title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Middlesbrough, also from the Premier League, were the opposition in the semi-final at the neutral venue of Villa Park in Birmingham. Before the game both players and supporters paused to remember the life of West Ham's recently deceased former manager, John Lyall. The first half saw Middlesbrough dominate, but they were unable to convert any of their chances into goals. They also lost goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer to injury. A long pass by defender Anton Ferdinand was headed down by Ashton to Harewood, whose goal ensured a 1–0 victory for West Ham and a place in the final.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: The match was Liverpool's 13th appearance in the final. They had won on six occasions (1965, 1974, 1986, 1989, 1992, 2001) and lost six times (1914, 1950, 1971, 1977, 1988, 1996). West Ham were appearing in their fifth final, they had previously won three (1964, 1975, 1980) and lost once in the 1923 FA Cup Final. Liverpool had won both the meetings between the teams in the Premier League during the season. A 2–0 home victory at the end of October, was followed by a 2–1 win at the end of April. The latter match saw Liverpool midfielder Luis García and West Ham defender Hayden Mullins sent off, which meant they would both be suspended for the final.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: A week before the final, Liverpool played Portsmouth in the 2005–06 Premier League – it was their last match before the final, and they won 3–1. The win was Liverpool's ninth straight in the competition and meant they finished the season in third place. One area of concern was the fitness of midfielder Xabi Alonso, who injured his ankle in the match and was a doubt for the final. They were also without striker Robbie Fowler, who was cup-tied after playing for Manchester City earlier in the competition. Captain Steven Gerrard was determined not to let complacency affect Liverpool; "We have beaten fantastic sides like Manchester United and Chelsea to get to the final, but it is always on your mind that after going on such a successful run you might not get over that last hurdle."


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham's final game before the final was against Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League, and a 2–1 win meant they finished the season in ninth place. West Ham also had injury concerns ahead of the final, with midfielder Matthew Etherington and striker Dean Ashton both doubts to be fit for the match. However, manager Alan Pardew was optimistic they would be available for selection stating: "You expect everyone to put their life on the line for the final." Pardew was also optimistic about his team's chances in the final, despite them being considered as the underdogs: We're up against a technical team who are better than us, Liverpool have got more experience and more international players, too. But everyone also knows that we attack teams and that we've got a big punch."


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: The match was originally scheduled to be played on 20 May. However, England manager Sven-Göran Eriksson wanted a four-week break before the start of the 2006 FIFA World Cup, so that if any England players were involved (Liverpool's Steven Gerrard, Jamie Carragher and Peter Crouch all later made his squad) would get a decent rest before the tournament. The final was scheduled to be held at Wembley Stadium, however the stadium had fallen behind in its rebuild and would not be completed in time for the final. The final would instead be played at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, where it had been held since 2001. Mike Dean was originally appointed to referee the final, but questions about his impartiality were raised as he resided close to Liverpool. He was replaced by Alan Wiley.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: In the week before the Final, a block of 1,600 tickets in the Liverpool supporters' seating area was stolen in the postal system. The stadium authorities refused to reissue the tickets on crowd safety grounds, and threatened to eject anyone found sitting in the block from the stadium and possibly prosecute them for receiving stolen goods. Liverpool F.C. arranged for most of the affected fans to receive tickets from an allocation that had been held back for a lottery among their supporters. The day after the final, South Wales Police seized 100 stolen tickets. Three people were arrested after 15 forged tickets were found ahead of the match.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Michael Ball sang the national anthem, "God Save the Queen", on the pitch before the game, with Lesley Garrett singing the traditional cup final hymn, "Abide with Me". Before the match, both teams received a boost as Ashton and Etherington for West Ham and Alonso for Liverpool were deemed fit enough to start the final.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham kicked the match off, as both teams lined up in a 4–4–2 formation. West Ham committed the first foul of the match in the first minute as Paul Konchesky brought down Steven Gerrard, but Liverpool were unable to capitalise on the resulting free kick. A few minutes later, West Ham midfielder Yossi Benayoun advanced down the right hand side of the pitch and passed the ball into the penalty area, but Liverpool defender Sami Hyypiä was able to intercept the ball before Ashton or Harewood received it. Harewood had the first shot on goal for West Ham in the 12th minute, but it was deflected out for a corner.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool's first opportunity came a minute later, after West Ham midfielder Carl Fletcher conceded a free kick for a foul on Gerrard. However, the resulting free kick was hit into the wall of players in front of the West Ham penalty area. A few minutes later, West Ham scored the first goal of the match; Liverpool midfielder Xabi Alonso gave the ball away to Benayoun, who played it inside to Ashton. Ashton then played a through-ball to Lionel Scaloni on the right flank, before the Argentine's low cross was put into his own goal by Liverpool defender Jamie Carragher to give West Ham a 1–0 lead. Seven minutes later, West Ham extended their lead, when Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina fumbled a shot from Etherington into the path of Ashton, who squeezed the rebound under Reina into the far corner to make it 2–0. Liverpool looked to have reduced the defect in the 30th minute, but Peter Crouch's shot from a Gerrard free kick was disallowed as Crouch was offside.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: However, Liverpool did score from their next attack. Gerrard played a ball into the West Ham penalty area, which went over the head of defender Scaloni and was met by striker Djibril Cissé, who scored to make it 2–1. Ashton came close to extending West Ham's lead in the 37th minute, but his effort went wide of the post after beating goalkeeper Reina. The last chance of the half came in the 44th minute when Liverpool defender Steve Finnan sliced a clearance straight to striker Harewood, however his shot went out for a throw-in.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool got the second half under way, but it was West Ham who had the first attack of the half. Etherington advanced down the right hand side of the pitch and passed to Harewood, whose shot was saved by Reina, who also saved a subsequent shot from Benayoun. Liverpool had a chance immediately afterwards as Cissé passed to Alonso, but his shot was blocked and went out for a corner. A minute later, Liverpool made the first substitution of the match, as the injured Harry Kewell was replaced by Fernando Morientes. Liverpool equalised in the 54th minute, when Gerrard volleyed home a knock-down header from Crouch. The first yellow card of the match went to Ashton after he fouled Finnan in the 60th minute. Three minutes later, Carragher also received a yellow card for a foul on Ashton.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: A minute later, West Ham went ahead again; defender Paul Konchesky received the ball on the left flank, and played a ball into the Liverpool penalty area, only to see it sail over goalkeeper Reina and into the goal. Three minutes later, Liverpool made another substitution, as Alonso went off with an injury to be replaced by defender Jan Kromkamp. Minutes later, West Ham captain Nigel Reo-Coker had an attempt to score, but his shot went over the Liverpool goal. West Ham subsequently made their first substitution of the match, as Ashton was replaced by fellow striker Bobby Zamora. Liverpool also replaced Crouch with midfielder Dietmar Hamann.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham made their second substitution of the match in the 77th minute, as they replaced Fletcher with Christian Dailly. They also changed formation to a 4–5–1 in an attempt to hang onto their lead. Morientes headed a Cissé pass wide in the last 10 minutes as Liverpool looked to score an equaliser. West Ham made their final substitution of the match in the 85th minute, as striker Teddy Sheringham replaced Etherington. Sheringham's first involvement in the match was to concede a free kick for handball, which was subsequently put wide by Gerrard. With the match entering injury time, Liverpool played the ball into the West Ham penalty area, where it was cleared but only as far as Gerrard, from goal; the Liverpool captain hit the ball on the volley and it flew along a low trajectory past goalkeeper Shaka Hislop into the bottom corner of the West Ham goal. West Ham had another chance before full-time, but Konchesky's shot was saved by Reina. With the scores level at 3–3, the match went into extra time after the referee brought an end to the 90 minutes of play.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool got the first half of extra time under way, but the start was slow as players suffered with cramp, Carragher in particular. In the 97th minute, Liverpool won a corner, which West Ham cleared to Liverpool defender John Arne Riise on the edge of the penalty area, but his shot went over the crossbar. Liverpool won another corner in the 99th minute, which was cleared by West Ham; the ball came back into the penalty area and Morientes headed down for Cissé, but he was unable to control the ball. Before the end of the half, Hyypiä had a chance to score after running past Scaloni and Harewood, but his shot went wide of the West Ham goal.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Just after the start of the second half of extra time, Liverpool had the first chance. Kromkamp advanced down the right wing, but his shot went wide of the West Ham goal. West Ham won a corner in the 109th minute, but it came to nothing as Zamora was penalised for a foul on Reina. Players continued to struggle with cramp as Gerrard, Mohamed Sissoko, Finnan and Harewood all went down in quick succession. West Ham won a free kick in the 114th minute, after Zamora was tripped by Hyypiä, but Benayoun's effort was cleared and almost resulted in a chance for Liverpool, before Morientes was tackled by Anton Ferdinand from the West Ham goal. Two minutes from the end, Hamann was booked for a foul on Zamora; the subsequent free kick was met by Reo-Coker, whose shot was turned onto the post by Reina. The ball rebounded to Harewood, but his shot went wide of the goal. Neither team scored before the end of extra time, and the referee brought the match to an end with the scores level, resulting in a penalty shoot-out.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: The shoot-out took place at the end where the West Ham fans were seated, with Liverpool taking the first penalty. Hamann stepped up first and scored high to the right of Hislop. Zamora took the first penalty for West Ham, but his shot was saved by Reina. Hyypiä took the next penalty for Liverpool, but he also missed, as Hislop saved his shot. Substitute Sheringham took West Ham's next penalty and scored, his shot beating Reina high to his left to level the shoot-out at 1–1. Liverpool captain Gerrard took their next penalty and scored to make it 2–1, while Konchesky's shot was saved by Reina. Riise took the next penalty for Liverpool and scored to extend their lead to 3–1. Ferdinand was next and needed to score to keep West Ham in the shoot-out, but his penalty was saved by Reina, which meant Liverpool won the shoot-out 3–1 to win the FA Cup for the seventh time.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool's victory meant they won the FA Cup for the seventh time, the club's manager Rafael Benítez stated that neither side deserved to lose the match: "It was difficult to say we deserved to win or the other team. It was a magnificent final. We knew that they could score goals but that we could also. We needed to keep going but after 63 games it was really difficult." Liverpool captain Steven Gerrard also praised West Ham, stating: "West Ham were brilliant, they gave us a really good game but we had a never-say-die attitude and we stuck in there, our best chance was on penalties as we did not have any energy left." Due to the nature of the comeback, the match has come to be regarded as "The Gerrard Final", teammate Peter Crouch summed up the effect Gerrard had on the match: "When the injury-time board went up we thought our chance had gone, but it is always good to have a player like Steven Gerrard in your team." A BBC Sport poll in May 2015 deemed Gerrard's goal to be the best in an FA Cup Final from the past 50 years.


