moved to Orlando, where it is now called The Orlando Auto Museum.


title: Reliant Regal

text: There were several Reliant supervans used in filming. For Series 1 and most of Series 2 (up to and including "A Touch Of Glass"), a 1969 Reliant Supervan II was used - distinguished by its number plate codice_1 and much 'dirtier' appearance, with an off-white colour bonnet, stickers to the rear door and distinctive paint pattern to the front. After "A Touch Of Glass" a new van was sourced and can be seen in the Series 2 Christmas special "Diamonds Are For Heather". This van remained in use until after Series 3 where others were then used. All other Reliants used in the TV series were the 1972 or 1973 Supervan III, dated by the type tail lamps fitted. The biggest irony of the vehicles used for the series was the use of painted-on rust, which the fibreglass vehicles could not actually develop. The fins of last Regals were remodelled to be flatter to incorporate the flat topped bulky tail lamps. All previous Regals used round topped flush tail lights (Lucas L572). Action Cars, Telefilm Cars, and Cars of the Stars in Keswick, England would hire vans for filming over the course of the TV show's life.


title: Reliant Regal

text: The registration number of codice_2 wasn't real and was just a show plate made for production. This plate indicates a vehicle registered in London in 1966, an impossibility as the van used is of the 1969–1973 models.


title: Reliant Regal

text: In another British TV comedy, "Mr. Bean", a running gag involves the titular character played by British comedian Rowan Atkinson frequently coming into conflict with a light blue 1972 Reliant Supervan III, which gets tipped over, crashed into, or bumped out of its parking space. Two vans were used. The early van used in filming is easy to identify as it is light blue, has 2 chrome wing mounted mirrors and has the earlier chrome rear lights. It also has rear windows which have been simply painted over. The second van, which seems to have only been used in the "Tee Off" Mr. Bean episode, is painted a much darker blue, has no wing mirrors of any kind, the larger late rear lights and also has rear windows which have been painted over; the inside of the doors have also been painted black.


title: Reliant Regal

text: The 2011 Pixar film "Cars 2" features a French character named Tomber who is patterned on a Reliant Regal saloon car, with some creative modifications, such as the headlights of a Citroën Ami. His name means "to fall" in French, referring to the reputed instability of three-wheel vehicles.


title: Reliant Regal

text: A Reliant Regal is shown in the closing ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics with it falling apart and Batman and Robin coming out of it, a plot that appeared in an episode of "Only Fools and Horses".


title: Reliant Regal

text: The "Only Fools and Horses" Reliant Supervan appeared in cartoon form in a short Discovery Channel advert. The cartoon man was driving a sports car and after a short drive, it turned into the Supervan with the announcer saying "What a plonker", albeit quietly, as a reference to Del Boy's famous saying.


title: Reliant Regal

text: In the 2016 Microsoft racing game "Forza Horizon 3" which is set in Australia, the 1972 Reliant Supervan III was added to the vehicle roster. The car was again featured in Forza Horizon 4, this time set in the United Kingdom.


title: Reliant Regal

text: In the "They Don't Know" video by Tracey Ullman, love interest Paul McCartney drives a blue Reliant Regal with lettering that spells out "Paul and Tracey" on the windscreen.


