title: Software prototyping

text: In 1996, Rome Labs contracted Software Productivity Solutions (SPS) to further enhance REE to create "a commercial quality REE that supports requirements specification, simulation, user interface prototyping, mapping of requirements to hardware architectures, and code generation..." This system is named the Advanced Requirements Engineering Workstation or AREW.


title: Software prototyping

text: Non-relational definition of data (e.g. using Caché or associative models) can help make end-user prototyping more productive by delaying or avoiding the need to normalize data at every iteration of a simulation. This may yield earlier/greater clarity of business requirements, though it does not specifically confirm that requirements are technically and economically feasible in the target production system.


title: Software prototyping

text: Prototyping software systems with hard real-time requirements is challenging because timing constraints introduce implementation and hardware dependencies.


title: Software prototyping

text: PSDL addresses these issues by introducing control abstractions that include declarative timing constraints. CAPS uses this information to automatically generate code and associated real-time schedules, monitor timing constraints during prototype execution, and simulate execution in proportional real time relative to a set of parameterized hardware models. It also provides default assumptions that enable execution of incomplete prototype descriptions, integrates prototype construction with a software reuse repository for rapidly realizing efficient implementations, and provides support for rapid evolution of requirements and designs.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: "" (, "The Watch on the Rhine") is a German patriotic anthem. The song's origins are rooted in the historical French–German enmity, and it was particularly popular in Germany during the Franco-Prussian War and the First World War. The original poem was written by Max Schneckenburger during the Rhine crisis of 1840, and is generally sung to music written by Karl Wilhelm in 1854, seven years after Schneckenburger's death.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: Repeated French efforts to annex the Left Bank of the Rhine began with the devastating wars of King Louis XIV. French forces carried out massive scorched earth campaigns in the German south-west. This policy was fully implemented during the Napoleonic Wars with the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806–1813. In the two centuries from the Thirty Years' War to the final defeat of Napoleon I, the German inhabitants of lands by the Rhine suffered from repeated French invasions.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The defeat and exile of Napoleon gave the Germans some respite, but during the Rhine Crisis of 1840, French prime minister Adolphe Thiers advanced the claim that the Upper and Middle Rhine River should serve as his country's "natural eastern border". The member states of the German Confederation feared that France was resuming her annexationist designs.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: Nikolaus Becker responded to these events by writing a poem called "" in which he swore to defend the Rhine. The Swabian merchant Max Schneckenburger, inspired by the German praise and French opposition this received, then wrote the poem "".


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In the poem, with five original stanzas, a "thunderous call" is made for all Germans to rush and defend the German Rhine, to ensure that "no enemy sets his foot on the shore of the Rhine" (4th stanza). Two stanzas with a more specific text were added by others later. Unlike the older "" which praised a monarch, "" and other songs written in this period, such as the "" (the third verse of which is Germany's current national anthem) and "" (What is the German's Fatherland?) by Ernst Moritz Arndt, called for Germans to unite, to put aside sectionalism, sectarianism, and the rivalries of the various German kingdoms and principalities, to establish a unified German state and defend Germany's territorial integrity.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: Schneckenburger worked in Restoration Switzerland, and his poem was first set to music in Bern by Swiss organist J. Mendel, and performed by tenor for the Prussian ambassador, von Bunsen. This first version did not become very popular. When Karl Wilhelm, musical director of the city of Krefeld, received the poem in 1854, he produced a musical setting and performed it with his men's chorus on 11 June, the day of the silver anniversary of the marriage of Prinz Wilhelm von Preussen, later German Emperor Wilhelm I. This version gained popularity at later events.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: During the "Vormärz" era and the Revolutions of 1848, a Rhine romanticism movement arose, stressing the cultural and historical significance of the Rhine Gorge and the German territories on the river's left bank around the cities of Cologne, Worms, Trier and Speyer.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In response to the Ems Dispatch incident, which occurred in Bad Ems, not far from the Rhine, France initiated the Franco-Prussian War of 1870/71. When in the aftermath of the subsequent French defeat, the Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck achieved the Unification of Germany and the German Empire including Alsace–Lorraine was established, ""—beside ""—was the unofficial second national anthem. The song became famous, and both the composer and the family of the author were honoured and granted an annual pension by Bismarck.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The song's lyrics also appear on the 1883 Niederwald monument located just outside Rüdesheim am Rhein high above the river, epitomising the "guard on the Rhine" itself.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: From World War I through to 1945, the "Watch on the Rhine" was one of the most popular songs in Germany, again rivaling the "" as the "de facto" national anthem. In World War II, the daily "Wehrmachtbericht" radio report began with the tune, until it was replaced by the fanfare from Liszt's "Les préludes" in 1941. The song's title was also used as the codename for the German offensive in 1944 known today as the Battle of the Bulge.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: However, the scenario envisioned in the song – i.e., an enemy approaching the Rhine and seeking to cross it, and patriotic German youths mobilizing en masse to defend the river with their lives – never came about in reality. Due to the German Army's preferred offensive strategy, the fighting in 1870–71, 1914–1918 and 1940 all took place on French soil, far to the west of the Rhine. The same is true also for the German offensive in the 1944 Battle of the Bulge – which as noted used "Watch on the Rhine" as its code name, but actually took place away from the river. In 1945 Operation Plunder resulted in a successful allied crossing of the Rhine.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: Today, the lands along the western bank of the Rhine between Switzerland and the Netherlands are mainly part of Germany. The Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate and North Rhine-Westphalia are German federal states; Alsace and northern Lorraine are parts of France with a German cultural element to them. The French–German enmity was ended in 1963 with the Élysée Treaty and the implementation of the Franco–German friendship, so that the danger of an invasion that loomed for centuries over both nations no longer exists. Today, the song has only historical significance in Germany and is rarely sung or played.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The tune is quoted near the end of César Cui's opera "Mademoiselle Fifi" (composed 1902/1903), set in France during the Franco–Prussian War.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In Lewis Milestone's 1930 film "All Quiet on the Western Front", the song is played at the end of the first scene as schoolboys, whipped into a patriotic frenzy by their instructor, abandon their studies and head off to enlist in the military. It is also heard in the background of the 1979 remake version of "All Quiet on the Western Front" when Paul (played by Richard Thomas) is preparing to board the train on his way to the front for the first time.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In Jean Renoir's 1937 film "La Grande Illusion", two songs are juxtaposed in exactly the same way as in "Casablanca" five years later. In the latter movie, "" was sung by German officers, who then were drowned out by exiled French singing La Marseillaise (which began as the "War Song for the Army of the Rhine", written and composed at the Rhine).


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The song provides the title for Lillian Hellman's cautionary pre-World War II play "Watch on the Rhine" (1941) and the 1943 movie based on it.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In the first and second part of Rainer Werner Fassbinder's 1980 epic film adaptation of Alfred Döblin's "Berlin Alexanderplatz" (1929), Franz Biberkopf starts singing the song (as in the novel).


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In John Ringo's science fiction novel "Watch on the Rhine" (2005), cannibal alien hordes landing in France advance towards Germany, and Germans prepare to block them on the Rhine.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In the parodic science fiction film "Iron Sky" (2012), the Nazis living on the far side of the moon use the song's tune (with different lyrics) as their national anthem.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: In François Ozon's 2016 film "Franz", a portion of the song is sung by several German characters in a bar.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The tune for the alma mater of Yale University, "Bright College Years", was taken from Karl Wilhelm's "Die Wacht am Rhein". New lyrics to the "splendid tune" were written by Henry Durand in 1881.


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: The tune was used by Hotchkiss School in Lakeville, Connecticut for their hymn "Fair Hotchkiss". The tune is used by Doshisha University for its school song, "Doshisha College Song".


title: Die Wacht am Rhein

text: Italian poet Giovanni Pascoli also wrote new, patriotic lyrics to the song's tune, titled "La vedetta delle Alpi". They speak about a "guard on the Alps" (Alps play the part of the sacred boundaries, just as the Rhein river does in the original lyrics). The poem bears the subtitle "Twin anthem of the 'Wacht am Rhein'".


title: Three Months

text: Three Months is a 2022 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Jared Frieder, and starring Troye Sivan, Viveik Kalra, Brianne Tju, Javier Muñoz, Judy Greer, Amy Landecker, Louis Gossett Jr. and Ellen Burstyn. It was released on Paramount+ on February 23, 2022.


title: Three Months

text: On the eve of his high school graduation, Caleb Kahn, a South Florida teen realizes he has been exposed to HIV. While he waits three months for the definitive tests on his status, he finds love in the most unlikely of places, and gets help from many new friends.


title: Three Months

text: Curtis M. Wong from "Huff Post" said "As a coming-of-age comedy-drama, "Three Months" is heartfelt and forward-thinking, probing the challenges young LGBTQ people face in a thoughtfully humorous way. Sivan gives the film a boost of star power but otherwise leaves all traces of his pop artist persona behind, capturing Caleb's self-effacing wit and relatable insecurities with refreshing nuance."'


title: Three Months

text: The film was a New York Times Critic's Pick and nominated for the 2022 Humanitas Prize. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 79% based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 6.10/10.


title: Three Months

text: Sivan was nominated for the Most Popular Australian Actor or Actress in an International Program at the 2022 Logie Awards for his work on the film. The film was also nominated for the Critics' Choice Award for Best Movie Made for Television at the 28th Critics' Choice Awards.


title: Blind (upcoming film)

text: Blind is an unfinished Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film directed by Shome Makhija and produced by Sujoy Ghosh, Avishek Ghosh, Hyunwoo Thomas Kim, Sachin Nahar, Pinkesh Nahar and Manish W. The film features Sonam K Ahuja in lead role with Purab Kohli, Vinay Pathak and Lillete Dubey in supporting roles. "Blind" a remake of the 2011 Korean film of the same name, centres around a blind police officer in search of a serial killer. The principal photography began on 28 December 2020 in Glasgow, Scotland and wrapped up on 13 February 2021. The film was scheduled to premiere on OTT platform, it is now shelved.


