title: Divi's Laboratories

text: Divi's Laboratories has between 60-85% global market share in generic naproxen, dextromethorphan and gabapentin APIs. The company currently has between 20-30% global market share in pregabalin and methylamine APIs. The company's API production is backwards integrated.


title: Divi's Laboratories

text: Divi's Laboratories custom synthesis division provides contract development and manufacturing (CDMO) services and contract research and manufacturing services (CRAMS). The company's clients include 6 of the top 10 largest multinational pharmaceutical companies.


title: Divi's Laboratories

text: Divi’s Nutraceuticals is a subsidiary of Divi's Laboratories, and manufacturers and supplies over 80 forms of carotenoids and vitamins. Divi’s Nutraceuticals was founded in 2006 as a subsidiary of Divi’s Laboratories.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The Whaley House is an 1857 Greek Revival style residence, a California Historical Landmark, and museum located in Old Town, San Diego, California. It is currently maintained by Historic Tours of America, Inc (HTA). It is the oldest brick structure in Southern California


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The Whaley House was the home of Thomas Whaley and his family. At various times it also housed Whaley's general store, San Diego's second county courthouse, and the first commercial theater in San Diego. The house has "witnessed more history than any other building in the city".


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: Thomas Whaley, of Scots-Irish origin, was born on October 5, 1823 in New York City, the seventh child in a family of ten. Whaley took over his father's successful business relations, then left New York on January 1, 1849. He traveled to San Francisco, during the California gold rush, where he engaged in business. He then went to San Diego in September 1851. Two years later, Whaley went back to New York and married Anna Eloise Delaunay on August 14, 1853. Together they returned to California, arriving in San Diego on December 7, 1853. On August 22, 1857 the Whaleys moved into their new home, now known as the Whaley House.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: After the death of baby Thomas and the loss by fire of their store, Thomas and Anna moved to San Francisco. In January 1859, Whaley turned his affairs in Old Town over to Frank Ames, a Wells Fargo agent. In the summer of 1868, Thomas invested some of his new capital of stock in merchandise and headed back to San Diego. Thomas fixed up the old Whaley House, and Anna and the rest of the family arrived back home to San Diego on December 12, 1868.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: On January 5, 1882, Violet Eloise Whaley and Anna Amelia Whaley were both married in Old San Diego. Violet married George T. Bertolacci and Anna Amelia wed her first cousin, John T. Whaley, son of Henry Hurst Whaley inside the family home. Unfortunately for Violet, just shortly after the nuptials her new husband revealed to her in a letter his sordid past. Bertolacci vowed to prove his worthiness but Mr. and Mrs. Whaley would try to sever all contact. Suffering from melancholy, Violet committed suicide by shooting herself in the chest with Thomas's 32-calibre on August 19, 1885. She was then 22 years of age. Her suicide note reads thus:


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The suicide note is a passage from 'Bridge of Sighs', a poem by Thomas Hood. This particular poem is also offered up by Edgar Allan Poe, as an example of painting with words; he spoke of it and it was referenced in his published works during his lectures.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: Corrine Lillian was engaged at the time of her sister's death, but her fiancé broke off the engagement due to the scandal it raised. After these tragic events, Thomas Whaley built a single-story frame home for his family at 933 State Street in Downtown San Diego and the family moved into the new residence, leaving the Whaley House vacant for over two decades.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: Francis Whaley married Susan E. Murray in Mendocino, California on December 31, 1888. On December 14, 1890, Thomas Whaley died due to ill health at the State Street address. Anna Amelia Whaley died at Modesto, California on December 12, 1905.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: Meanwhile, the old Whaley House remained vacant and fell into disrepair. In late 1909, Francis Whaley undertook the restoration of the building and turned the home into a tourist attraction, where he posted signs promoting its historicity and entertained visitors with his guitar. Anna Whaley, Thomas's widow, Corinne Lillian, Francis and George all lived in the old Whaley House in 1912. On February 24, 1913, Anna died at 80 years of age. A year later, Francis Whaley died on November 19, 1914. George Whaley died on January 5, 1928 in San Diego and, Corinne Lillian Whaley continued residency in the house until her death in 1953.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: After this history of success and deaths the Whaley House remains well known as a haunted house. It is said that guests and the staff, from time to time, will catch a glimpse of the ghost of a Whaley family member who died inside the house such as: baby Thomas Jr., Violet, Anna, Francis, George or Corinne Lillian Whaley.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The Whaley House is located in the Old Town neighborhood of San Diego. The historic house opened as a museum on May 25, 1960, managed by the San Diego Historical Shrine Foundation, a non-profit organization formed in 1956 and led by James E. Reading and June A. Strudwick-Reading. June Strudwick-Reading served as the Director of the Whaley House Museum from 1960 until her death in January 1998. The Whaley House has been maintained by Save Our Heritage Organisation (SOHO) since 2000. Since 2007 a live-in caretaker has lived on the property to prevent theft and vandalism.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The two-story Greek Revival house was designed by Thomas Whaley himself and construction began on May 6, 1856. Completed in 1857, the cost of the house was more than $10,000. It was made from bricks created in Whaley's brickyard on Conde Street. The house was the first of its kind in San Diego.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: Whaley's new house was known as the finest in Southern California. The house was furnished with mahogany and rosewood furniture, Brussels carpets, and damask drapes and was considered a mansion for its time and place. The residence became the gathering place for San Diego. Besides being the Whaley family home, it was also San Diego's first commercial theater, the county courthouse, and a general store.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In October 1868, an upstairs family bedroom was converted into a theater after Thomas Whaley rented the room out to the Tanner Troupe, a local theatre troupe traveling through San Diego at the time. For the troupe's opening night performance, the small room accommodated a stage, a few benches, and an astonishing 150 guests, although it was mostly standing room only and ladies had been advised not to wear their hoop skirts or petticoats that evening to allow for more room. The operator of the theater, Thomas Tanner, died just 17 days after opening, and his troupe had disbanded by the end of January, 1869. The Whaley House also served as the county courthouse in 1869. For $65 a month, the county of San Diego leased the courtroom and three of the upstairs bedrooms. Another part of the Whaley House history was the Whaley & Crosthwaite General Store which was a wholesale and retail store.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In the 1860s and 1870s, the house became the focal point of a battle between Old Town residents and residents of New Town (current downtown) for dominance of San Diego. The San Diego County government had been renting a portion of Whaley House for its offices and records. Whaley offered several times to sell the house to the county, but the offer was ignored. New Towners demanded that the county offices and records be moved to New Town. The issue dominated local elections, with Republicans favoring New Town while Democrats favored Old Town. There were conflicting court orders; at one point the local sheriff was ordered to seize Whaley House, but refused. A judge ordered the removal of three supervisors from the Board of Supervisors, and another judge tried to appoint three other men to the posts. After several years of court battles the California Supreme Court ordered the reinstatement of the three original supervisors, who ordered that the county records be moved to New Town. Despite threats of armed resistance from the Old Towners, the records were moved on March 31, 1871, effectively shifting the focus of the city to New Town.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The house has frequently been cited as haunted, based on strange noises or sights reported by some visitors. In 2005, "LIFE" magazine called Whaley House "the most haunted house in America." Shortly after the Whaley family moved in, they told the San Diego Union that they heard heavy footsteps in the house which they believed to be the ghost of James "Yankee Jim" Robinson, who had earlier been hanged on the property for stealing a boat. Some visitors have reported seeing apparitions of Thomas Whaley or Anna Whaley.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The Whaley House has been featured in many historical documentaries as well as a wide variety of paranormal and sci-fi shows, including Syfy Channel's "" and Travel Channel's "America's Most Haunted", in which it was stated the Whaley House was the most supernatural home in the United States.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: The Whaley House was mentioned in the 2007 animated movie, "", in which one of the characters references the paranormal entity, Yankee Jim.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In 2012, the film studio, Asylum, released an independent low-budget movie titled "The Haunting of Whaley House". Although the film was shot on location at the historic Bembridge House in Long Beach, California, the history and ghostly legends of the Whaley House were used as a basis for the movie.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In 2012, the Whaley House was featured on the Biography Channel's "The Haunting of Regis Philbin". While filming for a local San Diego morning show in 1964, Regis Philbin visited the Whaley House Museum and claimed to have a paranormal encounter with Mrs. Whaley. Philbin stated, "You know a lot people pooh-pooh it because they can't see it. But there was something going on in that house."


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: On an episode of MTV's "Ridiculousness", host Rob Dyrdek commented that he lived next to "the most haunted house in California" and would spend nights calling for Old Man Whaley.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In 2014, the Whaley House was featured on "Ghost Adventures" as the main investigation of the series' 110th episode.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: In 2017, the house was featured in the first season (6th episode) of "BuzzFeed Unsolved: Supernatural" for a paranormal investigation. The video has garnered over 12 million views on YouTube as of 2021.


title: Whaley House (San Diego, California)

