title: German mediatisation

text: The outcome of the compensation process confirmed by the Final Recess of February 1803 was the most extensive redistribution of property in German history before 1945. Approximately of ecclesiastical territory, with some 2.36 million inhabitants and 12.72 million guildens per annum of revenue was transferred to new rulers.


title: German mediatisation

text: The position of the established Roman Catholic Church in Germany, the , was not only diminished, it was nearly destroyed. The Church lost its crucial constitutional role in the Empire; most of the Catholic universities were closed, as well as hundreds of monasteries and religious foundations. It has been said that the Final Recess of 1803 did to German land ownership what the Revolution had done to France.


title: German mediatisation

text: On 12 June 1806, Napoleon established the Confederation of the Rhine to extend and help secure the eastern border of France. In reluctant recognition of Napoleon's dismemberment of imperial territory, on 6 August 1806, the Holy Roman Emperor Francis II declared the Empire abolished, and claimed as much power as he could retain as ruler of the Habsburg realms. To gain support from the more powerful German states, the former Holy Roman Emperor accepted, and Napoleon encouraged, the mediatisation by those that remained of their minor neighbouring states. Mediatisation transferred the sovereignty of more than 100 small secular states to their larger neighbours, most of whom became founding members of the Confederation in order to participate in the annexations.


title: German mediatisation

text: Between the first abdication of Napoleon in 1814 and the Battle of Waterloo and the final abdication of Napoleon in 1815, the Congress of Vienna was convened by the Great Powers to redraw the borders of Europe. During this time, it was decided that the mediatised principalities, free cities, and secularised states would not be reinstated. Instead, the former rulers who held a vote within the Imperial Diet were to enjoy an improved aristocratic status, being deemed equal to the still-reigning monarchs for marital purposes, and entitled to claim compensation for their losses. But it was left to each of the annexing states to compensate mediatised dynasties, and the latter had no international right to redress if dissatisfied with the new regime's reimbursement decisions. In 1825 and 1829, those houses which had been designated the ""Mediatized Houses"" were formalised, at the sole discretion of the ruling states, and not all houses that ruled states that were mediatised were recognised as such.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The 2019 Elimination Chamber (known as No Escape in Germany) was the ninth Elimination Chamber professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brand divisions. The event took place on February 17, 2019, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: Seven matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Daniel Bryan defeated AJ Styles, Samoa Joe, Kofi Kingston, Randy Orton, and Jeff Hardy in an Elimination Chamber match to retain SmackDown's WWE Championship. On the undercard, Finn Bálor defeated defending champion Bobby Lashley and Lio Rush in a 2-on-1 handicap match to win Raw's Intercontinental Championship, Ronda Rousey defeated Ruby Riott to retain the Raw Women's Championship, and in the opening bout, The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) defeated Carmella and Naomi, Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville, Nia Jax and Tamina, The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), and The Riott Squad (Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan) in a women's tag team Elimination Chamber match to become the inaugural holders of the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: Elimination Chamber is a gimmick pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event first produced by WWE in 2010. It has been held every year since, except in 2016, generally in February. The concept of the show is that one or two main event matches are contested inside the Elimination Chamber, either with championships or future opportunities at championships at stake. While the 2018 event was held exclusively for the Raw brand, the 2019 event featured wrestlers from Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live, as following WrestleMania 34 in April 2018, WWE discontinued brand-exclusive pay-per-views. The 2019 event was the ninth event under the Elimination Chamber chronology and took place on February 17, 2019, at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: In 2011 and since 2013, the show has been promoted as "No Escape" in Germany as it was feared that the name "Elimination Chamber" may remind people of the gas chambers used during the Holocaust.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The card comprised seven matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and 205 Live brands, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw", "SmackDown Live", and the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live".


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the December 24, 2018, episode of "Raw", WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that a new WWE Women's Tag Team Championship would be introduced in 2019. On the January 14, 2019, episode of "Raw", on her segment "A Moment of Bliss", Alexa Bliss unveiled the championship belts and revealed that the inaugural champions would be determined at Elimination Chamber in a tag team Elimination Chamber match, featuring three teams from Raw and SmackDown each, making the championship non-exclusive to either brand. Qualification matches to determine the three teams from Raw took place on the January 28 and February 4 episodes of "Raw": the teams of Nia Jax and Tamina, The Riott Squad (represented by Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan), and The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) each qualified by defeating the teams of Bliss and Mickie James, Natalya and Dana Brooke, and Alicia Fox and Nikki Cross, respectively. Due to its smaller roster, no qualification matches were held for SmackDown and instead, the teams of Sonya Deville and Mandy Rose, The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), and Naomi and Carmella all announced their participation. On the February 11 and February 12 episodes of "Raw" and "SmackDown", triple threat tag team matches occurred between each brand's three respective tag teams to determine which two teams would start the Elimination Chamber match. Bayley and Rose were pinned in their respective matches, making Banks and Bayley, and Deville and Rose the first entrants in the chamber.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: At the Royal Rumble, The Miz and Shane McMahon defeated The Bar (Cesaro and Sheamus) to win the SmackDown Tag Team Championship. On the following episode of "SmackDown", The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Bar, The New Day (represented by Big E and Kofi Kingston), and Heavy Machinery (Otis Dozovic and Tucker Knight) in a four-corners tag team elimination match to earn a championship match at Elimination Chamber.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: At the Royal Rumble, Daniel Bryan defeated AJ Styles to retain the WWE Championship with help from the returning Rowan. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Bryan, along with Rowan, disposed the standard leather-bound title belt with metal plates in a garbage can and introduced a new custom belt made from hemp and wood. Styles then confronted Bryan and Rowan, followed by Randy Orton, Samoa Joe, Jeff Hardy, and Mustafa Ali. After an ensuing brawl, WWE Chief Operating Officer Triple H scheduled Bryan to defend the championship against the five in an Elimination Chamber match at the pay-per-view. A gauntlet match between the six was scheduled for the February 12 episode to determine who would enter the chamber last. Due to a legitimate injury, however, Ali was pulled from the match and replaced with The New Day's Kofi Kingston. Orton won the ensuing gauntlet match, making him the last entrant in the chamber.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the February 4 episode of " Raw", Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey issued an open challenge for the title. The Riott Squad (Ruby Riott, Liv Morgan, and Sarah Logan) came out and Morgan accepted the challenge, but was defeated. Immediately after, Logan stepped up, but was also defeated. Riott did not attempt to challenge Rousey and instead retreated with her Squad. In a backstage interview, Riott stated that she was ensuring that her teammates were okay and claimed that she could defeat Rousey at any time. Later, it was revealed that Rousey would defend her championship against Riott at Elimination Chamber.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the January 28 episode of "Raw", while Finn Bálor was addressing his loss to Universal Champion Brock Lesnar at the Royal Rumble, he was interrupted by Intercontinental Champion Bobby Lashley and his manager Lio Rush. Lashley claimed that he was better than Lesnar and then attacked Bálor. The following week, Bálor was scheduled to face Lashley, but Lashley instead had Bálor face Rush. Lashley stated that depending on Bálor's performance, he would consider giving him a title shot, but before the match could begin, Lashley attacked Bálor. Despite this, Bálor defeated Rush. Bálor was then scheduled to face both Lashley and Rush in a handicap match at Elimination Chamber with Lashley's Intercontinental Championship on the line.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: During the second half of 2018, Baron Corbin served as the Acting Raw General Manager. During this time, Braun Strowman was on the receiving end of his authority, including Corbin costing Strowman the Universal Championship at Crown Jewel. At , Strowman defeated Corbin in the titular match, thus stripping Corbin of his authoritative power and earning another Universal Championship match at the Royal Rumble. However, Corbin also caused Strowman to lose this title opportunity. After a confrontation between the two on the January 14 episode of "Raw", Strowman chased Corbin to the backstage area where Corbin hid in what was later revealed to be Vince McMahon's limousine. Strowman destroyed the limo, resulting in Mr. McMahon fining him $100,000 and cancelling his championship match. Strowman and Corbin continued going at each other over the next couple of weeks and a no disqualification match between the two was scheduled for Elimination Chamber.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the Royal Rumble Kickoff pre-show, Buddy Murphy defeated Kalisto, Akira Tozawa, and Hideo Itami in a fatal four-way match to retain the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. On the February 5, 2019, episode of "205 Live", Tozawa defeated Cedric Alexander, Lio Rush, and Humberto Carrillo in a fatal four-way elimination match to earn another championship match against Murphy on the Elimination Chamber Kickoff pre-show.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: During the Elimination Chamber Kickoff pre-show, Buddy Murphy defended the WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Akira Tozawa. In the climax, Murphy performed "Murphy's Law" on Tozawa to retain the title.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with the women's tag team Elimination Chamber match to determine the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions. The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) and Mandy Rose and Sonya Deville started first due to a pre-match stipulation. The Riott Squad (represented by Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan) were the third to enter. The fourth to enter were The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce), followed by Naomi and Carmella. The IIconics performed an assisted roll-up on Naomi to eliminate Naomi and Carmella. The last to enter were Nia Jax and Tamina, who performed stereo Samoan drops on Kay and Royce to eliminate The IIconics. Tamina performed a "Superfly Splash" on Logan and Morgan to eliminate The Riott Squad. Jax attempted to perform a spear on Bayley, however, Bayley avoided Jax who crashed through a pod, knocking herself out. Bayley then performed a diving elbow drop on Tamina, and she, Banks, Deville, and Rose collectively pinned Tamina to eliminate Nia Jax and Tamina. In the climax, Banks forced Deville to submit to the "Bank Statement", thus The Boss 'n' Hug Connection were crowned the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions. After the match, both Bayley and Banks cut a promo saying that it was the result of their hard work and determination.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: Next, The Miz and Shane McMahon defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). In the end, Miz performed a "Skull Crushing Finale" on Jimmy; However, as Miz went for the pin, Jimmy countered with a crucifix to win the title for a record fourth time.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: After that, Bobby Lashley defended the Intercontinental Championship in a handicap match in which he teamed with Lio Rush to face Finn Bálor. In the end, Bálor performed a "Coup de Gráce" on Rush to win Lashley's title. After the match, an irate Lashley attacked Rush with a Thrust Spinebuster and walked off.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: In the fourth match, Ronda Rousey defended the Raw Women's Championship against Ruby Riott. In the end, Rousey forced Riott to submit to the armbar in 100 seconds. Charlotte Flair, Rousey's WrestleMania 35 opponent who sat at ringside for the match, entered the ring and stared down Rousey until Becky Lynch, Rousey's original WrestleMania opponent who got suspended, emerged from the crowd on crutches. Lynch then attacked Flair with a crutch while Rousey watched. Lynch handed Rousey the other crutch to also attack Flair, but she herself attacked Rousey with a crutch. Security personnel emerged and escorted Lynch out of the building.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: In the penultimate match, Braun Strowman faced Baron Corbin in a no disqualification match. Midway through the match, Drew McIntyre came out to assist Corbin, followed by Bobby Lashley. In the climax, Corbin, McIntyre, and Lashley performed a triple powerbomb on Strowman off the steel steps through two tables, allowing Corbin to pin Strowman to win the match.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: In the main event, Daniel Bryan defended the WWE Championship in an Elimination Chamber match against Kofi Kingston, AJ Styles, Jeff Hardy, Randy Orton, and Samoa Joe. Bryan and Joe began the match. Kingston entered third. The fourth entrant was Styles, who eliminated Joe with a "Phenomenal Forearm". Hardy entered fifth but was eliminated by Bryan after a running knee. The last to enter was Orton, who earned that right by winning the gauntlet match on "SmackDown". As Styles attempted a "Phenomenal Forearm" on Kingston, Orton caught Styles with an "RKO" to eliminate Styles. Shortly after, Kingston caught Orton with "Trouble in Paradise" to eliminate Orton, leaving Kingston and Bryan as the final two. After several near-falls, Bryan eliminated Kingston after a running knee to retain the title. Following the match, a disappointed Kingston was joined by his New Day partners Big E and Xavier Woods as the fans cheered to show their appreciation to Kingston.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The following night on "Raw", inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions The Boss 'n' Hug Connection stated that they would be defending the titles across Raw, SmackDown, and NXT. They were then confronted by Nia Jax and Tamina who wanted to be the first challengers. Jax then taunted Banks and stated that whenever Banks wins a title, she loses it in her first defense. The following week, a match pitting Bayley and Banks against Jax and Tamina for the titles was scheduled for Fastlane.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: New Intercontinental Champion Finn Bálor addressed his victory. Rush interrupted Bálor and was attacked from behind by previous champion Bobby Lashley. NXT call-up Ricochet came to Bálor's aid and he teamed up with Bálor in his Raw debut match to face Lashley and Rush in which Ricochet pinned Rush to win the match.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: Ruby Riott had a rematch with Raw Women's Champion Ronda Rousey. Despite her Riott Squad's (Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan) interference in the match, Riott once again lost.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", a six-man tag team match was scheduled pitting WWE Champion Daniel Bryan, Samoa Joe, and Randy Orton against Kofi Kingston, AJ Styles, and Jeff Hardy. Kingston won the match for his team by pinning Bryan. Afterwards, Kingston was granted a WWE Championship match against Bryan at Fastlane. The following week, however, Vince McMahon replaced Kingston with the returning Kevin Owens.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The Miz apologized to Shane McMahon for costing them the SmackDown Tag Team Championship and begged Shane to schedule a rematch, since Shane had to power to do so. After new champions The Usos insulted Miz, Shane scheduled a rematch for Fastlane.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: In a backstage segment, SmackDown Women's Champion Asuka was interrupted by Sonya Deville and Mandy Rose. Rose faced Asuka in a non-title match that saw an appearance by Lacey Evans, and Rose won after she feigned an eye injury. The following week, a match between Asuka and Rose for the title was scheduled for Fastlane.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: Charlotte Flair addressed Becky Lynch's attack and boasted about reinjuring Lynch's knee at a house show the night before the pay-per-view. Flair then reiterated Triple H's statement from the night before on "Raw", saying that Lynch would be arrested the next time she broke her suspension.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: On the following episode of "205 Live", General Manager Drake Maverick scheduled a tournament to determine WWE Cruiserweight Champion Buddy Murphy's opponent at WrestleMania 35.