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: West Ham manager Alan Pardew described the defeat as hard to take: "It felt like a defeat when the third goal went in. We rallied and had a great chance in extra time. We had to dig in. This was a top team we were playing, but I felt we were going to win. Only a 35-yard Gerrard smasher was going to change that. The players have been magnificent – we are proud of the way we played." Captain Nigel Reo-Coker found defeat hard to take as he felt they had done enough to win the final: "I can't describe it how I feel at the moment – gutted because I think we deserved to win this game. The players put in a fantastic effort, but it just wasn't to be for us. It was a marvellous FA Cup final and we gave all we could. I hope everyone was proud – it just wasn't our day."


title: 2006 FA Cup Final

text: Liverpool's victory set up a Community Shield match against Chelsea, winners of the 2005–06 Premier League. As FA Cup winners, Liverpool would have been awarded qualification into the UEFA Cup, but because they had qualified for the UEFA Champions League via their league position, the UEFA Cup place was passed to runners-up, West Ham.


title: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan

text: The game is an action hack and slash game with cel-shaded artstyle, in which players control the title characters, including Leonardo, Donatello, Michelangelo and Raphael, from a third-person perspective. With the exception of infinite "shurikens", each turtle has an individual style of ninjutsu. Each turtle also has four ultimate abilities, which are interchangeable and shared from a well-sized list. For example, Leonardo can slow down time, and Michelangelo can perform cheerleading, which resets the cooldowns of other turtles' abilities. Players can shift between turtles at will in the single-player campaign. The turtles can perform successive attacks to create a combo. The four turtles also have the ability to parkour and use parachutes while traveling around the game's world. Players encounter numerous green orbs in the game. These orbs, known as Battle Points can be spent to upgrade the turtles' abilities - as well as buying items (such as grappling hooks and rocket launchers) from Master Splinter anytime during the game. April O' Neil provides assistance to players by giving hints and directions. The turtles can also scan their surroundings and tag enemies.


text: The game is divided into nine different stages. In each stage, players encounter random enemies before reaching a boss. When the player character is defeated, other turtles (controlled by artificial intelligence in the campaign or by other players in the multiplayer) can help revive the players. If the turtles are not revived, they will be sent back to the subterranean lair. A mini-game will then begin, tasking the turtle to eat pizza as fast as possible. The game supports four-player online cooperative multiplayer.


text: The four Ninja Turtles find the Foot Clan causing trouble in New York City once again. After the streets are cleared, the turtles are told by April via T-Glass that Bebop is robbing a bank and is well-armed with chainsaw, explosive bombs and guns. Working together, the turtles defeat Bebop, before learning that his partner Rocksteady is also causing trouble, threatening to destroy the subway system with time bombs. Upon defeating the hammer-swinging Rocksteady, the four turtle brothers are again contacted by April, who reveals that Slash is hiding deep in the sewers, so the turtles investigate, while watching out for Slash, who is constantly taunting them. The turtles are directed to a construction site high up in the skyscrapers, where Karai has placed explosives, whom they defuse before fighting Karai, who then escapes via jet-pack.


text: The turtles next face off against Armaggon, before also encountering Wingnut, whom they soon defeat. Afterwards, General Krang, not impressed by the turtles defeating his minions, attacks New York himself, but is also ultimately defeated, though the turtles celebrate too early, as Krang then upgrades himself and becomes "Mega Krang." The turtles once again triumph over Krang, before being attacked by Shredder himself, who is annoyed with everyone else's failure to destroy them and attempts to do it himself. Shredder proves to be their biggest challenge yet, but through teamwork and their experience, the turtles prevail, saving New York from the Foot Clan, at least for the moment.


text: According to developer PlatinumGames, the team developed licensed video games as creating new intellectual properties was difficult. "Mutants in Manhattan" is the third licensed game developed by Platinum, after the company partnered with Activision to create "The Legend of Korra" (2014) and "" (2015). According to Platinum, they developed the game based on their own vision instead of the previous comics, films or games. According to game designer Eiro Shirahama, the team watched the "TMNT" animated series and also played the old "TMNT" games for the Super Famicom while working on the game so as to understand the universe and the characters. Tom Waltz, who had previously written "TMNT" comic books for IDW Publishing, is the game's lead writer. The game's artstyle was inspired by Mateus Santolouco, an artist of the series. The game's existence was first leaked by Xbox.com, Australian Classification Board and a user on Twitter. PlatinumGames later officially announced the title on January 26, 2016. "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan" was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox 360, and Xbox One on May 24, 2016.


text: "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan" received "mixed or average" reviews on the Xbox One and PC, and received "generally unfavorable" reviews on the PlayStation 4, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.


text: Ben Makedonski from Destructoid awarded it a score of 4.5 out of 10, stating "it doesn't even necessarily succeed where Platinum Games usually excels."


text: Dave Rudden from IGN rated it 4.9 out of 10, calling the game short, bland, and highly repetitive, while also expressing criticism at the lack of local co-op multiplayer.


text: Digital Foundry's John Linneman criticized the game for not reaching 60 frames per second on any platform, even though an Activision producer stated that local co-op multiplayer was omitted to reach it.


text: Game Informer awarded it a score of 6 out of 10, saying "Controlling the turtles is fun, but the structure of the levels, missions, and bosses leave much to be desired"


text: Hardcore Gamer awarded it a score of 2 out of 5, saying "About the only real way one can recommend Mutants in Manhattan is if you’re a really die-hard Ninja Turtles fan and have access to online multiplayer, and even then, the tedious level and mission design is sure to get grating after a while. In the end, sadly, not even an old-fashioned Ninja Rap could save this mess."


text: GameSpot awarded it a score of 4 out of 10, saying "Without a doubt, Mutants In Manhattan is a disappointment, one multiplied several times over not just by its pedigree, but by the fact that the ingredients for a good game are present."


title: I Can Dream About You

text: "I Can Dream About You" is a song performed by American singer Dan Hartman on the soundtrack album of the film "Streets of Fire". Released in 1984 as a single from the soundtrack, and included on Hartman's album "I Can Dream About You", it reached number 6 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: The song first appeared in "Streets of Fire", where it was performed by the fictional group The Sorels. The real voice behind the version used in the film was Winston Ford, but Hartman's version was the one used on the soundtrack album and released as a single. In a "Songfacts" interview with the film's musical director, Kenny Vance, he recalled the following:"The same guy that sings lead on that and 'Countdown to Love,' a song that I wrote for the film, was a guy working at a Radio Shack (Winston Ford), and I think when you look at the film and The Sorels are singing it live in the movie, that was the version that was supposed to come out, and I recorded that version. But then when Dan Hartman heard it, I don't know what happened next, but I know that he took that guy's voice off and he put his own on, and he had a hit with it. Hollywood is a very slippery place."


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Originally, producer Jimmy Iovine had asked Hartman to write a song for a film he was working on. Hartman was told that the song was going to be sung by four Black guys in a concert situation within the film, and Hartman ended up thinking about a demo he made of "I Can Dream About You." As described by Tuber (1985), Hartman went through some “legal maneuvering to get the benefit of his breakthrough”. The use of the song in the film being performed by actors did not feature Hartman on vocals but rather Ford. After some negotiating to enforce the original contract, Hartman insisted he sing the song on the soundtrack, and that his version be released if a single were to be issued from the soundtrack album. Additionally, any music video had to feature his own voice using the song. These clauses helped Hartman become an "overnight sensation" despite the fact that Hartman had been a working musician since adolescence. In an interview snippet from Portzline (2014), Hartman elaborated on another controversy related to the song—stating that “…some people had a fit because it was my name and my voice coming out of this group that looked like the Temptations. It was a big mess, but it was the best I could do under the circumstance."