title: Reliant Regal

text: In early 2001, rock star Justin Hawkins rode in a 1968 Reliant Regal 3/30 that drove between Las Vegas and San Francisco.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: Half-Life: Opposing Force is an expansion pack for the first-person shooter game "Half-Life". It was developed by Gearbox Software and published by Sierra On-Line for Windows on November 19, 1999. "Opposing Force" was the first expansion for "Half-Life" and was announced in April 1999. Lead designer Randy Pitchford noted that he believed Gearbox was selected to develop "Opposing Force" because Valve, the creators of "Half-Life", wanted to concentrate on their future projects. Over the course of development, Gearbox brought in a variety of talent from other areas of the video games industry to help bolster various aspects of design.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Opposing Force" returns to the same setting as "Half-Life", but instead portrays the events from the perspective of a U.S. Marine, one of the enemy characters in the original game. The player character, Adrian Shephard, is sent in to neutralize the Black Mesa Research Facility when a scientific mishap causes it to be invaded by aliens, but quickly finds that the Marines are outnumbered and slowly being beaten back by a second alien race and black operations units.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Opposing Force" was received well by critics, with many describing it as the new benchmark title for expansion packs, in a similar fashion to how "Half-Life" revolutionized the first-person shooter genre. Other reviewers, however, thought that it still had many of the negative aspects of other expansion packs, although it was still regarded as an exceptional add-on.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: As an expansion pack for "Half-Life", "Opposing Force" is a first-person shooter. The overall gameplay of "Opposing Force" does not significantly differ from that of "Half-Life". Players navigate through levels, fight hostile non-player characters and solve a variety of puzzles to advance. The game continues "Half-Life"s methods of an unbroken narrative. The player sees everything through the first person perspective of the protagonist and remains in control of the player character for almost all of the game. Story events are conveyed through the use of scripted sequences rather than cut scenes. Progress through the world is continuous; although the game is divided up into chapters, the only significant pauses are when the game needs to load the next part of an environment. "Opposing Force" also features an extended multiplayer, incorporating the various new environments and weapons into the original deathmatch mode used in "Half-Life". After release, a new capture the flag mode with additional levels, items and powerups, was created by Gearbox.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: For the most part the player battles through the single-player game alone, but is occasionally assisted by friendly non-player characters. Security guards and scientists will occasionally help the player in reaching new areas and convey relevant plot information. However, "Opposing Force" also features fellow U.S. Marines who will assist the player in combat to a far greater degree than security guards. Three types of Marines are featured in the game: the soldier will simply provide fire support for the player with a submachine gun, shotgun or machine gun, the combat medic is capable of healing the player and other non-player characters, while the engineer can cut through doors and remove obstacles, allowing the player and their squad to proceed unhindered. A selection of enemies from "Half-Life" populate the game, including alien creatures such as headcrabs and Vortigaunts.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: A variety of new alien non-player characters, labelled "Race X", appear as well, often engaging in combat with the aliens from Xen. The player also encounters human opponents in the form of a detachment of black operations units who have been sent to destroy the base in the wake of the failure of the U.S. Marines to eliminate the alien threat. A limited selection of "Half-Life"s weaponry is allocated to the player to defend themselves with, although several new weapons such as a sniper rifle, combat knife and a variety of alien weaponry are also present.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Opposing Force" is set in the same location and timeframe as that of "Half-Life", taking place at a remote New Mexico laboratory called the Black Mesa Research Facility. In "Half-Life", the player takes on the role of Gordon Freeman, a scientist involved in an accident that opens an inter-dimensional portal to the borderworld of Xen, allowing the alien creatures of Xen to attack the facility. The player guides Freeman in an attempt to escape the facility and close the portal, ultimately traveling to Xen to do so. "Opposing Force", however, shows the events of "Half-Life" from the perspective of a different protagonist. The player assumes the role of Adrian Shephard, a U.S. Marine Corps Corporal assigned to the Hazardous Environment Combat Unit, a specialized unit sent in to Black Mesa by the government to quell the alien threat and silence all witnesses. However, after Shephard becomes isolated from his fellow Marines, he must ally with the Black Mesa personnel and attempt to escape the base.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Opposing Force" opens with Shephard riding on a V-22 Osprey with his squad. His squad discuss their deployment, somewhat irritated that they have not been told what they are being deployed for. However, as they are nearing their Landing Zone at Black Mesa, airborne alien creatures attack the Osprey formation, causing Shephard's Osprey to crash land. Shephard regains consciousness in a Black Mesa medical bay, tended to by the science team, learning that the Marines are being steadily beaten by the alien forces from Xen and orders have come through to pull out. Consequently, Shephard departs to reach an extraction point and escape the facility. However, Shephard is prevented from reaching the extraction point by the enigmatic G-Man, forcing the evacuation craft to leave without him.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: Other Marines who have also been left behind team up with Shephard and attempt to reach another extraction point near Black Mesa's Lambda Complex, but en route they come under attack from black operations units seeking to thoroughly contain the situation and eliminate all survivors. Shephard makes it to the Lambda Complex alive, and briefly sees Gordon Freeman as the latter teleports to Xen in the final stages of "Half-Life". To escape the teleportation chamber, Shephard is forced to enter a separate portal, briefly taking him to Xen before depositing him in an entirely different area of the facility. The facility is now heavily damaged, and it soon becomes clear that a new alien race, Race X, has exploited the situation to mount a localized invasion, attacking both human and Xen forces in Black Mesa indiscriminately. Fighting between the black operations units and Race X quickly intensifies.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: Shephard soon encounters more stranded Marine units in the wreckage of Black Mesa, and attempts to reach an unknown exit route, encountering heavy resistance from Race X and black operations units. A surviving Black Mesa security guard reveals to Shephard that the black operators intend to detonate a tactical nuclear weapon in the base, thereby totally sealing it off and killing everything in it. After successfully neutralizing the guarding black operations unit, Shephard disarms the device and proceeds to a nearby storage facility, intent on escape. However, the G-Man rearms the device as Shephard departs. The storage facility has become a thick battleground between Race X and the black operation units, and although Shephard manages to evade them, he is informed by another security guard that something very large is coming through an alien portal blocking the exit path.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: At the portal, Shephard discovers a gene worm, a massive creature facilitating the Race X invasion. Shephard is able to sufficiently wound the creature enough to force it back through the wormhole, but just afterwards he is teleported onto an Osprey by the G-Man. As the G-Man congratulates Shephard on his accomplishments, the nuclear device detonates in the background, destroying Black Mesa. The game closes with the G-Man detaining Shephard someplace where he can tell no one of what he has seen and cannot be harmed, pending further evaluation.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Half-Life: Opposing Force" was announced by developer Gearbox Software on April 15, 1999. In their press release, founder Randy Pitchford stated that "our number one goal is to preserve the integrity of "Half-Life" and provide new experiences that expand upon the sensation of the original". The name "Opposing Force" has a double meaning, referring both to the fact that the player is one of the enemies in the original game, as well as to Newton's third law of motion. In a later interview, Pitchford stated that he believed that Valve offered Gearbox the chance to make a "Half-Life" expansion was from a wish "to focus on their future titles". In addition, Pitchford commented that Valve and Gearbox had agreed not to "severely modify" the game engine used by "Half-Life" and "Opposing Force" as it "risks breaking all of the wonderful work" that the game's custom content community was creating. Substantial information on "Opposing Force"s development direction, as well as new locations, characters and story were revealed at the 1999 Electronic Entertainment Expo convention. The official website for "Opposing Force", hosted by publisher Sierra Studios, was put online in July 1999.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: Over the course of development, Gearbox acquired various outside talent to assist in designing some aspects. In June 1999, Gearbox announced that level designer Richard Gray would be assisting in developing the multiplayer aspects. Several other designers subsequently joined the project in September 1999, with collective experience from the development of "Daikatana", "Quake II", "Doom" and "Shadow Warrior". In the subsequent two months, media releases displaying a variety of screenshots were unveiled. The game was released on November 19, 1999. Gearbox later released a multiplayer update in May 2000, adding a capture the flag mode, along with various items to accompany the new mode. "Opposing Force" was later released on Valve's Steam content delivery system. "Opposing Force" was published as part of Sierra's "Half-Life: Generation" compilation in 2002, and as part of Valve and Electronic Arts' "Half Life 1: Anthology" on September 26, 2005.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Opposing Force" received mainly positive reviews, holding a score of 85.45% on the review aggregator site GameRankings. In the United States, the game sold 108,008 copies by the end of 1999. Although figures for sales on Steam have not been released, "Opposing Force" eventually sold over 1.1 million copies at retail.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "Computer and Video Games" reviewer Kim Randell noted that "Gearbox has obviously gone to great pains to provide a similar experience to the original". Praise was also given to the multiplayer; Randell stated that the new additions for multiplayer made it the area of "Opposing Force" that "really shines". Randell closed the review by concluding that "Opposing Force" is "an awesome achievement". Erik Wolpaw, writing for GameSpot, noted that as most expansion packs were mediocre, "it's appropriate that Gearbox Software's "Opposing Force", the official expansion for the genre-redefining "Half-Life", in turn sets a new standard of quality for future action-game mission packs". Wolpaw praised the design of the single-player campaign, commenting that "you can sense the designers' enthusiasm as one memorable scene unfolds after another, and it compels you to keep playing". Although criticizing some elements of the artificial intelligence and describing some of the new models as "merely window dressing", the review concluded that "Opposing Force" was an "impassioned application of creative design".


