title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: In 2011, the band released their single "Tonight Tonight", which hit the Billboard Top 10. Their second single "I Like It Like That" was released in November 2011 and featured a verse from the rapper duo New Boyz. They released their second studio album, "Whatever" on November 29, 2011. It reached number 48 on the US "Billboard" 200, 25 in Australia, and 21 in New Zealand. "Honestly" was released as the third and final single from the album in March 2012.


title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: In March 2012, the band supported Taylor Swift on the Australian and New Zealand legs of her "Speak Now World Tour". In mid-2012, the band also toured with Demi Lovato. The band toured Australia and New Zealand through October to November with their "Whatever World Tour". British singer Cher Lloyd supported the band on this leg of the tour, along with Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer and New Zealand boyband Titanium. In November 2012, they released a cover of "Jingle Bell Rock" with some material added to it.


title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: Hot Chelle Rae premiered a new single, "Hung Up" on January 25, 2013, and it was officially released on February 12, 2013. The band also announced that their new EP would be released in early 2014 along with a new single. On October 31, 2013, Ian Keaggy announced that he would no longer be a part of the band. That same day, Hot Chelle Rae released the unofficial version of "Recklessly" for their fans. On February 7, 2014, the band released a new single, "Don't Say Goodnight". Hot Chelle Rae continued to tour the US throughout the year. On October 1, 2014, Hot Chelle Rae released "Recklessly". The EP contained "Hung Up", "Don't Say Goodnight", "Recklessly", and two other singles. Ryan Follesé released "Put a Label on It" as a solo single in 2017.


title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: In December 2018, the band announced live via Instagram that they were reforming and were planning a new album, and in November 2019, they released their first new song in five years: "I Hate LA".


title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: On April 10, 2020, the band released their EP "Tangerine", after four singles, "I Hate L.A.", "Tangerine", "Stay" and "Tomorrow Me".


title: Hot Chelle Rae

text: Hot Chelle Rae's musical style has mainly been described as dance-rock, pop rock, alternative rock and pop.


title: More Crap

text: "More Crap" is the ninth episode of the eleventh season of the animated television series "South Park", and the 162nd episode of the series overall. It was originally broadcast on Comedy Central in the United States on October 10, 2007. In the episode, Stan's father Randy produces what is apparently "the biggest crap" ever taken, but his claims for the world record are challenged.


title: More Crap

text: "More Crap" is highly scatological in tone, with its plot and humor revolving around fecal matter in some manner. It is one of the few episodes of "South Park" where neither Cartman, Kyle, nor Kenny appear although the latter two’s fathers make an appearance. The episode satirizes U2 vocalist Bono, who is portrayed as strongly arrogant and competitive due to harboring an embarrassing secret. The plot of "More Crap" satirizes the competitive nature of aiming to achieve a record in a peculiar category, and parodies elements of the 2007 documentary "".


title: More Crap

text: The episode aired shortly after "South Park" received an Emmy Award that year for the episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft". A running gag in "More Crap" makes reference to the series' Emmy wins, during especially scatological scenes.


title: More Crap

text: Randy is severely constipated and has been unable to defecate for over three weeks. After taking a laxative, Randy undergoes an extremely painful bowel movement, during which he produces an abnormally large, football-shaped feces. Impressed at its size, he contacts the Zürich-based European Fecal Standards and Measurements office. Representatives from the institute conclude that Randy has achieved the world record, weighing the feces in at 8.6 courics (one couric is approximately equal to ). As Randy is the first American to ever achieve the record, the American government holds a ceremony in his honor. However, it is interrupted by a video of Bono, the previous record holder, claiming that he has produced feces weighing 9.5 courics. His claim is accepted, despite his only evidence being an unverified photograph.


title: More Crap

text: Randy becomes despondent over the loss of his record, before his friends convince him to train to reclaim the position. After three weeks of eating, an ultrasound reveals his feces to have reached up to 14 courics in weight. Bono successfully demands that Randy be required to defecate at the headquarters in Zürich. In response, Randy's son Stan visits Bono's mansion and tries to appeal to him, noting Bono's overt success in comparison to Randy's failures. However, Bono angrily refuses to be "number two" at anything. Bono's butler reveals to Stan that Randy may die if he defecates. As they head towards Zürich, the butler explains that no one has ever survived defecating in such large amounts. He further explains to Stan that Bono set his record in 1960, the year of his birth; Stan determines that Bono is not the record holder, but the record itself.


title: More Crap

text: Everyone is gathered in Zürich, where the institute's leader, Sir Orloff Broloff, confirms Stan's claim; he reveals that he defecated Bono in 1960, and his pride was such that he raised him as his child ever since. Over time, Bono grew strongly indignant at being "number two", and strove to be number one in many fields; Stan realizes that this is why Bono can help many people through his humanitarian work and yet still "seem like a piece of shit." Broloff further reveals that Bono has grown to over 80 courics in weight and is almost six feet tall, a record that remains unmatched. At that moment, Randy finally produces a gigantic feces that lifts him off the toilet seat and is estimated to weigh more than 100 courics. Randy is thus proclaimed the new record holder, and an institute member lifts a recurring Emmy image off the screen and presents it to Randy by lodging it in his feces.


title: More Crap

text: Parts of the plot of "More Crap" derive from the 2007 documentary "". The documentary follows Steve Wiebe as he tries to claim the world high score for the arcade game "Donkey Kong" from reigning champion Billy Mitchell. In the documentary, Wiebe beats the record but is suspected that his machine may have been tampered with. To prove his gaming skills, Wiebe performs the high score live, in front of an audience, but then is trumped by a low-quality VHS tape sent in by Mitchell, depicting himself achieving a higher score. Bono's personality in the episode is similar to the depiction of Mitchell in the documentary, including how he is allowed to play by different rules than other competitors. "South Park" creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone spoke highly of the documentary, calling it a "really well-done movie".


title: More Crap

text: "South Park" has a history of using toilet humor from its earlier seasons, such as the recurring character Mr. Hankey, a sentient piece of feces. While the series gained reputation for its use of political humor as it progressed, scatological humor still remained a staple in its later seasons. "More Crap" was named as "perhaps most poo-centric episode of all time". In the episode, women – such as Randy's wife Sharon – are portrayed as not understanding the pride men can feel for the size of their feces. This has been viewed as Parker and Stone's awareness to toilet humor being more appealing to men. This divide in the appreciation of toilet humor was further satirized in the thirteenth season episode "Eat, Pray, Queef". Randy's love for his growing excrement is portrayed at one point in an analogy of a mother's love for her unborn child. In the scene, Randy's clinician shows him his "unborn" feces via medical ultrasonography, and warns him against travelling by airplane, as he is in his "turd trimester" – a pun on the third period of pregnancy.


title: More Crap

text: "More Crap" was written and directed by Trey Parker, and was produced and broadcast as the second episode of the second run of the "South Park"s eleventh season, after the season premiere, "Le Petit Tourette". The episode originally aired on Comedy Central in the United States on October 10, 2007, and is rated TV-MA L. The episode features regular voice acting from Parker and Stone for most characters (with Parker as Randy and Stan), as well as April Stewart and Mona Marshall for female voices. "South Park" staff writer Kyle McCulloch portrayed the voice of Bono.


title: More Crap

text: "More Crap" satirizes Irish singer, musician, and philanthropist Bono, the principal vocalist of U2. Bono is portrayed as obsessed with being the best at everything and winning awards, and is criticized for not letting others claim success over him. Stan makes remarks about Bono's wealth and knighthood, as well as his highly successful band, and his "hot wife", Alison Hewson. The episode depicts Bono in Africa at one point, and makes reference to his numerous accolades, including his 22 Grammy Awards, and his nominations for an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, and the Nobel Peace Prize. In a joke, Bono is revealed to have first-place trophies in much smaller scale categories as well, such as "most "Sports Illustrated" subscriptions sold". In the episode, people claim that Bono is both "talented" and "caring", being "able to do so much, try to help so many people", while still "seem like such a piece of crap". As the plot progresses, the comparison between Bono and feces moves from metaphorical to literal, as he is revealed to be an actual piece of feces raised as a human. As such, Bono's obsession with being number one is his way of compensating for being born "number two" – a euphemism for feces.


title: More Crap

text: Near the end of the episode, when Bono is breastfed by his father, they both refer to breast milk as "bitty". This alludes to the British sketch comedy series "Little Britain", in which the character Harvey constantly insists on receiving "bitty" from his mother's breast, despite being an adult.


title: More Crap

text: "More Crap" aired less than one month after "South Park" received a Creative Arts Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)" that year, at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards for the episode "Make Love Not Warcraft". The episode makes fun of having won the award in a running gag; several times during the episode – such as when Randy is looking at the excrement inside of him through an ultrasound image – a caption appears on-screen, with a spinning Emmy Award along with the text "Emmy Award Winning Series".