title: Elimination Chamber (2019)

text: The 2019 event would be the only Elimination Chamber to feature the 205 Live brand, as in September, 205 Live merged under NXT.


title: BMW N42

text: The BMW N42 is a DOHC four-cylinder petrol engine which replaced the BMW M43 and was produced from 2001-2004.


title: BMW N42

text: Compared with its M43 predecessor, the N42 features a DOHC valvetrain, VANOS (variable valve timing) and an aluminium engine block. It was the first BMW engine to have Valvetronic (variable valve lift).


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: Harold and the Purple Crayon is an upcoming American film directed by Carlos Saldanha, in his live-action directorial debut. It is based on the 1955 children’s book of the same name written by Crockett Johnson and will star Zachary Levi, Zooey Deschanel, Lil Rel Howery, and Ravi Patel.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: The film is scheduled to be released in theaters in the United States on June 30, 2023 by Sony Pictures Releasing through Columbia Pictures.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: In 1992, John B. Carls formed the family-film production company, Wild Things Productions, with Maurice Sendak, writer and illustrator of "Where the Wild Things Are". They acquired rights to other children's books, including "Harold and the Purple Crayon" and whose author Johnson, was a mentor to Sendak. Sendak and Denise Di Novi were producers. About 1994, Michael Tolkin was brought in to write the script and Henry Selick was to direct, but Selick moved on to "James and the Giant Peach" for Walt Disney Pictures. Carls picked Spike Jonze to develop the film, a combination of live action and animation. A budget of $25 million to almost $50 million was mentioned in the press. David O. Russell was brought in to help with rewrites. Multiple screenplays, casting, storyboards, and animation work started but Jonze had to abandoned the project after more than a year working on it when new management at TriStar Pictures stopped it, two months before principal photography.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: In February 2010, it was reported that Columbia Pictures, Sony Pictures Animation and Will Smith's Overbrook Entertainment were developing a CGI-animated film adaptation of "Harold and the Purple Crayon", to be produced by Smith and James Lassiter, and written by Josh Klausner. The film will follow a boy named Harold, who uses his magic purple crayon to retreat into his own fantasy world, but then soon realizes that he's been selfish with his crayon. So he then uses it to help his parents and others, and even go on a mission to Mars. In December 2016, it was reported that the film would also be written by Dallas Clayton. The film would still be produced by Columbia Pictures and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: On February 1, 2021, it was reported that Zachary Levi would star in the film, though it was not stated what role he would play. It was also announced that Carlos Saldanha was attached to direct the new film, and that David Guion and Michael Handelman replaced Klausner and Clayton as screenwriters, with John Davis producing under his Davis Entertainment banner. Zooey Deschanel and Lil Rel Howery were both announced as part of the cast. Ravi Patel was added sometime in February 2022. Camille Guaty was revealed to have joined the cast on March 1, 2022. Tanya Reynolds was added on May 2, 2022. Pete Gardner joined on May 9, 2022.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: Around the beginning of 2022, live-action filming was taking place in the Atlanta, Georgia area. Little has been announced about the plot or what roles the actors play.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: The film is currently scheduled to be released in theaters on June 30, 2023. It was previously scheduled to be released on January 27, 2023.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon (film)

text: Sony Pictures showed footage from the film as part of an upcoming releases sizzle reel at CinemaCon in April 2022.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Honda Civic (FE/FL) is a compact car (C-segment) manufactured by Honda since 2021, replacing the tenth-generation Civic. It was launched in the North American market in June 2021, Southeast Asia in August, Japan and China in September, and Australia and New Zealand in December. It will also be released in Europe in late 2022. The fastback / liftback variation (marketed as "Civic Hatchback") was unveiled on June 23, 2021, for North America and Japan. This generation is also the first Civic since the second-generation not to offer a coupe version due to its declining sales.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: Development of the eleventh-generation Civic was led by large project leader Tomoyuki Yamagami. The design approach of the model is referred by Honda as "Man-Maximum, Machine-Minimum".


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: Honda moved the bottom of the windshield pillars rearward by , which elongates its hood for styling considerations. The model also adopts low beltline, and door-mounted side mirrors previously adopted by the eighth and ninth-generation Civic to improve visibility.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The body structure received an 8 percent improvement of torsional rigidity and 13 percent improvement of bending rigidity compared to the previous generation, which supports improvements in ride, handling and NVH. The suspension setup had been tuned to take maximum advantage of the stiffer body structure and additional of wheelbase for an improved ride quality.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: For this generation, the Civic Hatchback features a fastback coupe-inspired profile similar to liftbacks. Compared to the sedan model, Honda shortened the rear overhang by , while keeping the same wheelbase length and rear doors. Alongside Japan, the Civic Hatchback is produced in the U.S. at the Greensburg, Indiana plant.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The hybrid version, marketed as Civic e:HEV, was revealed on March 23, 2022, in both sedan and fastback / liftback configurations. The Civic e:HEV fastback / liftback became available in Japan and Europe, while the Civic e:HEV sedan became available in Thailand. The model is powered by a newly developed 2.0-litre Atkinson cycle petrol engine with direct injection, combined with a lithium-ion battery and two electric motors. Honda claims a 41% thermal efficiency, and a combined emissions figure of 108g/km.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The Civic e:HEV replaced the Insight as part of a plan to focus on hybrid models of its 3 core models, which are CR-V, Accord and Civic.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The performance-oriented derivative of the eleventh-generation Civic Hatchback was introduced as the sixth-generation Civic Type R was introduced on July 20, 2022. Equipped with widened fenders like its predecessor, the FL5 in contrast gained widened rear doors and rear quarters instead of using a plastic add-on to achieve wider rear fenders. It is powered by the 2.0-litre "K20C1" engine carried over from the previous generation with incremental changes such as a revised turbocharger, rated at .