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "GamePro" stated that "Gearbox has done one hell of a job in creating not just an add-on for "Half-Life", but a continuation of a masterpiece", praising both level design and story elements, but noted that it was a little too short. However, some critics dissented on the idea that "Opposing Force" was as influential as other reviewers made out.


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: "PC Zone" stated that "the taste left in the mouth is a bitter one", noting that ""Opposing Force" is a few excellent ideas strung together by pedestrian "Half-Life" padding", but concluded that "it was still a good weekend's worth of entertainment". Eurogamer stated that "Opposing Force" still had similar problems to other expansion packs, commenting that "X amount of new content has been created and it is going to be cut into the old content in a linear way to make it look like an all new game", but noted that "fortunately though the new stuff in "Opposing Force"... is pretty damn good". Although praising the level design as the game's strongest point, the reviewer felt that "towards the end of the game... they were running out of development time". Reviewing for IGN, Vincent Lopez stated that the game "does a fantastic job of making you remember exactly why you enjoyed the original so much", but criticized this as the biggest drawback, commenting that "you may find yourself wishing for a more original experience", but concluded that "for good, and bad: it's good to be back".


title: Half-Life: Opposing Force

text: The game won several publication awards, as well as the Computer Game of the Year Interactive Achievement Award of 2000 from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. The editors of "PC Gamer US" presented "Opposing Force" with their 1999 "Best Expansion Pack" award, and nominated it as 1999's overall best game of the year, although it lost the latter prize to "Homeworld". They wrote that "Opposing Force" "makes history by becoming the first expansion pack to be considered for Game of the Year. Yes, it really is that good."


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Cosmo Alexandre Moreira da Rocha (born 24 April 1982 in São Vicente, São Paulo) is a Brazilian professional kickboxer, boxer, and mixed martial artist. He is a former It's Showtime 77MAX World Champion, WMC Intercontinental and WPMF World Champion, W5 World Champion.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Since becoming a professional MMA competitor in 2011 until his own retirement, he has competed for Bellator and Legacy Fighting Championship, and ONE Championship.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Alexandre, who is named after his grandfather, was born in São Vicente, São Paulo and raised in Santos, Sao Paulo. Growing up, Alexandre competed in football and was talented, going on to play professionally, but ultimately chose to focus on a career in Muay Thai. Alexandre began training in Muay Thai at the age of 19.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Alexandre began his professional kickboxing career in October 2004 in his native Brazil. In 2007 he experienced the highs and lows of the kickboxing world as he won the WMC Middleweight (160 lbs) Intercontinental Championship and the WPMF Middleweight (160 lbs) World Championship, only to lose them later in the year.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: In 2008, Alexandre became a contestant on the It's Showtime Reality TV series. He made it to the finals against Sem Braan, losing via majority decision.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: In 2009, Alexandre picked up his biggest kickboxing win as he defeated John Wayne Parr via TKO in the second round at "Evolution 17: King of the Square Ring". He fought a total of three times that evening, winning the Evolution 17 King's Cup Qualifying tournament title in the process.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: He defeated Nampon PKMuaythai via unanimous decision in the lackluster main event of "Lion Fight 11" in Las Vegas on 20 September 2013.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: He was scheduled to have his rubber match with John Wayne Parr at "Powerplay Promotions 22" in Melbourne, Australia on 8 November 2013. However, he did not apply for his visa in time and was unable to enter the country and so he was replaced by New Zealand's Brad Riddell who Parr defeated by unanimous decision.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: He defeated Mark Holst via UD in the main event of "Lion Fight 15" in Ledyard, Connecticut on 23 May 2014.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: In 2015, Alexandre defeated John Wayne Parr in the long-awaited rubber match by unanimous decision at Lion Fight 25. He won the Lion Fight Super Middleweight Belt.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Alexandre faced Juan Cervantes on November 19, 2022, at ONE on Prime Video 4. He won the fight via technical knockout in the second round and announced his retirement during the post-fight interview.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: In August 2011, Alexandre signed a multi-fight deal with the Bellator Fighting Championships, a United States-based mixed martial arts promotion.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Alexandre had a disappointing debut in October 2011 as he lost to Josh Quayhagen via decision at Bellator 52. He subsequently rebounded with a current streak of 5 wins in a row (all in Bellator)- a TKO win over Avery McPhatter at Bellator 58; a decision win over Lowrant-T Nelson at ; a TKO win over Harry Johnson at Bellator 73; a TKO win due to doctor's stoppage over Mike Bannon at Bellator 77; and a decision win over Josh Quayhagen, avenging his only loss in a rematch at Bellator 80. He amassed a 5–1 record in Bellator.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: Additionally, Alexandre trained extensively with Rashad Evans and K-1 fighter Tyrone Spong leading up to Evans' fight at UFC 133 with Tito Ortiz.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: In November 2015, Alexandre signed an exclusive deal with World Series of Fighting. However, the promotion never used Alexandre and he was eventually allowed to fight elsewhere.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: After nearly three years away from MMA action, Alexandre faced Sage Northcutt on 17 May 2019 at the . He won the fight via knockout just 29 seconds into the first round.


