title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Hydrologically, Seto Inland Sea is not a true inland sea, being neither an epeiric body of water like Hudson Bay nor an isolated endorheic basin like the Caspian Sea. Rather, it is actually a marginal sea; a division of a wider ocean (in this case the Pacific) which is partially enclosed by islands, archipelagos, or peninsulas, (here, the Japanese Home Islands) adjacent to or widely open to the open ocean at the surface. The Naruto Strait connects the eastern part of the Seto Inland Sea to the Kii Channel, which in turn connects to the Pacific. The western part of the Seto Inland Sea connects to the Sea of Japan through the Kanmon Straits and to the Pacific through the Bungo Channel.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Each part of the Seto Inland Sea has a separate name in Japanese. For example, refers to the strait between Ehime, Yamaguchi, and Ōita prefectures in the western portion of the sea; is the open expanse west of the Geiyo Islands, near Hiroshima prefecture; and refers to the expanse between Yamaguchi prefecture and Suō-Ōshima. There are also many straits located between the major islands, as well as a number of smaller ones that pass between islands or connect the Seto Inland Sea to other seas or the Pacific. Almost 3,000 islands are located in the Seto Inland Sea. The largest island is Awaji-shima, and the second largest is Shōdo-shima. Many of the smaller islands are uninhabited.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Over 500 marine species are known to live in the Seto Inland Sea. Examples are the ayu, an amphidromous fish, horseshoe crab, finless porpoise, and great white shark, which has occasionally attacked people in the Seto Inland Sea. In the past, whales entered the sea to feed or breed, however because of whaling and pollution, they are rarely seen.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: During the last ice age the sea level was lower than today. After the ice age, sea water poured into a basin between the Chūgoku mountains and Shikoku mountains and formed the Seto Inland Sea as it is known today. From ancient times, the Seto Inland Sea served as a main transport line between its coastal areas, including what is today the Kansai region and Kyūshū. It was also a main transport line between Japan and other countries, including Korea and China. Even after the creation of major highways such as the Nankaidō and San'yōdō, the Seto Inland Sea remained a major transport route. There are records that some foreign emissaries from China and Korea sailed on the Seto Inland Sea.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The importance of water traffic gave rise to private navies in the region. In many documents, these navies were called , or simply pirates. Sometimes they were considered to be public enemies, but in most cases they were granted the right to self-governance as a result of their strength. During the feudal period, "suigun" seized power in most coastal areas. The Kono in Iyo Province (today Ehime Prefecture) and Kobayakawa (later Mōri) in Aki Province (today a part of Hiroshima Prefecture) clans were two of the more famous "suigun" lords. In the 12th century, Taira no Kiyomori planned to move the capital from Kyoto to the coastal village of Fukuhara (today Kobe) to promote trade between Japan and the Song dynasty of China. This transfer was unsuccessful, and soon after Kyoto became the capital again. Later, the Battle of Yashima took place off the coast of present-day Takamatsu.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In the Edo period, the Seto Inland Sea was one of the busiest transport lines in Japan. It was a part of a navigational route around Japan's islands via the Sea of Japan. Many ships navigated from its coastal areas to the area along the Sea of Japan. Major ports in the Edo period were Osaka, Sakai, Shimotsui, Ushimado, and Tomonoura. The Seto Inland Sea also served many "daimyōs" in the western area of Japan as their route to and from Edo, to fulfill their obligations under "sankin-kōtai". Many used ships from Osaka. Thanks to transport through the Seto Inland Sea, Osaka became the economic center of Japan. Each "han" had an office called "Ozakayashiki" in Osaka. These "Ozakayashiki" were among Japan's earliest forms of banks, facilitating domestic trade and helping to organize the income of the "daimyo", which was in the form of "koku", giant bales of rice.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The Seto Inland Sea was also part of the official Chosendentsushi route, bringing Korean emissaries to the shogunate. After the Meiji Restoration, the coastal cities along the Seto Inland Sea were rapidly industrialized. One of the headquarters of the Japanese Navy was built in the town of Kure. Since the Meiji period, development of land transport has been reducing the importance of the Seto Inland Sea as a transport line. Remarkable land transportation innovations include the San'yō Main Railroad Line in Honshū and the Yosan Main Railroad Line in Shikoku (both completed before World War II) and three series of bridges connecting Honshū and Shikoku (completed in the late 20th century). The Seto Inland Sea is still used, however, by an international cargo transport line and several local transport lines connecting Honshū with Shikoku and Kyūshū.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Major cities with heavy industrial activity on the coast of the Seto Inland Sea include Osaka, Kobe, and Hiroshima. Smaller scale manufacturing and industry can also be found in Kurashiki, Kure, Fukuyama, and Ube in Honshū, and Sakaide, Imabari, and Niihama in Shikoku. Major industries include steel production, vehicle manufacture, ship building, textiles, and since the 1960s, oil refining and chemical products.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Imabari Shipbuilding, Japan's largest ship building company, has its headquarters and some of its yards in Imabari, Ehime Prefecture. Thanks to the moderate climate and beautiful landscape, fishing, agriculture, and tourism bring a lot of income to the area as well.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Today the Seto Inland Sea serves its coastal areas mainly for two purposes: first, international or domestic cargo transportation, and second, local transportation between coastal areas and islands on the sea. Major ports are Kobe, Okayama, Takamatsu, Tokushima, Matsuyama, and Hiroshima.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Historically, the Seto Inland Sea as transport line served four coastal areas: Kansai, Chūgoku, Shikoku, and eastern Kyūshū. The Seto Inland Sea provided each of these regions with local transportation and connected each region to the others and far areas, including the coastal area of the Sea of Japan, Korea, and China. After Kobe port was founded in 1868 to serve foreign ships, the Seto Inland Sea became a major international waterway with connection to the Pacific.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Development of land transportation shifted the travel between east and west — that is, between Honshū and Kyūshū — to railroad and road transport. Two coastal railways, San'yō Main Line in Honshū and Yosan Main Line, were built. Those railway lines stimulated the local economy and once invoked a rail mania. Many short railroads were planned to connect a certain station of those two lines and a local seaport on the Seto Inland Sea, and some of them were actually built. The Ministry of Railroads, later the Japanese National Railways and then Shikoku Railway Company, ran some train ferry lines between Honshū and Shikoku including the line between Uno Station (Tamano) and Takamatsu Station (Takamatsu). When the Great Seto Bridge was finished and began to serve the two coastal areas, that ferry line was abolished.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The main islands Honshū and Shikoku are connected by three series of bridges since the late 1980s. This improves land transportation between the connected islands. These series of bridges, collectively known as the Honshū–Shikoku Bridge Project, are, from east to west, Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, Great Seto Bridge, and Nishiseto Expressway.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The easternmost highway was built between 1976 and 1998. It leads from Akashi (Hyogo prefecture) on the Akashi Kaikyō Bridge (the longest suspension bridge in the world) to Awaji Island, from there via the Ōnaruto Bridge to Ōge-jima (Naruto, Tokushima Prefecture) beyond the 1.3-kilometer wide Naruto Strait and finally across the Muya Bridge to Shikoku.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The Great Seto Bridge connects Okayama Prefecture with Kagawa Prefecture since 1988. It consists of a total of six two-storey bridges, whose lower floors are used by the railway (Japan Railways Group). The high speed Shinkansen does not go to or on Shikoku.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: This is the first of three intersections of the Seto Inland Sea. Construction started in 1975, but was fully completed in 1999. It connects the Nishiseto- Onomichi Highway in Hiroshima Prefecture with a total of ten bridges and several smaller islands with Imabari in Ehime Prefecture. Approximately 100,000 people live on those islands. The bridges are: Shin Onomichi Bridge, Innoshima Bridge, Ikuchi Bridge, Tatara Bridge, Ōmishima Bridge, the two Ōshima bridges and the three Kurushima Kaikyo bridges. The Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge connects the island of Ōshima to the main island of Shikoku.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The coastal area of the Seto Inland Sea is one of the most famous tourist destinations in Japan. Even before Japan opened to foreigners in the middle of the 19th century, the sea's beauty was praised and introduced to the Western world by those who visited Japan, including Philipp Franz von Siebold, and after the country's opening, Ferdinand von Richthofen and Thomas Cook.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Its coastal area, except for Osaka Prefecture and a part of Wakayama Prefecture, was appointed the on March 16, 1934, as one of three oldest national parks in Japan.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Itsukushima Shrine, on the island of Itsukushima in the city of Hatsukaichi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most famous Japanese sites outside Tokyo and Kyoto. Shōdoshima, nicknamed the "island of olives", and the Naruto whirlpools are two other well-known tourist sites. Neighboring locations like Kotohira and Okayama are often combined with the tour of the Setouchi region. Some historic sites, including Yashima in Takamatsu and Kurashiki, also attract many visitors. Hiroshima is the neighbor city to Itsukushima Shrine and another UNESCO World Heritage Site because of atomic bomb damage in 1945. Idol Unit STU48 operate on a cruise on the Setuchi.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The eastern end of the Sea is now famous for the Setouchi Triennale set up in 2010 with the next event happening in 2022. Some of this takes place on the island of Naoshima, known colloquially as the art island, and the home of several permanent museums.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: At the far eastern extremity, as the Sea meets the Pacific Ocean, are the Naruto whirlpools that can be reached by sight-seeing boats.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: The Shiwaku Islands are a defined group numbering 28 that can be reached by ferry boat from Marugame. Here Richard Henry Brunton built one of his lighthouses that can still be seen, and the grave of Frank Toovey Lake, a young midshipman in his survey party has become famous.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In the central area of Seto Inland Sea is Mount Ishizuchi on Shikoku. It is the highest mountain in western Japan and the highest mountain in Shikoku.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In the western end of the Sea is Mimosusogawa Park () in Shimonoseki. It commemorates the final stage of the Genpei war between the feudal Taira clan and Minamoto clan (1180–1185).


