text: After the Washington Redskins announced that they would be changing their name in July 2020, the Blackhawks confirmed that they would continue to use their team name. However, the team did agree to ban Native American headdresses at home games held in the United Center in recognition of being sacred symbols. Before the ban was enacted, there had in fact been incidents where some Blackhawk fans wore headdresses. After the Cleveland Indians announced in December 2020 that the team would change their name after the 2021 season, new CEO Danny Wirtz reiterated that the Blackhawks would not change.


title: Chicago Blackhawks name and logo controversy

text: The Chi-Nations Youth Council (CNYC), an Indigenous youth organization in Chicago, said in 2020, "The Chicago Blackhawks name and logo symbolizes a legacy of imperialism and genocide." "As statues of invaders, slave holders, and white supremacists fall across the nation so too should the images and language of the savage and dead 'Indians'." CNYC also noted "As social consciousness has grown over the past decades so has the Blackhawks performative gestures of buying their reprieve from those willing to sell out the health and humanity of our future generations."


text: Despite this opposition, as of 2022, the Blackhawks have stated their intent to keep the name and imagery, along with their belief that they "honor and celebrate legacy of Black Hawk" and that the name and logo "symbolizes this important and historic person." Their website states that they are working on "educating our staff, fans and local community on the history of Black Hawk and original peoples of Illinois, as well as on Native American contributions to today's society." The website also lists several Native American groups and individuals they donate money to, or hire to do artwork, and posts stories about various Native Americans who are considered members of the "Blackhawks community."


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: D'Alembert's principle, also known as the Lagrange–d'Alembert principle, is a statement of the fundamental classical laws of motion. It is named after its discoverer, the French physicist and mathematician Jean le Rond d'Alembert. D'Alembert's principle generalizes the principle of virtual work from static to dynamical systems by introducing "forces of inertia" which, when added to the applied forces in a system, result in "dynamic equilibrium".


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: The principle does not apply for irreversible displacements, such as sliding friction, and more general specification of the irreversibility is required. D'Alembert's principle is more general than Hamilton's principle as it is not restricted to holonomic constraints that depend only on coordinates and time but not on velocities.


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: The principle states that the sum of the differences between the forces acting on a system of massive particles and the time derivatives of the momenta of the system itself projected onto any virtual displacement consistent with the constraints of the system is zero. Thus, in mathematical notation, d'Alembert's principle is written as follows,


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: Newton's dot notation is used to represent the derivative with respect to time. The above equation is often called d'Alembert's principle, but it was first written in this variational form by Joseph Louis Lagrange. D'Alembert's contribution was to demonstrate that in the totality of a dynamic system the forces of constraint vanish. That is to say that the generalized forces formula_11 need not include constraint forces. It is equivalent to the somewhat more cumbersome Gauss's principle of least constraint.


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: The general statement of D'Alembert's principle mentions "the time derivatives of the momenta of the system." By Newton's second law, the first time derivative of momentum is the force. The momentum of the formula_2-th mass is the product of its mass and velocity:


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: However, some applications involve changing masses (for example, chains being rolled up or being unrolled) and in those cases both terms formula_16 and formula_17 have to remain present, giving


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: Consider Newton's law for a system of particles of constant mass, formula_2. The total force on each particle is


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: Moving the inertial forces to the left gives an expression that can be considered to represent quasi-static equilibrium, but which is really just a small algebraic manipulation of Newton's law:


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: Considering the virtual work, formula_24, done by the total and inertial forces together through an arbitrary virtual displacement, formula_9, of the system leads to a zero identity, since the forces involved sum to zero for each particle.


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: The original vector equation could be recovered by recognizing that the work expression must hold for arbitrary displacements. Separating the total forces into applied forces, formula_27, and constraint forces, formula_28, yields


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: If arbitrary virtual displacements are assumed to be in directions that are orthogonal to the constraint forces (which is not usually the case, so this derivation works only for special cases), the constraint forces don't do any work, formula_30. Such displacements are said to be "consistent" with the constraints. This leads to the formulation of "d'Alembert's principle", which states that the difference of applied forces and inertial forces for a dynamic system does no virtual work:


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: There is also a corresponding principle for static systems called the principle of virtual work for applied forces.


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: D'Alembert showed that one can transform an accelerating rigid body into an equivalent static system by adding the so-called "inertial force" and "inertial torque" or moment. The inertial force must act through the center of mass and the inertial torque can act anywhere. The system can then be analyzed exactly as a static system subjected to this "inertial force and moment" and the external forces. The advantage is that in the equivalent static system one can take moments about any point (not just the center of mass). This often leads to simpler calculations because any force (in turn) can be eliminated from the moment equations by choosing the appropriate point about which to apply the moment equation (sum of moments = zero). Even in the course of Fundamentals of Dynamics and Kinematics of machines, this principle helps in analyzing the forces that act on a link of a mechanism when it is in motion. In textbooks of engineering dynamics, this is sometimes referred to as "d'Alembert's principle".


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: D'Alembert's form of the principle of virtual work states that a system of rigid bodies is in dynamic equilibrium when the virtual work of the sum of the applied forces and the inertial forces is zero for any virtual displacement of the system. Thus, dynamic equilibrium of a system of formula_32 rigid bodies with formula_33 generalized coordinates requires


title: D'Alembert's principle

text: for any set of virtual displacements formula_35 with formula_36 being a generalized applied force and formula_37 being a generalized inertia force. This condition yields formula_33 equations,


title: On Parole

text: On Parole is a studio recording released by British rock band Motörhead. It was intended as their first album and left unreleased at the time of its completion in 1976, and it was not released until over three years later, on 8 December 1979, after the commercial success of "Overkill" and "Bomber" that same year. It was released without the band's permission, and they consequently distanced themselves from it. As a result, it was not considered an official release by the band at the time and they did not want it released, as they had moved on, since then, first to Chiswick Records and then to Bronze Records.


title: On Parole

text: With the addition of lead guitarist "Fast" Eddie Clarke, "On Parole" was re-recorded almost in its entirety in 1977 during the sessions for the album "Motörhead", largely due to having very limited studio time available.


title: On Parole

text: "On Parole" is the only album to feature the band's original line-up of Lemmy on vocals and bass, Larry Wallis on guitar and vocals, and Lucas Fox on drums. Motörhead signed a deal with United Artists when manager Douglas Smith secured a deal with the label's A&R man Andrew Lauder, both men having worked together for Lemmy's previous group Hawkwind. During the sessions, original producer Dave Edmunds relinquished his duties, being replaced by Fritz Fryer. Fox left the band as recording was nearing its conclusion and was replaced by Phil "Philthy Animal" Taylor, a casual acquaintance Lemmy had met through the local "speed" scene. Taylor had been persuaded to drive him to Rockfield Studios and "bring his drum kit", as he had boasted to Lemmy that he was a drummer. Taylor was given the job and set about overdubbing all of Fox's previously recorded drum tracks with the exception of "Lost Johnny", as he was being held in jail following an arrest for alleged drunk-and-disorderly conduct when that session was due to take place.


title: On Parole

text: Taylor had taken a job painting a houseboat and his foreman happened to be "Fast" Eddie Clarke. When Taylor mentioned that he had just joined Motörhead, Clarke was intrigued, having read about the band. Clarke told Taylor that he was a guitarist but didn't mention that he had recorded two albums with Curtis Knight. When Motörhead guitarist Wallis floated the idea of adding a second guitarist to the band, Taylor recommended Clarke, and the band briefly became a four-piece for the first time. Wallis' interest in the band was rapidly fading and he soon left, and Motörhead were a trio once more.


title: On Parole

text: Four of the songs appearing on "On Parole" were recorded during a single session at Rockfield Studios in Monmouth, Wales in September 1975, while the rest were recorded in December 1975, with various overdubs laid down in January and February 1976. Initially, the band recorded several demos with producer Dave Edmunds at Rockfield, but Edmunds' commitment to the project was questionable. Lemmy later told Geoff Barton of "Sounds":


title: On Parole

text: The fatigue of recording with an uncommitted producer also had a deleterious effect on Larry Wallis (who left the band soon afterwards):


title: On Parole

text: Of the tracks, three ("Motörhead", "The Watcher" and "Lost Johnny") were re-recordings of songs Lemmy had written and recorded with Hawkwind, "City Kids" was a re-recording of a Wallis-penned track previously recorded by The Pink Fairies, and "Leaving Here" was a cover version of a Holland-Dozier-Holland Motown song Lemmy had learned whilst a roadie for The Birds. Perhaps concluding that the Motörhead version would never see the light of day, Wallis re-recorded and released the track "On Parole" as a B-side to his Stiff Records "Police Car" single in 1977 with two members of Eddie and the Hot Rods (bassist Paul Gray and drummer Steve Nicol).


title: On Parole

text: In his autobiography "White Line Fever", Lemmy mentions being blown away by Taylor's ability to overdub drums during the "On Parole" sessions, noting that it was "quite a feat, because the drums are what you usually base a song on – it's kind of like going ass-backwards". Conversely, Lemmy also recalled the moment he realized Taylor was not a singer, noting that "he sounded like two cats being stapled together" while trying to sing "City Kids".


title: On Parole

text: The lyrics to "Vibrator" and "Fools" were written by Derek "Dez" Brown, a road-crew member from Wallis' pre-Motörhead band The Pink Fairies. Brown would manage the Live Stiffs tour in 1977, which included Nick Lowe's band on the bill featuring both Wallis and Edmunds.


title: On Parole

text: Upon hearing the finished recordings, United Artists were not convinced of the album's commercial potential and shelved its release. Lemmy recalled his frustrations dealing with the label:


title: On Parole

text: After the band's profile had risen with the commercial success of the albums "Overkill" and "Bomber" in 1979, United Artists re-appraised the album and gave it a belated release at the end of that year. In his book "Overkill: The Untold Story of Motorhead", biographer Joel McIver quotes Lemmy:


title: On Parole

text: However, already in 1981 Lemmy acknowledged the album's legitimate place in the Motörhead canon, in the liner notes to the Liberty Records release:


title: On Parole

text: Dave Thompson of AllMusic calls the arrangements on the LP "devastating, steeped in blues, drenched in booze, the highest octane pub rock of all. No matter how well you think you know Motörhead, still it's nothing like you're expecting. A true sonic symphony, this is Wagner with whiplash."