text: A Ghost Files episode aired in 2022 featured the Whaley House as Shane Madej and Ryan Bergara returned under Watcher, their new company formed after Buzzfeed Unsolved.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Frank C. Stilwell (1856 – March 20, 1882) was an outlaw Cowboy who killed at least two men in Cochise County during 1877–82. Both killings were considered to have been self-defense. For four months he was a deputy sheriff in Tombstone, Arizona Territory for Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan. Stilwell owned interests in several mines and various businesses, including a saloon, a wholesale liquor business, a stage line, and at his death livery stables in Charleston and Bisbee. He was also a partner in a Bisbee-area saloon with ex-Texas Ranger Pete Spence.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: He was closely involved in the events leading up to and following the Gunfight at the O.K. Corral on October 26, 1881, and was suspected in the murder of Morgan Earp on March 18, 1882. Two days after Morgan's death, Frank Stilwell was killed by Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp in a Tucson train yard. Arrest warrants were issued for Earp and four others in his gang suspected of murdering Stilwell. Murder indictments were issued at Pima County for Wyatt Earp, Doc Holliday, Warren Earp, Sherman McMaster and John Johnson. Earp agreed to turn himself in but instead fled the Arizona Territory for Colorado. Wyatt Earp admitted late in his life to killing Stilwell at close range with a shotgun.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Frank was the son of William "Henry" Stilwell and Charlotte B. "Sarah" Winfrey. Frank was born in Iowa in 1856 (as estimated from his self-reported age of 24 in the 1880 census).


title: Frank Stilwell

text: His family moved shortly afterward near Palmyra, Kansas Territory, on the Santa Fe Trail. In 1863 William and Charlotte divorced and William left with the three boys, Jack, Millard and Frank. Charlotte took the girls Elizabeth and Mary. Frank's father was a Private in the Union Army with Company B, 18th Missouri Volunteer Infantry, under General William Tecumseh Sherman and took part in Sherman's March to the Sea.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: His older brother Simpson "Comanche Jack" Stilwell was an Indian fighter, scout, Deputy U.S. Marshal, police judge, and U.S. Commissioner.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Frank and his brother Simpson traveled from Anadarko, Indian Territory to Prescott, Arizona Territory in 1877.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: While in Prescott, Frank worked at nearby Miller's Ranch. On October 18, 1877, newly hired cook Jesus Bega brought Frank tea instead of coffee, and after an argument Frank shot Bega through the lung, killing him. Frank was later acquitted on the grounds of self-defense. When Frank's brother Simpson left Arizona for Fort Davis, Texas Frank remained in Arizona. He worked as a teamster for C. H. "Ham" Light.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Frank later staked a claim and worked a mine in Mohave County and on November 9, 1879, got into an argument over claim-jumping with Col. John Van Houten. Van Houten was brutally beaten in the face with a rock and died. Frank Stilwell and James Cassidy were charged with his murder but escaped a grand jury indictment for lack of evidence.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: In the 1880 census he listed himself as 24 years old, and living in Charleston, occupation "keeping livery," and reported that he had been born in Texas.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Stilwell was hired as an assistant deputy sheriff by Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan in April, 1881. Four months later, in August, Behan fired him for "accounting irregularities".