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic was released on June 16, 2021, as a 2022 model in North America. In the United States, the Civic comes in 4 trim levels; LX, Sport, EX and Touring (Sport Touring on the Civic Hatchback). LX and Sport models come with a 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine, while the EX and Touring models come with a 1.5-liter turbocharged four-cylinder. In Canada, the Civic comes with the same 4 trim levels but instead arranged as LX, EX, Sport, and Touring in the lineup. Only the Touring model received the more powerful 1.5-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine. All sedan and liftback models come standard with a CVT, however, the liftback can be equipped with a 6-speed manual transmission on Sport and Sport Touring models.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The Si version was unveiled in October 2021 for the 2022 model year. Available only as a sedan, it has a four-cylinder 1.5-liter turbocharged gasoline engine paired with a 6-speed manual transmission.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: On August 6, 2021, the eleventh-generation Civic sedan was launched in the Mexican market. Powered by either a 2.0-liter engine or a turbocharged 1.5-liter engine, it is offered in the i-Style, Sport, and Touring trim lines.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic in the Southeast Asian market is only offered in sedan body style due to low demand of the hatchback version of the previous generation.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In Thailand, the eleventh-generation Civic was launched on August 6, 2021, in EL, EL+ and RS trim levels. Hybrid models was released in March 2022.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In Singapore, the eleventh-generation Civic was launched on August 12, 2021, utilising a 1.5-liter "L15BJ" turbocharged engine with a power output of at 5,500 to 6,000 rpm and of torque from 1,700 to 4,500 rpm to meet the Vehicle Quota System (VQS) band.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In Indonesia, the eleventh-generation Civic was launched on October 28, 2021, in RS trim, powered with a 1.5-liter turbo engine paired with CVT and standard Honda Sensing.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In the Philippines, the eleventh-generation Civic was released on November 23, 2021, in S, V and RS trim levels. All variants are powered with a 1.5-liter turbo engine paired with CVT.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In Malaysia, the eleventh-generation Civic was revealed in late December 2021 and launched on 13 January 2022. 3 trim levels are available: E, V and RS. All trims are powered by a revised "L15B7" 1.5-liter turbo engine. The e:HEV RS hybrid trim was revealed in October 2022 as a pre-production model and was launched on 15 November 2022. Honda Sensing are standard on all variants.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: In Vietnam, the eleventh-generation Civic was launched on February 16, 2022, in 3 trim levels: E, G and the RS. All models are powered with the 1.5-liter turbo engine.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic fastback / liftback was revealed in Japan on August 5, 2021, and went on sale on September 3. It was manufactured locally in Yorii, Saitama. The Japanese market Civic fastback / liftback is available in LX and EX trim levels, powered with a 1.5-liter "L15C" turbocharged engine paired with either 6-speed manual transmission or CVT.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic sedan was released in China in September 2021. In the same month, a restyled version produced by Guangqi Honda was released as the Honda Integra ().


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic hatchback was released in Australia on 6 December 2021. Only the fastback / liftback version is offered, due to lower sales of the sedan variant in the previous generation.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic was launched in Pakistan in March 2022 as a locally assembled model. Only available as a sedan, three trim levels are offered: 1.5 Turbo Standard, 1.5 Turbo Oriel and 1.5 Turbo RS. The Standard and Oriel trims received a low-power engine tune, producing while the top RS trim produces . The RS version also receives additional exterior trims such as spoiler and black accents.


title: Honda Civic (eleventh generation)

text: The eleventh-generation Civic in Europe is imported from Japan following the closure of the brand's UK Swindon plant. Only the fastback / liftback with a hybrid powertrain will be offered.


title: Kate Wolf

text: Kate Wolf (born Kathryn Louise Allen; January 27, 1942 – December 10, 1986) was an American folk singer and songwriter. Though her career was relatively short, she had a significant impact on the folk music scene. Her best-known compositions include "Here in California", "Love Still Remains", "Across the Great Divide", "Unfinished Life", “Green Eyes” and "Give Yourself to Love". She recorded six albums as a solo artist. She was elected to the NAIRD Independent Music Hall of Fame in 1987. Her songs have since been recorded by artists such as Nanci Griffith and Emmylou Harris (whose recording of "Love Still Remains" was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1999).


title: Kate Wolf

text: Born in San Francisco was her father, John Fred Allen (* 1915), and her mother, Ernestine Ruth Allen, née Endicott (1918−1996). She began studying piano at 4 but quit at 16 because of her shyness. During their senior year (1959–60) at Berkeley High School, Kathy Allen and Marian Auerbach (now Shapiro) sang folk songs at the Berkeley High School Talent Shows (1957 and 1960). Aged 19, she first met Saul Wolf, an architecture student at UC Berkeley, and they married after two years. They had two children, Max, born in 1964, and Hannah, born in 1967.


title: Kate Wolf

text: In 1969 she became part of the Big Sur music community and developed rapidly as a guitarist and songwriter, influenced by such friends as Gil "Jellyroll" Turner and George Schroder. In 1971, she parted from Saul Wolf on good terms and moved to Sonoma County and formed her first band, The Wildwood Flower, with Don Coffin whom she later married.


title: Kate Wolf

text: Her first album, "Back Roads", released in 1976 on her own label, Owl Records, was recorded in a living room with the band Wildwood Flower and was "remarkably well done." An important mentor, friend and touring companion was Utah Phillips. In 1979, she separated from Don Coffin and the Wildwood Flower folded, but guitarist and mandolin player Nina Gerber became her accompanist for the rest of her career.


title: Kate Wolf

text: She married again in 1982 to Terry Fowler until her death in 1986. She died in December 1986, at age 44, after a long illness with leukemia. Her remains are buried at a small church cemetery in Goodyears Bar, California. In 1987, the World Folk Music Association established the Kate Wolf Award to honor her memory.


title: Kate Wolf

text: Wolf, with fellow musician Don Coffin to whom she was married at the time, also appears on the 1973 album "We Walked by the Water" by folksinger Lionel Kilberg. This album was re-released in 1995 under the title "Breezes" and credited to Wolf alone on the front cover. Her family has stated that Wolf did not consider these songs as representative of her work.


title: Kate Wolf

text: Both Kilberg's "We Walked by the Water" and Wolf's own album "Lines on the Paper" are dedicated to Gil Turner, who Wolf and Coffin first met via Lionel Kilberg. Wolf subsequently recorded her own version of Turner's much-covered folk anthem "Carry It On".


title: Kate Wolf

text: Wolf's music is celebrated each year toward the end of June at the Kate Wolf Memorial Music Festival held at Black Oak Ranch in Laytonville, California. Several thousand guests attend this outdoor festival, which is regularly headlined by popular folk musicians such as Nina Gerber and Greg Brown. The festival traditionally closes with Wolf's song "Give Yourself to Love".


title: Kate Wolf

text: The 25th annual Kate Wolf Music Festival was scheduled for June 2020, then postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It took place 2 years later, as a 4-day festival, rescheduled to June 23–24, 2022. The 2022 Kate Wolf Music Festival completely sold out, and was held at Black Oak Ranch. According to the promoters, Back Road Productions, 2022 was the final Kate Wolf Music Festival.


title: Zebedee

text: Zebedee ( ; ; ), according to all four Canonical Gospels, was the father of James and John, two disciples of Jesus. The gospels also suggest that he was the husband of Salome: whereas Mark names the women present at the crucifixion as "Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and of Joses, and Salome", the parallel passage in has "Mary Magdalene, and Mary the mother of James and Joses, and the mother of Zebedee's children." The "Catholic Encyclopedia" concludes that the Salome of Mark 15:40 is probably identical with the mother of the sons of Zebedee in Matthew.


title: Zebedee

text: Zebedee was presumably a fisherman, "probably of some means." Although named several times in the gospels, the only times he actually appears are in - and , where he is left in the boat after Jesus called James and John. Mark's note that Zebedee was left with the "hired men" implies the family had some wealth. Zebedee lived at or near Bethsaida.


title: Zebedee

text: The name given in the Gospels, , is probably a transliteration of the Hebrew name "Zəḇaḏyâ" according to Spiros Zodhiates ("The Complete Wordstudy Dictionary"), or the truncated version "Zabdî" (), says "BDB Theological Dictionary", and so means "Yahweh ("or" the Lord) has bestowed". Other popular interpretations of the name are: "abundant" ("Hitchcock's Bible Names Dictionary") or "my gift" ("Smith's Bible Dictionary"). A possibly more sinister interpretation of Zebedee may, for whatever reason, be derived from Strong’s Hebrew Lexicon #2061 z'êb, pronounced "zeh-abe"', meaning "wolf", and #1768 dîy, pronounced "dee" and meaning "that", rendering "That (or The) Wolf", possibly suggesting "Wolf-Leader".


title: Claudia Mori

text: Claudia Mori (born Claudia Moroni, Rome, 12 February 1944), is an Italian producer, former actress and former singer, and wife of the singer Adriano Celentano.


title: Claudia Mori

text: She began her career in show business as an actress playing in musicals, but also in major films such as "Rocco e i suoi fratelli" ("Rocco and His Brothers") by Luchino Visconti and "Sodoma e Gomorra" ("Sodom and Gomorrah") by Robert Aldrich.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1963, she met Adriano Celentano on the film set of "Uno strano tipo" ("A Strange Type"). Celentano left his girlfriend Milena Cantù, and in 1964 he married Claudia, secretly in the night, at the church of San Francesco in Grosseto. She bore three children: Rosita (1965), Giacomo (1966) and Rosalinda (1968).