title: Mint Condition

text: Mint Condition is an American R&B band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. The band is focused on diverse genres such as jazz, hip hop, funk and dance. Mint Condition has also been nominated for one Grammy and 3 Soul Train Awards. The group is credited with being one of the last major funk bands to chart before hip hop and new jack swing dominated black music in the 1990s.


title: Mint Condition

text: Mint Condition was formed in the early 1980s. The band was originally made up of lead singer and (in-studio) drummer Stokley Williams, lead guitarist Homer O'Dell, and keyboardist Larry Waddell, Keyboardist/saxophonist Jeff Allen, keyboardist/percussionist/rhythm guitarist Keri Lewis, and bass guitarist Rick Kinchen.


title: Mint Condition

text: They were discovered by music producers Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis in 1989, during a performance at the downtown Minneapolis nightclub First Avenue. Jam and Lewis signed Mint Condition to Perspective Records soon afterward.


title: Mint Condition

text: Their debut album, "Meant to Be Mint", was released on June 11, 1991 by Perspective. Afterward, they attempted to attract new jack swing listeners with their dance cut "Are You Free", which didn't see broad success with the song hitting #55 on the R&B charts. However, they did enjoy major success with the ballad "Breakin' My Heart (Pretty Brown Eyes)," which stayed on the charts for 34 weeks, reaching the R&B top 5 (#3), and the Pop Top 10 (#6) and was certified gold by the RIAA. Their third single, "Forever In Your Eyes", was also a successful Top 10 R&B hit (#7 R&B).


title: Mint Condition

text: Two years later, they released their second album, "From The Mint Factory" (1993). They enjoyed success with the single "U Send Me Swingin'" which peaked at #2 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart for four weeks straight in the spring of 1994. The song was also a hit on the Rhythmic Top 40 charts where it reached #14. The band's next two singles, "Someone to Love" and "So Fine", were Billboard Top 30 R&B hits, reaching the #28, and #29 spots respectively.


title: Mint Condition

text: In September 1996, the band released "Definition of a Band", which peaked in the R&B Top 15. The first successful single on this album was the Billboard R&B smash hit "What Kind of Man Would I Be?," about remaining faithful during a relationship (#2 R&B, #17 Pop). The single crept up to the number 2 spot on the Billboard R&B charts in a matter of weeks and was certified gold by the RIAA that December. "What Kind of Man Would I Be?" was so popular that it stayed on the Billboard R&B Charts for a total of 41 weeks before it finally fell off. "You Don't Have to Hurt No More", the second single released from "Definition of a Band", was also a Top 10 R&B hit. (#10 R&B, #32 pop). The album received positive reviews and, together with the success of "What Kind of Man Would I Be?" and "You Don't Have to Hurt No More," helped "Definition of a Band" reach Gold status as well.


title: Mint Condition

text: Two years later, the group released "The Collection: 1991-1998", a compilation of greatest hits. After Perspective Records/A&M folded, the group signed with Elektra Records in 1999 and released their fourth full-length album, "Life's Aquarium", which also debuted in the Top 10 (#7 R&B). Its main single, "If You Love Me", hit the R&B Top 5 and stayed on the R&B charts for 31 weeks. The second single, "Is This Pain Our Pleasure", peaked at #42, while also peaking at #34 on the R&B Airplay Charts.


title: Mint Condition

text: After a six-year hiatus, the group resurfaced as a quintet because Lewis left the group to produce for other artists, such as his ex-wife/singer Toni Braxton, and then joined the entertainment division at Santa Fe Station Casino. In 2005, they released "Livin' The Luxury Brown" on their independent label Caged Bird Records. The album hit #1 on the Independent Album Charts and in 2006, the group released "Live From The 9:30 Club", a performance of a concert at the 9:30 club in Washington DC.


title: Mint Condition

text: In 2008, they released "E-Life", which debuted at #8 on the Billboard R&B album chart, and spawned two singles, "Baby Boy, Baby Girl" and "Nothing Left To Say". The latter, became the band's first Top 30 R&B single in almost a decade (#27 R&B) as well as a Top 5 Billboard Urban Adult Contemporary hit, which peaked at #3.


title: Mint Condition

text: In December 2010, Mint Condition joined Prince and an ensemble cast of R&B and jazz musicians for his Welcome 2 America tour. On April 5, 2011, with the group's 20th anniversary approaching, Mint Condition celebrated with the release of their seventh studio album, titled "7...". It was produced by Shanachie Records and contained several hits, including "Caught My Eye" as well as their collaboration with Kelly Price, "Not My Daddy".


title: Mint Condition

text: During the month of February, Mint Condition appeared as the house band for TV One's program "Way Black When", which celebrated the greatest African American music artists throughout the '70s, 80's, and '90s.


title: Mint Condition

text: In September 2012, the group released "Music At The Speed Of Life". That December, Mint Condition was entered into the Soul Music Hall of Fame.


title: Mint Condition

text: In 2013, they were featured on TV One's "Unsung". On October 16, 2015, they released the Christmas CD "Healing Season".


title: Chung Yong-jin

text: Chung Yong-jin (; born 19 September 1968) is a South Korean billionaire businessman, the vice chairman and former CEO of Shinsegae Group.


title: Chung Yong-jin

text: He is the only son of Lee Myung-hee, chairwoman of Shinsegae Group and grandson of Samsung founder Lee Byung-chul. He is the cousin of Samsung Group chairman Lee Jae-yong and CJ Group chairman Lee Jay-hyun.


title: Chung Yong-jin

text: They divorced on 2003. He gains custody of all children and share for Go Hyun-jung 1.5 billion Korea Won (in reference to his total assets assume at 30,000 billion Korea Won).


title: Chung Yong-jin

text: He's known in the South Korean business world to freely communicate with the public via social media.


title: Chung Yong-jin

text: Chung graduated from Kyungbock High School. He has a Bachelor of Arts in Economics from Brown University.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: A vestibule (also anteroom, antechamber, or foyer) is a small room leading into a larger space such as a lobby, entrance hall or passage, for the purpose of waiting, withholding the larger space view, reducing heat loss, providing storage space for outdoor clothing, etc. The term applies to structures in both modern and classical architecture since ancient times. In modern architecture, a vestibule is typically a small room next to the outer door and connecting it with the interior of the building. In ancient Roman architecture, a vestibule () was a partially enclosed area between the interior of the house and the street.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: Vestibules were common in ancient Greek temples. Due to the construction techniques available at the time, it was not possible to build large spans. Consequently, many entranceways had two rows of columns that supported the roof and created a distinct space around the entrance.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In ancient Greek houses, the prothyrum was the space just outside the door of a house, which often had an altar to Apollo or a statue, or a laurel tree.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In elaborate houses or palaces, the vestibule could be divided into three parts, the prothyron (πρόθυρον), the thyroreion (θυρωρεῖον, lit. 'porter's lodge'), and the proaulion (προαύλιον).


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: The vestibule in ancient Greek homes served as a barrier to the outside world, and also added security to discourage unwanted entrance into the home and unwanted glances into the home. The vestibule's alignment at right angles of private interior spaces, and the use of doors and curtains also added security and privacy from the outside. The Classical Period marked a change in the need for privacy in Greek society, which ultimately led to the design and use of vestibules in Greek homes.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In ancient Roman architecture, where the term originates, a vestibule () was a space that was sometimes present between the interior "fauces" of a building leading to the atrium and the street. Vestibules were common in ancient architecture. A Roman house was typically divided into two different sections: the first front section, or the public part, was introduced with a vestibule. These vestibules contained two rooms, which usually served as waiting rooms or a porters’ lodge where visitors could get directions or information. Upon entering a Roman house or domus, one would have to pass through the vestibule before entering the "fauces", which led to the atrium.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In Roman Catholic and some Anglican churches the vestibule has a practical purpose. It is usually a spacious area which holds church information such as literature, pamphlets, and bulletin announcements. It also houses the holy water for worshippers. In Orthodox and Byzantine church architecture, the temple antechamber is more commonly referred to as an exonarthex.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In early Christian architecture, the vestibule replaced the more extravagant atrium or quadriporticus in favor for a more simple area to house the vase of holy water.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: Vestibules are common in palace architecture. The style of vestibule used in Genoa, Italy was transformed from a previously modest design to a more ornamental structure, which satisfied Genoese aristocracy, while becoming an influential transformation for Italian palaces. The Genoese vestibule became a prominent feature of their palace architecture. These vestibules would sometimes include a fountain or large statue. The Genoese vestibule was large and exaggerated, and seemed "rather designed to accommodate a race of giants."


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: In contemporary usage, a vestibule constitutes an area surrounding the exterior door. It acts as an antechamber between the exterior and the interior structure. Often it connects the doorway to a lobby or hallway. It is the space one occupies once passing the door, but not yet in the main interior of the building


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: Although vestibules are common in private residences, as a modified mud room, they are especially prevalent in more opulent buildings, such as government ones, designed to elicit a sense of grandeur by contrasting the vestibule's small space with the following greater one, and by adding the aspect of anticipation. The residence of the White House in the United States is such an example, but somewhat confusing. At the north portico, it contains a tiny vestibule now between the doors flushed with the outer and inner faces of the exterior wall of, and in the past inside, the "Entrance Hall" (called incorrectly "Vestibule") separated from the not much bigger "Cross Hall" by just 2 double columns. The difference in sizes between a vestibule and the following space is better illustrated by the—so called—"entrance" (15) to the main gallery in the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum by Frank Lloyd Wright. Many government buildings mimic the classical architecture from which the vestibule originates.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: A purely utilitarian use of vestibules in modern buildings is to create an "air lock" entry. Such vestibules consist of merely a set of inner doors and a set of outer doors, the intent being to reduce air infiltration to the building by having only one set of doors open at any given time.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: An ATM vestibule is an enclosed area with automated teller machines that is accessible from the outside of a building, but typically features no further entrance beyond the vestibule. There may be a secure entrance to the vestibule which requires a card to open.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: ATM vestibules may also contain CCTV, panic alarms and other security devices to help prevent criminal activity.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: The vestibule on a railroad passenger car is an enclosed area at the end of the car body, usually separated from the main part of the interior by a door, which is power-operated on most modern equipment. Entrance to and exit from the car is through the side doors, which lead into the vestibule. When passenger cars are coupled, their vestibules are joined by mating faceplate and diaphragm assemblies to create a weather-tight seal for the safety and comfort of passengers who are stepping from car to car. In British usage the term refers to the part of the carriage where the passenger doors are located; this can be at the ends of the carriage (on long-distance stock) or at the and of length positions (typical on modern suburban stock).