title: Blind (upcoming film)

text: The Principal photography commenced on 28 December 2020 in Scotland. The film was wrapped up on 13 February 2021.


title: Hill climbing

text: In numerical analysis, hill climbing is a mathematical optimization technique which belongs to the family of local search. It is an iterative algorithm that starts with an arbitrary solution to a problem, then attempts to find a better solution by making an incremental change to the solution. If the change produces a better solution, another incremental change is made to the new solution, and so on until no further improvements can be found.


title: Hill climbing

text: For example, hill climbing can be applied to the travelling salesman problem. It is easy to find an initial solution that visits all the cities but will likely be very poor compared to the optimal solution. The algorithm starts with such a solution and makes small improvements to it, such as switching the order in which two cities are visited. Eventually, a much shorter route is likely to be obtained.


title: Hill climbing

text: Hill climbing finds optimal solutions for convex problems – for other problems it will find only local optima (solutions that cannot be improved upon by any neighboring configurations), which are not necessarily the best possible solution (the global optimum) out of all possible solutions (the search space). Examples of algorithms that solve convex problems by hill-climbing include the simplex algorithm for linear programming and binary search. To attempt to avoid getting stuck in local optima, one could use restarts (i.e. repeated local search), or more complex schemes based on iterations (like iterated local search), or on memory (like reactive search optimization and tabu search), or on memory-less stochastic modifications (like simulated annealing).


title: Hill climbing

text: The relative simplicity of the algorithm makes it a popular first choice amongst optimizing algorithms. It is used widely in artificial intelligence, for reaching a goal state from a starting node. Different choices for next nodes and starting nodes are used in related algorithms. Although more advanced algorithms such as simulated annealing or tabu search may give better results, in some situations hill climbing works just as well. Hill climbing can often produce a better result than other algorithms when the amount of time available to perform a search is limited, such as with real-time systems, so long as a small number of increments typically converges on a good solution (the optimal solution or a close approximation). At the other extreme, bubble sort can be viewed as a hill climbing algorithm (every adjacent element exchange decreases the number of disordered element pairs), yet this approach is far from efficient for even modest N, as the number of exchanges required grows quadratically.


title: Hill climbing

text: Hill climbing is an anytime algorithm: it can return a valid solution even if it's interrupted at any time before it ends.


title: Hill climbing

text: Hill climbing attempts to maximize (or minimize) a target function formula_1, where formula_2 is a vector of continuous and/or discrete values. At each iteration, hill climbing will adjust a single element in formula_2 and determine whether the change improves the value of formula_1. (Note that this differs from gradient descent methods, which adjust all of the values in formula_2 at each iteration according to the gradient of the hill.) With hill climbing, any change that improves formula_1 is accepted, and the process continues until no change can be found to improve the value of formula_1. Then formula_2 is said to be "locally optimal".


title: Hill climbing

text: In discrete vector spaces, each possible value for formula_2 may be visualized as a vertex in a graph. Hill climbing will follow the graph from vertex to vertex, always locally increasing (or decreasing) the value of formula_1, until a local maximum (or local minimum) formula_11 is reached.


title: Hill climbing

text: In simple hill climbing, the first closer node is chosen, whereas in steepest ascent hill climbing all successors are compared and the closest to the solution is chosen. Both forms fail if there is no closer node, which may happen if there are local maxima in the search space which are not solutions. Steepest ascent hill climbing is similar to best-first search, which tries all possible extensions of the current path instead of only one.


title: Hill climbing

text: Stochastic hill climbing does not examine all neighbors before deciding how to move. Rather, it selects a neighbor at random, and decides (based on the amount of improvement in that neighbor) whether to move to that neighbor or to examine another.


title: Hill climbing

text: Coordinate descent does a line search along one coordinate direction at the current point in each iteration. Some versions of coordinate descent randomly pick a different coordinate direction each iteration.


title: Hill climbing

text: Random-restart hill climbing is a meta-algorithm built on top of the hill climbing algorithm. It is also known as Shotgun hill climbing. It iteratively does hill-climbing, each time with a random initial condition formula_12. The best formula_11 is kept: if a new run of hill climbing produces a better formula_11 than the stored state, it replaces the stored state.


title: Hill climbing

text: Random-restart hill climbing is a surprisingly effective algorithm in many cases. It turns out that it is often better to spend CPU time exploring the space, than carefully optimizing from an initial condition.


title: Hill climbing

text: Hill climbing will not necessarily find the global maximum, but may instead converge on a local maximum. This problem does not occur if the heuristic is convex. However, as many functions are not convex hill climbing may often fail to reach a global maximum. Other local search algorithms try to overcome this problem such as stochastic hill climbing, random walks and simulated annealing.


title: Hill climbing

text: Ridges are a challenging problem for hill climbers that optimize in continuous spaces. Because hill climbers only adjust one element in the vector at a time, each step will move in an axis-aligned direction. If the target function creates a narrow ridge that ascends in a non-axis-aligned direction (or if the goal is to minimize, a narrow alley that descends in a non-axis-aligned direction), then the hill climber can only ascend the ridge (or descend the alley) by zig-zagging. If the sides of the ridge (or alley) are very steep, then the hill climber may be forced to take very tiny steps as it zig-zags toward a better position. Thus, it may take an unreasonable length of time for it to ascend the ridge (or descend the alley).


title: Hill climbing

text: By contrast, gradient descent methods can move in any direction that the ridge or alley may ascend or descend. Hence, gradient descent or the conjugate gradient method is generally preferred over hill climbing when the target function is differentiable. Hill climbers, however, have the advantage of not requiring the target function to be differentiable, so hill climbers may be preferred when the target function is complex.


title: Hill climbing

text: Another problem that sometimes occurs with hill climbing is that of a plateau. A plateau is encountered when the search space is flat, or sufficiently flat that the value returned by the target function is indistinguishable from the value returned for nearby regions due to the precision used by the machine to represent its value. In such cases, the hill climber may not be able to determine in which direction it should step, and may wander in a direction that never leads to improvement.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: The Train: Some Lines Should Never Be Crossed... is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language crime thriller film directed by Hasnain Hyderabadwala and Raksha Mistry. The film stars Emraan Hashmi, Geeta Basra and debutant Sayali Bhagat in the lead roles, and tells the story of a married couple caught up in a complex emotional tangle revolving around an extramarital affair. It is a remake of the 2005 American film "Derailed". It was a box office disappointment.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: Vishal Dixit (Emraan Hashmi), is a regular middle class man, settled in Bangkok with his wife, Anjali Dixit (Sayali Bhagat) and their 5-year-old daughter, Nikki, who is suffering from kidney failure and is in need of an operation. Anjali and Vishal are trying to hold on to their deteriorating marriage which is already under tremendous pressure due to their daughter’s illness.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: One ordinary day, on his way to work, Vishal meets Roma Kapoor (Geeta Basra), a beautiful, captivating woman. The attraction between them is instantaneous. Vishal gets to know her better and the two show each other photographs of their respective daughters and begin to talk. A mutual attraction develops. Vishal realizes that she too is a loner, trapped in a loveless marriage and the two begin meeting frequently. Ultimately, they decide to consummate their affair and end up in a hotel.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: However, an armed man named Tony (Aseem Merchant) bursts into the hotel room, and robs them. Despite Vishal's pleads to both be left, Tony instead inspects both their wallets and find out that they are having an affair. Tony takes advantage and tries to make a move on Roma. Vishal tried to stop Tony, but Tony beats Vishal unconscious, and rapes Roma. Vishal and Roma agree not to report the crime, as they do not want their spouses to learn of the affair. Shortly after, Vishal is blackmailed by Tony, who threatens to reveal the truth to his family if he does not pay him, which Vishal promptly does. A month later, Tony calls again, this time demanding 1 lakh. Vishal refuses him outright however Tony is then shown to have entered Vishal house by befriending Vishal’s wife and daughter and out of earshot repeats his demand or he will expose the truth to them.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: Vishal and Roma go back to the hotel and remove the paperwork from the desk as evidence that they had an affair. However Tony finds out and threatens to expose pictures of them to the entire public if he is not paid 5 lakh. Vishal explains his situation to Charlie (Suresh Menon), an ex-con who works as a cameraman in his advertising team and a close family friend whom Vishal had earlier befriended. Charlie offers to scare off Tony for a percent of the payout and Vishal agrees. He and Charlie travel to the meeting location specified by Tony, intending to catch him by surprise. However, before they can act, Charlie is shot and killed. Tony appears and takes the money, leaving Vishal to dispose of the body. Afterwards, Vishal is questioned by officer Asif Ahmed Khan (Rajat Bedi) about Charlie’s murder. Later, Vishal receives a call from Tony who has Roma hostage and threatens to kill her and Vishal's family if he does not pay him on time. This time the ransom is increased as high as 10 lakh, which is all the money put aside for Nikki's medical treatment. Vishal gives all this off as Tony leaves him completely broke. Later on the family doctor phones to inform him they have found a donor match for Nikki and can do the operation, but a defeated Vishal rues that he can’t pay for his daughter operation.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: The next day, Vishal confesses the truth to a devastated Anjali, stops by Roma's company to see her. However he is introduced to the real Roma Kapoor. The woman he met on the train is identified as Richa Malhotra, a temp who had worked there briefly. He goes to Roma's apartment, which he realizes is actually in the process of being rented out. Seeing that Roma's photograph of her daughter was actually a cut out of a stock picture in a brochure, Vishal realizes Roma was in on the scam.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: He tracks her down and sees her kissing Tony, who, it turns out, is her boyfriend. Determined to retrieve his stolen money, he follows Richa's moves and sees that she is seducing another unsuspecting businessman. He rents a room in the same hotel where Richa, Tony, and their partner set him up and awaits them as they prepare to attack their new target. Richa and the businessman go to the room, but Vishal knocks Tony unconscious before he can follow them. Vishal breaks in and demands the return of his money.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: A gunfight ensues, and everyone is shot but Vishal, and a dying Richa reveals his money is in the hotel safe and then dies. Vishal, while in his rented room, is cleared by the police near the crime scene. As he leaves the hotel lobby, the continued investigation has all contents from the hotel safe laid out on the front desk. Vishal politely approaches the police and identifies his briefcase, which still contains his money, and quietly leaves the hotel. Vishal returns to his family, Nikki operation is successful and Anjali reconciles with him.


