title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was the juvenile lead in "The Captain Is a Lady" (1940) and "Dulcy" (1940). He appeared in a musical comedy in "Hullabaloo" (1940), then had a small role in the drama "Keeping Company" (1941) and was the juvenile in "The Wild Man of Borneo" (1941). He could be seen in "Washington Melodrama" (1941) and "Ziegfeld Girl" (1941), and played a gangster in "The Get-Away" (1941).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was third billed in a "B", "Down in San Diego" (1941) and had a small part in an "A" musical, "Lady Be Good" (1941).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was loaned out to 20th Century Fox for "Moon Over Her Shoulder" (1941), then appeared opposite Donna Reed in "Mokey" (1942). He was third-billed in "Sunday Punch" (1942).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Universal borrowed him to support Leo Carrillo in "Timber" (1942). He stayed at that studio for "Give Out, Sisters" (1942), a musical with The Andrews Sisters and Donald O'Connor.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey's last film for MGM was "Panama Hattie" (1942). It was a hit and Dailey's career looked like it was going to the next level when cast in "For Me and My Gal". However Dailey was drafted and Gene Kelly ended up taking the role.


title: Dan Dailey

text: He served in the United States Army during World War II, commissioned as an Army officer after graduation from Signal Corps Officer Candidate School at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. During his army service, he appeared in "This Is the Army" (1943).


title: Dan Dailey

text: When Dailey returned to Hollywood MGM did not renew his contract, which led him to sign a contract with 20th Century Fox. Their association began brilliantly with "Mother Wore Tights" (1947) in which Dailey supported the studio's biggest star, Betty Grable. His part was built up during filming and the movie was Fox's most popular movie of 1947, making $5 million.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Fox promptly cast Dailey opposite their other big female star, Jeanne Crain, in "You Were Meant for Me" (1948). It was directed by Lloyd Bacon who also directed him in "Give My Regards to Broadway" (1948).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was reunited with Grable in "When My Baby Smiles at Me" (1948). It was Fox's biggest hit of the year and garnered Dailey an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor at the 21st Academy Awards.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Fox tried Dailey in a comedy, "Chicken Every Sunday" (1949) with Celeste Holm, then he teamed with Anne Baxter in the popular musical "You're My Everything" (1949).


title: Dan Dailey

text: In 1949, he showcased his singing abilities by recording four songs for Decca Records with the popular Andrews Sisters. Two of the songs were Irish novelties ("Clancy Lowered the Boom!" and "I Had a Hat (When I Came In)"). The other songs, "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" and "In the Good Old Summer Time", capitalized on the success of two MGM blockbuster films of the same names, starring Gene Kelly, Esther Williams, and Frank Sinatra ("Take Me Out to the Ball Game"); and Judy Garland and Van Johnson ("In the Good Old Summertime"). Dailey and The Andrews Sisters were an excellent match, and their vocal stylings were full of gaiety and fun.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey starred in a film for John Ford, "When Willie Comes Marching Home" (1950) which was a mild success at the box office. He received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy in 1951. More popular was a third teaming with Grable, "My Blue Heaven" (1950). He made a cameo in "I'll Get By" (1950).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was reunited with Anne Baxter in "A Ticket to Tomahawk" (1950), often noted as one of the first screen appearances of Marilyn Monroe, who played a very small part as a dance hall girl. He made a fourth (and final) film with Grable, "Call Me Mister" (1951).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Fox tried Dailey in a romantic drama, "I Can Get It for You Wholesale" (1951), playing opposite Susan Hayward. Then he was in a biopic, "The Pride of St. Louis" (1951), as the baseball player Dizzy Dean.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey made a second film with Ford, a remake of "What Price Glory" (1952), where he teamed with James Cagney.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Universal borrowed him for a musical, "Meet Me at the Fair" (1953). Fox put him in a drama, "Taxi" (1953), then a musical with June Haver, "The Girl Next Door" (1953). He did another baseball-themed film, "The Kid from Left Field" (1953).


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey was scheduled to appear in the 20th Century Fox musical extravaganza "There's No Business Like Show Business" (1954), which featured Irving Berlin's music and also starred Monroe, Ethel Merman, Mitzi Gaynor, Johnnie Ray, and Donald O'Connor, whose wife Gwen divorced him and married Dailey around that time. Filming was delayed due to director Walter Lang's poor health. Dailey agreed to appear in "Susan Slept Here" and "Heller in Pink Tights". But "Susan" ended up being made with Dick Powell and "Pink Tights" was postponed. Eventually "There's No Business Like Show Business" was made and proved to be Dailey's biggest hit in a long time.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey went to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to play GI-turned-advertising man Doug Hallerton in "It's Always Fair Weather" (1955) alongside Gene Kelly. The film was screened at drive-in theaters and was not a box-office success, although it did receive good reviews.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey returned to Fox for one more musical, "The Best Things in Life Are Free" (1956) to play songwriter Ray Henderson opposite Gordon MacRae.


title: Dan Dailey

text: The following year, he portrayed "Jughead" Carson in the drama "The Wings of Eagles" (1957) for John Ford, a biographical film on the life of Frank Wead, starring John Wayne.


title: Dan Dailey

text: He was one of several stars in Fox's comedy "Oh, Men! Oh, Women!" (1957). For the same studio, he was part of the ensemble in "The Wayward Bus" (1957). Dailey made a profitable low-budget war film for MGM, "Underwater Warrior" (1958).


title: Dan Dailey

text: As the musical genre began to wane in the late-1950s, he moved on to various comedic and dramatic roles on television, including starring in "The Four Just Men" (1959–60).


title: Dan Dailey

text: He starred with Cantinflas in "Pepe" (1960) and had a cameo in "Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man" (1961) and made "Four Nights of the Full Moon" (1963) in Spain. He returned to Broadway in "Catch Me If You Can" (1965).


title: Dan Dailey

text: In the late 1960s, Dailey toured as Oscar Madison in a road production of "The Odd Couple", co-starring Elliott Reid as Felix Unger and also featuring Peter Boyle as Murray the cop. He did a stint on Broadway in "Plaza Suite".


title: Dan Dailey

text: From 1969 to 1971, Dailey was the Governor opposite Julie Sommars's J.J. in the sitcom "The Governor & J.J." which revolved around the relationship between his character, the conservative governor of an unnamed state and his liberal daughter Jennifer Jo. His performance won him the Golden Globe for Best Actor in a Television Musical or Comedy for performances in 1969, the year that this category was introduced.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey married first wife Elizabeth in 1942. They had one son - Dan, Jr. - in 1947, and separated in 1949. They divorced in 1951.


title: Dan Dailey

text: Dailey broke his hip in 1977 and developed anemia. He died on October 16, 1978, from complications following hip replacement surgery. He is buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Mṛcchakatika ( मृच्छकटिकम्), also spelled "Mṛcchakaṭikā", "Mrchchhakatika", "Mricchakatika", or "Mrichchhakatika" (The Little Clay Cart) is a ten-act Sanskrit drama attributed to Śūdraka, an ancient playwright who is possibly from the 5th century CE, and who is identified by the prologue as a Kshatriya king as well as a devotee of Shiva who lived for above 110 years. The play is set in the ancient city of Ujjayini during the reign of the King Pālaka, near the end of the Pradyota dynasty that made up the first quarter of the fifth century BCE. The central story is that of a noble but impoverished young Brahmin, , who falls in love with a wealthy courtesan or nagarvadhu, . Despite their mutual affection, however, the couple's lives and love are threatened when a vulgar courtier, Samsthānaka, also known as Shakara, begins to aggressively pursue Vasantasenā.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Life with romance, comedy, intrigue and a political subplot detailing the overthrow of the city's despotic ruler by a shepherd, the play is notable among extant Sanskrit drama for its focus on a fictional scenario rather than on a classical tale or legend. "Mṛcchakaṭika" also departs from traditions enumerated in the Natya Shastra that specify that dramas should focus on the lives of the nobility and instead incorporates many peasant characters who speak a wide range of Prakrit dialects. The story is thought to be derived from an earlier work called "Cārudatta in Poverty" by the playwright Bhāsa, though that work survives only in fragments.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Of all the Sanskrit dramas, "Mṛcchakaṭika" remains one of the most widely celebrated and oft-performed in the West. The work played a significant role in generating interest in Indian theatre among European audiences following several successful nineteenth century translations and stage productions, most notably Gérard de Nerval and Joseph Méry's highly romanticised French adaptation titled "Le Chariot d'enfant" that premiered in Paris in 1850, as well as a critically acclaimed "anarchist" interpretation by Victor Barrucand called "Le Chariot de terre cuite" that was produced by the Théâtre de l'Œuvre in 1895.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Unlike other classical plays in Sanskrit, the play does not borrow from epics or mythology. The characters of Śūdraka are drawn from the mundane world. It is peopled with gamblers, courtesans, thieves, and so on. The protagonist of the play, Cārudatta, does not belong to the noble class or royal lineage. Though Vasantasenā is a courtesan, her exemplary attitude and dignified behavior impress the audience. The nobility of the characters does not stem from their social conditioning but from their virtues and behaviour.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Cārudatta is a generous young bramin who, through his charitable contributions to unlucky friends and the general public welfare, has severely impoverished himself and his family. Though deserted by most of his friends and embarrassed by deteriorating living conditions, he has maintained his reputation in Ujjayini as an honest and upright man with a rare gift of wisdom and many important men continue to seek his counsel.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Though happily married and the recent father of a young son, Rohasena, Cārudatta is enamored of Vasantasenā, a courtesan of great wealth and reputation. At a chance encounter at the temple of Kāma she returns his affection, though the matter is complicated when Vasantasenā finds herself pursued by Samsthānaka, a half-mad brother-in-law of King Pālaka, and his retinue. When the men threaten violence, Vasantasenā flees, seeking safety with Cārudatta. Their love blossoms following the clandestine meeting, and the courtesan entrusts her new lover with a casket of jewelry in an attempt to ensure a future meeting.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Her plan is thwarted, however, when a thief, Sarvilaka, enters Cārudatta’s home and steals the jewels in an elaborate scheme to buy the freedom of his lover, Madanikā, who is Vasantasenā’s slave and confidante. The courtesan recognizes the jewelry, but she accepts the payment anyway and frees Madanikā to marry. She then attempts to contact Cārudatta and inform him of the situation, but before she can make contact he panics and sends Vasantasenā a rare pearl necklace that had belonged to his wife, a gift in great excess of the value of the stolen jewelry. In recognition of this, Cārudatta's friend, Maitreya, cautions the Brahmin against further association, fearing that Vasantasenā is, at worst, scheming to take from Cārudatta the few possessions he still has and, at best, a good-intentioned bastion of bad luck and disaster.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Refusing to take this advice, Cārudatta makes Vasantasenā his mistress and she eventually meets his young son. During the encounter, the boy is distressed because he has recently enjoyed playing with a friend's toy cart of solid gold and no longer wants his own clay cart that his nurse has made for him. Taking pity on him in his sadness, Vasantasenā fills his little clay cart with her own jewelry, heaping his humble toy with a mound of gold before departing to meet Cārudatta in a park outside the city for a day’s outing. There she enters a fine carriage, but soon discovers that she is in a gharry belonging to Samsthānaka, who remains enraged by her previous affront and is madly jealous of the love and favor she shows to Cārudatta. Unable to persuade his henchmen to kill her, Samsthānaka sends his retinue away and proceeds to strangle Vasantasenā and hide her body beneath a pile of leaves. Still seeking vengeance, he promptly accuses Cārudatta of the crime.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Though Cārudatta proclaims his innocence, his presence in the park along with his son's possession of Vasantasenā's jewels implicate the poverty-stricken man, and he is found guilty and condemned to death by King Pālaka. Unbeknownst to all, however, the body identified as Vasantasenā’s was actually another woman. Vasantasenā had been revived and befriended by a Buddhist monk who nursed her back to health in a nearby village.