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: The U.S. Department of Energy Building Energy Codes Program released a publication on June 19, 2018, which detailed the requirements of a vestibule to be used in commercial buildings. The publication states it requires vestibules to reduce the amount of air that infiltrates a space in order to aid in energy conservation, as well as increasing the comfortability near entrance doors. By creating an air lock entry, vestibules reduce infiltration losses or gains caused by wind.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: Designers of commercial buildings must install a vestibule between the main entry doors leading to spaces that are greater than or equal to . One other requirement of the design is that it is not necessary for both sets of door to be open in order to pass through the vestibule, and they should have devices that allow for self-closing.


title: Vestibule (architecture)

text: An example of such is in New York City where in the winter, temporary sidewalk vestibules are commonly placed in front of entrances to restaurants to reduce cold drafts from reaching customers inside.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt (), is Egypt's primary telephone company. It started in 1854 with the first telegraph line in Egypt. In 1998, it replaced the former Arab Republic of Egypt National Telecommunication Organization (ARENTO).


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt acquired TE Data (formerly GegaNet) in late 2001 to act as its data communications and ISP arm. The company has another IT arm, Xceedcc - Xceed contact center - located in Egypt's Smart Village.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt also owns 44.95% of Vodafone Egypt. Telecom Egypt has adopted the contemporary quality integration trends and established the quality sector in 2001, which is now preparing the whole company to take the ISO 9001-2000 certificate.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: On August 31, 2016, Telecom Egypt (TE) became a fully-fledged mobile operator after agreeing to pay (€713.14 million) for a 4G licence.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: In February 2019, Telecom Egypt signed Memorandum of Understanding with its strategic partner Nokia for the development of 5G use cases in Egypt.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: The government initiative that later became Telecom Egypt started as a telegraph line between the Governorate of Cairo and the Governorate of Alexandria in 1854 built by the British Eastern Telegraph Company. Egypt's first telephone line was installed between Cairo and Alexandria in 1881. In 1881, the Egyptian government purchased the Eastern Telephone Company and created the Telephone and Telegraph Authority. Under Law No. 107 of 1957, all assets of the Eastern Company and other telecommunications providers were transferred to the Ministry of Telecommunications. In the same year, Presidential Decree No. 709 placed all wire and wireless communications under the jurisdiction of the Wire and Wireless Communications Authority which reported to the Ministry of Transport. The Arab Republic of Egypt National Telecommunications Organization (ARENTO) was established in 1980 as an autonomous public utility reporting to the Ministry of Transport. Via Law No. 19 of 1998, ARENTO was renamed Telecom Egypt and turned into a joint stock company over which the government maintained full ownership.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt replaced ARENTO in 1998 and the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology was founded in order to develop Egypt's information and communications technology infrastructure. In 2001, Telecom Egypt established TE Data, a data and communications subsidiary. In the same year, Telecom Egypt was awarded a license to begin mobile operations in Egypt but declined. Instead, TE purchased an 8.6% share in Vodafone Egypt in 2003. Telecom Egypt gradually increased their holdings in Vodafone Egypt until the end of 2008, when their share was 44.95%. Today, Vodafone Egypt represents a significant source of revenue for Telecom Egypt.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: In November 2005, the Egyptian government launched an IPO of 20% of Telecom Egypt's existing share capital. In 2006, the National Telecom Regulatory Authority (NTRA) deregulated Telecom Egypt's monopoly over domestic and international telephone service, and announced the potential for another fixed-line operator. This initiative was put on hold due to economic pressure, and Telecom Egypt is still Egypt's only fixed line operator.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Due to the government's 80% share in the company, Telecom Egypt is beholden to the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) for all major decisions concerning finances, tariffs and employment. The MCIT is seen by some to exert control over the National Telecom Regulatory Authority, leading to potential conflicts of interest.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: In an interview published in May–June 2014, Telecom Egypt's CEO said that the company was awarded a unified telecoms licence in April 2014, but he said that this would lead to a change in the relationship with Vodafone Egypt, in which Telecom Egypt has a stake of just under 45%. Telecom Egypt will be able to offer mobile services under the terms of the new licence, he said, and will be using new 4G spectrum from 2015, and that would lead to a break-up of the relationship with Vodafone, by Telecom Egypt either buying the rest of the Vodafone Egypt stake or selling its stake to the Vodafone group.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt is Egypt's only fixed-line operator, and one of the largest in the MENA region with over 9 million subscribers as of 2009. The company offers services in two categories, retail and wholesale. On the retail side, Telecom Egypt offers access and voice services for home and enterprises and data services through TE Data. TE Data had a 61% market share in Egypt in 2009 and also operates in Jordan. TE Data offers additional services through a collaboration with the Microsoft Live platform. Telecom Egypt is Egypt's only supplier of wholesale services. The company leases broadband capacity as well as national and international interconnection services in both data and voice. Telecom Egypt also provides infrastructure and transport services, voice and data services, and hosting. Whole services accounted for 42% of revenues in 2009. Telecom Egypt also offers mobile services through its stake in Vodafone Egypt. Overall, Telecom Egypt has a public monopoly over fixed landlines, provides 70% of internet service in Egypt, is the only provider of international phone service, and provides connectivity to all mobile operators. Though Telecom Egypt has recently applied to be a virtual network operator of mobile services in Egypt, perceived market domination might prevent a direct entry into the mobile phone market.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt offers fixed-line voice services and mobile through their partnership with Vodafone Egypt. They offer broadband internet and IPTV services as well as "enterprise-managed internet access, managed network services, and outsourcing of information and communication technologies services".


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Telecom Egypt offers wholesale services to domestic and international customers. Internationally, Telecom Egypt is becoming a telecommunications and data hub between Asia, Africa, and Western Europe. The TE North cable, built in collaboration with Alcatel-Lucent, is a 40G undersea cable that connects Abu Talat, Egypt, to Marseille, France, with branches to Jordan, Cyprus and branching units to be used for further expansion. It began operation in mid-2011.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Just after midnight on January 28, Egypt's international data connections were shut down in 25 minutes. Telecom Egypt, as one of the five major network providers in Egypt, and the owner of "virtually all the country's fiber-optic cables" was instrumental in the government's shutdown. The government also used its hold over Telecom Egypt's infrastructure to leverage providers like Vodafone Egypt into shutting down their services. If these companies did not shut down independently, the reversal of the government's method of blocking their services would've taken more time to reverse.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: In April 2011, a lawsuit was brought to the High Administrative Court seeking damages from three telecommunications companies (including Telecom Egypt) as well as current and former officials. The verdict eventually reached, which held accountable officials but not companies, stated that the internet shutdown had been practiced as early as April 2008, during the Mahalla Al Kobra protests in conjunction with telecom companies and ISPs in Egypt, and again in October 2010.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: In addition to the shutdown, mobile operators' networks, including Vodafone Egypt's, were hijacked by the Egyptian government in order to send text messages directly to customers.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: On October 12, 2011, five Telecom Egypt employees were detained by police and charged with attempted murder of the company's CEO Mohamed Abdel Rahim. According to protestors, the CEO visited the offices and employees gathered at his office to present demands associated with working conditions at Telecom Egypt. After he refused to hear their demands, they staged a sit-in in front of his office, which eventually ended when military police cut into his office from an adjacent room.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: Protestors organized a protest and strike calling for the release of their co-workers. Telephone directory services and the Telecom Egypt service hotline were shut down in protest as well. The protestors claimed that Abdel Rahim and the board of directors were responsible for corruption and called for their resignation as well as the revision of high officials' salaries.


title: Telecom Egypt

text: On October 23, 2011, the head of the independent workers union of Telecom Egypt, Mohamed Abu Karish, said that the prisoners would be released and disputed claims that workers threatened to shut down internet and communication services as an attempt to undermine the protest. Abdel Rahim withdrew his murder accusation and the detainees were set free on October 25.


title: Andrea Londo

text: Andrea Londo (born November 7, 1992) is a Mexican-American actress. She is known for portraying Maria Salazar in "Narcos" Season 3.


title: Andrea Londo

text: Londo was born in San Diego and was going to school there, but her home was in Tijuana - she commuted across border.


title: Andrea Londo

text: Londo has no formal training as an actress. She began her career doing short films. In 2015 she made her professional acting debut in "", her first TV credit. It was in 2016 that she appeared in her first TV guest star appearance on "Faking it", and her first co-star on "", and then her first recurring role on "Narcos" as Maria Salazar.


title: Andrea Londo

text: In 2017, it was announced that Londo would be playing Carnalita in Kurt Sutter's "Sons of Anarchy" spinoff "Mayans M.C.". The role was later recast and went to Carla Baratta. Londo was still filming Narcos and her schedules ended up conflicting. Of the experience she said: "I had to get recast 3 days before I was scheduled to shoot the pilot. It's been one of the hardest lessons of my acting career thus far, but only motivated me that much more."