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: Some sites along the Seto Inland Sea were featured in eighth-century Japanese literature, both in prose and in verse, including "Kojiki", "Nihon Shoki", and "Man'yōshū". Since some sites were used as places of exile, their feeling and landscape were evoked in waka. In fiction, in "The Tale of Genji", Genji fled from Kyoto and resided in Suma (now a part of Kobe) and Akashi for two years.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In medieval literature, because of the Genpei War, the Seto Inland Sea is one of the important backgrounds of "The Tale of the Heike", particularly in its latter part.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In the Western world, Donald Richie wrote a literary nonfiction travelogue called "The Inland Sea" relating a journey along the sea, beginning from the East at Himeji and ending at Miyajima in the West, close to Hiroshima, going from island to island, exploring the landscape, meeting and discussing with local people, as well as musing on Japanese culture, the nature of travel and of identity, and his own personal sense of identity.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: In 1991, filmmakers Lucille Carra and Brian Cotnoir produced a film version of Richie's book, which further explored the region through interviews and images photographed by Hiro Narita. Produced by Travelfilm Company and adapted by Carra, the film won numerous awards, including Best Documentary at the Hawaii International Film Festival (1991) and the Earthwatch Film Award. It screened at the Sundance Film Festival in 1992.


title: Seto Inland Sea

text: A critical plot element of the Japanese series "Fafner in the Azure" is an alien life form discovered at the bottom of this sea known as the Seto Inland Sea Mir.


title: The Format

text: The Format is an American indie rock band formed by Nate Ruess and Sam Means. Their style can be considered a mixture of indie, alternative, punk and folk music, with elements of 1960s and 1970s pop music. Though Means and Ruess are the foremost members of the band, they have played, toured, and recorded with Mike Schey, Mark Buzard, Don Raymond, and for the DVD recording and summer 2007 tour, The Honorary Title's drummer Adam Boyd. The Format chose their name to make fun of the music industry's inclination towards a cookie-cutter "format" for a hit. Formed in 2002, the band announced a hiatus on February 4, 2008. On February 4, 2020, they announced a return from their hiatus for a tour of special shows that were later cancelled.


title: The Format

text: Before forming The Format in February 2002, Means and Ruess, who had been friends since grade school, formed the band Nevergonnascore and released the EP "The Byron Sessions" which had generated some record label interest but not a deal.


title: The Format

text: The duo's first single, aptly titled "The First Single" from their five-song demo, "EP", became locally popular on Phoenix radio station KEDJ and led to the duo signing with Elektra Records in 2002. Their first studio album, "Interventions + Lullabies", recorded and produced by R. Walt Vincent and released in October 2003, was very successful around the Phoenix area. The band's fan base grew due to word of mouth, the Internet, and extensive touring. The album sold over 100,000 copies in the US.


title: The Format

text: After Elektra folded, The Format released a second EP, "Snails", with sister label Atlantic Records in April 2005. As they began to work on their second full-length album, they drew on the influences of 1970s pop music, including Harry Nilsson, Electric Light Orchestra and The Beach Boys, and decided to collaborate with Redd Kross founder Steven Shane McDonald whom they brought on as record producer. But Atlantic Records executives were not impressed by the 1970s-pop-influenced demos and released The Format from its contract. Upon completing the album, "Dog Problems", Ruess and Means, with help from their management company, decided to release it themselves through their newly established imprint label: The Vanity Label. Two months prior to the album's release, an MP3 version was leaked to the internet. In response, The Format decided to make the album immediately available digitally for only $7.99 via the Nettwerk Music Store, which led to the sale of over 2,000 digital copies prior to the album's official release. "Dog Problems" was released in stores on July 11, 2006. The day the album was released, an episode of MTV's "My Super Sweet 16" featuring The Format aired, on which they performed at a birthday-graduation party for Priya and Divya Kothapalli from Nederland, Texas.


title: The Format

text: Following the release of "Dog Problems", The Format gained more attention, receiving high marks from various publications, even topping some Best of 2006 lists. During this year, The Format toured near constantly, supporting their own album "Dog Problems" as well as supporting The All American Rejects in September in the UK.


title: The Format

text: In 2007, The Format played a show in Tokyo, Japan, were featured on "Last Call with Carson Daly" twice, co-headlined with Guster on their Campus Consciousness tour, and toured with Reubens Accomplice, Piebald, Limbeck, Steel Train, and The Honorary Title.


title: The Format

text: On June 25, 2007, celebrating the one-year anniversary of "Dog Problems", The Format offered the album in its entirety, including the liner notes in PDF form, for free on their official website. The offer was valid from June 25 to July 16, 2007. As of July 10, 2007, 36,000 people had downloaded the album.


title: The Format

text: On February 4, 2008, The Format announced that they would be putting the band on hiatus, with Nate Ruess posting the following message on the band's website:


title: The Format

text: Means has completed solo work, including scoring the soundtrack to the film "The Sinking of Santa Isabel", as well as forming Destry with former Straylight Run singer Michelle DaRosa.


title: The Format

text: When asked about the band getting back together, Ruess acknowledged that "every one of us like to remain optimistic and hopeful that it one day could happen."


title: The Format

text: Following The Format's 2008 breakup, Ruess joined with Andrew Dost of Anathallo and Jack Antonoff of Steel Train to form Fun, a band that has gone on to more commercial success than any of its associated former acts, with the pop hits "We Are Young" and "Some Nights" becoming some of the most popular songs of 2012. Fun began recording their debut album, "Aim and Ignite", in September 2008 with producer Steven Shane McDonald and arranger Roger Joseph Manning Jr.; it was released on August 25, 2009.


title: The Format

text: On February 3, 2020, the band formally re-released their 2007 concert film "Live At The Mayan" to streaming services and vinyl (previously only available on DVD.) The band also reunited for a live screening of the film and their first acoustic concert in over 12 years. The next day, the band announced a reunion in the spring of 2020 with concerts in Chicago, New York, and Phoenix.


title: The Format

text: In March 2020, their tour (originally scheduled for March and April 2020) was postponed to July 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In June 2020, it was postponed again to July 2021. After a third postponement to March and April 2022, the tour was ultimately cancelled.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: A cerebral shunt is a device permanently implanted inside the head and body to drain excess fluid away from the brain. They are commonly used to treat hydrocephalus, the swelling of the brain due to excess buildup of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If left unchecked, the excess CSF can lead to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP), which can cause intracranial hematoma, cerebral edema, crushed brain tissue or herniation. The drainage provided by a shunt can alleviate or prevent these problems in patients with hydrocephalus or related diseases.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Shunts come in a variety of forms, but most of them consist of a valve housing connected to a catheter, the lower end of which is usually placed in the peritoneal cavity. The main differences between shunts are usually in the materials used to construct them, the types of valve (if any) used, and whether the valve is programmable or not.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: The location of the shunt is determined by the neurosurgeon based on the type and location of the blockage causing hydrocephalus. All brain ventricles are candidates for shunting. The catheter is most commonly placed in the abdomen but other locations include the heart and lungs. Shunts can often be named after the route used by the neurosurgeon. The distal end of the catheter can be located in just about any tissue with enough epithelial cells to absorb the incoming CSF. Below are some common routing plans for cerebral shunts.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: It is located on the parietal bone, above the lambdoid suture, 3 to 4 cm lateral to the midline and 6 cm above the inion. It is a common site for ventricular cannulation in the context of inserting a ventriculoperitoneal shunt for the treatment of hydrocephalus. It was first described by C H Frazier in 1928.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: A subgaleal shunt is usually a temporary measure used in infants who are too small or premature to tolerate other shunt types. The surgeon forms a pocket beneath the epicranial aponeurosis (the subgaleal space) and allows CSF to drain from the ventricles, creating a fluid-filled swelling on the baby's scalp. These shunts are normally converted to VP or other shunt types once the infant is big enough.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: There are a number of complications associated with shunt placement. Many of these complications occur during childhood and cease once the patient has reached adulthood. Many of the complications require immediate shunt revision (the replacement or reprogramming of the already existing shunt). The common symptoms often resemble a new onset of hydrocephalus, such as headaches, nausea, vomiting, double vision, and an alteration of consciousness. This can result in damage to an individual's short-term memory. In the pediatric population, the shunt failure rate two years after implantation has been estimated to be as high as 50%. Those patients with advanced age, prolonged hospital stay, GCS score of less than 13, extra-ventricular drains in situ, or excision of brain tumors are more likely to have early shunt malfunction.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Infection is a common complication that normally affects pediatric patients because they have not yet built up immunities to a number of different diseases. Normally, the incidence of infection decreases as the patient grows older and the body gains immunity to various infectious agents.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Shunt infection can occur in up to 27% of patients. Infection can lead to long term cognitive defects, neurological problems, and in some cases death. Common microbial agents for shunt infection include "Staphylococcus epidermidis", "Staphylococcus aureus", and "Candida albicans". Further factors that can lead to shunt infection include shunt insertion at a young age (less than six months old) and the type of hydrocephalus being treated. There is no strong correlation between infection and shunt type.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Though the symptoms of a shunt infection are generally similar to the symptoms seen in hydrocephalus, infection symptoms can also include fever and elevated white blood cell counts.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Treatment of a CSF shunt infection generally includes removal of the shunt and placement of a temporary ventricular reservoir until the infection is resolved. There are four main methods of treating ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt infections: (1) antibiotics; (2) removal of infected shunt with immediate replacement; (3) externalization of shunt with eventual replacement; (4) removal of infected shunt with external ventricular drain (EVD) placement and eventual shunt re-insertion. The last method has the highest success rate at over 95%.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Initial empiric therapy for CSF shunt infection should include broad antibiotic coverage for gram-negative aerobic bacilli including pseudomonas as well as for gram-positive organisms including Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococcus, such as a combination of ceftazidime and vancomycin. Some clinicians add parenteral or intrathecal aminoglycosides to enhance pseudomonas coverage, although the efficacy of the aminoglycosides is not clear. Meropenem and aztreonam are additional antibiotic options that are effective against gram-negative bacterial infections.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: To evaluate the benefit of surgical shunt removal or externalization followed by removal, Wong et al. compared two groups: one with medical treatment alone, and another with medical and surgical treatment simultaneously. 28 patients with infection after ventriculoperitoneal shunt implantation over an 8-year period in their neurosurgical center were studied. 17 of these patients were treated with shunt removal or externalization followed by removal in addition to IV antibiotics while the other 11 were treated with IV antibiotics only. The group receiving both surgical shunt removal and antibiotics showed lower mortality – 19% versus 42% (p = 0.231). Despite the fact that these results are not statistically significant, Wong et al. suggest managing VP shunt infections via both surgical and medical treatment.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: An analysis of 17 studies published over the past 30 years regarding children with CSF shunt infections revealed that treating with both shunt removal and antibiotics successfully treated 88% of 244 infections, while antibiotic therapy alone successfully treated the CSF shunt infection in only 33% of 230 infections.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: While typical surgical methods of handling VP shunt infections involve removal and reimplantation of the shunt, different types of operations have used with success in select patients.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Steinbok et al. treated a case of recurrent VP shunt infections in an eczematous patient with a ventriculosubgaleal shunt for two months until the eczema healed completely. This type of shunt allowed them to avoid the area of diseased skin that acted as the source of infection.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Jones et al. have treated 4 patients with non-communicating hydrocephalus who had VP shunt infections with shunt removal and third ventriculostomy. These patients were cured of the infection and have not required shunt re-insertion, thus showing the effectiveness of this procedure in these types of patients.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Another leading cause of shunt failure is a blockage of the shunt at either the proximal or distal end. At the proximal end, the shunt valve can become blocked due to the buildup of excess protein in the CSF. The extra protein will collect at the point of drainage and slowly clog the valve. The shunt can also become blocked at the distal end if the shunt is pulled out of the abdominal cavity (in the case of VP shunts), or from similar protein buildup. Other causes of blockage are overdrainage and slit ventricle syndrome.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Over drainage occurs when a shunt has not been adequately designed for the particular patient. Overdrainage can lead to a number of different complications some of which are highlighted below.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Usually one of two types of overdrainage can occur. First, when the CSF drains too rapidly, a condition known as extra-axial fluid collection can occur. In this condition the brain collapses on itself resulting in the collection of CSF or blood around the brain. This can cause severe brain damage by compressing the brain, and a subdural hematoma may develop. Extra-axial fluid collection can be treated in three different ways depending on the severity of the condition. Usually the shunt will be replaced or reprogrammed to release less CSF, and the fluid that has collected around the brain will be drained. The second condition, known as slit ventricle syndrome, occurs when CSF overdrains slowly over several years. More information on slit ventricle syndrome appears below.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Recent studies have shown that over drainage of CSF due to shunting can lead to acquired Chiari I malformation. It was previously thought that Chiari I Malformation was a result of a congenital defect but new studies have shown that overdrainage of Cysto-peritoneal shunts used to treat arachnoid cysts can lead to the development of posterior fossa overcrowding and tonsillar herniation, the latter of which is the classic definition of Chiari Malformation I. Common symptoms include major headaches, hearing loss, fatigue, muscle weakness and loss of cerebellum function.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Slit ventricle syndrome is an uncommon disorder associated with shunted patients, but results in a large number of shunt revisions. The condition usually occurs several years after shunt implantation. The most common symptoms are similar to normal shunt malfunction, but there are several key differences. First, the symptoms are often cyclical and will appear and then subside several times over a lifetime. Second, the symptoms can be alleviated by lying prone. In the case of shunt malfunction neither time nor postural position will affect the symptoms.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: The condition is often thought to occur during a period where overdrainage and brain growth occur simultaneously. In this case, the brain fills the intraventricular space, leaving the ventricles collapsed. Furthermore, the compliance of the brain will decrease, which prevents the ventricles from enlarging, thus reducing the chance for curing the syndrome. The collapsed ventricles can also block the shunt valve, leading to obstruction. Since the effects of slit ventricle syndrome are irreversible, constant care in managing the condition is needed.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: An intraventricular hemorrhage can occur at any time during or after a shunt insertion or revision. Intraparenchymal hemorrhages that are multi-focal in nature have also been described in the pediatric population following ventriculoperitoneal shunting. The hemorrhage can cause an impairment in shunt function which can lead to severe neurological deficiencies. Studies have shown that intraventricular hemorrhage can occur in nearly 31% of shunt revisions.