title: Mṛcchakatika

text: Just as Cārudatta faces execution, Vasantasenā appears and, seeing the excited crowd, intervenes in time to save him from execution and his wife from throwing herself onto the funeral pyre. Together the three declare themselves a family. Reaching the courts, Vasantasenā tells the story of her near death and, following her testimony, Samsthānaka is arrested and the good Prince Āryaka deposes the wicked King Pālaka. His first acts as the newly declared sovereign is to restore Cārudatta’s fortune and make him the king of Kusavati . Following this good will, Cārudatta demonstrates in the final act his enduring virtue and charity, appealing to the King for pardon on behalf of Samsthānaka who is subsequently declared free. And the Buddhist monk who saved the life of Vasantasenā is made the chief of all Vihars. Vasantasena is given the title of a wife. Everybody is happy, nobody has any grouse.


title: Golden Cove

text: Golden Cove is a codename for a CPU microarchitecture developed by Intel and released in November 2021. It succeeds four microarchitectures: Sunny Cove, Skylake, Willow Cove, and Cypress Cove. It is fabricated using Intel's Intel 7 process node, previously referred to as 10nm Enhanced SuperFin (10ESF).


title: Golden Cove

text: The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores (P-core) of the 12th-generation Intel Core processors (codenamed "Alder Lake") and will power fourth-generation Xeon Scalable server processors (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids").


title: Golden Cove

text: Intel first unveiled Golden Cove during their Architecture Day 2020, with further details released at the same event in August 2021. Similar to Skylake, Golden Cove was described by Intel as a major update to the core microarchitecture, with Intel stating that it would "allow performance for the next decade of compute". Intel also described Golden Cove as the largest microarchitectural upgrade to the Core family in a decade, touting a 19% increase in instructions per cycle (IPC) over Cypress Cove. At the event in 2021, Intel revealed the Gracemont and Golden Cove architectures would both be bundled in a hybrid architecture into its Alder Lake CPUs for desktops and laptops. It was described as "the successor to Intel's 10-nm Sunny Cove microarchitecture." It was also announced that the Golden Cove cores would support hyper-threading, which allows two threads to run on one core. "P-cores" based on Golden Cove stood for "performance", while "E-cores" based on Gracemont stood for "efficient."


title: Golden Cove

text: In August 2021, Golden Cove design followed "the Willow Cove core in Tiger Lake, the Sunny Cove core in Ice Lake, and the derivative Cypress Cove core in Rocket Lake."


title: Golden Cove

text: Succeeding Willow Cove, in 2021 the Golden Cove was described as competing against AMD's Zen 3 and Zen 4-based processors. Golden Cove is based on the 10 nm Enhanced SuperFin node by Intel, which was later renamed to Intel 7. When modifying Willow Cove, writes "Hardware Times", Intel announced in 2021 that both Golden Cove and Gracemont "expanded the back and front-end, improved the out-of-order execution (OoO) capabilities, and focused more on power efficiency and real-world performance."


title: Golden Cove

text: In January 2022, "TechRadar" noted that the upcoming Intel Alder Lake-P processors, mobile variants of Alder Lake with Golden Cove, could possibly use up to "six Golden Cove cores with 12 threads alongside eight Gracemont cores with eight threads," noting other permutations were also possible. In April 2022, it was reported that Raptor Lake, a "refresh" of Alder Lake, might utilize the Golden Cove and Gracemont cores. It was also reported in April 2022 that Sapphire Rapids would utilize Golden Cove cores.


title: Golden Cove

text: According to "AnandTech" in August 2021, "Intel sees the Golden Cove as a major step-function update, with massive revamps of the fundamental building blocks of the CPU, going as far as calling it as allowing performance for the next decade of compute. "AnandTech" in August 2021 also wrote that the last similar level of upgrades to Intel's "core front-end" was Sunny Cove, as compared to Willow Cove and Cypress Cove, which unlike Golden Cove "were more iterative designs focusing on the memory subsystem." Golden Cove was described as having "gigantic changes to the microarchitecture’s front-end", with Intel describing those changes as the largest upgrades to microarchitecture in a decade, since Skylake.


title: Golden Cove

text: The P-core Golden Cove microarchitecture supports 6-wide decode, higher than the prior 4, and has split the execution ports to allow for more operations to execute at once, enabling higher IPC and ILP from workflow that can take advantage. Usually a wider decode consumes a lot more power, but Intel says that its micro-op cache (now 4K) and front-end are improved enough that the decode engine spends 80% of its time power gated."


title: Golden Cove

text: The microarchitecture is used in the high-performance cores of the twelfth generation of Intel Core hybrid processors (codenamed "Alder Lake") and will be implemented in the fourth generation of Xeon scalable processors (codenamed "Sapphire Rapids").


title: Golden Cove

text: Raptor Cove, released on October 20, 2022, is a refresh of the Golden Cove microarchitecture with the following changes:


title: NickRewind

text: NickRewind (formerly The '90s Are All That, The Splat, and NickSplat) was an American late night programming block that broadcast nightly over the channel space of TeenNick. The block showed reruns of mid-late 1980s, 1990s, and early-mid 2000s children's programming, mostly shows that aired on Nickelodeon during their original runs. Collectively under all of its various brands, TeenNick's overnight classic programming block ran from July 25, 2011 to January 31, 2022.


title: NickRewind

text: The block was preceded in the format by The "90s Are All That", which debuted the night of July 25, 2011 (early July 26) and was inspired by a large amount of interest in classic Nickelodeon series from the 1990s by users of social media outlets such as Facebook. From October 7, 2011, through October 23, 2011, the block aired in an earlier time slot, from 10 p.m. to midnight. Response to the debut was very positive; hashtags pertaining to the block became trending topics on Twitter and the Nielsen Ratings for TeenNick on the debut night increased to between eight and 60 times the ratings TeenNick received in previous weeks, beating numerous higher-profile basic cable programs in the same time slot.


title: NickRewind

text: Beginning October 5, 2015, the block expanded to eight hours (10 p.m. to 6 a.m.) and began airing a broader variety of series. As The Splat, the block's name and logo came from Nickelodeon's logo from 1984; a white brush-printed wordmark on an amorphous orange background (often manifested as a "splat" shape, but which was frequently rendered in many others). To align itself with Nickelodeon's cross-platform branding, the block changed its name to NickSplat on May 1, 2017. The block would adopt its final name on March 15, 2019, discontinuing on January 31, 2022. The NickRewind social media pages remain active.


title: NickRewind

text: The final week of 2011, dubbed "Party Like It's the '90s", featured shows originally featured in the 1995 through 1999 incarnation of SNICK. "KaBlam!" and "Animorphs" were excluded and replaced with other SNICK programs of the era. This also included '90s Nick IDs. The December 31 edition, called "Stick Clark's New Year's Sticking Eve", featured the revival of "U-Dip," another "Nick in the Afternoon" feature, as an homage of the large list of objects dropped on New Year's Eve across the United States. Nickelodeon's trademark slime won the vote. The block started at 10 pm and ended at 2 am, with a re-air from 2 am–6 am, to accommodate the occasion.


title: NickRewind

text: On September 11, 2015, the block's Facebook page announced a new program block called "The Splat". It was later confirmed that The Splat would launch on October 5, 2015, and run for eight hours. The same general format and program library were being used, with less repetition of series; whereas The '90s Are All That aired most of its shows five days a week, The Splat added a few shows into the rotation that had either not yet been seen on the previous block or had only aired as special presentations, no longer airing them on a set weekly schedule. These programs also included programs that originally aired in the 1980s and the 2000s.