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1964, she acted in "Super rapina a Milano" ("The Great Robbery in Milan"), the first film directed by Celentano. Since then her acting career suffered a setback, in favor of that as singer, in 1964, in fact, with "Non guardarmi" ("Do Not Look at Me"), she recorded her first album. The flip side of the vinyl record includes a cover of Little Eva, "Quello che ti dico" ("What I Say", The Locomotion).


title: Claudia Mori

text: She achieved a big success while singing with her husband, in 1967 with "La coppia più bella del mondo" ("The Most Beautiful Couple in the World") and in 1970, winning the Sanremo Music Festival, with "Chi non-lavora non-fa l'amore" ("Those who don't work don't make love").


title: Claudia Mori

text: She returned to the film set many years later, in 1971, with her husband in "Er più - Storia d'amore e coltello" (The best-a story of romance and knife) with Vittorio Caprioli, Romolo Valli, Maurizio Arena and Ninetto Davoli directed by Sergio Corbucci. In 1973 she acted in the film "Rugantino", with Adriano Celentano, and played Rosita Flores in "L'emigrante" ("The Emigrant"), directed by Pasquale Festa Campanile.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1974, she recorded the album "Fuori tempo" ("Out of Time"), collaborating with Paolo Limiti, who wrote the famous song ""Buonasera dottore"" ("Good Evening Doctor"), sung with Franco Morgan.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1975, Claudia participated in "Yuppi du", a film directed by Celentano. In the same year, she starred in the film "Culastrisce Nobile Veneziano" ("Culastrisce Noble Venetian") alongside Marcello Mastroianni.


title: Claudia Mori

text: Another foray into the world of music was in 1977, with release of the album "È amore" ("It is Love"), with the title song written by Shel Shapiro. It is the first single ""Ehi, ehi, ehi"" ("Hey, Hey, Hey"), written by Roberto Vecchioni. The LP also contains ""Mi vuoi"" ("You want me", written by Ivano Fossati and published the following year on a single version of Marcella Bella) and a cover of Roberto Carlos, ""Io bella figlia"" ("I, Beautiful Daughter").


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1978, she was Marcella in her husband's film "Geppo il folle" ("The Crowds"), and in 1979 she took part in the movie "Bloodline" by Terence Young, with actors like Audrey Hepburn, Ben Gazzara, Irene Papas, Romy Schneider and Omar Sharif.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1980, she played Mirandolina in the film "La locandiera" ("The Landlady of Goldoni"), directed by Paolo Cavara, with Paolo Villaggio and Milena Vukotic.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1982, Claudia returned as a guest at the Sanremo Music Festival, singing the known song ""Non succederà più"" ("Will Not Happen Again"). The song, which enjoyed some commercial success in Spain, France and Germany, contains a vocal interlude by Adriano Celentano. This success helped the couple at an alleged time of crisis, and therefore the text was understood as autobiographical. In 1988 the song was featured in the Soviet movie "Igla" (Russian: Игла), starring Viktor Tsoi


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1985, she acted in the film "Joan Lui - Ma un giorno nel paese arrivo io di lunedì" ("Joan - But One Day I Arrive in the Country on Monday") and participated at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song "Chiudi la porta" ("Close the Door").


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 1989, she hosted the show "Du du du" with Pino Caruso; in 1991, she became the CEO of the label "Clan Celentano", producing her husband's famous albums, as "Mina Celentano" (1998). In 1994, Claudia participated at the Sanremo Music Festival with the song ""Se mi ami"" ("If You Love Me"), written by Toto Cutugno.


title: Claudia Mori

text: In 2009, Claudia Mori released the "Claudia Mori Collection", containing a CD with her greatest hits and a DVD with a Celentano family private movie. In September 2009, she joined the "X Factor" judging panel, with Mara Maionchi and Morgan.


title: Claudia Mori

text: More over, recently she emerged as a TV series and TV movie producer, such as with "C'era una volta la città dei matti..." ("There Was Once a City of Fools"), with her production company "Ciao ragazzi!" ("Hello Boys"), winning the Roma FictionFest Special Award for her achievements as a TV producer.


title: Petticoat affair

text: The Petticoat Affair (also known as the Eaton Affair) was a political scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet and their wives, from 1829 to 1831. Led by Floride Calhoun, wife of Vice President John C. Calhoun, these women, dubbed the "Petticoats", socially ostracized Secretary of War John Eaton and his wife, Peggy Eaton, over disapproval of the circumstances surrounding the Eatons' marriage and what they deemed her failure to meet the "moral standards of a "Cabinet Wife"".


title: Petticoat affair

text: The Petticoat Affair rattled the entire Jackson Administration and eventually led to the resignation of all but one Cabinet member. The ordeal facilitated Martin Van Buren's rise to the presidency and was in part responsible for Vice President Calhoun's transformation from a nationwide political figure with presidential aspirations into a sectional leader of the Southern United States.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Margaret "Peggy" Eaton was the eldest daughter of William O'Neill, owner of the Franklin House, a boarding house and tavern located in Washington, D.C., a short distance from the White House, that was a well-known social hub popular with politicians and military officials. Peggy was well-educated for a woman of that era – she studied French and was known for her ability to play the piano. William T. Barry, who later served as Postmaster General, wrote "of a charming little girl ... who very frequently plays the piano, and entertains us with agreeable songs".


title: Petticoat affair

text: As a young girl, her reputation had already begun to come under scrutiny because of her employment in a bar frequented by men, as well as her casual bantering with the boarding house's clientele. In her later years, Peggy reminisced, "While I was still in pantalettes and rolling hoops with other girls, I had the attention of men, young and old; enough to turn a girl's head."


title: Petticoat affair

text: When Peggy was 15 years old, her father intervened to prevent her attempt to elope with an Army officer. In 1816, the 17-year-old Peggy married John B. Timberlake, a purser in the United States Navy. Timberlake, aged 39, had a reputation as a drunkard and was heavily in debt. The Timberlakes became acquainted with John Eaton in 1818. At the time, Eaton was a wealthy 28-year-old widower and newly elected U.S. Senator from Tennessee, despite not yet having reached the constitutionally-mandated minimum age of 30. He was also a long-time friend of Andrew Jackson.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Once Timberlake told Eaton of his financial troubles, Eaton unsuccessfully attempted to have the Senate pass legislation that would authorize payment of the debts Timberlake had accrued during his Naval service. Eventually, Eaton paid Timberlake's debts and procured him a lucrative posting to the U.S. Navy's Mediterranean Squadron; many rumormongers asserted that Eaton aided Timberlake as a means to remove him from Washington, in order for Eaton to socialize with Peggy. While with the Mediterranean Squadron, Timberlake died on April 2, 1828. This served to fuel new rumors throughout Washington, suggesting he had taken his own life as the result of Eaton's supposed affair with Peggy. Medical examiners concluded Timberlake had died of pneumonia, brought on by pulmonary disease.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Jackson was elected president in 1828, with his term set to begin on March 4, 1829. He was reportedly fond of Peggy Timberlake and encouraged Eaton to marry her. They were wed on January 1, 1829, only nine months after her husband's death. Customarily, it would have been considered "proper" for their marriage to have followed a longer mourning period.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Historian John F. Marszalek explains his opinion on the "real reasons Washington society found Peggy unacceptable":


title: Petticoat affair

text: She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for a woman. ... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society's morality.


title: Petticoat affair

text: When Jackson assumed the presidency, he appointed Eaton as Secretary of War. Floride Calhoun, Second Lady of the United States, led the wives of other Washington political figures, mostly those of Jackson's cabinet members, in an "anti-Peggy" coalition, which served to shun the Eatons socially and publicly. The women refused to pay courtesy calls to the Eatons at their home and to receive them as visitors, and denied them invitations to parties and other social events.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Emily Donelson, niece of Andrew Jackson's late wife Rachel Donelson Robards and the wife of Jackson's adopted son and confidant Andrew Jackson Donelson, served as Jackson's "surrogate First Lady". Emily Donelson chose to side with the Calhoun faction, which led Jackson to replace her with his daughter-in-law Sarah Yorke Jackson as his official hostess. Secretary of State Martin Van Buren was a widower and the only unmarried member of the Cabinet; he raised himself in Jackson's esteem by aligning himself with the Eatons.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Jackson's sympathy for the Eatons stemmed in part from his late wife Rachel being the subject of innuendo during the presidential campaign, when questions arose as to whether her first marriage had been legally ended before she married Jackson. Jackson believed these attacks were the cause of Rachel's death on December 22, 1828, several weeks after his election to the presidency.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Eaton's entry into a high-profile Cabinet post helped intensify the opposition of Mrs. Calhoun's group. In addition, Calhoun was becoming the focal point of opposition to Jackson; Calhoun's supporters opposed a second term for Jackson because they wanted Calhoun elected president. In addition, Jackson favored and Calhoun opposed the protective tariff that came to be known as the Tariff of Abominations. U.S. tariffs on imported goods generally favored northern industries by limiting competition, but southerners opposed them because the tariffs raised the price of finished goods but not the raw materials produced in the south. The dispute over the tariff led to the nullification crisis of 1832, with southernersincluding Calhounarguing that states could refuse to obey federal laws to which they objected, even to the point of secession from the Union, while Jackson vowed to prevent secession and preserve the Union at any cost. Because Calhoun was the most visible opponent of the Jackson administration, Jackson felt that Calhoun and other anti-Jackson officials were fanning the flames of the Peggy Eaton controversy in an attempt to gain political leverage. Duff Green, a Calhoun protégé and editor of the "United States Telegraph," accused Eaton of secretly working to have pro-Calhoun Cabinet members Samuel D. Ingham and John Branch removed from their positions.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Eaton took his revenge on Calhoun. In 1830, reports had emerged which accurately stated that while Calhoun was Secretary of War and Jackson was a major general in the U.S. Army, Calhoun had favored censuring Jackson for his 1818 invasion of Florida. These reports infuriated Jackson. Calhoun asked Eaton to approach Jackson about the possibility of Calhoun publishing his correspondence with Jackson at the time of the Seminole War. Eaton did nothing. This caused Calhoun to believe that Jackson had approved the publication of the letters. Calhoun published them in the "Telegraph." Their publication gave the appearance of Calhoun trying to justify himself against a conspiracy, which further enraged the president.