title: Cosmo Alexandre

text: On 11 August 2020, Alexandre revealed that he had signed a new, six-fight contract with ONE Championship. Alexandre faced Juan Cervantes, in his first fight after re-signing with the promotion, at on November 19, 2022. He won the fight by a second-round technical knockout.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Corbin Brian Burnes (born October 22, 1994) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers of Major League Baseball (MLB). He was drafted by the Brewers in the fourth round of the 2016 Major League Baseball draft, and made his MLB debut in 2018. He won the National League Cy Young Award in 2021.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Burnes attended Centennial High School in Bakersfield, California. In 2013, his senior year, he had a 9–4 win–loss record with a 2.23 earned run average (ERA) in 22 appearances. After high school, he enrolled and played college baseball at Saint Mary's College of California. In 2015, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Firebirds of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2016, his junior year, he posted a 9–2 record with a 2.48 ERA in 16 starts. After the season, he was drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers in the fourth round of the 2016 Major League Baseball draft.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Burnes made his professional debut with the Arizona League Brewers and was later promoted to the Wisconsin Timber Rattlers. In innings pitched between Arizona and Wisconsin, Burnes posted a 3–0 record with a 2.02 ERA. He started the 2017 season with the Carolina Mudcats and was later promoted to the Biloxi Shuckers after recording a 1.05 ERA after ten starts. Burnes finished 2017 with a combined 8–3 record and 1.67 ERA between both teams. The Brewers named him their minor league pitcher of the year after the season.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: MLB.com ranked Burnes as Milwaukee's second-best prospect going into the 2018 season. He began the season with the Colorado Springs Sky Sox. Burnes was called up to the majors for the first time on July 8, 2018, and made his major league debut on July 10, 2018, pitching two scoreless innings, striking out one, and recording his first major league save. In the NLDS against the Colorado Rockies, he pitched four scoreless innings in relief across two appearances, earning the win in the clinching 6–0 Game 3 victory. He got the last six outs of NLCS game six win against the Dodgers.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: To start 2019, it was announced that Burnes would begin the year in the starting rotation. However, he struggled in that role, allowing 11 home runs across his first 3 starts. It was announced he would move back to the bullpen. He continued to struggle in the bullpen, compiling a 9.00 ERA through 26 appearances. He was placed on the injured list on July 15 with shoulder discomfort. He finished the season with a 1–5 record and an 8.82 ERA in 49 innings.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: In the shortened 2020 season, Burnes pitched to a 4–1 record and recorded an ERA of 2.11 while striking out 88 batters in innings. He finished 6th in the NL Cy Young voting that year.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Burnes struck out 40 batters without issuing a walk in his first four starts of 2021, an unprecedented four game stretch for an MLB starting pitcher. On May 13, Burnes set the MLB record for the most strikeouts to begin a season before issuing a walk, with 58, surpassing the previous record held by Kenley Jansen. On August 12, Burnes tied an MLB record after striking out 10 consecutive batters in a game against the Chicago Cubs.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: On September 11, Burnes pitched the first eight innings of a combined no-hitter with Josh Hader against the Cleveland Indians, in which he struck out 14 batters. He held a perfect game until a seventh-inning walk to Myles Straw. Burnes finished the 2021 season with an 11–5 record and led the major leagues in ERA (2.43), strikeouts per nine innings (12.6), home runs per nine innings (0.4), and strikeout-to-walk ratio (6.88). He won the National League Cy Young Award, becoming the third Brewers pitcher to win the award. He was also named to the first 2021 All-MLB Team as a starting pitcher.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Making his 2021 postseason debut, Burnes was selected as the starter for Game 1 of the NLDS against the Atlanta Braves. Burnes pitched 6 shutout innings, striking out 6 in the process. He was not credited with the win, however, as he battled in a tight pitchers' duel with Atlanta's Charlie Morton. Milwaukee would, however, win the game 2–1.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: On March 22, 2022, Burnes signed a $6.5 million contract with the Brewers, avoiding salary arbitration.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: In 2022 he was 12-8 with a 2.94 ERA in 202 innings, and struck out a league-high 243 batters. On defense, he had a .961 fielding percentage. He was a finalist for the NL Gold Glove Award at pitcher, but it was won for the third straight season by Max Fried.