title: NickRewind

text: On November 23, The Splat and Nick at Nite simulcast a "Double Dare" reunion show upon the series' 30th anniversary. The special featured the cast of "All That" participating in a new first-run episode of the game; to accommodate the simulcast, "The Splat" began airing an hour earlier than usual.


title: NickRewind

text: To align itself with Nickelodeon's cross-platform branding, The Splat was renamed NickSplat on May 1, 2017.


title: NickRewind

text: On March 18, 2019, the block, along with its social media presences, was officially renamed "NickRewind".


title: NickRewind

text: On January 31, 2022, the branding ended, though traditional TeenNick content had begun to air overnights in mid-December 2021. The end of the block was confirmed by NickRewind's Twitter account on February 2, 2022, with viewers directed to watch the block's programming on Pluto TV (which had been carrying much of the same content as NickRewind since May 2019) and Paramount+.


title: NickRewind

text: As part of the launch of "The '90s Are All That" in 2011, the block had its own dedicated website, which featured clips, the schedule, and voting sections.


title: NickRewind

text: In September 2015, along with the announcement of the block's relaunch as "The Splat", a new keyboard app was announced to be released to the Apple App Store and Google Play. Titled "The Splat Emoji Keyboard" and developed by Snaps Media, the app features pictures and GIFs of 90s Nicktoons characters and various objects. The app was released in October 2015, coinciding with the launch of The Splat.


title: NickRewind

text: In 2016, Nickelodeon UK launched a UK version of "NickSplat". Instead of it being a block, it's an online-only service on Nick.co.uk. For a limited time in 2017, Nicktoons UK broadcast some of the shows from the block.


title: NickRewind

text: On December 12, 2016, Nickelodeon Netherlands & Flanders launched a Dutch version of "NickSplat" simply called "Splat". The block airs on weeknights at midnight since the channel was extended to 24/7 programming.


title: NickRewind

text: In August 2020, Nickelodeon (Latin America) launched a localized version of "NickRewind" airing older Nickelodeon shows from the 90s to the 2010s, it only aired for a month.


title: Water of crystallization

text: In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside crystals. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Upon crystallization from water, or water-containing solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Compared to inorganic salts, proteins crystallize with large amounts of water in the crystal lattice. A water content of 50% is not uncommon for proteins.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Knowledge of hydration is essential for calculating the masses for many compounds. The reactivity of many salt-like solids is sensitive to the presence of water.


title: Water of crystallization

text: The hydration and dehydration of salts is central to the use of phase-change materials for energy storage.


title: Water of crystallization

text: In molecular formulas "water of crystallization" is indicated in various ways, but is often vague. The terms hydrated compound and hydrate are generally vaguely defined.


title: Water of crystallization

text: A salt with associated water of crystallization is known as a hydrate. The structure of hydrates can be quite elaborate, because of the existence of hydrogen bonds that define polymeric structures.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Historically, the structures of many hydrates were unknown, and the dot in the formula of a hydrate was employed to specify the composition without indicating how the water is bound. Examples:


title: Water of crystallization

text: For many salts, the exact bonding of the water is unimportant because the water molecules are made labile upon dissolution. For example, an aqueous solution prepared from and anhydrous behave identically. Therefore, knowledge of the degree of hydration is important only for determining the equivalent weight: one mole of weighs more than one mole of . In some cases, the degree of hydration can be critical to the resulting chemical properties. For example, anhydrous is not soluble in water and is relatively useless in organometallic chemistry whereas is versatile. Similarly, hydrated is a poor Lewis acid and thus inactive as a catalyst for Friedel-Crafts reactions. Samples of must therefore be protected from atmospheric moisture to preclude the formation of hydrates.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Crystals of hydrated copper(II) sulfate consist of centers linked to ions. Copper is surrounded by six oxygen atoms, provided by two different sulfate groups and four molecules of water. A fifth water resides elsewhere in the framework but does not bind directly to copper. The cobalt chloride mentioned above occurs as and . In tin chloride, each Sn(II) center is pyramidal (mean angle is 83°) being bound to two chloride ions and one water. The second water in the formula unit is hydrogen-bonded to the chloride and to the coordinated water molecule. Water of crystallization is stabilized by electrostatic attractions, consequently hydrates are common for salts that contain +2 and +3 cations as well as −2 anions. In some cases, the majority of the weight of a compound arises from water. Glauber's salt, , is a white crystalline solid with greater than 50% water by weight.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Consider the case of nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate. This species has the formula . Crystallographic analysis reveals that the solid consists of subunits that are hydrogen bonded to each other as well as two additional molecules of . Thus one third of the water molecules in the crystal are not directly bonded to , and these might be termed "water of crystallization".


title: Water of crystallization

text: The water content of most compounds can be determined with a knowledge of its formula. An unknown sample can be determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) where the sample is heated strongly, and the accurate weight of a sample is plotted against the temperature. The amount of water driven off is then divided by the molar mass of water to obtain the number of molecules of water bound to the salt.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Water is particularly common solvent to be found in crystals because it is small and polar. But "all" solvents can be found in some host crystals. Water is noteworthy because it is reactive, whereas other solvents such as benzene are considered to be chemically innocuous. Occasionally more than one solvent is found in a crystal, and often the stoichiometry is variable, reflected in the crystallographic concept of "partial occupancy." It is common and conventional for a chemist to "dry" a sample with a combination of vacuum and heat "to constant weight."


title: Water of crystallization

text: For other solvents of crystallization, analysis is conveniently accomplished by dissolving the sample in a deuterated solvent and analyzing the sample for solvent signals by NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray crystallography is often able to detect the presence of these solvents of crystallization as well. Other methods may be currently available.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Transition metal sulfates form a variety of hydrates, each of which crystallizes in only one form. The sulfate group often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. The heptahydrates, which are often the most common salts, crystallize as monoclinic and the less common orthorhombic forms. In the heptahydrates, one water is in the lattice and the other six are coordinated to the ferrous center. Many of the metal sulfates occur in nature, being the result of weathering of mineral sulfides. Many monohydrates are known.


title: Water of crystallization

text: Transition metal nitrates form a variety of hydrates. The nitrate anion often binds to the metal, especially for those salts with fewer than six aquo ligands. Nitrates are uncommon in nature, so few minerals are represented here. Hydrated ferrous nitrate has not been characterized crystallographically.


title: Stahl House

text: The Stahl House (also known as Case Study House #22) is a modernist-styled house designed by architect Pierre Koenig in the Hollywood Hills section of Los Angeles, California, which is known as a frequent set location in American films. Photographic and anecdotal evidence suggests that the architect's client, Buck Stahl, may have provided an inspiration for the overall structure. In 2013 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Stahl House

text: Built in 1959 as part of the Case Study Houses program, the house is considered an iconic representation of modern architecture in Los Angeles during the twentieth century. It was made famous by a Julius Shulman photograph showing two women leisurely sitting in a corner of the house with an eventide panoramic view of the city through floor-to-ceiling glass walls.


title: Stahl House

text: In 1999, the house was declared a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument. In 2007, the American Institute of Architects listed the Stahl House (#140) as one of the top 150 structures on its "America's Favorite Architecture" list, one of only eleven in Southern California, and the only privately owned home on the list.


title: Stahl House

text: The house was included among the ten best houses in Los Angeles in a "Los Angeles Times" survey of experts in December 2008.


title: Stahl House

text: The house has been used in numerous fashion shoots, films, and advertising campaigns. Films include "Smog" (1962); "The First Power" (1990); "The Marrying Man" (1991); "Corrina, Corrina" (1994); "Playing by Heart" (1998), where it was used as the home of Jon Stewart’s character; "Why Do Fools Fall In Love" (1998); "Galaxy Quest" (1999), as the home of Tim Allen's character; "Nurse Betty" (2000); and "Where the Truth Lies" (2005). Television shows include "Adam-12," "Emergency!," "Columbo," and "The Simpsons." The house is prominently featured in the music videos for "I Don't Wanna Stop" (2003) by ATB, "Missing Cleveland" by Scott Weiland, and also "Release Me" by Wilson Phillips. A look-alike was also included in the 2004 video game "" as one of the safehouses players can buy. The house was used twice as a filming location for "Columbo", (""), including an episode directed by Steven Spielberg.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The Silence are a religious order in the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who", represented by humanoids with alien-like physical characteristics. Executive producer Steven Moffat created the Silence, intending them to be scarier than past villains in "Doctor Who". Though the phrase "Silence will fall" recurred throughout the 2010 series of "Doctor Who", the Silence were not seen until the 2011 series' opener "The Impossible Astronaut". Their origins are eventually revealed in the 2013 special "The Time of the Doctor".


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: In creating the Silence shown in "The Impossible Astronaut", Moffat drew inspiration from Edvard Munch's 1893 expressionist painting "The Scream" as well as the Men in Black. The Silence continues Moffat's trend of using simple psychological concepts to make his monsters more frightening. In this case of the Silence, their existence is a secret because anyone who sees them immediately forgets about them after looking away, but retains suggestions made to them by the Silence. This allows them to have a pervasive influence across human history while being difficult to locate or resist.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: Producer Steven Moffat created the Silence. Actor Matt Smith, who portrays the Eleventh Doctor, called these aliens "the scariest monsters in the Show's history" and Karen Gillan, who portrays the Doctor's companion Amy Pond, commented that the Silence could "rival the Weeping Angels in terms of scariness".