title: More Crap

text: TV Squad gave the episode a highly positive review, stating that "it's low taste but it's "South Park" low taste, which makes it funny", and said that the creators are "still on a roll. Possibly a toilet paper roll." IGN had mixed feelings about the episode, calling it "amusing, but not terribly so", and "both bizarre and pretty damn funny". The site gave the episode a rating of 7.4 out of 10.


title: More Crap

text: Trey Parker and Matt Stone both professed their love of the episode, but said that it is a polarizing one for the audience, claiming that if a viewer is not on board with the episode's toilet humor, then the whole episode breaks down for them. The creators claimed that young people and women reacted poorly to the episode. Parker said that his father, who is the basis for Randy's character, was very thrilled by the episode.


title: More Crap

text: The crew of "" was flattered by the episode's plot being based on their documentary. Director Seth Gordon said that they "considered it such a flattering compliment that would even consider borrowing the structure of "King of Kong" for one of their episodes." He added that he didn't think the episode was fair to Bono. The film's producer, Ed Cunningham, is a fan of "South Park", and said that "hear about "South Park" that they actually spoofed the whole movie just blew away." The makers eventually got in touch with the "South Park" studios.


title: More Crap

text: P. F. Chang's China Bistro spokesperson Laura Cherry responded positively to the episode, and added that the restaurant chain's name has been used several times in the series. A Comedy Central spokeswoman said that the show's creators love the restaurant's food, and "have no bad experiences with P.F. Chang's to report".


title: More Crap

text: After the episode, a fan-created website for the fictional European Fecal Standards and Measurements Institute appeared on the Internet. It is presented as the official website of the institute, with distinct pages describing its work and organization structure. In accord with the episode, the site names Randy Marsh as the current record-holder, but it also claims that the record's previous holder was President of the European Council Herman Van Rompuy, who "is still considered one of the most prolific faecal producers." Van Rompuy was not referenced in the "South Park" episode.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Hissène Habré (Arabic: "Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī", Chadian Arabic: ; ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.


title: Hissène Habré

text: A member of Chad's northern population, Habré joined FROLINAT rebels in the first Chadian Civil War against the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due to a rift with fellow rebel commander Goukouni Oueddei, Habré and his Armed Forces of the North rebel army briefly defected to Felix Malloum's government against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré was then given the position of Minister of Defense under Chad's new transitional coalition government, with Oueddei as President. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Having become the country's new president, Habré created a one-party dictatorship ruled by his National Union for Independence and Revolution notorious for widespread human rights abuses. He was brought to power with the support of France and the United States, who provided training, arms, and financing throughout his rule due to his opposition to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. He led the country during the Libyan-Chadian conflict, culminating in victory during the Toyota War from 1986 to 1987 with French support. He was overthrown three years later in the 1990 Chadian coup d'état by Idriss Déby and fled into exile in Senegal.


title: Hissène Habré

text: In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by an international tribunal in Senegal of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. He died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for COVID-19.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Habré was born in 1942 in Faya-Largeau, northern Chad, then a colony of France, into a family of shepherds. He was a member of the Anakaza branch of the Daza Gourane ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the Toubou ethnic group. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the Institute of Overseas Higher Studies in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect, he visited Tripoli and joined the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei. After Abba Siddick assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Armed Forces of the North ("Forces Armées du Nord" or FAN) from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of People's Armed Forces ("Forces Armées Populaires" or FAP).


title: Hissène Habré

text: Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of Bardaï in Tibesti, on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician, Dr. Christoph Staewen (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, Françoise Claustre, an archeologist, and Marc Combe, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials. Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).


title: Hissène Habré

text: In August 1978 Habré was given the posts of Prime Minister of Chad and Vice President of Chad as part of an alliance with Gen. Félix Malloum. However, the power-sharing alliance did not last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army under Malloum fought in N'Djamena. The fighting effectively left Chad without a national government. Several attempts were made by other nations to resolve the crisis, resulting in a new national government in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense. However, fighting resumed within a matter of weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in Sudan. In 1982 he resumed his fight against the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as head of state.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party "régime", like many others before his, was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Following his rise to power Habré created a secret police force known as the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed. Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes of running automobiles. Habré's government also periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Habré fled, with $11 million of public money, to Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He was accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under his rule. Human Rights Watch claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more than 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet."


title: Hissène Habré

text: Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the Aozou Strip. The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.


title: Hissène Habré

text: In 1980, the unity government signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Libya. The treaty allowed the Chadian government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened. The Libyan army was soon assisting the government forces, under Goukouni, and ousted FAN from much of northern Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December. Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and his FAN militia entered N'Djamena on 7 June 1982. In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Chad and remained in the country, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by Idriss Déby, a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards U.S.


title: Hissène Habré

text: rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to Cameroon, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.


title: Hissène Habré

text: The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as a bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring Libya. Under President Ronald Reagan, the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid. The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an anti-Qaddafi force.


title: Hissène Habré

text: "The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said Donald Norland, U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did."


title: Hissène Habré

text: Documents obtained by Human Rights Watch show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by U.S.


title: Hissène Habré

text: instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Commission, the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.


title: Hissène Habré

text: In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two AWACS electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.


title: Hissène Habré

text: "Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye."


title: Hissène Habré

text: Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the Hadjerai (1987), and against the Zaghawa (1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical torture. Habré had been called "the African Pinochet," in reference to former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. Habre would personally sign death warrants and oversee torture sessions, and was accused of personally participating in torture and rape. According to some leading experts, the tribunal that judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it is the most 'national' within this category".


title: Hissène Habré

text: The government of Idriss Déby established a Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people had been killed, but did not follow up on its recommendations.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had universal jurisdiction legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, the victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years, had Habré under nominal house arrest in Dakar.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 17 March 2006, the European Parliament demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused extradition demands from the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights expressed its approval of the decision. If he had been turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the African Union. On 8 April 2008, the National Assembly of Senegal voted to amend the nation's constitution to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal; Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of the National Assembly and the Senate voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice Madicke Niang appointed four investigative judges on this occasion.


title: Hissène Habré

text: A 2007 movie by director Klaartje Quirijns, "The Dictator Hunter", tells the story of the activists Souleymane Guengueng and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death "in absentia" for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby. François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy. According to Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial. 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.


title: Hissène Habré

text: The Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to proceed with the trial. The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding that prosecution is an international obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State, while extradition is an option offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international obligations by 1.) failing to make immediately a preliminary inquiry into the fact relating to the alleged crimes; and 2.) failing to submit the case to its competent authorities for prosecution (obligations according to UN Convention on Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) that Senegal had bound itself to). The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and opposition by domestic law, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to submit the case to authorities for prosecution or extradite him without delay.


title: Hissène Habré

text: In November 2010, the court of justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to the creation of an "ad hoc" tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June, published a report which urged pressing Senegal to extradite Habré to Belgium.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July, but this was subsequently halted. In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay". Amnesty International called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue". A trial by the International Criminal Court (ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and its jurisdiction is limited to events that took place after that date.


title: Hissène Habré

text: In December 2012, the Parliament of Senegal passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the African Union, and come from elsewhere in Africa.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in Senegal by the Senegalese police. Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest that it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against humanity and torture. That year he was also sentenced to death in absentia for crimes against humanity by a Chadian court. The Tribunal that judged Hissiène Habré in Sénégal is said to have a huge range of specificities.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 20 July 2015 the trial started. Waiting for the trial to open, Habré shouted: "Down with imperialists. [The trial] is a farce by rotten Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the courtroom and the trial began without him. On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court.


title: Hissène Habré

text: On 30 May 2016, the Extraordinary African Chambers found Habré guilty of rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people during his tenure as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in prison in the Prison du Cap Manuel in Senegal. The verdict marked the first time an African Union-backed court convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time that the courts of one country have prosecuted the former ruler of another country for crimes against humanity. In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all convictions against him, except rape. The court emphasized this was a procedural matter, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too late in the proceedings to be included within charges of mass sexual violence committed by his security agents, the convictions for which were upheld. On 7 April 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' leave from prison, as the jail is being used to hold new detainees in COVID-19 quarantine.


title: Hissène Habré

text: Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a week after his 79th birthday, after being hospitalized in Dakar’s main hospital with COVID-19. He had fallen ill while in jail a week earlier. In a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that he had COVID-19. He is buried in Yoff Muslim cemetery.


title: Gerry Bamman

text: Gerald G. Bamman (born September 18, 1941) is an American actor and playwright. He is best known for playing Uncle Frank in the films "Home Alone" (1990) and "" (1992), and has also guest starred in several television series.