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang Kyo-ahn (; born 15 April 1957) is a South Korean politician and prosecutor who served as acting president of South Korea from 9 December 2016 to 10 May 2017 and the 40th prime minister of South Korea from 18 June 2015 to 11 May 2017.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang served as Minister of Justice from 2013 to 2015 under President Park Geun-hye. He played a leading role in the investigation into the 2013 South Korean sabotage plot, which led to the conviction of Lee Seok-ki and the dissolution of the Unified Progressive Party. In May 2015, he was nominated by President Park Geun-hye for the position of Prime Minister of South Korea and assumed office on June 18, 2015.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: On December 9, 2016, President Park Geun-hye was impeached by the National Assembly. Hwang assumed the role of Acting President of Korea in accordance with the presidential order of succession until the election of Moon Jae-in on 9 May 2017.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: In January 2019, he joined the Liberty Korea Party, and was elected as its party leader on 27 February 2019. When the Liberty Korea Party merged with several other parties to form the United Future Party on 17 February 2020, Hwang continued his role of party leader of the United Future Party. After leading the United Future Party to a landslide defeat in the 2020 South Korean legislative election and losing his own election for the constituency in Jongno District, Seoul, Hwang resigned as party leader.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: On 10 March 2021, Hwang announced his candidacy for nominee of the People Power Party in the 2022 South Korean presidential election. He was eliminated from the shortlist of PPP candidates on 8 October.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang was born on April 15, 1957. He graduated from Kyunggi High School in 1976. He received his LL.B in 1981 from the College of Law at Sungkyunkwan University, and passed the 23rd National Bar Exam the same year. Hwang managed to avoid the mandatory military service which all Korean male adults are required to complete by claiming a rare case of hives.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang was a career prosecutor. In December 1982, he began his career as prosecutor at the Chuncheon District Prosecutor's Office. He worked as a public security inspector with the Supreme Public Prosecutors' Office and the Seoul District Public Prosecutor's Office. He spent 30 years as a prosecutor, specializing in enforcing public safety and national security laws under the military junta of Chun Doo-hwan, gaining particular notoriety for targeting democracy activists by linking them with North Korea.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: After serving as the Chief Inspector of the Busan High Prosecutors' Office in 2011, he served as an attorney at the Pacific Law Firm from September 2011 to January 2013.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang joined the Cabinet of South Korean President Park Geun-hye in 2013 as minister of justice. In that role, Hwang played a key role in the Constitutional Court case against the left-wing Unified Progressive Party (which was accused of holding pro-North Korean views); the case culminated in a controversial December 2014 order banning the party, a decision that some saw as a blow to freedom of speech in South Korea.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: On May 21, 2015, Park named Hwang as Prime Minister of South Korea, following the resignation of Lee Wan-koo due to allegations of bribery.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: In July 2016, Hwang was heckled and pelted with eggs and water bottles by crowds in the rural town of Seongju, who were opposed to deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (a U.S. missile defense system) in the area. The deployment plans angered local residents, who raised health and environmental concerns.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang "was regarded as the staunchest loyalist in Park's cabinet." Nevertheless, on November 2, 2016, one month before her impeachment, Park fired Hwang as Prime Minister amid the 2016 South Korean political scandal as Park tried to rebuild confidence in her administration. However, after "a dispute with opposition leaders over choosing a replacement," Hwang was kept in office as prime minister.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: On December 9, 2016, upon the National Assembly's vote to impeach President Park following a political scandal, Hwang assumed Park's presidential powers and duties as Acting President. On March 10, 2017, South Korea's Constitutional Court upheld the decision to impeach President Park Geun-hye and removed her from office. As a result, Hwang continued as Acting President of South Korea until new elections in early May, which were brought forward from December due to the constitution requiring new elections within 60 days of a permanent presidential vacancy. On assuming the powers of the presidency, Hwang said he felt "deep responsibility". The exact extent of Hwang's powers as acting president are unclear under South Korean law.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: His first field tour as acting president was to the Joint Chiefs of Staff in central Seoul, where he emphasized national security and stated "We are facing a grave security status, as we cannot entirely rule out the possibility of North Korean provocations near the Northern Limit Line (NLL)."


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang decided against contesting the South Korean 2017 presidential election, declaring it would be inappropriate to run, opting instead to focus on his position as Acting President. He was previously seen as the leading candidate for conservatives within the country, leaving them searching for a viable candidate other than Hwang to challenge leading contender Moon Jae-in for the presidency.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: In November 2018, Hwang joined the Liberty Korea Party. He announced in January 2019 that he would be seeking the party's leadership position. On February 27, 2019, he won Liberty Korea Party leadership election with 50.1 percent of the vote. When the Liberty Korea Party merged with several other smaller parties to form the United Future Party on 17 February 2020, Hwang assumed the role of party leader of the United Future Party.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: In the 2020 legislative elections on April 15, Hwang ran for the seat for the Jongno district of Seoul, which includes the Blue House and Gwanghwamun Plaza. Hwang led his party to a landslide defeat and lost his own Jongno election to Democratic Party candidate and former Prime Minister Lee Nak-yon. Hwang resigned from the leadership on April 15, shortly after the election. After the 2020 legislative elections, Hwang went on a brief hiatus from politics.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: On 10 March 2021, Hwang Kyo-ahn announced his candidacy in the 2022 South Korean presidential election in a Facebook post. He registered as a candidate for the People Power Party, the current incarnation of the former United Future Party. On 8 October, Hwang was eliminated from the PPP shortlist of nominees as it narrowed to four candidates, effectively ending his 2022 presidential bid. After his loss, Hwang engaged in conspiracy theory and accused the primaries of being fraudulent and rigged.


title: Hwang Kyo-ahn

text: Hwang is a devout Protestant and attends a Baptist church. He is a member of the Korea Baptist Convention. Hwang attended night seminary and has been a church preacher.


title: Italian passport

text: An Italian passport is issued upon request to an Italian citizen for the purpose of international travel. It is valid for 10, 5 or 3 years, depending on the applicant's age. Its biometric version has been available since 2006. It is ranked as one of the most powerful passports in the world.


title: Italian passport

text: Every Italian citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, along with the national identity card, allows for free movement and residence in any EU member state, in the European Economic Area and in Switzerland.


title: Italian passport

text: Italian passports share the common design of EU Passports: they are burgundy-coloured, with the Emblem of Italy emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The word "Passaporto", meaning passport, is inscribed below the coat of arms and "Unione Europea" (), "Repubblica Italiana" () above. The biometry symbol appears right below "Passaporto" in the centre.


title: Italian passport

text: Visa requirements for Italian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Italy. As of 21 September 2022, Italian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 189 countries and territories, ranking the Italian passport 4th in terms of travel freedom (tied with Luxembourg and Finland) according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Italian passport

text: However, Italian citizens can also apply through Carabinieri ("Stazioni dei Carabinieri") and Police ("Commissariati") offices. Since the introduction of biometric passports in 2006, applicants should appear in person at the Police offices to have fingerprints collected; children under 12 are exempt, but should appear in person nonetheless.


title: Italian passport

text: The current fee for a standard 10-year biometric passport is €116. The requirement to attach an annual revenue stamp inside the passport was canceled in 2014.


title: Italian passport

text: Italians are allowed to have two passports if they have a valid reason, such as having a stamp from a country like Israel, which may cause trouble with other countries (some countries do not accept passports that contain stamps issued by Israeli authorities).


title: Italian passport

text: One passport will have to be stored in a Questura (provincial headquarters of the State Police) or consulate.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: Napoleon Solo is a fictional character from the 1960s TV spy series "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." The series format was notable for pairing the American Solo, played by Robert Vaughn, and the Russian Illya Kuryakin, played by David McCallum, as two spies who work together for an international espionage organisation at the height of the Cold War.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: Solo possesses a charm, sophistication, efficiency, and weakness for beautiful women comparable to James Bond's. But Solo is considerably less intense and also less brutal than the British Secret Service agent, and he possesses a laid-back ease that recalls the young Cary Grant. The show's original concept had Solo as a Canadian; but he is consistently American in the show.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: Solo is Number One in Section Two (Operations and Enforcement) at U.N.C.L.E. (In the first season he wore a badge with the Roman numeral II designating him as head of Section Two. During the switch to color in the second season, new badges were created and Robert Vaughn, mistaking the earlier II for an eleven, chose the wrong badge number for Solo.) It was originally intended that Solo would be the primary focus of the series, however the unexpected popularity of the Russian agent, Illya Kuryakin, played by David McCallum, saw McCallum elevated to co-star status. Most of the episodes devote equal screen time to Kuryakin and Solo, and much of the success of the program was based on the chemistry between McCallum and Vaughn.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: The two characters are, in many ways, polar opposites. Solo is urbane, self-assured, sociable, charming, and laid-back. Kuryakin, on the other hand, is reserved, intellectual, and intense. Although little was revealed about his background or his partner's, Solo comes across as the more accessible and straightforward of the two men.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: He dressed well and had a taste for expensive suits and ties. His hairstyle and his clothing did not change in the first three seasons but in the fourth and final year, Vaughn (like McCallum) grew his hair somewhat longer and wore modish clothing, such as double-breasted suits, in order to reflect evolving 1960s fashions that the show itself had influenced.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: In "The Secret Sceptre Affair", it is stated that Solo served in the Korean War. Nothing much is known about his immediate family, although it appears one of his grandfathers was an admiral, the other was an ambassador ("The Green Opal Affair"). He is college-educated. Like his partner Kuryakin, he has a wide knowledge of English poetry. Unlike his partner, he lacks a broad knowledge of science and technology. He is skilled in martial arts; he can fly a plane and a helicopter.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: Like Bond, Solo is a serial womanizer. In the first season's press guide, Solo's democratic view of women is described in words paraphrased from George Orwell's 1947 allegorical novel, "Animal Farm": "Solo believes that all women are created equal, only some are more equal than others." We rarely see him treat a woman with anything other than respect and affection on screen; however, he is involved with countless women and does not sustain a single long-term relationship throughout the four years of the show. Although it is never mentioned in the series, one of the original suggestions for Solo's background had him marrying young and losing his wife in a car accident after only one year of marriage (referenced also by David McDaniel in his "The Rainbow Affair" tie-in novel). The only ex-girlfriend of Solo's who is given any extended screen time is Clara in "The Terbuf Affair", in which it is hinted that Solo may be nursing a broken heart as a result of the end of that relationship. In "The Deadly Games Affair", it is revealed that he has a long standing on-off relationship with the THRUSH femme fatale, Angelique. He also seems familiar with other THRUSH female operatives like Serena in "The Double Affair" and Narcissus in "The Project Deephole Affair", as well as various U.N.C.L.E. female agents like Wanda (played by actresses Leigh Chapman and Sharyn Hillyer). He sometimes takes an interest in other people's romantic affairs and plays matchmaker on more than one occasion. In "The Deep Six Affair", he objects to Mr. Waverly's trying to call off the wedding of another U.N.C.L.E. agent.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: His charm and social skills are his most potent weapons, allowing him to manipulate almost every situation to his own advantage. He is keenly aware of his abilities in this area. When in "The Candidate's Wife Affair" Kuryakin sees him romancing a woman and asks in exasperation, "Don't you ever turn it off?" Solo responds, tongue in cheek, "When you've got it, you've got it; I've got it." But there is a certain idealism at the heart of his character. In "The Giuoco Piano Affair", an enemy operative offers this assessment of Solo's character –