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The Silence shown in "The Impossible Astronaut" are depicted as tall humanoids with bulbous heads and mouthless, bony faces, partly inspired by Edvard Munch's "The Scream". Their eyes are sunken within their sockets and the skin of their cheeks stretches to the point of their narrow chins. Their large, shrivelled hands resemble a human hand except where the ring and middle fingers would be is a large flipper-like finger. They speak in low, guttural voices though they have no apparent mouths. Aliens affiliated with The Silence seen to date in the series have been dressed in black business suits with an unusual texture. They are partly inspired by mythological figures known as "men in black" that became popular amongst UFO conspiracy theorists during the 1950s and 60s, as well as grey aliens. The four-fingered hands of the Silence, with one finger much longer than the other, were inspired by the aye-aye lemur.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: Reviewers have noted that, in creating the Silence seen in "The Impossible Astronaut", Moffat again uses a psychological gimmick. The Silence are perceived only while being viewed; they are instantly forgotten once a viewer looks away. To keep track of their encounters with the Silence, "Doctor Who"s characters mark tallies on their bodies or use audio-recorder devices embedded in their hands to let them know if they have seen the Silence. Silence are portrayed as being able to gather electrical energy around them and shoot it from their hands. These Silence use the energy discharge from their hands to displace someone, leaving behind only debris in the form of ash like flakes. While absorbing and discharging this energy, a hole appears where one would expect a mouth to be. This power is enhanced and becomes more destructive if they combine their energy and use it together. The Doctor believed they had humanity go to the moon simply to create a spacesuit for their needs.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The unexplained ominous phrase "Silence will fall" recurs throughout the fifth series of "Doctor Who", in 2010. The plot thread is left open in the series finale, "The Big Bang", where the force responsible for the TARDIS' destruction is left unidentified.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The Silence are then introduced—as a species rather than an event—in the sixth series' two-part premiere "The Impossible Astronaut"/"Day of the Moon"; one Silent observes the death of a future Doctor (Matt Smith) in Utah. Soon after, and unaware that companions River Song (Alex Kingston), Amy (Karen Gillan), and Rory (Arthur Darvill) met his future self and witnessed his death, the Doctor takes them to 1969, where they confront the Silence as they manipulate the US government. By recording a Silent saying "you should kill us all on sight" on a videophone—which the Doctor broadcasts during the Apollo 11 moonlanding—Earth's populace is conditioned to kill all Silence, though they will not remember doing so. In the process, the Doctor's group meets a mysterious girl in the same astronaut suit as the assailant who kills his future self.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: Later in the series, this girl is revealed to be Amy and Rory's daughter, Melody Pond, who is also a young River Song. She is kidnapped as a baby, in "A Good Man Goes to War", by Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber) in order to become a weapon against the Doctor—her Time Lord-like genetic traits make her an ideal candidate to kill the Doctor. "Let's Kill Hitler" establishes that the Silence, and its Academy of the Question, has brainwashed her to such an end, though River goes against her programming and saves the Doctor's life. After biding their time until the conditions were right, Kovarian and the Silence kidnap River in "Closing Time", and force her to enact her role in the Doctor's death at Lake Silencio as seen in "The Impossible Astronaut". In "The Wedding of River Song", many Silence appear in a parallel universe caused by River not shooting the Doctor. The eyepatches worn by Madame Kovarian and others are revealed to be "Eye Drives"—external memory units—permitting associates of the Silence to perceive and remember the species. The Silence reveal, however, that they have the power to remotely kill the devices' wearers—as such, they betray Kovarian by killing her.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The Silence is revealed to be a religious movement composed of the species of the same name. The religion takes its name from the prophecy that when the oldest question in the universe is asked, silence will (or must) fall. As the Doctor is predestined to answer the question (which turns out to be the show's name itself, "Doctor who?"), the Silence made it their goal to make his death a fixed point in time and prevent this. Though the Doctor's death at Lake Silencio was thought to be a "fixed point" of history, it turns out he faked his death, with River imprisoned for it so that the Silence will believe him dead.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: The Silence's origins are revealed in "The Time of the Doctor" (2013). They are genetically modified priests belonging to the Church of the Papal Mainframe; penitents would confess their sins and then forget their confessions immediately after giving them. During the hundreds of years of stalemate above the planet Trenzalore, where the Doctor refused to give his name lest he unleash the full horrors of a renewed Time War on the universe, the Papal Mainframe became known as the Church of the Silence, making the Doctor's continued silence its primary mission. During this period, the "Kovarian Chapter" of the Church is said to have split off and attempted to destroy the Doctor before he arrived on Trenzalore, as seen in Series 6. Their first attempt to stop the Doctor's arrival there is revealed to be the destruction of his TARDIS in Series 5. This action leads to the appearance of the cracks in the universe which brought the Church to Trenzalore in the first place. When the stalemate ends and Trenzalore is plunged into battle, the remaining Silence (who are loyal to the Papal Mainframe) fight alongside the Doctor to protect the planet's inhabitants from invading enemies, as noted by Tasha Lem. Together, the Doctor and the Silence defend the planet until everyone but the Daleks have retreated or burned.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: "The Guardian"s Dan Martin responded favourably to the Silence. Though he described them as "a standard Moffat psychological trick", he commended it as the "most refined to date" and praised an introductory scene that was reminiscent of the unsettling directorial work of David Lynch. Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote that though the Silence's central gimmick felt similar to previous ones, Moffat "continues to use those same tricks in such clever combinations, and with such technical flair, that I'm not tired of most of them yet."


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: "The A.V. Club"s Keith Phipps wrote favourably of Moffat's handling of the species in "Day of the Moon". In particular, the introduction of a hand audio-recorder concept as particularly clever, as it allowed for developments in Rory's paranoia concerning Amy's feelings for the Doctor, although Phipps reflected that he was confused by the montage that connected the Silence to other mentions of "silence" in previous episodes.


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: Following concerns being raised about whether the Silence had made Doctor Who too scary for children, Moffat responded by saying, "I emphatically think that's not the case ... children like to be scared—like on a ghost train or a rollercoaster."


title: Silence (Doctor Who)

text: Some reviewers noted favourable comparisons with monsters from American fantasy series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", The Gentlemen from its critically acclaimed fourth season episode "Hush" (1999). Mike Moody for AOL TV wrote of the Silence, "They're pretty damn scary, and they remind me of The Gentleman from "Buffy". (Anything that recalls "Buffy" is a plus for me.)" A Television Without Pity reviewer described the Silence as monsters which "look essentially identical to the Gentlemen from "Buffy"".


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The themes or (, , , ) were the main military/administrative divisions of the middle Byzantine Empire. They were established in the mid-7th century in the aftermath of the Slavic invasion of the Balkans and Muslim conquests of parts of Byzantine territory, and replaced the earlier provincial system established by Diocletian and Constantine the Great. In their origin, the first themes were created from the areas of encampment of the field armies of the East Roman army, and their names corresponded to the military units that had existed in those areas. The theme system reached its apogee in the 9th and 10th centuries, as older themes were split up and the conquest of territory resulted in the creation of new ones. The original theme system underwent significant changes in the 11th and 12th centuries, but the term remained in use as a provincial and financial circumscription until the very end of the Empire.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: During the late 6th and early 7th centuries, the Byzantine Empire was under frequent attack from all sides. The Sassanid Empire was pressing from the east on Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia. Slavs and Avars raided Thrace, Macedonia, Illyricum and southern Greece and settled in the Balkans. The Lombards occupied northern Italy, largely unopposed. In order to face the mounting pressure, in the more distant provinces of the West, recently regained by Justinian I (r. 527–565), Emperor Maurice (r. 582–602) combined supreme civil and military authority in the person of an "exarch", a viceroy, forming the exarchates of Ravenna and Africa. These developments overturned the strict division of civil and military offices, which had been one of the cornerstones of the reforms of Diocletian (r. 284–305). In essence however they merely recognized and formalized the greater prominence of the local general, or , over the respective civilian praetorian prefect as a result of the provinces' precarious security situation.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: This trend had already featured in some of the administrative reforms of Justinian I in the 530s. Justinian had given military authority to the governors of individual provinces plagued by brigandage in Asia Minor, but more importantly, he had also created the exceptional combined military-civilian circumscription of the and abolished the civilian Diocese of Egypt, putting a with combined authority at the head of each of its old provinces. However, in most of the Empire, the old system continued to function until the 640s, when the eastern part of the Empire faced the onslaught of the Muslim Caliphate. The rapid Muslim conquest of Syria and Egypt and consequent Byzantine losses in manpower and territory meant that the Empire found itself struggling for survival.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: In order to respond to this unprecedented crisis, the Empire was drastically reorganized. As stablished by the Hellenistic political systems, philosophies and Orthodox doctrines, power had been concentrated in the military leaders "strategoi" who acted as viceroys in their respective ""théma"", who at the same time where appointed by the emperor himself. Their main function in the different "théma" was the collection of taxes from the different communities ""chora"", ""komai"" and from the different states ""proasteion"" as well as the creation of fast and flexible provincial armies. The remaining imperial territory in Asia Minor was divided into four large themes, and although some elements of the earlier civil administration survived, they were subordinated to the governing general or .