title: Gerry Bamman

text: Bamman was born on September 18, 1941 in Independence, Kansas, the son of Mary M. (née Farrell) and Harry W. Bamman. He studied at St. Francis de Sales School and later graduated from New York University with a MFA degree.


title: Gerry Bamman

text: Bamman was married to director Emily Mann on August 12, 1981, but is now divorced from her. They have one son, Nicholas, born in 1983.


title: Gerry Bamman

text: Bamman appeared in the Michael J. Fox film "The Secret of My Success" (1987) and also appeared with Fran Brill and Alyssa Milano in "Old Enough" (1984). He had a minor role in "Cocktail" (1988) before portraying his most notable character, Uncle Frank McCallister in "Home Alone" and "" in 1990 and 1992, respectively. Bamman improvised the scene in "Home Alone 2" where Frank is in the shower and Kevin (Macaulay Culkin) walks in on him. "I love the shower scene, even though I don’t think it was the funniest scene in the film," he told the "Metro" in 2020. "But it was great fun to shoot, because I really had fun padding it out. [The director] Chris [Columbus] started to give me directions and choreograph the scene and I said, 'Wait, wait, just let me show you what I've done, and what I have in mind'. And he bought it."


title: Gerry Bamman

text: Also in 1992, Bamman appeared briefly as Kevin Costner's former colleague Ray Court in the box office smash "The Bodyguard". Bamman appeared as defense attorney Stan Gillum in several episodes of "Law & Order" and "Law & Order SVU". Bamman was also in the first season episode "The Blue Wall" playing Lt. Kennedy of Internal Affairs. Bamman co-starred in "Runaway Jury" as the blind jury foreman Herman Grimes. Bamman also played Dr. Judalon in the 1992 film "Lorenzo's Oil".


title: ADME

text: ADME is an abbreviation in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology for "absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion", and describes the disposition of a pharmaceutical compound within an organism. The four criteria all influence the drug levels and kinetics of drug exposure to the tissues and hence influence the performance and pharmacological activity of the compound as a drug. Sometimes, liberation and/or toxicity are also considered, yielding LADME, ADMET, or LADMET.


title: ADME

text: For a compound to reach a tissue, it usually must be taken into the bloodstream – often via mucous surfaces like the digestive tract (intestinal absorption) – before being taken up by the target cells. Factors such as poor compound solubility, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, chemical instability in the stomach, and inability to permeate the intestinal wall can all reduce the extent to which a drug is absorbed after oral administration. Absorption critically determines the compound's bioavailability. Drugs that absorb poorly when taken orally must be administered in some less desirable way, like intravenously or by inhalation (e.g. zanamivir). Routes of administration are an important consideration.


title: ADME

text: The compound needs to be carried to its effector site, most often via the bloodstream. From there, the compound may distribute into muscle and organs, usually to differing extents. After entry into the systemic circulation, either by intravascular injection or by absorption from any of the various extracellular sites, the drug is subjected to numerous distribution processes that tend to lower its plasma concentration.


title: ADME

text: Distribution is defined as the reversible transfer of a drug between one compartment to another. Some factors affecting drug distribution include regional blood flow rates, molecular size, polarity and binding to serum proteins, forming a complex. Distribution can be a serious problem at some natural barriers like the blood–brain barrier.


title: ADME

text: Compounds begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule drug metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As metabolism occurs, the initial (parent) compound is converted to new compounds called metabolites. When metabolites are pharmacologically inert, metabolism deactivates the administered dose of parent drug and this usually reduces the effects on the body. Metabolites may also be pharmacologically active, sometimes more so than the parent drug (see prodrug).


title: ADME

text: Compounds and their metabolites need to be removed from the body via excretion, usually through the kidneys (urine) or in the feces. Unless excretion is complete, accumulation of foreign substances can adversely affect normal metabolism.


title: ADME

text: There are three main sites where drug excretion occurs. The kidney is the most important site and it is where products are excreted through urine. Biliary excretion or fecal excretion is the process that initiates in the liver and passes through to the gut until the products are finally excreted along with waste products or feces. The last main method of excretion is through the lungs (e.g. anesthetic gases).


title: ADME

text: Sometimes, the potential or real toxicity of the compound is taken into account (ADME-Tox or ADMET). Parameters used to characterize toxicity include the median lethal dose (LD) and therapeutic index.


title: ADME

text: Computational chemists try to predict the ADME-Tox qualities of compounds through methods like QSPR or QSAR.


title: Affect theory

text: Affect theory is a theory that seeks to organize affects, sometimes used interchangeably with emotions or subjectively experienced feelings, into discrete categories and to typify their physiological, social, interpersonal, and internalized manifestations. The conversation about affect theory has been taken up in psychology, psychoanalysis, neuroscience, medicine, interpersonal communication, literary theory, critical theory, media studies, and gender studies, among other fields. Hence, affect theory is defined in different ways, depending on the discipline.


title: Affect theory

text: Affect theory is originally attributed to the psychologist Silvan Tomkins, introduced in the first two volumes of his book "Affect Imagery Consciousness" (1962). Tomkins uses the concept of "affect" to refer to the "biological portion of emotion," defined as the "hard-wired, preprogrammed, genetically transmitted mechanisms that exist in each of us," which, when triggered, precipitate a "known pattern of biological events". However, it is also acknowledged that, in adults, the affective experience is a result of interactions between the innate mechanism and a "complex matrix of nested and interacting ideo-affective formations."


title: Affect theory

text: According to the psychologist Silvan Tomkins, there are nine primary affects. Tomkins characterized affects by low/high intensity labels and by their physiological expression:


title: Affect theory

text: According to Tomkins, optimal mental health involves maximizing positive affects and minimizing negative affects. Affect should also be properly expressed so to make the identification of affect possible to others.


title: Affect theory

text: Affect theory is also used prescriptively in investigations about intimacy and intimate relationships. Kelly describes relationships as agreements to work collaboratively toward maximizing positive affect and minimizing negative affect. Like the "optimal mental health" blueprint, this blueprint requires that members of the relationship express affect to one another in order to identify progress.


title: Affect theory

text: These blueprints can also describe natural and implicit goals. For example, Donald Nathanson uses the "affect" to create a narrative for one of his patients:


title: Affect theory

text: I suspect that the reason he refuses to watch movies is the sturdy fear of enmeshment in the affect depicted on the screen; the affect mutualization for which most of us frequent the movie theater is only another source of discomfort for him. ... His refusal to risk the range of positive and negative affect associated with sexuality robs any possible relationship of one of its best opportunities to work on the first two rules of either the Kelly or the Tomkins blueprint. Thus, his problems with intimacy may be understood in one aspect as an overly substantial empathic wall, and in another aspect as a purely internal problem with the expression and management of his own affect.


title: Affect theory

text: Tomkins claims that "Christianity became a powerful universal religion in part because of its more general solution to the problem of anger, violence, and suffering versus love, enjoyment, and peace.".


title: Affect theory

text: Humor is a subject of debate in affect theory. In studies of humor's physiological manifestations, humor provokes highly characteristic facial expressions. Some research has shown evidence that humor may be a response to a conflict between negative and positive affects, such as fear and enjoyment, which results in spasmodic contractions of parts of the body, mainly in the stomach and diaphragm area, as well as contractions in the upper cheek muscles. Further affects that seem to be missing for Tomkins's taxonomy include relief, resignation, and confusion, among many others.


title: Affect theory

text: The affect joy is observed through the display of smiling. These affects can be identified through immediate facial reactions that people have to a stimulus, typically well before they could process any real response to the stimulus.


title: Affect theory

text: The findings from a study on negative affect arousal and white noise by Stanley S. Seidner "support the existence of a negative affect arousal mechanism through observations regarding the devaluation of speakers from other Spanish ethnic origins".


title: Affect theory

text: Affect theory is explored in philosophy, psychoanalytic theory, gender studies, and art theory. Eve Sedgwick and Lauren Berlant have been called "affect theorists" who write from critical theory perspectives. Many other critical theorists have relied heavily on affect theory, including Elizabeth Povinelli. Affect theory is drawn from by Marxist autonomists including Franco Berardi, Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. And by Marxist feminists including Selma James and Silvia Federici, who consider the cognitive and material manifestations of particularized gendered, performed roles including caregiving. Critical theorist Sara Ahmed describes affect as "sticky" in her essay "Happy Objects" to explain the sustained connection between "ideas, values, and objects.".


title: Affect theory

text: In line with these theorists, many scholars identify the role of affect in shaping social values, gender ideals, and collective groups. Affect is seen as instrumental for events and symbols that produce shared identities, and is therefore central in contemporary politics. Affect is also treated as central in capitalist systems, including people's attachment to commodities and "dreams" of class mobility. In addition, the non-discursive and non-deliberative attributes of affect may produce social interactions and experiences that are non-reducible to specific endpoints, and at times may allow people to experience new modes of existence separated from their main life goals.