title: Petticoat affair

text: The dispute was finally resolved when Van Buren offered to resign, giving Jackson the opportunity to reorganize his Cabinet by asking for the resignations of the anti-Eaton Cabinet members. Postmaster General William T. Barry was the lone Cabinet member to stay, and Eaton eventually received appointments that took him away from Washington, first as governor of Florida Territory, and then as minister to Spain.


title: Petticoat affair

text: On June 17, the day before Eaton formally resigned, a story appeared in the "Telegraph" stating that it had been "proved" that the families of Ingham, Branch, and Attorney General John M. Berrien had refused to associate with Mr. Eaton. Eaton wrote to all three men demanding that they answer for the article. Ingham sent back a contemptuous letter stating that, while he was not the source for the article, the information was still true. On June 18, Eaton challenged Ingham to a duel through Eaton's brother in law, Dr. Philip G. Randolph, who visited Ingham twice and the second time threatened him with personal harm if he did not comply with Eaton's demands. Randolph was dismissed, and the next morning Ingham sent a note to Eaton discourteously declining the invitation and describing his situation as one of "pity and contempt". Eaton wrote a letter back to Ingham accusing him of cowardice. Ingham was then informed that Eaton, Randolph, and others were looking to assault him. He gathered together his own bodyguard and was not immediately molested. However, he reported that for the next two nights Eaton and his men continued to lurk about his dwelling and threaten him. He then left the city and returned safely to his home. Ingham communicated to Jackson his version of what took place, and Jackson asked Eaton to explain himself. Eaton admitted that he "passed by" the place where Ingham had been staying, "but at no point attempted to enter ... or besiege it".


title: Petticoat affair

text: In 1832, Jackson nominated Van Buren as minister to Great Britain. Calhoun killed the nomination with a tie-breaking vote against it, claiming his act would "...kill him, sir, kill him dead. He will never kick, sir, never kick." However, Calhoun only made Van Buren seem the victim of petty politics, which were rooted largely in the Eaton controversy. This raised Van Buren even further in Jackson's esteem. Van Buren succeeded Calhoun as vice president when Jackson won a second term in 1832. Van Buren thus became the "de facto" heir to the presidency and succeeded Jackson in 1837.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Although Emily Donelson had supported Floride Calhoun, after the controversy ended Jackson asked her to return as his official hostess; she resumed these duties in conjunction with Sarah Yorke Jackson until returning to Tennessee after contracting tuberculosis, leaving Sarah Yorke Jackson to serve alone as Jackson's hostess.


title: Petticoat affair

text: John Calhoun resigned as vice president shortly before the end of his term and returned with his wife to South Carolina. Quickly elected to the U.S. Senate, he returned to Washington not as a national leader with presidential prospects but as a regional leader who argued in favor of states' rights and the expansion of slavery.


title: Petticoat affair

text: In regard to the Petticoat affair, Jackson later remarked, "I [would] rather have live vermin on my back than the tongue of one of these Washington women on my reputation." To Jackson, Peggy Eaton was just another of many wronged women whom over his lifetime he had known and defended. He believed that every woman he had defended in his life, including her, had been the victim of ulterior motives, so that political enemies could bring him down.


title: Petticoat affair

text: Historian Robert V. Remini said that "the entire Eaton affair might be termed infamous. It ruined reputations and terminated friendships. And it was all so needless." Historian Kirsten E. Wood argues that it "was a national political issue, raising questions of manhood, womanhood, presidential power, politics, and morality."


title: Petticoat affair

text: The 1936 film "The Gorgeous Hussy" is a fictionalized account of the Petticoat affair. It features Joan Crawford as Peggy O'Neal, Robert Taylor as John Timberlake, Lionel Barrymore as Andrew Jackson, and Franchot Tone as John Eaton.


title: Euro step

text: The Euro step, two-step, or long lateral is a basketball move in which an offensive player picks up their dribble, takes a step in one direction, and then quickly takes a second step in another direction. It is intended to allow the offensive player to evade a defender and attack the basket.


title: Euro step

text: According to "Wall Street Journal" writer Ben Cohen, the Euro step is a crafty and exotic move introduced in the NBA over two decades ago to "plant one way, take one long step at full speed the other way, avoid contact and sneak around the defender for an easy layup." This misdirection move, which allows players to gather a dribble and take two additional steps has stirred controversy in the NBA surrounding its legality as it finds itself on the edge of a traveling violation, as reported by "The New York Times" writer Jonathan Abrams.


title: Euro step

text: The move is a crafty way to distribute the two steps allocated to a player after he stops dribbling, and it goes right to the edge of being a traveling violation.


title: Euro step

text: Anecdotal reports indicate that officials not familiar with the move may call it a traveling violation. Today, the Euro step is often used when a player drives to the hoop, and it can be especially effective when a shorter guard takes on a taller forward or center. In a 2018 "ESPN.com" story on the move, writer Jordan Brenner said, "It has changed the way players navigate the defense to reach the rim and, with it, the game of basketball itself," also adding that the move "would end up altering the very balance of power between penetrator and defender."


title: Euro step

text: While the first confirmed media use of the term "Euro step" was not seen until 2007, the move has a decades-long history in European basketball. In Brenner's 2018 story, he noted that longtime coach Vlade Đurović had seen early versions of the move around 1960. Đurović himself said in the story, "That move was normal in Europe, especially in Yugoslavia". It's nearly impossible to pinpoint the Eurostep's Big Bang moment. Instead, it has evolved over time on the hardwood, with Eastern Europe as its incubator -- and the mid-1980s as the beginning of the move's modern era. Back then, Toni Kukoc was a 17-year-old phenom playing for his home club of Jugoplastika in Split, Croatia, where practices routinely lasted eight or nine hours and coach Slavko Trninic emphasized finding different ways to get to the basket. To emulate a defender trying to take a charge, Trninic would place a chair in the middle of the lane, then tell players to dribble from the 3-point line and attempt to finish at the rim. The move was popularized in North America in the 2000s by Manu Ginóbili, who arrived in the NBA from the Italian league, though Ginobili honed the move while playing on playgrounds in his native Argentina. It has since been adopted by many American-born players, among them James Harden and Dwyane Wade. According to Brenner, the physical gifts of another European player, Giannis Antetokounmpo, have led his version of the Euro step to become "the final phase of the move's evolution," adding:


title: Euro step

text: A "FiveThirtyEight" study showed that he covers just over 15 feet off a single dribble when driving to the basket. Add that to his 7-foot-3 wingspan and he can start his Eurostep from the 3-point line. . . . James Naismith never could've envisioned two steps like Antetokounmpo's. Two steps that cover 15 feet. Two steps that render the area between the top of the key and the basket all but undefendable. The Greek Freak and others have weaponized footwork by stretching the rules to their limit. In doing so, they have fundamentally changed the way basketball is played and how we see it.


title: Euro step

text: While the Euro step was in common use in the NBA before 2009, it did not become technically legal until 2009. Prior to 2009, the NBA rule book had always said a player could only take one step. In 2009, it changed to read "A player who receives the ball while he is progressing or upon completion of a dribble, may take two steps in coming to a stop, passing or shooting the ball." When the change was made, ESPN noted "It is believed to be the first time any league, at any level anywhere in the world, has explicitly allowed two steps."


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: Korotkoff sounds are the sounds that medical personnel listen for when they are taking blood pressure using a non-invasive procedure. They are named after Nikolai Korotkov, a Russian physician who discovered them in 1905, when he was working at the Imperial Medical Academy in St. Petersburg, the Russian Empire.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: The sounds heard during the measurement of blood pressure are not the same as the heart sounds heard during chest auscultation that are due to vibrations inside the ventricles associated with the snapping shut of the valves. If a stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa in a normal person (without arterial disease), no sound should be audible. As the heart beats, these pulses are transmitted smoothly via laminar (non-turbulent) blood flow throughout the arteries, and no sound is produced. Similarly, if the cuff of a sphygmomanometer is placed around a patient's upper arm and inflated to a pressure above the patient's systolic blood pressure, there will be no sound audible. This is because the pressure in the cuff is high enough such that it completely occludes the blood flow. This is similar to a flexible tube or pipe with fluid in it that is being pinched shut.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: If the pressure is dropped to a level equal to that of the patient's systolic blood pressure, the first Korotkoff sound will be heard. As the pressure in the cuff is the same as the pressure produced by the heart, some blood will be able to pass through the upper arm when the pressure in the artery rises during systole. This blood flows in spurts as the pressure in the artery rises above the pressure in the cuff and then drops back down beyond the cuffed region, resulting in turbulence that produces an audible sound.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: As the pressure in the cuff is allowed to fall further, thumping sounds continue to be heard as long as the pressure in the cuff is between the systolic and diastolic pressures, as the arterial pressure keeps on rising above and dropping back below the pressure in the cuff.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: Eventually, as the pressure in the cuff drops further, the sounds change in quality, then become muted, and finally disappear altogether. This occurs because, as the pressure in the cuff drops below the diastolic blood pressure, the cuff no longer provides any restriction to blood flow allowing the blood flow to become smooth again with no turbulence and thus produce no further audible sound.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: In some patients, sounds may disappear altogether for a short time between Phase II and III, which is referred to as auscultatory gap.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: Traditionally, the systolic blood pressure is taken to be the pressure at which the first Korotkoff sound is first heard and the diastolic blood pressure is the pressure at which the fourth Korotkoff sound is just barely audible. However, there has recently been a move towards the use of the fifth Korotkoff sound (i.e. silence) as the diastolic blood pressure, as this has been felt to be more reproducible.


