title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The film "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" begins with "Seaview" in the Arctic for the final phase of her sea trials, including a dive under the ice cap.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: Two milestones in underwater exploration were achieved in 1960, the year before "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" was released. On January 23, 1960, Jacques Piccard and Lieutenant Don Walsh (USN), in the bathyscaphe "Trieste", made the first descent to the bottom of the Challenger Deep. The Challenger Deep is the deepest surveyed spot in the world's oceans, and is located in the Mariana Trench, southwest of Guam. From February 16, 1960, to May 10, 1960, the submarine , under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr., made the first submerged circumnavigation of the world. "Triton" observed and photographed Guam extensively through her periscope during this mission, without being detected by the U.S. Navy on Guam.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: In the film, "Seaview" fires a missile from a position northwest of Guam to extinguish the "sky fire".


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: At the time that "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" was made, the Van Allen radiation belts had only recently been discovered, and most of what the film's state concerning them is fiction. Discoveries since then clearly invalidate what the film says: the Van Allen belts (actually somewhat more radiation-dense portions of the magnetosphere) are made up of sub-atomic particles trapped by the Earth's magnetic field in the vacuum of space and cannot catch fire, as fire requires oxygen, fuel, and an ignition source, all of which are insufficient in the Van Allen Belts. Unburned hydrocarbon emissions have never reached concentrations that could support a "sky fire".


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: At the beginning of the film, pieces of the polar ice cap are sinking, colliding with Seaview. No explanation is given as to why the ice doesn't float.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The film's submarine design is unique in featuring an eight-window bow viewport that provides panoramic undersea views. In the novelization by Theodore Sturgeon, the windows are described as "oversized hull plates which happen to be transparent". They are made of "X-tempered herculite", a process developed by Nelson. In the film, "Seaview" has eight bow windows in the exterior shots, but only four appear in the interior shots showing the lower level Observation Room (the four upper windows are implied to be out of frame, at the top of the Observation Room). The lower hull also has an exterior shark-like bow flare, and the stern has 1961 Cadillac tail-fins. "Seaview" is propelled by a water-jet system generally similar to the magnetohydrodynamic system employed by the "Red October" in The Hunt for Red October, though no details are provided in the film.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: In the film, the USOS "Seaview" ("United States Oceanographic Survey") is under the authority of Nelson and the Bureau of Marine Exploration rather than the U.S. Navy. The novel mentions the bureau as being part of the U.S. Department of Science. The crew wears World War II U.S. Army tropical khaki dress uniforms with naval rank insignia on the sleeves, rather than U.S. Navy service dress khaki with shoulder boards. The officers' working uniforms are US Army khaki long with epaulets, black tie, and lapel insignia; however, unlike the U.S. Navy, the Marine Exploration insignia, a specialist insignia, is worn on the right collar point and rank insignia is worn on the left, the reverse of U.S. Navy practice. The crew's working uniform is the U.S. Navy period-correct chambray shirt and dungaree uniform, with the white "dixie cup" cap. Chief petty officers wear the Army khaki uniform with US Navy style chief's rank (less the Navy "crow" on top of the rocker) on both sleeves. The effect is that of government service, but not necessarily military service.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The film was part of an upswing in science fiction and fantasy films of the era, including adaptations of Jules Verne's and H. G. Wells' works.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The film marked Walter Pidgeon's return to filmmaking after several years working in the theater. The role of Captain Crane was originally offered to David Hedison who played the role in the 1964 television series of the same name. Hedison turned the film down after completing Allen's "The Lost World" (1960) saying that he did not like the script.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: Set designer Herman Blumenthal did not approach the Navy to do research; he relied solely on pictures of naval vessels in the media.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The theatrical release poster shown above is one of four posters that were produced to promote the film. Each one has different wording and slightly different artwork, and each one promotes the film from a different perspective. The above poster also promotes Sturgeon's novelization.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" was previewed on June 18, 1961. It was released to theaters in early July 1961 and had run its course by late fall (September/October). The film played to mixed reviews from critics, but audiences made the film a popular success. "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" was made for US$2 million and brought in US$7 million at the box office.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: For the filming of "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", detailed sets, props and scale models were created to realize the "Seaview" submarine. After the film was completed, the sets were placed in storage. When Irwin Allen decided to make a "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" television series, all he had to do was pull the sets out of storage. This was done at a fraction of the cost that he might have had if he had begun from scratch. The film reduced the cost of setting up the show and was the template for the type of stories that were done. The studios, having made the film, helped make the television series easier to produce.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The success of the feature film led to the 1964–1968 ABC television series, "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea". During the series run, the film's storyline was remade as a one-hour episode, written by Willam Welch, and titled "The Sky's on Fire". Other scenes from the film were also rewritten and incorporated into the television series.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: In June 1961, Pyramid Books published a novelization of the film by science fiction writer Theodore Sturgeon. The book went on to be reprinted several times during the 1960s. One of those reprintings pictures Richard Basehart and David Hedison on the cover, but the book is still based on the Walter Pidgeon film. Collectors who want a novelization of the television series should find "City Under the Sea". That novel uses the television characters, but should not be confused with either the television series or the later Irwin Allen film with the same name.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: Sturgeon's book is based on an early version of the film's script and has the same basic story as the film. It also has a few characters that were not in the film, as well as some additional technical explanation. Some film scenes are different, while some others are wholly absent from the film. Likewise, some film scenes are missing from the book.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: The original 1961 book cover portrays a submarine meeting a fanged sea serpent. This scene is not in the novel or the film. The submarine design on the cover does not match the "Seaview" shown in the film or the "Seaview" described in the novel: The submarine's bow is opaque, and her "Observation Room" is a rearward projection from the base of the conning tower. The basic shape of the "Seaview"'s hull resembles that of the U.S. Navy's , the first American nuclear-powered submarine with an "Albacore hull", including its cruciform stern and single-screw propeller.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: A submarine design very similar to the one used on the 1961 book cover shows up in the 1962 Dell Comics series, "Voyage to the Deep" (with a similar mission to save the world), that was published to capitalize on the film's popularity. The submarine's mission took it to the Mariana Trench to stop the Earth from wobbling out of orbit. Dell later cancelled the title with issue #4. The submarine was named "Proteus", later the name of the submersible seen in the science fiction film "Fantastic Voyage" (1966).


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: In 1961, Dell Comics created a full-color adaptation of the "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea" film. The comic book was "Four Color Comics" #1230 and was illustrated by Sam Glanzman. It contains a few publicity stills from the film, plus a section on the history of submarines. In this adaptation, the Admiral's first name is Farragut instead of Harriman.


title: Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea

text: There is also a family board game, manufactured by GemColor, that is tied to the film and not the television series. The game's product carton uses a photo of a wetsuited scuba diver with the eight-foot shooting miniature of the "Seaview".


title: Box truck

text: A box truck—also known as a box van, cube van, bob truck or cube truck—is a chassis cab truck with an enclosed cuboid-shaped cargo area. On most box trucks, the cabin is separate to the cargo area; however some box trucks have a door between the cabin and the cargo area.


title: Box truck

text: The difference between a box truck and a van is that the cargo van is a one-piece (unibody), while a box truck is created by adding a cargo box to a chassis cab.


title: Box truck

text: Box trucks are typically in length and can range from Class 3 to Class 7 (12,500 lb. to 33,000 lb. gross vehicle weight rating). They often have a garage door-like rear door that rolls up. They are often used by companies transporting home appliances or furniture, or are used as moving trucks which can be rented by individuals.


title: Box truck

text: Ford, Dodge and Chevrolet/GMC have historically been the most common manufacturers of conventional cab/chassis to which the cargo box is attached by various producers (called body builders or upfitters). Isuzu Motors, Mitsubishi Fuso Truck of America, Inc. and UD Trucks have been the most common producers of cab over-type medium duty cab/chassis used as platforms for box trucks.


title: Box truck

text: Small box trucks often use the cab of full size vans from Ford, Chrysler or General Motors (e.g. Ford E-Series/Econoline/Ford Transit, Dodge Ram Van, Chevrolet Express/Chevrolet Van/GMC Vandura/GMC Savana), though pre-manufactured cutaway van chassis vehicles are the basis (rather than an actual cargo van), in order to reduce the labour required for production.


title: Box truck

text: In British English, box van is a term for a four-wheeled covered goods wagon (freight vehicle) with a fully enclosed body.


title: Box truck

text: In British English the word "truck" refers to large open topped freight vehicles or rail freight waggons. A "lorry" is a HGV road vehicle. A "van" is used for an enclosed railway freight carriage or medium or smaller commercial road vehicles.


title: Box truck

text: A Luton body is a style of commercial vehicle body incorporating an enclosed box body extended over the cab. It takes its name from the town of Luton, in Bedfordshire, where the Bedford commercial vehicle plant was located.


title: Box truck

text: This style of body was designed to accommodate the high-volume, low-weight loads of straw hats which were part of Luton's industry. Straw hats were wrapped in hessian fabric in long cylinders to fit across the width of the van. It was incidental that it was the home of Bedford although all the early Luton vans were on Bedford chassis.


title: Box truck

text: The body style is common in medium commercial vehicles such as the Ford Transit, as well as larger vehicles, especially those used by household removals companies. More modern examples may be streamlined to reduce wind resistance. Some commercial vehicles have a wind deflector on the cab roof, but this is not a Luton body; the Luton is functional and can be accessed from the main body. The portion of the body that rests over the cab is called the peak, also referred to, in some quarters, as a "Luton" or a "kick".


title: Box truck

text: Many commercial vehicles have tilting cabs. To allow for this, the floor of the Luton may be hinged, and there may be a hinged flap at the front.


title: Tiger Beer

text: Tiger Beer is a Singaporean brand of beer first launched in 1932. It is currently produced by Heineken Asia Pacific, formerly known as Asia Pacific Breweries. The company is a joint-venture between Heineken N.V. and Singaporean multinational food and beverage company Fraser and Neave.