title: Affect theory

text: This nonverbal mode of conveying feelings and influence is held to play a central role in intimate relationships. The Emotional Safety model of couples therapy seeks to identify the affective messages that occur within the couple's emotional relationship (the partners' feelings about themselves, each other, and their relationship); most importantly, messages regarding (a) the security of the attachment and (b) how each individual is valued.


title: Affect theory

text: One practical application of affect theory has been its incorporation into couples therapy. Two characteristics of affects have powerful implications for intimate relationships:


title: Affect theory

text: Some scholars have taken issue with the claims and methodologies of affect theorists. Ruth Leys has objected to affect theory's implications for artistic and literary criticism, as well as to its appropriation in some forms of trauma theory.


title: Affect theory

text: Aubrey Anable has also criticised affect theory for its imprecision, claiming that its "language of intensity, becoming, and in-betweenness and its emphasis on the unpresentable give it a maddening incoherence, or shade too easily into purely subjective responses to the world". Jason Josephson Storm, a professor of religious studies, argued that affect theory in the humanities has failed to distinguish itself from poststructuralism and ignores empirical evidence that affects are culturally constructed.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Agustín Federico Marchesín (; born 16 March 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish club RC Celta de Vigo and the Argentina national team.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: He began his career with Lanús, making 222 appearances and winning the Copa Sudamericana in 2013. He then spent several years in Mexico's Liga MX, winning league titles with Santos Laguna and Club América, before joining Porto in 2019. He won the Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal double twice, and moved to Celta Vigo in 2022.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Marchesín made his international debut for Argentina in 2011, and was part of their squads at three Copa América tournaments. They came runners-up in 2015, third in 2019 and won in 2021.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: In 2007, Marchesín was signed by Club Atlético Lanús from regional club Huracán de Tres Arroyos (which he was already a first team member since 2005, but did not play). He was a non-playing member of the Lanús squad that won the 2007 Apertura tournament.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: On 1 March 2009, Marchesín made his competitive debut in a 2–0 win against Gimnasia y Esgrima de Jujuy. On 29 April, he made his first appearance in the Copa Libertadores, a 1–1 draw against Caracas FC. That year, he relegated Mauricio Caranta to the bench and established himself as first-choice goalkeeper, playing in most of Lanús' games of the Apertura tournament.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: In 2013, Marchesín won the Copa Sudamericana with Lanús, starting in both matches of the finals against Ponte Preta of Brazil.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: In December 2014, Marchesín, along with Lanús teammate Diego González, was sold to Mexican side Santos Laguna as a replacement for retiring goalkeeper Oswaldo Sánchez. In his first year at the club, he won the 2015 Clausura and 2015 Campeón de Campeones cup.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Marchesín made his 100th league appearance in Mexico in América's 2–1 win against Toluca on 30 September 2017.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: On 16 December 2018, Marchesín won his first league title with América following a 2–0 aggregate victory over Cruz Azul in the Apertura finals.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: On 31 July 2019, Marchesín moved to Portugal's FC Porto on a four-year deal, for an undisclosed amount reported as €7.2 million. He joined as a replacement for Iker Casillas, who had suffered a heart attack in May. He made his debut on 7 August in the first leg of the third qualifying round of the UEFA Champions League away to FC Krasnodar in Russia, making a late save from Rémy Cabella. He was the Primeira Liga Goalkeeper of the Month in each of his first four months. Porto won the league and Taça de Portugal double, and he was named Goalkeeper of the Year and made the Team of the Year. In November 2019, he missed the local derby with Boavista F.C. due to internal suspension for having partied until early in the morning with teammates Luis Díaz, Mateus Uribe and Renzo Saravia.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Marchesín missed the start of the 2021–22 season through a meniscus injury to his right knee, and was replaced by youngster Diogo Costa. In a title-winning campaign, he played only three minutes in a 2–0 win at F.C. Arouca on 6 February. Five days later, he was one of four players sent off in a melee at the end of a 2–2 draw with Sporting CP, and was handed a two-game suspension; on 7 December he was also dismissed without playing in a similar event against Atlético Madrid in the Champions League group stage.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Marchesín was first-choice as Porto won the 2021–22 Taça de Portugal, including the 3–1 final win over C.D. Tondela on 22 May. On 30 July, days before leaving the club, he played in the 2022 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira win over the same opposition due to Costa's suspension.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: On 2 August 2022, La Liga side RC Celta de Vigo signed Marchesín on a three-year deal with the option of one more. He made his debut 11 days later as the season began with a 2–2 home draw against RCD Espanyol, conceding the equaliser from Joselu's penalty in the seventh minute of added time.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: Marchesín was the starting goalkeeper for the Argentina national U21 team that finished third at the 2009 Toulon Tournament. On 20 August 2010, Marchesín received his first call for the senior national team for a friendly match against Spain. Marchesín got his first cap in a friendly match against Venezuela as a half-time substitute for Javier Hernán García on 16 March 2011, with Argentina winning the match 4–1 in San Juan.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: In September 2014, Marchesín received his first call-up in more than three years when Gerardo Martino called him up for the friendly matches against Brazil and Hong Kong, playing against the latter and earning his second cap. He was called up for the 2015 Copa América after Mariano Andújar suffered a hand injury midway through the tournament.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: On 15 September 2017, Marchesín received his first call-up under Jorge Sampaoli for the 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification matches against Peru and Ecuador on 2 and 5 October. On 14 November, he made his first start for the national team in a 4–2 friendly loss to Nigeria in Krasnodar, Russia.


title: Agustín Marchesín

text: In May 2019, Marchesín was included in Argentina's 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América. He was also named in the 28-man squad for the 2021 edition, which they won for the first time since 1993. On 8 June that year, he made his competitive debut when Emiliano Martínez was injured in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match away to Colombia, and made an added-time error that allowed Miguel Borja to make it 2–2.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The Iraq War documents leak is the disclosure to WikiLeaks of 391,832 United States Army field reports, also called the Iraq War Logs, of the Iraq War from 2004 to 2009 and published on the Internet on 2010. The files record 66,081 civilian deaths out of 109,000 recorded deaths. The leak resulted in the Iraq Body Count project adding 15,000 civilian deaths to their count, bringing their total to over 150,000, with roughly 80% of those civilians. It is the biggest leak in the military history of the United States, surpassing the Afghan War documents leak of 25 July 2010.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The logs led to news reports of previously unknown or unconfirmed events that took place during the war.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The Iraq Body Count project estimated 15,000 civilian deaths that had not been previously admitted by the US government based on an extrapolation of a sample of the deaths found in about 800 logs. Although American and British officials had denied any official record of civilian deaths, the logs released by Wikileaks showed 66,081 civilian deaths out of a total of 109,000 fatalities for the period from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2009. As of 2 January 2013, the IBC has added a total of 3,334 of these previously unrecorded civilian deaths to its database from their ongoing analysis of the war logs.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Some civilian deaths were classified as enemy casualties, such as the July 12, 2007, Baghdad airstrike by US helicopter gunships which killed two Reuters journalists along with several men thought to be armed suspected to be insurgents. They, including the journalists, were listed as "enemy killed in action".


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: According to "Al Jazeera English," some of the documents describe how almost 700 civilians were killed by US troops for coming too close to checkpoints, including pregnant women and the mentally ill. At least a half-dozen incidents involved Iraqi men transporting pregnant family members to hospitals.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: "The New York Times" said the reports contain evidence of many abuses, including civilian deaths, committed by contractors. "The New York Times" points out some specific reports, such as one which says "after the IED strike a witness reports the Blackwater employees fired indiscriminately at the scene." In another event on 14 May 2005, an American unit "observed a Blackwater PSD shoot up a civ vehicle" killing a father and wounding his wife and daughter.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The logs corroborate previous allegations that the US military handed over many prisoners to the Iraqi Wolf Brigade which was accused of beating prisoners, torturing them with electric drills and executing suspects. According to "The Guardian", that the logs also show that "US authorities failed to investigate hundreds of reports of abuse, torture, rape and even murder by Iraqi police and soldiers." The coalition, had "a formal policy of ignoring such allegations", unless the allegations involve coalition forces.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: "Wired Magazine" reported that abuse of prisoners or detainees by Iraqi security forces continued even after the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse incident came to light in 2004. In one recorded case, US troops confiscated a "hand cranked generator with wire clamps" from a Baghdad police station, after a detainee claimed to have been brutalized there.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: One report analyzed by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism seemed to show that "the US military cleared an Apache helicopter gunship to open fire on Iraqi insurgents who were trying to surrender".