title: Frank Stilwell

text: On September 8, 1881, a passenger stage on the 'Sandy Bob Line' in the Tombstone area bound for Bisbee, Arizona was robbed. The masked bandits robbed all of the passengers of their valuables and the strongbox of about $2,500. During the robbery, the driver heard one of the robbers describe the money as "sugar", a phrase known to be used by Frank. Wyatt and Virgil Earp rode with the sheriff's posse attempting to track the robbers. At the scene of the holdup, Wells, Fargo & Co. undercover agent Fred Dodge discovered an unusual boot print left by someone wearing a custom-repaired boot heel. The Earps checked a shoe repair shop in Bisbee known to provide widened boot heels and were able to link the boot print to Frank Stilwell.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: When Stilwell arrived in Bisbee with his livery stable partner, Pete Spence, Tombstone Marshal Virgil Earp, Special Police Officer Wyatt Earp, and Cochise County Deputy Sheriff Billy Breakenridge arrested them for the robbery. Stilwell and Spence were arraigned before Judge Wells Spicer and posted $7,000 bond, paid by C.H. "Ham" Light. At the preliminary hearing, Stilwell and Spence were able to provide several witnesses who supported their alibis. The distinctive boot print and the use of the word "sugar" to describe money was not enough to convict Stilwell, and Judge Spicer dropped the charges for insufficient evidence just as he had done for Doc Holliday earlier in the year.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: On October 13, two weeks after Frank was acquitted on the state charges, Virgil in his role as Deputy U.S. Marshal filed new federal charges against Stilwell and Spence for the federal crime of interfering with a mail carrier. Virgil took Stilwell and Spence to Tucson for arraignment where they were held at the territorial jail. While Virgil was in Tucson, he deputized Wyatt to act in his place as assistant city marshal in Tombstone.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: The Cowboys thought the new arrest was in regard to a separate stage robbery that had occurred five days before October 8 near Contention City, and saw the new arrest as evidence that Stilwell and Spence were being unfairly harassed and targeted by the Earps for any stage robbery. They let the Earps know they could expect retaliation.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: While Wyatt and Virgil were in Tucson for the federal hearing on the charges against Stilwell and Spence, Cowboy Frank McLaury confronted Morgan Earp, Spence and Stilwell being friends of McLaury and his brother Tom. He told Morgan that the McLaurys would kill the Earps if they tried to arrest Spence, Stilwell, or the McLaurys again. The "Tombstone Epitaph" reported "that since the arrest of Spence and Stilwell, veiled threats [are] being made that the friends of the accused will 'get the Earps.'" The newspapers misreported that Stilwell and Spence had been arrested for the different recent October 8 stage robbery near Contention City, probably helping to lead to the mistaken conviction that Stilwell and Spence were being persecuted by the law.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: The day after Morgan Earp's assassination, Coroner Dr. H. M. Mathews held an inquest in which Pete Spence's wife, Marietta Duarte, stated that her husband and Frank Stilwell, Indian Charlie, Frederick Bode and an unnamed "half-breed" had returned home only one hour after the shooting, and that her husband had threatened her with violence if she told what she knew. Witnesses said they saw former Cochise County Sheriff's Deputy Frank Stilwell running from the scene. The Coroner's jury concluded that Spence, Stilwell, Frederick Bode, a man named Fries, and Florentino "Indian Charlie" were suspected in Morgan Earp's assassination. Spence immediately turned himself in so that he would be protected in Behan's jail. Wyatt Earp felt he could not rely on the court system and decided to take matters into his own hands. He concluded that the only way to deal with Virgil and Morgan's attackers was to kill them.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: On March 20, Deputy U.S. Marshal Wyatt Earp received information that Frank Stilwell, Ike Clanton, Hank Swilling, and another cowboy were watching the passenger trains in Tucson intending to kill Virgil Earp. Wyatt and his assistant deputies Warren Earp, Doc Holliday, "Turkey Creek" Jack Johnson, and Sherman McMaster accompanied Virgil and Allie to the rail head in Benson. Fearing another attack, they decided to stay with Virgil and his wife aboard the train to Tucson, armed with pistols, rifles and shotguns. McMaster wore two belts of cartridges. Virgil said later that he had Allie wear his pistol belt where he could easily have access to the weapon if he should need it. Virgil and Allie were scheduled to catch a train in Tucson for Colton, California, where the Earp's parents lived.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Upon their arrival in Tucson, the Earp posse spotted Stilwell and other Cowboys. "Almost the first men we met on the platform there were Stilwell and his friends, armed to the teeth", Virgil later told the "San Francisco Examiner". "They fell back into the crowd as soon as they saw I had an escort, and the boys took me to the hotel to supper." Watched over by the well-armed Wyatt and his posse, Virgil and Allie had dinner in Tucson at Porter's Hotel, then reboarded the train. As the train pulled away from the station, gunfire was heard. Witnesses said they saw men running with weapons but could not identify anyone. Wyatt later told his biographers that he saw Frank Stilwell, and another man he believed to be Ike Clanton, armed with shotguns lying on a flatcar. When Wyatt and his men approached, the two men ran. Stilwell stumbled, allowing Wyatt to catch him. In a story published on May 14, 1893, Wyatt told a reporter for the "Denver Republican" he shot Stilwell as he attempted to push the barrel of Earp's shotgun away.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Ike Clanton escaped. Afterward, he gave interviews to the newspapers in which he claimed that he and Stilwell had been in Tucson to respond to federal charges of interfering with a U.S. mail carrier, stemming from Stilwell's alleged participation in robbing the Bisbee stage on September 8, 1881. According to Ike, Stilwell disappeared from the hotel before he was found shot dead by the tracks several blocks away. Ike said they heard that the Earps were coming via train and had plans to kill Stilwell. Other accounts reported that Clanton and Stilwell went to the train depot to meet a witness named McDowell who was to appear before the grand jury. Only upon their arrival at the depot did they learn the Earps were in Tucson.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Stilwell's body was found the next day alongside the tracks riddled with two rounds of buckshot, one in his leg and the other in his chest marked with powder burns, along with four other bullet wounds. His own pistol had not been fired. George Hand, who saw the body, said Stilwell was "the worst shot up man I ever saw."


title: Frank Stilwell

text: In a 1926 interview with biographer John H. Flood, Wyatt said that they spotted Stilwell and Clanton armed on a flatcar in the train yard, apparently waiting to ambush the Earps. Both men ran after being confronted by the armed Earp party. Stilwell dropped his weapon and stumbled as he ran in the dark train yard, and Wyatt caught up to him and killed him with a point-blank shotgun blast under the ribs as Stilwell tried to fend off Earp's weapon. Wyatt reported that Stilwell's last words were "Morg! Morg!", probably referring to Morgan Earp. Wyatt credited himself as the one who fatally shot Stilwell with a shotgun, although Holliday may have likely killed him as he was the only one documented to have carried a shotgun at that time.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: In a March 1882 interview with the "Arizona Daily Star", Virgil Earp told the reporter "Before Stilwell died he confessed that he killed Morg and gave the names of those who were implicated with him. When my brothers were leaving Arizona they got dispatches from Tucson saying that Stilwell and a party of friends were watching all the railroad trains passing that way, and they were going through them in search of all Earps and their friends, carrying shotguns under their overcoats and promising to kill on sight. Our boys were bound to look out for themselves, and when they got near Tucson were very cautious. They found Stilwell near the track and killed him."