title: Corbin Burnes

text: Burnes is the son of Rick and Kandi Burnes. Burnes and his wife Brooke were married in 2020. Their first child, a son, was born in 2022.


title: Flat organization

text: A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or flat hierarchy) is an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organizational structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, and also to the nature of the relationships among those units and positions. Tall and flat organizations differ based on how many levels of management are present in the organization and how much control managers are endowed with.


title: Flat organization

text: In flat organizations, the number of people directly supervised by each manager is large, and the number of people in the chain of command above each person is small. A manager in a flat organization possesses more responsibility than a manager in a tall organization because there is a greater number of individuals immediately below them who are dependent on direction, help, and support. Moreover, managers in a flat organization rely less on guidance from superiors because the number of superiors above the manager is limited.


title: Flat organization

text: Empirical evidence from Ghiselli and Johnson suggests that the amount of independence that managers in flat organizations possess as a result of the flat organizational structure satisfies many of their needs in terms of autonomy and self-realization. The idea behind flat organizations is that well-trained workers will be more productive when they are more directly involved in the decision-making process rather than closely supervised by many layers of management. Delayering plans may aim to secure these benefits, although potential risks include undermining employee's confidence in their managers and putting the remaining managers under greater pressure.


title: Flat organization

text: This structure is generally possible only in smaller organizations or individual units within larger organizations. Having reached a critical size, organizations can retain a streamlined structure but cannot keep a completely flat manager-to-staff relationship without affecting productivity. Certain financial responsibilities may also require a more conventional structure. A company would not have to give a raise or promotion, based on service length but on greater productivity. Also eliminating certain departments from the payroll means saving money.


title: Flat organization

text: The flat organization model promotes employee involvement through decentralized decision-making processes. By elevating the level of responsibility of baseline employees and eliminating layers of middle management, comments and feedback reach all personnel involved in decisions more quickly. Expected response to customer feedback becomes more rapid.


title: Flat organization

text: Australian researchers Dunford, Bramble and Littler note that delayering in an organisation may also lead to down-sizing: "[a]lthough delayering need not involve down-sizing - because it is possible to redefine the position of existing staff within the new flatter structure - the two often coincide".


title: Flat organization

text: Frank Ostroff, in "The Horizontal Organisation", argues that the horizontal structure "delivers value to customers".


title: Flat organization

text: A "strong form" of flat organization is an organization with "no middle management at all". Very small businesses may lack middle managers because there are too few staff to justify hiring middle managers; in this type of organization, the business owner or the CEO may perform some of the functions performed by middle managers in larger organizations.


title: Flat organization

text: However, some organizations do not take on middle managers even as they become larger, remaining extremely flat.


title: Flat organization

text: An organization with self-managing teams who organize their own work without the need for a middle manager or supervisor above the team may meet or closely approximate this model. While a manager in self-managing teams determines the overall purpose or goal of the team, the team is at liberty to manage the methods by which to achieve that goal. This can cause conflict with people whose career path expectations include a promotion, which may not be available within the organization due to its flat structure. However, alternative "horizontal" career paths may be available, such as developing greater expertise in a role or mastery of a craft, and/or receiving pay raises for loyalty.


title: Flat organization

text: An absence of middle managers does "not" preclude the adoption and retention of mandatory work procedures, including quality assurance procedures. However, due to the fact that significant responsibilities are given to the team members themselves, if a team collectively arrives at the view that the procedures it is following are outdated, or could be improved, it may be able to change them. Such changes may, in some cases, require the approval of executive management and/or customers (consider, for example, a digital agency producing bespoke websites for corporate clients). If executive management is not involved in the decision, or merely rubber-stamps it, this might be an example of consensus decision-making or workplace democracy at the level of a team - or group of teams, if multiple teams are involved in the decision.


title: Flat organization

text: The foremost example of a company with self-managing teams is Valve, which also has rotating, not permanent, team leaders - which Valve terms "group contributors", in recognition of the fact that contributing individually and leading at Valve form a spectrum, not a binary dichotomy. Generally the term of a group contributor at Valve is at most one project, after which time they (voluntarily) rotate back to being an individual contributor. Valve also allows team members to work on whatever they find interesting. This is known as open allocation, and means that employees can switch to another team at any time, no questions asked; all desks are on wheels to make this easy. However, because new ideas may require significant resources, someone with a new idea may need to persuade a number of their coworkers to join them in order to create a new team and reach the necessary "critical mass" for the new idea to come to fruition.


title: Flat organization

text: Valve's co-founder has admitted that it has issues with failing to catch bad decisions early on due to a lack of internal controls, due to its lack of managers. Prof. Cliff Oswick from Cass Business School, who has studied Valve and other examples of "non-leadership", believes that Valve works because it hires high-calibre people who are a good fit for the leaderless environment, and because it was founded as a flat organization from the outset, so that new hires always knew what they were getting into. However, he warns that the peer-review-based stack ranking system Valve uses for determining employee remuneration, might become problematic if in the future Valve becomes short of cash.


title: Flat organization

text: In technology, agile development involves teams self-managing to a large extent (though agile development is commonly still practiced within a hierarchical organization, which means that certain types of decisions such as hiring, firing, and pay raises remain the prerogative of managers). In scrum, an agile framework, team members assign work to be done among themselves, either by free choice or by consensus. The scrum master role in scrum is "not" a management role as such, but is a role that involves helping remove obstacles to progress and ensuring that the basic scrum framework is adhered to by all parties, inside and outside the team - both aspects of the role being more akin to facilitation than to top-down micromanagement. Agile frameworks such as scrum have also begun being used in non-technology companies and organizations.