title: Tiger Beer

text: The Tiger Brewery Tour is a tourist attraction located at the Tuas district of the country, which offers guided visits as to how the beer is brewed. According to a Brand Finance report, Tiger is amongst Singapore's top 10 most valuable brands.


title: Tiger Beer

text: Launched in 1932, Tiger beer became Singapore's first locally brewed beer. It is a 5% abv bottled pale lager. Heineken Asia Pacific's flagship brand, it is available in more than 60 countries worldwide.


title: Tiger Beer

text: The "It's Time for a Tiger" slogan for Tiger Beer has run for decades since its inception in the 1930s.


title: Tiger Beer

text: The writer Anthony Burgess named his first novel "Time for a Tiger" (the first part of the Malayan trilogy "The Long Day Wanes") after the advertising slogan. The beer was popular in the Malaya of the 1950s, where Burgess was working.


title: Tiger Beer

text: Burgess reveals in his autobiography that, when his "Time for a Tiger" was published, he asked the manufacturer, then Fraser and Neave, for a complimentary clock with the Tiger beer slogan. The brewery declined to offer this or any other gift to him. But, fourteen years later, when Burgess was more famous, it relented. In 1970, the company offered Burgess the privilege to consume any of their beers free of charge while in Singapore. However, in his own words, Burgess wrote in response: "But it was too late, I had become wholly a gin man."


title: Tiger Beer

text: Tiger Beer has entered a number of beer tasting competitions and has performed well. At the 2011 World Quality Selections, organised by Monde Selection, the brand won a Gold Quality award.


title: Tiger Beer

text: The beer was also seen in the 2002 movie "The Transporter" with "Jason Statham". Crates of Tiger appeared in the 2008 film "Tropic Thunder". Also, in the 2001 Hong Kong action thriller "The Accidental Spy" it's the preferred beer of Buck Yuen (played by Jackie Chan) who orders it by name in a bar and, also, has an empty bottle of Tiger by his bed in the next scene as he wakes up from a dream.


title: Tiger Beer

text: In the movie "The Odd Angry Shot" about the Australian Special Air Service during the Vietnam War, Tiger is considered the beer of choice amongst American and Aussie troops. Tiger is seen as a favourite amongst British troops during the Malayan Emergency in the film "The Virgin Soldiers".


title: Tiger Beer

text: In Vietnam, Tiger Beer regularly organizes music events. The first event took place in 2007 at tigermusic.com.vn. The event takes place every year.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: Immortalized is the sixth studio album by American heavy metal band Disturbed. The album was released on August 21, 2015 by Reprise Records, and is Disturbed's first studio album since "Asylum" (2010), marking the longest gap between two studio albums in their career.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: With 98,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, "Immortalized" is Disturbed's fifth consecutive number one debut on the United States "Billboard" 200 chart. They are the third band in history to achieve this feat, after Metallica and Dave Matthews Band. The band also found crossover success in the album's third single, a cover of the 1964 song "The Sound of Silence" by Simon & Garfunkel, which marked Disturbed's highest ranked single on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 42 and has since become Disturbed's biggest song since "Down with the Sickness".


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: This is the band's only studio album to be recorded as a trio, as bass player John Moyer did not participate on the recording sessions due to working on other projects. Guitarist Dan Donegan performed all the bass tracks.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: In 2011, following the tour of their fifth studio album, "Asylum", Disturbed announced that they would go on a hiatus. During the hiatus, the band released a compilation album of previously recorded B-sides, "The Lost Children" (2011), and a box set of their five studio albums, "The Collection" (2012).


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: In January 2014, band members David Draiman (vocals), Dan Donegan (guitar), Mike Wengren (drums) met for dinner and began secretly writing material for Disturbed's sixth studio album. Bass player John Moyer was not present for the album's making, due to working with other bands and projects. The album was recorded at The Hideout Recording Studio in Las Vegas with record producer Kevin Churko. Dan Donegan told "The Pulse of Radio" about working with a new producer: "I think we needed… we wanted that. We wanted, especially having this time off, and being off this long break, to come back with something that sounds a little bit more fresh. It's been five years between albums, so it was nice to have, kind of, a new production element to it and things that, kind of, pushed us and challenged us to raise the bar." Draiman told "Billboard" regarding the songwriting process: "There's a lot of new and fresh in the mix. We had more input on each other's parts than we probably ever had previously. Everything was really put under the microscope and everybody had an opinion, and, believe me, everyone was voicing them loudly... We were very, very cooperative with one another, very professional the entire time — not that we haven't always been, but especially this time."


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: One of the bonus tracks "Legion of Monsters" was inspired by an incident involving Rolling Stone's August 2013 cover featuring then-accused Boston Marathon bomber Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, David Draiman was incredibly furious and verbally tore into them in a Facebook rant. "Legion of Monsters" is a scathing criticism of the media (e.g. the news) for "glorifying killers" and "inspiring others to do what they did" in the process.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: "Immortalized" was announced on June 25, 2015, alongside the release of lead single "The Vengeful One". The single released with an accompanying animated video directed by filmmaker Phil Mucci. The album's title track was released with an official lyrics video on July 24. Two additional songs, "Fire It Up" and "What Are You Waiting For" were released on July 31 and August 7, respectively. On August 14, the whole album was made available for streaming via iTunes First Play.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: Due to the murders of Alison Parker and Adam Ward, Warner Bros. Records decided to pull one of the television commercials for the album as the ad depicted an incident similar to the killings.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: Review aggregator Metacritic gave the album a score of 55 out of 100 based on 5 professional reviews, citing "mixed or average reviews". James Christopher Monger from AllMusic gave the album a three out of five stating, "A five-year break between albums should lend itself to a bit of growth, even for a band as everyman as Disturbed, but there's just not much here to keep the group's detractors from bringing out their pitchforks, and over time, staying the course may leave fewer and fewer townsfolk to protect them." Irving Tan of Sputnikmusic gave the album the same score saying, "While the album also has its fair share of bona fide, looks-like-we-just-broke-the-bottom-of-the-barrel moments ("Fire It Up" instantly comes to mind here), Disturbed manage to do just enough to keep metal purists from dispensing with them completely." "Loudwire"'s Chad Bowar said "They have always known how to write hit singles, with a string of number ones over the years. They made the record label's job nearly impossible on the new record, because out of the 13 songs on the standard edition of the album, more than half could legitimately be rock radio hit singles." Bowar concluded his review saying "It won't change the minds of those who weren't fans before, but the album will hit the spot with the band's legions of worshipers."


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: Jon Hadusek from "Consequence of Sound" was highly critical of the album giving it a D rating and saying "In this way, "Immortalized" is a for-fans-only release. It openly and so earnestly feeds its target audience, as if to scoff at the very idea of Art vs. Product. Lamb of God found a balance between the two with their latest album, "", which shines as a recent example of how to move forward artistically and still appeal to one's core fans and sell records. With "Immortalized", Disturbed don't even try."


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: The album, which earned 98,000 album-equivalent units in its first week, is Disturbed's fifth consecutive number one debut on the United States "Billboard" 200 chart. By November 12, 2015, "Immortalized" had sold over 180,000 copies in the United States. By January 25, 2017, "Immortalized" had sold approximately 561,000 copies in the United States. On January 25, 2018, "Immortalized" had been certified platinum by the RIAA in the United States, signifying sales in excess of over 1,000,000 copies.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: Three of the tracks in the album were released as downloadable content in the video game Rock Band 4. "Immortalized" and "The Vengeful One" were released as DLC tracks for the game on January 12, 2016, while "The Sound of Silence" was released for the DLC roster on September 27, 2016.


title: Immortalized (Disturbed album)

text: The AMC show "Into the Badlands" features Disturbed's version of "The Sound of Silence" in episode 13 of season 3 ("Black Lotus, White Rose").


title: Dear My Friends

text: Dear My Friends () is a South Korean television series starring Go Hyun-jung, Kim Hye-ja, Na Moon-hee, Go Doo-shim, Park Won-sook, Youn Yuh-jung, Joo Hyun, Kim Young-ok and Shin Goo. It aired on cable network tvN on Fridays and Saturdays at 20:30 (KST) for 16 episodes from May 13 to July 2, 2016.


title: Dear My Friends

text: The stories between friends in their golden years of their lives. People who say some words like "It is not the end, we're still alive".


title: VOOC

text: Oppo VOOC (Voltage Open Loop Multi-step Constant-Current Charging), also known as Warp Charge on OnePlus devices and Dart Charge on Realme devices, is a proprietary rapid-charge technology created by BBK Electronics. In contrast to USB Power Delivery and Qualcomm Quick Charge technology, which increases the voltage during fast charging, VOOC uses a higher current than standard USB charging. The VOOC Flash Charge circuit technology reportedly lowers the temperature of the charging adapter, and creates an interface from the adapter to the phone, which, OPPO claims, improves the speed and safety of the charge.


title: VOOC

text: VOOC 2.0 has been licensed to OnePlus as the Dash Charge technology. A single-cell, 30-watt (5 V/6 A) version of VOOC 4.0 has also been licensed to OnePlus as Warp Charge. OnePlus does not market its phones as VOOC-compatible despite the fact that VOOC 2.0 and Dash are compatible.


title: VOOC

text: , VOOC has been licensed to 14 other corporations, most of which are in the phone charging and power strip industries. Oppo claims that more than 1000 patents around VOOC have been filed worldwide.


title: VOOC

text: All versions of VOOC require a proprietary cable to work. In addition to electrical requirements like thickness (low electrical resistance) to handle the high currents without overheating, the VOOC 2.0/Dash protocol requires a fifth pin on the (USB-A to USB-C) cable to communicate through. Without such communication, the charger runs at a limit of 5 V/1.5 A. From VOOC 4.0 this limit elevated to 5V/2.0A. With the even higher power of SuperVOOC 2.0, the cable itself is authenticated with a cryptographic E-marker for safety.