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: According to "Dagbladet Information", Danish soldiers "passed on responsibility for a much higher number of prisoners to Iraqi police than had previously been made public. The practice continued even though the coalition witnessed, and was repeatedly warned of widespread torture and mistreatment of prisoners in the hands of the Iraqi police."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: According to "Wired Magazine", "WikiLeaks may have just bolstered one of the Bush administration’s most controversial claims about the Iraq war: that Iran supplied many of the Iraq insurgency’s deadliest weapons and worked hand-in-glove with some of its most lethal militias. The documents indicate that Iran was a major combatant in the Iraq war, as its elite Quds Force trained Iraqi Shiite insurgents and imported deadly weapons like the shape-charged explosively formed penetrator bombs into Iraq for use against civilians, Sunni militants and U.S. troops."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: It was reported in the "Boston Globe" that the documents show Iraqi operatives being trained by Hezbollah in precision military-style kidnappings. Reports also included incidents of US surveillance aircraft lost deep in Iranian territory.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: According to "The Australian", a document from December 2006 described a plan by a Shia militia commander to kidnap US soldiers in Baghdad in late 2006 or early 2007. The Australian also reported that "detainee testimony" and "a captured militant's diary" are cited among the documents, in order to demonstrate "how Iran provided Iraqi militias with weapons such as rockets and lethal roadside bombs."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: According to "The New York Times", the trove of documents released by WikiLeaks in October 2010 "portrays the long history of tensions between Kurds and Arabs in the north of Iraq and reveals the fears of some American units about what might happen after American troops leave the country by the end of 2011."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: An analysis published by "The Jerusalem Post" argued the leaked documents indicates a double standard in the international community views of human rights towards Israel's military policy:


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: An editorial in "The Washington Post" said that the leak "mainly demonstrates that the truth about Iraq 'already has been told', while it 'has at least temporarily complicated negotiations to form a new government'". The editor also charged that "claims such as those published by the British journal The Lancet that American forces slaughtered hundreds of thousands are the real 'attack on truth.'"


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: After criticism over the Afghan War documents leak, WikiLeaks redacted more information from the Iraq War documents. Assange explained that this was to stop people distracting from the message contained in the material.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The UN's chief investigator on torture, Manfred Nowak, states that "if the files released through WikiLeaks pointed to clear violations of the United Nations Convention Against Torture the Obama administration had an obligation to investigate them." The convention, according to Nowak, forbids the US from turning over detainees to the Iraqi government, if doing so meant they might be subjected to torture. The UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navanethem Pillay said that "the US and Iraq should investigate claims of abuse contained in files published on the Wikileaks website". In addition, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture Manfred Nowak called "for a wider inquiry to include alleged US abuses."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: NATO's Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen stated that the release could cause "a very unfortunate situation", and that "such leaks ... may have a very negative security impact for people involved."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: In preparation for the leak, the Pentagon created an Information Review Task Force to look for names, keywords and other issues that would be particularly sensitive, comprising 120 people led by the Defense Intelligence Agency. A spokesperson for the Pentagon said the reports were considered to be simple observations and reports by military personnel and civilian informants, but nevertheless called their release a "tragedy," and the US Department of Defense requested the return of the documents. US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton condemned the leak, saying that it "puts the lives of United States and its partners' service members and civilians at risk."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The U.S. military responded to the information in the documents about civilian deaths, saying that "it did not under-report the number of civilian deaths in the Iraq war or ignore prisoner abuse by Iraqi forces". Pentagon spokesman Colonel Dave Lapan added that "the U.S. military never claimed to have an exact count of the number of civilians killed in Iraq." He also added that both WikiLeaks and the Pentagon had the same database to collate a civilian death toll and was further sceptical WikiLeaks "made any new discovery." General George Casey, the army chief of staff, said US forces went to morgues to collect data and he did not "recall downplaying civilian casualties."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: In response to the allegations of torture by Iraqi soldiers under US oversight, US General George Casey, in command of the Iraq War between 2004 and 2007, said that "[o]ur policy all along was if American soldiers encountered prisoner abuse, to stop it and report it immediately up the US chain of command and up the Iraqi chain of command." Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Nick Clegg also expressed his support for an investigation into the "allegations of killings, torture and abuse" in the documents, having stated, "We can bemoan how these leaks occurred, but I think the nature of the allegations made are extraordinarily serious".


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Prime Minister of Iraq Nouri al-Maliki dismissed the records as politically timed smear and as a series of "media games and bubbles" as a defense against the information contained in the documents, which included "allegations [his administration] had permitted the abuse of prisoners and other misuses of power." This was echoed by Hassan al-Sneid, a "leader of Maliki's governing State of Law coalition", who stated, in terms of the images contained in the documents, "These are all just fakes from the Internet and Photoshop". The Iraqi Government stated that it planned to investigate the role of private contractors, specifically Blackwater Worldwide, in deaths that occurred during the war and were revealed in the logs.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The Iraqi News Network stated that "The WikiLeaks documents revealed very important secrets, but the most painful among them are not those that focus on the occupier, but those that reveal what the Iraqi forces, Iraqi government and politicians did against their citizens. Those leaders who returned to remove Iraq from oppression toppled the dictator but then carried out acts that were worse than Saddam himself. If these documents make the US apologise to Iraqis, they should compel Mr Maliki to leave the political arena altogether and apologise to everyone."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Spokesman for Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ramin Mehmanparast was quoted as saying, "Serious ambiguity and doubt linger regarding the intentions behind the suspicious release of WikiLeaks documents," and that Iran will "confront this mischievous act".


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: During an interview with WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange on the radio version of "Democracy Now!", host Amy Goodman discussed the response from Danish Prime Minister Lars Rasmussen, who had promised that "all allegations according to which Danish soldiers may have knowingly handed over detainees in Iraq to mistreatment at the hands of local authorities are regarded as very serious." However, he also "rejected calls by the opposition to establish an independent commission to investigate the claims." In response to Rasmussen, an investigation by the Danish military was ordered by the minister of defence, Gitte Lillelund Bech. The military also requested the original unedited documents from Wikileaks for their investigation.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Amnesty International said that the actions taken by American and coalition troops in turning over prisoners from American to Iraqi custody when it was known that the prisoners were likely to be tortured may have broken international law. An Amnesty official said that the organization had "concern[s] that the U.S. authorities committed a serious breach of international law when they summarily handed over thousands of detainees to Iraqi security forces who they knew were continuing to torture and abuse detainees on a truly shocking scale."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: The Iraq Body Count project, commenting on the projected additional 15,000 civilian casualties revealed by the logs, said that "[i]t is totally unacceptable that for so many years the US government has withheld from the public these essential details about civilian casualties in Iraq."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Retired U.S. General Stanley McChrystal was quoted as saying, "I think it's sad. The decision to leak classified information is something that is illegal, and individuals are making judgments about threats and information they are not qualified to make. There is a level of responsibility toward our people that needs to be balanced with a right or need to know. It's likely that a leak of that information could cause the death of our own people or some of our allies."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: After the documents were released, US Iraq War resisters seeking refuge in Canada, including Joshua Key and the 17-year veteran Chuck Wiley, said that the October 2010 round of military documents released by WikiLeaks offers further support of their claims. Joshua Key, author, with Lawrence Hill, of "The Deserter's Tale" (a book chronicling his service in Iraq and his subsequent departure from military life), said, "It’s the truth actually being told. These [Wikileaks] documents coming out now are right from the level of the soldiers. I guess (the brass) never realized how much the Internet would take a part in the [Iraq] war."


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Wikileaks made the documents available under embargo to a number of media organisations: "Der Spiegel", "The Guardian", "The New York Times", "Al Jazeera", "Le Monde", the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, and the Iraq Body Count project. In October 2010, it was reported that WikiLeaks was planning to release up to 400,000 documents relating to the Iraq War. Julian Assange initially denied the reports, stating: "WikiLeaks does not speak about upcoming releases dates, indeed, with very rare exceptions we do not communicate any specific information about upcoming releases, since that simply provides fodder for abusive organizations to get their spin machines ready." "The Guardian" reported on 21 October 2010 that it had received almost 400,000 Iraq war documents from WikiLeaks. On 22 October 2010, Al Jazeera was the first to release analyses of the leak, dubbed "The War Logs". WikiLeaks posted a tweet that "Al Jazeera have broken our embargo by 30 minutes. We release everyone from their Iraq War Logs embargoes." This prompted other news organizations to release their articles based on the source material.


