title: 1 (New York City Subway service)

text: On April 27, 2004, it was announced that New York City Transit was considering eliminating 9 service, and thus, the skip-stop pattern. By that time, riders at skip-stop stations were experiencing longer wait times, and fewer riders were benefiting from the service pattern overall. The MTA estimated that eliminating skip-stop service only added to 3 minutes of travel time for passengers at the northernmost stations at 242nd Street and 238th Street, while many passengers would see trains frequencies double, resulting in decreased overall travel time because of less time waiting for trains. Though the MTA had planned to vote on the future of the skip-stop service in summer 2004, it approved the change on January 11, 2005. The 9 train was discontinued on May 27, 2005, and the 1 now makes all stops on the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line.


title: 1 (New York City Subway service)

text: On March 16, 2009, the new South Ferry station opened, replacing the original loop station. However, Hurricane Sandy flooded the station, requiring it to be shut down for repairs. Rector Street served as a temporary terminal for the 1 until April 4, 2013. when the 1 returned to the reopened loop station. The old loop station then served as a temporary terminal until the replacement South Ferry station reopened on June 27, 2017.


title: General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea

text: The general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (Korean: 조선로동당 총비서) is the head of the Workers' Party of Korea, the ruling party in North Korea, and considered as the supreme leader of North Korea. The general secretary is the chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea, as well as a member of the Politburo Presidium, the Politburo and the Secretariat.


text: The Rules of the Workers' Party of Korea stipulates that the general secretary represents, organizes and leads the party. Aside from holding positions within the party, the general secretary is also the president of the State Affairs – the head of state of North Korea – and the supreme commander of the North Korean armed forces. The general secretary may authorize any Politburo Presidium member to preside Politburo meetings, as well as be represented by a first secretary who is elected by the Central Committee.


text: The general secretary is elected by the Party Congress for a term of five years. However, a Party Conference may be convened in between party congresses which also has the power to elect the general secretary.


text: The post has existed under various titles since the party's earliest ancestor was founded in 1945. It has been titled as secretary (1945-1946), chairman (1946-1966 and 2016-2021), general secretary (1966-2012 and 2021-present), and first secretary (2012-2016).


text: Kim Jong-un has led the party since 11 April 2012. He is a son of Kim Jong-il, who led the WPK from 1997 to 2011, and a grandson of Kim Il-sung, the party's leader from 1949 to 1994.


text: On 13 October 1945, the Communist Party of Korea established its North Korean Branch Bureau at the Conference of Members and Enthusiasts in the Five Northwestern Provinces, with Kim Yong-bom being elected as secretary of the North Korean Branch Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea (Korean: 조선공산당 북조선분국 비서). Kim Il-sung replaced Kim Yong-bom as secretary on 18 December of the same year. The North Korean Branch Bureau broke away from the Communist Party of Korea during the 5th enlarged plenary meeting of the Executive Committee on 10 April 1946 and became the Communist Party of North Korea. Kim Il-sung remained to lead the party as chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of North Korea (Korean: 북조선공산당 중앙위원회 위원장).


text: At the 1st Party Congress on 30 August 1946, the Communist Party of North Korea merged with the New People's Party of Korea to form the Workers' Party of North Korea. Kim Tu-bong, the leader of the New People's Party of Korea, was elected by the 1st Central Committee as chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea (Korean: 북조선로동당 중앙위원회 위원장), with Kim Il-sung being elected as vice chairman.


text: The Workers' Party of North Korea and the Workers' Party of South Korea merged to form the Workers' Party of Korea during the 1st joint plenary meeting of the 2nd Central Committee on 24 June 1949, with Kim Il-sung being elected as chairman of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (Korean: 조선로동당 중앙위원회 위원장).


text: Kim Il-sung was elected as general secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea (Korean: 조선로동당 중앙위원회 총비서) in the 14th plenary meeting of the 4th Central Committee on 12 October 1966. He was re-elected in 1970 by the 5th Central Committee and in 1980 by the 6th Central Committee and remained in office until his death on 8 July 1994. The position of general secretary of the Central Committee was left vacant for three years following Kim Il-sung's death.


text: Provincial party conferences were held in September 1997 which recommended for Kim Il-sung's son, Kim Jong-il, to become general secretary. Kim Jong-il was named as general secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea on 8 October 1997 through a joint announcement of the 6th Central Committee and the 6th Central Military Commission. Kim Jong-il was re-elected as general secretary in 2010 at the 3rd Party Conference and remained in office until his death on 17 December 2011.


text: On 11 April 2012, Kim Jong-un, one of Kim Jong-il's sons, was elected first secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (Korean: 조선로동당 제1비서) at the 4th Party Conference while Kim Jong-il was named as eternal general secretary (Korean: 영원한 총비서). Kim Jong-un was elected as chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea (Korean: 조선로동당 위원장) on 9 May 2016 at the 7th Party Congress.


title: Pancreatic juice

text: Pancreatic juice is a liquid secreted by the pancreas, which contains a number of digestive enzymes, including trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, elastase, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, nucleases and amylase. The pancreas is located in the visceral region, and is a major part of the digestive system required for proper digestion and subsequent assimilation of macronutrient substances required for living.


title: Pancreatic juice

text: Pancreatic juice is alkaline in nature due to the high concentration of bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is useful in neutralizing the acidic gastric acid, allowing for effective enzymic changes.


title: Pancreatic juice

text: Pancreatic juice secretion is principally regulated by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin, which are produced by the walls of the duodenum, and by the action of autonomic innervation.


title: Pancreatic juice

text: The release of these hormones into the blood is stimulated by the entry of the acidic chyme into the duodenum. Their coordinated action results in the secretion of a large volume of pancreatic juice, which is alkaline and enzyme-rich, into the duodenum. The pancreas also receives autonomic innervation. The blood flow into pancreas is regulated by sympathetic nerve fibers, while parasympathetic neurons stimulate the activity of acinar and centroacinar cells.


title: Pancreatic juice

text: Pancreatic secretion is an aqueous solution of bicarbonate originating from the duct cells and enzymes originating from the acinar cells. The bicarbonate assists in neutralising the low pH of the chyme coming from the stomach, while the enzymes assist in the breakdown of the proteins, lipids and carbohydrates for further processing and absorption in the intestines. Secretin-stimulated pancreatic juice can be collected during endoscopy and provides an important source for diagnostic biomarkers, allowing detection of pancreatic pathology, especially cancer not yet visible on medical imaging..


title: Pancreatic juice

text: Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocrine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional.


title: Overalls

text: Overalls, also called bib-and-brace overalls or dungarees, are a type of garment usually used as protective clothing when working. The garments are commonly referred to as a "pair of overalls" by analogy with "pair of trousers".


title: Overalls

text: Overalls were originally made of denim, but they can also be made of corduroy, chino cloth, or Leather to name a few. Overalls were invented in the mid to late 1890s by Grace Howard and Jacob W. Davis at Levi Strauss & Co., but they went through an evolution to reach their modern form. Initially only used for protective clothing in work settings, such as farming, welding, working in oil fields, ext. They have also become a garment of high fashion as "potential cult items". Many high fashion brands have released their own spin on overalls.


title: Overalls

text: The exact beginnings of the wearing of overalls are unclear, but they are mentioned in literature as early as 1776 as protective working garments commonly worn by slaves.


title: Overalls

text: The first evidence of overalls being mass-produced are those made by Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis in the 1890s. The first "jeans" they invented were actually overalls ("waist overalls" or "waist-high overalls"), consisting of suspenders attached to denim pants with buttons but with no top part with a bib. From the beginning, denim overalls were popular workers' garments due to their durability. In fact, Levi Strauss & Co.'s slogan in the 1880s-1890s was "Never Rip, Never Tear".


title: Overalls

text: In 1911, Harry David Lee made the first bib overalls, made of pants with pockets with a bib and straps over the shoulders.


title: Overalls

text: In 1927, Lee's developed a "hook-less fastener" and created "button-less" overalls. Zippers replaced buttons. Soon after, suspender buttons were traded in for belt loops to attach over-the-shoulder straps.


title: Overalls

text: In 1920, groups of "Overalls Clubs" formed around the United States. They took overalls as their symbol to protest the rising cost of clothing, and profiteering in the garment industry.


title: Overalls

text: In the 1930s, the poorest segments of the American population wore overalls: farmers, miners, loggers, and railroad workers. They were most commonly worn by men and boys in the Southern and Midwestern United States. They can be seen in many of Walker Evans's photographs.


title: Overalls

text: Bib overalls (in different colors and textiles) became popular garments among American youth, from the 1960s onward.


title: Overalls

text: In the 21st century, overalls have evolved into high-fashion garments. Designers such as Stella McCartney feature them in ready-to-wear collections for men, women, and children. McCartney's children's overalls sell for as much as $138. Nordstrom sells overalls for as much as $1,080.


title: Overalls

text: Lee's and Levi Strauss & Co. were not the only companies making overalls in the late 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Overalls

text: Shortalls (a contraction of the words "short" and "overalls") are overalls adapted so the part of the garment below the waist is shorts.


title: Overalls

text: Salopettes is the French word for bib-and-brace overalls. The word is used in English for a similar garment to overalls worn for sailing, skiing, diving, and other heavy-duty activities. They are made of wind-and-waterproof trousers, traditionally with a high waist reaching to the chest and held up by adjustable shoulder braces.


title: Overalls

text: Historically, military "overalls" were loose garments worn in the 18th and early 19th centuries over soldiers' breeches and gaiters when on active service or in barracks. After 1823, the term was replaced by "trousers" in British Army documents, but it survives to the present day in reference to the tight-fitting garments strapped under the instep, worn as part of the mess dress and full dress uniforms of cavalry regiments.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Amber Denise "Sevyn" Streeter (born July 7, 1986) is an American singer and songwriter, best known for being a member of the girl groups TG4 and RichGirl where she was known as Se7en. She signed to Atlantic Records and released her debut single "I Like It" in 2012.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Her debut extended play "Call Me Crazy, But..." was released on December 3, 2013. It sold over 17,000 copies within its first week and spawning her first top 40 hit single "It Won't Stop", and "Next". The single achieved gold certification from RIAA marking it as her biggest selling single to date. In 2015, her first extended play (EP) "Shoulda Been There, Pt. 1" was released. The extended play was preceded by two singles "Don't Kill the Fun" and "Shoulda Been There".