title: VOOC

text: On the Android phone end, the VOOC communication code is open source under GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) version 2 as a part of the modified Linux kernel, and has been used by custom ROMs like Lineage OS. The firmware code for PIC16F microcontrollers on the "VOOC IC" is also defined in the code. Documentation provided by OnePlus mentions a BQ27541 battery gauge chip made by Texas Instruments, with Dash-specific protocol extensions. The source code allows a list of parts used for the technology to be made: for example, the Find X uses a pic1508/stm8s chip on the adapter and a bq25882 two-cell charger chip on the phone. The BQ27541 gauge is exchanged for a BQ28Z610 gauge which can handle two-cell battery packs.


title: VOOC

text: OnePlus has recognised the weakness of many other mobile phones with fast charging technology to significantly slow down the charging speed during operation of the device, using it as an opportunity to promote Dash Charge enabled devices, which do not throttle the input power during operation.


title: TrueType

text: TrueType is an outline font standard developed by Apple in the late 1980s as a competitor to Adobe's Type 1 fonts used in PostScript. It has become the most common format for fonts on the classic Mac OS, macOS, and Microsoft Windows operating systems.


title: TrueType

text: The primary strength of TrueType was originally that it offered font developers a high degree of control over precisely how their fonts are displayed, right down to particular pixels, at various font sizes. With widely varying rendering technologies in use today, pixel-level control is no longer certain in a TrueType font.


title: TrueType

text: "TrueType" was known during its development stage, first by the codename "Bass" and later on by the codename "Royal". The system was developed and eventually released as TrueType with the launch of Mac System 7 in May 1991. The initial TrueType outline fonts, four-weight families of "Times Roman", "Helvetica", "Courier", and the pi font "Symbol" replicated the original PostScript fonts of the Apple LaserWriter. Apple also replaced some of their bitmap fonts used by the graphical user-interface of previous Macintosh System versions (including Geneva, Monaco and New York) with scalable TrueType outline-fonts. For compatibility with older systems, Apple shipped these fonts, a TrueType Extension and a TrueType-aware version of Font/DA Mover for System 6. For compatibility with the Laserwriter II, Apple developed fonts like ITC Bookman and ITC Chancery in TrueType format.


title: TrueType

text: All of these fonts could now scale to all sizes on screen and printer, making the Macintosh System 7 the first OS to work without any bitmap fonts. The early TrueType systems — being still part of Apple's QuickDraw graphics subsystem — did not render Type 1 fonts on-screen as they do today. At the time, many users had already invested considerable money in Adobe's still proprietary Type 1 fonts. As part of Apple's tactic of opening the font format versus Adobe's desire to keep it closed to all but Adobe licensees, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft. When TrueType and the license to Microsoft was announced, John Warnock co-founder and then CEO of Adobe, gave an impassioned speech in which he claimed Apple and Microsoft were selling snake oil, and then announced that the Type 1 format was open for anyone to use.


title: TrueType

text: Meanwhile, in exchange for TrueType, Apple got a license for TrueImage, a PostScript-compatible page-description language owned by Microsoft that Apple could use in laser printing. This was never actually included in any Apple products when a later deal was struck between Apple and Adobe, where Adobe promised to put a TrueType interpreter in their PostScript printer boards. Apple renewed its agreements with Adobe for the use of PostScript in its printers, resulting in lower royalty payments to Adobe, who was beginning to license printer controllers capable of competing directly with Apple's LaserWriter printers.


title: TrueType

text: Part of Adobe's response to learning that TrueType was being developed was to create the Adobe Type Manager software to scale Type 1 fonts for anti-aliased output on-screen. Although ATM initially cost money, rather than coming free with the operating system, it became a "de facto" standard for anyone involved in desktop publishing. Anti-aliased rendering, combined with Adobe applications' ability to zoom in to read small type, and further combined with the now open PostScript Type 1 font format, provided the impetus for an explosion in font design and in desktop publishing of newspapers and magazines.


title: TrueType

text: Apple extended TrueType with the launch of TrueType GX in 1994, with additional tables in the sfnt which formed part of QuickDraw GX. This offered powerful extensions in two main areas. First was font axes (today known as variations), for example allowing fonts to be smoothly adjusted from light to bold or from narrow to extended — competition for Adobe's "multiple master" technology. Second was Line Layout Manager, where particular sequences of characters can be coded to flip to different designs in certain circumstances, useful for example to offer ligatures for "fi", "ffi", "ct", etc. while maintaining the backing store of characters necessary for spell checkers and text searching. However, the lack of user-friendly tools for making TrueType GX fonts meant there were no more than a handful of GX fonts.


title: TrueType

text: Much of the technology in TrueType GX, including variations and substitution, lives on as AAT (Apple Advanced Typography) in macOS. Few font-developers outside Apple attempt to make AAT fonts; instead, OpenType has become the dominant sfnt format, and all of the font variation technology is the de facto standard today in OpenType Variations.


title: TrueType

text: To ensure its wide adoption, Apple licensed TrueType to Microsoft for free. Microsoft added TrueType into the Windows 3.1 operating environment. In partnership with their contractors, Monotype Imaging, Microsoft put a lot of effort into creating a set of high quality TrueType fonts that were compatible with the core fonts being bundled with PostScript equipment at the time. This included the fonts that are standard with Windows to this day: Times New Roman (compatible with Times Roman), Arial (compatible with Helvetica) and Courier New (compatible with Courier). In this context, "compatible" means two things. On an aesthetic level, it means that the fonts are similar in appearance. On a functional level, it means that the fonts have the same character widths. This allows documents which have been typeset in one font to be changed to the other, without reflow.


title: TrueType

text: Microsoft and Monotype technicians used TrueType's hinting technology to ensure that these fonts did not suffer from the problem of illegibility at low resolutions, which had previously forced the use of bitmapped fonts for screen display. Subsequent advances in technology have introduced first anti-aliasing, which smooths the edges of fonts at the expense of a slight blurring, and more recently subpixel rendering (the Microsoft implementation goes by the name ClearType), which exploits the pixel structure of LCD based displays to increase the apparent resolution of text. Microsoft has heavily marketed ClearType, and sub-pixel rendering techniques for text are now widely used on all platforms.


title: TrueType

text: Microsoft also developed a "smart font" technology, named "TrueType Open" in 1994, later renamed to OpenType in 1996 when it merged support of the Adobe Type 1 glyph outlines. Opentype now contains all of the same functionality of Apple TrueType and Apple TrueType GX.


title: TrueType

text: TrueType has long been the most common format for fonts on classic Mac OS, Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows, although Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows also include native support for Adobe's Type 1 format and the OpenType extension to TrueType (since Mac OS X 10.0 and Windows 2000). While some fonts provided with the new operating systems are now in the OpenType format, most free or inexpensive third-party fonts use plain TrueType.


title: TrueType

text: Increasing resolutions and new approaches to screen rendering have reduced the requirement of extensive TrueType hinting. Apple's rendering approach on macOS ignores almost all the hints in a TrueType font, while Microsoft's ClearType ignores many hints, and according to Microsoft, works best with "lightly hinted" fonts.


title: TrueType

text: The FreeType project of David Turner has created an independent implementation of the TrueType standard (as well as other font standards in FreeType 2). FreeType is included in many Linux distributions.


title: TrueType

text: Until May 2010, there were potential patent infringements in FreeType 1 because parts of the TrueType hinting virtual machine were patented by Apple, a fact not mentioned in the TrueType standards. (Patent holders who contribute to standards published by a major standards body such as ISO are required to disclose the scope of their patents, but TrueType was not such a standard.) FreeType 2 included an optional automatic hinter to avoid the patented technology, but these patents have now expired so FreeType 2.4 now enables these features by default.


title: TrueType

text: The outlines of the characters (or glyphs) in TrueType fonts are made of straight line segments and quadratic Bézier curves. These curves are mathematically simpler and faster to process than cubic Bézier curves, which are used both in the PostScript-centered world of graphic design and in Type 1 fonts. However, most shapes require more points to describe with quadratic curves than cubics. This difference also means that it is not possible to convert Type 1 losslessly to the TrueType format, although in practice it is often possible to do a lossless conversion from TrueType to Type 1.


title: TrueType

text: TrueType systems include a virtual machine that executes programs inside the font, processing the "hints" of the glyphs, in TrueType called “instructions”. These distort the control points which define the outline, with the intention that the rasterizer produce fewer undesirable features on the glyph. Each glyph's instruction set takes account of the size (in pixels) at which the glyph is to be displayed, as well as other less important factors of the display environment.


title: TrueType

text: Although incapable of receiving input and producing output as normally understood in programming, the TrueType instruction language does offer the other prerequisites of programming languages: conditional branching (IF statements), looping an arbitrary number of times (FOR- and WHILE-type statements), variables (although these are simply numbered slots in an area of memory reserved by the font), and encapsulation of code into functions. Special instructions called delta instructions are the lowest level control, moving a control point at just one pixel size.


title: TrueType

text: The hallmark of effective TrueType glyph programming techniques is that it does as much as possible using variables defined just once in the whole font (e.g., stem widths, cap height, x-height). This means avoiding delta instructions as much as possible. This helps the font developer to make major changes (e.g., the point at which the entire font's main stems jump from 1 to 2 pixels wide) most of the way through development.


title: TrueType

text: Creating a very well-instructed TrueType font remains a significant amount of work, despite the increased user-friendliness of programs for adding instructions to fonts. Many TrueType fonts therefore have only rudimentary instructions, or have them automatically applied by the font editor, with results of various quality.


title: TrueType

text: The TrueType format allows for the most basic type of digital rights management – an "embeddable flag field" that specifies whether the author allows embedding of the font file into things like PDF files and websites. Anyone with access to the font file can directly modify this field, and simple tools exist to facilitate modifying it (obviously, modifying this field does not modify the font license and does not give extra legal rights). These tools have been the subject of controversy over potential copyright issues.