title: Napoleon Solo

text: For a man like you, if there's the smallest doubt in your mind, no matter how insignificant the cause, you have to make the ultimate sacrifice. Your respect for what you think is right is your weakness.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: Solo is also an indefatigable optimist who rarely, if ever, countenances the idea that he might not succeed in everything he attempts. He also keeps a cool head at all times and is utterly unflappable, even in the most dire or life-threatening situations. Unlike his Russian associate, he rarely exhibits anger or loses his temper.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: "The Man from U.N.C.L.E." was cancelled mid-way through its fourth season in 1968. Vaughn reprised the role of Solo for the television film "", in 1983.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: The character has enjoyed a rich afterlife in fandom, particularly in fan fiction. In the 1988 comic "Shattered Visage", made as a sequel to the Patrick McGoohan series "The Prisoner", Solo and Kuryakin both make cameos at the funeral of a spy, along with John Steed and Emma Peel.


title: Napoleon Solo

text: The Danish SKA band Napoleon Solo and Spanish indie-pop band Napoleon Solo are named after him, while El Paso post-hardcore band At the Drive-In have a song named "Napoleon Solo" on their album "In/Casino/Out".


title: Napoleon Solo

text: In "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", a 2015 feature film, Henry Cavill portrays Napoleon Solo. This version of Solo is a former World War II soldier from an extremely wealthy family. He remained in Europe after the war, discovering that he could profit greatly from it as a specialist in classical art and architecture, becoming an unequalled art thief. He was eventually caught and prosecuted for his crimes and given a fifteen-year prison sentence. Solo doesn't spend any time in prison, however, as he is recruited by the CIA in exchange for his physical freedom.


title: Qubes OS

text: Qubes OS is a security-focused desktop Linux distribution that aims to provide security through isolation. Virtualization is performed by Xen, and user environments can be based on (with official support) Fedora or Debian, or (with community support "these templates may be somewhat less stable, since the Qubes developers do not test them") Whonix, Ubuntu, Arch Linux, CentOS, or Gentoo among other operating systems; e.g. Qubes Windows Tools support Microsoft Windows 7 and later.


title: Qubes OS

text: Systems like Qubes are referred to in academia as "Converged Multi-Level Secure (MLS) Systems". Other proposals of similar systems have surfaced and SecureView is a commercial competitor, however Qubes OS is the only system of the kind actively being developed under a free and open-source software (FOSS) license.


title: Qubes OS

text: The assumption is that there can be no perfect, bug-free desktop environment: such an environment counts millions of lines of code and billions of software/hardware interactions. One critical bug in any of these interactions may be enough for malicious software to take control of a machine.


title: Qubes OS

text: To secure a desktop a Qubes user takes care to isolate various environments, so that if one of the components gets compromised, the malicious software would get access to only the data inside that environment.


title: Qubes OS

text: In Qubes, the isolation is provided in two dimensions: hardware controllers can be isolated into functional domains (e.g. network domains, USB controller domains), whereas the user's digital life is divided into domains with different levels of trust.


title: Qubes OS

text: For instance: work domain (most trusted), shopping domain, random domain (less trusted). Each of those domains is run in a separate virtual machine (VM).


title: Qubes OS

text: Qubes VMs, by default, have passwordless root access (e.g. passwordless sudo). UEFI Secure Boot is not supported out of the box, but this is not considered a major security issue.


title: Qubes OS

text: Qubes was not intended to be run as part of a multi-boot system because if an attacker were to take control of one of the other operating systems then they would likely be able to compromise Qubes (e.g. before Qubes boots).


title: Qubes OS

text: However, it is still possible to use Qubes as part of a multi-boot system and even to use grub2 as the boot loader/boot manager.


title: Qubes OS

text: A standard Qubes installation takes all space on the storage medium (e.g. hard drive, USB flash drive) to which it is installed (not just all available free space) and it uses LUKS/dm-crypt full disk encryption.


title: Qubes OS

text: It is possible to customize much of the Qubes OS installation but for security reasons, this is discouraged for users that are not intimately familiar with Qubes.


title: Qubes OS

text: However, in practice, it typically needs upwards of 6-8 GB of RAM, since although it is possible to run it with only 4 GB of RAM, users will likely be limited to running no more than about three Qubes at a time.


title: Qubes OS

text: Since 2013, Qubes has not had support for 32-bit x86 architectures and now requires a 64-bit processor.


title: Qubes OS

text: Qubes uses Intel VT-d/AMD's AMD-Vi, which is only available on 64-bit architectures, to isolate devices and drivers.


title: Qubes OS

text: Since Qubes 4.x, Qubes requires either an Intel processor with support for VT-x with EPT and Intel VT-d virtualization technology or an AMD processor with support for AMD-V with RVI (SLAT) and AMD-Vi (aka AMD IOMMU) virtualization technology.


title: Qubes OS

text: This market is dominated by laptops running Intel processors and chipsets and consequently, Qubes developers focus on Intel's VT-x/VT-d technologies.


title: Qubes OS

text: This is not a major issue for AMD processors since AMD IOMMU is functionally identical to Intel's VT-d.


title: Qubes OS

text: The users interact with Qubes OS very much the same way they would interact with a regular desktop operating system. But there are some key differences:


title: Qubes OS

text: The hypervisor provides isolation between different VMs. The administrative domain, also referred to as Dom0 (a term inherited from Xen), has direct access to all the hardware by default. Dom0 hosts the GUI domain and controls the graphics device, as well as input devices, such as the keyboard and mouse. The GUI domain runs the X server, which displays the user's desktop, and the window manager, which allows the user to start and stop the applications and manipulate their windows.


title: Qubes OS

text: Integration of the different VMs is provided by the Application Viewer, which provides an illusion for the user that applications execute natively on the desktop, while in fact they are hosted (and isolated) in different VMs. Qubes integrates all these VMs onto one common desktop environment.


title: Qubes OS

text: Because Dom0 is security-sensitive, it is isolated from the network. It tends to have as little interface and communication with other domains as possible in order to minimize the possibility of an attack originating from an infected VM.


title: Qubes OS

text: The Dom0 domain manages the virtual disks of the other VMs, which are actually stored as files on the dom0 file system(s). Disk space is saved by virtue of various VMs sharing the same root file system in a read-only mode. Separate disk storage is only used for userʼs directory and per-VM settings. This allows software installation and updates to be centralized. It is also possible to install software only on a specific VM, by installing it as the non-root user, or by installing it in the non-standard, Qubes-specific codice_1 hierarchy.


title: Qubes OS

text: The network mechanism is the most exposed to security attacks. To circumvent this it is isolated in a separate, unprivileged VM, named the Network Domain.


title: Qubes OS

text: Another firewall VM is used to house the Linux-kernel-based firewall, so that even if the network domain is compromised due to a device driver bug, the firewall is still isolated and protected (as it is running in a separate Linux kernel in a separate VM).


title: Qubes OS

text: AppVMs are the VMs used for hosting user applications, such as a web browser, an email client or a text editor. For security purposes, these applications can be grouped in different domains, such as "personal", "work", "shopping", "bank", etc. The security domains are implemented as separate VMs, thus being isolated from each other as if they were executing on different machines.


title: Qubes OS

text: Some documents or applications can be run in disposable VMs through an action available in the file manager. The mechanism follows the idea of sandboxes: after viewing the document or application, then the whole Disposable VM will be destroyed.


title: Qubes OS

text: Each security domain is labelled by a color, and each window is marked by the color of the domain it belongs to. So it is always clearly visible to which domain a given window belongs.


title: Qubes OS

text: Security and privacy experts such as Edward Snowden, Daniel J. Bernstein, and Christopher Soghoian have publicly praised the project.


title: Qubes OS

text: In 2014, Qubes was selected as a finalist of Access Innovation Prize 2014 for Endpoint Security, run by the international human rights organization Access Now.


title: Cameron Green

text: Cameron Donald Green (born 3 June 1999) is an Australian cricketer who plays for Western Australia and Perth Scorchers as an all-rounder. He made his international debut for the Australia national cricket team in December 2020.


title: Cameron Green

text: Green grew up in Subiaco, Perth and played for the Subiaco-Floreat Cricket Club. He started playing in the 2009/2010 season in the under-13's league, when he was 10 years old. His rapid development meant he made his WACA first grade debut at the age of 16. Green earned a rookie contract with the Western Australian Cricket Association (WACA) ahead of the 2016/17 Sheffield Shield season, largely thanks to averaging 82 runs per innings and taking 20 wickets in eight games in the under 19s national league.