title: I Can Dream About You

text: In the film, the Sorels are played by Stoney Jackson (lead singer), Grand L. Bush, Mykelti Williamson and Robert Townsend (the latter three portraying backing singers). In a 2012 interview, Williamson stated that people were initially confused and thought that Jackson was Hartman. As a result, Hartman was supposedly upset; however, he might have had a change of heart by the following year due to the “good publicity” that the confusion generated (Tuber, 1985). Although the choreography for the Sorels was arranged by Jeffrey Hornaday, the actors eventually improvised much of the dance moves with Hornaday’s support. Williamson further mentioned that he, Jackson, Bush and Townsend received vocal coaching from Jim Gilstrap and they provided background vocals for the track. In the vinyl releases, Hartman, Joe Pizzulo, and Ford are credited as providing backing vocals for the song. Thus, in the interview, Williamson may have been referring to the version that appeared in the film with Ford's vocals. Frank and George Simms, who perform as The Simms Brothers Band and worked as backup singers for artists such as David Bowie, revealed in a 2021 podcast that they sang on "I Can Dream About You" as a favor to Hartman but were uncredited due to the song's quick release thereafter.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: According to Daryl Hall, Hartman had initially written the song with Hall & Oates in mind, and offered the song to them to record as their own. Hall & Oates declined, as their new album was about to be released. Later in their career, however, they issued an album of covers called "Our Kind of Soul", in 2004, on which they recorded their own version (with changed lyrics) of Hartman's song. When performing the song live in February 2005, Hall revealed before the performance:"Here's a song that we did on the new album that we sort of did twenty years late. An old friend of ours, Dan Hartman, wrote this song. I remember back in the day he came up to me and said 'You know, I have this great song I wrote for you guys. It's you, you know? – you have to sing this song.' And unfortunately we had just finished an album, we couldn't put it on the album so I said sorry Dan. About six months later I was watching MTV and there it was, and it was a hit for him, God bless him. So here we are twenty years later, I hope he's hearing it, and I hope he enjoys it."Before Ford settled as a musician in Colorado, he went on to tour as a vocalist for artists such as The Platters, Earth, Wind & Fire, The Drifters and Phat Daddy. He died in a motor vehicle accident in 2007 in Denver.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Both Hartman and Iovine worked on his 1984, same-titled solo album "I Can Dream About You", following the song's use in the film. The album would spawn two other Top 40 charting singles on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 – "We Are the Young" and "Second Nature". A tour was also organized to promote the "I Can Dream About You" album and its singles, and Hartman toured alongside Toto in 1985. It was his first tour in a decade but also his last. The song was performed on this tour.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Two music videos accompanied the song. One does not feature Hartman and consists of scenes from "Streets of Fire", intercut with footage of the fictional Sorels miming the song as part of a live performance. In the second video, filmed at the Hard Rock in London, Hartman appears as a bartender trying to charm a young woman (played by Joyce Hyser), singing to her as the Sorels' performance plays on a TV set hanging above the bar. In a 2010 interview with Hyser for the blog Old School: Back to the 80s, she was asked how she came to feature in the video. She replied, "I knew Dan's manager and he asked me if I would do it. We shot at the Hard Rock in London. I honestly remember very little about it, but Dan was very nice and I absolutely love that song." While recording a mimed TV performance of the song, Hartman explained why one music video featured actors: "The producers and directors of "Streets of Fire" wanted the best of everything, so they hired the best singers, the best dancers and best actors to play the parts in the film. So the singers in 'I Can Dream About You' who are the Sorels are actually actors, and I wrote and sang this song."


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Aside from the two music videos which accompanied the song, Hartman appeared on various American and European TV shows to perform the song once it was released as a single. On the musical variety show "Soul Train", during December 1984, Hartman dubbed the song with his touring band, along with "We are the Young", and later appeared on the show solo in May 1985 to perform both "I Can Dream About You" and "Second Nature" alone, but with live vocal. He also dubbed the song on the music-performance program "American Bandstand" in December 1984, with his touring band. "Second Nature" was also performed, and both performances aired on the January 12, 1985, episode of the show. In November 1984, Hartman and his band performed the song on "Late Night with David Letterman", along with "We Are the Young". It was also dubbed on the American syndicated half hour television show "This Week's Music", where his name was incorrectly spelled as 'Harkman'.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Within the UK, Hartman performed the song on "Top of the Pops", dated August 29, 1985. He also dubbed the song on "Cheggers Plays Pop", dated October 31, 1985.


title: I Can Dream About You

text: Alex Henderson of Allmusic reviewed the "I Can Dream About You" album and stated "This excellent album finds Hartman showing his enthusiasm for R&B on pop/rock gems that range from the hit title song and the anthemic 'We Are the Young' to the Motown-tinged 'Name of the Game' and the new wave-ish 'Electricity'."


title: I Can Dream About You

text: In the "Billboard" magazine of November 3, 1984, another review of the album was published in the Pop Picks section, which meant that "Billboard" predicted the album to hit the top half of the chart. The review stated "The title track survived the failure of the 'Streets of Fire' motion picture to become a recent top 10 smash. Hartman follows it with an album reflecting the same broad-based pop/rock appeal."


title: Blake Martinez

text: Blake Edmon Martinez (born January 9, 1994) is a former American football inside linebacker of the National Football League (NFL). He attended Canyon del Oro High School in Oro Valley, Arizona before attending Stanford University on a scholarship. At Stanford, he was a two-year starter at linebacker for the Cardinal where he was named to the first-team All-Pac-12 team in 2015. He was selected by the Green Bay Packers in the fourth round of the 2016 NFL Draft.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez who is of Mexican–American descent, was born in Tucson, Arizona to Marc and Carrisa Martinez. He attended Canyon del Oro High School in Oro Valley, where he played tight end, running back, and linebacker under head coach Dustin Peace. In addition to lettering in football, he also lettered in basketball and volleyball. During his time at Canyon del Oro, he was named to the PrepStar All-West Region Team, and was also a Two-Time Defensive Player of the year. Additionally, he holds the school record with 247 tackles, while also amassing 1,100 total offensive yards his senior year.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez was ranked as a three-star inside linebacker by Rivals.com. He received several scholarship offers from schools such as Stanford, Boise State, Oregon State, and San Jose State. He also received interest from Arizona, Arizona State, Northern Arizona, Oregon, and San Diego State. He ultimately signed his letter of intent to play with Stanford on August 1, 2011.


title: Blake Martinez

text: As a true freshman with the Stanford Cardinal in 2012, Martinez played in fourteen games and had the first tackle of his college career against Duke University. At the end of the year, he received Stanford's Greg Piers Service Team Award on for his efforts on defense.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Continuing into his second year in 2013, Martinez played in 10 games and had 11 tackles (seven solo). His best game of the year coming against the rival California Golden Bears where he had six tackles, forced a fumble, and had his first career interception. At the end of the year, he was named an Academic All-Pac-12 honorable mention.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez had a breakout season in 2014 and started 13 games; in three of those games, he had over ten tackles. In arguably his best game of the season, he intercepted back-to-back passes that had been thrown by quarterback Jared Goff, the first overall draft pick in the 2016 NFL Draft. This ended Goff's school record for most consecutive attempts without an interception. He also forced a fumble in a third and goal situation from Daniel Lasco. Martinez later commented that finishing off the game the way he did was "huge". He finished the year with a team-leading 102 tackles and was named an All-Pac-12 honorable mention and to Phil Steele's All-Pac-12 third team.


title: Blake Martinez

text: As a senior in 2015, Martinez was named to Phil Steele's All-America preseason fourth team and his All-Pac-12 First team. He played in 14 games and finished with a team-high 141 tackles (75 solo), 1.5 sacks, and six pass breakups. His efforts earned him being named to the All-Pac-12 first team by the Conference, Associated Press, and Phil Steele.


title: Blake Martinez

text: On December 22, 2015, it was announced that Martinez was one of four Stanford players who had accepted their invitation to play in the Senior Bowl, along with Kevin Hogan, Joshua Garnett, and Kyle Murphy. On January 30, 2016, Martinez played in the Senior Bowl as part of Dallas Cowboys' head coach Jason Garrett's South team that lost 27–16 to the North. He was one of 39 collegiate linebackers that attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana. Martinez completed all the drills, finishing second in the three-cone drill, third in the short shuttle, fifth in the bench press, and 11th among all linebackers in the 40-yard dash.


title: Blake Martinez

text: On March 17, 2016, Martinez attended Stanford's pro day and opted to stand on the majority of his combine numbers and only performed the 60-yard shuttle, vertical jump (34"), and positional drills. Team representatives and scouts from all 32 teams attended, including Philadelphia Eagles' head coach Chip Kelly and Buffalo Bills' general manager Doug Whaley. He attended a few private workouts and visits with multiple teams, including the Atlanta Falcons and Philadelphia Eagles. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, he was projected to be a fourth to sixth round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked the sixth best inside linebacker prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and the tenth best linebacker by "Sports Illustrated".


title: Blake Martinez

text: The Green Bay Packers selected Martinez in the fourth round (131st overall) of the 2016 NFL Draft. The Green Bay Packers also selected his Stanford teammate Kyle Murphy in the sixth round (200th overall).


title: Blake Martinez

text: On May 6, 2016, the Green Bay Packers signed Martinez to a four-year, $2.72 million contract that included a signing bonus of $383,393.


title: Blake Martinez

text: During organized team activities, he worked with the first team defense and built a rapport with fellow inside linebacker Jake Ryan. He received first team reps due to Sam Barrington's absence after suffering a foot injury a year prior. Throughout training camp, he competed for a job at inside linebacker against Sam Barrington, Carl Bradford, and Joe Thomas. Martinez and Jake Ryan were dubbed "Jake and Blake' due to their chemistry and rapport the two had developed throughout off-season activities and open practices. The nickname is a play on "Shake and Bake", a catchphrase of popularized by the film .


title: Blake Martinez

text: Head coach Mike McCarthy named Martinez and Ryan the starting inside linebackers, with Nick Perry and Clay Matthews III as the starting outside linebackers, to begin the regular season. He made his first career start and professional regular season debut in the Green Bay Packers' season-opener at the Jacksonville Jaguars and recorded six combined tackles in their 27–23 victory. On October 20, 2016, he recorded five combined tackles, two pass break ups, and made his first career interception off Matt Barkley during a 26–10 win against the Chicago Bears. In Week 10, Martinez recorded a season-high ten combined tackles during a 47–25 loss at the Tennessee Titans. He missed three games (Week 12–14) after suffering an MCL sprain during the Packers' Week 11 loss at the Washington Redskins. On January 1, 2017, Martinez made three solo tackles and made his first career sack on Matthew Stafford in the Packers' 31–24 victory at the Detroit Lions. He finished his rookie season in with a total of 69 combined tackles (47 solo), four pass deflections, a sack, and an interception in 13 games and nine starts. He received an overall grade of 49.1 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked 68th among 88 qualifying linebackers.


title: Blake Martinez

text: The Green Bay Packers finished atop the NFC North with a 10–6 record. On January 8, 2017, Martinez started his first career playoff game and recorded three combined tackles as the Packers defeated the New York Giants 38–13 in the NFC Wildcard game. The Packers then defeated the Dallas Cowboys, but were defeated 44–21 by the Atlanta Falcons in the NFC Championship.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez and Ryan entered training camp slated as the starting inside linebackers. Martinez, Ryan, Matthews, and Perry returned as the starting linebacker corps under defensive coordinator Dom Capers to begin the 2017 regular season.