title: TrueType

text: TrueType Collection (TTC) is an extension of TrueType format that allows combining multiple fonts into a single file, creating substantial space savings for a collection of fonts with many glyphs in common. They were first available in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean versions of Windows, and supported for all regions in Windows 2000 and later.


title: TrueType

text: Classic Mac OS included support of TTC starting with Mac OS 8.5. In classic Mac OS and macOS, TTC has file type .


title: TrueType

text: Apple has implemented a proprietary extension to allow color .ttf files for its emoji font Apple Color Emoji.


title: TrueType

text: A basic font is composed of multiple tables specified in its header. A table name can have up to 4 letters.


title: TrueType

text: A TrueType Collection file begins with a ttcf table that allows access to the fonts within the collection by pointing to individual headers for each included font. The fonts within a collection share the same glyph-outline table, though each font can refer to subsets within those outlines in its own manner, through its 'cmap', 'name' and 'loca' tables.


title: TrueType

text: A .ttf extension indicates a regular TrueType font or an OpenType font with TrueType outlines, while a .ttc extension is reserved for TTCs. Windows end user defined character editor (EUDCEDIT.EXE) creates TrueType font with name EUDC.TTE. An OpenType font with PostScript outlines must have an .otf extension. In principle an OpenType font with TrueType outlines may have an .otf extension, but this has rarely been done in practice.


title: TrueType

text: In classic Mac OS and macOS, OpenType is one of several formats referred to as data-fork fonts, as they lack the classic Mac resource fork.


title: TrueType

text: The suitcase format for TrueType is used on classic Mac OS and macOS. It adds additional Apple-specific information.


title: TrueType

text: Like TTC, it can handle multiple fonts within a single file. But unlike TTC, those fonts need not be within the same family.


title: TrueType

text: Suitcases come in resource-fork and data-fork formats. The resource-fork version was the original suitcase format. Data-fork-only suitcases, which place the resource fork contents into the data fork, were first supported in macOS. A suitcase packed into the data-fork-only format has the extension "dfont".


title: TrueType

text: In the PostScript language, TrueType outlines are handled with a PostScript wrapper as Type 42 for name-keyed or Type 11 for CID-keyed fonts.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Sheila Diana Ferguson (born October 8, 1947) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and author. She was the second longest-serving member of the 1970s American female soul music group The Three Degrees, singing lead vocals on most of the group's biggest hits, most notably "When Will I See You Again", which had international success topping the UK Singles Chart and peaking at #2 in the US.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Following her departure from The Three Degrees in 1986, Ferguson went on to have her own solo singing career, touring internationally, making multiple TV appearances, and releasing a solo album titled "A New Kind of Medicine". She has forged a prolific stage and screen career in the UK, starring in numerous musicals, soul legend tours, and her own sitcom "Land of Hope and Gloria". She is also the best-selling author of "Soul Food: Classic Cuisine from the Deep South".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: After getting married in 1980, she had settled in England since then and her entertainment career has been all exclusively in England and she is so far the first African American immigrant settled in England to be very locally famous in terms of acting and singing though some of her fame has also spread to other surrounding European countries as well, but meanwhile she has not had any media attention recognition in her home country of The US or either very limited after she settled in England. The only time she had wide media recognition in her home country of The US was in the early to mid 1970s when she was with The Three Degrees and when they had released their album called The Three Degrees, which included their most famous international hit song When Will I See You Again.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Sheila Diana Ferguson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Despite attending more than 10 schools as a child, she was academically gifted and had originally wanted to become a psychologist. A teenage crush on the singer Marvin Gaye led her to try her hand at singing in the hope that, by doing so, she would be able to meet him. She achieved this dream some time later when, appearing at the Apollo Theater, she talked to Gaye in his dressing room.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: While at high school, Ferguson was introduced by her teacher to Richard Barrett, who had previously been a singer with a group called The Valentines, and later had gone on to become a manager. Barrett placed Ferguson's first single, "Little Red Riding Hood/How Did That Happen" with Landa Records,#706. Subsequently signed to Swan Records, Ferguson also recorded the first two songs she wrote herself "I Weep for You" and "Don't Leave Me Lover" out of three solo singles for the label during 1965.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Other solo songs she recorded were "How Did That Happen", written by Ugene Dozier , "And in Return" and "Are You Satisfied", written by General Johnson (later to become known to the world as the lead singer of Chairmen of the Board).


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson recorded two up-tempo numbers written for her by a talented up and coming songwriter by the name of Leon Huff. Huff would later team up with the gifted and prolific Kenny Gamble to form the legendary Philadelphia International Records. These were "Heartbroken Memories" and "Signs of Love".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Although Barrett signed Ferguson as a solo artist, he was already in the process of creating a group called The Three Degrees with the line up of Fayette Pinkney, Shirley Porter and Linda Turner. By 1966, the line up had changed to be Fayette Pinkney, Helen Scott and Janet Harmon. However, Scott announced she would be leaving the group in order to get married. Having previously appeared with the group as a cover when one of the girls fell ill, Ferguson was asked by Pinkney and Harmon to become a permanent member. In 1967, Harmon left the group and was replaced by Valerie Holiday. Barrett signed them to several record labels, and by 1970, they were signed to Roulette Records and released their first album "Maybe", the title song of which reached #4 in the US R&B charts. The singles "I Do Take You" and "You're the Fool" followed as well as second album "So Much Love".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1971, the group appeared in the Oscar-winning film "The French Connection" singing "Everybody Gets to Go to the Moon", and in 1973, they appeared in the sitcom "Sanford and Son".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: It was during this year that The Three Degrees enjoyed their greatest success when signed by Philadelphia International Records and working with Gamble and Huff. Their first song under this label was "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)", which was the theme song for "Soul Train". Under this label the group began to tour internationally. The self-titled "The Three Degrees" was released in 1973 and yielded hits such as "Dirty Ol' Man" (which went to #13 in the UK Singles Chart) and "Year of Decision" (which went to gold in the Netherlands and Belgium).


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: However, the subsequent release of "When Will I See You Again" ensured international recognition when the song became #1 in the UK charts for two weeks in August 1974 (the first time this had been achieved by an all female group since The Supremes). Following an appearance on "Top of the Pops", other countries followed suit and "When Will I See You Again" did extremely well worldwide reaching #2 in the U.S. where it sold over two million copies and earned the group a gold record in 1974.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: The group recorded two live albums in 1975 and a further studio album "The Three Degrees International". This album was called "Take Good Care of Yourself" in the UK, the title song of which reached the top 10 in the same country. The album itself reached #6 in the UK Albums Chart.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1976, they released the album "A Toast of Love" (for the Far East market), the title song of which was released internationally. This was the year that Fayette Pinkney left and was replaced by former member Helen Scott. They then released "Standing Up for Love", an album, in 1977.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1978 and 1979, they released two disco-styled albums "New Dimensions" and "3D". From these albums. they had four top 20 hits in the UK with "Givin' Up, Givin' In", "Woman in Love", "The Runner" (co-written by Ferguson) and "My Simple Heart". They also released "A Collection of Their 20 Greatest Hits", a compilation album.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: The group performed at Prince Charles' 30th birthday party, and in 1979, filmed their own TV special "The Three Degrees at The Royal Albert Hall" with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1980 they released "Gold", another compilation album, which reached the top 10 in the UK Album Charts, and in 1982, they recorded a TV show for the BBC ("Take Three Degrees"), performing their greatest hits. They then released two albums "Album of Love" and "Live in the UK". The single "Liar", co-written by Ferguson, was released. and in 1985, they released "The Heaven I Need" and "This Is The House", produced by Stock, Aitken and Waterman.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson left The Three Degrees in 1986 as a result of wanting to spend more time being a mother to take care of her very young daughters of the time. Sheila had mentioned in a 2006 interview that after she gave birth to her daughters, she was still singing and touring with The Three Degrees, but it caused her to limit her availability to her daughters and whenever she came home from her singing projects and tours, her daughters were noticeably clinging onto The Nanny instead of her realizing her long absences from home have caused her daughters to become emotionally distant from her, which she then made the ultimate decision to leave the group to spend more time being a mother taking care of her daughters. In addition, in the 2006 interview, which separately featured Sheila and Valerie Holiday (other Three Degrees member) in the interview, it was revealed that in 1986 Sheila called the other members of Three Degrees on a phone call to inform she was leaving the group and both Sheila and Valerie claimed on their own ends that the phone call conversation ended very abruptly and Valerie commented she was very upset feeling this conversation should have been in person and not on a phone call and commented that it was very difficult finding someone to replace Sheila in the group, which eventually they did find a new member for the group, but Valerie Holiday permanently took over Sheila's former spot as the lead singer of the group and has been in this current role since Sheila's departure. Since then, Sheila has had very limited contact with The Three Degrees and Sheila has never made any public appearances with The Three Degrees. Though in a 2011 interview with The Three Degrees on the British TV show, Lorraine, they mentioned that because they and Ferguson are from their home city of Philadelphia, they sometimes come back to their home city to visit family and friends and at times Ferguson and The Three Degrees members may encounter each other, but very often their encounters with Sheila Ferguson are only for very short brief moments and one of the members Helen Scott had mentioned their occasional encounters with Sheila Ferguson is like ships that pass in the night. Although Sheila no longer has any professional relational encounters with The Three Degrees, she still from time to time will perform famous hit songs that she originally recorded and sang with The Three Degrees such as When Will I See You Again, Dirty Ol Man, Year Of Decision, Woman In Love, Giving Up Giving In, Take Good Care Of Yourself and etc. More often she will sing When Will I See You Again whenever she performs any of the famous hit songs that she originally sang and recorded with The Three Degrees.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1994, Ferguson appeared as a solo artist in the UK Singles Chart with her remake of the Three Degrees' hit "When Will I See You Again". It spent one week in that listing at #60.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 2004, Ferguson released her debut solo album "A New Kind of Medicine". She is also a lead on the original cast recording of "Always" and recorded two other albums "Misty Blue...and More" and "Songs from Oh! What a Night".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She featured in Star Alliance's recording of "He's a Runner" in 2006 and recorded "Fool of the Year" for the album "Disco 2008", produced by Ian Levine.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson has performed in multiple soul legend tours and appeared as the Acid Queen at the 50th anniversary of The Who at the O2 Shepherd's Bush Empire in November 2014.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She starred in "David Gest's (I've Had) the Time of My Life Tour!" across September and October 2015, culminating in a performance at the Connaught Rooms, London, followed by performing at "The Legends of Soul Weekender" with Mary Wilson, Thelma Houston, Gwen Dickey and Jaki Graham in Skegness.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In June 2016, Ferguson performed in a series of soul gigs ("A Night of Soul") in Cyprus with Andy Abraham.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Her first musical was "Always" in 1997 at the Victoria Palace, London, which also starred Shani Wallis. She then starred in "Soul Train (The Musical)", "Oh What a Night", playing Roxia, and "Thoroughly Modern Millie (musical)", playing Muzzy Van Hossmere.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 2005, Ferguson starred in the premiere of the West End musical "Behind the Iron Mask" at the Duchess Theatre and then toured in "Hot Flush", a musical based on the menopause. In 2008, she starred in "Sister Act-Songs from the Film".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 2010, Ferguson joined the cast of the Irish National Tour of "Fame the Musical" playing the strict head teacher Miss Sherman.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Most recently she starred in the West End musical celebration "Respect La Diva" at the Garrick Theatre and in "Daddy Cool" as Pearl.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson also appeared as the Fairy Godmother and Wicked Queen in numerous pantomimes, including "Dick Whittington", "Cinderella", "Aladdin", and "Beauty and the Beast".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: From December 2012 to January 2013, Ferguson appeared in "Cinderella" at the Nottingham Theatre Royal as the Fairy Godmother, a role she reprised at the Theatre Royal Norwich from December 2013 to January 2014. She then starred as the Wicked Queen in "Beauty and the Beast" at the Theatre Royal, Windsor from December 2014 to January 2015, followed by appearing as the Fairy Godmother in "Cinderella" at The Sands Centre, Carlisle in December 2015.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson headlined Ipswich Regent Theatre's pantomime, playing the Wicked Fairy in "Sleeping Beauty" from December 2016 to January 2017. In February of 2022, she announced she would be casting in the musical, Chicago.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson is the first and only black woman to star in her own sitcom in the UK. She played the lead role in the TV sitcom "Land of Hope and Gloria", which ran for six episodes in 1992 and was her first acting venture. She also wrote and sang the title song for the series. Although a second series was planned, the idea was shelved after the death of co-star Joan Sanderson.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She has appeared in the British sitcom "Desmond's", playing nightclub owner Rochelle Jackson, and the British soap opera "Brookside", playing Susan Robinson.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson was a panelist in Les Dawson's first hosting of the quiz show "Blankety Blank" in 1984 and has appeared on the TV show "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" several times, three times as a panelist and once dressed as a pirate in the celebrity line up. She also appeared on "Comic Relief in Da Bungalow".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 2004 Ferguson was a contestant on the fourth series of "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!", followed by being a contestant in the first series of "Celebrity MasterChef" in 2006. In May 2011m she starred in the second series of Channel 4s "Celebrity Five Go To", in which the celebrities visited South Africa.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She has appeared as a celebrity contestant on "The Weakest Link", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" and "Pointless Celebrities" (in both 2013 and 2014).