title: Cerebral shunt

text: Though there have been many cases of patients reaching "shunt independence", there is no general agreement among doctors on how to determine which patients might survive without a shunt. It can be very difficult to discern whether a patient could be shunt independent, except under some very specific circumstances. Overall, the permanent removal of a shunt is a rare but not unheard of procedure.


title: Towa Tei

text: Towa's second studio album, "Sound Museum" (1997), became his highest charting effort at number 17 on the "Oricon" charts. Its single, "GBI (German Bold Italic)" featuring Kylie Minogue and Haruomi Hosono, reached number 50 and 63 in Australia and the United Kingdom, respectively. He saw continued success with 1999's "Last Century Modern" as its fourth single, "Let Me Know" featuring Chara, became one of his best known songs.


title: Towa Tei

text: Towa began making demo tapes at the age of 16 having bought his first synthesizer, a Korg MS-10. While studying at Musashino Art University Junior College of Art and Design, he sent his tape to a radio program of Ryuichi Sakamoto titled "Sound Street".


title: Towa Tei

text: In 1987, Towa moved to the U.S. to study graphic design and joined house act Deee-Lite, a trio with Supa DJ Dimitry and Lady Miss Kier, enjoying almost instant success after debuting in 1990 with their album "World Clique" and the single "Groove Is In the Heart".


title: Towa Tei

text: In 1991, Towa collaborated with his idol Ryuichi Sakamoto on Sakamoto's album "Heartbeat". He also appeared on Sakamoto's follow up album "Sweet Revenge".


title: Towa Tei

text: In 1994, Towa returned to Japan after seven years in New York. Towa sustained a back injury falling from a stage during a performance with Deee-Lite in Brazil. While recovering, he began to drift toward other musical styles. Towa debuted as a solo act with "Future Listening!" that same year, incorporating an array of styles, including electronic, bossa nova, house, jazz and pop. It featured collaborations with Joi Cardwell, Bebel Gilberto, MC Kinky, Hiroshi Takano, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Haruomi Hosono, Toshihiko Mori, Satoshi Tomiie, Yuichi Oki of Tokyo Ska Paradise Orchestra and Pizzicato Five vocalist Maki Nomiya.


title: Towa Tei

text: "Sound Museum" followed in 1997, then "Last Century Modern" in 1999. 2002 brought the album "Towa Tei", under the pseudonym Sweet Robots Against the Machine. "Flash" surfaced in 2005 by which time Towa was DJing regularly in Japan. He has admitted, though, that he doesn't enjoy performing and prefers producing and using computers.


title: Towa Tei

text: "Big Fun," featuring Verbal and Mademoiselle Yulia, was released in 2009 and was the third album to feature the artwork of San Franciscan painter and graffiti artist Barry McGee. For the album, Towa utilized MySpace to collaborate with artists from around the world, even if he didn't know them, such as with German act Taprikk Sweezee. Another collaborator he worked with for "Big Fun" was Miho Hatori of Cibo Matto, though they also only met on MySpace.


title: Towa Tei

text: Towa has also established his own creative company, hug inc, which, among other things, manufactures his trademark sunglasses.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan is the name of three fictional characters that have appeared in numerous comic books published by DC Comics.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The first Corrigan initially appeared in "More Fun Comics" #52 (February 1940), a deceased cop acting as host to the cosmic entity the Spectre, and was created by Jerry Siegel and Bernard Baily.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The second Jim Corrigan was an African-American policeman who has no relation with the original character, first appeared in "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen" #149 (May 1972). The character was created by John Albano and José Delbo. He later became a regular supporting character in "Black Lightning" beginning with #4.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The third Jim Corrigan appeared years later in issue #12 of "Gotham Central", a series about the Gotham City Police Department. The character, created by Greg Rucka, Ed Brubaker, and Michael Lark although similar to the first Corrigan in being a police detective, again is not related to him and served as a red herring of who would become the new Spectre. This Corrigan is later revealed to be a corrupt, self-serving malefactor who murders his colleague Crispus Allen; Allen then becomes the host to the Spectre.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan appeared in a live-action portrayal by Emmett J. Scanlan in the television series "Constantine". Stephen Lobo also portrayed the character in the Arrowverse crossover "Crisis on Infinite Earths".