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: The music of the film was composed by Mithoon with lyrics penned by Sayeed Quadri. The songs Woh Ajnabee, Beete Lamhe & Mausam were chartbusters


title: The Train (2007 film)

text: Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" gave the film a 3-star rating out of 5, calling it a novel experience for those who have not seen "Derailed".


title: Fidlar

text: Fidlar, stylized as FIDLAR, is an American punk and garage rock band from Los Angeles. The band's name is an acronym for Fuck It Dog, Life's a Risk, a skate mantra gleaned from singer Zac Carper's former roommates. Originally, FIDLAR went under the name 'Fuck The Clock', as referenced in their song "Cheap Beer". To date, the band have released three studio albums: "FIDLAR" (2013), "Too" (2015) and "Almost Free" (2019). The band are mostly known for short, fast songs that deal with partying and narcotics. In 2013, "Pitchfork" wrote that the band "don't make music you'll grow old with, and they won't get an "A" for originality, but that's not really the point".


title: Fidlar

text: Founding members Zac Carper and Elvis Kuehn met while working at a recording studio in which Carper was employed as an engineer and Kuehn was an intern. The two started recording songs when the studio was empty and posting the finished products online. Three years after recording their first songs, they stepped on stage together with the Black Lips and went on tour with the Hives.


title: Fidlar

text: In 2011, they released their debut EP, "DIYDUI", produced by Lewis Pesacov. In 2012, FIDLAR were named one of Stereogum's 40 Best New Bands of 2012. In October 2012, the band made their television debut on "Last Call with Carson Daly", where they performed "Whore" and "No Waves" from their then-upcoming album "FIDLAR".


title: Fidlar

text: The band is currently signed to Mom + Pop Music in the US, Wichita Recordings in the UK and Dine Alone Records in Canada.


title: Fidlar

text: Elvis Kuehn (guitar/vocals) and Max Kuehn (drums) are the sons of Greg Kuehn, keyboardist for Long Beach punk legends, T.S.O.L. while Zac Carper (vocals/guitar) is the son of famed surfboard designer John Carper. Zac struggled with drug addiction and spent time in rehab for it, inspiring the song "No Waves". Bassist Brandon Schwartzel was Carper's friend before joining the band, with the two bonding over drugs and homelessness. The four have been performing together as FIDLAR since 2009. Zac was born in Hawaii, while Elvis and Max are both from Los Angeles, and Schwartzel was born in San Diego.


title: Fidlar

text: Carper has produced albums or helped co-write songs by such bands as Dune Rats, SWMRS, The Frights, Sweet Thing, The Goldberg Sisters, Dirty Sweet, and Tokyo Police Club. Schwartzel also periodically performs DJ sets at Monty's Bar under the pseudonym of "DJ Basil". Schwartzel & Max Kuehn are in a band with members of Together Pangea called Los Bolos. Max Kuehn has released solo compositions online, as well as being a member of The Squirmers The Diffs and the Head Hunters with his brother Elvis, The Small Wigs, and Kitten, with Carper prior to, and during their full time in FIDLAR.


title: Fidlar

text: The band also played on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in 2015, where they performed "West Coast" and "Why Generation" from their second album "Too". The band was also featured on "Conan", in 2016, where they performed "West Coast”"


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: Tomb of Horrors is an adventure module written by Gary Gygax for the "Dungeons & Dragons" ("D&D") role-playing game. It was originally written for and used at the 1975 Origins 1 convention. Gygax designed the adventure both to challenge the skill of expert players in his own campaign and to test players who boasted of having mighty player characters able to best any challenge. The module, coded S1, was the first in the S-series, or "special" series of modules. Several versions of the adventure have been published, the first in 1978, and the most recent, for the fifth edition of "D&D", in 2017 as one of the included adventures in "Tales from the Yawning Portal". The module also served as the basis for a novel published in 2002.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: The module's plot revolves around the tomb of the demilich Acererak. The player characters must battle their way past a variety of monsters and traps, with the ultimate goal of destroying Acererak. "Tomb of Horrors" was considered the third greatest "Dungeons & Dragons" adventure of all time by the staff of "Dungeon" in 2004. The module has influenced later "Dungeons & Dragons" products, and was followed by three other (unrelated) modules in the S-series: S2 "White Plume Mountain", S3 "Expedition to the Barrier Peaks", and S4 "The Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth".


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" is set in the "World of Greyhawk", a "D&D" campaign setting. In "Tomb of Horrors", the player characters encounter many perilous tricks and traps while trying to get into the crypt of a wizard. As the scenario begins, the players are told that the evil wizard Acererak is said to linger in his ancient tomb in undead form. Originally a powerful lich, he has (unbeknownst to the players) become a demi-lich, a more powerful form of undead that has transcended the need for any physical body apart from its skull. Player characters must survive the deadly traps in the tomb and fight their way into the demi-lich's elaborately concealed inner sanctum to destroy him.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: The module is divided into thirty-three encounters, beginning with two false entrances to the tomb, and ending with "The Crypt of Acererak the Demi-Lich". Example encounters are the "Huge Pit Filled with 200 Spikes" (section 20), or encounter 22, "The Cavern of Gold and Silver Mists": "The mists are silvery and shot through with delicate streamers of golden color. Vision extends only 6'. There is a dim aura of good if detected for. Those who step into the mist must save versus poison or become idiots until they can breathe the clean air above ground under the warm sun.". The module ends with the destruction of Acererak without any postscript.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" was written by Gary Gygax for official "D&D" tournament play at the 1975 Origins 1 convention. Gygax developed the adventure from an idea by Alan Lucien, one of his original "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons" ("AD&D") playtesters, "and I admit to chuckling evilly as I did so." Gygax designed the "Tomb of Horrors" modules for two related purposes. First, Gygax explains, "There were several very expert players in my campaign, and this was meant as yet another challenge to their skill—and the persistence of their theretofore-invincible characters. Specifically, I had in mind foiling Rob Kuntz's PC , "Robilar", and Ernie Gygax's PC, "Tenser"." Second, so that he was "ready for those fans [players] who boasted of having mighty PCs able to best any challenge offered by the AD&D game."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" was revised in late 1977 to be published as a module for "Advanced Dungeons & Dragons". In 1978, TSR, Inc. published the module with a monochrome cover, revised and updated for use with first edition "AD&D" rules. The module included a twenty-page book, a twelve-page book, and an outer folder; the original printing featured a two-color cover. The module features a book of illustrations intended to be shown to the players as they progress in the adventure. "Tomb of Horrors" was republished in 1981 as a 32-page booklet with identical text but a new, full-color cover. The module has been described as the first adventure of a high-level scenario series, and was included as part of the "Realms of Horror" abridged compilation produced in 1987.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: In 1998, the module was reprinted as part of the "Return to the Tomb of Horrors" module—a substantial expansion and sequel to the original adventure, written for 2nd Edition "AD&D" rules. Wizards of the Coast released an updated version of the original module as a free download for Halloween 2005, retaining much of the original content; the updated content is from the "Dungeons & Dragons" supplement book "Libris Mortis". This updated version was designed for use with the "Dungeons & Dragons" 3.5 Edition rules. "Tomb of Horrors" was also adapted into a novel of the same name by Keith Francis Strohm for the "Greyhawk Classics" series published by Wizards of the Coast in 2002.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: In July 2010, Wizards of the Coast released two adventures bearing the "Tomb of Horrors" name. One is a hardcover super-adventure written by Ari Marmell and Scott Fitzgerald Gray, which builds on and expands the legend of the original Tomb using the canon of "Return to the Tomb of Horrors" as a starting point. The second "Tomb of Horrors" is a conversion and update of the original module for 4th Edition rules, written by Scott Fitzgerald Gray and released to members of the RPGA as part of the DM Rewards program.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: All four modules of the S-series were included as part of the "Dungeons of Dread" hardcover collection, released on March 19, 2013. Lawrence Schick wrote in the foreword: "The dungeon of the demi-lich Acererak was, for Gary, a kind of thought experiment: If an undead sorcerer really wanted to keep his tomb from being plundered by greedy adventurers, how would he do it? The answer, of course, was to defend the crypt with tricks and traps designed not to challenge the intruders but to "kill them dead". And furthermore, to do it in ways so horrific that all but the most determined party would give up and leave well enough alone."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: In 2017, Wizards re-released "Tomb of Horrors" updated to 5th Edition rules as part of the "Tales from the Yawning Portal" collection. The game design and the background of the third part of the "Tomb of Annihilation" campaign is based on the "Tomb of Horrors".


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: 2018 special edition of the book "Art and Arcana" contained a bonus pamphlet of the "original 1975 tournament module" previously unpublished.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: As part of Extra Life 2019, Wizards of the Coast released "Infernal Machine Rebuild", a time-hopping adventure that allows characters to travel back to the Tomb of Horrors during its construction.


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" was ranked the 3rd greatest "Dungeons & Dragons" adventure of all time by "Dungeon" magazine in 2004. "Dungeon Master for Dummies" lists "Tomb of Horrors" as one of the ten best classic adventures and posits that many of the adventure's traps would kill a character just for making poor choices. Lawrence Schick, in his 1991 book "Heroic Worlds", calls the adventure "A very difficult scenario".