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson appeared in the second BBC series of "The Real Marigold Hotel," and spent a month in India with seven other celebrities.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson presented the documentary "The Philadelphia Records Story" for Smooth FM in the UK on March 22, 2009.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: On April 11, 2012, Ferguson co-hosted Newcastle-based charity, Toma Fund's Eurovision Reunited event..


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: In 1989, Ferguson published a cook book inspired by recipes from her African American background, "Soul Food: Classic Cuisine from the Deep South". She is the first African American in England to ever publish a cookbook related to Soul food.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She was awarded an Ethnic Minority Business Foundation national achievement award by the Bank of England and its Governor Eddie George in 1999 and was awarded the City of Compton California Book Award for her book "Soul Food: Classic Cuisine from the Deep South".


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson is a patron of the theatre charity The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and has long been a supporter of the Combined Theatrical Charities taking part in the launch of its "Acting for Others" campaign in 2003. She has been a patron of the national parenting charity, Parentalk, from 1997, raising over £70K for the charity through celebrity appearances. She is also a supporter of WaterAid and appeared in the 2014 "To Be a Girl" campaign.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: She has appeared on two charity singles, "It's a Live-In World" for the Anti Heroin Project in 1986, and "Give Give Give" produced by Paul Hardcastle under the title "Disco Aid" in 1986, followed by a re-production by Stock, Aitken & Waterman under the title "Dance Aid" in 1987 to support multiple sclerosis research.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: Ferguson has been an active supporter of artists rights through her membership and work for both the Phonographic Performance Ltd and the Performing Rights Society. The board of PPL voted unanimously to make Ferguson a Lifetime Guardian Member of the organisation after merging with the Performing Artists Media Rights Organisation (of which she was a founder member on the original board) in 2006. She has been an Equity (trade union) Councillor and an events speaker at and on behalf of Equity. Ferguson has also been a judge at the Race in Media Awards on several occasions.


title: Sheila Ferguson

text: After marrying property businessman Chris Robinson in 1980, Ferguson settled in Bray, Berkshire. Ferguson and Robinson had twin daughters, Alicia and Alexandria, before divorcing in 2004. From sometime in 2005 until 2010, she had temporarily resided in Mallorca with her partner Jonathan Curry who was a theatre technician and was roughly 20 years her junior, but because of his sudden death from health complications in 2010, she has since then resettled back entirely in England and has remained mainly single since then. She has commented in some interviews that because her encounter with Prince Charles back in the 1970s, which created media attention in England, this lasting media impression made it difficult for her to find new relationships after her divorce.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: Dito Telecommunity Corporation (stylized as DITO), formerly known as Mindanao Islamic Telephone Company, Inc. or Mislatel is a telecommunications company in the Philippines which is also engaged in the business of multimedia and information technology. It is a consortium of Davao businessman Dennis Uy's Udenna Corporation (through its subsidiary Dito CME Holdings Corporation), and Chinese state-owned China Telecommunications Corporation, a parent company of China Telecom.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: The consortium is known as the sole winner of the government-sanctioned bidding that would allow the consortium to become the third major telecommunications provider in the Philippines challenging the duopoly of PLDT and Globe Telecom. Dito CME Holdings Corporation (a publicly listed firm also owned by Uy), meanwhile, has an "indirect ownership" in the telco.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: Dito Telecommunity began its commercial operations on March 8, 2021. As of August 2022, Dito's total mobile subscriber base reached 12 million. Dito gave out a free data allocation of 1 gigabyte for each subscriber when it hit a million customers three months after its official rollout.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: The Dito Telecommunity's history can be traced back to the establishment of Mindanao Islamic Telephone Company, Inc. (Mislatel), which is enacted by Congressional legislation on April 19, 1998, under Republic Act No. 8627 allowing the franchise to construct, install, establish, operate and maintain a telecommunication system throughout the Philippines.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: In 2018, it was announced that Mislatel was one of the telecommunication firms to join the government-sanctioned bidding allowing the winner to become the third major telco provider in the Philippines challenging the duopoly of PLDT and Globe. Mislatel became a joint-consortium between Udenna Corporation, its subsidiary Chelsea Logistics, and Chinese state-owned and a parent company of China Telecom, China Telecommunications Corporation. The consortium was finally named as the "provisional third major player" by the NTC, beating out two other firms, Sear Telecom consortium and PT&T in the bidding.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: The Senate and the House of Representatives approved the transfer of ownership of Mislatel to the latter's consortium. In June 2019, the consortium's stakeholders completed a share-purchase agreement with Mislatel, and were then awaiting their permit to operate, tentatively by July 2019.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: The consortium paid a ₱25.7 billion performance bond to the government as it committed to provide internet service with a speed of 200 megabits per second to more than a third of the population on its first year of operation.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On July 8, 2019, Mislatel was renamed as Dito Telecommunity. "Dito" was derived from the Filipino word for "here", which is a response to the stakeholders' question on where they plan to set up a firm that would provide a "world class service" with "here" referring to the Philippines, the country where Dito Telecommunity is based in.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: At the same date of the announcement of the company's renaming, Dito Telecommunity was granted its permit to operate after Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte awarded the Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity by the National Telecommunications Commission to its chairman Dennis Uy during a ceremony at the Presidential Palace, Malacañang.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On September 6, 2019, Dito announced its plans to build its own campus on an lot at Clark Global City. The campus will house the company's own data center and will hold Dito's operational departments, network operations center, servecall center, and regional center. It will also serve as the hub for Dito's research and development in the telecommunications space. Dito began the construction of its campus on April 13, 2021.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: In October 2019, Dito signed separate deals with Lopez-owned Sky Cable Corporation and politician Luis Chavit Singson's LCS Group. Under the deal with LCS Group, Dito will lease the shared telco towers that LCS had already build in several areas. While on the other hand of the deal with Sky Cable, Dito will utilize the latter's unused fiber-optic cables in Metro Manila.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: By March 2020, two months ahead of schedule, the first domestic and international calls from the company's network were made. On July 18, 2020, the company had its technical launch. The technical launch means that the Dito network will be ready for technical audits from the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC). The company passed its first technical audit in February 2021. As of September 2020, Dito has completed 859 cell sites out of the planned 1,600 sites that will cover 37% of the population.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On February 23, 2021, Dito and PLDT signed an interconnection deal to enable subscribers from the two companies to communicate in their respective networks. Dito and Globe Telecom also signed an interconnetion deal on February 24, 2021.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: The company began its commercial operations on March 8, 2021, in select 15 selected areas in Visayas and Mindanao particularly in Metro Cebu and Metro Davao. Dito decided to focus on the rollout of its mobile services first. Dito had offered the 4G LTE first before moving to 5G technology in 2021.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On April 16, 2021, Dito expanded its services to select areas in Luzon provinces, initially in five provinces covering a total of 18 cities and municipalities.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On May 17, 2021, Dito service became available in Metro Manila. On May 18, 2021, President Duterte signed Republic Act No. 11537 which renewed Dito's license for another 25 years. The law granted Dito a franchise to construct, establish, install, maintain and operate wire and/or wireless telecommunications systems in the Philippines. On May 26, 2021, Dito selected Nokia to deploy its 5G services in Mindanao.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On June 29, 2021, Dito announced that it has partnered with non-banking financial firm M Lhuillier to expand the reach of the former's products and services nationwide.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: By 2022, Dito intends to offer high-speed broadband internet service. Additionally, the company has prioritized Mindanao and the Visayas for the commercial launch of their upcoming broadband services. But on February 28, 2022, Dito launches its pilot broadband in Metro Manila instead.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: As of July 1, 2022, the service is currently available in 53 out of 81 provinces in the country: 29 in Luzon, nine in Visayas and 15 in Mindanao.