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: Upon the lifting of the embargo, the media coverage by these groups was followed by further coverage by other media organisations. "The Guardian" said that "the "New York Times", "Washington Post" and other papers were accused by web publications and some bloggers of downplaying the extent to which the documents revealed US complicity in torture and provided evidence that politicians in Washington "lied" about the failures of the US military mission". "The Guardian" had reported that "fresh evidence that US soldiers handed over detainees to a notorious Iraqi torture squad has emerged in army logs published by WikiLeaks", and Glenn Greenwald of Salon.com commented that "media outlets around the world prominently highlighted this revelation, but not "The New York Times"", calling their coverage of the document leak "subservient" to the Pentagon, and criticising them for what he called a "gossipy, People Magazine-style 'profile' of Assange".


title: Iraq War documents leak

text: While the U.S. tally of Iraqi and US-led Coalition deaths in the war logs is 109,000, a widely quoted 2006 study published in "The Lancet" used a cross-sectional cluster sample to estimate about 650,000 deaths were due to the Iraq war increasing mortality. Another study by the World Health Organization called the Iraq Family Health Survey estimated 151,000 deaths due to violence (95% uncertainty range, 104,000 to 223,000) from March 2003 through June 2006. The Iraq Body Count reviewed the war logs data in three reports in October 2010 and concluded that the total recorded death toll, civilian and combatant, would be more than 150,000.


title: Hell-Cat Maggie

text: Hell-Cat Maggie (fl. 1820–1845) was the pseudonym of an American criminal and early member of the Dead Rabbits. She was a well-known personality in Manhattan's Five Points district and a noted fighter, her teeth reportedly filed into points and her fingers adorned with long, claw-like brass fingernails. She fought alongside the Dead Rabbits and other Five Pointers against rival nativist gangs from the Bowery, most especially the Bowery Boys, during the early 1840s. Although there is little information about her life, she is one of the earliest female criminals of the "Gangs of New York" era and has been compared to other female criminals such as Gallus Mag and Battle Annie, the latter leading the female auxiliary of the Gopher Gang during the 1870s.


title: Hell-Cat Maggie

text: A composite character based on Hell-Cat Maggie, Sadie the Goat (whose historic existence has been in doubt) and Gallus Mag was played by Cara Seymour in the 2002 film adaptation of Herbert Asbury's "The Gangs of New York" directed by Martin Scorsese. She was also featured in the 2003 historical novel "A Passionate Girl" by Thomas J. Fleming.


title: Trigger Point

text: Trigger Point is a 2021 Canadian action-thriller film directed by Brad Turner. It stars Barry Pepper, Eve Harlow, Carlo Rota, Laura Vandervoort, Jayne Eastwood, Nazneen Contractor, Greg Bryk, Rainbow Sun Francks, and Colm Feore. The plot follows a retired special operative who returns to the organization to help his former boss find his missing daughter. "Trigger Point" was theatrically released by Screen Media Films on April 16, 2021. The film was met with negative reviews from critics.


title: Trigger Point

text: One year later, retired United States special operative Nicolas Shaw lives a quiet life in hiding. In flashbacks, Shaw partially remembers being tortured by an unknown perpetrator who forced him to give out the names of his colleagues, who were shot by the assailant, before being framed for the assassinations. After being confronted by a member of the agency he was once a part of, Shaw meets with Elias Kane, his former boss, who tells him that his daughter, Monica, has been kidnapped by a perpetrator named Quinton.


title: Trigger Point

text: While investigating, Shaw manages to rescue Monica after escaping a shootout with the guards. However, Shaw is soon held at gunpoint by Monica, who reveals she and her father were trying to capture Shaw to retrieve encrypted information. After taking away her firearm, Shaw takes Monica into a forest, where it is revealed that she has been shot. At a house, Shaw tells Monica that Quinton was the unknown perpetrator who made him give out the identities of his colleagues by drugging him; Monica tells Shaw that, in fact, he gave out the names before he was tortured and that the drug caused him to forget the events. Soon after, Monica escapes and reunites with her father, where the pair learn Shaw erased the encrypted information.


title: Trigger Point

text: Back in the town where he was living in hiding, Shaw begins to decode a copy of the information. Meanwhile, Kane begins to track Shaw by visiting the diner and bookstore Shaw frequently visited, where he meets Janice, the waitress Shaw flirted with, and shoots the bookstore owner who knows about Shaw's true identity. After decoding the information, Shaw learns it was Kane who tortured him, drugging him to forget his memories but failing to retrieve Quinton's information.


title: Trigger Point

text: Kane takes Janice hostage and Monica is told by Shaw about her father's true intentions. Finding Janice in Kane's car, Shaw begins to track down Kane. In a shootout, the pair are led to a pier, where Monica arrives, having learned that Kane was the one who caused the death of her lover Javier, and Shaw shoots and kills Kane before Monica does.


title: Trigger Point

text: Days later, at a school, Shaw meets with a teacher who was also one of his former colleagues. As she reveals that she knew about Kane's plan all along, the pair discuss the possibility of a larger conspiracy before Shaw pulls out a gun. Outside, the bookstore owner and Shaw speak on the phone before Shaw tells her that he will leave town for a "few business days".


title: Trigger Point

text: "Trigger Point" was originally going to begin production in early 2020, but filming was put on hold due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On October 13, 2020, it was announced that Barry Pepper and Colm Feore had joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began on October 26, 2020, in the midst of the pandemic, and concluded on December 6 after filming in Huron County, Hamilton, and Bayfield, Ontario. The film is the first major motion picture to be shot in Bayfield.


title: Trigger Point

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 33% of 15 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.6/10. Glenn Kenny, writing for "RogerEbert.com", gave the film half a star out of four. In his review, Kenny criticized the film's title, its overuse of exposition to explain plot points, and the "nurturing [of] some deeply-held racial and sexist resentments" from the screenwriter, referring to the film itself as a "cinematic bag of pain". In their mixed review for "MovieWeb", Julian Roman noted the "brisk pacing and sharp violence" in the film and its "somewhat cinematic flow", but also mentioned his disappointment in the low runtime. From Comic Book Resources, Cynthia Vinney had a similar assessment and gave negative remarks to its length and acting, but said the overall story had "enough action to be diverting".


title: Trigger Point

text: Director Brad Turner told the "Clinton News-Record" that "Trigger Point" could potentially serve as the first film in a trilogy: "It was written as a beginning of a series of movies and so far the concept is for two more, but it could easily go on for a few more depending on the success of it." On CTV News, executive producer Eric Birnberg said that the trilogy could be similar to the "John Wick" franchise with the use of "common elements".


title: Stade Rochelais

text: Stade Rochelais (), commonly called La Rochelle, is a French rugby union club who compete in the Top 14.


title: Stade Rochelais

text: They were founded in 1898 and play at Stade Marcel-Deflandre (capacity 16,000). They wear yellow and black. They are based in La Rochelle in the Charente-Maritime "département" of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.


title: Stade Rochelais

text: The stadium is named after Marcel Deflandre, who was the president of the club born of the fusion between the rugby league and rugby union clubs during World War II in La Rochelle, after the Vichy government banned the game of Rugby League and forced all of its assets to be handed to the French Rugby Union.


title: Stade Rochelais

text: Arnaud, then his son Jean-Pierre and his grandson Jean-Baptiste all played for La Rochelle as scrum-halves.


title: Stade Rochelais

text: Vincent Marling, president as of 2017, had guided the club for 25 years. He was the driving force behind the “Grow Together” campaign launched in 2015 that persuaded 500 local businesses to support/sponsor the club.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: Dyanne Thorne (October 14, 1936 – January 28, 2020) was an American actress, stage performer and vocalist. She was known for her stage work in Las Vegas and as the lead actress in the "Ilsa" film franchise which began with "Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS" (1975).


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: Dyanne Thorne began her career in show business as a band vocalist and New York stage actress. She also worked as a comedic sketch artist/talking foil. Comedy albums, with Allen & Rossi, Vaughn Meader and Lohman & Barkley, earned her appearances on many T.V. variety shows such as "The Tonight Show", "Red Skelton", "Steve Allen", "Merv Griffin", and with Tim Conway at Caesars Palace hotel in Las Vegas.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: Filmed in New York City, Thorne's first film role was in Norman Chaitin's short "Encounter" (1965), which was also an early screen credit for Robert De Niro. Moving to Hollywood to appear in "", and star as another villainess in Crown International's thriller "Point of Terror" (1971), led to further film roles.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: In 1975, Thorne married composer, conductor, musician and actor Howard Maurer. The couple subsequently starred in five films together, co-produced and starred in several Las Vegas Strip showroom productions and their careers took them around the world.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: As an actress, Thorne was known for her characterisation of the heinous international dominatrix and soldier of fortune "Ilsa". After her debut as Ilsa in "Ilsa, She Wolf of the SS" (1975), she reprised the role in the sequels "Ilsa, Harem Keeper of the Oil Sheiks" (1976), "Ilsa, the Tigress of Siberia" and an unofficial entry "Greta, the Mad Butcher" (both 1977), the last directed by Jess Franco.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: Thorne started but did not complete studies for a degree in anthropology. She claimed to have earned a degree in comparative religion over the course of ten years of study.


title: Dyanne Thorne

text: As church ordained, non-denominational ministers, Thorne and husband Howard founded "A Scenic Outdoor Wedding" as an alternative to commercial chapel weddings.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Yoshimoto was born in Tokyo on July 24, 1964, and grew up in a liberal family. Her father is the poet and critic Takaaki Yoshimoto, and her sister, Haruno Yoiko, is a well-known cartoonist in Japan.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Yoshimoto graduated from Nihon University's College of Art with a major in literature. While there, she adopted the pseudonym "Banana", after her love of banana flowers, a name she recognizes as both "cute" and "purposefully androgynous."