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: Don Turnbull reviewed "Tomb of Horrors" in issue No. 13 of the magazine "White Dwarf" and gave the module a rating of 10 out of 10. Turnbull commented on the adventure's difficulty, noting that the dungeon is "sprinkled extensively with subtle, insidious and carefully laid traps, and it will be a fortunate adventurer who manages to avoid them". He felt that the illustration booklet would add a great deal to the adventure's atmosphere and felt that the pre-generated character roster was useful. Turnbull noted that the module is "very hard and will be hard for the DM to learn in advance, though this is an essential prerequisite of running it properly for it is much more subtle than the G or D modules", and he said that this module has in common with those modules an "excellent format, for instance, and the comprehensive way in which the scenario is introduced. TSR's high quality has not been in any way compromised, and in S1 it has even been improved upon."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: Wayne MacLaurin of SF Site describes the module as "a classic" and a "must have" for gamers, saying that when he played the game in high school, most of his group's characters quickly died. MacLaurin explains that "Tomb of Horrors" is a classic not because of its difficulty, but because it was the first module that did not involve killing large numbers of monsters; it was a "collection of puzzles and maps." Its focus on traps rather than monsters was a surprise to gamers at the time. One technique that some players used to get past the deathtraps was to drive cattle ahead of them, which Lore Sjöberg of "Wired" described as "a bit less than heroic", noting that in "The Lord of the Rings", Gandalf did not send "50 head of cattle into the Mines of Moria to serve as Balrog bait." David M. Ewalt, in his book "Of Dice and Men", discussed the adventure's reputation as "the deadliest game ever written", noting that it "unloads a series of complicated puzzles and nightmarish traps" on characters, concluding that "Few survive long enough to collect any treasure, and even fewer manage to find their way back through the deadly maze and escape with their spoils."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: Something Awful presented a humorous article about the ways that "Tomb of Horrors" is the bane of gamers everywhere since it is basically a series of traps that kills off most of the characters. "One of the best (worst) things about this module is that Acererak the demi-lich is a huge asshole. He's an asshole for filling his tomb with traps AND treasure, he's an asshole because he leaves little messages throughout his tomb bragging about how he's going to kill the players."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" has also influenced later "Dungeons & Dragons" products. Jason Bulmahn used the module, as well as Indiana Jones, as inspiration for some of the traps in the 2007 "D&D" supplement "Dungeonscape". The computer role-playing game "Icewind Dale", developed by Black Isle Studios, was influenced by the module; Black Isle Studios division director Feargus Urquhart said, "We wanted something that reminded everyone of their first foray into dungeons like the Tomb of Horrors, with traps around every corner, and the undead crawling out of the walls."


title: Tomb of Horrors

text: "Tomb of Horrors" is key to the plot of the novel "Ready Player One" by Ernest Cline, which is set in a virtual reality world created by a man who was a fan of the module. The character James Halliday recreated the dungeon in detail, which the novel's other characters must traverse to advance in the global contest and win Halliday's fortune. In the "Ready Player One" film adaptation, the graffiti on the back of Aech's van is from "Tomb of Horrors", shunning the copper key's original location for a reference-packed race for the key.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Kleptoparasitism (etymologically, parasitism by theft) is a form of feeding in which one animal deliberately takes food from another. The strategy is evolutionarily stable when stealing is less costly than direct feeding, which can mean when food is scarce or when victims are abundant. Many kleptoparasites are arthropods, especially bees and wasps, but including some true flies, dung beetles, bugs, and spiders. Cuckoo bees are specialized kleptoparasites which lay their eggs either on the pollen masses made by other bees, or on the insect hosts of parasitoid wasps. They are an instance of Emery's rule, which states that insect social parasites tend to be closely related to their hosts. The behavior occurs, too, in vertebrates including birds such as skuas, which persistently chase other seabirds until they disgorge their food, and carnivorous mammals such as spotted hyenas and lions. Other species opportunistically indulge in kleptoparasitism.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Kleptoparasitism is a feeding strategy where one animal deliberately steals food from another. This may be intraspecific, involving stealing from members of the same species, or interspecific, from members of other species. The term denotes a form of parasitism involving theft, from Greek κλέπτω (kléptō, 'steal'). The strategy has been widely studied in birds; in four families, all seabirds, the Fregatidae, Chionididae, Stercoraridae, and Laridae, it occurs in more than a quarter of the species.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Such a strategy should only be followed if it is evolutionarily stable, meaning that it offers a selective advantage to individuals that practise it. Kleptoparasitism costs time and energy which could otherwise be spent directly on feeding, so this cost must be outweighed by the benefit in energy gained from the stolen food. Mathematical modelling suggests that when food is abundant, ordinary feeding is the best strategy; when food abundance falls below a critical level, kleptoparasitism suddenly becomes advantageous, and aggressive interactions become common. Similarly, when potential victims are rare or widely dispersed, the time needed to find them may not be justified by the food that might be stolen from them, resulting in frequency-dependent selection.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: There are many lineages of cuckoo bees, all of which lay their eggs in the nest cells of other bees, often within the same family. "Bombus bohemicus", for example, parasitises several other species in its genus, including "B. terrestris", "B. lucorum", and "B. cryptarum". These are instances of Emery's rule, named for the Italian entomologist Carlo Emery, which asserts that social parasites among insects, including kleptoparasites, tend to be closely related to their hosts. The largest monophyletic lineage of kleptoparasitic bees is Nomadinae (a subfamily of Apidae), which comprises several hundred species in 35 genera.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: The cuckoo wasps (Chrysididae) lay their eggs in the nests of potter and mud dauber wasps. Other families of wasps have "cuckoo" species that parasitise related species, as for example "Polistes sulcifer", which parasitises a related species, "P. dominula". Numerous other wasp families have genera or larger lineages of which some or all members are kleptoparasitic (e.g., the genus "Ceropales" in Pompilidae and the tribe Nyssonini in Crabronidae). Some of these species are inquilines and brood parasites rather than kleptoparasites.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Others are dubbed kleptoparasitoids, namely parasitoids that select hosts that have been parasitized by another female. Kleptoparasitoids may make use of the punctures made by previous parasitoids on their hosts; may follow the trails or traces left by parasitoids to locate hosts; or use hosts already weakened by other parasitoids.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Some true flies (Diptera) are kleptoparasites; the strategy is especially common in the subfamily Miltogramminae of the family Sarcophagidae. There are also some kleptoparasites in the families Chloropidae and Milichiidae. Some adult milichiids, for example, visit spider webs where they scavenge on half-eaten stink bugs. Others are associated with robber flies (Asilidae), or "Crematogaster" ants. Flies in the genus "Bengalia" (Calliphoridae) steal food and pupae transported by ants and are often found beside their foraging trails. "Musca albina" (Muscidae) reportedly shows kleptoparasitic behaviour, laying eggs only in dung balls being interred by one of several co-occurring dung-rolling scarab species.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Scarab dung beetles relocate large amounts of vertebrate dung, rolling balls of the material to their nests for their larvae to feed on. Several smaller species of dung beetle do not gather dung themselves but take it from the nests of larger species. For example, species of "Onthophagus" enter dung-balls while "Scarabeus" beetles are making them.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Many semiaquatic bugs (Heteroptera) are kleptoparasitic on their own species. In one study, whenever the bug "Velia caprai" (water cricket) took prey heavier than 7.9 g, other bugs of the same species joined it and successfully ate parts of the prey.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Kleptoparasitic spiders, which steal or feed on prey captured by other spiders, are known to occur in five families:


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: A few bird species are specialist kleptoparasites, while many others are opportunistic. Skuas (including jaegers) and frigatebirds rely heavily on chasing other seabirds to obtain food. Other species—including raptors, gulls, terns, coots, and some ducks and shorebirds—do so opportunistically. Among opportunists such as the roseate tern, parent birds involved in kleptoparasitism are more successful in raising broods than non-kleptoparasitic individuals. Bald eagles have been seen attacking smaller raptors, such as ospreys, to steal fish from them. Among passerine birds, masked shrikes have been recorded stealing food from wheatears, and Eurasian blackbirds have been recorded stealing smashed snails from other thrushes.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: During seabird nesting seasons, frigatebirds soar above seabird colonies, waiting for parent birds to return to their nests with food for their young. As the returning birds approach the colony, the frigatebirds (which are fast and agile) swoop in to pursue them vigorously; they sometimes seize tropicbirds by their long tail plumes. Many of the frigatebirds' colloquial names, including "man-o'-war bird" and "pirate of the sea", denote this behaviour. However, the amount of food obtained by kleptoparasitism in the magnificent frigatebird may be marginal.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: Gulls are both perpetrators and victims of opportunistic kleptoparasitism, particularly during the breeding season. While the victim is most often another member of the same species, other (principally smaller) gulls and terns can also be targeted. In the Americas, Heermann's gulls, and laughing gulls steal food from brown pelicans; as the pelicans surface and empty the water from their bills, the gulls lurk nearby and grab escaping food items. Great black-backed gulls are skilled kleptoparasites, stealing from other gulls and from raptors. Several species of gull steal food from humans, for example takeaway food at seaside resorts.


title: Kleptoparasitism

text: The relationship between spotted hyenas and lions, in which each species steals the other's kills, is a form of kleptoparasitism. Cheetahs are common targets. Bears, coyotes and wolves are very opportunistic and all have this behavior. All hyena species engage in this behavior when they can, as do jackals. Human hunters may commonly take the remains of fresh kills from other carnivores, such as lions and Eurasian lynx. Risso's dolphins have been observed charging "head-on" at sperm whales, causing them to open their mouths; it has been suggested that the observed harassment results in some regurgitation, and that the food is then eaten by the Risso's dolphins. The behaviour is rare and may be opportunistic.


title: Noizy

text: Rigels Rajku was born on 27 September 1986 into a multi-religious Albanian family in the village of Sukth, then part of the People's Socialist Republic, present Albania. His father is a Muslim from Dibër and his mother a Catholic from Krujë. In 1997, Rajku and his family fled to London, England, as refugees to escape the war and conflicts in connection with the Albanian Civil War. He was raised in the Woolwich neighborhood of Southeast London and subsequently developed an interest in boxing and street fighting.