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On August 8, 2022, Dito Telecommunity filed a complaint against duopolies Globe Telecom and Smart Communications at the Philippine Competition Commission for an alleged "anti-competitive practices" and "abuse of market dominance".


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: On August 9, 2022, Globe Telecom has asked the National Telecommunications Commission to pay the interconnection penalty of to Dito Telecommunity for "breach of agreement".


title: Dito Telecommunity

text: DITO is the first commercial network in the Philippines to launch 5G in Standalone Mode (SA 5G) and will soon launch Voice over NR (VoNR) Services.


title: The Golden Notebook

text: The Golden Notebook is a 1962 novel by the British writer Doris Lessing. Like her two books that followed, it enters the realm of what Margaret Drabble in "The Oxford Companion to English Literature" called Lessing's "inner space fiction"; her work that explores mental and societal breakdown. The novel contains anti-war and anti-Stalinist messages, an extended analysis of communism and the Communist Party in England from the 1930s to the 1950s, and an examination of the budding sexual revolution and women's liberation movements.


title: The Golden Notebook

text: In 2005, "TIME" magazine called "The Golden Notebook" one of the 100 best English-language novels since 1923. It has been translated into a number of other languages, including French, Polish, Italian, Swedish, Hungarian, and Hebrew.


title: The Golden Notebook

text: "The Golden Notebook" is the story of writer Anna Wulf, the four notebooks in which she records her life, and her attempt to tie them together in a fifth, gold-coloured notebook.


title: The Golden Notebook

text: The book intersperses segments of an ostensibly realistic narrative of the lives of Anna and her friend Molly Jacobs as well as their children, ex-husbands and lovers—entitled "Free Women"—with excerpts from Anna's four notebooks, coloured black (of Anna's experience in Southern Rhodesia, before and during World War II, which inspired her own best-selling novel), red (of her experience as a member of the Communist Party), yellow (an ongoing novel that is being written based on the painful ending of Anna's own love affair), and blue (Anna's personal journal where she records her memories, dreams, and emotional life).


title: The Golden Notebook

text: Each notebook is returned to four times, interspersed with episodes from "Free Women", creating non-chronological, overlapping sections that interact with one another. This post-modern styling, with its space for "play" engaging the characters and readers, is among the most famous features of the book, although Lessing insisted that readers and reviewers pay attention to the serious themes in the novel.


title: The Golden Notebook

text: Lessing, in her preface, claimed that the most important theme in the novel is fragmentation; the mental breakdown that Anna suffers, perhaps from the compartmentalization of her life reflected in the division of the four notebooks but also reflecting the fragmentation of society. Anna's relationship and attempt to draw everything together in the golden notebook at the end of the novel are both the final stage of her intolerable mental breakdown, and her attempt to overcome the fragmentation and madness.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod ( and Malayalam: , English: "Kassergode", Tulu: "Kasrod", Arabic: "Harkwillia") is one of the 14 districts in the southern Indian state of Kerala. Its northern border Thalappady is located just 10 km south to Ullal, which is the southernmost portion of the major port city Mangalore, on the southwestern Malabar coast of India.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod is the northernmost district of Kerala and is also known as "Saptha Bhasha Sangama Bhoomi" (The land of seven languages) as seven languages namely, Malayalam, Tulu, Kannada, Marathi, Konkani, Beary, and Urdu are spoken, unlike the other districts of Kerala.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The district is situated on the rich biodiversity of Western Ghats. It was a part of the Kannur district of Kerala until 24 May 1984. The district is bounded by Dakshina Kannada district to the north, Western Ghats to the northeast, Kodagu district to the southeast, Kannur district to the south, and Arabian Sea to the west. Kasaragod district has the maximum number of rivers in Kerala - 12.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod town is located on the estuary where the Chandragiri River, which is also the longest river in the district, empties into Arabian Sea. Kasaragod is home to several forts which include Arikady fort, Bekal Fort, Chandragiri Fort, and Hosdurg Fort (Puthiyakotta Fort). Bekal Fort is also the largest fort in Kerala. The historic hill of Ezhimala is located on the southern portion of Kavvayi Backwaters of Nileshwaram. Talakaveri, which is home to Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary where the 805 km long Kaveri River originates, is located closer to Ranipuram in Kerala-Karnataka border. Robert Caldwell describes the extent of Malayalam in the late 19th century as extending from Chandragiri fort and Chandragiri river in the north to Neyyar river beyond Thiruvanantapuram in the south.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name "Kanhirakode" (meaning, 'The land of "Kanhira" Trees') in Malayalam. "Kasaragod" is the Kannada version of "Kanhirakode".


title: Kasaragod district

text: Tulunad, where Tulu is traditionally spoken, is said to be bound on the south by the Chandragiri river and fort, thus including Kasaragod city within the Tulunad region. Historian N. Shyam Bhat states that at present, the Tulu country can linguistically be said to extend to the south up to the river Chandragiri or Payaswini, and culturally up to the Kavvayi river in the south, as the region between the Chandragiri and Kavai (Kavvayi) rivers presents the characteristics of a twilight zone between the Malayalam and Tulu speaking countries.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The Ancient Tamil Works of Sangam Age records that the area covering the district was part of Puzhinadu, which consists of the coastal belt from Kozhikode to Mangalore. Politically the area was part of the Ezhimala Kingdom with its Capital at Ezhimala in present day Kannur district. The most famous King of Ezhimala was Nannan whose kingdom extended up to Gudalur and northern parts of Coimbatore. Poozhinad, along with Karkanad which included the eastern regions of Ezhimala dynasty (Wayanad-Gudalur region with some portions of Kodagu), had its capital at Ezhimala. The


title: Kasaragod district

text: Mooshaka Kings were considered descendants of Nannan. By the 14th century, Mooshaka Kingdom was known as Kolathirinad and the Rulers as Kolathiris.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Netravati River (Mangalore) in the north to Korapuzha (Kozhikode) in the south with Arabian Sea on the west and Kodagu hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of Lakshadweep in Arabian Sea.


title: Kasaragod district

text: "Ramacharitam", probably the oldest literary work written in Old Malayalam, which dates back to the 12th century CE, is thought to have been written in Kasargod district as its manuscripts were discovered from Nileshwaram and the poem mentions about Ananthapura Lake Temple in Kumbla in detail. Kasaragod was known to the Arabs by the name "Harkwillia". Malik Dinar Mosque at Kasaragod town is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent. According to "Qissat Shakarwati Farmad", the "Masjids" at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest "Masjid"s in the Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Many Arab travelers visiting Kerala between the 9th and the 14th centuries visited Kasaragod, being an important trade centre then. Duarte Barbosa, a Portuguese traveler who visited Kumbla, near Kasargod in 1514 recorded that rice being exported for coir to Maldives. According to Barbosa, the people in the southwestern Malabar coast of India from Chandragiri in the north to Kanyakumari in the south spoke a unique language, which they called as "Maliama" (Malayalam).