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The origin and early nature of the themes has been heavily disputed amongst scholars. The very name is of uncertain etymology, but most scholars follow Constantine Porphyrogennetos, who records that it originates from Greek ("placement"). The date of their creation is also uncertain. For most of the 20th century, the establishment of the themes was attributed to the Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), during the last of the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars. Most notable amongst the supporters of this thesis was George Ostrogorsky who based this opinion on an extract from the chronicle of Theophanes the Confessor mentioning the arrival of Heraclius "in the lands of the themes" for the year 622. According to Ostrogorsky, this "shows that the process of establishing troops (themes) in specific areas of Asia Minor has already begun at this time." This view has been objected to by other historians however, and more recent scholarship dates their creation later, to the period from the 640s to the 660s, under Constans II (r. 641–668). It has further been shown that, contrary to Ostrogorsky's conception of the being established from the outset as distinct, well-defined regions where a held joint military and civil authority, the term originally seems to have referred exclusively to the armies themselves, and only in the later 7th or early 8th centuries did it come to be transferred to the districts where these armies were encamped as well.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: Tied to the question of chronology is also the issue of a corresponding social and military transformation. The traditional view, championed by Ostrogorsky, holds that the establishment of the themes also meant the creation of a new type of army. In his view, instead of the old force, heavily reliant on foreign mercenaries, the new Byzantine army was based on native farmer-soldiers living on state-leased military estates (compare the organization of the Sasanian ). More recent scholars however have posited that the formation of the themes did not constitute a radical break with the past, but rather a logical extension of pre-existing, 6th-century trends, and that its direct social impact was minimal.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: What is clear is that at some point in the mid-7th century, probably in the late 630s and 640s, the Empire's field armies were withdrawn to Anatolia, the last major contiguous territory remaining to the Empire, and assigned to the districts that became known as the themes. Territorially, each of the new themes encompassed several of the older provinces, and with a few exceptions, seems to have followed the old provincial boundaries. The first four themes were those of the Armeniacs, Anatolics and Thracesians, and the Opsician theme. The Armeniac Theme (, ), first mentioned in 667, was the successor of the Army of Armenia. It occupied the old areas of the Pontus, Armenia Minor and northern Cappadocia, with its capital at Amasea. The Anatolic Theme (, ""), first mentioned in 669, was the successor of the Army of the East (, ). It covered southern central Asia Minor, and its capital was Amorium. Together, these two themes formed the first tier of defence of Byzantine Anatolia, bordering Muslim Armenia and Syria respectively. The Thracesian Theme (, ), first mentioned clearly as late as c. 740, was the successor of the Army of Thrace, and covered the central western coast of Asia Minor (Ionia, Lydia and Caria), with its capital most likely at Chonae. The Opsician Theme (, ), first mentioned in 680, was constituted from the imperial retinue (in Latin ). It covered northwestern Asia Minor (Bithynia, Paphlagonia and parts of Galatia), and was based at Nicaea. Uniquely, its commander retained his title of (, "count").


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: In addition, the great naval division of the Carabisians or "Karabisianoi" (, "people of the [ships]"), first mentioned in 680, was probably formed of the remains of the Army of the Illyricum or, more likely, the old "quaestura exercitus". It never formed a theme proper, but occupied parts of the southern coast of Asia Minor and the Aegean Islands, with its seat most likely at Samos. It provided the bulk of the Byzantine navy facing the new Arab fleets, which after the Battle of the Masts contested control of the Mediterranean with the Empire. In the event, the Carabisians would prove unsatisfactory in that role, and by 720 they had been disbanded in favour of a fully fledged naval theme, that of the Cibyrrhaeots (, "Thema Kibyrrhaiotōn"), which encompassed the southern coasts of Asia Minor and the Aegean islands.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The part of the region of Thrace under Byzantine control was probably constituted as a theme at about 680, as a response to the Bulgar threat, although for a time the command over Thrace appears to have been exercised by the Count of the "Opsikion". Successive campaigns by the emperors of the Heraclian dynasty in Greece also led to the recovery of control of Central Greece from Slavic invaders, and to the establishment of the theme of Hellas there between 687 and 695. Sicily too was formed as a theme by the end of the 7th century, but the imperial possessions in mainland Italy remained under the exarch of Ravenna or the local "doukes", as did Byzantine Africa until the fall of Carthage in 698. At the same time, Crete and the imperial exclave of Cherson in the Crimea formed independent "archontiai".


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: Thus, by the turning of the century, the themes had become the dominant feature of imperial administration. Their large size and power however made their generals prone to revolt, as had been evidenced in the turbulent period 695–715, and would again during the great revolt of Artabasdos in 741–742. The suppression of Artabasdos' revolt heralded the first significant changes in the Anatolian themes: the over-mighty "Opsikion" was broken up with the creation of two new themes, the Bucellarian Theme and the Optimates, while the role of imperial guard was assumed by a new type of professional force, the imperial "tagmata".


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: Despite the prominence of the themes, it was some time before they became the basic unit of the imperial administrative system. Although they had become associated with specific regions by the early 8th century, it took until the end of the 8th century for the civil fiscal administration to begin being organized around them, instead of following the old provincial system. This process, resulting in unified control over both military and civil affairs of each theme by its "strategos", was complete by the mid-9th century, and is the "classical" thematic model mentioned in such works as the "Klētorologion" and the "De Administrando Imperio".


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: At the same time, the need to protect the Anatolian heartland of Byzantium from the Arab raids led to the creation, in the later 8th and early 9th centuries, of a series of small frontier districts, the "kleisourai" or "kleisourarchiai" ("defiles, enclosures"). The term was previously used to signify strategically important, fortified mountain passages, and was now expanded to entire districts which formed separate commands under a "kleisourarchēs", tasked with guerrilla warfare and locally countering small to mid-scale incursions and raids. Gradually, most of these were elevated to full themes.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: With the beginning of the Byzantine offensives in the East and the Balkans in the 10th century, especially under the warrior-emperors Nikephoros II (r. 963–969), John I Tzimiskes (r. 969–976) and Basil II (r. 976–1025), newly gained territories were also incorporated into themes, although these were generally smaller than the original themes established in the 7th and 8th centuries.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: At this time, a new class of themes, the so-called "minor" () or "Armenian" themes () appear, which Byzantine sources clearly differentiate from the traditional "great" or "Roman" themes (). Most consisted merely of a fortress and its surrounding territory, with a junior "stratēgos" (called by the Arabs and by the Armenians) as a commander and about 1,000 men, chiefly infantry, as their garrison. As their name reveals, they were mostly populated by Armenians, either indigenous or settled there by the Byzantine authorities. One of their peculiarities was the extremely large number of officers (the theme of Charpezikion alone counted 22 senior and 47 junior "tourmarchai").


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: While well suited for defence, the "Armenian" themes were incapable of responding to major invasions or undertake sustained offensive campaigns on their own. Thus, from the 960s, more and more professional regiments, both from the old "tagmata" and newly raised formations, were stationed along the border. To command them as well as coordinate the forces of the small frontier themes, a number of large regional commands ("" or ""), under a "doux" or "katepano", were set up. In the East, the three original such commands, set up by John Tzimiskes, were those of the "doukes" of Antioch, Chaldia and Mesopotamia. As Byzantium expanded into Greater Armenia in the early 11th century, these were complemented or replaced by the commands of Iberia, Vaspurakan, Edessa and Ani. In the same vein, the "Armenian" themes seem to have been placed under a single "strategos" in the mid-11th century.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The series of soldier-emperors culminating in Basil II led to a situation where by 1025 Byzantium was more powerful than any of its enemies. At the same time, the mobile, professional forces of the "tagmata" gained in importance over the old thematic armies (and fleets) of the interior, which soon began to be neglected. Indeed, from the early 11th century military service was increasingly commuted to cash payments. While the frontier ducates were able to meet most local threats, the dissolution of the old theme-based defensive system deprived the Byzantine defensive system of any strategic depth. Coupled with increasing reliance on foreign mercenaries and the forces of allied and vassal states, as well as the revolts and civil wars resulting from the widening rift between the civilian bureaucracy in Constantinople and the land-holding military elites (the "dynatoi"), by the time of the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, the Byzantine army was already undergoing a severe crisis and collapsed completely in the battle's aftermath.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The Komnenian era saw a brief restoration of the empire's fortunes as the force now known as the 'Komnenian army' was established by Alexios I Komnenos, marking a decisive break with the theme system. The new force was highly centralised in the person of the emperor and the ruling dynasty, and provided an element of stability which characterised the Komnenian restoration. It was noticeably more heavily reliant on mercenaries such as the Varangian guard than the previous army. The "strategoi" increasingly lost power and the themes lost much of their military character. The independence they had previously enjoyed as a means to deal with local issues was being steadily lost.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The Byzantine army of the Komnenian era, however, never managed to field the manpower of the themes in their heyday, and the new system proved more expensive to maintain in the long run. It also relied on a succession of strong soldier-emperors to be effective. With the death of Manuel I Komnenos in 1180, a new period of decline set in.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The neglect under the Angeloi dynasty and the weakening of central authority made the themes increasingly irrelevant in the late 12th century. Regional civil authorities such as the 'despotates' grew in power as central authority collapsed, rendering the themes moribund by the onset of the Palaiologos dynasty's rule.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The term "thema" was ambiguous, referring both to a form of military tenure and to an administrative division. A theme was an arrangement of plots of land given for farming to the soldiers ""stratiotai"" coexisting with different villages and towns, ""Komai"," ""Chora"" which were taxed for rapid and continuous revenue for the state with an easy and simple handling for a more direct control of the empire by the emperor alone or his viceroys, which ultimately was a simplified Hellenistic and fiscal administrative principle adapted for war times. The soldiers were still technically a military unit, under the command of a strategos, they did not own the land they worked as it was still controlled by the state. Therefore, for its use the soldiers' pay was reduced. By accepting this proposition, the participants agreed that their descendants would also serve in the military and work in a theme, thus simultaneously reducing the need for unpopular conscription as well as cheaply maintaining the military. It also allowed for the settling of conquered lands, as there was always a substantial addition made to public lands ""proasteion"" during a conquest.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: The commander of a theme, however, did not only command his soldiers. He united the civil and military jurisdictions in the territorial area in question. Thus the division set up by Diocletian between civil governors ("praesides" etc.) and military commanders ("duces" etc.) was abolished, and the Empire returned to a system much more similar to that of the Republic or the Principate or even more linkeable to the system of "Nomarchies" and "Strategiai" set up in the Hellenistic Ptolemaic and Mithridatric Kingdoms respectively, which were military in origin and organization as well, where provincial governors had also commanded the armies in their area.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: This list includes the large "traditional" themes established in the period from the inception of the theme system in c. 660 to the beginning of the great conquests in c. 930 and the creation of the new, smaller themes.


title: Theme (Byzantine district)

text: These were the new major or minor themes (provinces), established during the Byzantine conquests, in the East (the so-called "Armenian" themes or generalships, ), in Italy and in the Balkans.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: James Harrison Wilson Thompson (March 21, 1906 – March 26, 1967 disappeared) was an American businessman who helped revitalise the Thai silk industry in the 1950s and 1960s. At the time of his disappearance he was one of the most famous Americans living in Asia. "Time" magazine claimed he "almost singlehanded(ly) saved Thailand's vital silk industry from extinction".