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan began his career as the Spectre in the early 1940s, when the hard-boiled police detective was murdered. Put into cement and thrown into the water by crime-boss Gat Benson, Jim Corrigan's soul left his body and went on towards the afterlife. Instead of going into Heaven, his spirit refused to pass into the afterlife, and his rage was heard by the archangel Michael, who bonded Jim's spirit to the spirit of God's vengeance, the Spectre. He was condemned to return to Earth for sixty years of punishing wrongdoings.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: As the Spectre, Jim Corrigan returned to the mortal plane as a partial human, where he proceeded to rain his vengeance on Gat Benson and his accomplices. In the process however, Jim's fiancée, Clarice Winston, was mortally wounded. Using his newfound power, he was able to return Clarice to life, but later ended their relationship in order to spare her any further pain. He also broke off with his partner, and became more of a lone agent, trying to distance himself from his mortal ties, although he retained his job on the police force.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: As the popularity of superhero comics began to decline in the mid-1940s, the Spectre suffered as a result. He was reduced to playing the role of "guardian angel" to a bumbling character called "Percival Popp, the Super Cop." Introduced in #74, December 1941 (aside from a head-shot in a one-panel preview at the end of #73's Spectre story), he was a would-be civilian sleuth who, in his words, latched onto Corrigan "of all the detectives on the force because it appeared to me that you are the most intelligent of the lot! You and I ought to be an unbeatable combination, sir!" In the following story, the Voice allowed the physical body of Jim Corrigan, still in cement at the bottom of the river, to be resurrected with the Ring of Life, which had helped the Spectre out of some jams in a few previous stories. The Ghostly Guardian found that he could emerge from Corrigan and maintain a separate existence. In "More Fun" #90, April 1943, Jim Corrigan "per se" was completely removed from the feature — he enlisted in the military for World War II service — and the Spectre's reduction to guardian angel status was complete; he even became invisible to everybody but Percy.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: As the Spectre, Jim Corrigan ran with the JSA, but he was replaced in 1944, and afterwards Jim Corrigan and the Spectre disappeared from the DC Universe for more than 20 years.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: When the Spectre was revived in "Showcase" #60, (January–February 1966), Jim Corrigan played an important part, as editor Julius Schwartz and writer Gardner Fox made significant use of the resurrection of Corrigan's body depicted back in "More Fun Comics" #75. While the Ghostly Guardian crossed from one mystical plane of existence to another fighting occult menaces, Corrigan, now a captain of Gateway City's police force, was fighting his own battles against a more mundane criminal element. However, Corrigan often got involved in the Spectre's conflicts. In that first story, another spirit, named Azmodus, took possession of a small-time criminal, and while the two astral beings engaged in cosmic combat, the two mortal men slugged it out.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In "Showcase" #64, September–October 1966, when the Spectre took possession of the body of a dying man, Ace Chance, to preserve its spark of life after his soul had departed, that spirit found the living but soulless Corrigan and entered him. With Chance's physical form hospitalized and on life-support, the Spectre found he could not re-enter Jim. Ace had no desire to give up this body and began romancing heiress Mona Marcy. After Chance was put back into his proper body, Corrigan wondered what he was going to do about Mona, who had no idea who she had really been dating. In fact, a year later the Spectre was awarded his own comic, and in #2 (January–February 1968), Jim asks his astral alter ego for a little privacy, as he has a date with Mona.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: While she was not mentioned again, things became more involved for Corrigan. This series established that prolonged separation from his corporeal body diminished the Spectre's energies, and more than once, Jim's will power could keep his spirit form from entering him. The latter instance found Corrigan pinned down by criminals he was after, and his demands for the Spectre's help resulted in the tired spirit acting harshly and hurting an innocent man in the vicinity. Shortly after this, the Spectre was chained to the Journal of Judgment and Corrigan made no more appearances in this era.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The next time Jim Corrigan was seen was in the brief but controversial Spectre series in "Adventure Comics" #431–440 (March–April 1974 – July–August 1975). Here, writer Michael Fleisher, ably abetted by atmospheric art from Jim Aparo (Frank Thorne and Ernie Chan spelled him on the pencils once and twice, respectively, when his schedule became too tight), took the Spectre back to his earliest days. As in the first two years in "More Fun Comics", the hero and his civilian identity were simply two guises of the same entity. Nevertheless, Corrigan's "life" did get interesting. Now a lieutenant in New York City, Jim was investigating the murder of wealthy businessman Adrian Sterling and met the victim's daughter Gwen. Despite his assertions that romance was out of the question for him, she fell in love with Corrigan. In saving her life from her father's murderer, he had to reveal his true nature. Gwen fell under the influence of a medium, told him about Corrigan's situation, and asked him if he could restore the detective to life. Unfortunately, he was a con artist that the department, and Corrigan in particular, were investigating, and he took advantage of what he presumed was the woman's mental illness to trap and kill Corrigan. As he was already dead, the plan backfired horribly.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Not long later, a reporter named Earl Crawford noticed the number of gruesome finishes that many local criminals had been meeting recently and suspected a connection. By lying to his editor as to just what he had in mind, he arranged an assignment to ride around with a police criminal investigator and, of all people, Lt. Jim Corrigan was the lucky cop. Crawford soon saw the Spectre in action for himself. Despite being a ghost, Corrigan returned Gwen's feelings and pleaded into the night in his dark apartment for a reprieve. Without telling him, the Voice granted the request and he awoke the next morning a mortal man. Corrigan did not realize this until he was shot in the line of duty a few hours later. Once out of the hospital, he proposed to Gwen, who promptly accepted. However, Corrigan was again murdered by criminals and again sent back to Earth by the Voice as the Spectre. He took vengeance upon his killers, then appeared to Gwen to give her the news.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: A direct follow-up to this run appeared a few years later as a three-issue story arc in the Dr. Thirteen the Ghost-Breaker series that Paul Kupperberg was writing in "Ghosts" #97–99 (February–April 1981). Here, the Spectre was still slaughtering particularly brutal criminals and Earl Crawford was still looking for a way to stop the supernatural entity that he knew was responsible, but now Dr. Thirteen was trying to prove he was something normal. Even though Earl and Terry came up with the idea that Lt. Jim Corrigan was somehow connected to the killings, his appearances here were brief and perfunctory.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Another sequel to the "Adventure" run was published seven years later. A deluxe format miniseries, "Wrath of the Spectre", reprinted the original 10 stories in its first three issues, and in its fourth presented, newly drawn by Jim Aparo and various inkers, three stories that had been written by Michael Fleisher in 1975 but left on the proverbial shelf when the series was replaced with Aquaman (even though Fleisher was already on the record in 1980 as having left just two stories). Here, Earl Crawford is charged with murdering a criminal that was actually eliminated by the Spectre, but found not guilty by reason of insanity, and committed to an asylum. Corrigan demonstrates compassion, first by having a disguised Gwen Sterling visit and comfort him, then by using the powers of the Spectre to clear him.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan also appeared in each of the Spectre's three "The Brave and the Bold" team-ups with Batman during this era, one of which included fighting against the evil sorcerer Wa'arzen (issues #116 (December 1974-January 1975), 180 (November 1981) and 199 (June 1983)). One other instance is worth noting: in the revived "All Star Comics", Jim Corrigan, this time an Inspector with the Gotham City P.D., was seen in issue #70 (January–February 1978).


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Among the many changes made to DC Comics' characters during the later half of the 1980s (following the 12-issue miniseries "Crisis on Infinite Earths"), the Spectre (and thereby Jim Corrigan) was largely depowered. First, in the conclusion to Alan Moore's "Swamp Thing" storyline "American Gothic", the Spectre was defeated by evil incarnate as it advances to destroy Heaven. Finally, the Spectre, in "Last Days of the Justice Society of America", failed to resolve the situation and is punished by God for his failure. Under the authorship of Doug Moench, he became nearly a generic mystical figure, with Corrigan joining an occult detective agency.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: This was largely notable because now, Jim Corrigan and the Spectre became two separate entities (although the body of Jim Corrigan was, in fact, a piece of the Spectre's ectoplasm, as later revealed). The body of Corrigan still served as a host to the Spectre, but the Spectre could move on his own separately for a whole day, afterwards needing to return to Corrigan's body to replenish his energy. This allowed for Corrigan to actually team up with the Spectre (rather than the two being one), in essence splitting the 'workload' in two, since one could handle research and the other could get the job done. It also allowed for Corrigan to become a full-fledged detective again.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Nonetheless, if the two were separated for too long, it would spell disaster for both, and therefore Madame Xanadu, who was not only instrumental in returning the Spectre to Earth (and 'separating' Jim Corrigan from him) but also held her place of operations in the same building as Corrigan's agency, introduced a guardian for Corrigan. The attractive young woman Kim Liang became not only Jim's secretary, but also a caretaker, herself a separated piece of Xanadu's soul (although this was unknown to her at the time). The importance of Xanadu in these actions later set the stage for her role in Corrigan's life when John Ostrander set up a new "Spectre" title.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan's status quo was changed when John Ostrander landed the job as writer to a new "Spectre" ongoing series. Jim Corrigan and the Spectre were now one once more and he had moved out of his agency. Throughout Ostrander's tenure, Jim Corrigan started to come into conflict with the Spectre as he started to grow as a person. He learned that his old methods no longer applied to the world he lived in and he was forced to make certain concessions.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Corrigan's transformation begins in the first few issues of the new volume. Corrigan meets Amy Beitermann, a social staff worker and Inspector Nate Kane, a friend of Amy. While investigating the old murder of a woman, Corrigan learns that although he is able to solve her murder, he is unable to understand the victim, whose ghost continues to wander the scene of her death. When Corrigan exchanges memories with Amy, she learns of his true purpose: "To confront and to comprehend evil", an element newly introduced by Ostrander. Amy serves as Corrigan's spiritual guide from then, until she is murdered by a serial killer in issue #12.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Troubled, Jim Corrigan turns to the church, where he meets Father Richard Craemer (a character introduced by Ostrander in "Suicide Squad"), a somewhat unorthodox one at that though, often disagreeing with the church method. After Corrigan's confession, Craemer gives his advice, mentioning Vlatava, a country torn by civil war.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The Spectre razes the country of Vlatava and he concludes that in order to eradicate evil, he will need to destroy Earth. The Phantom Stranger gathers a group of mages to stop him and Madame Xanadu gathers the Israeli sorcerer Ramban (also a character Ostrander used in "Suicide Squad") and Craemer.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The group, led by the Stranger, face an Eclipso-controlled Spectre while the other group reaches out to Corrigan's soul. Thanks to Craemer, Corrigan is able to reassert control of the Spectre and see the error of his ways. The archangel Michael appears, stating that Corrigan now finally truly can do his work as the Spectre. From then on, Craemer becomes a spiritual advisor to Jim Corrigan.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The Spectre, however, is deemed a threat to the American government, and with the help of a Professor Hazard is confronted by Superman, who holds the Spear of Destiny, the only weapon known to be able to hurt the Spectre. The Spectre is eventually able to defeat Superman and banish the Spear. Corrigan also learns that, unbeknownst to him, he has been keeping his old fiancé Clarice Winston alive with his powers. She is almost killed by her granddaughter Clarissa, and as punishment the Spectre switches their souls.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Azmodus eventually returns and restores Clarissa Winston's (now trapped in her grandmother's body) youth. This body is still connected to the Spectre, and thereby Azmodus can tap into the Spectre's power. The Spectre confronts Azmodus, but is captured as he is shocked to learn that Azmodus is, in part, a previous host of the Spectre. His friends, most notably again Father Craemer and the reluctant Nate Kane, are able to free him and beat Azmodus, separating Caraka, the first host to the Spectre, from the demon he was bonded with. In order to defeat Azmodus, however, the Spectre is required to cut his lifeline to Clarice's body; he decides to switch again with her repentant granddaughter. As Clarice goes to Heaven, it is revealed that she was, in fact, Caraka's soulmate all along, and was attracted to Jim because of their similarities. After this ordeal, Jim Corrigan continues to serve as the Spectre, now once more a step closer to his redemption, with Craemer as his advisor.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In order to find his connection to humanity again, Jim Corrigan gets himself assigned as Nate Kane's partner, the two becoming a police duo. Eventually the Spectre is seduced by the demon Neron and Jim is allowed to go into Heaven, now separated from the Spectre, but he refuses. He retakes control of the Spectre, although he learns that he was not as much in control as he thought.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Nate Kane is shot, and the two become involved in a plot concerning a mystical talisman that represents the iconic America. Near the end of that quest for the various broken pieces of the talisman, Nate Kane and Jim Corrigan are once again forced to grow closer after Jim has to enter Nate's body in order to heal himself after a short side-adventure in which he had to use his Spectre powers to keep the Earth alive during "The Final Night".