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Yoshimoto keeps her personal life guarded and reveals little about her certified rolfing practitioner husband, Hiroyoshi Tahata, or son (born in 2003). Each day she takes half an hour to write at her computer, and she says, "I tend to feel guilty because I write these stories almost for fun." Between 2008 and 2010, she maintained an online journal for English-speaking fans.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Her debut work, "Kitchen" (1988), had over 60 printings in Japan alone. There have been two film adaptations: a Japanese TV movie and a more widely released version titled "Wo ai chu fang", produced in Hong Kong by Ho Yim in 1997.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: In November 1987, Yoshimoto won the 6th Kaien Newcomer Writers Prize for "Kitchen"; in 1988, the novel was nominated for the Mishima Yukio Prize, and in 1989, it received the 39th Minister of Education's Art Encouragement Prize for New Artists. In 1988 (January), she also won the 16th Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature, for the novella "Moonlight Shadow", which is included in most editions of "Kitchen".


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Another one of her novels, "Goodbye Tsugumi" (1989), received mixed reviews but was made into a 1990 movie directed by Jun Ichikawa.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Her works include twelve novels and seven collections of essays (including "Pineapple Pudding" and "Song From Banana") which have together sold over six million copies worldwide. Her themes include love and friendship, the power of home and family, and the effect of loss on the human spirit.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: In 1998, she wrote the foreword to the Italian edition of the book "Ryuichi Sakamoto. Conversazioni" by musicologist Massimo Milano.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: In 2013, Yoshimoto wrote the serialized novel, "Shall We Love?" (僕たち、恋愛しようか?), for the women's magazine "Anan", with singer-actor Lee Seung-gi as the central character. The romance novel was the first of her works to feature a Korean singer as the central character.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Yoshimoto says that her two main themes are "the exhaustion of young Japanese in contemporary Japan" and "the way in which terrible experiences shape a person's life".


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Her works describe the problems faced by youth, urban existentialism, and teenagers trapped between imagination and reality. Her works are targeted not only to the young and rebellious, but also to grown-ups who are still young at heart. Yoshimoto's characters, settings, and titles have a modern and American approach, but the core is Japanese. She addresses readers in a personal and friendly way, with warmth and outright innocence, writing about the simple things such as the squeaking of wooden floors or the pleasant smell of food. Food and dreams are recurring themes in her work which are often associated with memories and emotions. Yoshimoto admits that most of her artistic inspiration derives from her own dreams and that she'd like to always be sleeping and living a life full of dreams.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: She named American author Stephen King as one of her first major influences and drew inspiration from his non-horror stories. As her writing progressed, she was further influenced by Truman Capote and Isaac Bashevis Singer. Also manga artist Yumiko Ōshima was an inspiration.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: In 1987, Yoshimoto won the Kaien Newcomer Writers Prize, for "Kitchen". In 1988, she was awarded the 16th Izumi Kyōka Prize for Literature, for "Moonlight Shadow". The following year, she earned two more accolades: the 39th Minister of Education's Art Encouragement Prize for New Artists (for the fiscal year of 1988), for "Kitchen" and "Utakata/Sanctuary", and the 2nd Yamamoto Shūgorō Prize, for "Goodbye Tsugumi". In 1995, she won the 5th Murasaki Shikibu Prize for "Amrita", her first full-length novel. And in 2000, she received the 10th Bunkamura Deux Magots Literary Prize, for "Furin to Nambei", a collection of stories set in South America.


title: Banana Yoshimoto

text: Outside Japan, she has been awarded prizes in Italy: the Scanno Literary Prize in 1993, the Fendissime Literary Prize in 1996, the Literary Prize Maschera d'Argento in 1999, and the Capri Award in 2011.


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer is a book written by Siddhartha Mukherjee, an Indian-born American physician and oncologist. Published on 16 November 2010 by Scribner, it won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction: the jury called it "an elegant inquiry, at once clinical and personal". "The Guardian" wrote that "Mukherjee manages to convey not only a forensically precise picture of what he sees, but a shiver too, of what he feels."


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: The book weaves together Mukherjee's experiences as a hematology/oncology fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital as well as the history of cancer treatment and research. Mukherjee gives the history of cancer from its first identification 4,600 years ago by the Egyptian physician Imhotep. The Greeks had no understanding of cells, but they were familiar with hydraulics. Hippocrates thus considered illness to be an imbalance of four cardinal fluids: blood, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm. Galen applied this idea to cancer, believing it to be an imbalance of black bile. In 440 BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus recorded the first breast tumor excision of Atossa, the queen of Persia and the daughter of Cyrus, by a Greek slave named Democedes. The procedure was believed to have been successful temporarily. Galen's theory was later challenged by the work of Andreas Vaselius and Matthew Baille, whose dissections of human bodies failed to reveal black bile.


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: In the 19th century, surgeons devised various approaches to remove tumors, like William Halsted and the radical mastectomy. Additionally, Emil Grubbe used X-rays to treat cancer, thus identifying another treatment modality. Rudolph Virchow first observed leukemia, and Franz Ernst Christian Neumann localized the pathology to the bone marrow.


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: In the 20th century, cancer became the second most common cause of death after heart disease in the United States. Sidney Farber induced temporary remission in pediatric leukemia using antifolates developed by Yellapragada Subbarow. Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman also used nitrogen mustard to treat lymphoma. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) introduced clinical trials to test the efficacy of chemotherapy. Recognizing the possibility for a cure, Farber sought funding for his efforts through The Jimmy Fund and Mary Lasker. Inspired by the Space Race, Farber and Lasker appealed to the nation and President Nixon to enact legislation for the War on Cancer, resulting in the passage of the National Cancer Act of 1971 and increased funding for the NCI.


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: According to Mukherjee, the book was a response to the demand of a patient: "I’m willing to go on fighting, but I need to know what it is that I’m battling." Mukherjee states that two of his influences for the book were Randy Shilts' "And the Band Played On" and Richard Rhodes' "The Making of the Atomic Bomb", but the defining moment for him was "when he conceived of his book as a biography".


title: The Emperor of All Maladies

text: It was described, by the magazine "TIME", as one of the 100 most influential books of the last 100 years, and by "The New York Times" magazine as among the 100 best works of non-fiction.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: "Chapter 15: The Believer" is the seventh episode of the second season of the American streaming television series "The Mandalorian". It was written and directed by Rick Famuyiwa. It was released on Disney+ on December 11, 2020.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Prisoner Migs Mayfeld is working on the Karthon Chop Fields, and is remanded into the custody of Marshal Cara Dune. The Mandalorian needs Mayfeld, a former Imperial soldier, in order to acquire the coordinates to Moff Gideon's ship. Mayfeld directs them to a hidden Imperial rhydonium refinery on Morak. As all the others are known to Imperial security, the Mandalorian must accompany Mayfeld into the refinery to access a terminal and steal the coordinates. Mayfeld and the Mandalorian hijack one of the transports and disguise themselves as soldiers. The highly explosive rhydonium shipments are attacked by pirates, and the Mandalorian is almost overwhelmed fighting them off. Two Imperial TIE fighters swoop in and kill the pirates as they reach the facility, the only transport to survive.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: The terminal Mayfeld needs is in the officer's mess hall, but Mayfeld sees his former commanding officer, Valin Hess, and fears being recognized. The Mandalorian goes instead but the terminal requires a facial scan, forcing him to remove his helmet and break the "Way of the Mandalorian" creed that he lives by in order to acquire the codes. He is confronted by Hess, but Mayfeld intervenes. After a tense drink where Hess callously dismisses the Imperial soldiers and civilians who died in Operation Cinder, an angered Mayfeld shoots Hess dead. Mayfeld and the Mandalorian fight their way to the roof, while Fennec Shand and Dune provide covering fire, and Boba Fett arrives aboard "Slave I". Mayfeld destroys the refinery with a well-placed sniper shot. The ship is pursued by two TIE fighters, but Fett obliterates them using a seismic charge. Dune lets Mayfeld go free as thanks for his aid, and the Mandalorian sends Moff Gideon a threatening message, vowing to rescue Grogu.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Phil Tippett and his team used stop motion animation for the "scrapwalkers" shown in the background of the Karthon Chop Fields scene. Director of photography Matthew Jensen explained the Chop Fields were a mix of the LED video wall of "the Volume" and built set, but that the eye cannot easily distinguish what is real and what is not. The prison droid was performed by an actor in motion capture suit which was replaced using CGI. The scrapwalker miniatures were filmed and then projected on the video wall. Visual effects supervisor Richard Bluff, and his team created miniatures of the wrecked TIE Fighters which were scanned and projected as part of the background.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: The co-starring actors cast for this episode are all returning from previous episodes, and include Bill Burr as Migs Mayfeld, Gina Carano as Cara Dune, Temuera Morrison as Boba Fett, Ming-Na Wen as Fennec Shand, and Giancarlo Esposito as Moff Gideon. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Donald Mills as the voice of a security droid, Gabriel Ebert returning as an Imperial Gunner Officer, Miguel A. Lopez as a juggernaut pilot, Barry Lowin as a shoretrooper, Katy O'Brian returning as an Imperial Comms Officer, and Richard Brake as Valin Hess. Lateef Crowder, Brendan Wayne, and Barry Lowin are credited as stunt doubles for the Mandalorian. Amy Sturdivant, Chad Bennett and Dane Farwell are credited as stunt doubles for Cara Dune, Migs Mayfeld and Valin Hess, respectively. This is the first episode of the series not to feature Grogu.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The featured tracks were released on December 18, 2020 in the second volume of the season two soundtrack.