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: For paediatrics, there has been controversy regarding whether to use auscultation of the fourth or fifth Korotkoff sound as an indicator of diastolic pressure. Current clinical practice guidelines recommend using the fifth Korotkoff sound (but if this is undetectable, using the fourth).


title: Korotkoff sounds

text: The time average of the first Korotkoff sound represents a reliable pressure marker of systole of the heart. The time average of the fourth Korotkoff sound represents a reliable pressure marker of diastole of the heart.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Madea's Witness Protection is a 2012 American comedy film directed, written and produced by Tyler Perry. The film stars Perry, Eugene Levy, Denise Richards, Doris Roberts, Romeo Miller, Tom Arnold, John Amos, and Marla Gibbs. It is the fourteenth film by Perry and the seventh installment in the "Madea" cinematic universe. It is the fourth Perry film not to be adapted from a play, alongside "The Family That Preys", "Daddy's Little Girls", and "Good Deeds", as well as the first "Madea" film not to be adapted from a play. It tells the story about Madea being a host to a family that the FBI has entered into the witness protection program due to the fact that the patriarch has been the CFO of a company that a crime family was using to further their Ponzi schemes.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: The film was filmed in Atlanta from mid to late January to the beginning of March 2012 and was released through 34th Street Films and Lionsgate. With total box office gross of about $67 million, "Madea's Witness Protection" is in the top three of Tyler Perry's most successful movies, after "Boo! A Madea Halloween" and "Madea Goes to Jail".


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: George Needleman (Eugene Levy) is a nerdy, high level CFO in New York City who lives with his second wife Kate (Denise Richards), his mother Barbara (Doris Roberts), his troubled youth daughter Cindy (Danielle Campbell) from an earlier marriage, and his son Howie (Devan Leos) in nearby suburban Connecticut. He promises Howie that he will take him to his Saturday afternoon baseball game after he gets back from the office. He gets to his office at Lockwise Industries and arrives to a harrowing scene; his co-workers are shredding documents and are in a state of chaos. He sees his boss Walter (Tom Arnold) who informs him that his company is a Ponzi scheme run by the Malone crime family. Walter pins the blame on George for spearheading the scheme and laundering funds before sneaking out.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Meanwhile at Atlanta's District Attorney Office, Brian Simmons (Tyler Perry) and his boss Lucas (Jeff Joslin) have researched the Malone crime family's activities. With Walter having taken a private jet to Europe with a chance that he'll fight extradition, their best bet is to get George to testify against the Malone crime family. The FBI picks up George's family and places into a witness protection program. The program has Brian relocating them to a refuge where the Malone crime family's will not think to look for them: Madea and Joe's house in Georgia.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Meanwhile, Jake Nelson (Romeo Miller)whose elderly, failing father (John Amos) is a church pastor who has put him in charge of the church's mortgage fundstages a robbery against Madea (Tyler Perry) which is unsuccessful. Jake, who has a criminal past but whose father trusts that he has turned over a new leaf, is trying to recover church funds that he has invested in Lockwise Industries without his father's knowledge or consent only to lose the entire investment in the Ponzi scheme.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: The Needlemans' first meeting with Madea and Joe (Tyler Perry) is awkward and bodes poorly for how everyone will get along as Madea coves up their appearance at her house to her neighbor Hattie (Marla Gibbs). Over time, Madea helps Kate and Cindy relate better to each other and to other family members, while Joe and Kate help George become more confident, more in touch with his surroundings and people around him, and more effective in channeling his emotions. Barbara displays dual sensibilities about "colored people". On one hand, she mistakes Madea for a domestic named Sadie, treats "Sadie" imperiously, and threatens to get her fired. On the other hand, she recognizes Joe as a man she slept with years ago (and George's biological father), and relates to him seductively. She also enjoys Negro spirituals and repeatedly asks to be taken to the African American church down the street from Madea's house.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Pastor Nelson's sermon inspires George to recognize a pattern in his company's records that explains where 10% of the stolen funds have been stashed. After church, watching Whoopi Goldberg's Oda Mae Brown character in "Ghost" inspires George to involve Madea in a plan to re-divert funds from the "stashed" accounts back to the 12 charities whose investments were stolen in the Ponzi scheme.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: The plan requires George (who disguises himself as a Frenchman to avoid detection by the Malone mob), Jake, and Madea (who assumes the identity of an upscale woman named "Precious Jackson") to travel to New York City, and for "Precious" to meet with bank manager Jack Goldenberg (Frank Brennan) to transfer funds from the laundered accounts to the 12 legitimate charities. When George and Jake begin to share their plan with Brian, he cuts them off and advises them it's illegal.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: When the three of them are in New York, Madea successfully accomplishes her mission. Although she improvises both an expansion of her assumed identity (by pretending to be the oldest Jackson sister) and also has some of the money sent to her real bank account which she passes off as a 13th charity.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: After the caper, Brian informs George that his cooperation with the authorities and his successful efforts to return the "13" charities' funds have given Brian leverage to dismiss the charges against George as well as Walter and the rest of George's bosses being pressured to testify against the Malone crime family.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Kate points out to George that the situation has strengthened their relationship and their family, and that it is a blessing in disguise. Upon leaving Madea's house, Cindy and Howie ask if they can come back to visit. Both Madea and Joe immediately decline. Though Madea does so in a sweet demeanor.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: Before returning to New York, the Needlemans visit Pastor Nelson's church one last time. Pastor Nelson and Jake burn the mortgage papers and the entire congregation celebrates the mortgage's being paid off and the Needlemans enjoy the Negro spirituals. Madea also enjoys the spiritual music from her front porch while celebrating her new wealth.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: The film received generally negative reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 19% based on 37 reviews, with an average rating of 4.20/10. On Metacritic, the film has a score of 42 out of 100 based on reviews from 15 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an A− grade.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: "Madea's Witness Protection" received five Golden Raspberry Award nominations including Worst Actress (Tyler Perry as Madea), Worst Director, Worst Screen Couple (Perry and his drag getup), Worst Screen Ensemble and Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

text: The film opened with $25,390,575 in its opening weekend, ranking #4 behind "Ted", "Magic Mike", and "Brave". As of August 2019 the film has grossed total of $66,899,242 worldwide, surpassing its $20 million budget, making it a financial success despite poor reviews.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Anti-Serb sentiment or Serbophobia () is a generally negative view of Serbs as an ethnic group. Historically it has been a basis for the persecution of ethnic Serbs.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: A distinctive form of anti-Serb sentiment is anti-Serbian sentiment, which can be defined as a generally negative view of Serbia as a nation-state for Serbs. Another form of anti-Serb sentiment is a generally-negative view of Republika Srpska, the Serb-majority entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The best known historical proponent of anti-Serb sentiment was the 19th- and 20th-century Croatian Party of Rights. The most extreme elements of this party became the Ustasha in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, a Croatian fascist organization that came to power during World War II and instituted racial laws that specifically targeted Serbs, Jews, Roma and dissidents. This culminated in the genocide of Serbs and members of other minority groups that lived in the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945).