title: Flat organization

text: Drawing on Jo Freeman's famous essay "The Tyranny of Structurelessness", Klint Finley has argued that "bossless" companies like Valve might suffer from problems related to the appropriate handling of grievances, the formation of informal cliques, the "soft power" of popular employees, unprofessional and sexist attitudes, and lack of workplace diversity.


title: Flat organization

text: Suzanne J. Baker argues that new power dynamics can emerge that undermine the equality afforded by a non-hierarchical context. When an organization decides to no longer place value on a person's position, Baker suggests that new hierarchies based on personality type, skill set, and communication style can emerge. If these hierarchies don't get acknowledged, it is much more difficult to address the emergence of a new hierarchy because they remain implicit or undetected.


title: Flat organization

text: Mark Henricks, a business journalist and a critic of flat organization, argues that "when you have too little hierarchy, decisions don't get made or are made wrongly by employees who lack experience, accountability, or motivation to do the work of the missing managers".


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: Panaeolus cinctulus, syn. Panaeolus subbalteatus, commonly known as the banded mottlegill, weed Panaeolus or is a very common, widely distributed psilocybin mushroom. According to American naturalist and mycologist David Arora, "Panaeolus cinctulus" is the most common psilocybin mushroom in California.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: During the early 1900s, these species were referred to as the "weed Panaeolus" because they were commonly found in beds of the commercially grown, grocery-store mushroom "Agaricus bisporus". Mushroom farmers had to weed it out from the edible mushrooms because of its hallucinogenic properties.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: The descriptor "subbalteatus" comes from the Latin words "sub" ('somewhat') and "balteat" ('girdled'), a reference to the dark outer band of the cap.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: Morphologically, "Panaeolus cinctulus" can be easily confused with other species of psilocybin mushrooms. They have a resemblance to "Panaeolus fimicola", and prefer the same habitats, but the latter species has sulphidia on the gill faces.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: "Panaeolus cinctulus" is a cosmopolitan species that grows solitary to gregarious to cespitose (densely clumped) on compost piles, well-fertilized lawns and gardens, and, rarely, directly on horse dung. It grows from Spring to Fall seasons. It grows abundantly after rain. It can be found in many regions, including: Africa (South Africa), Austria, Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Ontario, Quebec), Nova Scotia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Guadeloupe, Estonia, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Mexico, New Guinea, New Zealand, Norway, Philippines, Russia, Slovenia, South America (Argentina, Chile, Brazil) and the United States (it is common in Oregon, Alaska, Washington, and both Northern and Southern California, but is also known to occur in all 50 states).


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: It has also been sighted in Melbourne, Australia, Central Queensland, Australia Belgium and The Czech Republic.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: The legal status of psilocybin mushrooms varies worldwide. Psilocybin and psilocin are listed as Class A (United Kingdom) or Schedule I (US) drugs under the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms, including "P. cinctulus", is therefore prohibited by extension. However, in many national, state, and provincial drug laws, there is a great deal of ambiguity about the legal status of psilocybin mushrooms and the spores of these mushrooms. "Panaeolus cinctulus" is mildly psychoactive.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: Psilocybin is similar in structure to the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is involved in or associated with mood regulation, appetite, sleep, learning and the cardiovascular system among others. Thus psilocybin may disrupt the actions of serotonin, accounting for its effects such as restlessness, increased heart rate, and inability to concentrate.


title: Panaeolus cinctulus

text: Baeocystin is a psilocybin mushroom alkaloid and analog of psilocybin. It is found as a minor compound in most psilocybin mushrooms together with psilocybin, norbaeocystin, and psilocin. Baeocystin is a N-demethylated derivative of psilocybin, and a phosphorylated derivative of 4-HO-NMT (4-hydroxy-N-methyltryptamine). Baeocystin produces similar, if not almost exactly the same effects of psilocin.


title: Immune response

text: An immune response is a reaction which occurs within an organism for the purpose of defending against foreign invaders. These invaders include a wide variety of different microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi which could cause serious problems to the health of the host organism if not cleared from the body. There are two distinct aspects of the immune response, the innate and the adaptive, which work together to protect against pathogens. The innate branch—the body's first reaction to an invader—is known to be a non-specific and quick response to any sort of pathogen. Components of the innate immune response include physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes, and soluble factors including cytokines and complement. On the other hand, the adaptive branch is the body's immune response which is catered against specific antigens and thus, it takes longer to activate the components involved. The adaptive branch include cells such as dendritic cells, T cell, and B cells as well as antibodies—also known as immunoglobulins—which directly interact with antigen and are a very important component for a strong response against an invader.


title: Immune response

text: The first contact that an organism has with a particular antigen will result in the production of effector T and B cells which are activated cells that defend against the pathogen. The production of these effector cells as a result of the first-time exposure is called a primary immune response. Memory T and memory B cells are also produced in the case that the same pathogen enters the organism again. If the organism does happen to become re-exposed to the same pathogen, a secondary immune response will kick in and the immune system will be able to respond in both a fast and strong manner because of the memory cells from the first exposure. Vaccines introduce a weakened, killed, or fragmented microorganism in order to evoke a primary immune response. This is so that in the case that an exposure to the real pathogen occurs, the body can rely on the secondary immune response to quickly defend against it.