title: Noizy

text: In 2006, Rajku returned to Albania and appeared on the third edition of Top Fest, as a solo artist with the song "Jemi OTR" and as part of his group OTR with the song "Kështu e bëjme ne". In May 2007, he collaborated with Albanian rappers J-No and Decee and returned to the competition with the song "Kur vijm na". Later that year in November 2007, he unsuccessfully participated with the song "Veç për ty" in the 9th edition of Kënga Magjike and failed to qualify for the contest's semi-finals.


title: Noizy

text: In 2015, Rajku launched his fashion label "Illyrian Bloodline" represented with five branches in Albania, Kosovo and North Macedonia. Starting with the release of "Gangsta Love" in August 2015, the single received an award at the 2016 Netët e Klipit Shqiptar gala in Tirana, Albania. In March 2017, the rapper was featured on German rapper Zuna's "Nummer 1", which peaked at number seven in Germany and became a certified Platinum-single by the German Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI). In June 2018, "Toto", a collaboration with Austrian rapper RAF Camora released under Warner Music, was also successful in German-speaking Europe, and was certified Gold in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, respectively. Another collaboration followed in December 2018 with the release of "Gango" by Greek rapper Snik, which eventually reached number one in Greece. In March 2019, Rajku was invited as a special guest at the Palmen aus Plastik Tour by RAF Camora and German rapper Bonez MC in Cologne, Germany. In June 2019, Rajku was approached to perform at the MAD Video Music Awards 2019 in Athens, Greece. In October 2019, he collaborated a second time with Snik on "Colpo Grosso" to commercial success in the latter country.


title: Noizy

text: Peaking at number 32 in Switzerland, the rapper released his fifth studio album, "Epoka", in April 2020. Two months after, he released his follow-up "All Dem Talk" featuring German rapper Gzuz and British rapper Dutchavelli in June 2020. It peaked at number 16 in Switzerland and reached the top 30 in Austria and Germany, respectively. in February 2022 featured with German rapper Dardan he released "Alles Gut".


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Cappadocian Greeks also known as Greek Cappadocians (; ) or simply Cappadocians are an ethnic Greek community native to the geographical region of Cappadocia in central-eastern Anatolia, roughly the Nevşehir Province and surrounding provinces of modern Turkey. There had been a continuous Greek presence in Cappadocia since antiquity, and the indigenous populations of Cappadocia, some of whose Indo-European languages may have been closely related to Greek, (cf. Phrygian) became entirely Greek-speaking by at least the 5th century. In the 11th century Seljuq Turks arriving from Central Asia conquered the region, beginning its gradual shift in language and religion. According to 1897 estimations, the sanjak of Konya had a total Greek population of 68,101 and according to Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the sanjak of Niğde had a total Greek population of 58,312 and the sanjak of Kayseri had a total of 26,590. In 1923 following the genocide of the minorities of Turkey the surviving Cappadocian Greek native communities were forced to leave their homeland and resettle in Greece by the terms of the Greek–Turkish population exchange. Today their descendants can be found throughout Greece and the Greek diaspora worldwide.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The area known as Cappadocia today was known to the Ancient Persians as "Katpatuka", a name which the Greeks altered into Kappadokia (Cappadocia).


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Before Greeks and Greek culture arrived in Asia Minor, the area was controlled by another Indo-European people, the Hittites. Mycenaean Greeks set up trading posts along the west coast around 1300 BC and soon started colonizing the coasts, spreading Hellenic culture and language. In the Hellenistic era, following the conquest of Anatolia by Alexander the Great, Greek settlers began arriving in the mountainous regions of Cappadocia at this time. This Greek population movement of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC solidified a Greek presence in Cappadocia. As a result, Greek became the lingua franca of the region's natives. It would become the sole spoken language of the region's inhabitants within three centuries and would remain so for the next one thousand years.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: After the death of Alexander the Great, Eumenes of Cardia, one of the Diadochi of Alexander the Great, was appointed satrap of Cappadocia, where he set up Greek settlements and distributed cities to his associates. Eumenes left behind administrators, judges and selected garrison commanders in Cappadocia. In the following centuries the Seleucid Greek Kings founded many Greek settlements in the interior of Asia Minor, and this region would become popular for the recruitment of soldiers. Unlike other regions of Asia Minor where Greeks would settle in cities, most of the Greek settlements in Cappadocia and other interior Anatolian regions were villages. The Hellenistic Kings would make new Greek settlements in Cappadocia and other surrounding regions in order to secure their hold on this volatile region; under their rule Greek settlements would increase in the Anatolian interior.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In the centuries following Alexander the Great's death, Ariarathes, the son of a Persian satrap who formerly controlled Cappadocia, gained control of Cappadocia and left it to a line of his successors, who mostly bore the name of the founder of the dynasty. These kings began to intermarry with neighboring Greek Hellenistic kingdoms, such as the Seleucids. During their reign Greek towns were beginning to appear in the southern regions of Cappadocia. Ariarathes V of Cappadocia who reigned from 163 to 130 BC is considered to have been the greatest of the Kings of Cappadocia. He was predominantly Greek by descent; his father Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia was half Greek Macedonian and Persian, and his mother was Antiochis, the daughter of the Seleucid Greek King Antiochus III of the Seleucid dynasty. By the 1st century BC, regions of Cappadocia had been ravaged by Armenian King Tigranes the Great, who had relocated a great number of Cilician and Cappadocian Greeks to Mesopotamia (geographically in modern Iraq, eastern Syria and south-eastern Turkey.)