title: Jim Corrigan

text: During the course of the search for the talisman, Jim also comes to new insights, as he not only meets the spirit of his old childhood friend Lonetree, but is also confronted with the fact that he was a man of the 1930s. As a hardboiled no-nonsense cop in the 1930s, Corrigan was a different man faced with different situations.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Corrigan was finally able to see the current American world, including its segregation of the African Americans, the abuse of the Native Americans, but also the subjugation of women (and the connected witch-hunts) and other parts of America's past.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Ultimately, with the help of his friends, and various spirits that represent the spirit of America today, a new American talisman is created, and Jim Corrigan also finds himself starting to change into a different man, and what he believes to be a better man.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: As Nate Kane and Jim Corrigan share the body of Kane, Nate comes to experience certain memories of Corrigan's revolving around a murder case from the 1930s. Intrigued, Nate Kane investigates further and he comes upon facts that indicate that Jim Corrigan might have been a murderer before his involvement with the Spectre. Meanwhile, the Spectre grows more savage, among other things killing all of the guilty on death row in a New York jail. Craemer continues to try and guide him. Corrigan also learns of what Nate is doing and the two part ways. To atone for his murdering of the criminals in the New York jail, Corrigan helps to prove the innocence of the one man he did not kill, but loses control once more, killing a bunch of corrupt police officers. During this time, he also comes across the troubled Michael Holt, whom he influences to become the second Mr. Terrific.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: The Spectre continues on his merciless way, dispensing justice on every guilty person that he comes across. He also finally meets Nate Kane and the woman he previously thought he had murdered. Trying to come to grips with his own sins as well as hers (she had killed her mother and tried to frame Corrigan for it), the woman's granddaughter mercy-killed her grandmother in fear of what the Spectre would do. Forced to judge her, Corrigan and the Spectre fight and decide that they will need the judgement of God on their own existence.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: To their surprise, God has gone missing, as has Heaven. The two decide to work together and they visit various pantheons, as well as entering the Source Wall. Given only two cryptic messages, the Spectre demands to confront God. He is bombarded with the nature of God and becomes one with every particle in the universe. The experience again conflicts the Spectre and Corrigan, and pushed to the brink, they are ejected from the Source Wall. They then learn that the gap between the two has grown so wide that they can separate themselves. At the advice of Father Craemer, the two travel inside themselves and are eventually confronted by a seemingly crazy God who resembles Corrigan's father.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: God assumed the form of Corrigan's father, a travelling preacher, because he was the most influential person during Jim Corrigan's youth. Jim's father tried to imprint his black and white view of good and evil on the young boy (usually through both physical and verbal abuse), even though he himself often gave into sin. Eventually the ruse is uncovered and it turns out that Jim has undergone his final test and is ready to leave the mantle of the Spectre.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: With the help of the Spectre, Jim Corrigan's old (dead) body is given a proper burial and his funeral is attended by many superheroes and friends. Then Jim Corrigan relinquishes the Spectre, and as Father Craemer bids his last respects to his friend, from the heavens, a message is carved upon the formerly blank gravestone of Jim Corrigan, stating: "James Corrigan, servant of God".


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Although Corrigan was laid to rest, the power of the Spectre was still in the world. During the miniseries "Day of Judgment", the Spectre is controlled by the fallen angel Asmodel, who uses the Spectre's awesome might to freeze Hell and unleash hordes of demons upon the world.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In an effort to stop the Spectre, the magical heroes divide into groups, of which one is sent to collect the soul of Jim Corrigan so that he can reclaim the Spectre mantle. Amongst his old friends of the JSA and his love Amy in Heaven, Corrigan refuses to leave the afterlife to rejoin with the Spectre, stating that he is finally at peace and that his time in Heaven has sapped his will to the point that he would no longer be able to control the Spectre anyway. The heroes decide to respect Jim's wishes and they eventually recruited the soul of Hal Jordan from Purgatory to assume the mantle of the Spectre, the Spectre accepting Hal when he declares that he deserves to be punished for his actions in life. Corrigan later reappears to give Jordan his blessing.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: During the recent resurrection of the Spirit King - due to Hal's attempts to turn the Spectre's role to one of redemption having weakened the Spectre's hold on the spirits that he had damned in the past - Father Craemer appeared to try and advise Hal Jordan on how to regain control of the spirit, saying that Jim Corrigan had sent him to help, but it was left unclear if he had actually been contacted by Jim Corrigan or if he simply meant that his experience with Jim had helped him recognise what was happening and inspired him to help for the sake of his friend.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In September 2011, "The New 52" rebooted DC's continuity. In this new timeline, Jim Corrigan is a Gotham City Police Detective whose fiancé was kidnapped. He is guided by the Phantom Stranger on the instructions of The Voice. He leads Jim Corrigan to the abandoned warehouse where she is being kept, but this turns out to be a trap. Jim Corrigan and his girlfriend are killed by the kidnappers and he is then transformed into the Spectre, who accuses the Phantom Stranger of betraying him. As the Spectre is about to attack the Phantom Stranger, The Voice intervenes and sends the Spectre off to inflict his wrath on those who are more deserving of the Spectre's wrath.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: It is revealed that The Voice chose him, like he did the Stranger, to be "the mirror of his desire for justice" (though Corrigan believes in vengeance) and imbued him with divine powers. Jim returns to work as a police detective in Gotham City. The rage-filled Jim was performing his duties as the Spectre by practicing vengeance rather than justice, until the Phantom Stranger attacked his police precinct, convinced he was the one who kidnapped his family out of revenge. After exchanging blows physically and verbally, "The Voice" (God) himself intervened in the form of a Scottish Terrier (his sense of humor) and informed the Stranger of his mistake and set him on the right path. "The Voice" also set Corrigan straight on his duties and told him that he is meant to exact justice and not wrath.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In the "Watchmen" sequel "Doomsday Clock," Lois Lane finds a flash-drive among the mess while at the Daily Planet. It shows her footage of Spectre and the rest of the Justice Society.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: As the Spectre, Jim has all the abilities of God, including, but not limited to, manipulation of time and space, manipulation of matter and energy, invulnerability, limitless strength, and reality alteration. Virtually anything he wishes to do to those he judges is possible. He has no discernible weakness other than needing a human host to be able to be a fair and impartial judge, although he has been tricked before by the Psycho-Pirate and Eclipso. The Spectre is immune to most damage, although he can be hurt by powerful magic. Though he is widely considered to be the most powerful superhero in terms of abilities, the Spectre does not harm the innocent (unless being tricked into doing so). The Spectre is usually immune to mind control effects.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: An African American police officer based in Metropolis who worked with both Jimmy Olsen and Black Lightning. He first appeared in "Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen" #149 (May 1972). He later became a regular supporting character in (vol. 1) of "Black Lightning" beginning with issue #4.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: A Crime Scene Unit officer in the Gotham City Police Department, Jim Corrigan is, like so many of that city's police force, corrupt. He routinely abuses his position by selling crime scene memorabilia such as bullets, as well as more extravagant items lost by the city's colourful villains.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Although the Internal affairs division was aware of his activities, they could not interfere due to an explosive encounter between Corrigan and Renee Montoya, of the Major Crimes Unit, when Crispus Allen had been accused of murder.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Allen, who loathed the fact that Corrigan had gotten off due to Montoya's desire to protect him, had begun investigating Corrigan. Just as his investigation began to bear fruit, however, Corrigan shot and killed Detective Allen.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: This spurred the GCPD to arrest Corrigan, but unfortunately, the past incident with Montoya, along with a decent alibi, had given Corrigan the defense he needed to avoid both court and jail.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Montoya, who was blind with fury and had been slowly falling into a deep depression over the past few months, had finally snapped with the loss of Allen. She stormed into Corrigan's apartment and after knocking out his girlfriend, threatened to kill Corrigan by placing a gun in his mouth. The previously smug CSI officer broke down and tearfully began pleading Montoya to spare his life. Despite her thirst for vengeance, Montoya simply beats and let's him go and then resigned from the force.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In the final issue of the three-issue miniseries "Crisis Aftermath: The Spectre", a miniseries about Crispus Allen dealing with his new role as the Spectre, it was revealed that Corrigan had spent the time after Montoya's attack drinking (Allen found him this way, but did not take vengeance on him — it was too easy and too personal), but one night upon stumbling into an alley, he was confronted by Allen's young son Mal and shot multiple times, killing him. Later stories instead identify Corrigan's killer as Mal's brother, Jacob Allen.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In the four-issue "Elseworlds" miniseries "Kingdom Come", The Spectre is just Jim Corrigan, a once-human soul imbued with angelic powers by God. In a near-apocalyptic world the Spectre takes a preacher named Norman McCay through the events of a possible future of the DC Universe. Here, Spectre is to determine who is responsible for an impending apocalyptic event. However, here his "faculties are not what they once were", and he is said to need an outside perspective to properly judge the events they witness.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: A conversation between McCay and Deadman reveals that, with the passing of time, Corrigan has become further and further removed from humanity, now only wearing his cloak to cover an otherwise nude body (similar to Doctor Manhattan). He is reminded by McCay of his humanity to see things through the perspective as the man he once was and decides no one is to blame. Corrigan becomes a member of McCay's congregation and they become friends.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: In the epilogue set in a superhero-themed restaurant, he expresses irritation that the meal named after him, the "Spectre Platter", is a mix of spinach and cottage cheese.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Jim Corrigan appears in "Justice League Unlimited" #37. He helps Batman and Shayera Hol in bringing his counterpart Spectre back under his control.


title: Jim Corrigan

text: Police detective Jim Corrigan appeared in "Sandman Mystery Theatre" #42 (September 1996). As this was a Vertigo series, DC Universe canonicity is unclear.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: The K-300P "Bastion-P" (NATO reporting name SS-C-5 Stooge) is a Russian mobile coastal defence missile system. The system was developed together with the Belarusian company "Tekhnosoyuzproekt".