title: Immune response

text: The innate immune response is an organism's first response to foreign invaders. This immune response is evolutionarily conserved across many different species, with all multi-cellular organisms having some sort of variation of an innate response. The innate immune system consists of physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes, various cell types like neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes, and soluble factors including cytokines and complement. In contrast to the adaptive immune response, the innate response is not specific to any one foreign invader and as a result, works quickly to rid the body of pathogens.


title: Immune response

text: Pathogens are recognized and detected via pattern recognition receptors (PRR). These receptors are structures on the surface of macrophages which are capable of binding foreign invaders and thus initiating cell signaling within the immune cell. Specifically, the PRRs identify pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) which are integral structural components of pathogens. Examples of PAMPs include the peptidoglycan cell wall or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), both of which are essential components of bacteria and are therefore evolutionarily conserved across many different bacterial species.


title: Immune response

text: When a foreign pathogen bypasses the physical barriers and enters an organism, the PRRs on macrophages will recognize and bind to specific PAMPs. This binding results in the activation of a signaling pathway which allows for the transcription factor NF-κB to enter the nucleus of the macrophage and initiate the transcription and eventual secretion of various cytokines such as IL-8, IL-1, and TNFα. Release of these cytokines is necessary for the entry of neutrophils from the blood vessels to the infected tissue. Once neutrophils enter the tissue, like macrophages, they are able to phagocytize and kill any pathogens or microbes.


title: Immune response

text: Complement, another component of the innate immune system, consists of three pathways that are activated in distinct ways. The classical pathway is triggered when IgG or IgM is bound to its target antigen on either the pathogen cell membrane or an antigen-bound antibody. The alternative pathway is activated by foreign surfaces such as viruses, fungi, bacteria, parasites, etc., and is capable of autoactivation due to “tickover” of C3. The lectin pathway is triggered when mannose-binding lectin (MBL) or ficolin aka specific pattern recognition receptors bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns on the surface of invading microorganisms such as yeast, bacteria, parasites, and viruses. Each of the three pathways ensures that complement will still be functional if one pathway ceases to work or a foreign invader is able to evade one of these pathways (defense in depth principle). Though the pathways are activated differently, the overall role of the complement system is to opsonize pathogens and induce a series of inflammatory responses that help to combat infection.


title: Immune response

text: The adaptive immune response is the body's second line of defense. The cells of the adaptive immune system are extremely specific because during early developmental stages the B and T cells develop antigen receptors that are specific to only certain antigens. This is extremely important for B and T cell activation. B and T cells are extremely dangerous cells, and if they are able to attack without undergoing a rigorous process of activation, a faulty B or T cell can begin exterminating the host's own healthy cells. Activation of naïve helper T cells occurs when antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present foreign antigen via MHC class II molecules on their cell surface. These APCs include dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages which are specially equipped not only with MHC class II but also with co-stimulatory ligands which are recognized by co-stimulatory receptors on helper T cells. Without the co-stimulatory molecules, the adaptive immune response would be inefficient and T cells would become anergic. Several T cell subgroups can be activated by specific APCs, and each T cell is specially equipped to deal with each unique microbial pathogen. The type of T cell activated and the type of response generated depends, in part, on the context in which the APC first encountered the antigen. Once helper T cells are activated, they are able to activate naïve B cells in the lymph node. However, B cell activation is a two-step process. Firstly, B cell receptors, which are just Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin D (IgD) antibodies specific to the particular B cell, must bind to the antigen which then results in internal processing so that it is presented on the MHC class II molecules of the B cell. Once this happens a T helper cell which is able to identify the antigen bound to the MHC interacts with its co-stimulatory molecule and activates the B cell. As a result, the B cell becomes a plasma cell which secretes antibodies that act as an opsonin against invaders.


title: Immune response

text: Specificity in the adaptive branch is due to the fact that every B and T cell is different. Thus there is a diverse community of cells ready to recognize and attack a full range of invaders. The trade-off, however, is that the adaptive immune response is much slower than the body's innate response because its cells are extremely specific and activation is required before it is able to actually act. In addition to specificity, the adaptive immune response is also known for immunological memory. After encountering an antigen, the immune system produces memory T and B cells which allow for a speedier, more robust immune response in the case that the organism ever encounters the same antigen again.


title: Immune response

text: Depending on exogenous demands, several types of immune response (IR) are distinguished. In this paradigm, immune system (both innate and adaptive) and non-immune system cellular and molecular components are organized to optimally respond to distinct exposome challenges. Currently, 3 types of IR are classified.


title: Immune response

text: Type 1 IR is elicited by viruses, intracellular bacteria, parasites. The actors here are group 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1), NK cells, Th1 cells, macrophages, opsonizing IgG isotypes.


title: Immune response

text: Type 2 IR is caused by multicellular parasites. ILC2, Th2 cells, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, IgE are key players here.


title: Immune response

text: Type 3 IR targets extracellular bacteria and fungi by recruiting ILC3, Th17, neutrophils, opsonizing IgG isotypes.


title: Immune response

text: One can notice that all the types of IR have sensor (ILCs, NK cells) and adaptive (T cells) components both adjusting effector (granulocytes, mast cells, neutrophils) part.