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Archelaus, who was a Roman client prince, was the last to rule as a king of Cappadocia. He was a Cappadocian Greek nobleman, possibly of Macedonian descent and was the first king of Cappadocia of wholly non-Persian blood. He ruled over Cappadocia for many years before being deposed by Tiberius, who took possession of Cappadocia for Rome. The region of Cappadocia produced some notable Greek individuals in antiquity, such as Apollonius of Tyana (1st century ad) who was a Greek Neo-Pythagorean philosopher who became well known in the Roman Empire and Aretaeus of Cappadocia (81–138 AD) who was a native Greek, born in Cappadocia and is considered to have been one of the foremost surgeons in antiquity. He was the first to distinguish between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus, and the first to provide a detailed description of an asthma attack.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: By late antiquity the Cappadocian Greeks had largely converted to Christianity. They were so thoroughly devout to Christianity that by the 1st century AD, the region of Cappadocia served as a stronghold for Christian Monasticism and was of significance importance in the history of early Christianity. In the early centuries of the Common Era Cappadocia produced three prominent Greek patristic figures, known as "the three hierarchs". They were Basil the Great (c. 330–79), Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia. Gregory of Nazianzus (c. 330–c. 389 AD) (later known as Saint Gregory the Theologian) and Gregory of Nyssa (died c. 394). These Cappadocian Greek fathers of the fourth century revered the ancient Greek cultural pursuit of virtue, even studying Homer and Hesiod and “"stood squarely in the tradition of Greek culture"”.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: By the fifth century the last of the Indo-European native languages of Anatolia ceased to be spoken, replaced by Koine Greek. At the same time the Greek communities of central Anatolia were becoming actively involved in affairs of the Eastern Roman Empire and some Greek Cappadocians such as Maurice Tiberius (r. 582–602) and Heraclius would even serve as Emperors.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The region became a key Byzantine military district after the advent of Islam and the subsequent Muslim conquest of Syria led to the establishment of a militarized frontier zone (cf "kleisoura" and "thughur") on the border of Cappadocia. This lasted from the mid-7th to the 10th century during the Arab–Byzantine wars, immortalized in Digenis Akritas, the Medieval Greek heroic epic set in this frontier region. During this period Cappadocia became crucial to the empire and produced numerous Byzantine generals, notably the Phokas clan, warlords (see Karbeas of Tephrike), and intrigue, most importantly the Paulician heresy. Because they were living in such a volatile region, the Cappadocian Greeks created elaborate underground cities in the volcanic formations of eastern Cappadocia and would take refuge in them during times of danger. The Cappadocian Greeks hid in these rock-cut underground towns from many raiders over the next millennium, from 9th century Arab invaders to 11th century Turkish conquerors to 15th century Mongols. As late as the 20th century the local Cappadocian Greeks were still using the underground cities as refuges (Greek: καταφύγια) from periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. The most famous of these ancient underground cities are at the Cappadocian Greek villages of Anaku-Inegi (Ανακού) and Malakopi-Melagob (Μαλακοπή). The Greeks were removed from these villages in 1923, and they are now known as Derinkuyu and Kaymakli. These underground cities have chambers extending to depths of over 80 meters.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In the Middle Ages Cappadocia had hundreds of settlements and Byzantine rock-cut churches were carved out of the volcanic formations of eastern Cappadocia and decorated with painted icons, Greek writing and decorations. Over 700 of these Churches have been discovered and date from the period between the 6th century to the 13th century, many of these monasteries and churches continued to be used until the population exchange between Greece and Turkey 1920s. The Greek inhabitants of these districts of Cappadocia were called Troglodytes. In the 10th century Leo the Deacon recorded a journey to Cappadocia by Nikephoros Phokas, in his writings he mentions that its inhabitants were called Troglodytes, in view of the fact that they “went underground in holes, clefts and labyrinths, as it were in dens and burrows”. The Byzantines re-established control of Cappadocia between the 7th and 11th centuries, during this period churches were carved into cliffs and rock faces in the Göreme and Soğanlı region. In the Middle Ages the Cappadocian Greeks would bury their religious figures in and around monasteries. In recent years mummified bodies have been found in abandoned Greek monasteries of Cappadocia, and many, including bodies of mummified babies, are on display in the Nigde Archaeological Museum. A well-preserved mummified corpse of a young Christian woman is popular with tourists; the blonde haired mummy is believed to be a nun and dates from the Byzantine era, from the 6th to the 11th century. It was discovered in a sixth-century Greek chapel in the Ihlara Valley of Cappadocia. During the tenth century the Byzantine Empire had pushed east into formerly Arab-ruled lands, including most of Armenia, and had resettled thousands of Armenians into various regions of Cappadocia. This population shift intensified ethnic tensions between the Cappadocian Greeks and the Armenian newcomers in Cappadocia, and left Armenia largely devoid of native defenders.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In 1071 AD the Byzantine Empire suffered a considerable defeat at the Battle of Manzikert in Armenia. This defeat would open the interior of Anatolia to invasion by Central Asian Seljuq Turks who would overrun most of Byzantine Asia Minor. This began the transformation of Asia Minor from an entirely Christian and overwhelmingly Greek-populated region to a primarily Muslim and Turkish center. Several Armenian royal families, which included Gagik of Ani and Adom and Abu Sahl of Vaspurakan, sought vengeance on the local Greek Orthodox population after persecutions of the Armenians and Syriac Monophysites by the Byzantines. They used the opportunity provided by the Seljuq conquest to target the Greeks, they tortured and then assassinated the Greek Orthodox metropolitan of Kayseri and pillaged wealthy Greek owned estates. The local Greek landowners eventually killed the Armenian royal Gagik.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: By the 12th century all of Anatolia was overrun by Turkmen tribes from Central Asia, these invading nomads had cleared many regions of Anatolia of indigenous Greeks. The Anatolian Greek population rapidly diminished under Turkish rule owing to mass conversions to Islam, slaughter or exile to Greek territories in Europe. Before the Turkish migration into Anatolia, Greeks as well as smaller numbers of Armenians, Syrians, and Georgians were all Christians, but by the 15th century more than 90% of Anatolia was Muslim, according to some researchers largely because of Christian conversions to Islam. Many Byzantine Greek leaders were also tempted to convert to Islam in order to join the Ottoman Turkish aristocracy, although in the beginning of the 20th century, the proportion of Christians in Anatolian population was more than 20%. During the centuries of Turkish rule in Asia Minor many Greeks and other peoples of Anatolia such as Armenians and Kurds adopted the Turkish language, converted to Islam, and came to be identified as Turks. Despite the turmoil in Anatolia, by the 13th century the Greeks of Cappadocia, Lycaonia and Pamphylia remained numerous, even under the pressure of the Turkmen nomads, possibly constituting majorities in some urban centers. During this chaotic period there is evidence that some native Cappadocian Greeks had joined the invading Turkish nomads. Some even managing to rise to levels of prominence in the Seljuq Sultanate of Rum, such as Basil Giagoupes (Bασίλειος Γιαγούπης), a wealthy Cappadocian Greek feudatory lord of a strongly Greek district who held the court title of general ("amir arzi") in the army of the Seljuq sultan of Konya, Mesud II. He dedicated a church in the Peristrema (Belisırma) valley where his portrait, which was painted from life still survives to this day. 13th century Cappadocian Greek artists were renowned for their naturalistic paintings and were employed throughout the Seljuk Empire. Cappadocian Greeks were also employed as architects, such as Kalo Yianni, who was commissioned to build the Gök Medrese (Sivas) in 1271.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Over the course of the 15th century the Ottoman Turks conquered Cappadocia from the Seljuk Turks, the Cappadocian countryside remained largely Greek populated, with a smaller Armenian population even after the Ottoman conquest. During the reign of Ottoman Sultan Murad III (1574 to 1595) the region of Cappadocia became largely Turkified in culture and language through a gradual process of acculturation, as a result many Greeks of Cappadocia had accepted the Turkish vernacular and later became known as ‘Karamanlides’. This name derives from the region of Cappadocia which was called Karaman by the Turks in honor of the Turkish chieftain Karamanoglu, though the Cappadocian Greeks continued to call the region ‘"Laranda"’, its ancient Greek name. These Turcophone Greeks lived primarily in the region of Karamania although there were also significant communities in Constantinople and in the region of the Black Sea. Cappadocian Greeks living in remote less accessible villages of Cappadocia remained Greek-speaking and Christian, as they were isolated and consequently less affected by the rapid conversion of the bordering districts to Islam and Turkish speech. The Greek Cappadocians retained the original Greek names of many regions of Cappadocia which were renamed Turkish names during the Ottoman era, such as the town known as ‘Hagios Prokopios’ in the Middle Ages, and renamed ‘Urgup’ by the Turks was still called ‘Prokopion’ by the local Greeks of the early 20th century.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Although the Karamanlides abandoned Greek when they learned Turkish they remained Greek Orthodox Christians and continued to write using the Greek Alphabet. They printed manuscript works in the Turkish language using the Greek alphabet, which became known as ‘Karamanlidika’. This was not a phenomenon that was limited to the Cappadocian Greek Karamanlides, as many of the Armenians living in Cappadocia were also linguistically Turkified, although they remained Armenian Apostolic (Orthodox) Christians, they spoke and wrote in the Turkish language although still using the Armenian Alphabet. Some Jewish inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire were also Turkified and although they retained their religion, they also wrote in the Turkish language but using Hebrew script. The Cappadocian Greeks, Armenians and Jewish minorities of the Ottoman Empire had created Graeco-Turkish, Armeno-Turkish, and Judeo-Turkish literatures by developing their own written traditions. Despite the fact that they had lost all knowledge of their own languages after they had been Turkified, the majority of Karamanlides and many Turkophone Armenians eventually revived their original native tongues. While most Cappadocian Greeks had remained Orthodox Christians a significant number of the Karamanlides even converted to Islam during this period. As with other Greek communities, these converts to Islam were considered "Turks", as being a Muslim was synonymous with being Turkish to the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire. Greek writers would erroneously describe Greek converts to Islam as “Tourkeuoun” (Τουρκεύουν) or becoming Turkish. European visitors to the sultans' realms would also subjectively label any Muslim a "Turk" regardless of his or her mother tongue. The Greeks believed that by converting to Islam and ‘losing’ his or her original Christian religion, the individual was also stepping out of the Greek national community. This way of thinking was even popular years after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Many shifts of population took place in central Anatolia during the period of Ottoman rule. Subsequent to the 1571 Ottoman conquest of Cyprus, the Ottoman Sultan Selim I decided to transfer Greeks from Cappadocia, particularly from the Kayseri region, to Cyprus. During this period the architect Sinan, who was born of Greek parentage and a native of Cappadocia wrote a letter to the Sultan asking for his family to be spared from this population transfer. During the Ottoman era, Cappadocian Greeks would migrate to Constantinople and other large cities to do business. By the 19th century, many were wealthy, educated and westernized. Wealthy Cappadocian Greek businessmen built large stone mansions in regions of Cappadocia such as Karvali (modern Güzelyurt) many of which can still be seen today. The Cappadocian Greeks wrote the earliest published novels in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century, using the Greek Alphabet and Turkish language. Cappadocian Greeks from different regions would specialize in a particular profession, such as the caviar trade. "Demetrius Charles Boulger" later describes their work character, "Each village is connected with some particular guild in Constantinople; one supplies bakals or small storekeepers, another sellers of wine and spirits, another dryers of fish, another makers of caviare, another porters, and so forth."’


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In the early 20th century, Greek settlements were still both numerous and widespread throughout most of today’s Turkey. The provinces of Cappadocia and Lycaonia had a large number of Greek settlements and sizeable populations in urban centres such as Kayseri, Nigde, and Konya. According to 1897 estimations, the sanjak of Konya had a total Greek population of 68.101 (6.6%) and according to Ottoman population statistics of 1914, the sanjak of Niğde had a total Greek population of 58.312 (20%) and the sanjak of Kayseri had a total of 26.590 (10,1%). The Cappadocian Greeks of the 19th and 20th centuries were renowned for the richness of their folktales and preservation of their ancient Greek tongue.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The underground cities continued to be used as refuges (Cappadocian Greek: καταφύγια) from the Turkish Muslim rulers. As late as the 20th century the locals were still using the underground cities to escape periodic waves of Ottoman persecution. Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research on the Cappodocian Greek natives in the area from 1909–1911, recorded that in 1909,


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Scholars passing through Cappadocia during the 19th century described the Cappadocian Greeks and their habits. In 1838 British scholar Robert Ainsworth wrote that "The Cappadocian Greeks are, generally speaking, pleasing and unreserved in their manners, and their conversation indicated a very high degree of intelligence and civilization, where there are so few books, and so little education, and consequently, little learning." Sir Charles William Wilson, British consul-general in Anatolia from 1879 to 1882, described their character:


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: By the early 1900s the region of Cappadocia was still inhabited by Christian Cappadocian Greeks as well as Muslim Turks and also communities of Armenians and Kurds. By the beginning of the First World War, the Greeks of Anatolia were besieged by the Young Turks. Thousands of Greeks were massacred, approximately 750,000 Anatolian Greeks were massacred in an act of Genocide and 750,000 exiled. The Greeks were targeted prior to and alongside the Armenians and Assyrians. Ionian and Cappadocian Greek deaths alone totaled 397,000, while Pontian Greek deaths numbered 353,000 people. Turkish official Rafet Bey was active in the Genocide of the Greeks of the Anatolian interior, in November 1916 he stated "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians…today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight…" During the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) countless numbers of Greeks were deported by the Turks to the Mesopotamian desert where many perished. On January 31, 1917, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg of Germany reported that:


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In 1924, after living in Cappadocia for thousands of years, the remaining Cappadocian Greeks were expelled to Greece as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey defined by the Treaty of Lausanne, the descendants of the Cappadocian Greeks who had converted to Islam were not included in the population exchange and remained in Cappadocia, some still speaking the Cappadocian Greek language. Many Cappadocian towns were greatly affected by the expulsion of the Greeks including Mustafapaşa (Sinasos), Ürgüp, Güzelyurt and Nevşehir as the Greeks constituted a significant percentage of the towns population. The Cappadocian Greeks were taken to the coastal town of Mersin in order to be shipped to Greece. Many would lose all of their belongings due to corrupt officials and looters. The Cappadocian Greeks who were migrating from Cappadocia were replaced by Muslims migrating from mainland Greece, mainly from Thrace; some of these Muslims were Greeks (see Greek Muslims), although most were of Slavic, Turkish and Gypsy origin. Many of the Cappadocian Greek churches were converted to mosques after the Greeks left in the population exchange of the 1920s. These include the Church of St Gregory known today as "Buyuk Kilise Camii (Big Church Mosque)".