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Her debut studio album "Girl Disrupted" was released on July 7, 2017. The album has been preceded by the release of five singles "Prolly", "My Love for You", "D4L", "Before I Do" and "Fallen". She has written songs for artists such as Chris Brown, K. Michelle, Usher, Kelly Rowland, Ariana Grande, Trey Songz, Alicia Keys, Fantasia, Brandy, and Tamar Braxton.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Streeter was born on July 7, 1986, in Haines City, Florida, to Tim and Karen Streeter. She grew up singing in church and talent shows; by the time she was 5, Streeter already knew she wanted to sing for a living. At the age of 10, she competed on "Showtime at the Apollo" and tied for first place by singing "My Funny Valentine".


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Streeter received her first record deal at the age of 14 years, performing in the girl group TG4, which was put together by Chris Stokes and T.U.G. Entertainment, where Stokes served as their manager. He offered Sevyn Streeter the first spot in the T.U.G./A&M group after she opened for B2K and IMx at a concert in Orlando, Florida in early 2001. Davida, Ashley, and Keisha fell in line after a series of successful auditions. The name TG4 is short for Tom Girls 4. "We're like four Tom Girls," said Amber, who tied for first place on Showtime at the Apollo when she was 10. "'When you're a girl and you act like a boy, you're a tomboy. We're girls and we act like guys but love being girls, so we're tom girls." The group opened for B2K, IMx and Bow Wow for their Scream II Tour, presented an award at the 9th Annual Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards at the Pasadena Civic Center in Pasadena, California on August 23, 2003, and performed on Soul Train.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: The group's only major single was "Virginity", which peaked at number 88 on the US "Billboard" R&B chart in 2002. Their second single from the album was "2 Minutes", which a music video was filmed for. It failed to chart on Billboard Hot 100. The group also appeared on the track, "Sexy Boy" on the B2K album "Santa Hooked Me Up". The group parted ways with their original label and their album, "Time for the New", was shelved indefinitely. After Davida Williams departed from the group to focus on her acting career, they renamed the group "Tomgirls 4 Eva" and they were signed to Soul Chemistry. Shortly thereafter, the group disbanded.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Amber was later discovered by Rich Harrison on MySpace, and signed onto the RichCraft label as Se7en. Amber "Se7en" Streeter signed a deal with Jive Records and the RichCraft label in 2007 as a member of Rich Harrison's girl group, RichGirl. The girls released their mixtape on Valentine's Day 2011 "Fall in Love with RichGirl". The group later disbanded after all members of the group pursued solo careers and different endeavors. The group opened for Beyoncé for her concert tour I Am... World Tour and toured with Mario before disbanding. On March 21, 2012, Streeter released a song titled "Red Handed" along with a statement that confirmed her disbandment from the group and revealed that she had signed with Chris Brown's CBE imprint.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Following the release of Chris Brown's "Fortune" (2012), Se7en has been featured on the album as Sevyn (removing the number "7", and adding a "v" and "y" instead). Se7en changed her stage name to Sevyn Streeter. On October 30, 2012, she released her debut single "I Like It", and premiered the music video for the song on BET's "106 & Park" on January 4, 2013 in Los Angeles, California, and on May 22, 2013, she released her second single "It Won't Stop". On June 24, 2013, Streeter released an acoustic performance video for her second single "It Won't Stop". Her debut album entitled "Call Me Crazy, But...", was released on February 16, 2013. The album debuted on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart at No. 5 with 17,000 copies sold, according to Nielsen SoundScan. The album also preceded the release of the second single "Call Me Crazy" on April 8, 2013 along with a third single "Sex on the Ceiling" on August 5, 2013. On August 28, 2013, Streeter released the remix to her second single "It Won't Stop" featuring Chris Brown. The music video for the remix premiered on BET's "106 & Park" on October 10, 2013 and was directed by Chris Brown himself and he also appears in the video along with NBA player Dorell Wright as Sevyn's love interest. On November 19, 2013, Streeter released the fourth single "nEXt". A remix for the single featuring American rapper Kid Ink. The music video premiered a day later on March 26, 2014. Later, on May 19, 2014, she released another remix for "nEXt", featuring rapper YG. The music video premiered on May 20, 2014.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: In 2015, Streeter released the first promotional single called "Don't Kill the Fun" featuring Chris Brown from her upcoming second album. Also, Streeter recorded a song for the "Furious 7: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" called "How Bad Do You Want It (Oh Yeah)". The soundtrack album was released on March 17, 2015. The song samples the Aero Chord's Festival Trap Remix of Ultra Music's duo Bang La Decks' 2013 single "Utopia". On April 28, 2015, Sevyn Streeter released the original first single from her second album titled "4th Street". The music video was released simultaneously with the single.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: In July 2015, Streeter released the first of two planned EPs ahead of "On the Verge", titled "Shoulda Been There, Pt. 1". The set features "Don't Kill the Fun" as well as the title track, featuring B.o.B.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On August 12, 2016, Streeter released the original lead single from her second album "Girl Disrupted", "Prolly" featuring Gucci Mane, with the music video premiering on August 14, and her debut album is scheduled to be released in early 2017.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On September 16, 2016, Streeter released the official lead (originally second) single from her upcoming second album "Girl Disrupted", "My Love for You, with the music video premiering on September 19, 2016 directed by Mike Ho. On October 14, 2016, Streeter released the original third single from her second album "Girl Disrupted", "D4L" featuring The-Dream, with the music video premiering on October 17.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On October 26, 2016, Streeter was scheduled to perform the National Anthem at the start of the Philadelphia 76ers season opener but the 76ers organization did not approve of her shirt, which read, "We Matter." This came just one day after the NBA unveiled its "Together" campaign, promoting unity in the wake of the recent National Anthem protests sparked by San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. On November 15, 2016 an 18-date tour was announced to promote "Girl Disrupted" starting on January 12, 2017, in St. Louis, Missouri and finishing on February 12, 2017, at The Roxy in Los Angeles. On November 29, 2016, Streeter announced the release date for her upcoming album "Girl Disrupted". The date of release was scheduled to be January 27, 2017.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On December 2, 2016, Before I Do was released as the album's fourth single, with the music video released on December 5, 2016. On January 19, 2017, in an interview with Hip Hop Weekly when asked about the album's release date Streeter responded with "It comes out in the spring. Everyone is saying Atlantic, no Sevyn is doing what Sevyn is doing. Anyone that follows my music knows how much work I put into my albums and my music. I want to put out more music and create more awareness, so I made the decision to push it [back] myself. Streeter also continues to reveal collaborations "I have a record with August Alsina called "Been A Minute," I have a record with Ty Dolla $ign called "Fallen," I have a record with Dave East, I got a record with Jeremih, and I got a couple of more surprises imma keep in my back pocket."


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On January 27, 2017, "Fallen" featuring Ty Dolla $ign and Cam Wallace was released as the album's fifth single, with the music video premiering on January 30, 2017.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: On September 18, 2020, Streeter released her first official single “HMU” and October 2nd, 2020 Streeter released her second single “Kissez” featuring Davido, which both singles were scraped from her upcoming sophomore album “Drunken Wordz Sober Thoughtz”. Streeter then released her official lead single “Guilty” featuring Chris Brown & A$ap Ferg on February 12, 2021.


title: Sevyn Streeter

text: Sevyn Streeter cites Aaliyah as her biggest musical influence. Streeter covered Aaliyah's "Come Over" after visiting her high school, Detroit High School for the Fine and Performing Arts in Detroit, Michigan in May 2013. She also wrote a letter to honor her memory.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Carbide lamps, or acetylene gas lamps, are simple lamps that produce and burn acetylene (CH) which is created by the reaction of calcium carbide (CaC) with water (HO).


title: Carbide lamp

text: Acetylene gas lamps were used to illuminate buildings, as lighthouse beacons, and as headlights on motor-cars and bicycles. Portable acetylene gas lamps, worn on the hat or carried by hand, were widely used in mining in the early twentieth century. They are still employed by cavers, hunters, and cataphiles. Small carbide lamps called "carbide candles" or "smokers" are used for blackening rifle sights to reduce glare. They are sometimes referred to as "smokers" because of the sooty flame produced by acetylene.


title: Carbide lamp

text: A mining or caving lamp has calcium carbide placed in a lower chamber, the generator. The upper reservoir is then filled with water. A threaded valve or other mechanism is used to control the rate at which the water is allowed to drip into the chamber containing the calcium carbide. By controlling the rate of water flow, the production of acetylene gas is controlled. This, in turn, controls the flow rate of the gas and the size of the flame at the burner, and thus the amount of light it produces.


title: Carbide lamp

text: This type of lamp generally has a reflector behind the flame to help project the light forward. An acetylene gas powered lamp produces a bright, broad light. Many cavers prefer this type of unfocused light as it improves peripheral vision in the complete dark. The reaction of carbide with water is exothermic and produces a fair amount of heat independent of the flame. In cold caves, carbide lamp users can use this heat to help stave off hypothermia.