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: Phoebe Halliwell is a fictional character from the American television series "Charmed", played by Alyssa Milano from October 7, 1998, until May 21, 2006. The character was originally played by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot episode. However, Rom quit the series, and a new pilot was filmed with Milano in the role of Phoebe. The character was created by Constance M. Burge and is based on Burge herself. Phoebe is introduced into "Charmed" as the youngest sister to Prue (Shannen Doherty) and Piper Halliwell (Holly Marie Combs). She is one of the original featured leads and, more specifically, a Charmed Oneone of the most powerful witches of all time. Phoebe initially possesses the power of premonition, which enables her to see into the future and the past. To make up for initially only having a passive power, Phoebe develops martial arts skills in order to better assist her sisters when they fight evil beings. As the series progresses, she also gains the active powers of levitation and empathy.


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: Phoebe was originally portrayed as the "free-spirited", "carefree", and most rebellious sister. However, Phoebe's progression as a witch helps her become more responsible and grow as a person. She later becomes the middle sister from season four onwards, after Prue dies and the series introduces their younger half-sister Paige Matthews (Rose McGowan). Phoebe's various romantic relationships have been central to most of her storylines. Her longest on-screen relationship is with half-demon Cole Turner (Julian McMahon); they have a turbulent marriage in the fourth season, and in the fifth, following their divorce, she is compelled to vanquish him. In subsequent seasons, Phoebe has romantic relationships with her boss Jason Dean (Eric Dane), coworker Leslie St. Claire (Nick Lachey), and artist Dex Lawson (Jason Lewis). In the eighth and final season, she marries a cupid named Coop (Victor Webster).


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: The character was mostly well received by television critics, who praised Phoebe's comedic side and felt that Milano was a better fit for the role than Rom. They also commented on the outfits worn by Phoebe in the later seasons, with some critics describing them as "revealing and ridiculous costumes", "sexy" and "skimpy." Milano's portrayal of Phoebe earned her several awards and nominations; she was nominated for a Spacey Award, Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award, and a Teen Choice Award. In 2007 and 2008, AOL TV ranked Phoebe at number seven on their list of the Top TV Witches. In addition to the television series, the character has also appeared in numerous expanded universe material, such as the "Charmed" novels and its comic book adaptation.


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: In 1998, The WB began searching for a drama series, and looked to Spelling Television, which had produced the network's most successful series "7th Heaven", to create it. Expanding on the popularity of supernatural-themed dramas, the production company explored forms of mythology to find mythological characters they could focus on with contemporary storytelling. In order to create the series, Constance M. Burge was hired as the creator as she was under contract with 20th Century Fox and Spelling Television after conceiving the drama "Savannah".


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: The character of Phoebe Halliwell was conceived by Burge, who wrote the pilot script for "Charmed". The pilot script was based around three mismatched sisters who are initially based on Burge and her two older sisters, Laura and Edie Burge. Phoebe is based on Burge herself. On creating the Halliwell sisters, Burge stated "Phoebe was honestly the easiest. It just grew from within." Executive producer Brad Kern claimed Phoebe was written into the series as the classic younger sibling and stated that at the start of series Phoebe is "trying to find her own identity by living life large and not really having a care in the world."


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: When the series was in its first development stages, actress Lori Rom was cast in the role of Phoebe. Rom played the role in a 28-minute test pilot (the "unaired pilot" never aired on television) with which the series was picked up by The WB. Rom later pulled out from the series before a 45-minute version of the pilot could be filmed for proper network television, leaving the role of Phoebe vacant. Executive producer Aaron Spelling then turned to actress Alyssa Milano, who was previously cast in another television series produced by Spelling Television, "Melrose Place". While Milano was in Hawaii shooting an episode for "Fantasy Island", Spelling phoned Milano and asked her to consider joining the series. After receiving a copy of the original pilot and the script, five days later Milano began shooting the re-shot pilot episode.


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: Phoebe enters the series as the youngest Halliwell sister. She was first portrayed by Lori Rom in the unaired pilot, which the role was later given and portrayed by Alyssa Milano in all of the show's aired 178 episodes. At the start of season one (1998–99), six months have passed since the death of her Grams, Penny Halliwell (Jennifer Rhodes). A jobless Phoebe returns from New York City and moves back to San Francisco into her family's Victorian Manor with her two sisters Prue (Shannen Doherty) and Piper (Holly Marie Combs). On the night of Phoebe's return, she finds a book called the "Book of Shadows" within the Manor's attic. After Phoebe unknowingly recites aloud what turns out to be an incantation from the book, the three sisters each receive a magical power and discover their destiny as The Charmed Ones – the most powerful good witches the world has ever known. Phoebe obtains the power to "see the future" which contrasts with her known reckless persona. Because of her free-spirited nature, Phoebe often brings conflict into the Halliwell Manor, more often with Prue during the first season — this is especially in regards to their witchcraft. Initially drawn apart due to Prue's speculation of Phoebe being the cause of her failed engagement to Roger (Matthew Ashford), the two sisters mend their relationship over the course of the season.


title: Phoebe Halliwell

text: In season two (1999–2000), Phoebe is seen re-entering college and majoring in psychology. She continues to embrace her destiny as a witch and is noted by her sisters as being the best at writing new spells. In the absence of an active power, Phoebe becomes progressively adept at martial arts in order to better fight demons and warlocks. Throughout the season, Phoebe struggles to open herself up to love and attempts to find a love interest who can live up to her "ideal guy" as portrayed in her favorite in-verse movie, "Kill It Before It Dies" by the character Billy (Chris Payne Gilbert). In the season two finale, Phoebe and her sisters discover that the many attacks on their lives by evil beings have been orchestrated by a demonic force known as The Council.