title: Cameron Green

text: Green made his List A debut for Cricket Australia XI against Pakistan during their tour of Australia on 10 January 2017. He made his first-class debut for Western Australia in the 2016–17 Sheffield Shield season on 10 February 2017. He took 5/24 in the first innings to become the youngest player to take a five-wicket haul in the Sheffield Shield. He made his Twenty20 debut for the Perth Scorchers in the 2018–19 Big Bash League season on 13 January 2019.


title: Cameron Green

text: Originally a bowling all-rounder, Green began focusing on improving his batting following a series of injuries. His breakthrough performance being 87* and 121* against Queensland in the 2019–20 Sheffield Shield season.


title: Cameron Green

text: In October 2020, Green was named in Australia's squad for the limited overs matches against India. In November 2020, he was also named in Australia's Test squad for the matches against India. Green made his One Day International (ODI) debut for Australia against India on 2 December 2020. In a warm-up match before the Test series, Green scored a century for Australia A. He made his Test debut for Australia on 17 December 2020, against India.


title: Cameron Green

text: In March 2021, Green scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, with 251 runs for Western Australia against Queensland in the 2020–21 Sheffield Shield season. In February 2022, Green was named in Australia's Twenty20 International (T20I) squad for their tour of Pakistan. He made his T20I debut on 5 April 2022, for Australia against Pakistan. In August 2022, he took his first ODI five-wicket haul, against Zimbabwe in Townsville. In the first ODI against New Zealand in Cairns, he was named player of the match after making 89 not out in a difficult run chase., In T20I Series against India Green Scored 2 Half centuries


title: Cameron Green

text: In October 2022, Green was added to the Australian squad for the 2022 T20 World Cup as an injury replacement for Josh Inglis.


title: Circuit court

text: Circuit courts are court systems in several common law jurisdictions. The core concept of circuit courts requires judges to travel to different locales to ensure wide visibility and understanding of cases in a region. More generally, the term may also refer to a court that merely holds trials and other proceedings at a series of multiple locations in some kind of rotation.


title: Circuit court

text: The term "circuit court" is derived from the English custom of having judges ride around the countryside each year on pre-set paths—circuits—to hear cases. It was long assumed that circuits originated with the eyre in common pleas during the reign of King Henry II, but during the late 1950s, English legal historians (e.g., Ralph Pugh) recognized that the eyre's "connection with later circuit justices is rather collateral than lineal." The eyre was merely one of a number of experiments in "systematized itinerant justice" undertaken by the English crown during the late 12th century and the 13th century. In 1293, a statute was enacted which formally defined four assize circuits. The development of the assize circuits was interrupted in 1305 by the appointment of justices of trailbaston by King Edward I. Under King Edward III, two statutes were enacted in 1328 and 1330 which restored the assize circuits and reorganized the counties of England into six circuits where assizes were supposed to be held thrice yearly (but were more often held twice each year). By 1337, the six assize circuits had stabilized as follows:


title: Circuit court

text: During the 1500s, two major changes occurred. Middlesex was removed from the Home Circuit and grouped with the adjacent City of London (which was never part of the circuits), and Oxfordshire and Berkshire were transferred from the Western Circuit to the Oxford Circuit. The Welsh county of Monmouthshire was also transferred into the Oxford Circuit. After that, the circuits of England remained largely static for almost four centuries, until they were again reorganized during the 19th century. Twice each year, judges "literally rode each circuit," meaning that a pair of common law judges assigned to a circuit rode on horseback through all the county towns and several other important towns in each circuit and heard cases.


title: Circuit court

text: On the American frontier, a judge often traveled on horseback along with a group of lawyers. Abraham Lincoln was one such attorney who regularly rode the circuit in Illinois. In more settled areas, a stagecoach would be used. Eventually, the legal caseload in a county would become great enough to warrant the establishment of a local judiciary. Most of these local judicial circuits (that is, in terms of the actual routes traveled by judges) have been thus replaced by judges regularly stationed at local courthouses, but in many areas, the legacy term remains in use.


title: Circuit court

text: England and Wales is divided into six regions or "circuits" for the purposes of the administration of justice: Midland Circuit, North Eastern Circuit, Northern Circuit, South Eastern Circuit, Western Circuit, Wales Circuit.


title: Circuit court

text: The system is overseen by the Lord Chancellor. The membership consists of High Court Judges, Circuit Judges, District Judges, law practitioners and academic lawyers. The Circuits also form the basis for administration of the Bar in England and Wales except for Cheshire. Until 2007 for court administration purposes it formed part of the Wales and Chester Circuit. When in 2007 it became part of the Northern Circuit for court administrative purposes post devolution, the "Wales and Chester Circuit" continued to be the Circuit Bar. The Circuit Bars are represented on the Bar Council through the Circuit Leaders.


title: Circuit court

text: In the Republic of Ireland the Circuit Court is part of the "Courts of First Instance", senior to the District Court but junior to the High Court (Ireland). It was first established as the "Circuit Court of Justice" under the Courts of Justice Act 1924 and replaced the County Court on the civil side, and quarter sessions and recorder's courts on the criminal side, as well as some of the jurisdiction of the assizes. These are heard by a judge sitting alone. It also has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the District Court. Appeals from the court lie to the High Court on the civil side and the Court of Criminal Appeal on the criminal side.


title: Circuit court

text: The Circuit Court is so-called because of the circuits on which its judges travel, namely Dublin, Cork, Northern, Western, Eastern, South Western, South Eastern, and Midland, each of which are composed of a number of counties. The court consist of a President and thirty-seven judges. Although there is strictly speaking just one Circuit Court, a sitting of the Circuit Court in any particular location is referred to as "name of town" Circuit Court, e.g. Trim Circuit Court.


title: Circuit court

text: The High Court also sits "on circuit" twice yearly, though this is called the High Court on Circuit rather than a circuit court. In this case, "on circuit" means sitting in a location other than Dublin.


title: Circuit court

text: In the United States, circuit courts were first established in the Thirteen British Colonies. In 1789, the United States circuit courts were United States federal courts established in each federal judicial district. These circuit courts exercised both original (first instance) and appellate jurisdiction. They existed until 1912. The original jurisdiction formerly exercised by the United States circuit courts is now exercised by the United States district courts. Their appellate jurisdiction is now exercised by the United States courts of appeals, which were known as the "United States circuit courts of appeals" from their establishment in 1894 until 1947.


title: Circuit court

text: The federal courts of appeals sit permanently in 13 appellate circuits (11 regional circuits as well as a DC Circuit and the Federal Circuit). Note that there are several other federal courts that bear the phrase "Court of Appeals" in their names, but they are not Article III courts and are not considered to sit in appellate circuits.


title: Circuit court

text: The federal courts of appeals are intermediate courts, between the district courts (the federal trial courts) and the Supreme Court. Smaller circuits, such as the Second Circuit and Third Circuit, are based at a single federal courthouse, while others, such as the large Ninth Circuit, are spread across many courthouses. Since three-judge federal appellate panels are randomly selected from all sitting circuit judges, Ninth Circuit judges must often "ride the circuit," though this duty has become much easier to carry out since the development of modern air travel.


title: Circuit court

text: Under the original Judiciary Act of 1789 and subsequent acts, the justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in Washington, D.C. had the responsibility of "riding circuit" and personally hearing both appeals and trials in the circuit courts, in addition to their caseload back in the capital. Much more reasonable in the early and more compact years of the nation, the Act was outdated by the late part of the 19th century with westward expansion, and it was overwritten by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1891. The U.S. Supreme Court justices still retain vestiges of the days of riding circuit; each justice is designated to hear certain interlocutory appeals from specific circuits and can unilaterally decide them or refer them to the entire court. The court's customary summer recess originated as the time during which the justices would leave Washington and ride circuit (since dirt roads were more passable in the summer).


title: Circuit court

text: Many U.S. states have state courts called "circuit courts." Most are trial courts of general, original jurisdiction.


title: Circuit court

text: In Louisiana, the intermediate appellate courts are called the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal. There are five separate judicial circuits.


title: Circuit court

text: In many states, such as Missouri, a judicial circuit can encompass one or more counties (see Missouri Circuit Courts). Each circuit court can have several divisions, including circuit, associate, small claims, probate, family, or drug court. Each division hears cases within its particular area of subject-matter jurisdiction, and jurisdiction is based on the size or type of a civil claim or the severity or type of a criminal charge. Drug court, for example, hears only drug-related criminal cases.


title: Circuit court

text: Several U.S. states have state supreme courts that traditionally "ride the circuit" in the sense of hearing oral arguments at multiple locations throughout their jurisdictions each year. Among the states with circuit-riding supreme courts are Alaska, California, Idaho, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Washington.


title: Circuit court

text: Courts serving certain areas particularly in Northern Canada, such as the Nunavut Court of Justice and courts serving northern Quebec, travel as circuit courts to hear cases in remote communities.


title: Circuit court

text: Courts serving remote areas in the Northern Territory are known as circuit courts, sometimes referred to as "bush courts".


title: Runrig

text: Runrig were a Scottish Celtic rock band formed on the Isle of Skye in 1973. From its inception, the band's line-up included songwriters Rory Macdonald and Calum Macdonald. The line-up during most of the 1980s and 1990s (the band's most successful period) also included Donnie Munro, Malcolm Jones, Iain Bayne, and Pete Wishart. Munro left the band in 1997 to pursue a career in politics and was replaced by Bruce Guthro. Wishart left in 2001 and was replaced by Brian Hurren. The band released fourteen studio albums, with a number of their songs sung in Scottish Gaelic.


title: Runrig

text: Initially formed as a three-piece dance band known as 'The Run Rig Dance Band', the band played several low key events, and has previously cited a ceilidh at Kelvin Hall, Glasgow as their first concert. Runrig's music is often described as a blend of folk and rock music, with the band's lyrics often focusing upon locations, history, politics, and people that are unique to Scotland. Songs also make references to agriculture, land conservation and religion.