title: Blake Martinez

text: On September 17, 2017, he collected five solo tackles and sacked Matt Ryan during their 34–23 loss at the Atlanta Falcons. In Week 7, Martinez recorded a season-high 16 combined tackles in Green Bay's 26–17 loss to the New Orleans Saints. On November 26, 2017, he made 15 combined tackles, broke up a pass, and intercepted Ben Roethlisberger during a 31–28 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers. Martinez finished the season with 144 combined tackles (96 solo), eight pass deflections, one sack, and one interception in 16 games and 16 starts. His 144 combined tackles tied for first in the league with Buffalo Bills' linebacker Preston Brown and Cleveland Browns' linebacker Joe Schobert. He also led the team in tackles and was second on the team with 979 defensive snaps. Pro Football Focus gave Martinez an overall grade of 80.2 for 2017 and his grade ranked 23rd among all qualifying linebackers.


title: Blake Martinez

text: The Green Bay Packers finished third in the NFC North with a 7–9 record and did not qualify for the playoffs. Defensive coordinator Dom Capers and offensive coordinator Edgar Bennett were both relieved of their duties after the season.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez retained his starting role as a starting inside linebacker in 2018. In Week 5, he recorded five combined tackles and made a season-high two sacks during a 31–23 loss at the Detroit Lions. On October 15, 2018, Martinez recorded a season-high 12 combined tackles (nine solo) as the Packers defeated the San Francisco 49ers 33–30 in Week 6. On December 3, 2018, the Green Bay Packers announced their decision to fire head coach Mike McCarthy after a 20–17 loss against the Arizona Cardinals brought them to a 4–7 record. Offensive coordinator Joe Philbin became the interim head coach for the remaining five games. In a Week 14, Martinez tied his season-high of 12 combined tackles (11 solo) in a 34–20 victory against the Atlanta Falcons. Martinez started in all 16 games in 2018 and recorded 144 combined tackles (91 solo), five sacks, and three pass deflections. He finished with the second most tackles among all players in 2018, behind Indianapolis Colts linebacker Shaquille Leonard. He received an overall grade of 74.8 from Pro Football Focus, which ranked 17th among all qualifying linebackers in 2018.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In Week 1 against the Chicago Bears, Martinez recorded seven tackles and sacked Mitchell Trubisky in the 10–3 win.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In week 7 against the Oakland Raiders, Martinez made a team high 16 tackles and forced Derek Carr to fumble the football into the end zone, causing a touchback, in a 42–24 win.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In week 17 against the Detroit Lions, Martinez recorded a team high 7 tackles, sacked rookie quarterback David Blough once, and intercepted a pass thrown by Blough during the 23–20 win.


title: Blake Martinez

text: Martinez made his debut with the Giants in Week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers on "Monday Night Football". During the game, Martinez led the Giants with 13 tackles in the 26–16 loss.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In Week 2 against the Chicago Bears, Martinez again led the team with 8 tackles and recorded his first sack of the season on Mitchell Trubisky during the 17–13 loss.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In Week 9 against the Washington Football Team, Martinez led the team with 10 tackles and intercepted a pass thrown by Alex Smith during the 23–20 win.


title: Blake Martinez

text: In Week 3, Martinez suffered a torn ACL and was placed on season-ending injured reserve on September 29, 2021.


title: Blake Martinez

text: On October 4, 2022, Martinez signed for the practice squad of the Las Vegas Raiders and then signed to the active roster three days after.


title: Blake Martinez

text: On November 10, 2022, Martinez announced his retirement from professional football after seven seasons, reportedly after he sold a rare Pokémon card.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Frank Leo Mason III (born April 3, 1994) is an American professional basketball player who last played for the Wisconsin Herd of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the University of Kansas, where he was the starting point guard for the Jayhawks. For the 2016–17 season, he was the consensus National Player of the Year


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason was selected 34th overall in the 2017 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings, where he spent two seasons before signing with the Milwaukee Bucks as a free agent in July 2019. He signed with the Orlando Magic in February 2021.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason grew up in Petersburg, Virginia and went to Petersburg High School. He scored 1,901 points in his four-year career at Petersburg, which is the second-highest scoring total in school history behind Hall of Famer Moses Malone.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason had originally signed to attend Towson University in Towson, Maryland during his senior year, but he lost his eligibility after failing a government class. Mason attended Massanutten Military Academy in Woodstock, Virginia to make up for the failing grade in government. After being discovered playing the Amateur Athletic Union circuit by Kansas Assistant Coach Kurtis Townsend, Mason was offered a scholarship by the University of Kansas.


title: Frank Mason III

text: As a sophomore at Kansas, he was a second team All Big 12 selection. He averaged 12.6 points, 3.9 rebounds, and 3.9 assists per game as a sophomore, an increase from the 5.5 points, 1.3 rebounds, and 2.1 assists per game he averaged as a freshman.


title: Frank Mason III

text: During his junior season, Mason averaged 12.9 points and 4.6 assists and was named to the Big 12 All-Defensive Team.


title: Frank Mason III

text: During his senior season, Mason took on more of a leadership role on the Kansas team, becoming the first player in Big 12 history to average 20 points and 5 assists a game during the regular season. His regular season culminated in receiving multiple awards. He was unanimously selected as the Big 12 Player of the Year, averaging 20.5 points and 5.1 assists in the regular season. He was also consensus first team All-American selection, the NCAA-leading 29th first-team selection in Kansas basketball history. He was the consensus National Player of the Year.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 34th pick in the 2017 NBA draft. He played in the NBA Summer League for the Kings, where he scored 24 points in 24 minutes against the Los Angeles Lakers on July 10, 2017, adding 6 assists, 5 rebounds and 2 steals. For the full 2017–18 regular NBA season, Mason averaged 7.9 points, 2.5 rebounds and 2.8 assists in 52 games.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason signed a two-way contract with the Milwaukee Bucks on July 26, 2019. In the deal, he split time between the Bucks and their NBA G League affiliate, the Wisconsin Herd. In the G League, he scored 44 points in a win over the Grand Rapids Drive on February 19, 2020.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason was awarded the NBA G League MVP for the 2019–20 season on June 25, 2020. He averaged 26.4 points, 5.0 assists and 3.4 rebounds per game with the Herd.


title: Frank Mason III

text: On December 18, 2020, Mason signed with the Philadelphia 76ers, but was waived the next day and signed with their NBA G League affiliate, the Delaware Blue Coats. However, on February 3, 2021 the Orlando Magic signed him to a two-way contract right before the beginning of the G League season. However, Mason was waived on February 15 after playing in four games. Two days later, he was re-acquired by Delaware, but was waived on March 5 after suffering a season-ending injury. He didn't log any minutes with the Blue Coats.


title: Frank Mason III

text: On October 13, 2021, Mason signed with the Los Angeles Lakers and was waived the following day. On October 23, he signed with the South Bay Lakers as an affiliate player. In seven games, he averaged 9.1 points, 3.0 rebounds and 3.3 assists per game.


title: Frank Mason III

text: On February 24, 2022, Mason was traded, along with a 2022 first-round pick, to the Wisconsin Herd in exchange for Tremont Waters and a 2022 second-round pick.


title: Frank Mason III

text: Mason and the Kansas Jayhawks competed on behalf of the United States in the 2015 World University Games. He scored 18 points in a double-overtime victory over Germany in the gold medal game and received the Finals MVP award.