title: Carbide lamp

text: When all of the carbide in a lamp has been reacted, the carbide chamber contains a wet paste of slaked lime (Ca(OH)) which can be used to make a cement. This is emptied into a waste bag and the chamber can be refilled.


title: Carbide lamp

text: In 1892, Thomas Willson discovered an economically efficient process for creating calcium carbide in an electric arc furnace from a mixture of lime and coke. The arc furnace provides the high temperature required to drive the reaction. Manufacture of calcium carbide was an important part of the industrial revolution in chemistry, and was made possible in the United States as a result of massive amounts of inexpensive hydroelectric power produced at Niagara Falls before the turn of the twentieth century. In 1895, Willson sold his patent to Union Carbide. Domestic lighting with acetylene gas was introduced circa 1894 and bicycle lamps from 1896. In France, Gustave Trouvé, a Parisian electrical engineer, also made domestic acetylene lamps and gasometers.


title: Carbide lamp

text: The first carbide bicycle lamp developed in the United States was patented in New York on August 28, 1900 by Frederick Baldwin. Another early lamp design is shown in a patent from Duluth, Minnesota from October 21, 1902. In the early 1900s, Gustaf Dalén invented the Dalén light. This combined two of Dalén's previous inventions: the substrate Agamassan and the Sun valve. Inventions and improvements to carbide lamps continued for decades.


title: Carbide lamp

text: After carbide lamp open flames were implicated in an Illinois coal-seam methane gas explosion that killed 54 miners, the 1932 Moweaqua Coal Mine disaster, carbide lamp use declined in United States coal mines. They continued to be used in the coal pits of other countries, notably USSR.


title: Carbide lamp

text: In the birth of the cinema of Iquitos, a carbide lamp was used as light support to project the first film in the Casa de Fierro, in 1900.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Carbide lighting was used in rural and urban areas of the United States which were not served by electrification. Its use began shortly after 1900 and continued past 1950. Calcium carbide pellets were placed in a container outside the home, with water piped to the container and allowed to drip on the pellets releasing acetylene. This gas was piped to lighting fixtures inside the house, where it was burned, creating a very bright flame. Carbide lighting was inexpensive but was prone to gas leaks and explosions.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Early models of the automobile, car, motorbike and bicycle used carbide lamps as headlamps. Acetylene gas, derived from carbide, enabled early automobiles to drive safely at night. Thick concave mirrors combined with magnifying lenses projected the acetylene flame light. These type of lights were used until reliable batteries and dynamos became available, and manufacturers switched to electric lights.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Acetylene lamps were also used on riverboats for night navigation. The National Museum of Australia has a lamp made in about 1910 that was used on board , a paddle steamer which has been restored to working order and also in the museum's collection.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Early caving enthusiasts, not yet having the advantage of light-weight electrical illumination, introduced the carbide lamp to their hobby. While increasingly replaced by more modern choices, a substantial percentage of cavers still use this method.


title: Carbide lamp

text: Many cavers favour carbide lamps for their durability and quality of illumination. They were once favoured for their relative illumination per mass of fuel compared to battery powered devices. Before the advent of high-intensity LED illumination with lithium ion batteries, carbide also had two important advantages over the alternative of miners electric lamps. Miners lamps were intended to last for the duration of a standard working shift, whilst major caving explorations could be much longer, so the carbide could be replenished during the trip. Expeditions involving camping over several days in remote regions might not have access to electricity for recharging. Lamps used in such circumstances would consist of a belt mounted gas generator linked by flexible pipe to a headset.


title: Carbide lamp

text: The acetylene producing reaction is exothermic, which means that the lamp's reactor vessel will become quite warm to the touch; this can be used to warm the hands. The heat from the flame can also be used to warm the body by allowing the exhaust gases to flow under a shirt or poncho pulled out from the body, a technique discovered almost immediately by cold miners, and nicknamed by cavers the "Palmer furnace".


title: Come from Away (film)

text: Come from Away is a 2021 American-Canadian musical film comprising a live stage recording of Irene Sankoff and David Hein's 2017 musical of the same name, which tells the true story of 7,000 airline passengers who were stranded in a small town in Newfoundland, where they were housed and welcomed, after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The film, produced in response to the shutdown of Broadway caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in the spring of 2020, was directed by Christopher Ashley and filmed in May 2021 at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theater in New York City, featuring members of the Broadway cast.


title: Come from Away (film)

text: The film was released on Apple TV+ on September 10, 2021, a day before the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. It received highly positive reviews from critics.


title: Come from Away (film)

text: In November 2017, it was announced that The Mark Gordon Company would produce a feature film adaptation of the musical, with Sankoff and Hein writing the screenplay and Christopher Ashley as director. In an April 2019 interview, Sankoff and Hein stated that the intention was to film in Gander and cast lesser-known actors, with residents of Gander as film extras.


title: Come from Away (film)

text: On February 2, 2021, it was announced that due to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on the film industry and the performing arts, the plans for the film adaptation were cancelled in favor of producing a live film recording of the stage production with the members of the Broadway cast reprising their roles, to be released in September 2021 on the 20th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. It was produced and financed by Entertainment One and RadicalMedia and filmed in May 2021 at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theater with Ashley directing and Gordon still attached as producer. Joining the producing team are Jennifer Todd, Bill Condon and one of the stage production's producers, Junkyard Dog Productions. Sankoff, Hein, Jon Kamen, Dave Sirulnick and Meredith Bennett executive produce. The film employed 222 people including the members of the New York cast, crew, staff and creative and film teams. On April 30, 2021, Apple TV+ acquired the film's distribution rights.


title: Come from Away (film)

text: According to review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 98% of 42 critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.3/10. The critics consensus reads: ""Come from Away" sifts through the wreckage of tragedy to find hope -- and the healing power of human connection." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 83 out of 100 based on 9 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication or two-way authentication (not to be confused with two-factor authentication) refers to two parties authenticating each other at the same time in an authentication protocol. It is a default mode of authentication in some protocols (IKE, SSH) and optional in others (TLS).


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication is a desired characteristic in verification schemes that transmit sensitive data, in order to ensure data security. Mutual authentication can be accomplished with two types of credentials: usernames and passwords, and public key certificates.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication is often employed in the Internet of Things (IoT). Writing effective security schemes in IoT systems can become challenging, especially when schemes are desired to be lightweight and have low computational costs. Mutual authentication is a crucial security step that can defend against many adversarial attacks, which otherwise can have large consequences if IoT systems (such as e-Healthcare servers) are hacked. In scheme analyses done of past works, a lack of mutual authentication had been considered a weakness in data transmission schemes.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Schemes that have a mutual authentication step may use different methods of encryption, communication, and verification, but they all share one thing in common: each entity involved in the communication is verified. If Alice wants to communicate with Bob, they will both authenticate the other and verify that it is who they are expecting to communicate with before any data or messages are transmitted. A mutual authentication process that exchanges user IDs may be implemented as follows:


title: Mutual authentication

text: To verify that mutual authentication has occurred successfully, Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic (BAN logic) is a well regarded and widely accepted method to use, because it verifies that a message came from a trustworthy entity. BAN logic first assumes an entity is not to be trusted, and then will verify its legality.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication supports zero trust networking because it can protect communications against adversarial attacks, notably:


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication also ensures information integrity because if the parties are verified to be the correct source, then the information received is reliable as well.


title: Mutual authentication

text: By default the TLS protocol only proves the identity of the server to the client using X.509 certificates, and the authentication of the client to the server is left to the application layer. TLS also offers client-to-server authentication using client-side X.509 authentication. As it requires provisioning of the certificates to the clients and involves less user-friendly experience, it's rarely used in end-user applications.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual TLS authentication (mTLS) is more often used in business-to-business (B2B) applications, where a limited number of programmatic and homogeneous clients are connecting to specific web services, the operational burden is limited, and security requirements are usually much higher as compared to consumer environments.


title: Mutual authentication

text: mTLS is also used in microservices-based applications based on runtimes such as Dapr, via systems like SPIFFE.


title: Mutual authentication

text: While lightweight schemes and secure schemes are not mutually exclusive, adding a mutual authentication step to data transmissions protocols can often increase performance runtime and computational costs. This can become an issue for network systems that cannot handle large amounts of data or those that constantly have to update for new real-time data (e.g. location tracking, real-time health data).


title: Mutual authentication

text: Thus, it becomes a desired characteristic of many mutual authentication schemes to have lightweight properties (e.g. have a low memory footprint) in order to accommodate the system that is storing a lot of data. Many systems implement cloud computing, which allows quick access to large amounts of data, but sometimes large amounts of data can slow down communication. Even with edge-based cloud computing, which is faster than general cloud computing due to a closer proximity between the server and user, lightweight schemes allow for more speed when managing larger amounts of data. One solution to keep schemes lightweight during the mutual authentication process is to limit the number of bits used during communication.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Applications that solely rely on device-to-device (D2D) communication, where multiple devices can communicate locally in close proximities, removes the third party network. This in turn can speed up communication time. However, the authentication still occurs through insecure channels, so researchers believe it is still important to ensure mutual authentication occurs in order to keep a secure scheme.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Schemes may sacrifice a better runtime or storage cost when ensuring mutual authentication in order to prioritize protecting the sensitive data.


title: Mutual authentication

text: In mutual authentication schemes that require a user's input password as part of the verification process, there is a higher vulnerability to hackers because the password is human-made rather than a computer-generated certificate. While applications could simply require users to use a computer-generated password, it is inconvenient for people to remember. User-made passwords and the ability to change one's password are important for making an application user-friendly, so many schemes work to accommodate the characteristic. Researchers note that a password based protocol with mutual authentication is important because user identities and passwords are still protected, as the messages are only readable to the two parties involved.