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Jim Thompson was born in Greenville, Delaware in 1906. He was the youngest of five children of Henry and Mary Wilson Thompson. His father was a wealthy textile manufacturer; his mother was the daughter of James Harrison Wilson (1837–1925), a noted Union general during the American Civil War.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Thompson spent his early years of education at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He graduated from Princeton University in 1928, and represented the United States in the 6-Metre Sailing event at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Post-graduate studies followed at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Architecture, but he did not complete his degree at this institution due to his weakness in calculus.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: From 1931 to 1940, he practised in New York City with Holden, McLaughlin & Associates, designing homes for the East Coast rich. During this period, he led an active social life and sat on the board of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In 1941, he quit his job and enlisted with the Delaware National Guard. Before the outbreak of the Second World War, he was transferred to a military outpost in Fort Monroe, Virginia. While he was here, he got to know Second Lieutenant Edwin Fahey Black, a fresh graduate from the US Military Academy, West Point. It was Black who encouraged him to join the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner of the Central Intelligence Agency.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: At the height of the Second World War, Thompson was recruited by major general William Joseph Donovan (1883–1959) to serve as an operative in the OSS.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: His first assignment was with the French Resistance in North Africa. He was then sent to Europe. After Victory in Europe Day (May 7–8, 1945), he was transferred to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to work with the pro-Allied Free Thai Movement ("Seri Thai"). Their mission was to help liberate Thailand from the occupying Japanese Army. The group had the support of Pridi Panomyong, the regent to King Ananda Mahidol of Thailand, and Seni Pramoj, the Thai ambassador to the United States.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In August 1945, Thompson was about to be sent into Thailand, when the surrender of Japan officially ended World War II. He arrived in Thailand shortly after Victory over Japan Day and organised the Bangkok OSS office. It was here he got to know Constance (Connie) Mangskau, an Allied Services translator, who later became one of his closest friends.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In the spring of 1946, Thompson went to work as a military attaché at the United States legation for his former Princeton classmate Charles Woodruff Yost, the US Minister to Thailand. It was the start of Thompson's eleven year affair with Yost's wife, Irena. In 1950, she had a child, but neither Thompson nor Yost could establish paternity prior to DNA testing.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Thompson used his contacts with the Free Thai and Free Laos ("Lao Issara") groups to gather information and defuse conflicts on Thailand's borders. Working with him in the legation was Kenneth Landon, an American missionary whose wife, Margaret Landon, was the author of "Anna and the King of Siam", which was the inspiration for the 1946 film of the same name, and the 1956 film "The King and I".


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In late 1946, Thompson headed for home to seek his discharge from the army. After his divorce from Patricia Thraves (1920–1969), he returned to Thailand to join a group of investors to buy The Oriental Hotel in Bangkok. While working on its restoration, he had some differences with his associates and this resulted in him giving up his shares in the company. He subsequently switched his focus to silk trade.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In 1948 he partnered with George Barrie to found the Thai Silk Company Limited. It was capitalized at $25,000. They each owned 18% of the shares, and the remaining 64% were sold to Thai and foreign investors.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: The firm achieved a coup in 1951 when designer Irene Sharaff made use of Thai silk fabrics for the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, "The King and I". From then on, the company prospered.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Besides inventing the bright jewel tones and dramatic colour combinations today associated with Thai silk, Thompson raised thousands of Thailand's poorest people out of poverty. His determination to keep his company cottage-based was significant for the women who made up the bulk of his work force. By allowing them to work at home, they retained their position in the household while becoming breadwinners. It was only after Thompson's disappearance that the Thai Silk Company relocated its weaving operations to Korat, a city which serves as a base of operations for the Royal Thai Army. Although it abandoned home-based weaving in favour of factories in the early 1970s, the Thai Silk Company's Korat facility looks more like a landscaped campus than a factory.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Thompson was unlike any other figure in Southeast Asia. He was an American, an ex-architect, a retired army officer, a one-time spy, a silk merchant and a renowned collector of antiques. Most of his treasures, if not all, were amassed after he came to Thailand.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In 1958, he began what was to be the pinnacle of his architectural achievement – the construction of a new home to showcase his "objets d'art".


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Using parts of old up-country houses – some as old as a hundred years – he succeeded in constructing a masterpiece that involved the reassembling of six Thai dwellings on his estate. Most of the units were dismantled and brought over by river from Ayutthaya, but the largest – a weaver's house (now the living room) – came from Bangkrua. On arrival, the woodwork was offloaded and pieced together.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: In his quest for authenticity, he saw to it that some of the structures were elevated a full floor above the ground. During the construction stage, he added his own touches to the buildings by positioning, for instance, a central staircase indoors rather than having it outside. Along the way, he also reversed the wall panels of his quarters so that it now faced inside instead of it having an external orientation.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: After he was through with its creation, he filled his home with the items he had collected in the past. Decorating his rooms were Chinese blue-and-white Ming pieces, Belgian glass, Cambodian carvings, Victorian-era chandeliers, Benjarong earthenware, Thai stone images, Burmese statues, and a dining table which was once used by King Rama V of Thailand.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: It took Thompson almost a year to complete his mansion. Now a museum, the Jim Thompson House can be reached by public or private transport.


title: Jim Thompson (designer)

text: Thompson disappeared from Malaysia's Cameron Highlands on Sunday, March 26, 1967. His disappearance from the hill station generated one of the largest land searches in Southeast Asian history, and is one of the most famous mysteries in the region.


title: Peter Schilling

text: Peter Schilling (born Pierre Michael Schilling; 28 January 1956) is a German synthpop musician whose songs often feature science-fiction themes like aliens, astronauts and catastrophes. He is best-known for his 1983 hit single "Major Tom (Coming Home)" which was an international success.


title: Peter Schilling

text: Schilling was born in Stuttgart, Germany. His 1983 album, "Error in the System", generated his only international hit single, "Major Tom (Coming Home)", a retelling of David Bowie's classic 1969 song "Space Oddity". Although the song was originally recorded in German, the international hit version was sung in English. In 1984 and 1985, Schilling released the albums "120 Grad" and "120 Grad"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s English-language version, 1985's "Things to Come". From 1986 to 1989, Schilling released non-album singles and put out his 1988 compilation "The Different Story". In 1990, Schilling suffered from burnout and the following year he took a break. In 1994, he married his girlfriend Catyana. They divorced in 2003. He has been married to his second wife since 2012.


title: Peter Schilling

text: In the late '90s, Schilling formed a side project called Space Pilots, which appeared on the first issue of the popular dance music compilation "Dancemania" series. The band included Catyana Schilling, J. Feifel, and P. Magnet. They have recorded only one song, titled "Trip to Orion". It was released on vinyl and CD in 1995, and appears on the Japanese dance compilation CD "Dancemania 1". The song is based on and includes vocal samples from the German science-fiction TV show "Raumpatrouille Orion".


title: Peter Schilling

text: At the beginning of the 2000s he formed a new band and currently plays live concerts with his band, touring Germany, Switzerland and Austria.


title: Peter Schilling

text: Since 2018, Tessloff Verlag has published the children's book series Der kleine Major Tom in cooperation with the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Bernd Flessner, as well as illustrations by Stefan Lohr. In the radio plays based on the books, Peter Schilling himself voices the great Major Tom. At the International Astronautical Congress 2018 in Bremen there was a world premiere of "Major Tom" by the Deutsche Kammerphilharmonie Bremen in a classical arrangement by Oliver Groenewald arranged for this purpose. "Major Tom" can also be heard in the official DLR soundtrack and trailer for Mission Horizons. The songs "Alles an Dir" and the English-language counterpart "All the things you are" are the musical inspiration for official DLR videos for the Cosmic kiss space mission with the German ESA astronaut Matthias Maurer.