title: Frank Mason III

text: He grew up in the housing project of Pin Oak Estates located in Petersburg, Virginia, where he developed his game and earned the nickname "The Phenom" by local onlookers within the community. Mason has a son named Amari.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: "Chûng Van-ho̍k"; born 29 June 1966) is an Indonesian businessman, politician, and former governor of Jakarta. He is also known by his Hakka Chinese nickname Ahok (). He was the second minority governor of Jakarta with Chinese ancestry and also of the Evangelical faith, following Henk Ngantung, who was governor of Catholic faith from 1964–65.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok was a legislator in the Indonesian People's Representative Council (DPR) and Regent of East Belitung. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the 2009–2014 term but resigned in 2012 to run for the deputy governorship of Jakarta, to which he was elected. In November 2014, he became governor of Jakarta, as his predecessor Joko Widodo had become president. Ahead of the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election, Ahok's political rivals aligned themselves with Islamic extremists to exploit religious and racial intolerance, resulting in Ahok being accused of blasphemy in October 2016. He then lost the election to former Education Minister Anies Baswedan and was imprisoned for blasphemy.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Chinese: ; Hakka Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: "Chûng Van-ho̍k") was born on 29 June 1966 and grew up in Manggar, East Belitung. He is the first son of Buniarti Ningsih and the late Indra Tjahaja Purnama. He has three siblings: Basuri Tjahaja Purnama, Fifi Lety, and Harry Basuki.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok married Veronica Tan on 6 September 1997, and the couple has three children: Nicolas Sean, Natania, and Daud Albeneer. They divorced in 2018, with Ahok gaining custody of the two younger children. In 2019, Ahok married Puput Nastiti Devi, a police officer who previously served as the aide of his ex-wife, and the couple has two children: Yosafat Abimanyu Purnama, and Sarah Eliana Purnama.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok attended Trisakti University, majoring in mineral resources and technology. He graduated with a bachelor of science degree in geological engineering in 1989 and returned to his hometown in Belitung to build a company that dealt in mining contracts.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: After two years of working in the company, he decided to pursue a master's degree in financial management at Prasetiya Mulya Business School in Jakarta. He graduated with a Master of Business Administration.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok entered politics in his home region of Belitung. He contested the 2005 East Belitung regent election with Khairul Effendi as his running mate and was elected with 37.13% of the vote. He was hopeful Indonesia was breaking with its long and often violent history of prejudice and resentment. He is nicknamed "The Father" and "The Law" for his firm stance against corruption. Ahok confronted vital issues related to traffic congestion, labour, corruption and bureaucracy. He mediated a minimum wage increase, proposed incentives for street vendors to move to designated markets in order to reduce congestion, migrated poor villagers to new flats, introduced surprise inspections of government offices, and proposed installing CCTVs to improve accountability.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok resigned from his position as East Belitung regent on 11 December 2006 in order to run in the 2007 Bangka-Belitung gubernatorial election. He later credited former Indonesian president Abdurrahman Wahid, for convincing him to run for public office. Wahid supported Ahok's candidacy and praised his healthcare reforms. However, Ahok was defeated by Eko Maulana Ali.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: In 2009, Ahok was elected to the DPR as a member of Golkar. He was elected with 119,232 votes, and was assigned to the Second Commission. In 2011, he generated controversy in a visit to his local constituency, during which was recorded by the local media condemning local tin mining businesses for causing environmental damage. The comment was regarded as an insult by a local youth NGO, who reported him to the House Ethics Committee.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: In 2011, Ahok considered running for Jakarta governor as an independent candidate. However, he opted not to run, as he was pessimistic about his chances of receiving 250,000 signatures, a requirement for running as an independent gubernatorial candidate in Jakarta. He then became the running mate of Joko Widodo in the 2012 election. The pair won 1,847,157 (42.6%) votes in the first round, and 2,472,130 (53.82%) in the second round, defeating incumbent governor Fauzi Bowo. The ticket was nominated by the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and the Great Indonesia Movement Party (Gerindra). On 10 September 2014, Ahok left Gerindra because he opposed the party's proposal to scrap direct elections for local leaders.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: When Joko Widodo took a temporary leave from his post as Jakarta governor to campaign for the presidency, Ahok became acting Governor of Jakarta from 1 June to 22 July 2014. Following Jokowi's victory, he succeeded him as governor and was sworn into office on 18 November 2014.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: In October 2015, the State Audit Board (BPK) commenced an investigation into the city's procurement of 3.7 hectares of land adjacent to Sumber Waras Hospital in West Jakarta for a cardiac and cancer center. The city administration bought the land in 2014 for Rp775.69 billion, but BPK subsequently said the land should have cost Rp564.35 billion, so the purchase had caused a state loss of Rp191 billion. The Corruption Eradication Commission questioned Ahok over the case in 2016 and cleared him of any wrongdoing. Anti-corruption activist Boyamin Saiman claimed he had evidence of corruption and demanded Ahok be held accountable. Corruption allegations were also made over an allegedly fallacious land purchase made by the city administration in Cengkareng, West Jakarta, on 13 November 2015, with a marked-up price causing an estimated state loss of Rp600 billion. In December 2020, South Jakarta District Court heard a pre-trial hearing over the Cengkareng land procurement case.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok initially had declared to run for the 2017 Jakarta gubernatorial election as an independent candidate with "Teman Ahok" (Friends of Ahok), a group of volunteers responsible for collecting over one million Resident Identity Cards, representing supporters required by Indonesian law to be eligible to run from an independent ticket. Due to a new state regulation that stricken independent candidate's requirements to run for this election, Ahok is set to run from political party ticket from three political parties, who previously declared endorsements earlier in 2016. They are Golkar, the People's Conscience Party (Hanura), and the Nasdem Party. On 20 September 2016, the PDI-P declared its support for Ahok.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: In the first round of voting on 15 February 2017, Ahok secured passage to the second-round between two candidates, having secured approximately 43% of the vote, ahead of Anies Baswedan with 40%, and well ahead of Agus Yudhoyono with 17%. Quick counts for the 19 April runoff indicated that Anies Baswedan was elected as governor; Ahok conceded defeat hours after the polls closed. The official results of the runoff were published by General Elections Commissions (KPU) in May, and Anies Baswedan was elected as the new governor of Jakarta.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: A candidate and a member of a minority ethnic group, Ahok has become the subject of occasional racist comments. During the campaign, he was regularly targeted by ultra-conservatives and supporters of rival candidates for being of Chinese descent. Furthermore, his "double minority" background, being both a Christian and of Chinese descent, makes him a target of the hardliner Islamic Defenders Front ("Front Pembela Islam", FPI). The group called for the revision of the Jakarta constitution to remove some of the governor's responsibilities for government-affiliated Islamic organisations. In 2016, Indonesian Army General Surya Prabowo commented that Ahok should "know his place lest the Indonesian Chinese face the consequences of his action". This controversial comment was considered to hearken back to previous violence against Chinese Indonesians.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: On 27 September 2016, while introducing a government project to citizens of the Thousand Islands, Ahok said some citizens would not vote for him because they were being "threatened and deceived" by those using the verse Al-Ma'ida 51 of the Qur'an and variations of it. The provincial government of Jakarta uploaded the video recording to YouTube in a channel which often featured Ahok's activities. The video was later edited by a university lecturer, Buni Yani, and one word was omitted from that video, creating a misinterpretation of Ahok's statement. The video went viral, with some citizens considering it an insult to the Quran. Ahok received threats of lynching and was widely criticised in social media such as Facebook and Twitter. Several "Change.org" petitions were filed, initiated by both his supporters and critics, garnering tens of thousands of signatures.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Some groups, such as the FPI, or the local chapter of the Indonesian Ulema Council, reported Ahok to the police, accusing him of having violated Indonesia's blasphemy law. On 10 October 2016, Ahok publicly apologised to those he offended with his statement, stating that it was not his intention to do so and that some of his policies had benefited Muslims, such as granting permits for Islamic schools, providing Jakarta Smart Cards (KJP) to the students, and building a mosque in the City Hall complex. He also pointed out that during his Thousand Islands speech, the residents were not insulted, and even amused during his recitation.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: On 9 May 2017, Ahok was sentenced to two years in prison by North Jakarta District Court after being found guilty of blasphemy and inciting violence. The panel of judges rejected his defence that he referred to a Quranic verse to highlight political discrimination. Based on the court hearing,


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: the panel of judges said that his Thousand Islands speech contained elements of blasphemy. The chief judge maintained that Ahok's statement considered the Al-Maidah verse as a tool to deceive or a source of lies. He said the verse is part of the Quran, and that anyone who quotes it should not have any intent of deception. The judges took into consideration a book Ahok had written in 2008 titled "Changing Indonesia". His book was judged as proof that he understood the verse in question. They determined the word "aulia" ("friends and protectors", or "allies") in the verse could be defined as a leader, thus declaring that Ahok's remarks to be degrading and insulting to the Quran. They also agreed with expert witnesses in the trial that Ahok's remarks were a blasphemous offence.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: The verdict was met with scrutiny, condemnation and heavy criticism by many Indonesians and observers in the international community, in a case widely seen as a test of religious tolerance and free speech. Many said the verdict was politically driven, retaliatory in nature, and the judges had succumbed to pressure from extremist Islamic groups, disgruntled corrupt business groups, and politicians and officials who were previously criticised by the Ahok administration. Several civil society groups protested his imprisonment, including Amnesty International. Renowned music composer and conductor Addie MS conducted a singing protest in front of the "Balai Kota" (city hall). Candle-lit vigils were held in various cities. Many observers and individuals both inside and outside of Indonesia have also petitioned the Indonesian government to amend the blasphemy law on the basis that it is discriminatory and targets minorities. The promotion of three judges from the panel a few days after the verdict also raised suspicions and spurred criticism from many Indonesians.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: As a result of his imprisonment, Ahok was unable to finish his term as governor and was replaced by his deputy, Djarot Saiful Hidayat, who served until the administration completed its term in October 2017. Ahok initially wished to appeal his sentence but withdrew his appeal on 22 May 2017. In an unusual move, the prosecutors filed an appeal against the verdict, arguing the sentence was much heavier than the 1-year imprisonment they had requested. In February 2018, he filed a case review request to the Supreme Court, with his lawyers citing a conviction for tampering with the video footage which was used as evidence against him. On 26 March, the Supreme Court rejected his appeal.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Before his arrest, Ahok had said that one day he wanted to be president of Indonesia. Although parole was possible in August 2018, Ahok stated that he would serve his entire sentence before leaving prison. In 2017, "Foreign Policy" included Ahok in its list of Global Thinkers 2017 "for standing up to Indonesia's creeping fundamentalism."


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: He was released on 24 January 2019 due to remissions granted at Indonesian Independence Day and Christmas. Soon afterwards, he joined the PDI-P. He has requested to be called as 'BTP', rather than 'Ahok' by which he is more well known.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: In 2019, Ahok stated that he "could no longer become a government official". During Jokowi's second term of presidency, Ahok was appointed as the president commissioner of the state-owned oil and gas firm Pertamina. By February 2020, the 212 Movement (the same group which protested his alleged blasphemy) had protested for Ahok to be removed from Pertamina.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Human rights groups and academics criticized Ahok's forced evictions of Jakarta's urban poor 'kampung' residents from areas zoned for redevelopment to reduce floods and traffic and create green space. Ahok said the residents were illegally squatting on government-owned land and would be moved to newly built public housing. Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation noted at least 16,000 urban poor families had been displaced in two years during his administration. There were 193 forced evictions alone in 2016, compared to 113 in 2015. Human rights groups said the evictions were not conducted under the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) convention, which Indonesia ratified in 2005. One of the conditions of the covenant requires a dialogue before eviction and compensation for any damaged property. Ahok was criticized for deploying police and military personnel during evictions that were part of shutting down and redeveloping a brothel complex.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok said his policies only evicted illegal squatters in order to uphold the rule of law. Human rights groups argued that under Indonesian land policy, the so-called illegal squatters should have received land certificates for having lived there for more than 30 years. Ahok relocated the evicted people to privately-funded public housing, but the relocations drew criticism for not meeting basic living standards and having a cost that jumped from the equivalent of about $10 to $20 a month to $70 to $100. Ahok was also accused of employing double standards in the evictions. Rujak Center for Urban Studies researcher Dian Tri Irawaty noted that the evictions did not apply to commercial areas and elite neighbourhoods in Jakarta. She cited the Taman Anggrek mall in West Jakarta, the neighbourhoods and commercial areas in Kelapa Gading and Pluit in North Jakarta, which were also built on water catchment areas. Ian Wilson of Murdoch University argued that Ahok's policies that affected Jakarta's urban poor were overshadowed by his status as an ethnic and religious minority, especially since at the same time he was accused of blasphemy. Many lower and middle-class citizens felt he had ignored public aspirations and caused hundreds of residents to lose their homes.