title: Runrig

text: Since 1999, the band has gained attention in Canada, following Nova Scotian singer Bruce Guthro's entry to the band. In 2016, the band announced that it would retire from studio recording after the release of its 14th studio album, "The Story" and announced their final tour "The Final Mile" in 2017. In August 2018, Runrig performed the final shows of their farewell tour, entitled "The Last Dance", in Stirling City Park beneath the castle ramparts. An estimated 52,000 fans attended "The Last Dance".


title: Runrig

text: The band was formed in 1973 with brothers Calum and Rory Macdonald and their friend Blair Douglas. Donnie Munro joined the following year and they started to expand outside their native Isle of Skye. Douglas left the band in late 1974 and was replaced by Robert Macdonald. This line-up continued until 1978, when Douglas re-joined and Malcolm Jones became guitarist, both displacing Robert Macdonald.


title: Runrig

text: In the same year, Runrig's first album, entitled "Play Gaelic", was released. All the songs were in Gaelic. It was re-released in 1990 as "Play Gaelic, the first legendary recording".


title: Runrig

text: In 1979, Blair Douglas left Runrig again to pursue a solo career. 1979 also saw the release of Runrig's second album, "The Highland Connection" on the band's own label, Ridge Records. A somewhat transitional album, it features wailing electric guitars and ballads. The album also included the original version of "Loch Lomond". A later version was to become their signature song and closing song at concerts.


title: Runrig

text: The third Runrig album, "Recovery" (released in 1981), was a thematic record dealing with the rise and politics of Scotland's Gaelic community. 1980 saw the arrival of drummer Iain Bayne (from Scottish folk/rock band New Celeste) and keyboard player Richard Cherns.


title: Runrig

text: In 1982, Runrig re-recorded "Loch Lomond" as their first single. They signed to a small label called Simple Records in 1984, and two singles were released. The first was "Dance Called America". A longer version of the second single "Skye" appeared on the Alba Records compilation "A Feast Of Scottish Folk Music, Volume One" along with an early version of "Lifeline", both of which were previously unreleased on albums, and "Na h-Uain a's t-Earrach" which was the B-side to "Dance Called America".


title: Runrig

text: The band then engaged the services of producer Chris Harley who brought to their recordings the benefit of his experience as a solo artist and a singer with The Alan Parsons Project and Camel. Runrig's fourth independent studio album, ""Heartland"" (released in 1985), combined Gaelic sounds with anthemic rock music.


title: Runrig

text: Richard Cherns left the band in February 1986 and was replaced by ex-Big Country member Pete Wishart.


title: Runrig

text: The period from 1987 to 1997 marked Runrig's most successful run, during which they achieved placings in both the UK albums and singles charts, and toured extensively.


title: Runrig

text: With (for the first time) major-label support (from Chrysalis), Runrig's fifth studio album, "The Cutter and the Clan" (1987), which had originally been released on the independent Ridge Records label before being re-released on Chrysalis, brought the band wider audiences in the United Kingdom, as well as in other parts of Europe.


title: Runrig

text: From 1987 to 1995, Runrig released a total of five studio albums through Chrysalis Records. Along with "The Cutter and the Clan", the other four albums were: "Searchlight" (1989), "The Big Wheel" (1991), "Amazing Things" (1993), and "Mara" (1995).


title: Runrig

text: On 22 June 1991, the band attracted around 50,000 people to an outdoor concert held in Balloch Country Park, near Loch Lomond. This was the largest number of people to attend a Runrig concert.


title: Runrig

text: Following the release of "Mara", lead singer Donnie Munro grew more involved in politics. In 1997, he left Runrig to stand for a seat in the House of Commons for the Labour Party. However, he was not elected.


title: Runrig

text: Runrig began searching for a new frontman, and in 1998 they announced their selection of Bruce Guthro, a singer-songwriter from Nova Scotia.


title: Runrig

text: Runrig's tenth album, "In Search Of Angels" (1999), was released amidst some uncertainty about the band's future.


title: Runrig

text: Since their contract with Chrysalis had ended, Runrig chose to release "In Search Of Angels" on their own label, Ridge Records. As a result, the record received much less promotion than the previous five, and sales were considerably smaller. Runrig was also faced with the challenge of acclimatising their fans to a new lead vocalist. The band toured extensively in support of the record, and in 2000, they also released a live album called "Live at Celtic Connections 2000", allowing fans to hear older Runrig songs sung by their new frontman.


title: Runrig

text: The year 2000 concluded with the release of an authorised songbook, "Flower of the West – The Runrig Songbook". The book included lyrics, sheet music, photographs, and background information for 115 of Runrig's songs – nearly every album track and single from the band's first ten studio albums.


title: Runrig

text: Having established that they could continue without Donnie Munro, Runrig set to work on their eleventh studio album.


title: Runrig

text: Among their independently-released studio albums, "The Stamping Ground" (2001) was Runrig's most successful. Moreover, critics who had given mixed reviews to "In Search Of Angels", praised "The Stamping Ground" as the quintessential Runrig album. The band continued to enjoy support in the UK, Germany, and Denmark. However, with a Canadian frontman, Runrig began finding new fans in Canada and the United States.


title: Runrig

text: In 2001, Pete Wishart, the band's keyboard player, left after being elected Member of Parliament for the constituency of Tayside North for the Scottish National Party. In the 2005 election he was again elected, this time for the new constituency of Perth and North Perthshire and again for the SNP. Brian Hurren stepped in to take Wishart's place in the band. Wishart has been re-elected in each subsequent general election.


title: Runrig

text: The 2001 album "The Stamping Ground" was seen very much as a return to form after the lacklustre "In Search Of Angels" (1999), but 2003's "Proterra" divided opinion.


title: Runrig

text: In August 2003, Runrig played their 30th Anniversary concert on the esplanade at Stirling Castle, celebrating 30 years since the band's formation, and including visitors from previous line-ups, as well as guest artists including the Glasgow Islay Choir and Paul Mounsey.


title: Runrig

text: Runrig played their first U.S. concert, a benefit for the charity "Glasgow the Caring City", on 4 April 2006 at the Nokia Theatre in New York City. Founding member Blair Douglas joined the band onstage, playing accordion on several numbers. In the audience were fans from as far away as Texas, Alabama, Florida, Colorado, Minnesota, Norwich (England) and Scotland.


title: Runrig

text: While the bulk of their 2007 tour was scheduled for Denmark, Germany, and England, an outdoor show, titled "Beat The Drum", was held at Loch Ness on 18 August 2007. It was staged at Borlum Farm, Drumnadrochit and attended by 18,500 people in heavy rain. Because of the unusually large number of support acts, it had been likened to an all-day music festival, Runrig being the headline act. This was the first in what was to become a staple for Runrig – annually staging big outdoor shows in Scotland in summer.


title: Runrig

text: Runrig re-recorded "Loch Lomond (Hampden Remix)" to raise funds for the BBC's annual Children in Need appeal. This was released on 12 November [2007] and includes the 'Tartan Army' (Scotland's Hampden Football Supporters), including Rod Stewart, on backing vocals. It reached No. 9 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Runrig

text: "Loch Lomond (Hampden Remix)" was named "The Best Scottish Song Of All Time" in November 2008. The band were presented the award by Lulu. On 5 December 2008, during the penultimate tour date at The Barrowlands, Glasgow, the band was inducted into the Scottish Traditional Music Hall Of Fame, by the Scottish Traditional Music Awards Director.


title: Runrig

text: On 29 August 2009, Runrig performed at Scone Palace for their third annual outdoor summer show (the second being at Edinburgh Castle in 2008). They were supported by acts such as the Peatbog Faeries, piper Fred Morrison, King Creosote, Kathleen Macinnes, and Blair Douglas (a former member of the group) and his band. Attendance numbered ~15,000.The show was part of Scotland's Year of Homecoming 2009. To underline this, First Minister Alex Salmond made an appearance on stage (introduced by his SNP colleague and former band member Pete Wishart), and launched an initiative called 'SconeStone.' This aims to promote Scotland as a kind and compassionate nation through the "journey of kindness" made by the SconeStone across the world. Its keepers, each holding it for a week before passing it on, are expected to undertake a good deed. Its first keeper was the Reverend Neil Galbraith, who was presented with the stone on the same day.


title: Runrig

text: In March 2009, guitarist Malcolm Jones suffered a heart attack in Edinburgh whilst running to catch a train. This forced the band to cancel a sizable tour of Austria, Switzerland, Denmark and Germany. After undergoing minor surgery, he took to the stage with Runrig again in May of the same year. During a routine check up with his doctors in June 2009, he was strongly advised to have heart bypass surgery, which forced the band to cancel a tour of Denmark. The operation was a success and, although the band was forced to cancel their show at the 35th Tønder Festival in Tønder, Denmark, Malcolm returned to the stage in late August 2009, at the band's big outdoor Scottish Homecoming show for 2009 at Scone Palace, Perthshire, Scotland. However, on 28 February 2010, just a week prior to an extensive German tour, it was announced that Malcolm would have to have yet another operation which in turn forced the band to cancel/postpone their Spring dates in Germany, due to start on 3 March 2010. In a statement released by the band on their official website they noted that Malcolm's health was "good" and that the problem was "purely a technical one". They also emphatically stated that "All other concerts planned for 2010 will go ahead."


title: Runrig

text: It was announced that the winter tour scheduled for winter 2010 would be the last tour for a year with the band planning no concerts in 2011 so that they could focus on other projects. The final date for 2010 was in the Barrowland Ballroom, Glasgow which is traditionally where the band finishes their Scottish tours. In a statement released by the office, they promised it to be "quite a party".


title: Runrig

text: On 1 November 2010, the band released a four-disc compilation, entitled "50 Great Songs". The release includes both studio and live performances, focusing primarily upon Bruce Guthro's time within the band.


title: Runrig

text: Calum and Rory had been concentrating on a long-gestating project outside of Runrig. The duo call themselves The Band from Rockall and released their debut album outside of Runrig at the end of April 2012.