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Frank's brother "Comanche Jack" Stilwell soon heard of his brother's death and went west with hopes of avenging him, but he never reached Tombstone and soon went back without doing so.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: J.W. Evans witnessed Doc Holliday getting off the train with two shotguns and walk towards the railroad station office and then return without them. He talked to Wyatt Earp at the Porter Hotel near the station and shook hands with Virgil when he arrived. He testified at the inquest that the Earps were not armed, but that he had seen Stilwell, and thought he saw a bulge under his coat that indicated a pistol. He also said he saw Ike Clanton at the depot. Witness David Gibson also saw the Earps and Doc Holliday at the station. He said that when they walked from Porter Hotel to the station, they appeared to be looking for someone. He said Holliday was carrying a pistol holster over his shoulder and the two Earps were each carrying a short messenger shotgun. He watched the Earps get on the train and one of them inspected the far side of the train, looking up and down the tracks. They first walked towards the rear of the train and then towards the front.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Alman J. Hinckley witnessed the shooting from a distance. He saw gun flashes and six to ten men standing on the south side of the track at 7:30 p.m. near where Stilwell's body was later found. He did not see where the men went afterward.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Dr. Dexter Lloyd examined Stilwell's body and found a bullet wound that passed through his entire body from arm pit through the upper portion of his lungs and out the other arm pit. A second rifle bullet wound had passed through his upper left arm. One round of buckshot left six holes within a radius of , and penetrated his liver, stomach, and abdomen, leaving powder burns on his coat. A second round of buckshot had hit his left leg, breaking the bone, and a rifle shot had struck the fleshy portion of his right leg. Either the shot through the lungs or the buckshot in the abdomen was sufficient to kill him. The coroner reported that Stilwell had been shot by five different weapons.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: The Tucson court issued arrest warrants for Wyatt Earp, Warren Earp, Doc Holliday, Jack Johnson, and Sherman McMaster. On May 16, 1882, the sheriff of Arapahoe County, Colorado notified Cochise County Sheriff Johnny Behan that he had Wyatt and Warren Earp in his custody, along with Doc Holliday. Behan applied to the governor for money to go to Colorado to bring the Earps back, but Governor Fremont instead gave the funds to Pima County Sheriff Bob Paul. Paul had received word on the same day from Denver that the sheriff there had five of the Earp party in custody. When Paul arrived in Denver, he served a warrant for Doc Holliday's arrest on charges that he killed Frank Stilwell in Tucson. Wyatt Earp, also in Denver, feared for Holliday's life if he was returned to Tombstone. He asked his friend in Trinidad, Colorado, Sheriff Bat Masterson, to help get Holliday released. Sheriff Masterson appealed to Governor Frederick W. Pitkin and succeeded in getting Holliday released from jail. Paul knew of warrants for the Earps' arrest, but he was a friend of the men and never served the warrants.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: The "Tucson Weekly Citizen" reported on March 28, 1882, that Stilwell "was buried this afternoon, the coffin being conveyed to the grave in an express wagon, unfollowed by a single mourner." Stilwell was originally buried in the old Tucson City cemetery, but when the cemetery was moved, most of the residents were reburied in a mass grave in the Evergreen Cemetery in Tucson.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Life-sized statues of both Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday stand at the approximate site of where Stilwell was encountered by Wyatt Earp and his posse, at the former Tucson Southern Pacific Depot, and began their pursuit of Stilwell. The buildings that are there now are not the ones that were at the station in 1882, and the building that is there where the statues are placed at is the former Railway Express building, but in 1882, it is where the Porter Hotel (later renamed San Xavier Hotel) building was. The hotel was destroyed in a fire just after the turn of the century, and the original depot itself was demolished shortly after the completion of the current depot and its buildings in 1907. The Southern Arizona Transportation Museum conducts tours of the site and the rest of the Historic Depot upon request.


title: Frank Stilwell

text: Stillwell was portrayed by John Baxter in Season 5 of the Television Show "The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp" starring Hugh O'Brien as Earp. The death of Stilwell is prominently featured in the 1993 film "Tombstone", in which he was played by Tomas Arana. Stilwell was then portrayed by John Dennis Johnston in the 1994 film "Wyatt Earp".


title: The Cribs

text: The Cribs are a British indie rock band originally from Wakefield, West Yorkshire, that formed in 2001. The band consists of twins Gary and Ryan Jarman and their younger brother Ross Jarman. They were subsequently joined by ex-The Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr who was an official member of the group from 2008 until 2011.