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode has a score of 89% based on reviews from 44 critics, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""The Believer" curbs the season's momentum going into the finale to mixed results, providing some of the most illuminating and frustrating moments of the series so far."


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Keith Phipps of "Vulture" gave the episode 4 out of 5 and wrote: "That world becomes a richer, more compelling place to tell stories when Star Wars acknowledges that not everything can be categorized into Light and Dark."


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Katie Rife of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a B+ and wrote, "This was really Bill Burr's week to shine" and "As far as detours go, this was a thought-provoking one."


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Ben Travers of IndieWire gave the episode a grade B, and praised writer-director Rick Famuyiwa. Travers was impressed by the pirate fight, and loved the camerawork, but also the moral conversation, saying Famuyiwa "delivers an exciting adventure through the dark side and a convincing enough lesson in cultural relativism."


title: Chapter 15: The Believer

text: Reviewers compared the transporting of highly explosive cargo to the French film "The Wages of Fear" (1953), and William Friedkin's "Sorcerer" (1977).


title: Kylie Rae

text: Briana Rae Sparrey (born August 25, 1992), better known by the ring name Kylie Rae, is an American professional wrestler. She is also known for her time in All Elite Wrestling and Impact Wrestling.


title: Kylie Rae

text: Before becoming a full-time professional wrestler, Sparrey also worked as a stuntwoman, performing stunts for the film "Divergent" and the TV series "Shameless".


title: Kylie Rae

text: Rae made her professional wrestling debut at a March 19, 2016 Reality of Wrestling TV taping, defeating Ivory Robin to win the ROW Diamonds Championship. Rae received a tryout with WWE in February 2018.


title: Kylie Rae

text: On January 5, 2019, at Warrior Wrestling 3, Rae challenged Jordynne Grace for the Progress World Women's Championship but was defeated.


title: Kylie Rae

text: On September 21, 2019, Rae made her return to Freelance Wrestling, defeating Isaias Velazquez. On September 12, 2020, Rae defeated Tessa Blanchard to win the Warrior Wrestling Women's Championship.


title: Kylie Rae

text: Kylie Rae returned to pro wrestling on June 5, 2021, defeating Holidead at Warrior Wrestling's Stadium Series in Chicago, Illinois. She lost Warrior Wrestling Women's Championship to Thunder Rosa on August 21, 2021. Rae made her UK debut for Revolution Pro Wrestling on May 22, 2022, where she was defeated by Alex Windsor for the Undisputed British Women's Championship.


title: Kylie Rae

text: In early 2019, Rae became part of the women's roster at All Elite Wrestling (AEW). She debuted in the promotion's inaugural event, Double or Nothing, in a match with Britt Baker, Awesome Kong, and Nyla Rose in a losing effort. Rae was advertised to compete against Leva Bates at Fyter Fest, however she was replaced by Allie. During a media scrum after All Out, Tony Khan announced that Rae had requested her release which was subsequently granted, and that the split was "very amicable".


title: Kylie Rae

text: On October 20, 2019, Rae made a surprise appearance at Impact Wrestling's Bound For Glory pay-per-view. She entered #17 in the "Call Your Shot" Gauntlet Match and was eliminated by Mahabali Shera. On March 6, 2020, Rae defeated Cassandra Golden as part of Impact Wrestling's TV tapings in Atlanta. On the March 31 episode of "Impact!", it was announced that Rae had signed a long-term deal with Impact Wrestling. Rae defeated Kiera Hogan during Night 1 of Rebellion on April 21. On the May 26 episode of "Impact!", she aligned herself with Susie after they were bullied and beaten up by Hogan and Tasha Steelz, leading to a tag team match the next week, where they lost after Hogan pinned Susie with a swinging fisherman suplex.


title: Kylie Rae

text: On July 18 at Slammiversary, Rae won a Gauntlet for the Gold match to become #1 contender to the Impact Knockouts Championship. On the July 28 episode of "Impact!", she joined a bunch of wrestlers in the reality show "Wrestle House". During that time, Rae got into a feud with Rosemary and Taya Valkyrie, beating them in singles matches on the August 4 episode of "Impact!" and Night 1 of Emergence on August 18 respectively. On the September 1 episode of "Impact!", she and the rest of the "Wrestle House" cast returned to the Impact Zone during Knockouts Champion Deonna Purrazzo's Black Tie Affair, attacking Kimber Lee who was stopped by Susie. During the following weeks, Rae feuded with the Knockout Champion Deonna Purrazzo leading to their scheduled match at Bound for Glory. However, Rae didn't appear at the event and was replaced by Su Yung. Two weeks later, she announced her retirement from pro wrestling. However, Rae would return to wrestling a few months later with National Wrestling Alliance, being allowed by Impact.


title: Kylie Rae

text: On June 6, 2021, Rae and Taryn Terrell defeated Thunder Rosa and Melina Perez at NWA When Our Shadows Fall. It was announced that Kylie Rae had signed a contract with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). Rae made her NWA singles debut on the June 29 episode of "NWA Powerrr", defeating Melina Perez. Rae lost to Mickie James at NWA 73 by pinfall.


title: Kylie Rae

text: In December, Sparrey attended a WWE tryout. She also worked as Briana Ray on the December 15 episode of WWE Main Event, losing to Dana Brooke.


title: India women's national field hockey team

text: The Indian women's national field hockey team (nicknamed the "Nabhvarna") represents India in international field hockey, and is governed by Hockey India. Nabhvarna are currently ranked 6th in the FIH World Rankings, and are ranked as the best team in Asia. They have won the gold medals at the 2002 Commonwealth Games and 1982 Asian Games. They have also won the Women's Asia Cup twice, i.e. in 2004 and 2017. They also won the Asian Champions Trophy in 2016.


text: The team's breakthrough performance came at the Women's Hockey World Cup at Mandelieu in 1974, where it finished in 4th place. Their best performance in the Olympic Games was at 1980 Moscow Summer Olympics (where they came in 4th), when a women's event was held for the first time in Olympic history. The team also won the Gold medal at the inaugural 1982 Asian Games held in New Delhi, defeating Korea in the finals. Captain Suraj Lata Devi led the team to the Gold for three consecutive years at different events- during the 2002 Commonwealth Games, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, and the 2004 Women's Hockey Asia Cup. Team members were referred to as the "assi (Jasjeet) jaisi koi nahi" or the "Golden Girls of Hockey," after the 2004 win. The team earned a 3rd-place finish at the 2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup at Kuala Lumpur defeating China in a shootout. At the 2014 Commonwealth Games, it finished in 5th place but at 2014 Asian Games, Incheon stunned Japan 2–1 in a tight match to clinch their third bronze medal at the Asian Games. During the summer of 2015, the team hosted the Round 2 of the 2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League and finished on top to qualify for the next stage. At the World League Semi-finals held in Antwerp the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match. The Indian woman's national field hockey team qualified for the 2016 Summer Olympics for the first time since the 1980 Summer Olympics. They were eliminated in the group stage, however, where they placed 6th.


text: The 2002 Commonwealth Games Squad, led by Captain Suraj Lata Devi, competed in the 2002 Commonwealth Games. The team entered the finals after defeating the New Zealand women's national field hockey team. and placed first, winning the Gold after they beat the English women's hockey team.