title: Mutual authentication

text: However, a negative aspect about password-based authentication is that password tables can take up a lot of memory space. One way around using a lot of memory during a password-based authentication scheme is to implement one-time passwords (OTP), which is a password sent to the user via SMS or email. OTPs are time-sensitive, which means that they will expire after a certain amount of time and that memory does not need to be stored.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Recently, more schemes have higher level authentication than password based schemes. While password-based authentication is considered as "single-factor authentication," schemes are beginning to implement smart card (two-factor) or biometric-based (three-factor) authentication schemes. Smart cards are simpler to implement and easy for authentication, but still have risks of being tampered with. Biometrics have grown more popular over password-based schemes because it is more difficult to copy or guess session keys when using biometrics, but it can be difficult to encrypt noisy data. Due to these security risks and limitations, schemes can still employ mutual authentication regardless of how many authentication factors are added.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication is often found in schemes employed in the Internet of Things (IoT), where physical objects are incorporated into the Internet and can communicate via IP address. Authentication schemes can be applied to many types of systems that involve data transmission. As the Internet's presence in mechanical systems increases, writing effective security schemes for large numbers of users, objects, and servers can become challenging, especially when needing schemes to be lightweight and have low computational costs. Instead of password-based authentication, devices will use certificates to verify each other's identities.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Mutual authentication can be satisfied in radio network schemes, where data transmissions through radio frequencies are secure after verifying the sender and receiver.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are commonly used for object detection, which many manufacturers are implementing into their warehouse systems for automation. This allows for a faster way to keep up with inventory and track objects. However, keeping track of items in a system with RFID tags that transmit data to a cloud server increases the chances of security risks, as there are now more digital elements to keep track of. A three way mutual authentication can occur between RFID tags, the tag readers, and the cloud network that stores this data in order to keep RFID tag data secure and unable to be manipulated.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Similarly, an alternate RFID tag and reader system that assigns designated readers to tags has been proposed for extra security and low memory cost. Instead of considering all tag readers as one entity, only certain readers can read specific tags. With this method, if a reader is breached, it will not affect the whole system. Individual readers will communicate with specific tags during mutual authentication, which runs in constant time as readers use the same private key for the authentication process.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Many e-Healthcare systems that remotely monitor patient health data use wireless body area networks (WBAN) that transmit data through radio frequencies. This is beneficial for patients that should not be disturbed while being monitored, and can reduced the workload for medical worker and allow them to focus on the more hands-on jobs. However, a large concern for healthcare providers and patients about using remote health data tracking is that sensitive patient data is being transmitted through unsecured channels, so authentication occurs between the medical body area network user (the patient), the Healthcare Service Provider (HSP) and the trusted third party.


title: Mutual authentication

text: e-Healthcare clouds are another way to store patient data collected remotely. Clouds are useful for storing large amounts of data, such as medical information, that can be accessed by many devices whenever needed. Telecare Medical Information Systems (TMIS), an important way for medical patients to receive healthcare remotely, can ensure secured data with mutual authentication verification schemes. Blockchain is one way that has been proposed to mutually authenticate the user to the database, by authenticating with the main mediBchain node and keeping patient anonymity.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Fog-cloud computing is a networking system that can handle large amounts of data, but still has limitations regarding computational and memory cost. Mobile edge computing (MEC) is considered to be an improved, more lightweight fog-cloud computing networking system, and can be used for medical technology that also revolves around location-based data. Due to the large physical range required of locational tracking, 5G networks can send data to the edge of the cloud to store data. An application like smart watches that track patient health data can be used to call the nearest hospital if the patient shows a negative change in vitals.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Fog node networks can be implemented in car automation, keeping data about the car and its surrounding states secure. By authenticating the fog nodes and the vehicle, vehicular handoff becomes a safe process and the car’s system is safe from hackers.


title: Mutual authentication

text: Many systems that do not require a human user as part of the system also have protocols that mutually authenticate between parties. In unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems, a platform authentication occurs rather than user authentication. Mutual authentication during vehicle communication prevents one vehicle's system from being breached, which can then affect the whole system negatively. For example, a system of drones can be employed for agriculture work and cargo delivery, but if one drone were to be breached, the whole system has the potential to collapse.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: The Purple Line is a light rail line being built to link several Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.: Bethesda, Silver Spring, College Park, and New Carrollton. Slated to open in 2026, the line will also enable riders to move between the Maryland branches of the Red, Green, Yellow, and Orange lines of the Washington Metro without riding into central Washington, and between all three lines of the MARC commuter rail system. The project is administered by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA), an agency of the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT), and not the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which operates Metro.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Throughout its decades-long planning process, the project was dogged by resistance, particularly from residents of the upscale community of Chevy Chase. From 2003 to 2006, Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich changed the proposed mode of transportation from light rail to bus rapid transit. Legal attempts to thwart the line continued even after construction had begun; but in December 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled that Purple Line construction could continue despite these objections.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In 2016, a consortium headed by Fluor Enterprises won the contract to design and build the Purple Line, then to operate and maintain it for 36 years. Construction began in August 2017. Work halted in September 2020, when the consortium withdrew from the contract, citing mounting delays and disputes with the state government. The project had already consumed $1.1 billion of the anticipated $2 billion construction cost.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: A new general contractor was selected in November 2021 and a new contract was signed in April 2022. This new agreement added $3.7 billion to the total cost of building, running, and maintaining the Purple Line for 30 years, bringing it to $9.3 billion. Construction costs alone rose $1.46 billion, bringing the total to $3.4 billion.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Full-scale construction activity resumed in summer 2022. Train service is scheduled to begin in fall 2026.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: The "Purple Line" has been the name of two different transit proposals. In 1994, John J. Corley Jr., an architect with Harry Weese Associates (which designed the Washington Metro system) proposed a multibillion-dollar Metro line around the Capital Beltway. This would have served as a "ring" line, connecting suburb to suburb and complementing the existing Metro lines, which radiate from Washington. ("See" Rapid transit#Network topologies.) In 1998, the Beltway Purple Line received considerable political support from Montgomery County Executive Douglas M. Duncan and Governor Parris Glendening, which was a $10 billion, line from National Harbor to Montgomery Mall.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In 1987, after CSX expressed a desire to abandon the Georgetown Branch rail line, Maryland leaders immediately started planning to repurpose it for transit and a hiking trail. The idea of adapting the railroad for a transit line dated back at least as far as 1970, when such a use was included in the October 1970 Master Plan for the Bethesda-Chevy Chase Planning Area. Montgomery County purchased its portion of the railroad right-of-way from CSX in 1988 and in 1989 budgeted $107 million to build a trolley between Bethesda and Silver Spring and a pair of trails between Silver Spring and the District.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Eventually, this proposal came known as the "Inner Purple Line" to distinguish it from the "Beltway Purple Line". By 2001, the "Beltway Purple Line" proposal had been abandoned as too costly and the name was attached to the Bethesda to line.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Robert Flanagan, the Maryland State Secretary of Transportation under Governor Robert Ehrlich, merged the Purple Line proposal with the Georgetown Branch Light Rail Transit (GBLRT) line. The GBLRT was proposed as a light rail transit line from westward, following the former Georgetown Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (now a short CSX siding and the Capital Crescent Trail) to .


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In March 2003, the Ehrlich administration renamed the project the "Bi-County Transitway", reflecting a proposal by Ehrlich and Flanagan to use bus rapid transit instead of light rail, and because the name "Purple Line" seemed to suggest a new heavy-rail system like the color-named lines of the Washington Metro system. The new name did not catch on; several media outlets and most citizens continued to refer to the "Purple Line". In 2007, Governor Martin O'Malley and Secretary of Transportation John Porcari reverted to "Purple Line".


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In January 2008, the O'Malley administration allocated $100 million within a six-year capital budget to complete design documents for state approval and funding of the Purple Line. In May 2008, it was projected that the Purple Line would have about 68,000 daily trips. A draft environmental impact study was issued on October 20, 2008. On December 22, 2008, Montgomery County planners endorsed building a light rail line rather than a bus line. On January 15, 2009, the county planning board also endorsed the light rail option, and County Executive Isiah Leggett has also expressed support. On October 21, 2009, members of the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board voted unanimously to approve the Purple Line light rail project for inclusion into the region's Constrained Long-Range Transportation Plan.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Planners proposed to use existing Washington Metro stations and to accept the WMATA's SmarTrip farecard. Metro's 2008 annual report envisioned that the Purple Line would be fully integrated with the existing Washington Metro transit system by 2030.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: The Purple Line was procured as a full design-build-finance-operate-maintain public–private partnership. On December 7, 2015, four teams composed of major American and international firms submitted their bids to realize the project:


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Governor Larry Hogan opposed the Purple Line project while campaigning in 2014 but approved it in June 2015. At the same time, Hogan cancelled its sister project, the Baltimore Red Line, citing excessive costs. Hogan reduced the state's contribution to the project from $700 million to $168 million, putting the difference toward highway construction. The budget shortfall is expected to be covered by increased funds from Prince George's and Montgomery counties, as well as lower operational costs due to longer headways.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: On March 2, 2016, Hogan announced that the state had chosen a team of private companies to build, operate, and maintain the Purple Line for $3.3 billion over 36 years. The contract was won by the Purple Line Transit Partners, led by construction giant Fluor Corporation. MTA officials forecasted that service would begin by late 2022.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: On April 6, 2016, the Maryland Board of Public Works (composed of Hogan, State Treasurer Nancy K. Kopp, and State Comptroller Peter Franchot) unanimously approved the contract, as expected. The $5.6 billion contract is 876 pages long and, according to "The Washington Post" is "believed to be the most expensive government contract ever in Maryland" and "one of the largest public-private partnerships on a U.S. transportation project" ever. The contract approval allowed the MTA to finalize $900 million in federal construction grants.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In August 2016, U.S. District Court Judge Richard J. Leon found that the MTA and the Federal Transit Administration did not study whether Metro's maintenance issues and ridership decline would affect the Purple Line. Judge Leon decided to vacate the Purple Line's federal approval. A federal funding agreement cannot be signed without the reinstatement of the environmental approval, and Maryland had said it could not afford to build the Purple Line without sufficient federal funding. On August 21, 2017, despite the ongoing court case over the environmental analysis, $900 million of federal funding was granted for the light rail project. On December 19, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled in favor of the Purple Line, specifically stating that declining ridership on the Washington Metro system does not require Maryland to complete a new environmental study for the Purple Line. This federal appeals court ruling allowed for construction to continue and effectively ended the three-year legal battle surrounding the light-rail line project.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: On April 13, 2020, U.S. District Judge James Bredar dismissed the third and final lawsuit brought by opponents of the Purple Line.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: By 2020, the project had accrued over $800 million in change orders from Purple Line Transit Partners and the opening date had slipped 32 months. On May 1, the consortium declared their intent to cease work on the line and withdraw from their contract. A temporary restraining order halted the company from quitting work, but it was lifted in September, and PLTP began packing up construction sites the following week. In November, MDOT announced that MTA had assumed many of the Purple Line's contracts, including the manufacturing of light-rail cars, operations, and maintenance, as well as design and construction contracts. On November 24, MDOT agreed to pay $250 million to settle the costs of overruns that caused the contractor to quit and to resume construction of the Purple Line. In mid-December, Maryland's Board of Public Works (BPW) unanimously approved the $250 million legal settlement to PLTP to resolve the contract disputes. Officials aimed to restart construction within nine months.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: On November 5, 2021, Purple Line officials announced that Maryland Transit Solutions would receive the contract to finish construction and operate the line. The BPW approved the $3.4 billion contract on January 26, 2022.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: In June 2022, MTA said that 77% of the necessary utility relocations had been completed, and that the Glenridge Operations and Maintenance Facility was complete and in operation. Extensive construction activity resumed in summer 2022.


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: The following stations are part of the "Locally Preferred Alternative" route approved by Governor Martin O'Malley on August 9, 2009:


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: Although the Purple Line is usually described as a 16-mile east–west line between Bethesda and New Carrollton, there have been several proposals to expand the line further into Maryland or to mirror the Capital Beltway as a loop around the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The Sierra Club has argued for a Purple Line that would "encircle Washington, D.C." and "connect existing suburban metro lines." Maryland Lieutenant Governor Anthony Brown, while campaigning in 2006, similarly stated that he would "like to see the Purple Line go from Bethesda to across the Woodrow Wilson Bridge," adding, "Let's swing that boy all the way around" (a reference to having the Purple Line circle through Virginia and back to the line's point of origin in Bethesda).


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: An advocacy group known as "The Inner Purple Line Campaign" proposed that the Purple Line be extended westward to Tysons Corner and eastward to Largo, and that it could eventually cross the new Wilson Bridge from Suitland through Oxon Hill to Alexandria, eventually forming a rail line that encircles the city. The new Woodrow Wilson Bridge (I-495's southern crossing over the Potomac River) is built to carry a heavy or light rail line. Suggested stops along this proposed Purple Line expansion include:


title: Purple Line (Maryland)

text: The light rail vehicles designed to run on the Purple Line are being built by CAF at their Elmira, New York, facility. Each train is long, consists of 5 modules, and can carry up to 431 passengers (seated plus standing). CAF began testing the cars in 2020. Fabrication of all 130 modular car shells at the CAF facility in Spain was completed in June 2021. 22 of the 26 trains have been assembled as of June 2022.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Egoist anarchism or anarcho-egoism, often shortened as simply egoism, is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner, a 19th-century philosopher whose "name appears with familiar regularity in historically orientated surveys of anarchist thought as one of the earliest and best known exponents of individualist anarchism".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Johann Kaspar Schmidt (October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856), better known as Max Stirner (the pen name he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, which in German is termed "Stirn"), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary precursors of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism. Stirner's main work is "The Ego and Its Own" ("Der Einzige und sein Eigentum" in German, which translates literally as "The Only One and his Property"). This work was first published in 1844 in Leipzig and has since appeared in numerous editions and translations.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Stirner's philosophy is usually called "egoism". He says that the egoist rejects pursuit of devotion to "a great idea, a good cause, a doctrine, a system, a lofty calling", saying that the egoist has no political calling, but rather "lives themselves out" without regard to "how well or ill humanity may fare thereby". Stirner held that the only limitation on the rights of the individual is one's power to obtain what they desire. He proposes that most commonly accepted social institutions—including the notion of State, property as a right, natural rights in general and the very notion of society—were mere "spooks" in the mind. Stirner wanted to "abolish not only the state but also society as an institution responsible for its members".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Max Stirner's idea of the Union of egoists () was first expounded in "The Ego and Its Own". The Union is understood as a non-systematic association, which Stirner proposed in contradistinction to the state. The Union is understood as a relation between egoists which is continually renewed by all parties' support through an act of will. The Union requires that all parties participate out of a conscious egoism. If one party silently finds themselves to be suffering, but puts up and keeps the appearance, the union has degenerated into something else. This union is not seen as an authority above a person's own will. This idea has received interpretations for politics, economics, romance and sex.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Stirner claimed that property comes about through might: "I do not step shyly back from your property, but look upon it always as my property, in which I respect nothing. Pray do the like with what you call my property! [...] What I have in my power, that is my own. So long as I assert myself as holder, I am the proprietor of the thing; [...]. Whoever knows how to take, to defend, the thing, to him belongs property". His concept of "egoistic property" not only rejects moral restraint on how one obtains and uses things, but includes other people as well.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Stirner's philosophy though being individualist, has influenced some libertarian communists and anarcho-communists. Forms of libertarian communism such as insurrectionary anarchism are influenced by Stirner. Anarcho-communist Emma Goldman was influenced by both Stirner and Peter Kropotkin and blended their philosophies together in her own.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: The Scottish-born German writer John Henry Mackay found out about Stirner while reading a copy of Friedrich Albert Lange's "History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance". Mackay later looked for a copy of "The Ego and Its Own" and after being fascinated with it wrote a biography of Stirner ("Max Stirner" – "sein Leben und sein Werk"), published in German in 1898. Mackay's propaganda of Stirnerist egoism and of male homosexual and bisexual rights influenced Adolf Brand who in 1896 published the world's first ongoing homosexual publication, "Der Eigene". The name of that publication was taken from Stirner—who had greatly influenced the young Brand—and refers to Stirner's concept of "self-ownership" of the individual. "Der Eigene" concentrated on cultural and scholarly material and may have averaged around 1500 subscribers per issue during its lifetime. Benjamin Tucker followed this journal from the United States.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Another later German anarchist publication influenced deeply by Stirner was . It appeared in 1919 as a weekly, then sporadically until 1925 and was edited by cousins Anselm Ruest (pseudonym for Ernst Samuel) and Mynona (pseudonym for Salomo Friedlaender). Its title was adopted from the book "Der Einzige und sein Eigentum" ("The Ego and Its Own") by Max Stirner. Another influence was the thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. The publication was connected to the local expressionist artistic current and the transition from it towards dada.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Stirnerian egoism became a main influence on European individualist anarchism including its main proponents in the early 20th century such as Émile Armand, Han Ryner and Gérard de Lacaze-Duthiers in France, Renzo Novatore in Italy, Miguel Giménez Igualada in Spain and in Russia Lev Chernyi.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: For Novatore, who was "a reader of Stirner, but not for that a disciple of stirnerism", the affirmation of the individual, the continuous tension toward freedom, led inevitably to the struggle against the existent, to the violent battle against authority and against every type of 'wait-and-see' attitude". Émile Armand's Stirnerist egoism (as well as his Nietzschetianism) can be appreciated when he writes in "Anarchist Individualism as Life and Activity" (1907) when he says that anarchists "are pioneers attached to no party, non-conformists, standing outside herd morality and conventional 'good' and 'evil' 'a-social'. A 'species' apart, one might say. They go forward, stumbling, sometimes falling, sometimes triumphant, sometimes vanquished. But they do go forward, and by living for themselves, these 'egoists', they dig the furrow, they open the broach through which will pass those who deny archism, the unique ones who will succeed them". In Russia, individualist anarchism inspired by Stirner "combined with an appreciation for Friedrich Nietzsche attracted a small following of bohemian artists and intellectuals such as Lev Chernyi, as well as a few lone wolves who found self-expression in crime and violence". They rejected organizing, believing that only unorganized individuals were safe from coercion and domination, believing this kept them true to the ideals of anarchism (see illegalism).