title: Basuki Tjahaja Purnama

text: Ahok countered that he had a different concept of human rights, saying, "I would kill 2,000 people in front of you to save 10 million." The leader of human rights group KontraS, Haris Azhar, said Ahok's anti-corruption image was "nothing but a publicity gimmick" for his lack of awareness in human rights.


title: War Merit Cross

text: The War Merit Cross () was a state decoration of Nazi Germany during World War II. By the end of the conflict it was issued in four degrees and had an equivalent civil award. A "de-Nazified" version of the War Merit Cross was reissued in 1957 by the "Bundeswehr" for its veterans.


title: War Merit Cross

text: This award was created by Adolf Hitler in October 1939 as a successor to the non-combatant Iron Cross which was used in earlier wars (similar medal but with a different ribbon). The award was graded in the same manner as the Iron Cross: "War Merit Cross Second Class", "War Merit Cross First Class", and "Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross". The award had two variants: "with swords" given to soldiers for exceptional service "not in direct connection with combat", and "without swords" given to civilians for meritorious service in "furtherance of the war effort". Recipients had to have the lower grade of the award before getting the next level.


title: War Merit Cross

text: The wearing of Nazi era decorations was banned in Germany after the war, as was any display of the swastika. Veterans awarded the War Merit Cross were therefore unable to wear it, either in uniform or – publicly – on civilian dress. In 1957 the Federal Republic of Germany authorised alternative 'de-nazified' replacement versions of World War II period war decorations. These could be worn both on "Bundeswehr" uniform and in civilian dress. The new version of the War Merit Cross replaced the swastika on the obverse central disc of the cross with the date "1939" (as on the reverse disc of the original version), the reverse disc being blank. The wearing of Nazi era decorations in any form continued to be banned in the German Democratic Republic until German reunification in 1990.


title: War Merit Cross

text: The ribbon of the War Merit Cross was in red-white-black-white-red; that was, the red and black colors being reversed from the ribbon of the World War II version of the Iron Cross. The ribbon for the War Merit Medal was similar, but with a narrow vertical red strip in the center of the black field. Soldiers who earned the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords wore a small crossed-swords device on the ribbon. The War Merit Cross 1st Class was a pin-backed medal worn on the pocket of the tunic (like the Iron Cross 1st Class). The ribbon of the War Merit Cross 2nd Class could be worn like the ribbon of the Iron Cross 2nd Class (through the second buttonhole). Nonetheless combat soldiers tended to hold the War Merit Cross in low regard, referring to its wearers as being in 'Iron Cross Training'. The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross was a neck order and worn the same way as the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross.


title: War Merit Cross

text: There was one extra grade of the War Merit Cross, which was created at the suggestion of Albert Speer: "The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross in Gold" (), but this was never officially placed on the list of national awards as it came about in late 1944 and there was no time to officially promulgate the award before the war ended. The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross in Gold (without swords) was awarded 'on paper' to two recipients on 20 April 1945: Franz Hahne and Karl-Otto Saur.


title: War Merit Cross

text: The Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross was considered to be ranked higher than the German Cross in silver, but below the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross. A total of 118 awards of the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross with swords, and 137 awards without swords were awarded. Considering the relative rarity of the award compared with the grades of the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross, it took on "extra meaning" it did not necessarily deserve, as it ranked below the Knights Cross of the Iron Cross. For example, "Reichsmarschall" Hermann Göring made a concerted effort to get Hitler to award him this order, much to Hitler's annoyance. In response, Hitler outlined a series of criteria governing the awarding of this decoration and the philosophy of such awards, and directed that "prominent party comrades" were not to be awarded with the Knights Cross of the War Merit Cross (or similar decorations), and withdrew the proposed awards of this order to Gauleiter Erich Koch and Herbert Backe. Directing his comments at Göring personally, Hitler ordered that such attempts to gain this award be stopped. Also, six persons received two Knights Crosses of the War Merit Cross (each one with and without Swords): Walter Brugmann, Julius Dorpmüller, Karl-Otto Saur, Albin Sawatzki, Walter Schreiber, and Walter Rohlandt.


title: War Merit Cross

text: Closely related to the War Merit Cross was the War Merit Medal (), designated on 19 August 1940 for civilians to recognize outstanding service in the war effort. It was usually awarded to those workers in factories who significantly exceeded work quotas. The War Merit Medal was awarded to Germans and non-Germans, to men and women. An estimated 4.9 million medals were awarded by the end of the war in Europe.


title: War Merit Cross

text: ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________


title: Conjugacy class

text: In mathematics, especially group theory, two elements formula_1 and formula_2 of a group are conjugate if there is an element formula_3 in the group such that formula_4 This is an equivalence relation whose equivalence classes are called conjugacy classes. In other words, each conjugacy class is closed under formula_4 for all elements formula_3 in the group.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Members of the same conjugacy class cannot be distinguished by using only the group structure, and therefore share many properties. The study of conjugacy classes of non-abelian groups is fundamental for the study of their structure. For an abelian group, each conjugacy class is a set containing one element (singleton set).


title: Conjugacy class

text: Let formula_7 be a group. Two elements formula_8 are conjugate if there exists an element formula_9 such that formula_10 in which case formula_2 is called of formula_1 and formula_1 is called a conjugate of formula_14


title: Conjugacy class

text: In the case of the general linear group formula_15 of invertible matrices, the conjugacy relation is called matrix similarity.


title: Conjugacy class

text: It can be easily shown that conjugacy is an equivalence relation and therefore partitions formula_7 into equivalence classes. (This means that every element of the group belongs to precisely one conjugacy class, and the classes formula_17 and formula_18 are equal if and only if formula_1 and formula_2 are conjugate, and disjoint otherwise.) The equivalence class that contains the element formula_21 is


title: Conjugacy class

text: and is called the conjugacy class of formula_23 The of formula_7 is the number of distinct (nonequivalent) conjugacy classes. All elements belonging to the same conjugacy class have the same order.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Conjugacy classes may be referred to by describing them, or more briefly by abbreviations such as "6A", meaning "a certain conjugacy class with elements of order 6", and "6B" would be a different conjugacy class with elements of order 6; the conjugacy class 1A is the conjugacy class of the identity which has order 1. In some cases, conjugacy classes can be described in a uniform way; for example, in the symmetric group they can be described by cycle type.


title: Conjugacy class

text: The symmetric group formula_25 consisting of the 6 permutations of three elements, has three conjugacy classes:


title: Conjugacy class

text: These three classes also correspond to the classification of the isometries of an equilateral triangle.


title: Conjugacy class

text: The symmetric group consisting of the 24 permutations of four elements, has five conjugacy classes, listed with their description, cycle type, member order, and members:


title: Conjugacy class

text: The proper rotations of the cube, which can be characterized by permutations of the body diagonals, are also described by conjugation in formula_29


title: Conjugacy class

text: In general, the number of conjugacy classes in the symmetric group formula_30 is equal to the number of integer partitions of formula_31 This is because each conjugacy class corresponds to exactly one partition of formula_32 into cycles, up to permutation of the elements of formula_33


title: Conjugacy class

text: This defines a group action of formula_7 on formula_78 The orbits of this action are the conjugacy classes, and the stabilizer of a given element is the element's centralizer.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Similarly, we can define a group action of formula_7 on the set of all subsets of formula_80 by writing


title: Conjugacy class

text: If formula_7 is a finite group, then for any group element formula_84 the elements in the conjugacy class of formula_1 are in one-to-one correspondence with cosets of the centralizer formula_86 This can be seen by observing that any two elements formula_2 and formula_88 belonging to the same coset (and hence, formula_89 for some formula_90 in the centralizer formula_59) give rise to the same element when conjugating formula_1:


title: Conjugacy class

text: That can also be seen from the orbit-stabilizer theorem, when considering the group as acting on itself through conjugation, so that orbits are conjugacy classes and stabilizer subgroups are centralizers. The converse holds as well.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Thus the number of elements in the conjugacy class of formula_1 is the index formula_95 of the centralizer formula_59 in formula_7; hence the size of each conjugacy class divides the order of the group.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Furthermore, if we choose a single representative element formula_98 from every conjugacy class, we infer from the disjointness of the conjugacy classes that


title: Conjugacy class

text: where formula_100 is the centralizer of the element formula_101 Observing that each element of the center formula_56 forms a conjugacy class containing just itself gives rise to the class equation:


title: Conjugacy class

text: Knowledge of the divisors of the group order formula_104 can often be used to gain information about the order of the center or of the conjugacy classes.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Consider a finite formula_105-group formula_7 (that is, a group with order formula_107 where formula_105 is a prime number and formula_109). We are going to prove that .


title: Conjugacy class

text: Since the order of any conjugacy class of formula_7 must divide the order of formula_80 it follows that each conjugacy class formula_112 that is not in the center also has order some power of formula_113 where formula_114 But then the class equation requires that formula_115 From this we see that formula_105 must divide formula_117 so formula_118


title: Conjugacy class

text: In particular, when formula_119 then formula_7 is an abelian group since any non-trivial group element is of order formula_105 or formula_122 If some element formula_1 of formula_7 is of order formula_125 then formula_7 is isomorphic to the cyclic group of order formula_125 hence abelian. On the other hand, if every non-trivial element in formula_7 is of order formula_129 hence by the conclusion above formula_130 then formula_131 or formula_122 We only need to consider the case when formula_133 then there is an element formula_2 of formula_7 which is not in the center of formula_78 Note that formula_137 includes formula_2 and the center which does not contain formula_2 but at least formula_105 elements. Hence the order of formula_137 is strictly larger than formula_129 therefore formula_143 therefore formula_2 is an element of the center of formula_80 a contradiction. Hence formula_7 is abelian and in fact isomorphic to the direct product of two cyclic groups each of order formula_147


title: Conjugacy class

text: More generally, given any subset formula_148 (formula_149 not necessarily a subgroup), define a subset formula_150 to be conjugate to formula_149 if there exists some formula_9 such that formula_153 Let formula_154 be the set of all subsets formula_150 such that formula_156 is conjugate to formula_157


title: Conjugacy class

text: A frequently used theorem is that, given any subset formula_158 the index of formula_159 (the normalizer of formula_149) in formula_7 equals the order of formula_154:


title: Conjugacy class

text: This follows since, if formula_164 then formula_165 if and only if formula_166 in other words, if and only if formula_167 are in the same coset of formula_168


title: Conjugacy class

text: By using formula_169 this formula generalizes the one given earlier for the number of elements in a conjugacy class.


title: Conjugacy class

text: The above is particularly useful when talking about subgroups of formula_78 The subgroups can thus be divided into conjugacy classes, with two subgroups belonging to the same class if and only if they are conjugate.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Conjugate subgroups are isomorphic, but isomorphic subgroups need not be conjugate. For example, an abelian group may have two different subgroups which are isomorphic, but they are never conjugate.


title: Conjugacy class

text: Conjugacy classes in the fundamental group of a path-connected topological space can be thought of as equivalence classes of free loops under free homotopy.


title: Conjugacy class

text: In any finite group, the number of distinct (non-isomorphic) irreducible representations over the complex numbers is precisely the number of conjugacy classes.