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: Following the population exchange there was still a substantial community of Cappadocian Greeks living in Turkey, in Constantinople, they had settled there during the Ottoman era and formed enclaves of their native communities, the majority of whom also migrated to Greece following the Anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom riots of 1955. On their arrival in mainland Greece, many Cappadocian Greeks settled in villages similar to their original Cappadocian villages; the new settlements were named after towns and villages left behind in Cappadocia, with the addition of the word “Nea” (New). For example, Cappadocian Greeks from "Sinasos" (present Mustafapaşa near Ürgüp) who settled in the northern part of the island of Euboea in Greece named their new settlement Nea Sinasos "New Sinasos". Other examples include Nea Karvali in northern Greece, and Neo Prokopi in central Greece. The regions of Greece with significant settlements of Cappadocian Greeks include the cities of Karditsa, Volos, Kilkis, Larisa, Chalkidiki, Kavala, Alexandroupoli and Thessaloniki. Today the descendants of the Cappadocian Greeks can be found throughout Greece, as well as in countries around the world particularly in Western Europe, North America and Australia as part of the Greek diaspora.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The modern region of Cappadocia is famous for the churches carved into cliffs and rock faces in the Göreme and Soğanlı valleys. The region is popular with tourists, many of whom visit the abandoned underground cities, houses and Greek churches carved and decorated by Cappadocian Greeks centuries ago. The formerly Greek town of Güzelyurt (Karvali) has become popular with tourists who visit the abandoned stone mansions built centuries ago by wealthy Cappadocian Greek businessmen. Today, more than 700 Greek Orthodox churches and over thirty rock-carved chapels, many with preserved painted icons, Greek writing and frescos, some from the pre-iconoclastic period that date back as far as the 6th century, can still be seen. As of 1985 these Greek cave churches were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Cappadocian Greeks traditionally spoke a dialect of the Greek language known as "Cappadocian Greek". Cappadocian Greek diverged from the other Byzantine Greek dialects early, beginning with the Turkish conquests of central Asia Minor in the 11th and 12th centuries, and so developed several radical features, such as the loss of the gender for nouns. However, having been isolated from the crusader conquests (Fourth Crusade) and the later Venetian influence of the Greek coast, it retained the Ancient Greek terms for many words that were replaced with Romance language ones in Demotic Greek. After centuries of Ottoman rule the Turkish language began to emerge as the dominant language of Cappadocia. Many Greeks began to speak Turkish as a second language and became bilingual, this was the case with the “"Kouvoukliotes"” who were always Greek speakers and spoke Turkish with a strong Greek accent, and there were Cappadocian Greeks who only spoke the Turkish language and had given up the use of Greek centuries earlier, known as the "Karamanlides". At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cappadocian Greek language still had a strong presence at Gülşehir (formerly Arabison/Arapsu) north-west of Nevşehir, and in the large region southward as far down as Niğde and Bor. Greek was also still spoken at Silli north-west of Konya, in Pharasa (today Çamlıca village in Yahyalı district) and other villages in isolated communities in the interior of central Turkey prior to the Genocide of 1915 and subsequent population transfers. Many Cappadocian Greeks completely abandoned Greek when they learned Turkish, although in the western regions of Cappadocia many Greeks still retained their native language. John Robert Sitlington Sterrett travelled through Cappadocia in 1884 and noted: "Melegobi is a large and flourishing village, inhabited almost exclusively by Greek-speaking Greeks. The Greeks are numerous all through the western part of Cappadocia, and generally cling to their language with great tenacity, a fact worthy of notice, inasmuch as the Greeks in other parts of Asia Minor speak only Turkish. Instances of Greek-speaking towns are Niğde, Gelvere, Melegobi (Μελοκοπια), and Ortaköy in Soğanlı Deresi." During the 19th-century British scholar John Pinkerton was informed by the Turkish-speaking Greeks that past Turkish rulers of Anatolia had caused them to lose the knowledge of the Greek language, Pinkerton reported that:


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In the 1920s when the Cappadocian Greeks arrived in Greece, the Cappadocian Greek spoken by them was hardly intelligible with the Demotic Greek used in mainland Greece, as it had been cut off from the rest of the Greek-speaking world for centuries. The Cappadocian Greeks were more linguistically Turkified then the Greeks in Pontus and the western coastal regions of Turkey. Once in Greece though, they started using the modern Greek language, causing their ancestral Greek dialect, the Cappadocian Greek language, to go to the brink of extinction. The Cappadocian Greek language was believed by some scholars to have been extinct for many years. The language was then declared alive in 2005, when descendants of Cappadocian Greeks were discovered still speaking the language fluently in central and northern Greece. Today it is still spoken by mainly elderly Cappadocian Greeks in various regions of Greece including in Karditsa, Volos, Kilkis, Larisa, Thessaloniki, Chalkidiki, Kavala, and Alexandroupoli. Some Cappadocian Greeks who converted to Islam, allowing them to avoid the population exchanges of 1923, still speak the language in their traditional homeland in Turkey.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Cappadocian Greeks have been isolated from the rest of the Greek-speaking world for centuries and this has made their culture, way of life, and customs somewhat distinctive. Their culture has been strongly influenced by the topography of its different regions.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: In the middle of the 18th century, after the Hatt-i humayun, the Greek feeling was stimulated, more schools were founded in the area and Greek was taught above. In commercial cities like Kayseri and Malakopea upper-level education and arts flourished under the protection of a cosmopolitan middle class. The economy of Cappadocia was largely based upon agriculture and mining and the rural centers which lay upon the valleys and plains. The Cappadocian Greeks have distinctive traditional songs and dances which are still performed in Greece.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Persian poet Rumi (1207–1273), whose name means "Roman", referring to his residence amongst the "Roman" Greek speakers of Cappadocia, wrote a few poems in Cappadocian Greek. These verses are one of the earliest literary attestations of the spoken Cappadocian vernacular.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Cappadocian Greek-American immigrant and renowned Hollywood director Elia Kazan wrote a book "America, America" about his uncle, who grew up in Cappadocia in an environment of increasing persecution. Sent on foot by his father as a teenager, with the entire family savings, to Istanbul, Elia's uncle was supposed to establish a new life and, eventually, to bring the rest of the family to the city. In the end Elia's uncle traveled much further, to America, later fulfilling his filial duty and bringing his family over as well. Kazan made his book into an Academy Award-winning movie "America, America" in 1963.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Cappadocian Greeks continued a number of Anatolian culinary traditions passed down since Byzantine times. These include the preparing of wind-cured meats known as pastirma, a delicacy called in Byzantine times "paston," along with the use of the ubiquitous Central Anatolian spinach-like herb madimak to make dishes such as a variant of spanikopita.


title: Cappadocian Greeks

text: The Cappadocian Greek-American immigrant and renowned Hollywood director Elia Kazan made an Academy Award-winning movie "America, America" about his uncle, who grew up in Cappadocia and then was sent on foot as a teenager, with the entire family savings, to escape persecution and establish a new life in Istanbul, and eventually, to bring the rest of the family there.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The 2021 United States Census reported that San Francisco had a population of 815,201—an increase from the 2010 Census count of 805,235. With a population density of 18,633 per square mile (7,194/km), San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major American city, behind only New York (among cities greater than 200,000 population).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: San Francisco is the traditional focal point of the San Francisco Bay Area and forms part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region of 4.6 million people. It is also part of the greater 12-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area, whose population is over 8.75 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of July 1, 2016.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: As of the 2021 census, the ethnic makeup and population of San Francisco included: Whites (44.9%), Asians (34.3%), African Americans (5.1%), Native Americans (0.4%), Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (0.4%) two or more races (7.2%) and Hispanics or Latinos of any race (15.2%).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: According to the 2021 census, San Francisco has a minority-majority population, as non-Hispanic whites comprise less than half of the population at 39.8%, down from 92.5% in 1940. The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican, Salvadoran, Nicaraguan, Guatemalan, and Puerto Rican ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District, Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: San Francisco's African American population has declined in recent decades, from 13.4% of the population in 1970 to 6.1% in 2010. The current percentage of African Americans in San Francisco is similar to that of the state of California; conversely, the city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state. The majority of the city's black population reside within the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point, and Visitacion Valley in southeastern San Francisco, and in the Fillmore District in the northeastern part of the city.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21.4% of the population; the other Asian groups are Filipinos (4.5%), Vietnamese (1.6%), Japanese (1.3%), Asian Indians (1.2%), Koreans (1.2%), Thais (0.3%), Burmese (0.2%), Cambodians (0.2%), and Indonesians, Laotians, and Mongolians make up less than 0.1% of the city's population. The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown, Sunset District, and Richmond District, whereas Filipinos are most concentrated in the Crocker-Amazon (which is contiguous with the Filipino community of Daly City, which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America), as well as in SoMa.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: After declining in the 1970s and 1980s, the Filipino community in the city has experienced a significant resurgence. The San Francisco Bay Area is home to over 382,950 Filipino Americans, one of the largest communities of Filipinos outside of the Philippines. The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon. Koreans and Japanese have a large presence in the Western Addition, which is where the city's Japantown is located. The Pacific Islander population is 0.4% (0.8% including those with partial ancestry). Over half of the Pacific Islander population is of Samoan descent, with residence in the Bayview-Hunters Point and Visitacion Valley areas; Pacific Islanders make up more than three percent of the population in both communities.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: Native-born Californians form a relatively small percentage of the city's population: only 37.7% of its residents were born in California, while 25.2% were born in a different U.S. state. More than a third of San Francisco residents (34.2%) were born outside the United States.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: According to 2019 American Community Survey annual estimates conducted by the US Census Bureau, San Francisco's population was 45.2% White (39.8% Non-Hispanic White and 5.4% Hispanic White), 5.5% Black or African American, 34.9% Asian, 7.9% Some Other Race, 0.4% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.4% Pacific Islander and 5.7% from two or more races.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The White population continues to remain the largest racial category in San Francisco and includes the 35.5% of Hispanics who self-identify as White. The remainder of Hispanics self-identify as Other Race (49.1%), Multiracial (10.7%), American Indian and Alaskan Native (0.8%), Black (1.6%), Asian (2.2%), and Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (0.2%).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: Asian Americans remain the largest minority group at either 34.9% (including Asian Hispanics) or 34.6% (excluding Asian Hispanics).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The Black population continues to decline and at 5.5% (including Black Hispanics) or 5.2% (excluding Black Hispanics) is well below the national average of 12.8% (including Black Hispanics). The Black population peaked in the 1970 Census at 13.4%.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: If Hispanics are treated as a separate category from race, San Francisco's population was 39.8% White, 34.6% Asian, 15.2% Hispanic-Latino, 5.2% Black or African American, 0.4% Some Other Race, 0.3% Native American and Alaskan Native, 0.4% Pacific Islander and 4.1% from two or more races. By ethnicity, 15.2% of the total population is Hispanic-Latino (of any race), below the national average of 18.4%. If treated as a category separate from race, Hispanics are the third largest minority group in San Francisco County.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The largest ancestry group of Hispanics in San Francisco are of Mexican descent (52.7% of Hispanics) followed by Salvadoran descent (12.0% of Hispanics), Nicaraguan descent (8.0%), Guatemalan descent (5.3%), Puerto Rican descent (3.7%), Spaniard descent (2.9%), Peruvian descent (2.8%), Chilean descent (1.4%), Colombian descent (1.4%), Cuban descent (1.3%), Argentinian descent (1.1%), and those of other Hispanic ethnicity or of mixed Hispanic ethnicity (7.4%).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: As of July 2019, White Americans in San Francisco are 45.2% of the population of San Francisco. Non-Hispanic whites are 39.8% of the population.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: White people of European descent, first the Spanish, gradually displaced the native people of the area that would eventually become San Francisco.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The neighborhoods that have the highest percentage of non-Hispanic white residents are Marina (78.2%), Cow Hollow (76.8%), Parnassus - Ashbury (74.1%), Eureka Valley - Dolores Heights - Castro (73.8%), and Noe Valley (72.0%).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The neighborhoods with the lowest percentage of non-Hispanic white residents are Visitacion Valley (5.5%) and Silver Terrace (7.0%).