title: Runrig

text: Keyboardist Brian Hurren also released his debut solo album, which he wrote, performed and produced himself, under the name "A Hundred Thousand Welcomes", the inspiration for the name coming from Bruce Guthro shouting the Gaelic equivalent of the phrase during "Beat the Drum" at Loch Ness.


title: Runrig

text: Guthro released another solo album, while drummer Iain Bayne was appointed manager of English folk-rock band Coast.


title: Runrig

text: The band re-united as a six-piece again in the summer of 2012 for the Rewired Tour, with the big Scottish outdoor show held in August at the Northern Meeting Park in Inverness.


title: Runrig

text: In November 2012, ahead of their planned Rewired Tour, the band announced a special 40th Anniversary Concert at the Black Isle Show Ground in Muir of Ord, near Inverness. The 40th Anniversary show was a weekend of live entertainment featuring 'special guests', entitled "Party on the Moor". Shortly after that they announced another "special" concert at Edinburgh Castle in July, entitled "Celebration in the City". On 28 April 2013 (to mark Runrig's first ever concert 40 years earlier) Runrig released their first single in 5 years entitled "And We'll Sing".


title: Runrig

text: At Party on the Moor former members Donnie Munro and Pete Wishart performed onstage alongside the current lineup and Blair Douglas made an appearance via a short video highlighting the changes in the band's lineup since 1973. This was the first time Munro had performed with Runrig since 1997, and for many it was a powerful statement seeing Guthro and Munro singing together as there had been heated debates about who should be the band's frontman, and who was the better frontman among many fans and critics. The gig was hailed as a success by fans and critics many calling it one of the best concerts Runrig have ever staged. Bassist, Rory Macdonald said that "in many ways, it was the perfect Runrig gig" whilst drummer, Iain Bayne called it "the culmination of a lifetime's work".


title: Runrig

text: In late 2013 it was announced that Runrig would embark on a Spring 2014 tour of England to continue the 40th Anniversary celebrations. Entitled "Party on the Tour" it would "draw inspiration" from the Party on the Moor show. Alongside the English dates, several European music festivals were announced for 2014. In December 2013 it was officially confirmed that Party on the Moor would be released on DVD. In January further details for the DVD were released. On 31 March 2014 Runrig released the full, uncut concert on both DVD, CD and, for the first time ever for Runrig, Blu-ray.


title: Runrig

text: The band announced in issue 74 of The Wire magazine and on their official Twitter feed that they had begun work on their 14th studio album. It was also announced (informally) that to accommodate for the time it takes to write, record and produce an album they would not be playing any further live shows in 2014 after the Tønder Festival, due to be held on 28 and 29 August 2014. In the summer 2015 issue of The Wire it was revealed that the album would be called "The Story", and would be released in spring 2016.


title: Runrig

text: On 12 November 2015 the title track, and lead single, received its first radio play on BBC Radio nan Gàidheal. During an interview with the show's host Derek Murray, Calum Macdonald said that the upcoming album would likely be the last studio album that the band would release, also confirming the album's release date as 29 January 2016. On 13 November 2015, the single was released in both CD and digital download form accompanied by a music video. Shortly after the single was released, the band announced that along with a sizeable tour of the UK and Europe in 2016 they would both be headlining the 21st HebCelt Festival on the Isle of Lewis and staging an outdoor show at Edinburgh Castle in July 2016.


title: Runrig

text: On 26 September 2017 Runrig announced that after 45 years they would be "pulling the curtain down" on their music careers. The band announced one final tour named The Final Mile, taking part in Germany, Denmark and UK, ending with one final show in Stirling's City Park called "The Last Dance". Tickets for The Last Dance sold out in minutes and, after a few days of behind the scenes planning, Runrig announced another concert in the same location the night before. Tickets for this night sold out in less than six hours. It was a very emotional farewell, and the uncertain Scottish weather held out for their final rendition of "Loch Lomond."


title: Runrig

text: Many of the band's songs include references to Scottish history or culture. These include the band's name itself – which is a reference to a pre–agricultural revolution farming practice, run rig.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Adel Al-Jubeir (; born 1 February 1962) is a Saudi diplomat who is the former Saudi Minister of Foreign Affairs and the current Saudi Minister of State for Foreign Affairs. He is the second person not belonging to the House of Saud to hold the office, after Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Suwaiyel. He previously served as the Saudi Ambassador to the United States from 2007 to 2015, and was also a foreign policy advisor to King Abdullah.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Al-Jubeir was born in Al Majma'ah, Riyadh Province, Saudi Arabia. He attended schools in Saudi Arabia, Germany, Yemen, Lebanon and the U.S. He obtained a B.A. summa cum laude in political science and economics from the University of North Texas in 1982, and an M.A. in international relations from Georgetown University in 1984. In 2006, he received an Honorary Doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of North Texas.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: In 1987, Al-Jubeir was appointed into the Saudi Diplomatic Service and posted to the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC, where he served as Special Assistant to then Ambassador Prince Bandar bin Sultan. It was in 1991 during the first Gulf War when Al-Jubeir first appeared to the world as a spokesman for the Saudi government. In 1990–91, he was part of the Saudi team that established the Joint Information Bureau at Dhahran, a city in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. He was a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council delegation to the Madrid Peace Conference in October 1991, and a member of the Saudi delegation to the Multilateral Arms Control Talks in Washington, DC in 1992. In December 1992, he was dispatched with the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia to Somalia as part of Operation Restore Hope.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Al-Jubeir was a member of the Saudi Arabian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly, and was a visiting diplomatic fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations in New York City, 1994–95. During his tenure at the Saudi Embassy, Al-Jubeir developed strong ties on Capitol Hill, in the Administration, the media and with major think tanks in Washington. In 2000, Al-Jubeir became Director of the Saudi Information and Congressional Affairs Office at the Royal Embassy of Saudi Arabia in Washington, DC. In late 2000, he was named Foreign Affairs Advisor in the Crown Prince's Court. In August 2005, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz appointed Al-Jubeir to the position of Advisor at the Royal Court.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Following the September 11 attacks, Al-Jubeir returned to the United States to address the many questions and criticisms that faced the Kingdom at that time. Al-Jubeir became the face of Saudi Arabia through hundreds of television appearances as well as other media interviews and visited more than 25 cities across the country where he gave talks to World Affairs Councils, universities, civic organizations, business institutions and other interested groups about current events and the state of Saudi/U.S. relations.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: While on diplomatic mission in Budapest, Adel al-Jubeir gave a lecture on Saudi Foreign Policy and Reforms Of Vision 2030.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: On 29 January 2007 Al-Jubeir was appointed as Saudi Ambassador to the United States of America with the rank of Minister. As ambassador, Al-Jubeir focused on strengthening the bilateral relationship by building ties across government departments in both countries. Another key area of focus was the welfare of Saudi citizens living in the United States. Other issues of focus included counter-terrorism, regional peace and security, bilateral trade, cultural exchange and interfaith dialogue. Prior to becoming ambassador, he was instrumental in establishing and maintaining the U.S.-Saudi Strategic Dialogue, which was initiated by King Abdullah and President Bush as a means to institutionalize relations between the two nations and deepen coordination on strategic, political and economic issues.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: As Ambassador Al-Jubeir travelled frequently to the Kingdom for consultations with the King and other senior Saudi officials. He was regularly seen with King Abdullah in meetings with world leaders and accompanied King Abdullah on many state visits including Oman, China, India, Pakistan, Malaysia in 2006, Germany, Italy, Turkey, and Egypt in 2007, the G20 London Summit and Doha Arab Summit in 2009 and G20 Toronto Summit in 2010.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Ambassador Al-Jubeir was part of King Abdullah's delegation on his visit to the Vatican in November 2007, where King Abduallah met with Pope Benedict XVI, the first meeting between a Saudi monarch and a Pope. In July 2008, King Abdullah convened an interfaith conference in Madrid, Spain, bringing together major figures from Islam, Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism to reinforce the common values shared by their respective faiths.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: In November 2007, Al-Jubeir joined Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al-Faisal for the meeting of the Arab League Foreign Ministers in Cairo in preparation for the Annapolis Peace Conference. He was also a member of the Saudi delegation to the Annapolis Peace Conference in November 2007.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: During Ambassador Al-Jubeir's tenure, Saudi Arabia and the U.S. signed a series of bilateral agreements in key areas including civil nuclear cooperation, enhanced security arrangements, reciprocal visa policies, health and medical services, science and technology cooperation, among others. The two countries also established two Joint Task Forces—one to combat terrorists, another to combat terror financing. Experts from both governments and militaries worked side-by-side, sharing real-time information about terror networks.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: In October 2010, Saudi intelligence provided key information to American officials that foiled an attempted terrorist plot involving parcel bombs heading to the United States that originated in Yemen. The bombs were found and defused before reaching their intended targets. According to news reports, a double-agent in Yemen was the source of the tip-off.


title: Adel al-Jubeir

text: Al-Jubeir enhanced the embassy's focus on its ties with the United States Congress through extensive meetings and briefings with members of Congress and staff as well as facilitating visits to the Kingdom. In the spring of 2007, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi visited the Kingdom with a Congressional delegation, the first visit by a sitting Speaker of the House. In addition, the tempo of visits by senior U.S. officials increased substantially during his tenure as ambassador, including two visits by President Bush, multiple visits by Vice President Dick Cheney and visits by President Obama in 2009 and 2014. Other visits included National Security Advisors James L. Jones and Thomas Donilon; Secretaries of State Hillary Clinton and John Kerry; Secretaries of Treasury Henry Paulson and Timothy Geithner; Secretary of Energy Steven Chu; Secretaries of Defense Robert Gates, Leon Panetta and Chuck Hagel; CENTCOM Commanders Generals David Petraeus, James Mattis and Lloyd J. Austin III; FBI Director Robert Mueller; Homeland Security Advisor John O. Brennan and Special Envoys George J. Mitchell, Dennis Ross, Richard Holbrooke and a large number of sub cabinet officials.