title: Peter Schilling

text: Since 2020, Schilling has experienced something of a revival due to the success of his older songs, both the originals and new live versions and his newest album ‘Vis Viva’ on his YouTube channel.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Molecular symmetry in chemistry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory. This involves classifying the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations


title: Molecular symmetry

text: from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule. Symmetry is useful in the study of molecular orbitals, with applications to the Hückel method, to ligand field theory, and to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry discuss symmetry. Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: There are many techniques for determining the symmetry of a given molecule, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The five symmetry elements have associated with them five types of symmetry operation, which leave the geometry of the molecule indistinguishable from the starting geometry. They are sometimes distinguished from symmetry elements by a caret or circumflex. Thus, "Ĉ" is the rotation of a molecule around an axis and "Ê" is the identity operation. A symmetry element can have more than one symmetry operation associated with it. For example, the "C" axis of the square xenon tetrafluoride (XeF) molecule is associated with two "Ĉ" rotations in opposite directions (90° and 270°), a "Ĉ" rotation (180°) and "Ĉ" (0° or 360°). Because "Ĉ" is equivalent to "Ê", "Ŝ" to σ and "Ŝ" to "î", all symmetry operations can be classified as either proper or improper rotations.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: For linear molecules, either clockwise or counterclockwise rotation about the molecular axis by any angle Φ is a symmetry operation.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The symmetry operations of a molecule (or other object) form a group. In mathematics, a group is a set with a binary operation that satisfies the four properties listed below.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: In a symmetry group, the group elements are the symmetry operations (not the symmetry elements), and the binary combination consists of applying first one symmetry operation and then the other. An example is the sequence of a "C" rotation about the z-axis and a reflection in the xy-plane, denoted σ(xy)"C". By convention the order of operations is from right to left.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The "order" of a group is the number of elements in the group. For groups of small orders, the group properties can be easily verified by considering its composition table, a table whose rows and columns correspond to elements of the group and whose entries correspond to their products.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The successive application (or "composition") of one or more symmetry operations of a molecule has an effect equivalent to that of some single symmetry operation of the molecule. For example, a "C" rotation followed by a σ reflection is seen to be a σ' symmetry operation: σ*"C" = σ'. ("Operation "A" followed by "B" to form "C"" is written "BA" = "C"). Moreover, the set of all symmetry operations (including this composition operation) obeys all the properties of a group, given above. So ("S","*") is a group, where "S" is the set of all symmetry operations of some molecule, and * denotes the composition (repeated application) of symmetry operations.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: This group is called the point group of that molecule, because the set of symmetry operations leave at least one point fixed (though for some symmetries an entire axis or an entire plane remains fixed). In other words, a point group is a group that summarizes all symmetry operations that all molecules in that category have. The symmetry of a crystal, by contrast, is described by a space group of symmetry operations, which includes translations in space.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: One can determine the symmetry operations of the point group for a particular molecule by considering the geometrical symmetry of its molecular model. However, when one uses a point group to classify molecular states, the operations in it are not to be interpreted in the same way. Instead the operations are interpreted as rotating and/or reflecting the vibronic (vibration-electronic) coordinates and these operations commute with the vibronic Hamiltonian. They are "symmetry operations" for that vibronic Hamiltonian. The point group is used to classify by symmetry the vibronic eigenstates of a rigid molecule. The symmetry classification of the rotational levels, the eigenstates of the full (rotation-vibration-electronic) Hamiltonian, requires the use of the appropriate permutation-inversion group as introduced by Longuet-Higgins. Point groups describe the geometrical symmetry of a molecule whereas permutation-inversion groups describe the energy-invariant symmetry.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Assigning each molecule a point group classifies molecules into categories with similar symmetry properties. For example, PCl, POF, XeO, and NH all share identical symmetry operations. They all can undergo the identity operation "E", two different "C" rotation operations, and three different σ plane reflections without altering their identities, so they are placed in one point group, "C", with order 6. Similarly, water (HO) and hydrogen sulfide (HS) also share identical symmetry operations. They both undergo the identity operation "E", one "C" rotation, and two σ reflections without altering their identities, so they are both placed in one point group, "C", with order 4. This classification system helps scientists to study molecules more efficiently, since chemically related molecules in the same point group tend to exhibit similar bonding schemes, molecular bonding diagrams, and spectroscopic properties.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Point group symmetry describes the symmetry of a molecule when fixed at its equilibrium configuration in a particular electronic state. It does not allow for tunneling between minima nor for the change in shape that can come about from the centrifugal distortion effects of molecular rotation.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The following table lists many of the point groups applicable to molecules, labelled using the Schoenflies notation, which is common in chemistry and molecular spectroscopy. The descriptions include common shapes of molecules, which can be explained by the VSEPR model. In each row, the descriptions and examples have no higher symmetries, meaning that the named point group captures "all" of the point symmetries.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: A set of matrices that multiply together in a way that mimics the multiplication table of the elements of a group is called a representation of the group. For example, for the "C" point group, the following three matrices are part of a representation of the group:


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Although an infinite number of such representations exist, the irreducible representations (or "irreps") of the group are all that are needed as all other representations of the group can be described as a linear combination of the irreducible representations.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: For any group, its character table gives a tabulation (for the classes of the group) of the characters (the sum of the diagonal elements) of the matrices of all the irreducible representations of the group. As the number of irreducible representations equals the number of classes, the character table is square.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: The tables also capture information about how the Cartesian basis vectors, rotations about them, and quadratic functions of them transform by the symmetry operations of the group, by noting which irreducible representation transforms in the same way. These indications are conventionally on the righthand side of the tables. This information is useful because chemically important orbitals (in particular "p" and "d" orbitals) have the same symmetries as these entities.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Consider the example of water (HO), which has the "C" symmetry described above. The 2"p" orbital of oxygen has B symmetry as in the fourth row of the character table above, with x in the sixth column). It is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the molecule and switches sign with a "C" and a σ'(yz) operation, but remains unchanged with the other two operations (obviously, the character for the identity operation is always +1). This orbital's character set is thus {1, −1, 1, −1}, corresponding to the B irreducible representation. Likewise, the 2"p" orbital is seen to have the symmetry of the A irreducible representation ("i.e".: none of the symmetry operations change it), 2"p" B, and the 3"d" orbital A. These assignments and others are noted in the rightmost two columns of the table.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Hans Bethe used characters of point group operations in his study of ligand field theory in 1929, and Eugene Wigner used group theory to explain the selection rules of atomic spectroscopy. The first character tables were compiled by László Tisza (1933), in connection to vibrational spectra. Robert Mulliken was the first to publish character tables in English (1933), and E. Bright Wilson used them in 1934 to predict the symmetry of vibrational normal modes. The complete set of 32 crystallographic point groups was published in 1936 by Rosenthal and Murphy.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: As discussed above in the section Point groups and permutation-inversion groups, point groups are useful for classifying the vibrational and electronic states of "rigid" molecules (sometimes called "semi-rigid" molecules) which undergo only small oscillations about a single equilibrium geometry. Longuet-Higgins introduced a more general type of symmetry group suitable not only for classifying the vibrational and electronic states of rigid molecules but also for classifying their rotational and nuclear spin states. Further, such groups can be used to classify the states of "non-rigid" (or "fluxional") molecules that tunnel between equivalent geometries (called "versions") and to allow for the distorting effects of molecular rotation. These groups are known as "permutation-inversion" groups, because the symmetry operations in them are energetically feasible permutations of identical nuclei, or inversion with respect to the center of mass (the parity operation), or a combination of the two.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: For example, ethane (CH) has three equivalent staggered conformations. Tunneling between the conformations occurs at ordinary temperatures by internal rotation of one methyl group relative to the other. This is not a rotation of the entire molecule about the "C" axis. Although each conformation has "D" symmetry, as in the table above, description of the internal rotation and associated quantum states and energy levels requires the more complete permutation-inversion group "G".


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Similarly, ammonia (NH) has two equivalent pyramidal ("C") conformations which are interconverted by the process known as nitrogen inversion. This is not the point group inversion operation i used for centrosymmetric rigid molecules (i.e., the inversion of vibrational displacements and electronic coordinates in the nuclear center of mass) since NH has no inversion center and is not centrosymmetric. Rather, it is the inversion of the nuclear and electronic coordinates in the molecular center of mass (sometimes called the parity operation), which happens to be energetically feasible for this molecule. The appropriate permutation-inversion group to be used in this situation is "D"(M) which is isomorphic with the point group "D".


title: Molecular symmetry

text: Additionally, as examples, the methane (CH) and H molecules have highly symmetric equilibrium structures with "T" and "D" point group symmetries respectively; they lack permanent electric dipole moments but they do have very weak pure rotation spectra because of rotational


title: Molecular symmetry

text: centrifugal distortion. The permutation-inversion groups required for the complete study of CH and H are "T"(M) and "D"(M), respectively.


title: Molecular symmetry

text: In its ground (N) electronic state the ethylene molecule CH has "D" point group symmetry whereas in the excited (V) state it has "D" symmetry. To treat these two states together it is necessary to allow torsion and to use the double group of the permutation-inversion group "G".


title: Molecular symmetry

text: A second and less general approach to the symmetry of nonrigid molecules is due to Altmann. In this approach the symmetry groups are known as "Schrödinger supergroups" and consist of two types of operations (and their combinations): (1) the geometric symmetry operations (rotations, reflections, inversions) of rigid molecules, and (2) "isodynamic operations", which take a nonrigid molecule into an energetically equivalent form by a physically reasonable process such as rotation about a single bond (as in ethane) or a molecular inversion (as in ammonia).


title: Mourvèdre

text: Mourvèdre (also known as Mataro or Monastrell) is a red wine grape variety grown in many regions around the world including the Rhône and Provence regions of France, the Valencia and Jumilla and Yecla "denominaciones de origen" (DOs) of Spain, as well as the Balearic Islands, California and Washington and the Australian regions of South Australia and New South Wales, as well as South Africa. In addition to making red varietal wines, Mourvèdre is a prominent component in "GSM" (Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre) blends. The variety is also used to make rosé and port-style fortified wines.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Mourvèdre tends to produce tannic wines that can be high in alcohol. The style of wine produced from the grapes varies greatly according to where it is produced, but according to wine expert Jancis Robinson Mourvèdre wines often have wild game, or earthy notes to them, with soft red fruit flavors. According to wine expert Oz Clarke, young Mourvèdre can come across as faulted due to the reductive, sulfur notes and "farmyard-y" flavors that some wines can exhibit before those flavors mellow with age.