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: White students make up only 12.9% of San Francisco public school students, despite white people constituting 41.6% of the city's population. Although this discrepancy is explained somewhat by white residents being older on average than residents of other ethnic groups, the more important reason is that white students are disproportionately likely to be enrolled in private school. This is increasingly the case in higher levels of education, with only 8.9% of the public high school population being white.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: Those who identify solely as African American made up 5.2% of the population in 2019. Those who include partial non-black ancestry make up 6.4% of the city's population. Neighborhoods with significant black populations include Fillmore District, Hunters Point, and Visitacion Valley.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: San Francisco is about 35% Asian, with 23% being Chinese. Chinatown, Richmond District and Sunset District have significant Chinese populations. Japanese communities are found in Japantown and Sunset District. Vietnamese community is concentrated in Chinatown, Tenderloin, Richmond, and Sunset. The Filipino community is concentrated in Crocker Amazon and Soma.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, behind only Seattle. Over 44% of adults within the city limits have a bachelor's or higher degree. "USA Today" reported that Rob Pitingolo, a researcher who measured college graduates per square mile, found that San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's .


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The Census reported that 780,971 people (97.0% of the population) lived in households, 18,902 (2.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 5,362 (0.7%) were institutionalized. There were 345,811 households, out of which 63,577 (18.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 109,437 (31.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 28,844 (8.3%) had a female householder with no spouse present, 12,748 (3.7%) had a male householder with no spouse present. There were 21,677 (6.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 10,384 (3.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 133,366 households (38.6%) were made up of individuals, and 34,234 (9.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26. There were 151,029 families (43.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.11. There were 376,942 housing units, at an average density of 1,625.5 per square mile (627.6/km), of which 123,646 (35.8%) were owner-occupied, and 222,165 (64.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.4%. 327,985 people (40.7% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 452,986 people (56.3%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: According to the 2005 American Community Survey, San Francisco has the highest percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15.4%. San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income with a 2007 value of $65,519. Median family income is $81,136, and the San Francisco Bay Area ranks 8th in the number of billionaires known in the region. Following a national trend, an emigration of middle-class families is contributing to widening income disparity and has left the city with a lower proportion of children, 14.5%, than any other large American city.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The city's poverty rate is 11.8% and the number of families in poverty stands at 7.4%, both lower than the national average. The unemployment rate stands at 4.8% in the greater San Francisco Bay Area .


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: Homelessness has been a chronic and controversial problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s when many mentally ill patients were deinstitutionalized, due to changes which began during the 1960s with the enactment of Medicare and Medicaid. The homeless population is estimated to be 13,500 with 6,500 living on the streets. The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city. Rates of reported violent and property crimes for 2009 (736 and 4,262 incidents per 100,000 residents, respectively) are slightly lower than for similarly sized U.S. cities.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: As of 2020, 54.58% (411,728) of San Francisco residents aged five and older spoke only English at home, while 18.60% (140,302) spoke a Chinese language, 11.68% (88,147) Spanish, 3.42% (25,767) Tagalog, 1.86% (14,017) Russian, 1.45% (10,939) Vietnamese, 1.05% (7,895) French, 0.90% (6,777) Japanese, 0.88% (6,624) Korean, 0.56% (4,215) German, 0.53% (3,995) Italian, and Pacific Islander languages were spoken by 0.47% (3,535). In total, 45.42% (342,693) of San Francisco's population aged five and older spoke a language at home other than English.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: The age distribution of the city was as follows: 107,524 people (13.4%) under the age of 18, 77,664 people (9.6%) aged 18 to 24, 301,802 people (37.5%) aged 25 to 44, 208,403 people (25.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 109,842 people (13.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.8 males.


title: Demographics of San Francisco

text: According to a Pew Research study conducted in 2014, the religious demographics of San Francisco are as follows:


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: The Rise Of Bloody Mary or Bloody Mary is a 2022 Indian Telugu-language crime drama film directed by Chandoo Mondeti and written by Prasanth Kumar Dimmala. It stars Nivetha Pethuraj, Brahmaji, Ajay, and Kireeti Damaraju. Set in Visakhapatnam, the plot follows three orphaned childhood friends—Mary, Raju, and Basha who find themselves embroiled in a murder case.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: The film began its production in September 2020 in Hyderabad. It features music composed by Kaala Bhairava and cinematorgraphy by Karthik Ghattamneni. "Bloody Mary" is digitally released on 15 April 2022 on the streaming platform Aha.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: One night in 1993, in Vizag, an orphanage is attacked by a group of human traffickers. The director of the orphanage is killed and all the kids from the orphanage are abducted, except for three kids with physical impairments - Mary, Basha, and Raju. Mary is the daughter of the orphanage's director, and she overhears her mother's death. Since she was not an eyewitness to the crime, the police do not register her as a witness statement.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: A few years later, Mary is working at a hospital while taking care of Basha and Raju. Basha, who is mute, has aspirations of becoming an actor. Raju, who is deaf, dreams of becoming a photographer. One day, Kantha Rao, a doctor working at the hospital Mary is working, calls Mary for an opportunity she has been looking for. When she reaches there, he makes improper sexual advances toward her which she resists. In the ensuing scuffle, Mary pushes him causing his death. Meanwhile, the same day, Basha witnesses a similar death when he goes to a film director's office to audition for a role. The director tries to sexually assault Kala, an aspiring actress, who retaliates by hitting him on the head to his death. A little later, Raju finds a camera that he brings home. There, the three of them find a video of the death Basha witnessed earlier. They also find out that the director was killed by Kala's husband, Prabhakar, who followed her out of suspicion that she was cheating on their marriage.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: Prabhakar, who is a local Circle Inspector (CI), starts investigating the death of Kantha Rao. He is suspicious of Mary and interrogates her, Basha and Raju. Mary sketches a plan and together with Bash and Raju, anonymously blackmails Prabhakar for money in exchange for the video of him killing the film director. But he tracks down the blackmail call to the three and destroys the evidence. He also learns that Mary is partially blind. But Mary bluffs and convinces Prabhakar that she has transferred the video onto another computer before. Knowing that Prabhakar is at loggerheads with Sekhar Babu, a powerful local businessman in the fishing industry, Mary reaches out to Sekhar Babu and offers him the evidence in exchange for their safety. She meets Kala and gets to confess to the truth on camera by bluffing she has evidence against her. Mary also realises that Sekhar Babu is a human trafficker, and was the one who killed her mother, and is now planning on trafficking her and Basha and Raju's organs. She calls Prabhakar and cleverly pits him against Sekhar Babu. In the ensuing fight, Prabhakar kills most of Sekhar Babu's henchmen, while Mary kills Sekhar Babu.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: Eight years later, Mary, under a new alias, heads a very powerful social welfare organisation in Mumbai, with many unproven allegations of crime. The government appoints Prabhakar, who was awarded a President's Police Medal for ending Sekhar Babu's trafficking ring, to investigate the organisation. The film ends with Prabhakar meeting Mary who details her rise and threatens him not to interfere in her business.


title: Bloody Mary (2022 film)

text: The film began its production in September 2020 in Hyderabad. "Blood Mary" is director Chandoo Mondeti's first foray into the digital medium. It is released digitally on 15 April 2022 on the streaming platform Aha.