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Stirner's influence also expressed itself in a different way in Spanish and French individualist anarchism: "The theoretical positions and the vital experiences of French individualism are deeply iconoclastic and scandalous, even within libertarian circles. The call of nudist naturism (see anarcho-naturism), the strong defense of birth control methods, the idea of "unions of egoists" with the sole justification of sexual practices, that will try to put in practice, not without difficulties, will establish a way of thought and action, and will result in sympathy within some, and a strong rejection within others".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Illegalism was an anarchist practice that developed primarily in France, Italy, Belgium and Switzerland during the early 1900s that found justification in Stirner's philosophy. The illegalists openly embraced criminality as a lifestyle. Illegalists usually did not seek moral basis for their actions, recognizing only the reality of "might" rather than "right". For the most part, illegal acts were done simply to satisfy personal desires and needs, not for some greater ideal, although some committed crimes as a form of propaganda of the deed.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Illegalism first rose to prominence among a generation of Europeans inspired by the unrest of the 1890s, during which Ravachol, Émile Henry, Auguste Vaillant and Sante Geronimo Caserio committed daring crimes in the name of anarchism in what is known as propaganda of the deed. The French Bonnot Gang were the most famous group to embrace illegalism.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: The illegalists broke from anarchists like Clément Duval and Marius Jacob who justified theft with a theory of "la reprise individuelle" (). Instead, the illegalists argued that their actions required no moral basis as illegal acts were performed not in the name of a higher ideal, but in pursuit of one's own desires.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: As a reaction to this, French anarchist communists attempted to distance themselves from illegalism and anarchist individualism as a whole. In August 1913, the Fédération Communiste-Anarchistes (FCA) condemned individualism as bourgeois and more in keeping with capitalism than communism. An article believed to have been written by Peter Kropotkin in the British anarchist paper "Freedom" argued: "Simple-minded young comrades were often led away by the illegalists' apparent anarchist logic; outsiders simply felt disgusted with anarchist ideas and definitely stopped their ears to any propaganda".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Some American individualist anarchists such as Benjamin Tucker abandoned natural rights positions and converted to Max Stirner's egoist anarchism. Rejecting the idea of moral rights, Tucker said that there were only two rights, "the right of might" and "the right of contract". He also said after converting to egoist individualism: "In times past...it was my habit to talk glibly of the right of man to land. It was a bad habit, and I long ago sloughed it off...Man's only right to land is his might over it". In adopting Stirnerite egoism, Tucker rejected natural rights which had long been considered the foundation of his beliefs. This rejection galvanized the movement into fierce debates, with the natural rights proponents accusing the egoists of destroying individualist anarchism itself. So bitter was the conflict that a number of natural rights proponents withdrew from the pages of "Liberty" in protest even though they had hitherto been among its frequent contributors. Thereafter, "Liberty" championed egoism although its general content did not change significantly.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Several periodicals were undoubtedly influenced by "Liberty"'s presentation of egoism. They included the following: "I" published by Clarence Lee Swartz, edited by William Walstein Gordak and J. William Lloyd (all associates of "Liberty"); and "The Ego" and "The Egoist", both of which were edited by Edward H. Fulton. Among the egoist papers that Tucker followed were the German "Der Eigene", edited by Adolf Brand; and "The Eagle and The Serpent", issued from London. The latter, the most prominent English language egoist journal, was published from 1898 to 1900 with the subtitle "A Journal of Egoistic Philosophy and Sociology".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: American anarchists who adhered to egoism include Benjamin Tucker, John Beverley Robinson, Steven T. Byington, Hutchins Hapgood, James L. Walker, Victor Yarros and Edward H. Fulton. John Beverley Robinson wrote an essay called "Egoism" in which he states: "Modern egoism, as propounded by Stirner and Nietzsche, and expounded by Ibsen, Shaw and others, is all these; but it is more. It is the realization by the individual that they are an individual; that, as far as they are concerned, they are the only individual". Steven T. Byington was a one-time proponent of Georgism who later converted to egoist Stirnerist positions after associating with Benjamin Tucker. He is known for translating two important anarchist works into English from German: Stirner's "The Ego and Its Own" and Paul Eltzbacher's "" (also published by Dover with the title "The Great Anarchists: Ideas and Teachings of Seven Major Thinkers").


title: Egoist anarchism

text: James L. Walker (sometimes known by the pen name Tak Kak) was one of the main contributors to Benjamin Tucker's "Liberty". He published his major philosophical work called "Philosophy of Egoism" in the May 1890 to September 1891 in issues of the publication "Egoism". James L. Walker published the work "The Philosophy of Egoism" in which he argued that egoism "implies a rethinking of the self-other relationship, nothing less than "a complete revolution in the relations of mankind" that avoids both the "archist" principle that legitimates domination and the "moralist" notion that elevates self-renunciation to a virtue. Walker describes himself as an "egoistic anarchist" who believed in both contract and cooperation as practical principles to guide everyday interactions". For Walker, the egoist rejects notions of duty and is indifferent to the hardships of the oppressed whose consent to their oppression enslaves not only them, but those who do not consent. The egoist comes to self-consciousness, not for the God's sake, not for humanity's sake, but for his or her own sake. For him, "[c]ooperation and reciprocity are possible only among those who are unwilling to appeal to fixed patterns of justice in human relationships and instead focus on a form of reciprocity, a union of egoists, in which person each finds pleasure and fulfillment in doing things for others". Walker thought that "what really defines egoism is not mere self-interest, pleasure, or greed; it is the sovereignty of the individual, the full expression of the subjectivity of the individual ego".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Friedrich Nietzsche (see anarchism and Friedrich Nietzsche) and Stirner were frequently compared by French "literary anarchists" and anarchist interpretations of Nietzschean ideas appear to have also been influential in the United States. One researcher notes: "Indeed, translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in "Liberty", the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker". He adds that "Tucker preferred the strategy of exploiting his writings, but proceeding with due caution: 'Nietzsche says splendid things, – often, indeed, Anarchist things, – but he is no Anarchist. It is of the Anarchists, then, to intellectually exploit this would-be exploiter. He may be utilized profitably, but not prophetably'".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Anarcha-feminist Emma Goldman was influenced by both Stirner and Peter Kropotkin as well as the Russian strain of individualist anarchism and blended these philosophies together in her own as shown in books of hers such as "Anarchism And Other Essays". There she defends both Stirner and Nietzsche when she says: "The most disheartening tendency common among readers is to tear out one sentence from a work, as a criterion of the writer's ideas or personality [...] It is the same narrow attitude which sees in Max Stirner naught but the apostle of the theory 'each for himself, the devil take the hind one.' That Stirner's individualism contains the greatest social possibilities is utterly ignored. Yet, it is nevertheless true that if society is ever to become free, it will be so through liberated individuals, whose free efforts make society". Egoism within anarchism is usually associated with individualist anarchism, but it found admiration in the mainstream social anarchists such as anarcha-feminists and Federica Montseny (who also admired Nietzsche). Max Baginski was an important collaborator in Goldman's publication "Mother Earth". Bagisnki in an essay titled "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" published in "Mother Earth" puts forward an anarcho-communist interpretation of Stirner's philosophy when he manifests that "[f]ully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand—that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Enrico Arrigoni (pseudonym Frank Brand) was an Italian American individualist anarchist Lathe operator, house painter, bricklayer, dramatist and political activist influenced by the work of Max Stirner. He took the pseudonym Brand from a fictional character in one of Henrik Ibsen´s plays. In the 1910s, he started becoming involved in anarchist and anti-war activism around Milan. From the 1910s until the 1920s, he participated in anarchist activities and popular uprisings in various countries including Switzerland, Germany, Hungary, Argentina and Cuba. He lived from the 1920s onwards in New York City, where he edited the individualist anarchist eclectic journal "Eresia" in 1928. He also wrote for other American anarchist publications such as "L' Adunata dei refrattari", "Cultura obrera", "Controcorrente" and "Intessa libertaria".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Argentine anarchist historian Ángel Cappelletti reports that in Argentina "[a]mong the workers that came from Europe in the two first decades of the century, there was curiously some stirnerian individualists influenced by the philosophy of Nietzsche, that saw syndicalism as a potential enemy of anarchist ideology. They established...affinity groups that in 1912 came to, according to Max Nettlau, to the number of 20. In 1911 there appeared, in Colón, the periodical "El Único", that defined itself as 'Publicación individualista'".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Vicente Rojas Lizcano, whose pseudonym was Biófilo Panclasta, was a Colombian individualist anarchist writer and activist. In 1904, he began using the name Biofilo Panclasta ("Biofilo" in Spanish stands for "lover of life" and "Panclasta" for "enemy of all"). He visited more than fifty countries propagandizing for anarchism which in his case was highly influenced by the thought of Stirner and Nietszche. Among his written works there are "Siete años enterrado vivo en una de las mazmorras de Gomezuela: Horripilante relato de un resucitado" (Seven Years Buried Alive in a Gomezuelan Dungeon: The Horrifying Story of a Man Revived")" (1932) and "Mis prisiones, mis destierros y mi vida" (My Prisons, My Exiles, My Life) (1929) which talk about his many adventures while living his life as an adventurer, activist and vagabond as well as his thought and the many times he was imprisoned in different countries.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Horst Matthai Quelle was a Spanish language German anarchist philosopher influenced by Stirner. In 1938, at the beginning of the German economic crisis and the rise of Nazism and fascism in Europe, Quelle moved to Mexico and earned his undergraduate degree, master's and doctorate in philosophy at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he returned as a professor of philosophy in the 1980s. Quelle argued that since the individual gives form to the world, he is those objects, the others and the whole universe. One of his main views was a "theory of infinite worlds" which for him was developed by pre-Socratic philosophers.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Jun Tsuji was a Japanese anarchist, Epicurean and Dadaist shakuhachi musician, actor and Bohemian who after discovering and adhering to Stirner's philosophy proceeded to translate "The Ego and Its Own" into the Japanese language. Stirner also influenced the Japanese anarchist writer and activist Sakae Osugi who also received the influence of Nietzsche, Henri Bergson, Peter Kropotkin and Georges Sorel.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In 1939, the anarcho-pacifist French individualist anarchist André Arru started his activities as an orator and writer with a conference on Max Stirner and his book "The Ego and His Own" French individualist anarchists grouped behind Émile Armand and published after World War II. , whose name was inspired by the French translation of "The Ego and its Own" (in French ) went from 1945 to 1956 with a total of 110 numbers. In 1956, the Spanish individualist anarchist Miguel Giménez Igualada published an extensive treatise on Stirner which he dedicated to fellow individualist anarchist Émile Armand. In the 1960s, the French anarcho-communist Daniel Guérin in "Anarchism: From Theory to Practice" says that Stirner "rehabilitated the individual at a time when the philosophical field was dominated by Hegelian anti-individualism and most reformers in the social field had been led by the misdeeds of bourgeois egotism to stress its opposite" and pointed to "the boldness and scope of his thought".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In the United Kingdom, Herbert Read was influenced highly by egoism as he later came close to existentialism. In "Herbert Read Reassessed" writes that in Read's "Education Through Art" (1943), David Goodway writes: "Here we have the egoism of Max Stirner assimilated in the anarchist communism of Peter Kropotkin". He cites Read for this affirmation which shows egoism's influence: Uniqueness has no practical value in isolation. One of the most certain lessons of modern psychology and of recent historical experiences, is that education must be a process, not only of individuation, but also of integration, which is the reconciliation of individual uniqueness with social unity [...] the individual will be "good" in the degree that his individuality is realized within the organic wholeness of the community.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Albert Camus devotes a section of "The Rebel" to Stirner. He consigns him to dwelling in a desert of isolation and negation "drunk with destruction". Camus also accuses Stirner of going "as far as he can in blasphemy". He proclaims that Stirner is "intoxicated with the perspective of justifying" crime although without mentioning that Stirner carefully distinguishes between the ordinary criminal and the "criminal" as violator of the "sacred". He mishaps by misquoting Stirner through asserting that he "specifies" in relation to other human beings "kill them, do not martyr them" when in fact he writes "I can kill them, not torture them"—and this in relation to the moralist who both kills and tortures to serve the "concept of the 'good. Although throughout his book Camus is concerned to present "the rebel" as a preferred alternative to "the revolutionary" he nowhere acknowledges that this distinction is taken from the one that Stirner makes between "the revolutionary" and "the insurrectionist"."