title: Mourvèdre

text: The variety can be a difficult grape to grow, preferring "its face in the hot sun and its feet in the water" meaning that it needs very warm weather, a low leaf-to-fruit ratio but adequate water or irrigation to produce intensely flavored fruit that is not overly jammy or herbaceous. The vines' susceptibility to many viticultural hazards such as powdery and downy mildew as well as overly vigorous foliage can present additional problems for vine growers.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Most wine historians agree that Mourvèdre is likely to be Spanish in origin, though its exact history is difficult to pinpoint. The variety was probably introduced to Valencia by the Phoenicians around 500 BC. The French-adapted name Mourvèdre probably came from Murviedro (Mourvèdre in Valenciano, nowadays Sagunt) near Valencia while the name Mataro is thought to have come from Mataró, Catalonia near the modern-day city of Barcelona. Despite this close association with Murviedro and Mataró, the grape became known in Spain as Monastrell for reasons that are still unknown though Oz Clarke speculates that a "neutral" name may have been chosen so as not to offend the local pride of both regions.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Mourvèdre had a well-established presence in Roussillon region of France by at least the 16th century when still part of Spain (until 1659) where it spread eastwards towards Provence and the Rhone. There it had a well established foothold until the phylloxera epidemic of the mid to late 19th century decimated plantings. As the French and other European wine regions recovered from the phylloxera scourge by grafting "Vitis vinifera" varieties to American rootstock, it was discovered that Mourvèdre vines did not take well to the grafting and many vineyards were replanted with other varieties.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Mourvèdre arrived in California in the 1860s as part of the Pellier collection. The variety, known as Mataro, was used primarily for bulk produced jug wines. In the 1980s and 90s, interest in Mourvèdre as a premium grape variety picked up as the Rhone Rangers began seeking out old-vine plantings of the variety in the eastern part of Contra Costa County. In the 1990s, critically acclaimed bottlings from Bonny Doon Vineyard and Cline Cellars Winery promoted demand in the variety and by the mid-2000s, plantings of Mourvèdre in California had risen to 260 ha (650 acres).


title: Mourvèdre

text: In Australia, the variety (known there as Mataro) has had a long history in the country with plantings dating back to the mid-19th century. In the 1980s, many of these old vine plantings were uprooted in a government sponsored vine pulling scheme but some still survive and are producing today. While historically the variety was used mainly as an anonymous blending grape in fortified wines, the variety saw a rise in interest in the 1990s as producers started receiving acclaim for GSM (Grenache, Syrah, and Mourvèdre) blends (many from the surviving, low yield old vine plantings). With a slight increase in planting there were more than 1000 ha of Mataro in Australia by the mid-2000s.


title: Mourvèdre

text: It has been put forward by Ampelographists that Mourvèdre may be the parent to the esteemed grape Mavrud, or that at least Mavrud is a clone of Mourvèdre, imported into Bulgaria by the Romans.


title: Mourvèdre

text: According to ampelographer Pierre Galet Mourvèdre thrives in warm climates as the variety has a tendency to both bud and ripen very late. While the variety can recover well from late spring frost due to the late budding, it can be very temperature sensitive throughout its growing season with even low winter temperatures affecting its dormancy. Though the grape can adapt to a variety of vineyard soil types, the most ideal sites are very warm, south facing (Northern hemisphere) slopes with shallow, clay soils that can retain the necessary moisture to keep the vines "feet" wet without letting it grow its foliage too vigorously. In addition to a warm climate, Mourvèdre also does best in a dry climate with sufficient wind to protect it from the viticultural hazards of powdery mildew and downy mildew.


title: Mourvèdre

text: The grape clusters of Mourvèdre are relatively compact, enhancing its susceptibility to mildew, with small thick-skinned berries that are high in both color and flavor phenolics, particularly tannins. Even though the variety ripens late, it has the potential to ripen to high Brix sugar levels which can translate into a high alcohol level during fermentation. The vine can also be very vigorous, producing abundant foliage that can shade the grape clusters, affecting canopy management decisions for growers. In Australia and California, many of the oldest plantings of Mourvèdre are bush trained as the vines grows well vertically but the variety can be grown under many different kinds of vine training systems.


title: Mourvèdre

text: The harvest window for the grape tends to be very short once it reaches peak ripeness, with acidity rapidly falling and the grapes soon desiccating and developing "prune-y" flavors. One advantage of the thick skins is that Mourvèdre can withstand late harvest rains without the berries swelling and bursting like thinner skin varieties such as Grenache. In regions such as the Paso Robles AVA of California, it is often one of the last varieties to be harvested sometimes hanging onto the vine until early November.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Mourvèdre produces medium-size, compact bunches that are usually conical in shape with a small wing cluster that may be discarded during green harvesting. The leaves often have truncate cuneiform "wedge" shape. Since World War II, newer clones and better rootstock have been developed that have allowed Mourvèdre vines to be grafted more easily. Today many plantings of Mourvèdre are to 110R and 41B rootstocks.


title: Mourvèdre

text: In Spain, Mourvèdre is called Monastrell and was the fourth most widely planted red wine grape variety with in 2015. Like many other Spanish varieties, its numbers have been declining in recent years (in 1996 there was over 100,000 ha/250,000 of the vine planted in Spain) as growers pull up older plantings and replant them with popular international varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay. However, the variety still has a strong hold in eastern Spain where it is widely planted in several Spanish wine regions around Murcia and the Valencian Community. Under Spanish wine law, Monastrell is one of the primary red wine grape varieties in the DOPs of Jumilla, Yecla, Valencia, Almansa, and Alicante.


title: Mourvèdre

text: Other Spanish DOPs where Monastrell is a permitted variety include Binissalem-Mallorca and Plà i Llevant in the Balearic Islands, Bullas, Catalunya, Cariñena, Costers del Segre, Manchuela, Penedès and Ribera del Guadiana. Monastrell is also permitted in the sparkling wine Cava though it is rarely used.


title: Mourvèdre

text: In France, Mourvèdre doesn't grow much farther north than the Châteauneuf-du-Pape AOC in the southern Rhône; and even there it has some trouble ripening in cooler vintages. It tends to ripen most consistently in the warmer Provençal region of Bandol AOC along the Mediterranean coast where the growing season is often 5 °C warmer. While plantings have been declining in Spain, they have been increasing in France, particularly in the Languedoc-Roussillon region where the grape variety has seen growing popularity as both a varietal wine and as a blending component. After the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century and with declining interest in the variety for most of the 20th century, there were less than 900 ha in 1968, mostly in the southern Rhône and the Bandol AOC of Provence. But the spark of interest and international investment in the Languedoc saw planting sharply increase and by 2000 there were over 7,600 ha of Mourvèdre planted throughout Southern France.


title: Mourvèdre

text: While Bandol is the AOC region that most prominently features Mourvèdre (by law all red Bandols must contain at least 50% Mourvèdre), other "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC)s that have Mourvèdre as a permitted variety include Cassis, Collioure, Corbières, Costières de Nîmes, Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence, Coteaux du Languedoc, Coteaux de Pierrevert, Coteaux Varois, Côtes du Luberon, Coteaux du Tricastin, Côtes de Provence, Côtes du Rhône, Côtes du Rhône Villages, Côtes du Roussillon, Côtes du Roussillon Villages, Côtes du Ventoux, Faugères, Fitou, Palette, Saint-Chinian, Gigondas, Lirac, Minervois and Vacqueyras. In Châteauneuf-du-Pape it is one of the 18 permitted varieties in the red wine but is often a secondary component behind Grenache and Syrah. The exceptions are notable blends from producers such as Château de Beaucastel which often has Mourvèdre account for more than a third of the blend. As of 2009, Mourvèdre accounted for 6.6% (213 ha) of all Châteauneuf-du-Pape plantings.


title: Mourvèdre

text: In the United States, Mourvèdre is found primarily in California and Washington State with some limited plantings in Arizona, Missouri, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas and Virginia. In the US, the style of Mourvèdre tends to be less tannic than Old World examples such as Bandols. In Washington State, the grape was first planted at Red Willow Vineyard in the Yakima Valley AVA in 1983. The 1990s and 2000s saw an increase of plantings of the variety, most notably at Alder Ridge Vineyard and Destiny Ridge Vineyard in the Horse Heaven Hills AVA and Ciel du Cheval Vineyard in the Red Mountain AVA. In Washington, the grape is used in both varietal and Rhone-style blends where it provides a medium body structure with cherry fruit flavors as well smokey, spicy and gamy notes.


title: Mourvèdre

text: In California, Mourvèdre reached the United States in the 1860s as part of the Pellier collection and was likely first planted in Santa Clara County. The variety, known as Mataro, was widely planted in anonymous field blends that was used primarily for bulk produced jug wines. From the middle of the 20th century, it saw its plantings rapidly decline from more than 2700 acres in 1968 to less than a third of that by the 2000s. Its numbers would have declined more drastically had the variety not captured the interest of Rhone Rangers in the 1980s and 90s, who began seeking out old-vine plantings of the variety in vineyards Contra Costa County. On the heels of some critically acclaimed varietal and Rhone-style blends (as well as the introduction of better quality clones) featuring Mourvèdre, plantings in California rose slightly from 260 ha (650 acres) at the turn of the 21st century to 900 acres in 2010.


title: Mourvèdre

text: There are around 12 square kilometres of Mourvèdre in Australia, where it is also known as Mataro, though more producers have begun adopting the French name Mourvèdre. While the grape has a long history of being used for generic cask wines and fortified wine, it has recently become more popular in highly acclaimed GSM blends with Grenache and Syrah. Like many grape varieties, Mourvèdre was first introduced to Australia as part of James Busby's collection of cuttings from his European travels in the 1830s. There it was quickly established in the South Australia wine region of the Barossa Valley by Lutheran immigrants from the Silesia Province in Prussia. From there it was spread by English immigrants to the McLaren Vale region south of Adelaide. Some of the oldest continually producing vines of Mourvèdre are in the New South Wales wine region of Riverina or South Australian wine region of Riverland. Turkey Flat Vineyards in the Barossa Valley was one of the forerunners of producing Mourvèdre as a single varietal wine with its first vintage in 2005.


title: Mourvèdre

text: According to Pierre Galet, there are some plantings of Mourvèdre in Azerbaijan under a variety of synonyms that have not all been fully identified. In South Africa, Rhone-style producers have also begun working with the variety.