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: Haircut One Hundred (also Haircut 100) were a British new wave group formed in 1980 in Beckenham, London by Nick Heyward, Les Nemes and Graham Jones. In 1981 and 1982, the band scored four UK top 10 hit singles: "Favourite Shirts (Boy Meets Girl)", "Love Plus One", "Nobody's Fool", and "Fantastic Day".


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: Nick Heyward and Les Nemes had been in several bands together since 1977. They gigged under the names Rugby, Boat Party, and Captain Pennyworth, but did not release any music. Their last band together, Moving England, with Sex Gang Children's Rob Stroud, released one single. Heyward and Nemes moved to London in 1980 where they recruited friend and guitarist Graham Jones. During a meeting brainstorming band name ideas, Heyward suggested Haircut 100 and because it was the one "that made us laugh the most" they kept it. The three were joined by drummer Patrick Hunt. Managed by Karl Adams, the band recorded some demos. Phil Smith played saxophone on the sessions and he joined the group, followed by percussionist Marc Fox. The group played some live dates and were signed by Arista Records in 1981. They entered Chalk Farm's Roundhouse studios to record their debut single, "Favourite Shirts (Boy Meets Girl)", which became their first hit, reaching No. 4 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1981, and resulted in their first appearance on BBC Television's "Top of the Pops".


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: For the recording of their debut album, "Pelican West", Blair Cunningham replaced Hunt on drums. Their second single, "Love Plus One", was released in January 1982 and gave the band their second UK top 10 hit. "Pelican West" was released in February, reaching No. 2 in the UK Albums Chart. The band became internationally famous and toured the globe. "Love Plus One" reached the US top 40, and they secured further UK top 10 hits in 1982 with the singles "Fantastic Day" and "Nobody's Fool".


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: In late 1982, tensions began arising within the band as they struggled to record new material, which was hindered when Heyward refused to attend recording sessions. Eventually, in January 1983, the band's forthcoming single, "Whistle Down the Wind", was postponed and a statement was issued confirming that the band and Heyward were parting company. At the time, Heyward told "Smash Hits" magazine that he had been contemplating going solo for some time and had already recorded some tracks with session musicians. However, many years later, Heyward stated that he had been struggling with stress and depression at the time after a year of constant work and pressure, which led to him being, in effect, sacked by the other members of the band. With the loss of the band's frontman and main songwriter, Fox took over vocal duties and the band continued to write material themselves (several B-sides during Heyward's tenure had been credited to the whole band). The band left Arista and signed with Polydor Records, but further singles by this line-up failed to reach the UK top 40 and their follow-up album, "Paint and Paint" (1984) failed to chart. The band split up soon after. Heyward, however, embarked on a successful solo career in 1983, and scored several chart hits (including the aforementioned song "Whistle Down the Wind", which was his first solo release in March 1983) and a top 10 album, "North of a Miracle".


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: In 2004, more than 20 years after their split, Haircut 100 (including Heyward) reunited for the VH1 show "Bands Reunited" and performed "Love Plus One" and "Fantastic Day". There were no further appearances from the band until five years later in 2009, when they rekindled their friendship via Facebook, and Heyward invited the rest of the band to perform at one of his solo gigs. The band (comprising Heyward, Jones, Nemes and Cunningham) then played London's Indig02 on 28 January 2011, performing "Pelican West" in its entirety. The performance was recorded and released as a live CD. In 2013, the band's official website stated that they had been working on new material together; however, it has not been released.


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: Though he did not mention new Haircut One Hundred material, Heyward commented in 2017 interviews that he has a "deep love" for the band, and is "ever hopeful" that the band will eventually reform for a reunion show at the Roundhouse.


title: Haircut One Hundred

text: In November 2022 Nick Heyward announced on his Facebook page that the "Pelican West" album was due for a new Super Deluxe 4CD re-issue in early 2023. To celebrate the forthcoming release Haircut 100 will perform a one off show at the O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire London on 12th May 2023.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Claudio Abbado (; 26 June 1933 – 20 January 2014) was an Italian conductor who was one of the leading conductors of his generation. He served as music director of the La Scala opera house in Milan, principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra, principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, music director of the Vienna State Opera, founder and director of Lucerne Festival Orchestra, founder and director of Mahler Chamber Orchestra, founding Artistic Director of Orchestra Mozart, music director of European Union Youth Orchestra, and principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic orchestra.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: The Abbado family for several generations enjoyed both wealth and respect in their community. Abbado's great-grandfather tarnished the family reputation by gambling away the family fortune. His son, Abbado's grandfather, became a professor at the University of Turin. His grandfather re-established the family's reputation and also showed talent as an amateur musician.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Born in Milan, Italy on 26 June 1933, Claudio Abbado was the son of violinist Michelangelo Abbado, and the brother of the musician Marcello Abbado (born 1926). His father, a professional violinist and a professor at the Giuseppe Verdi Conservatory, was his first piano teacher. His mother, Maria Carmela Savagnone, also was an adept pianist. Marcello Abbado later became a concert pianist, composer, and teacher at the Rossini Conservatory in Pesaro. His sister also exhibited talent in music, but did not pursue a musical career after her marriage. His other brother later became a successful architect.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado's childhood encompassed the Nazi occupation of Milan. During that time, Abbado's mother spent time in prison for harbouring a Jewish child. This period solidified his anti-fascist political sentiments. Claudio himself is known for having a famous anecdote about how when he was just eleven years old he wrote "Viva Bartók" on a local wall which caught the attention of the Gestapo and sent them on the hunt for the culprit. His passionate opposition to fascism continued into his adult years. However, his musical interests also developed, with attendance at performances at La Scala, as well as orchestral rehearsals in Milan led by such conductors as Arturo Toscanini and Wilhelm Furtwängler. He later recalled how he hated seeing Toscanini in rehearsal.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Other conductors who influenced him were Bruno Walter, Josef Krips and Herbert von Karajan. It was not until hearing Antonio Guarnieri's conducting of Claude Debussy's "Nocturnes" that Abbado resolved to become a conductor himself. At age 15, Abbado first met Leonard Bernstein when Bernstein was conducting a performance featuring Abbado's father as a soloist. Bernstein commented, "You have the eye to be a conductor."