title: The Cribs

text: The band, who first became active on the concert circuit in 2002, were initially tied to other like-minded UK bands of that time, most notably The Libertines, by a British music press that were looking for a 'British rearguard' to the wave of popular US alternative rock bands of the time. They had outgrown this tag by the time of the commercial success of their third LP. In 2008, "Q" magazine described the band as "The biggest cult band in the UK".


title: The Cribs

text: In 2012, the band's 10th anniversary year, they were honoured with the "Spirit of Independence" award at the annual Q Awards. Several months later, they received the "Outstanding Contribution to Music" award at the annual NME Awards.


title: The Cribs

text: Twins Gary and Ryan Jarman - Gary being the older of the two by five minutes - and their younger brother Ross began performing together in 1989 when the twins were nine years old and Ross was five. The Cribs were formed in late 2001 as a recording project for the three brothers. Gary and Ryan enrolled in a music course at a local college, and used their student loan to buy a drum kit for Ross. However, their poor attendance record and impending failure of the course threatened access to the campus' recording studio facilities. In order to maintain that access, they decided to book the studio under a different name; The Cribs was the first name that came to Ryan's mind.


title: The Cribs

text: After recording a demo and garnering label interest, the band started playing live around this time, at venues like the Brudenell Social Club in Leeds, and "squats and warehouse parties" with artists such as Calvin Johnston, Subway Sect, Herman Dune, and Ballboy. They also released a split 7-inch single on Leeds based garage/riot grrrl/punk label Squirrel Records during this period with former Shove/Boyskout member Jen Schande. Limited to 300 copies on blue vinyl the record is now a rarity that sells for upwards of $150 on eBay. According to Mojo magazine, 'On the strength of one demo, the rush to find the UK Strokes saw the three-piece fielding calls from major labels, pluggers and label managers' in 2002. After several high-profile support slots, the band signed to the fledgling independent label Wichita Recordings in 2003 "we thought (they) were great because they sounded a bit like Pavement and had a big hook. We went to see them at the Metro on Oxford Street and completely fell in love with them. They seemed like such an obvious pop band. Every song sounded like a single" – Mark Bowen, Wichita Recordings.


title: The Cribs

text: After signing with Wichita Recordings, the band began re-recording many of the songs from the original demo, as well as several new tracks for what would be their debut record. Sessions began in London with Chicago based avant-garde musician Bobby Conn producing, after the band had supported him on some UK dates and impressed him "They had this cassette demo they had recorded on a boom-box, I suggested overdubs, they were too kitchen-sink for overdubs. I tried handclaps, they were 'not sure about handclaps'. It was all 'Keep it real'" – Bobby Conn. Then sessions moved to Toe Rag Studios in Hackney with the band self-producing. The album was completed in 7 days, live to 8-track tape, with Ed Deegan engineering.


title: The Cribs

text: Released on 8 March 2004, the album found early supporters in the NME, who commented on its "supreme pop melodies", and referred to it as "lo-fi, hi fun" giving it an 8/10 review. Lo-fi would be a term that would follow the band around for the next few years, and something that became synonymous with the group. Again, from the NME in 2011: "Recorded in a week, it's the definition of indie lo-fi. But not willful indie lo-fi; the scratches, clangs and gawwumps all heard here are genuinely the product of the trio's shoestring methods rather than the usual contrived fuzz that bands spend ages poring over beaten up eight-tracks to achieve". Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq was also an early champion. Lois Wilson of "Mojo" magazine described the album in 2009 as "intelligent lyrics on a background of clipped guitars and tumbling drums, with nods to The Strokes, Beat Happening, and C86's inept charm"


title: The Cribs

text: Three singles were released from the album – the limited edition 7-inch only "Another Number"/"Baby Don't Sweat" in November 2003, followed by first single proper "You Were Always the One", which climbed to No. 2 in the indie charts. "What About Me" was the third and final single from the album, again making the indie top 10. The Cribs toured extensively throughout 2004 and into 2005, both as headliners as well as supporting artists like old friend Bobby Conn, Death Cab For Cutie and The Libertines. Over the campaign they toured the UK and Ireland, Europe, Japan, and the United States, as well as several significant international festival appearances such as Reading and Leeds Festivals, Summersonic, T in the Park and Pukkelpop amongst others. Though only a moderate underground success at the time "Another Number" has gone on to become one of the band's most enduring 'hits' – seldom being left off the set-list and usually accompanied by a full crowd sing-along of the signature, repeated guitar riff.


title: The Cribs

text: After concluding touring duties for the first record, the band were taken off the road to start writing the follow up. However, the Cribs decided they still wanted to tour and took to posting their phone numbers and email addresses on the internet, professing to play anywhere for fuel money and a crate of beer. This DIY approach is something the band and label now feel was a key factor in their success, as it helped nurture a very strong, passionate fanbase.