title: Kasaragod district

text: Until the 16th century CE, Kasargod town was known by the name "Kanhirakode" (may be by the meaning, 'The land of "Kanhira" Trees') in Malayalam. The Kumbla dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern Tulu Nadu wedged between Chandragiri River and Netravati River (including present-day Taluks of Manjeshwar and Kasaragod) from "Maipady Palace" at Kumbla, had also been vassals to the Kolathunadu kingdom of North Malabar, before the Carnatic conquests of Vijayanagara Empire. The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of Malayali Nairs and Tuluva Brahmins. They also claimed their origin from Cheraman Perumals of Kerala. Francis Buchanan-Hamilton states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary Malayali kings.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The Kolathiri Dominion emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., Kadathanadu (Vadakara), Randathara or Poyanad (Dharmadom), Kottayam (Thalassery), Nileshwaram, Iruvazhinadu (Panoor), Kurumbranad etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions. Many portions of the present-day Hosdurg taluk (Kanhangad) and Vellarikundu were parts of the Nileshwaram dynasty, who were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as Zamorin of Calicut, in the early medieval period. The areas north to the Chandragiri river (present-day Taluks of Manjeshwaram and Kasaragod) were ruled by the Kumbala dynasty. According to local legends, the region between Talapadi and Kavvayi rivers which constituted the erstwhile Kasaragod taluk, consisted of 32 Tulu and 32 Malayalam villages.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kannada kingdoms focused on Kasaragod in the 16th century CE. The Vijayanagara empire attacked and annexed Kasaragod from the Kolathiri Raja with Nileshwaram as one of the capital in the 16th century. During the decline of the Vijayanagara empire, the administration of this area was vested with Ikkeri Nayakas. At the onset of collapse of the Vijayanagara empire, "Venkappa Nayaka" declared independence to Ikkery. Kumbla, Chandragiri, and Bekal are considered to be the chain of forts constructed or renovated by Shivappa Nayaka.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The Chandragiri Fort is built on the southern bank of the estuary of Chandragiri River, just opposite to Kasaragod town. The Bekal Fort at Bekal, Pallikkara, which is situated in the midway between Kasaragod and Kanhangad, and is also largest fort in Kerala, was built in 1650 by Shivappa Nayaka of Keladi.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Francis Buchanan, the family doctor of Arthur Wellesley, visited Kasaragod in 1800. In his travelogue, he recorded information on places like Athiraparambu, Kavvai, Nileshwaram, Bekal, Chandragiri and Manjeshwar. Hosdurg and Vellarikundu is part of Kolathunadu (south of Chandragiri river) and Kasargod and Manjeshwaram is in the Tulu Nadu region (north of Chandragiri river). On 19 January 1801, Francis speaks of visiting a Siva temple at Pulla (Pallikere), beyond which, the country rises into open rising lands, all the way to Chandragiri river and Chandragiri fort, which he describes as the northern border of the Malayala. He says that the country on the north of the Chandragiri fort and river is called by Hindus as Tuluva, the Tulu country. According to Stuart (1895) “The Kasargod taluk originally formed the southern portion of the ancient Tulua kingdom and was separated from the kingdom of Kerala by the Chandragiri river which was formerly called “Perumpula”; the river on which the fort stands is shallow but very wide and formed the southern boundary of the ancient Tulva kingdom. The nayars and the other females of the Kasargod taluk of south Canara, are prohibited from crossing the river.” In 1763, Hyder Ali raided Bedanoor (Bidnur), the capital of the Ikkery Naiks. His son Tippu Sultan raided much of Malabar region in Kerala. As per the of 1792, Tippu surrendered Malabar, except Kanara to the British. The British occupied Kanara only after the death of Tippu Sultan. it is said that "Kinavoor Molom" (Sree Dharma Shashtha Temple) is belonging to "Karinthalam" (one of 64 Brahmin villages in old Kerala).


title: Kasaragod district

text: Before the formation of Kerala, Kasargod was a part of South Canara district of erstwhile Madras Presidency. Initially South Canara was included in the Bombay presidency. Later on 16 April 1862, South Canara was transferred to Madras Presidency and Kasaragod taluk was formed by replacing the erstwhile Bekal taluk. However, in the 19th century CE, Kasargod Taluk witnessed many struggles to separate the region from South Canara and to merge it with the Malabar District as it was the only Malayalam-majority region in South Canara. Kasaragod was the second-most populated Taluk in South Canara only after to Mangalore taluk, and also the second-largest Taluk. Kasargod became a part of Kannur district of Kerala following the reorganization of states and the formation of Kerala on 1 November 1956. Later Kasargod was divided into two Taluks for the ease of administration - Kasargod and Hosdurg. Kasargod was declared a district in 1984. The inclusion of Kasaragod with Kerala has been a contentious issue as there is a sizeable population that speaks Tulu and Kannada. At the time of 1951 Census of India, only 72.0% of the district's population chose their mother tongue as Malayalam. 14.2% chose Tulu and 6.3% chose Kannada. But it is noted that as per the 2011 census report only 8.8% and 4.2% of the total population in the district speak Tulu and Kannada respectively as their mother tongue. In 2012, the Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under the leadership the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up special package for the district. In 2013, two more Taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The district is the northernmost district of the State of Kerala. Kasargod is located at . It has an average elevation of 19  metres (62  feet). Ranipuram or Madathumala (1016m) peak is the highest peak in the Kasargod district of Kerala, located in the Ranipuram Wildlife Sanctuary.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod district has the largest number of rivers in Kerala - 12. All of them are west-flowing rivers. The longest of them is Chandragiri River (105 km long). Kasaragod town is located on the estuary of Chandragiri river. It empties into the Arabian Sea at Thalangara. The Chandragiri Fort is built on its bank. The river originates at Pattimala in Kodagu (Coorg). The smallest river of Kerala is also in the district.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasargod district consists of two revenue subdivisions- Kasargod and Kanhangad. For sake of rural administration, 38 Gram Panchayats are combined in 6 Blocks, which together form the Kasargod District Panchayat. For the sake of urban administration, 3 municipal towns are there.


title: Kasaragod district

text: For the representation of Kasargod in Kerala Legislative Assembly, there are 5 assembly constituencies. These are included in the Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency).


title: Kasaragod district

text: Manjeshwaram and Kasargod subdistricts (Taluks) are included in the Kasaragod revenue subdivision whereas the remaining two Taluks are included in the Kanhangad subdivision.


title: Kasaragod district

text: The National Highway 66 which connects the western coast of India from Mumbai to Kanyakumari passes through coastal area of the district connecting the major coastal towns of Manjeshwar, Uppala, Kumbla, Kasaragod, Udma, Bekal, Kanhangad, Nileshwaram, and Thrikaripur. It enters the district at Thalappady and goes out through Payyanur. There are State highways starting/ending at Kasaragod and Kanhangad. Total length of Major District Road (MDR) is around 1460 km and it accounts for around 11.2 km of MDR for every 10,000 people in the district. The Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) has stations to operate its service in the district. The railway goes through coastal area. Kasaragod railway station lies in Palakkad railway division of southern zone on Mangalore-Shoranur line. Kasaragod district is home to 3 out of 13 minor ports in Kerala- Manjeshwar, Kasaragod, and Nileshwaram. The nearest international airports are situated at Mangalore (65 km away) and Kannur (110 km away).


title: Kasaragod district

text: According to the 2018 Vital Statistics published by the Government of Kerala, Kasargod district has a population of 1,390,894, roughly equal to the nation of Trinidad and Tobago or the US state of New Hampshire. The 2011 Census of India, gives the district a ranking of 375th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001–2011 was 8.18%. Kasaragod has a sex ratio of 1080 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 90.09%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 4.08% and 3.74% of the population respectively. The Kerala Tulu Academy, which promotes Tulu language and literature, is functioned at Hosangadi in district.


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod district majorly consists of Malayalam speakers who form 82.69% of the population. Tulu and Kannada speakers concentrated in the Northern parts of the district like Manjeshwar, Uppala, Enmakaje, Badiyadka, Kumbla and Seethangoli form a significant linguistic minority with 8.77% and 4.23% each. Other languages spoken here include Marathi (1.76%) and Konkani (1.29%).