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Anti-Serb sentiment in the Kosovo Vilayet grew as a result of the Ottoman-Serb and Ottoman-Greek conflicts during the period of 1877–1897. With the Battle of Vranje in 1878, thousands of Ottoman Albanian troops and Albanian civilians retreated into the Eastern part of Ottoman-held Kosovo Vilayet. These displaced persons known as (Alb. muhaxhirë, Turk. muhacir, Serb. muhadžir) were highly hostile towards the Serbs in the areas they retreated to, given the fact that they were expelled from the Vranje area due to the Ottoman-Serb conflict. This animosity fuelled anti-Serb sentiment which resulted in Albanians committing widespread atrocities including murder, looting and rape against Serb civilians across the entire territory, including parts of Pristina and Bujanovac.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Atrocities against Serbs in the region also peaked in 1901 after the region was flooded with weapons not handed back to the Ottomans after the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. Albanians committed numerous atrocities including: massacres, rapes, looting and expulsion of Serbs in the Pristina and Northern Kosovo region. David Little suggests that the actions of Albanians at the time constituted ethnic cleansing as they attempted to create a homogeneous area free of Christian Serbs.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The Society Against Serbs was a Bulgarian nationalist organization, established in 1897 in Thessaloniki, Ottoman Empire. The organization's activists were both "Centralists" and "Vrhovnists" of the Bulgarian revolutionary committees (the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization and the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee), and had by 1902 murdered at least 43 and wounded 52, owners of Serbian schools, teachers, Serbian Orthodox clergy, and other notable Serbs in the Ottoman Empire. Bulgarians also used the term "Serbomans" for people of non-Serbian origin, but with Serbian self-determination in Macedonia.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Anti-Serbian sentiment coalesced in 19th-century Croatia when some of the Croatian intelligentsia planned the creation of a Croatian nation-state. Croatia was at the time a part of the Habsburg monarchy while since 1804 the Austrian Empire, although remained in personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, it was part of Tranleithania, while Dalmatia and Istria remained separate Austrian crown lands. Ante Starčević, the leader of the Party of Rights between 1851 and 1896, believed Croats should confront their neighbors, including Serbs. He wrote, for example, that Serbs were an "unclean race" and with the co-founder of his party, Eugen Kvaternik, denied the existence of Serbs or Slovenes in Croatia, seeing their political consciousness as a threat. During the 1850s Starčević forged the term "Slavoserb" () to describe people supposedly ready to serve foreign rulers, initially used to refer to some Serbs and his Croat opponent and later applied to all Serbs by his followers. The Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 probably contributed to the development of Starčević's anti-Serb sentiment: He believed that it increased the chances for the creation of Greater Croatia. David Bruce MacDonald, has put forward a thesis that Starčević's theories could only justify ethnocide but not genocide because Starčević intended to assimilate Serbs as "Orthodox Croats", and not to exterminate them.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Starčević's ideas formed a basis for the destructive politics of his successor, Josip Frank, a Croatian Jewish lawyer and politician converted to Catholicism who led numerous anti-Serbian incidents. Josip Frank carried on Starčević's ideology, and defined Croat identity 'strictly in terms of Serbophobia'. He opposed any cooperation between Croats and Serbs, and Djilas described him as "a leading anti-Serbian demagogue and the instigator of the persecution of Serbs in Croatia". His followers, called "Frankovci", would go on to become the most ardent Ustashe members. Under Frank's leadership the Party of Rights became obsessively anti-Serb, and such sentiments dominated Croatian political life in the 1880s. British historian C. A. Macartney stated that because of the "gross intolerance" toward Serbs who lived in Slavonia, they had to seek protection from Count Károly Khuen-Héderváry, the Ban of Croatia-Slavonia, in 1883. During his reign in 1883–1903, Hungary stimulated division and hatred between Serbs and Croats to further its Magyarization policy. Carmichael writes that ethnic division between the Croats and the Serbs at the turn of the 20th century was stoked by a nationalist press and was "incubated entirely in the minds of extremists and fanatics, with little evidence that the areas in which Serbs and Croats had lived for many centuries in close proximity, such as Krajina, were more prone to "ethnically" inspired violence." In 1902 major anti-Serb riots in Croatia were caused by an article written by Serbian nationalist writer Nikola Stojanović (1880–1964) titled "Do istrage vaše ili naše" ("Till the destruction of you or us") which forecasted the result of an "inevitable" Serbian-Croatian conflict, that was reprinted in the Serb Independent Party's "Srbobran" magazine.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Between the mid-19th and early 20th century there were two factions in the Catholic Church in Croatia: the progressive faction which preferred uniting Croatia with Serbia in a progressive Slavic country, and the conservative faction that opposed this. The conservative faction became dominant by the end of the 19th century: The First Croatian Catholic Congress held in Zagreb in 1900 was unreservedly Serbophobic and anti-Orthodox.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: After the Balkan Wars in 1912–1913, anti-Serb sentiment increased in the Austro-Hungarian administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Oskar Potiorek, governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, closed many Serb societies and significantly contributed to the anti-Serb mood before the outbreak of World War I.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in 1914 led to the Anti-Serb pogrom in Sarajevo. Ivo Andrić refers to this event as the "Sarajevo frenzy of hate." The crowds directed their anger principally at Serb shops, residences of prominent Serbs, the Serbian Orthodox Church, schools, banks, the Serb cultural society Prosvjeta, and the "Srpska riječ" newspaper offices. Two Serbs were killed that day. That night there were anti-Serb riots in other parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire including Zagreb and Dubrovnik.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The Sarajevo assassination became the casus belli for World War I. Taking advantage of an international wave of revulsion against this act of "Serbian nationalist terrorism," Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum which led to World War I. Although the Serbs of Austria-Hungary were loyal citizens whose majority participated in its forces during the war, anti-Serb sentiment systematically spread and members of the ethnic group were persecuted all over the country. Austria-Hungary soon occupied the territory of the Kingdom of Serbia, including Kosovo, boosting already intense anti-Serbian sentiment among Albanians whose volunteer units were established to reduce the number of Serbs in Kosovo. A cultural example is the jingle "Alle Serben müssen sterben" ("All Serbs Must Die"), which was popular in Vienna in 1914. (It was also known as "Serbien muß sterbien").


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Orders issued on 3 and 13 October 1914 banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, limiting it to use in religious instruction. A decree was passed on 3 January 1915, that banned Serbian Cyrillic completely from public use. An imperial order on 25 October 1915, banned the use of Serbian Cyrillic in the Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, except "within the scope of Serb Orthodox Church authorities".


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: In the 1920s, Italian fascists accused Serbs of having "atavistic impulses" and they claimed that the Yugoslavs were conspiring together on behalf of "Grand Orient masonry and its funds". One antisemitic claim was that Serbs were part of a "social-democratic, masonic Jewish internationalist plot". Benito Mussolini viewed not just the Serbs but the whole "Slavic race" as inferior and barbaric. He identified the Yugoslavs as a threat to Italy and he claimed that the threat rallied Italians together at the end of World War I: "The danger of seeing the Jugo-Slavians settle along the whole Adriatic shore had caused a bringing together in Rome of the cream of our unhappy regions. Students, professors, workmen, citizens—representative men—were entreating the ministers and the professional politicians".


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The relations between Croats and Serbs were stressed at the very beginning of the Yugoslav state. Opponents to the Yugoslav unification in the Croatian elite portrayed Serbs negatively, as hegemonists and exploiters, introducing Serbophobia into Croatian society. It was reported that in Lika, there was serious tension between Croats and Serbs. In post-war Osijek, the Šajkača hat was banned by the police but the Austro-Hungarian cap was freely worn, and in the school and judicial system the Orthodox Serbs were termed "Greek-Eastern". There was voluntary segregation in Knin.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: A 1993 report of the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe stated that Belgrade's centralist policies for the Kingdom of Yugoslavia led to increased anti-Serbian sentiment in Croatia.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Serbs as well as other Slavs (mainly Poles and Russians) as well as non-Slavic peoples (such as Jews and Roma) were not considered Aryans by Nazi Germany. Instead, they were considered subhuman, inferior races ("Untermenschen") and foreign races and as a result, they were not considered part of the Aryan master race. Serbs, along with the Poles, were at the bottom of the Slavic "racial hierarchy" established by the Nazis.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Anti-Serb sentiment increasingly infiltrated German Nazism after Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor in 1933. The roots of this sentiment can be found in his early life in Vienna, and when he was informed about the Yugoslav coup d'état that was conducted by a group of pro-Western Serb officers in March 1941, he decided to punish all Serbs as the main enemies of his new Nazi order. The propaganda ministry of Joseph Goebbels, with the support of the Bulgarian, Italian, and Hungarian press, was given the task of stimulating anti-Serb sentiment among the Croats, Slovenians and Hungarians. The propaganda of the Axis powers accused the group of persecuting minorities and establishing concentration camps for ethnic Germans in order to justify an attack on Yugoslavia and Nazi Germany portrayed itself as a force which would save the Yugoslav people from the threat of Serb nationalism. In 1941 Yugoslavia was invaded and occupied by the Axis powers.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The Axis occupation of Serbia enabled the Ustashe, a Croatian fascist and terrorist organization, to implement its extreme anti-Serbian ideology in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). Its anti-Serb sentiment was racist and genocidal. The new government adopted racial laws, similar to those which existed in Nazi Germany, and it aimed them at Jews, Roma people and Serbs, who were all defined as being "aliens outside the national community" and persecuted throughout the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) during World War II. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Serbs were killed in the NDH by the Ustaše and their Axis allies. Overall, the number of Serbs who were killed in Yugoslavia during World War II was about 700,000, the majority of whom were massacred by various fascist forces. Many historians and authors describe the Ustaše regime's mass killings of Serbs as meeting the definition of genocide, including Raphael Lemkin who is known for coining the word "genocide" and initiating the Genocide Convention. Sisak concentration camp was set up on 3 August 1942 by the Ustaše government following the Kozara Offensive and it was specially formed for children.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Some priests in the Croatian Catholic Church participated in these Ustaša massacres and the mass conversion of Serbs to Catholicism. During the war, about 250,000 people of the Orthodox faith who were living within the territory of the NDH were either forced or coerced into converting to Catholicism by the Ustaša authorities. One of the reasons for the close cooperation of a part of the Catholic clergy was its anti-Serb position.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: When Kosovo became part of Serbia after WWI, the Yugoslav authorities expelled 400,000 Albanians from Kosovo in the interwar period and promoted the settlement of mostly Serb colonists in the region. In WWII, western and central Kosovo became part of Albania and Kosovo Albanians enacted brutal reprisals against the colonists. During the Italian occupation of Albania in WWII, between 70,000 and 100,000 Serbs were expelled and thousands massacred in annexed Kosovo by Albanian paramilitaries, mainly by the Vulnetari and Balli Kombëtar.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Xhafer Deva recruited Kosovo Albanians to join the "Waffen-SS". The 21st "Waffen" Mountain Division of the SS "Skanderbeg" (1st Albanian) was formed on 1 May 1944, composed of ethnic Albanians, named after Albanian national hero Skanderbeg who fought the Ottomans in the 15th century. The division was better known for murdering, raping, and looting in predominantly Serbian areas than for participating in combat operations on behalf of the German war effort. Deva and his collaborators were anti-Slavic and advocated for an ethnically pure "Greater Albania". By September 1944, with the Allied victory in the Balkans imminent, Deva and his men attempted to purchase weapons from withdrawing German soldiers in order to organize a "final solution" of the Slavic population of Kosovo. Nothing came of this as the powerful Yugoslav Partisans prevented any large-scale ethnic cleansing of Slavs from occurring.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: These conflicts were relatively low-level compared with other areas of Yugoslavia during the war years. Approximately 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins died in Kosovo during the war, the majority of whom were killed by Albanian collaborationist forces. Two Serb historians also estimate that 12,000 Albanians lost their lives. An official investigation conducted by the Yugoslav government in 1964 recorded nearly 8,000 war-related fatalities in Kosovo between 1941 and 1945, 5,489 of whom were Serb and Montenegrin and 2,177 of whom were Albanian.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Nearly four decades later, in the 1986 draft of the Memorandum of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, concern was expressed that Serbophobia, together with other things, could provoke the restoration of Serbian nationalism with dangerous consequences. The 1987 Yugoslav economic crisis, and different opinions within Serbia and other republics about what were the best ways to resolve it, exacerbated growing anti-Serbian sentiment among non-Serbs, but also enhanced Serbian support for Serbian nationalism.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: During the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s, anti-Serb sentiment flooded Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, and because of its independence and its historical association with Serbophobia, the Independent State of Croatia would sometimes serve as a rallying symbol for people who intended to proclaim aversion towards Serbia. It also worked vice versa. And while the Serbian nationalism of the time is well-known, anti-Serb sentiment was present in all non-Serb republics of Yugoslavia during its breakup. Bookocide of works written in Serbian took place in Croatia, with as many as 2.8 million books destroyed.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: In 1997 the FR Yugoslavia submitted claims to the International Court of Justice in which it charged that Bosnia and Herzegovina was responsible for the acts of genocide which were committed against the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina, acts which were incited by anti-Serb sentiment and rhetoric which was communicated through all forms of the media. For example, The "Novi Vox", a Muslim youth paper, published a poem titled "Patriotic Song" with the following verses: "Dear mother, I'm going to plant willows; We'll hang Serbs from them; Dear mother, I'm going to sharpen knives; We'll soon fill pits again." The paper "Zmaj od Bosne" published an article with a sentence saying "Each Muslim must name a Serb and take oath to kill him." The radio station "Hajat" broadcast "public calls for the execution of Serbs."