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Sidney Parker was a British egoist individualist anarchist who wrote articles and edited anarchist journals from 1963 to 1993 such as "Minus One", "Egoist", and "Ego". In "Ego and Society", he writes: "Against the mystique of the sociocrat, stands the conscious ego of the autocrat, whose being is pivoted within, and who regards 'society' simply as a means or instrument, not a source or sanction. The egoist refuses to be ensnared by the net of conceptual imperatives that surrounds the hypostatization of 'society' preferring the real to the unreal, the fact to the myth". Donald Rooum is an English anarchist cartoonist and writer with a long association with Freedom Press. Rooum stated that for his thought "[t]he most influential source is Max Stirner. I am happy to be called a Stirnerite anarchist, provided 'Stirnerite' means one who agrees with Stirner's general drift, not one who agrees with Stirner's every word". "An Anarchist FAQ" reports: "From meeting anarchists in Glasgow during the Second World War, long-time anarchist activist and artist Donald Rooum likewise combined Stirner and anarcho-communism".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In the 1980s, in the United States emerged the tendency of post-left anarchy which was influenced profoundly by egoism in aspects such as the critique of ideology. Jason McQuinn says that "when I (and other anti-ideological anarchists) criticize ideology, it is always from a specifically critical, anarchist perspective rooted in both the skeptical, individualist-anarchist philosophy of Max Stirner". Bob Black and Feral Faun/Wolfi Landstreicher also strongly adhere to Stirnerist egoism. A reprinting of "" in the 1980s was done with the involvement of Black who also wrote the preface to it. Black has also humorously suggested the idea of "Marxist Stirnerism" just as he wrote an essay on "groucho-marxism". He writes in the preface to "The Right to be Greedy": "If Marxism-Stirnerism is conceivable, every orthodoxy prating of freedom or liberation is called into question, anarchism included. The only reason to read this book, as its authors would be the first to agree, is for what you can get out of it."


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Hakim Bey has said "From Stirner's "Union of Self-Owning Ones" we proceed to Nietzsche's circle of "Free Spirits" and thence to Charles Fourier's "Passional Series", doubling and redoubling ourselves even as the Other multiplies itself in the eros of the group". Bey also wrote: "The Mackay Society, of which Mark & I are active members, is devoted to the anarchism of Max Stirner, Benj. Tucker & John Henry Mackay...The Mackay Society, incidentally, represents a little-known current of individualist thought which never cut its ties with revolutionary labor. Dyer Lum, Ezra & Angela Haywood represent this school of thought; Jo Labadie, who wrote for Tucker’s "Liberty", made himself a link between the American “plumb-line” anarchists, the “philosophical” individualists, & the syndicalist or communist branch of the movement; his influence reached the Mackay Society through his son, Laurance. Like the Italian Stirnerites (who influenced us through our late friend Enrico Arrigoni) we support all anti-authoritarian currents, despite their apparent contradictions".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In the hybrid of post-structuralism and anarchism called post-anarchism, the Australian political theorist Saul Newman has written a lot on Stirner and his similarities to post-structuralism. He writes: Max Stirner's impact on contemporary political theory is often neglected. However in Stirner's political thinking there can be found a surprising convergence with poststructuralist theory, particularly with regard to the function of power. Andrew Koch, for instance, sees Stirner as a thinker who transcends the Hegelian tradition he is usually placed in, arguing that his work is a precursor poststructuralist ideas about the foundations of knowledge and truth.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Newman has published several essays on Stirner. "War on the State: Stirner and Deleuze's Anarchism" and "Empiricism, Pluralism, and Politics in Deleuze and Stirner" discusses what he sees are similarities between Stirner's thought and that of Gilles Deleuze. In "Spectres of Stirner: A Contemporary Critique of Ideology", he discusses the conception of ideology in Stirner. In "Stirner and Foucault: Toward a Post-Kantian Freedom", similarities between Stirner and Michel Foucault. He also wrote "Politics of the Ego: Stirner's Critique of Liberalism".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: Egoism has had a strong influence on insurrectionary anarchism as can be seen in the work of Wolfi Landstreicher and Alfredo Bonanno. Bonanno has written on Stirner in works such as "Max Stirner" and "Max Stirner und der Anarchismus".


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In 1995, Feral Faun wrote: In the game of insurgence—a lived guerilla war game—it is strategically necessary to use identities and roles. Unfortunately, the context of social relationships gives these roles and identities the power to define the individual who attempts to use them. So I, Feral Faun, became [...] an anarchist [...] a writer [...] a Stirner-influenced, post-situationist, anti-civilization theorist [...] if not in my own eyes, at least in the eyes of most people who've read my writings.


title: Egoist anarchism

text: In the Italian insurrectionary anarchist essay written by an anonymous writer "At Daggers Drawn with the Existent, its Defenders and its False Critics", there reads: "The workers who, during a wildcat strike, carried a banner saying, 'We are not asking for anything' understood that the defeat is in the claim itself ('the claim against the enemy is eternal'). There is no alternative but to take everything. As Stirner said: 'No matter how much you give them, they will always ask for more, because what they want is no less than the end of every concession'".


title: Pickleback

text: A pickleback is a type of shot wherein a shot of whiskey is chased by a shot of pickle brine; the term “pickleback” may also refer only to the shot of pickle brine itself. Alternatively, the shot of whiskey can be chased by a bite of a pickle (generally, a whole dill pickle). The pickle brine works to neutralize both the taste of the whiskey and the burn of the alcohol.


title: Pickleback

text: The "pickleback" has spread internationally, particularly in the English-speaking world, with many bars now offering picklebacks on their menus. The drink has had significant success in Aberdeen, Scotland, thanks to its reputed popularity among staff of the craft brewer BrewDog whose flagship bar is in the city. This has resulted in city establishment "The Tippling House" having to increase their nightly supply of pickle brine to ensure that the drink can stay available.


title: Pickleback

text: British visitors returning to the United Kingdom from New York City (thanks to Vincent Leclerc from Montreal, who introduced the pickleback in NYC in 2009) introduced the recipe to bars in both London (as early as 2011), and Devon. In 2012, UK bartender Byron Knight created a bottled pickleback using his own homegrown dill pickles and a flavour profile of ginger, mustard seeds, dill, garlic and dark sugar.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The Roland TB-303 Bass Line (also known as the 303) is a bass synthesizer released by Roland Corporation in 1981. Designed to simulate bass guitars, it was a commercial failure and was discontinued in 1984. However, cheap second-hand units were adopted by electronic musicians, and its "squelching" or "chirping" sound became a foundation of electronic dance music genres such as acid house, Chicago house and techno. It has inspired numerous clones.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The TB-303 was designed by Tadao Kikumoto who also designed the Roland TR-909 drum machine. It was marketed as a "computerised bass machine" to replace the bass guitar. However, according to "Forbes," it instead produces a "squelchy tone more reminiscent of a psychedelic mouth harp than a stringed instrument".


title: Roland TB-303

text: The TB-303 has a single oscillator, which produces either a "buzzy" sawtooth wave or a "hollow-sounding" square wave. This is fed into a 24dB/octave low-pass filter, which is manipulated by an envelope generator. Users program notes and slides using a basic sequencer.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The TB-303's unrealistic sound made it unpopular with its target audience, those who wanted to replace bass guitars. It was discontinued in 1984, and Roland sold off remaining units cheaply. 10,000 units were manufactured.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The first track to use the TB-303 and enter the top ten of the UK Singles Chart was "Rip It Up" (1983), by the Scottish band Orange Juice. Charanjit Singh's 1982 album "Synthesizing: Ten Ragas to a Disco Beat" was another early use of a TB-303, alongside another Roland device, the TR-808 drum machine. The album remained obscure until the early 21st century, and is now recognized as a precursor to acid house.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The Chicago group Phuture bought a cheap TB-303 and began experimenting. By manipulating the synthesizer as it played, they created a unique "squelching, resonant and liquid sound". This became the foundation of the single "Acid Tracks", which was released in 1987 and created the acid genre. Acid, with the TB-303 as a staple sound, became popular worldwide, particularly as part of the UK's emerging rave culture known as the second summer of love.