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: The main role of the Bastion-P is to engage surface ships including carrier battle groups, convoys, and landing craft. A typical battery is composed of 1-2 command and control vehicles based on the Kamaz 43101 6×6 truck, one support vehicle, four launcher vehicles based on the MZKT-7930 8×8 chassis each operated by a 3-man crew and holding two missiles, and four loader vehicles; launcher vehicles can be located up to away from the C2 vehicles. Upon halting, missiles can be readied for firing within five minutes, and both fired in 2-5 second intervals. The mobile launcher can remain on active standby over a period of 3–5 days, or up to 30 days when accompanied by a combat duty support vehicle.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: The missile used by the Bastion-P is the P-800 Oniks, a supersonic anti-ship missile with a warhead. They are fired vertically from the launchers using a solid-fuel rocket booster for initial acceleration, then use a liquid-fuel ramjet for sustained cruising at Mach 2.5. The Oniks/Yakhont's maximum range varies at using a low-low or hi-low flight trajectory respectively. Using GLONASS at the initial flight stage and active radar guidance when approaching a target, the missile can fly to an altitude of before descending to sea-skimming altitude of 5 m at the final stage, useful up to sea state 7. "These complexes are able to destroy both sea and ground targets at a distance of 350 kilometers at sea and almost 450 kilometers over land," Defense Minister Shoigu said at Russian President Vladimir Putin's meeting with representatives of the Defense Ministry.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: On 2 March 2011, it was reported that Russia would be deploying the system on the Kuril Islands in the Far East. The deployment was finally conducted in 2016.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: On 15 March 2015, it was reported that Russia had deployed the system in Crimea. Silo-based missile complex was deployed on Object 100 in 2020.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: In 2015, Russian Northern Fleet Commander Adm. Vladimir Korolev said that Russia's Northern Fleet's Coastal Forces would receive new Bastion anti-ship missile complexes to support already existing S-400 deployments.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: On 15 November 2016, Russia announced it had deployed K-300P Bastion-P systems to Syria, where it fired Oniks missiles at land targets as part of the Russian military intervention in Syria, demonstrating a previously undisclosed land attack capability for the coastal defense system; the P-800 uses a combination of autopilot, INS, and a radio altimeter for mid-course guidance and a monopulse dual-mode active/passive seeker for terminal guidance. Modified software in the Bastion's guidance system enables the missiles to dive onto stationary land targets, striking programmed coordinates.


title: K-300P Bastion-P

text: The Bastion is the primary launch platform of the Onyx missile during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine. Sevastopol in particular has seen a number of recorded Onyx launches, distinguished by the missile's distinctive "one-turn" launch sequence. These are primarily used to strike cities in the south of Ukraine.


title: MeloMance

text: MeloMance (Hangul: 멜로망스) is a South Korean duo formed by Heaven Company in 2013. They debuted on March 10, 2015, with the extended play "Sentimental".


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: Seance is a 2021 supernatural horror film written and directed by Simon Barrett. It was released on May 21, 2021, by RLJE Films.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: One night at the Edelvine Academy for Girls, a clique of girls led by ruthless popular girl Alice, play a prank on their classmate Kerrie by faking a haunting by the Edelvine Ghost, an urban legend involving a student who killed herself. Upset, Kerrie goes back to her dorm room where she glimpses a figure watching her. When the girls hear her screams and rush into her room, they discover Kerrie dead, having fallen out of her dorm room window.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: New student Camille Meadows takes Kerrie's place at the academy. She meets headmistress Mrs. Landry and her son Trevor who works as a handyman. Student Helina shows Camille to her room which happens to be Kerrie's old room. Camille notices strange supernatural occurrences in the dorm room. Camille encounters Alice and the members of her clique; Bethany, Yvonne, Rosalind, and Lenora. The group harasses Camille and Helina until a fight breaks out. Mrs. Landry sentences the girls to spend detention in the library. Alice convinces Camille and Helina to join her and the others in a seance to contact Kerrie. Although Camille and Helina expect another prank, the group is stunned when they actually make contact with a spirit that warns them that they will be murdered. The group wonder if they communicated with Kerrie or the Edelvine Ghost. Later that night, Lenora is attacked and killed by an unseen assailant.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: The next day, Mrs. Landry questions the girls on Lenora's unusual disappearance and informs them her personal items are missing, suspecting she has run away. The group investigates her room with Trevor's help and discovers a strange cross drawn in blood on Lenora's bed. Camille later identifies the cross as a symbol on a pendant worn by Alicia Kane, the deceased student who supposedly became the Edelvine Ghost. Later that night, Rosalind is killed in the shower, her body being discovered by Camille. The death is presumed an accident. Unsettled, Camille visits Helina and they discuss the possibility of ghosts. Bethany spots a masked figure in her room which disappears when she screams for help. Bethany claims it is the Edelvine Ghost but Mrs. Landry dismisses it as a bad dream while Camille is also unconvinced it was a ghost as Bethany was able to scare it away.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: Camille, Helina, Alice, Bethany, and Yvonne meet for another seance to contact Rosalind and ask her what happened. Rosalind's spirit states she was murdered and identifies Camille as the killer. Alice attacks Camille while the others grow suspicious of Camille. While practicing for her dance recital, Yvonne is murdered by the masked figure Bethany saw. After another haunting from Kerrie, Camille moves in with Helina, and the two comfort each other over recent events. Alice receives a text from Yvonne asking her to go outside, where she discovers Lenora's corpse before being knocked out by the masked assailant. Camille tries to follow Alice but is knocked unconscious by another masked assailant.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: Camille awakens restrained in the library next to an unconscious Alice. Bethany and Trevor reveal themselves as the killers and secret lovers, having murdered Kerrie and Alice's clique in an attempt to hide the fact that Bethany stole an essay from Kerrie which Bethany ended up winning a $250,000 scholarship from. Bethany also reveals she faked the communication with the spirits at the seances and that Trevor murdered Alicia Kane who was his babysitter and faked her suicide. Bethany states her plan to murder Alice, frame Camille for the murders, and then tie up any loose ends by killing Helina in a faked suicide. Camille reveals that she is not really Camille, having assumed Camille Meadows's identity in order to avenge her friend Kerrie. The power goes out, causing Bethany to leave and fix it. As Trevor threatens Camille, Helina knocks him unconscious and frees Camille and Alice, having been lead to the library by Kerrie's ghost.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: The trio attempts to escape but the power comes back on and Bethany ambushes them. Camille fends Bethany off and stabs her in the neck with a light bulb, killing her. Alice and Helina escape the library as Trevor reawakens. Camille manages to decapitate him with a bookshelf. Camille retrieves some photos of her and Kerrie from her dorm room and goes to leave only to be confronted by Helina. Camille tells Helina about her faked identity while Helina asks how she will find Camille in the future. Camille kisses Helina, waving both her and Kerrie's ghost goodbye before leaving the academy campus.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: In October 2019, it was announced Suki Waterhouse had joined the cast of the film, with Simon Barrett directing from a screenplay he wrote. In November 2019, Inanna Sarkis joined the cast of the film. In December 2019, Madisen Beaty joined the cast of the film. Principal photography began in November 2019.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: In February 2021, RLJE Films acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film, and set it for a May 21, 2021, release, with a Shudder premiere to follow.


title: Seance (2021 film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes surveyed and, categorizing the reviews as positive or negative, assessed 18 as positive and 17 as negative for a 51% rating with the consensus reading, "Writer-director Simon Barrett has a certain filmmaking flair, but it isn't enough to raise "Seance" above its somewhat pedestrian story". Reviewing the film for indieWire, Kate Erbland stated the film "doesn't just grow more mysterious, gory, and spiky as it goes on, it also grows more convoluted". Lena Wilson with "The New York Times" said "when the film does choose a genre, it occasionally sticks the landing, but "Seance" ultimately feels jumbled".


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: The 1998 Australian federal election was held to determine the members of the 39th Parliament of Australia. It was held on 3 October 1998. All 148 seats of the House of Representatives and 40 seats of the 76-seat Senate were up for election. The incumbent centre-right Liberal/National Coalition government led by Prime Minister John Howard of the Liberal Party and coalition partner Tim Fischer of the National Party defeated the centre-left Australian Labor Party opposition led by Opposition Leader Kim Beazley, despite losing the nationwide popular and two-party preferred vote.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: Entering parliament at this election were future Prime Ministers Kevin Rudd and Julia Gillard, future Liberal deputy leader and future Minister of Foreign Affairs Julie Bishop, and future Speaker Anna Burke.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: The election returned the Member of the House of Representatives for its 1998–2001 term and half of Australia's senators, who then served in the 1999–2002 Senate.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: Despite winning almost 51 percent of the two-party-preferred vote and regaining much of what it had lost in its severe defeat of two years earlier, Labor fell short of forming government. The government was re-elected with 49.02% of the two-party-preferred vote, compared to 50.98% for the Australian Labor Party, the largest difference of six election results where the winner did not gain a two-party preferred majority, since 2PP results first estimated from 1937.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: The election on 3 October 1998 was held six months earlier than required by the Constitution. Prime Minister John Howard made the announcement following the launch of the coalition's Goods and Services Tax (GST) policy launch and a five-week advertising campaign. The ensuing election was almost entirely dominated by the proposed 10% GST and proposed income tax cuts.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: In reaction to One Nation's policies, the other significant parties all agreed to preference against One Nation. One Nation lost its lone house seat when founder and leader Pauline Hanson lost on preferences to Liberal candidate Cameron Thompson in the Queensland electorate of Blair. In Queensland, One Nation polled 14.83% of the Senate vote, sufficient to elect one senator without the need for preferences.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: The seat initially went to Heather Hill, but she was subsequently disqualified under Section 44 of the Constitution, and replaced by Len Harris.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: On election night of 3 October, the exit poll showed Labor on a 53 percent two-party-preferred vote. Labor made the single biggest gain by an Opposition party following an election defeat; the Coalition's majority was cut from 40 to 12. It was only when the first returns trickled in from Western Australia that the Coalition was assured of another term. The swing across all states would have normally been sufficient for a change of government, but the uneven nature of the swing left Kim Beazley eight seats short of becoming Prime Minister.