title: The Cribs

text: "The New Fellas", the band's second album release, was recorded with Edwyn Collins, the singer-songwriter and guitarist from Glasgow's influential Orange Juice in London at his own West Heath Studios. Again, it was a comparatively unpolished record sonically, as both the producer Collins and the band themselves were achieving sounds similar to those heard on the Orange Juice records. This was, however, the intention and the reason the band and producer were put together. "They had definite ideas what they wanted the record to sound like...They had this work ethic, there was nothing spoiled about them – they were proper indie; everything done on a shoe-string and they just got on with it...they were tremendous" – Edwyn Collins. One song, "Haunted", was even recorded on Scarborough beach on a whim, after hearing a Steve Martin ukulele duet recorded on a beach.


title: The Cribs

text: The first release from the record was the single "Hey Scenesters!" on 18 April 2005. It reached no. 27 in the UK charts, and started their run of 7 consecutive top 40 singles. The album followed on 20 June 2005 although it had leaked onto the internet several months prior to the official release date, hampering its first week sales. The record has however, gone on to be certified Silver by the BPI, and in a recent poll held by the NME was proved to be the overall fans favourite record. The other singles released from the record were "Mirror Kissers", "Martell", and non-album track "You're Gonna Lose Us" (produced by Bernard Butler), which was paired with "The Wrong Way To Be" as a AA side. The extensive New Fellas world tour took in several UK tours, Europe, United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Scandinavia, and their first trip to Iceland. They appeared at numerous festivals at this time, including an appearance on the main stage at Reading and Leeds Festivals (becoming the first band to ever progress through all three stages in consecutive years), headlining the tent at T in the Park, Fuji Rock festival in Japan as well as an extensive USA arena tour with Death Cab for Cutie and Franz Ferdinand. A European tour during this period with ex Pavement man Stephen Malkmus and The Jicks would introduce Gary to his future wife Joanna Bolme.


title: The Cribs

text: Shortly before their appearance at the Fuji Rock festival, the Cribs released a Japan-only mini album called "Arigato Cockers", made up of B-sides and rarities from both the first and second albums.


title: The Cribs

text: In their year-end issue, the NME made The New Fellas the No. 11 album of the year, and Hey Scenesters a single of the year.


title: The Cribs

text: At the conclusion of The New Fellas campaign, the Cribs signed a major label deal with Warner Bros. Records – though they remained on Wichita in the UK at the bands insistence. The subsequent album, "Men's Needs, Women's Needs, Whatever" saw the band finally take steps to progress forth from their 'lo-fi' roots, being recorded in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada with Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand as producer. The band and producer had met during the US tour the bands did together with Death Cab for Cutie, and hit it off immediately. The album was mixed by Andy Wallace (Nirvana, Foo Fighters). They collaborated with Lee Ranaldo of Sonic Youth on the track "Be Safe" – Ranaldo contributing his spoken word poetry to the band's music.


title: The Cribs

text: Prior to the record's release the Cribs took in a run of small UK club dates to preview songs from the new record. This is documented in the first Cribs documentary "Leave Too Neat". The first cut from the album was the single 'Men's Needs', released on 7 May. It proved to be the band's first breakthrough with mainstream radio and reached no. 17 in the UK charts, becoming their biggest hit to date. The accompanying video, filmed in Hollywood by director Diane Martel has achieved over 7 million YouTube views to date.


title: The Cribs

text: Touring began at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 30 March for the Teenage Cancer Trust. The rest of 2007 and most of 2008 was spent on the road promoting the record, taking in extensive UK and European touring, several United States and Canada tours, Japan, and the band's first trip out to Mexico for a main stage appearance at the MX Beat Festival, as well as some later headline shows. During their US touring schedules they appeared on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", the "Late Show with David Letterman", and "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson".


title: The Cribs

text: The second single to be released from the record was 'Moving Pictures', again charting in the UK Top 40, and then later a 7-inch only release of "I'm a Realist". The latter was backed with a cover of The Replacements song "Bastards of Young", a band the Cribs cite as a large influence. Another non-album single 'Don't You Wanna be Relevant?' was paired with album cut "Our Bovine Public" and again climbed to the UK top 40. There were numerous festival slots around this time including main stage slots at Lollapalooza, T in the Park, and V festival, as well as returning to Fuji Rock, and a first time appearance at Coachella amongst others. In November 2007 the Cribs were invited by a re-formed The Sex Pistols to play with them for three nights at Brixton Academy in celebration of the 30-year anniversary of "Never Mind the Bollocks" In December the band announced three intimate shows at their old haunt the Brudenell Social Club in aid of cystic fibrosis where they would play all three albums to date in sequence with secret unannounced support bands each night (Franz Ferdinand, Kate Nash, and Kaiser Chiefs respectively). This was documented for the band's second DVD, the 3 disc "Live at the Brudenell Social Club".


title: The Cribs

text: In the year-end issues "Men's Needs" was named third-best track of 2007 by NME with the album coming in at No. 9, Track of the Year 2007 by the Metro newspaper and making the annual 100 best tracks list in "Rolling Stone" magazine in the USA.