title: Roland TB-303

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, as new acid styles emerged, the TB-303 was often overdriven, producing a harsher sound, such as on Hardfloor's 1992 EP "Acperience" and Interlect 3000's 1993 EP "Volcano". In 1995, the TB-303 was distorted and processed on Josh Wink hit "Higher State of Consciousness" and on Daft Punk's "Da Funk".


title: Roland TB-303

text: In 2011, the "Guardian" named the release of the TB-303 one of the 50 key events in the history of dance music. The popularity of acid caused a dramatic increase in the price of used 303 units. As of 2014, units sold for over £1,000.


title: Roland TB-303

text: The TB-303 has inspired numerous software emulations and clones, such as the TD-3 by Behringer, released in 2019. In 2014, Roland released the TB-3 Touch Bassline, with a touchpad interface and MIDI and USB connections. In 2017, Roland released the TB-03, a miniaturized model featuring an LED display and delay and overdrive effects.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Annie Dillard (born April 30, 1945) is an American author, best known for her narrative prose in both fiction and non-fiction. She has published works of poetry, essays, prose, and literary criticism, as well as two novels and one memoir. Her 1974 work "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" won the 1975 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction. From 1980, Dillard taught for 21 years in the English department of Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Connecticut.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Annie Dillard was the eldest of three daughters. Early childhood details can be drawn from Annie Dillard's autobiography, "An American Childhood" (1987), about growing up in the 50s Point Breeze neighborhood of Pittsburgh in "a house full of comedians.". The book focuses on "waking up" from a self-absorbed childhood, and becoming immersed in the present moment of the larger world. She describes her mother as an energetic non-conformist. Her father taught her many useful subjects such as plumbing, economics, and the intricacies of the novel "On the Road", though by the end of her adolescence she begins to realize neither of her parents is infallible.


title: Annie Dillard

text: In her autobiography, Dillard describes reading a wide variety of subjects including geology, natural history, entomology, epidemiology, and poetry, among others. Among the influential books from her youth were "The Natural Way to Draw" and "Field Book of Ponds and Streams" because they allowed her a way to interact with the present moment and a way of escape, respectively. Her days were filled with exploring, piano and dance classes, rock collecting, bug collecting, drawing, and reading books from the public library including natural history and military history such as World War II.


title: Annie Dillard

text: As a child, Dillard attended the Shadyside Presbyterian Church in Pittsburgh, though her parents did not attend. She spent four summers at the First Presbyterian Church (FPC) Camp in Ligonier, Pennsylvania. As an adolescent, she quit attending church because of "hypocrisy". When she told her minister of her decision, she was given four volumes of C. S. Lewis's broadcast talks, from which she appreciated that author's philosophy on suffering, but elsewhere found the topic inadequately addressed.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Dillard attended Hollins College (now Hollins University), in Roanoke, Virginia, where she studied literature and creative writing. She married her writing teacher, the poet R. H. W. Dillard, eight years her senior. Dillard stated: "In college I learned how to learn from other people. As far as I was concerned, writing in college didn't consist of what little Annie had to say, but what Wallace Stevens had to say. I didn't come to college to think my own thoughts, I came to learn what had been thought." In 1968 she earned an MA in English. Her thesis on Henry David Thoreau showed how Walden Pond functioned as "the central image and focal point for Thoreau's narrative movement between heaven and earth." Dillard spent the first few years after graduation oil painting, writing, and keeping a journal. Several of her poems and short stories were published, and during this time she also worked for Johnson's Anti-Poverty Program.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Dillard's works have been compared to those by Virginia Woolf, Gerard Manley Hopkins, Emily Dickinson, William Blake, and John Donne, and she cites Henry James, Thomas Hardy, Graham Greene, George Eliot, and Ernest Hemingway among her favorite authors.


title: Annie Dillard

text: In her first book of poems, "Tickets for a Prayer Wheel" (1974), Dillard first articulated themes that she would later explore in other works of prose.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Dillard's journals served as a source for "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" (1974), a nonfiction narrative about the natural world near her home in Roanoke, Virginia. Although the book contains named chapters, it is not (as some critics assumed) a collection of essays. Early chapters were published in "The Atlantic", "Harpers", and "Sports Illustrated." The book describes God by studying creation, leading one critic to call her "one of the foremost horror writers of the 20th Century." In "The New York Times", Eudora Welty said the work was "admirable writing" that reveals "a sense of wonder so fearless and unbridled... [an] intensity of experience that she seems to live in order to declare," but "I honestly don't know what [Dillard] is talking about at... times."


title: Annie Dillard

text: One day, Dillard decided to begin a project in which she would write about whatever happened on Lummi Island within a three-day time period. When a plane crashed on the second day, Dillard began to contemplate the problem of pain and God's allowance of "natural evil to happen". Although "Holy the Firm" (1977) was only 66 pages long, it took her 14 months, writing full-time, to complete the manuscript. In "The New York Times Book Review" novelist Frederick Buechner called it "a rare and precious book." Some critics wondered whether Dillard was under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs while writing the book. Dillard replied that she was not.


title: Annie Dillard

text: "Teaching a Stone to Talk" (1982) is a book of 14 short nonfiction narrative and travel essays. The essay "Life on the Rocks: The Galapagos" won the New York Women's Press Club award, and "Total Eclipse" was chosen for "Best American Essays of the [20th] Century" (2000). As Dillard herself notes, "'The Weasel is lots of fun; the much-botched church service is (I think) hilarious." Following the first hardcover edition of the book, the order of essays was changed. Initially "Living Like Weasels" was first, followed by "An Expedition to the Pole." "Total Eclipse" was found between "On a Hill Far Away" and "Lenses."


title: Annie Dillard

text: In "Living by Fiction" (1982), Dillard produced her "theory about why flattening of character and narrative cannot happen in literature as it did when the visual arts rejected deep space for the picture plane." She later said that, in the process of writing this book, she talked herself into writing an old-fashioned novel.


title: Annie Dillard

text: "Encounters with Chinese Writers" (1984) is a work of journalism. One part takes place in China, where Dillard was a member of a delegation of six American writers and publishers, following the fall of the Gang of Four. In the second half, Dillard hosts a group of Chinese writers, whom she takes to Disneyland along with Allen Ginsberg. Dillard describes it as "hilarious."


title: Annie Dillard

text: "The Writing Life" (1989) is a collection of short essays in which Dillard "discusses with clear eye and wry wit how, where and why she writes". "The Boston Globe" called it "a kind of spiritual "Strunk & White", a small and brilliant guidebook to the landscape of a writer's task." The "Chicago Tribune" wrote that, "For nonwriters, it is a glimpse into the trials and satisfactions of a life spent with words. For writers, it is a warm, rambling conversation with a stimulating and extraordinarily talented colleague." "The Detroit News" called it "a spare volume...that has the power and force of a detonating bomb." According to a biography of Dillard written by her husband Robert D. Richardson and posted on her official website, Dillard "repudiates "The Writing Life", except for the last chapter, the true story of stunt pilot Dave Rahm."


title: Annie Dillard

text: Dillard's first novel, "The Living" (1992), centers around the first European settlers of the Pacific Northwest coast. While writing the book, she never allowed herself to read works that postdated the year she was writing about, nor did she use anachronistic words.


title: Annie Dillard

text: "Mornings Like This" (1995) is a book dedicated to found poetry. Dillard took and arranged phrases from various old books, creating poems that are often ironic in tone. The poems are not related to the original books' themes. "A good trick should look hard and be easy," said Dillard. "These poems were a bad trick. They look easy and are really hard."


title: Annie Dillard

text: "For the Time Being" (1999) is a work of narrative nonfiction. Its topics mirror the various chapters of the book and include "birth, sand, China, clouds, numbers, Israel, encounters, thinker, evil, and now." In her own words on this book, she writes, "I quit the Catholic Church and Christianity; I stay near Christianity and Hasidism."


title: Annie Dillard

text: "The Maytrees" (2007) is Dillard's second novel. The story begins after World War II and tells of a lifelong love between a husband and wife who live in Provincetown, Cape Cod. It was a finalist for the PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction in 2008.


title: Annie Dillard

text: Dillard's books have been translated into at least 10 languages. Her 1975 Pulitzer-winning book, "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek", made Random House's survey of the century's 100 best nonfiction books. The "Los Angeles Times"' survey of the century's 100 best Western novels includes "The Living". The century's 100 best spiritual books (ed. Philip Zaleski) also includes "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek". The 100 best essays (ed. Joyce Carol Oates) includes "Total Eclipse," from "Teaching a Stone to Talk". Two of Dillard's books have won Maurice-Edgar Cointreau Prizes for Best Translation in English. "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek" won in 1999 and "For the Time Being" in 2002. Both were translated by Sabine Porte.


title: Annie Dillard

text: In 2000, Dillard's "For the Time Being" received the PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay.


title: Annie Dillard

text: To celebrate its city's centennial in 1984, the Boston Symphony commissioned Sir Michael Tippett to compose a symphony. He based part of its text on "Pilgrim at Tinker Creek".


title: Annie Dillard

text: In 2005, artist Jenny Holzer used "An American Childhood", along with three other books, in her light-based 'scrolling' artwork "For Pittsburgh", installed at the Carnegie Museum in Pittsburgh.