title: Kasaragod district

text: Kasaragod district is the northernmost district of Kerala, which is far away from Thiruvananthapuram, the state headquarters, which is located in the southernmost tip of state. Manjeshwaram town is located about 600 km north of the state headquarters Thiruvananthapuram, about 30 km south of Mangalore, about 350 km west of Bangalore, the headquarters of the neighbouring state Karnataka, and about 950 km south of Mumbai city. In 2012, the Second Oommen Chandy ministry appointed a commission under the leadership of the former Chief Secretary P. Prabhakaran to study about the backwardness and issues faced by this northernmost district of Kerala and to draw up a special package for the district. In 2013, two more taluks, namely Manjeshwaram and Vellarikundu were formed in the district. Before it the district had only two Taluks. The decision to implement a gas-based powerplant at Cheemeni was taken by the second Chandy government. A government medical college was allowed for Kasaragod district, as a part of the government's new policy to establish at ensure availability of at least one Government Medical College in all the 14 districts of the state in 2013.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: 1. Fußballclub Lokomotive Leipzig e.V. is a German football club based in the locality of Probstheida in the Südost borough of Leipzig, Saxony. The club may be more familiar to many of the country's football fans as the historic side VfB Leipzig the first national champion of Germany. It has also been known as SC Leipzig. The club won five titles in FDGB-Pokal and the 1965–66 Intertoto Cup during the East German era. It also finished runner-up in the 1986–87 European Cup Winners' Cup. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was renamed VfB Leipzig after German re-unification and managed to qualify for the Bundesliga in 1993. However, like many clubs of the former DDR-Oberliga, VfB Leipzig faced hard times in re-unified Germany and a steady decline soon followed. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was refounded in 2003 and has reclimbed through divisions since then. The team competes in the fourth tier Regionalliga Nordost as of 2021. The "1." in front of the club's name indicates that it was the first to be founded in the city.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig claims to be the successor to the VfB Leipzig and SC Sportbrüder Leipzig established in 1896 and 1893 respectively, and to be, therefore, one of the oldest clubs of the German Football Association. However, they are not nominally successors. In 2018, 1. FC Lokomotive announced a merger with the formally extant, but bankrupt and dormant VfB Leipzig, in order to be entitled to the forerunner's titles. Due to the significant breaks and turmoils in the club history, especially during the post-World War II era, many fans identify 1966 as the year of establishment rather than 1893.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: The club was formed as VfB Leipzig on 13 May 1896 out of the football department of gymnastics club Allgemeine Turnverein 1845 Leipzig. However, the club lay claim to an earlier date of origin by reaching back to a club that was merged with VfB Leipzig in 1898, the SC Sportbrüder Leipzig, which was one of four football clubs formed in Leipzig in 1893.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: Following the merger with SC Sportbrüder Leipzig, the club competed under the name VfB Sportbrüder 1893 Leipzig. VfB Sportbrüder 1893 Leipzig was one of the original 86 teams that came together in the city on 28 January 1900 to form the German Football Association (DFB). From 2 May 1900, the Sportbrüder 1893 part of the name was dropped and the team became again known as VfB Leipzig.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: VfB Leipzig were immediately successful at their chosen sport and made their way to the first German national championship final held in 1903. Their opponents were DFC Prag, a German-Jewish side from Prague, which was then part of Austria-Hungary. The DFB had invited "German" clubs of this sort from other countries in order to boost numbers in their new national association.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: DFC Prag had made their way to the final under circumstances that had allowed them to avoid playing a single playoff match, while VfB Leipzig had come through some hard-fought matches. Arriving in Hamburg for the match, the heavily favoured Pragers took themselves off on an ill-advised pub crawl the night before the contest and so arrived to the pitch in less than ideal match-shape. The contest against was delayed half an hour as officials scrambled to find a football that was in good condition. The host, FC 93 Altona Hamburg, provided a new ball and 11 minutes in, DFC Prag scored the first goal. At the end of the first half, the score stood at 1–1, but VfB Leipzig then pulled away to emerge as the first winners of the Viktoria Meisterschaftstrophäe ("Victoria Championship Trophy"), representative of German football supremacy, on the strength of a decisive 7–2 victory.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: VfB Leipzig played themselves into another final appearance in 1904, but the match was never contested. A protest by FV Karlsruhe over their disputed semi-final with Britannia Berlin was never resolved and the DFB called off the final only hours before its scheduled start. There would be no champion that year. The following season, VfB Leipzig found themselves unable to cover the expense of travelling to participate in their scheduled first-round playoff match and so were eliminated from that year's competition. However, they did go on to raise the Viktoria again in 1906 and 1913 and also played in the 1911 and 1914 finals.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: In the period leading up to World War II, VfB Leipzig was unable to repeat their early success. Gyula Kertész coached the side from 1932-33.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: After the re-organization of German football leagues under the Third Reich in 1933, the club found itself in Gauliga Sachsen, 1 of 16 upper-tier divisions. While they earned strong results within their own division, they were unable to advance in the playoff rounds. In 1937, they captured the Tschammerpokal, known today as the DFB-Pokal, in a match against Schalke 04, the dominant side of the era.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: The club, like most other organizations in Germany, including sports and football clubs, was dissolved by the occupying Allied authorities in the aftermath of the war. Club members reconstituted the team in 1946 as SG Probstheida under the auspices of the occupying Soviets. After playing as BSG Erich Zeigner Probstheida and then BSG Einheit Ost, the club merged with sports club SC Rotation Leipzig in 1954 and played in the DDR-Oberliga, East Germany's top-flight league, but earned only mediocre results. In 1963, the city of Leipzig's two most important sports clubs – SC Rotation and SC Lokomotive Leipzig – were merged, resulting in two new sides being founded: SC Leipzig and BSG Chemie Leipzig.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: East German football went through a general re-organization in 1965, creating football clubs as centres of high-level football, during which the football department of SC Leipzig was separated from the sports club and reformed into football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, while rivals Chemie Leipzig continued as a Betriebssportgemeinschaft (BSG), or a corporate team. Like most East German clubs, it was assigned to a publicly owned enterprise as its "sponsor". In the case of Lokomotive, the providing enterprise was Deutsche Reichsbahn—the East German state railways—hence the name. The club's fortunes improved somewhat as they almost always finished well up the league table, but they were unable to capture the top honour in the DDR (German: Deutsche Demokratische Republik or German Democratic Republic) with losing final appearances in 1967, 1986, and 1988.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: "Lok" earned a clutch of East German Cups "(FDGB Pokal)" with victories in 1976, 1981, 1986 and 1987 against failed appearances in the Cup final in 1970, 1973 and 1977. They also won the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1966 and made an appearance in the 1987 final of the European Cup Winners' Cup, falling 0–1 to Johan Cruyff's Ajax after a Marco van Basten goal.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: The re-unification in 1990 was followed by the merger of the football leagues of the two Germanies a year later. A poor season led to a seventh-place finish in the transitional league, but an unexpectedly strong playoff propelled the club into the 2. Bundesliga.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: 1. FC Lokomotive made a grasp at their former glory by re-claiming the name VfB Leipzig. A third-place finish in 1993 advanced the team to the top-flight Bundesliga, where they finished last in the 1994 season. The new VfB began a steady slide down through the 2. Bundesliga into the Regionalliga Nordost (III) by 1998 and then further still to the NOFV-Oberliga Süd (IV) by 2001. They were bankrupted in 2004, their results were annulled and the club was dissolved.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: In late 2003, the club was re-established by a group of fans as 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. The renewed side had to start in the lowest league eleventh-tier 3. Kreisklasse, Staffel 2 in 2004–05. Even so, they continued to receive solidly enthusiastic fan support: their match against Eintracht Großdeuben's second team in the Leipzig Zentralstadion on 9 October 2004 broke the world record for lower-league attendance with 12,421 spectators. Thanks to a merger with SSV Torgau, the club could play in the seventh-tier Bezirksklasse Leipzig, Staffel 2 in 2005–06. Finishing this league as champions, the team qualified for the sixth-tier Bezirksliga. In 2006, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig also played a friendly match against FC United of Manchester (4–4) and qualified for the 2006–07 Landespokal by winning the Bezirkspokal. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig finished as champions of their group and promoted to fifth-tier Landesliga Sachsen Group for 2007–08 season. The club finished second to Erzgebirge Aue and missed out on direct promotion to NOFV-Oberliga Süd by two points in 2007–08 season. It still had the chance to regain Oberliga status through a relegation play-off with Schönberg, winning the first leg 2–1 at Schönberg. In the return leg, in front of almost 10,000 spectators, the club lost 0–1 but still gained Oberliga promotion via the away goals rule.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig finished Oberliga in third place in 2008–09, 12th in 2009–10 and eighth in 2010–11. 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig was promoted to Regionalliga Nordost after finishing Oberliga as sixth due to reserve teams of FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt, Dynamo Dresden and FC Carl Zeiss Jena being ineligible for promotion. Lokomotive finished in tenth place in the 2012–13 season but were relegated to Oberliga Nordost after finishing 15th in 2013–14.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: The club stayed in contention for promotion back up to the Regionalliga during the 2014–15 season, having hired former German international Mario Basler as director of sports in early 2015. In the final match of the season, Lok supporters stormed the field after their club had fallen behind 2–0, forcing the match to be abandoned and the club to finish outside of the promotion ranks. The club finished in first place in the southern group of the NOFV-Oberliga and returned to Regionalliga Nordost for the 2016–17 season.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: The club's fans share a fierce and often violent rivalry with the supporters of Chemie Leipzig. When both teams met in the quarter finals of the Sachsenpokal in 2016, German daily newspaper "Die Welt" called the match the "German hooligan summit". An additional reason for the enmity between some fan groups (namely their ultras) is a political one. Whereas certain Chemie fan clubs express left-wing and anti-fascist political views, Lok has vocal supporters from the right and far-right of the political spectrum. Lok also have lesser local rivalry with RB Leipzig.


title: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig

text: 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig has undergone several reorganizations during its history and has taken several different forms and names. The club was a football department of sports clubs SC Rotation Leipzig and later SC Leipzig, before being reorganized as football club 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in 1966.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: Georgios Kalaitzakis (Greek: Γιώργος Καλαϊτζάκης ; born January 2, 1999) is a Greek professional basketball player for Panathinaikos of the Greek Basket League and the EuroLeague. He can primarily play at the small forward position. As a teenager, Kalaitzakis was regarded as one of the top young European prospects in his age range.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: After playing with the junior youth clubs of Aris, Kalaitzakis began his professional career in 2016, with the Greek club Panathinaikos. With Panathinaikos, he won the Greek Cup title in 2016, 2017, and 2019, and also the Greek League championship, in 2017, 2018, and 2019.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: In March 2018, Kalaitzakis announced his intention to declare for the 2018 NBA draft. He later withdrew from the draft before the draft's withdrawal deadline.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: On August 28, 2019, Kalaitzakis signed with Nevėžis Kėdainiai of the Lithuanian Basketball League, on a loan deal from Panathinaikos. In 23 games played in the Lithuanian League's 2019–20 season, he averaged 12.2 points, 4.3 rebounds, 2.3 assists, and 1.0 steals per game, in 28.7 minutes per game.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: In April 2020, Kalaitzakis declared for the 2020 NBA draft. However, he withdrew before the draft took place. On August 11, 2020, he re-signed with Panathinaikos, through the end of the 2021–22 season. With Panathinaikos, he won both the 2020–21 Greek Cup title, and the 2020–21 Greek League season championship.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: Kalaitzakis was selected by the NBA's Indiana Pacers, with the 60th overall pick of the 2021 NBA draft. His draft rights were then traded to the Milwaukee Bucks, along with the draft rights of the 54th pick, Sandro Mamukelashvili, and two second round draft picks, for Isaiah Todd. Kalaitzakis' contract with the Greek Basket League club Panathinaikos had a buyout amount of $300,000, which was paid by the Bucks. On August 11, 2021, the Milwaukee Bucks announced that they had signed with Kalaitzakis. Kalaitzakis made his debut in the NBA on October 19, 2021, coming-off from bench with two rebounds in a 127–104 win over the Brooklyn Nets. On December 3, he was waived by the Bucks after nine appearances.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: On December 30, 2021, Kalaitzakis was claimed off waivers by the Oklahoma City Blue of the NBA G League


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: where he played in 31 regular season games and averaged 10.1 points, 3.9 rebounds and 2.1 assists in 19.6 minutes per game. On April 5, 2022, he signed with the Oklahoma City Thunder for the rest of the season. Kalaitzakis played four games for the Thunder, averaging 41.5 minutes and 17.5 points per game.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: On July 25, 2022, Kalaitzakis signed a two-year contract with Panathinaikos, returning to Greece and reuniting with his twin brother Panos.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: Kalaitzakis was a member of the junior national teams of Greece. With Greece's junior national teams, he played at the 2015 FIBA Europe Under-16 Championship, the 2016 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship, and the 2017 FIBA Europe Under-18 Championship. He also played at the 2018 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, and the 2019 FIBA Europe Under-20 Championship, which he led in scoring, with an average of 19.7 points per game.


title: Georgios Kalaitzakis

text: Kalaitzakis' twin brother Panos is a professional basketball player and has been Georgios' teammate in both the Lithuanian club Nevėžis Kėdainiai as well as Panathinaikos. Their younger sibling Alexandros (born 2003) also plays basketball professionally.