title: 1998 Australian federal election

text: The uneven nature of the swing saw Labor getting huge swings in seats that they held prior to the election but not enough in seats needed to gain government.


title: Atari Corporation

text: Atari Corporation was an American manufacturer of computers and video game consoles. It was founded by Jack Tramiel on May 17, 1984, as Tramel Technology, Ltd., but then took on the Atari name less than two months later when Warner Communications sold the home computing and game console assets of Atari, Inc. to Tramiel. Its chief products were the Atari ST, Atari XE, Atari 7800, Atari Lynx and Atari Jaguar.


title: Atari Corporation

text: The company reverse merged with JTS Inc. in 1996, becoming a small division which itself closed after JTS sold all Atari assets to Hasbro Interactive in 1998.


title: Atari Corporation

text: The company was founded by Commodore International's founder Jack Tramiel soon after his resignation from Commodore in January 1984. Initially named Tramel Technology, Ltd., the company's goal was to design and sell a next-generation home computer. On July 1, 1984, TTL bought the Consumer Division assets of Atari, Inc. from Warner, and TTL was renamed Atari Corporation. Warner sold the division for $240 million in stocks under the new company.


title: Atari Corporation

text: In order to halt the massive losses Atari, Inc. had been yielding under Warner's ownership, Tramiel shut down nearly all of their 80 domestic branches, laying off the staff and liquidating the inventory. Under Tramiel's ownership, Atari used the remaining stock of game console inventory to keep the company afloat while they finished the development of their 16-bit computer system, the Atari ST. In 1985, they released their update to the 8-bit computer line—the Atari XE series—as well as the 16-bit Atari ST line. Then in 1986, Atari Corp. launched two consoles designed when Atari was under Warner's control: Atari 2600 Jr and Atari 7800 (which had a limited release in 1984). Atari Corp. rebounded, producing a $25 million profit for 1986. The Atari ST line proved very successful (mostly in Europe, not the U.S.), ultimately selling more than 5 million units. Its built-in MIDI ports made it especially popular among musicians. Still, its closest competitor in the marketplace, the Commodore Amiga, outsold it 3 to 2. Atari eventually released a line of inexpensive IBM PC compatibles as well as an MS-DOS compatible palm computer called the Atari Portfolio.


title: Atari Corporation

text: Atari, under Tramiel, had a poor reputation in the marketplace. In 1986 a columnist for Atari magazine "ANALOG Computing" warned that company executives seemed to emulate Tramiel's penny-pinching' [and] hard-nosed bargaining, sometimes at the risk of everything else," resulting in poor customer service and documentation, and product release dates that were "perhaps not the entire truth ... Pretty soon, you don't believe anything they say." He concluded, "I think Atari Corp. had better start considering how they're perceived by the non-Atari-using public." The company, however, was much more open to the press than its predecessor Atari Inc., which had refused to let "Antic" preview forthcoming announcements and even opposed the magazine printing the word "Atari" on its issues.


title: Atari Corporation

text: On August 23, 1987, Atari agreed to purchase the Federated Group for $67.3 million. October 4, 1987, Atari completed the acquisition and gained full control of its own retail stores. In the final quarter of 1987, Federated lost $6.4 million in day-to-day operations. A post-acquisition audit ended on February 15, 1988, and identified $43 million in adjustments to Federated's balance sheet, far more than Atari anticipated. The net worth of its acquisition was reduced by $33 million. Atari's CFO later claimed that they would never have done the deal had they known at the time. Federated's operational losses increased, reaching $67 million for its first full year under Atari in 1988. The FBI began an investigation of Atari in May of that same year for an ongoing scheme involving the profitable import and resale of Japanese DRAM chips in the US, "in violation of U.S. import laws and contrary to import agreements." In March 1989, Atari announced that it would treat Federated as a discontinued operation and took an additional one-time charge of $57 million. Federated was eventually sold to Silo in 1989.


title: Atari Corporation

text: In 1988, Stewart Alsop II said that Atari was among several companies that "have already been knocked out" of the GUI market by Apple, IBM/Microsoft, and others, but Atari's sales hit their peak that year, at $452 million.


title: Atari Corporation

text: In 1989, Atari released the Lynx, a handheld console with color graphics, to critical acclaim. However, a shortage of parts kept the system from being released nationwide for the 1989 Christmas season; the Lynx lost market share to Nintendo's Game Boy, which had only a monochrome display, but a much better battery life, and was widely available.


title: Atari Corporation

text: As the fortunes of Atari's computers faded, video games again became the company's main focus. In 1993, Atari released its last console, the Jaguar. One of the first entries in the fifth generation of game consoles, the Jaguar was marketed as the world's first 64-bit console. However, due to a games library which was low in both quantity and quality, as well as being extremely difficult to program games for the system because of its multi-chip architecture, it was unable to compete effectively against the incumbent fourth generation consoles; the Sega Saturn and Sony PlayStation would outsell the Jaguar in very large numbers late in its lifespan.


title: Atari Corporation

text: Atari sustained a net loss of $49.6 million for 1995, with $27.7 million in losses during the last quarter of the year alone.


title: Atari Corporation

text: In December 1995, Sam Tramiel suffered a mild heart attack, forcing him to step down as Atari's president, causing Jack Tramiel to come back and lead the company again. On January 2, 1996, at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show, Atari Corporation formally announced the formation of Atari Interactive to "address the worldwide PC market". Planning to initially launch with four titles, "Tempest 2000", "", "Baldies", and "FlipOut!", further releases would include "Missile Command 3D", "Return to Crystal Castles", "Rocky Interactive Horror Show", and "Virtual War".


title: Atari Corporation

text: However, by February 1996, after a series of successful lawsuits followed by profitable investments despite the Jaguar being a commercial failure, Atari was left out with millions of dollars in its bank account but no new products to sell at all; in addition, the Tramiel family wanted themselves out of business. On February 13, 1996, Atari agreed to merge with JTS Inc., a short-lived maker of hard disk drives, in a reverse takeover to form JTS Corporation. The reverse merger was completed on July 30, 1996. Atari's role in the new company largely became a holder for most of its properties. Most of Atari's staff members were either dismissed or resigned, and its Atari Interactive division was quickly shut down, with the remainder of its employees being relocated to JTS's headquarters. Consequently, the Atari name almost vanished from the consumer market.


title: Atari Corporation

text: On March 13, 1998, JTS Corporation sold the Atari name and assets to Hasbro Interactive for $5 million, less than a fifth of what Warner Communications had paid 22 years earlier. The transaction primarily involved the brand and intellectual property rights which would then fall under Hasbro's Atari Interactive division.


title: Atari Corporation

text: On January 29, 2001, Hasbro Interactive, along with Atari Interactive, was sold to Infogrames, renaming itself Infogrames Interactive and then took on its current name in 2003 after its merger with the Hasbro-established Atari Interactive; the present day Atari Interactive, through Atari SA, continues to hold and license all Atari trademarks as well as producing many new games, some based on Atari's original properties, to this day.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham () is a 2017 Indian Telugu-language romantic comedy film directed by Kalyan Krishna Kurasala and produced by Nagarjuna Akkineni on Annapurna Studios banner. It stars Naga Chaitanya, Rakul Preet Singh, Jagapathi Babu, and Sampath Raj. The music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad. Cinematography by N. Vishweshwar and editing by Gautham Raju. The film was released on 26 May 2017. It was remade in Kannada as Seetharama Kalyana.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: The story begins in a village as a tale of three best friends: Krishna (Jagapathi Babu), Adinarayana (Sampath Raj), and Prabhakar (Irshad). Adi has a huge family, and one day, his elder sister Priya (Priya) gets engaged. Ten days before her wedding, she elopes, leaving behind a letter that she has loved another man and has gone to live with him. Due to some misunderstanding, Krishna is suspected, and the friendship turns into enmity. The story moves forward 25 years, with Bhrahmaramba (Rakul Preet Singh), the innocent and heavily pampered only daughter of Adi, who has little to no exposure to the outside world. She dreams of marrying a man who has the qualities of a prince, as said by her grandmother. Shiva (Naga Chaitanya), the son of Krishna, meets Bhrahmaramba in his brother Kishore's (Vennela Kishore) marriage with Bhramarambha's friend and falls in love with her at first sight. After playful encounters, they separate ways. Bhramarambha eventually comes to Vizag, Shiva's hometown, for her studies. She quickly finds out that Shiva lives in Vizag, and they spend a lot of time together, with her sharing everything with him. She tells him that she is not interested in a relationship with him. Shiva loves her, but in fear of rejection, does not reveal his love. Later they get into an argument, with Shiva revealing his love for her and being frustrated with her not having clarity on her life and that she keeps waiting for a prince and does not realize what she has. Bhramarambha furiously returns home and accepts a marriage proposal from her cousin out of anger. The rest of the story is about how Shiva finally makes Brahmaramba realize him as her prince and resolves disputes between both families.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: The music was composed by Devi Sri Prasad and was released on Aditya Music Company. The audio function was grandly held on 21 May 2017 at Annapurna Studios.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: The director of the film is Kalyan Krishna Kurasala. The film's first look was released on 29 March 2017 on Ugadi by Nagarjuna through his official Facebook page. Naga Chaitanya shared through Twitter that two posters of the film were released at the same time since Producer Nagarjuna and director Kalyan Krishna was not able to decide which poster to go with. It was Naga Chaitanya's third collaboration with music director Devi Sri Prasad after "100% Love" and "Dhada" and first collaboration with director Kalyan Krishna Kurasala.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: "Rarandoi Veduka Chudham", in two days collected a total gross of 11.86 Crores and a share of 5.84 Crores worldwide. In its first week, the film collected a total gross of 32 crores and a share of 18.50 Crores worldwide. The film collected a total gross of 50 Crores and a share of 28 Crores worldwide in its lifetime run.