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: According to Vojislav Koštunica and British commentator Mary Dejevky, in the summer of 1995 the French president, Jacques Chirac was criticized because when he commented on the Bosnian War, he reportedly called Serbs "a nation of robbers and terrorists". In 2008, the British commentator Neil Clark wrote, "Serbs have been demonised because they have consistently got in the way of the west's hegemonic ambitions in the region."


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: During the war in Croatia, French writer Alain Finkielkraut insinuated that Serbs were inherently evil, comparing Serb actions to the Nazis during World War II.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: During the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, columnist Thomas Friedman wrote the following in "The New York Times" on 23 April 1999: "Like it or not, we are at war with the Serbian nation (the Serbs certainly think so), and the stakes have to be very clear: Every week you ravage Kosovo is another decade we will set your country back by pulverizing you. You want 1950? We can do 1950. You want 1389? [referring to the Battle of Kosovo] We can do 1389 too." Friedman urged the US to destroy "in Belgrade: every power grid, water pipe, bridge [and] road", annex Albania and Macedonia as "U.S. protectorates", "occupy the Balkans for years," and "[g]ive war a chance." Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR) labeled Friedman's remarks "war-mongering" and "crude race-hatred and war-crime agitation".


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Outside the Balkans, Noam Chomsky observed that not just the government of Serbia, but also the people, were reviled and threatened. He described the jingoism as "a phenomenon I have not seen in my lifetime since the hysteria whipped up about 'the Japs' during World War II".


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Some criticism of Anti-Serb sentiment or Serbophobia purportedly corresponds to its interplay with perceived historical revisionism and myths practiced by some Serbian nationalist writers and the government of Slobodan Milošević in the 1990s. According to political scientist David Bruce MacDonald, in the 1980s Serbs increasingly began to compare themselves to Jews as fellow victims in world history, which involved tragedizing historic events, from the 1389 Battle of Kosovo to the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution, as every aspect of history was seen as yet another example of persecution and victimisation of Serbs at the hands of external negative forces. Serbophobia was often likened to anti-semitism and expressed itself as a re-analysis of history where every event that had a negative effect on the Serbs was likened to a tragedy, and used to justify territorial expansion into neighbouring regions. According to Christopher Bennett, former director of the International Crisis Group in the Balkans, the idea of historic Serb martyrdom grew out of the thinking and writing of Dobrica Ćosić who developed a complex and paradoxical theory of Serb national persecution, which evolved over two decades between the late 1960s and the late 1980s into the Greater Serbian programme. Serbian nationalist politicians have made associations to Serbian "martyrdom" in history (from the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 to the genocide during World War II) to justify Serbian politics of the 1980s and 1990s. In late 1988, months before the Revolutions of 1989, Milošević accused his critics like the Slovenian leader Milan Kučan of "spreading fear of Serbia" as a political tactic.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: At a football game between Kosovo and Croatia played in Albania in October 2016, the fans together chanted murderous slogans against Serbs. Both countries face FIFA hearings due to the incident. Croat and Ukrainian sports fans have put up hate messages towards Serbs and Russians during a match of their national teams in the 2018 World Cup qualifier.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: The worst ethnic violence in Kosovo since the end of the 1999 conflict erupted in the partitioned town of Mitrovica, leaving hundreds wounded and at least 14 people dead. UN peacekeepers and Nato troops scrambled to contain a raging gun battle between Serbs and ethnic Albanians. Within hours the province was immersed in anti-Serb and anti-UN rioting and had regressed to levels of violence not seen since 1999. In Serbia the events were also called the "March Pogrom" ( / "Martovski pogrom"). International courts in Pristina have prosecuted several people who attacked several Serbian Orthodox churches, handing down jail sentences ranging from 21 months to 16 years. Numerous Serbian cultural sites in Kosovo were destroyed during and after the Kosovo War. According to the International Center for Transitional Justice, 155 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were destroyed by Kosovo Albanians between June 1999 and March 2004.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Kosovo Albanian media depict Serbia and Serbs as a threat to state frame and security, as disrupting institutional order, draining resources, being extremists, tied to criminal activities (in North Kosovo), and in retrospect as perpetrators of war crimes and violations of humans rights (reminding the public of Serbs as enemies). Serbs are blamed for inducing the Kosovo War, and since the war are negatively characterized as uncooperative, aggressive, extremist while the Serbian crimes in the war are termed "genocide".


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Croatian nationalist propaganda, especially the Catholic Church supported groups, often advocates anti-Serb views. In 2015 Amnesty International reported that Croatian Serbs continued to face discrimination in public sector employment and the restitution of tenancy rights to social housing vacated during the war. In 2017 they again pointed Serbs faced significant barriers to employment and obstacles to regain their property. Amnesty International also said that right to use minority languages and scripts continued to be politicized and unimplemented in some towns and that heightened nationalist rhetoric and hate speech contributed to growing ethnic intolerance and insecurity. According to the 2018 European Commission against Racism and Intolerance report, racist and intolerant hate speech in public discourse is escalating; and one of the main targets are Serbs.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Croatian usage of the Ustashe salute "Za dom spremni", the equivalent of Nazi salute "Sieg Heil", is not banned. It is deemed unconstitutional but allowed in "exceptional situations". In 2016, this salute was inscribed on a plaque that was installed near the site of Jasenovac, sparking a reaction from the Serb and Jewish community. It has also been chanted during football matches. Some Croats, including politicians, have attempted to deny and to minimise the magnitude of the genocide perpetrated against Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia. From 2016 to 2019, anti-fascist groups, leaders of Croatia's Serb, Roma and Jewish communities and former top Croat officials boycotted the official state commemoration for the victims of the Jasenovac concentration camp because, as they said, Croatian authorities refused to denounce the Ustasha legacy explicitly and tolerated the downplaying and revitalization of their crimes, which included the equation of these crimes with the communist crimes from 1945.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: In 2013 it was reported that a group of right-wing extremists had taken over the Croatian Wikipedia, editing mostly articles related to the Ustashe, whitewashing their crimes, and articles targeting Serbs. In the same year there were protests in Vukovar against introducing Serbian language and Cyrillic script signs, because according to one organizer there had to be a "sign of respect for the sacrifice Vukovar has made". Later signs with Cyrillic on administrative buildings were destroyed by Croatian veterans. In 2019, Ivan Penava, Mayor of Vukovar, presented the conclusion that conditions have not been met to introduce special rights on the equal use of the Serbian minority's language and script in Vukovar.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Serbian politicians have recently accused Croatian politicians of anti-Serbian sentiment. In its 2016 report on human rights in Croatia, the US State Department warned about pro-Ustashe and anti-Serb sentiment in Croatia. According to the Serbian National Council, hate speech, threats and violence against Serbs rose by 57% in 2016. On 12 February 2018, when Serbian President Vučić was to meet with Croatian government representatives in Zagreb, hundreds of demonstrators chanted the salute "Za dom spremni!" at the city square.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Marko Perković and band "Thompson" created controversy by performing songs that openly glorifies the Ustasha regime and the Genocide of Serbs. The band performed "Jasenovac i Gradiška Stara", which celebrate the massacres at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška, which were among the largest extermination camps in Europe.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: In 2019, there were several alleged hate-motivated incidents targeting Serbs in Croatia, including an attack on three VK Crvena zvezda players in the coastal city of Split, an attack on four seasonal workers in the town of Supetar, two of whom were Serbs, singled out by the attackers due to the dialect they were using, and an attack on Serbs who were watching a Red Star Belgrade match. The latter which resulted in injuries to five people, including a minor, resulted in the indictment of 15 men for committing a hate crime.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: Some observers have described Milo Đukanović, the longtime ruler of Montenegro, as a Serbophobe. Serbs of Montenegro have supposedly been pressured to declare themselves Montenegrins, following the 2006 referendum. The acquisition of Montenegro's independence has renewed the dispute over the ethnic and linguistic identity. Although the majority of citizens in Montenegro declare themselves to speak Serbian language, it is not recognized as an official language. A number of Serbian writers have recently been removed from the school curriculum in Montenegro, which was described as creation of an "anti-Serb atmosphere" by a Serbian MP.


title: Anti-Serb sentiment

text: According to the 2017 survey conducted by the Council of Europe in cooperation with the Office of the state ombudsman, 45% of respondents reported experiences of religious discrimination and perception of discrimination were highest by a significant margin among Serbian Orthodox Church members, while Serbs were facing discrimination considerably more than other ethnic communities. In June 2019, Mirna Nikčević, first adviser to the Embassy of Montenegro in Turkey, commented on protests in front of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ in Podgorica against the announced controversial religious law: "Honestly, I would burn the temple and all the cattle there". A few days later, Zoran Vujović, an actor of the Montenegrin National Theatre, has posted a lot of insults against the Serbs on his Facebook profile, saying that they were "nothingness, ignorant, degenerate, poisonous". According to some reporters, pro-Serbian media have faced discrimination.