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado studied piano, composition, and conducting at the Milan Conservatory, and graduated with a degree in piano in 1955. The following year, he studied conducting with Hans Swarowsky at the Vienna Academy of Music, on the recommendation of Zubin Mehta. Abbado and Mehta both joined the Academy chorus to be able to watch such conductors as Bruno Walter and Herbert von Karajan in rehearsal. He also spent time at the Chigiana Academy in Siena.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: In 1958, Abbado made his conducting debut in Trieste. That summer, he won the international Serge Koussevitzky Competition for conductors at the Tanglewood Music Festival, which resulted in a number of operatic conducting engagements in Italy. In 1959, he conducted his first opera, "The Love for Three Oranges", in Trieste. He made his La Scala conducting debut in 1960. In 1963, he won the Dimitri Mitropoulos Prize for conductors, which allowed him to work for five months with the New York Philharmonic as an assistant conductor to Bernstein. Abbado made his New York Philharmonic professional conducting debut on 7 April 1963. A 1965 appearance at the RIAS Festival in Berlin led to an invitation from Herbert von Karajan to the Salzburg Festival the following year to work with the Vienna Philharmonic. In 1965, Abbado made his British debut with the Hallé Orchestra, followed in 1966 by his London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) debut.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: In 1969, Abbado became principal conductor at La Scala. Subsequently, he became the company's music director in 1972. He took the title of joint artistic director, along with Giorgio Strehler and Carlo Maria Badini, in 1976. During his tenure, he extended the opera season to four months, and focused on giving inexpensive performances for the working class and students. In addition to the standard opera repertoire, he presented contemporary operas, including works of Luigi Dallapiccola and of Luigi Nono, in particular the world premiere of Nono's "Al gran sole carico d'amore". In 1976, he brought the La Scala company to the US for its American debut in Washington, D.C. for the American Bicentennial. In 1982, he founded the Filarmonica della Scala for the performance of orchestral repertoire by the house orchestra in concert. Abbado remained affiliated with La Scala until 1986.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: On 7 October 1968, Abbado made his debut with the Metropolitan Opera with "Don Carlo". He began to work more extensively with the Vienna Philharmonic (VPO) after 1971, which included two engagements as conductor of the orchestra's New Year's Day concert, in 1988 and 1991. He was a recipient of both the Philharmonic Ring and the Golden Nicolai Medal from the Vienna Philharmonic.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: He served as Principal Guest Conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) from 1975 to 1979 and became its Principal Conductor in 1979, a post he held until 1987. (He was also the LSO's Music Director from 1984 until the end of his principal conductor tenure.) From 1982 to 1985, he was principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra (CSO). In 1986, Abbado became the "Generalmusikdirector" (GMD) of the city of Vienna, and in parallel, was music director of the Vienna State Opera from 1986 to 1991. During his tenure as GMD in Vienna, in 1988, he founded the music festival Wien Modern. There he backed numerous contemporary composers including György Ligeti, Pierre Boulez, and Luigi Nono.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado first conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in December 1966. In the late 1980s it was suspected that he might become music director of the New York Philharmonic. However, after appearances as a guest conductor, in 1989, the Berlin Philharmonic elected him as its chief conductor and artistic director, in succession to Herbert von Karajan. During his Berlin tenure, he oversaw an increased presence of contemporary music in the orchestra's programming. In 1992, he co-founded 'Berlin Encounters', a chamber music festival. In 1994, he became artistic director of the Salzburg Easter Festival. In 1998, he announced his departure from the Berlin Philharmonic after the expiration of his contract in 2002. Prior to his departure, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer in 2000, which led to his cancellation of a number of engagements with the orchestra. Subsequent medical treatment led to the removal of a portion of his digestive system, and he cancelled his conducting activities for 3 months in 2001.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: In 2004, Abbado returned to conduct the Berlin Philharmonic for the first time since his departure as chief conductor, for concerts of Mahler's Symphony No. 6 recorded live for commercial release. The resulting CD won Best Orchestral Recording and Record of the Year in "Gramophone" magazine's 2006 awards. The Orchestra Academy of the Berlin Philharmonic established the "Claudio Abbado Kompositionspreis" (Claudio Abbado Composition Prize) in his honour, which has since been awarded in 2006, 2010 and 2014.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: In addition to his work with long-established ensembles, Abbado founded a number of new orchestras with younger musicians at their core. These included the European Community Youth Orchestra (later the European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO)), in 1978, and the Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester (GMJO; Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra) in (1988). In both instances, musicians from the respective youth orchestras founded spinoff orchestras, the Chamber Orchestra of Europe (COE) and the Mahler Chamber Orchestra, respectively. Abbado worked with both these ensembles regularly as well, and was artistic advisor to the COE, though he did not hold a formal title with the Mahler Chamber Orchestra. In turn, the Mahler Chamber Orchestra formed the core of the newest incarnation of the Lucerne Festival Orchestra, which Abbado and Michael Haefliger of the Lucerne Festival established in the early 2000s, and which featured musicians from various orchestras with which Abbado had long-standing artistic relationships. From 2004 until his death, Abbado was the musical and artistic director of the Orchestra Mozart, Bologna, Italy. In addition to his work with the EUYO and the GMJO, Abbado worked with the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar of Venezuela.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado died from stomach cancer in Bologna on 20 January 2014 at the age of 80. One week later, in tribute to him, the orchestra "Filarmonica della Scala", conducted by Daniel Barenboim, performed the slow movement of Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 (Marcia funebre: Adagio assai in C minor) to an empty theater, with the performance relayed to a crowd in the square in front of the opera house and live-streamed via La Scala's website. He is buried in Val Fex in Switzerland. His musical estate was transferred to the Berlin State Library where it is being catalogued and digitised.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: From his first marriage in 1956, to singer Giovanna Cavazzoni, Abbado had two children: Daniele Abbado (born 1958), who became an opera director and Alessandra (born 1959). His first marriage was dissolved. From his second marriage, to Gabriella Cantalupi, Abbado had a son, Sebastiano. His four-year relationship with Viktoria Mullova resulted in Mullova's first child, a son, the jazz bassist, Misha Mullov-Abbado. Abbado's nephew, the son of his brother, Marcello, is the conductor Roberto Abbado.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Amongst a wide range of Romantic works which he recorded and performed, Abbado had a particular affinity with the music of Gustav Mahler, whose symphonies he recorded several times. Despite this, he never managed to complete a cycle with a single orchestra: in a mix of studio and concert releases, he recorded Symphonies 1–2 and 5–7 in Chicago, Symphonies 2–4, 9 and the Adagio from 10 in Vienna, Symphonies 1 and 3–9 in Berlin, and Symphonies 1–7 and 9 in Lucerne. A planned Eighth in Lucerne (the intended culmination of his traversal of the symphonies there) had to be cancelled owing to his ill health. The symphony was finally performed and recorded in 2016 under Riccardo Chailly as a tribute to Abbado. A further Tenth Adagio recorded live in Berlin in 2011 was issued as part of a Berliner Philharmoniker Mahler set in 2020.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: He was also noted for his interpretations of modern works by composers such as Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Giacomo Manzoni, Luigi Nono, Bruno Maderna, György Ligeti, Giovanni Sollima, Roberto Carnevale, Franco Donatoni and George Benjamin.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado tended to speak very little in rehearsal, sometimes using the simple request to orchestras to "Listen". This was a reflection of his own preference for communication as a conductor via physical gesture and the eyes, and his perception that orchestras did not like conductors who spoke a great deal in rehearsal. Clive Gillinson characterised Abbado's style as follows:


title: Claudio Abbado

text: "...he basically doesn't say anything in rehearsals, and speaks so quietly, because he's so shy, so people can get bored. But it works because everyone knows the performances are so great. I've never known anybody more compelling. He's the most natural conductor in the world. Some conductors need to verbally articulate what they want through words, but Claudio just shows it, just does it."


title: Claudio Abbado

text: "...it is indispensable to know the score perfectly and be familiar with the life, the works and the entire era of the composer. I feel more secure without a score. Communication with the orchestra is easier."


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado recorded extensively for a variety of labels, including Decca, Deutsche Grammophon, Columbia (later Sony Classical), and EMI. He conducted many opera recordings which received various awards. Among these were the Diapason Award in 1966 and 1967; also in 1967 he received the Grand Prix du Disque. In 1968 he was presented with the Deutscher Schallplattenpreis and also the Dutch Edison Award. In 1973, the Vienna Mozart Society awarded him the Mozart Medal. Abbado received the 1997 Grammy Award in the Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor) category for "Hindemith: Kammermusik No. 1 With Finale 1921, Op. 24 No. 1" and the 2005 Grammy Award in the Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with Orchestra) category for "Beethoven: Piano Concertos Nos. 2 & 3" performed by Martha Argerich.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: In 2012, Abbado was voted into the Gramophone Hall of Fame that April, and in May, he received the conductor prize at the Royal Philharmonic Society Music Awards.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: Abbado received honorary doctorates from the universities of Ferrara (1990), Cambridge (1994), Aberdeen (1986) and Havana.


title: Claudio Abbado

text: On 30 August 2013, Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy, appointed Abbado to the Italian Senate as a Senator for life, in honour of his "outstanding cultural achievements". Abbado became a member of the Public Education and Cultural Heritage Commission of the Italian Senate on 25 September 2013.


title: Desert Hearts

text: Desert Hearts is a 1985 American romantic drama film directed by Donna Deitch. The screenplay, written by Natalie Cooper, is an adaptation of the 1964 lesbian novel "Desert of the Heart" by Jane Rule. Set in Reno, Nevada in 1959, it tells the story of a university professor awaiting a divorce who finds her true self through a relationship with another, more self-confident woman. The film stars Helen Shaver and Patricia Charbonneau with a supporting performance by Audra Lindley.


title: Desert Hearts

text: "Desert Hearts" was released theatrically in the United States on March 7, 1986 and in the United Kingdom on June 6, 1986. It is regarded as one of the first wide release films to present a positive portrayal of lesbian sexuality.


title: Desert Hearts

text: In 1959, Vivian Bell, a 35-year-old English professor at Columbia University in New York City, travels to Reno to establish residency in Nevada (a process that takes six weeks), in order to obtain a quick divorce. She stays at a guest house ranch for women who are waiting for their divorces to be finalized. The ranch is owned by Frances Parker.


title: Desert Hearts

text: Soon after her arrival in Reno, Vivian meets Cay Rivers, a young, free-spirited sculptor. Frances was the longtime mistress of Cay's late father, Glenn, and raised Cay after her biological mother (Glenn's wife) abandoned her. Cay is employed as a change operator at a casino in Reno, and is ending a relationship with Darrell, her controlling boss, saying that she was "attracted to his attraction" to her. When Vivian arrives, Cay takes an immediate interest in her; the proper, elegant Vivian is taken aback by Cay's lack of concern for what others think of her, as Cay has had relationships with women in the past. Frances, dismayed by Cay's lesbianism but frightened by the possibility of Cay leaving her alone, becomes resentful as Cay and Vivian grow closer.


title: Desert Hearts

text: After they attend an engagement party for Silver, Cay's best friend and co-worker, Cay takes a mildly inebriated Vivian to see Pyramid Lake at twilight and kisses her. Vivian returns the kiss passionately, but then becomes apprehensive and asks Cay to take her home. When they return to the ranch early the next morning, Frances angrily kicks Vivian out and accuses her of seducing Cay. Deeply hurt, Cay leaves the ranch immediately as Vivian transfers to a hotel near the casino for the rest of her stay.


title: Desert Hearts

text: Later, Cay arrives at Vivian's hotel room, where they initially clash but ultimately consummate their love after Cay removes her clothes and invites Vivian to bed. With the impending finalization of Vivian's divorce, the two struggle with the future of their relationship. At Silver's wedding, Cay attempts to reconcile with Frances, stating that Vivian "just reached in and put a string of lights around my heart," directly quoting Frances's own description of how she fell in love with Glenn.


title: Desert Hearts

text: After Vivian's divorce has become finalized, she packs up and boards a train to return to New York City. Cay still refuses to commit to leaving Nevada, but boards the train at the last minute as it begins to move away, agreeing to accompany Vivian until they reach the next station.


title: Desert Hearts

text: "Desert Hearts" is loosely based on the 1964 romance novel "Desert of the Heart" by Jane Rule. In 1979, Donna Deitch was searching for a story about a lesbian romance that "was mainstream, not in the context of the women's community or (New York's) the Village." The first draft of the screenplay, written by Deitch, followed the original story, but when Natalie Cooper was hired as the screenwriter she veered away from it. The names of the main characters were changed: Evelyn Hall became Vivian Bell and Ann Childs became Cay Rivers. Other characters were minimized or excluded, subplots were eliminated, and the love scene was made explicit. Jane Rule described the film as "beautifully simplified".