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: In the first weekend, "Rarandoi Veduka Chudham" beat movies like "" at the US box office by collecting a total gross of 369,672 .


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: Firstpost gave 3 out of 5 stars stating, "Rarandoi Veduka Choodham ends up being a crowd-pleasing film in the end. The trick lies in making you yearn for the feeling of being together, despite all odds. It’s the theme of most family dramas in Telugu films and Rarandoi Veduka Choodham is no different".


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: "IndiaGlitz" gave 3 out of 5 stars stating, "A wafer-thin and predictable story, 'RVC' comes with an excellent characterization of the heroine, and largely fine performances. Proper spacing of songs was needed. All said, there are elements that could appeal to family audiences".


title: Rarandoi Veduka Chudham

text: The Times of India gave 2.5 out of 5 stars stating, "Rarandoi Veduka Chudham uses the age-old run-of-the-mill set-up to establish the story and its characters. As far as the plot is concerned, there is nothing new that one can expect from the family drama - fathers pampering their children, children falling in love with the enemy’s son and the clichés. Finally, when things are set to take an offbeat turn, a simple clarification of a misunderstanding brings the plot to a happy ending; bummer!".


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: Shahjahan is a 2001 Indian Tamil-language romantic film written and directed by Ravi and produced by R. B. Choudary. The film stars Vijay and Richa Pallod while Krishna and Vivek portray supporting roles. The film, which had music was composed by Mani Sharma, was released on 14 November 2001. The story is about the love life of a love doctor and how his love life ends in a tragedy unknowingly. The movie was a commercial success.


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: Ashok is a young man who knows and understands the psychology of love and helps lovers elope against the wishes of their families. He is assisted in this endeavour by his close friends Boopathi Ramaiyaa and Seenu. Once he comes across Uma Maheshwari "Mahee", an engineering student, and develops a crush on her. However, he chooses not to express his love to her and instead decides to wait for her to reciprocate her love due to a past incident involving his friend Giri. In a flashback, it is shown that Giri was in love with a Muslim girl named Aisha, who did not reciprocate. When Giri declared his love for her in front of her family, Aisha committed suicide, unable to bear the humiliation faced by her and her family members. This incident caused Giri to become mad and end up in an asylum.


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: One day, Ashok's friend Raja asks him to help him successfully pursue a mysterious girl. Ashok agrees to this and successfully helps Raja win the heart of the "mysterious girl", who, unknown to Ashok, turns out to be none other than Mahee. Eventually, when Mahee's father finds out about the relationship, Mahee and Raja decide to elope and seek the help of Ashok again. Ashok, who is still unaware that Raja wants to marry Mahee, agrees. It is only when Mahee arrives at the register office that Ashok realises that Raja's lover is Mahee and that he had helped Raja to make his love with Mahee succeed. Ashok breaks down inconsolably, but soon calms down and gets Raja and Mahee married. The newly married couple decide to leave for Coimbatore to escape from Mahee's father's wrath. But Mahee's father notices them and attacks them as well as Ashok, since he is responsible for getting his daughter to elope. Ashok is stabbed by Mahee's father in the back. Despite his pain, Ashok manages to send Mahee and Raja away safely, and Mahee's father decides to leave him alone, since his daughter is already gone.


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: The movie ends with a man coming to an injured Ashok and asking him to help him in pursuing a girl he likes, to which Ashok agrees (indicating that he'll even sacrifice his own love life to unite two hearts).


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: R. B. Choudary, after the successes of "Poove Unakkaga" (1996) and "Thulladha Manamum Thullum" (1999), signed on Vijay for a project to be directed by Vikraman. However, Vijay opted against starring in Vikraman's venture and Ravi Appulu was roped in to make a film titled "Sneha Jahan", which later became "Shahjahan", named after India's 5th Mughal emperor with the same name. The director had previously approached Vikram with the script of the film. Arthur A. Wilson was signed to handle the camera, Mani Sharma to compose the music, Vairamuthu to write lyrics while Prabhakaran did the art work and Prasanna Kumar has written the dialogue.


title: Shahjahan (film)

text: "Shahjahan" was released on 14 November 2001. Malathi Rangarajan from "The Hindu" gave the film a positive review claiming that "youth, romance and vibrant music seem to sell at a premium these days" and that "Shahjahan" "has all these in ample measure". She added that Richa "has little to do but look good" and Vijay "sparkles in the role of Ashok" while Krishna "fills the bill of a perfect non-action hero". "Ananda Vikatan" rated the film 36 out of 100. "Kalki" rated the film "above average".


title: Bordetella

text: Bordetella () is a genus of small (0.2 – 0.7 µm), gram-negative coccobacilli of the phylum Pseudomonadota. "Bordetella" species, with the exception of "B. petrii", are obligate aerobes, as well as highly fastidious, or difficult to culture. All species can infect humans. The first three species to be described ("B. pertussis", "B. parapertussis", "B. bronchiseptica"); are sometimes referred to as the 'classical species'. Two of these ("B. bronchiseptica" and "B. pertussis") are also motile.


title: Bordetella

text: "B. pertussis" and occasionally "B. parapertussis" cause pertussis or whooping cough in humans, and some "B. parapertussis" strains can colonise sheep. "B. bronchiseptica" rarely infects healthy humans, though disease in immunocompromised patients has been reported. "B. bronchiseptica" causes several diseases in other mammals, including kennel cough and atrophic rhinitis in dogs and pigs, respectively. Other members of the genus cause similar diseases in other mammals, and in birds ("B. hinzii", "B. avium").


title: Bordetella

text: The three most common species of Bordetella are "B. pertussis", "B. parapertussis" and "B. bronchiseptica". These species are known to accumulate in the respiratory tracts of mammals. This is most commonly seen in human infants as a product of an illness known as whooping cough. The particular species responsible for this illness is "B. pertussis", and can only be found in humans. Even with extensive vaccination research on "B. pertussis", whooping cough is still considered endemic in many countries. Due to the fact "B. pertussis" is only found in humans and shows little genetic variation from the other Bordetella species, it is thought that it was derived from a common ancestor in recent years.


title: Bordetella

text: "B. parapertussis" can affect both humans and other mammals, primarily sheep. Similar to "B. pertussis", it causes whooping cough in babies. Yet, when strains found in sheep are isolated there is a strong distinction between those found in humans. This suggests that the varying strains of this species evolved independently of one another, the one found in humans and the one found in sheep. With this particular distinction it means that there is little to no transmission between the two reservoirs.


title: Bordetella

text: The species "B. bronchiseptica" however has a broader host range, causing similar symptoms in a wide range of animals, while only occasionally affecting humans. These symptoms often manifest as chronic and asymptomatic respiratory infections. "B. bronchiseptica" is a small, coccoid shape sized at approximately 0.5 µm. It has peritrichous flagella that enables it to be motile. On a petri dish, colonies of this species appear small, grayish-white, smooth, and shiny. "B. bronchiseptica" is gram-negative.


title: Bordetella

text: The most thoroughly studied of the "Bordetella" species are "B. bronchiseptica", "B. pertussis" and "B. parapertussis", and the pathogenesis of respiratory disease caused by these bacteria has been reviewed. Transmission occurs by direct contact, via respiratory aerosol droplets, or fomites. Bacteria initially adhere to ciliated epithelial cells in the nasopharynx, and this interaction with epithelial cells is mediated by a series of protein adhesins. These include filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae, and pertussis toxin (though expression of pertussis toxin is unique to "B. pertussis"). As well as assisting in adherence to epithelial cells, some of these are also involved in attachment to immune effector cells.


title: Bordetella

text: The initial catarrhal phase of infection produces symptoms similar to those of the common cold, and during this period, large numbers of bacteria can be recovered from the pharynx. Thereafter, the bacteria proliferate and spread further into the respiratory tract, where the secretion of toxins causes ciliostasis and facilitates the entry of bacteria to tracheal/bronchial ciliated cells. One of the first toxins to be expressed is tracheal cytotoxin, which is a disaccharide-tetrapeptide derived from peptidoglycan. Unlike most other "Bordetella" toxins, tracheal cytotoxin is expressed constitutively, being a normal product of the breakdown of the bacterial cell wall. Other bacteria recycle this molecule back into the cytoplasm, but in "Bordetella" and "Neisseria gonorrhoeae", it is released into the environment. Tracheal cytotoxin itself is able to reproduce paralysis of the ciliary escalator, inhibition of DNA synthesis in epithelial cells and ultimately killing of the same. One of the most important of the regulated toxins is adenylate cyclase toxin, which aids in the evasion of innate immunity. The toxin is delivered to phagocytic immune cells upon contact. Immune cell functions are then inhibited in part by the resulting accumulation of cyclic AMP. Recently discovered activities of adenylate cyclase toxin, including transmembrane pore formation and stimulation of calcium influx, may also contribute to the intoxication of phagocytes.


title: Bordetella

text: The virulence factors identified in the bordetella are common to all three species. These include adhesins, such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin, tracheal colonization factor and fimbriae, and toxins, such as adenylate cyclase-hemolysin, dermonecrotic toxin and tracheal cytotoxin. These factors are then expressed and regulated most often by environmental stimuli.


title: Bordetella

text: The expression of many "Bordetella" adhesins and toxins is controlled by the two-component regulatory system BvgAS. Much of what is known about this regulatory system is based on work with "B. bronchiseptica", but BvgAS is present in "B. pertussis", "B. parapertussis" and "B. bronchiseptica" and is responsible for phase variation or phenotypic modulation.


title: Bordetella

text: BvgS is a plasma membrane-bound sensor kinase which responds to stimulation by phosphorylating a cytoplasmic helix-turn-helix-containing protein, BvgA. When phosphorylated, BvgA has increased affinity for specific binding sites in Bvg-activated promoter sequences and is able to promote transcription in "in vitro" assays.