title: The Cribs

text: 2008 began with the Cribs being nominated for 4 awards at the annual NME awards ceremony (Best British Band, Best Live Band, Best Track and Hero of the Year for Ryan Jarman). Through this they were asked to headline the annual NME Awards Tour, which they undertook through January and February featuring some of the band's largest headline shows up to that point and culminating in a show at the o2 Arena in London. They also made a live appearance at the Awards ceremony itself, playing new single 'I'm a Realist' and a cover of 'Panic' by the Smiths, featuring their new guitarist Johnny Marr (of the aforementioned band), who had been guesting with them throughout the tour.


title: The Cribs

text: Another USA tour followed this, and then some more festival appearances including main stage slots at the Isle of Wight Festival, Rockness, Primavera Festival, Fuji Rock and Sziget, as well as a headline appearance on the John Peel Stage at Glastonbury, and headlining the second stage at Reading and Leeds Festivals.


title: The Cribs

text: In April 2018, the album was certified Gold in the UK by the British Phonographic Industry for sales over 100,000, becoming the first album certified Gold by the BRIT Awards.


title: The Cribs

text: After a chance meeting with Johnny Marr (at the time a member of Modest Mouse) in Portland, OR the Cribs and Johnny became close friends. Once Modest Mouse completed touring duties for their record, the Cribs and Johnny started to hang around and jam together – "It's been going well and it would be shame to cut it short, the original intention was to be doing an EP" the band told BBC 6 Music in January 2008. However it was later announced that they would be working on an album together and that Johnny had joined as a full-time member of the group.


title: The Cribs

text: Much of the remainder of 2008 was spent writing new material in Portland, OR, Manchester and Wakefield, followed by a short UK tour taking in Glasgow ABC, Bradford St. Georges Hall, two nights at Manchester Ritz, and Heaven in London to road-test some of the new songs before recording commenced. Studio time was booked for March 2009 in Los Angeles with veteran producer Nick Launay (Nick Cave, PIL, Yeah Yeah Yeahs). Ross Jarman performed most of the drum tracks for the recording with a broken wrist after a skateboard accident. Promotion for the Ignore the Ignorant album came in the form of an intimate "alternative Leeds/Reading show" at HMV in Leeds. This was scheduled as the same weekend as the Reading Leeds festival. The band played several songs from their new album as well as some old favourites. Afterwards, Ryan Jarman could be seen browsing the CD's in HMV and being available for fans to meet him.


title: The Cribs

text: Preceded by the single 'Cheat on Me', the album "Ignore the Ignorant" was released on 7 September 2009, and scored the Cribs their first UK Top Ten album. Released the same week that The Beatles re-issued their entire 13 LP back-catalogue, "Ignore the Ignorant" managed to out-sell all but two of them to chart at number 8, something the band described as "surreal". Touring began with a headline slot at the White Air festival in Brighton followed by a UK tour of large halls. The band then went on to tour Japan (including a show at Budokan with Arctic Monkeys) then on to South Korea where they headlined the Grand Mint festival at the Olympic Park, Seoul. Next was a United States/Canada tour, as well as a European arena tour with Franz Ferdinand before the Cribs returned to the UK for their largest headline shows to date.


title: The Cribs

text: In December 2009, "Ignore the Ignorant" was placed at number 11 in "Mojo" magazine's "Albums of the Year", and at number 7 in "The Fly's" "Albums of the Year". NME also placed it at No. 30 in their end of year list, as well as making "Cheat on Me" a track of the year. In Japan, "Crossbeat" magazine placed it at No. 8 in its "Albums of 2009" list, whilst "Music Magazine" called it the No. 1 album of 2009. Both magazines are leading publications in Japan. At the same time, "The New Fellas" was named an "Album of the Century" by "Q".


title: The Cribs

text: 2010 began with another extensive United States and Canada tour, before heading off for dates in Australia and New Zealand. Festival appearances including Glastonbury, Lollapalooza, Fuji Rock, Benecassim, Sziget and Pukkelpop amongst others followed.


title: The Cribs

text: For Record Store Day 2010 the Cribs released "So Hot Now" as a split 7-inch single with Portland, OR band The Thermals on legendary riot grrrl label Kill Rock Stars.


title: The Cribs

text: On 9 August 2010, BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe announced during his show that he would be playing a brand new Cribs song that night. The very next day, 'Housewife' was released officially on iTunes. No one, from music industry insiders to the band's fans, had any idea that a new single was being geared up until that moment. The cover art featured Ryan and Gary in drag. Later that month the band appeared on the main stage once again at the Reading and Leeds festivals to close the album campaign. These would be Marr's last shows with the Cribs.


title: The Cribs

text: After announcing Marr's departure from the group on 11 April 2011, The Cribs started work on writing the follow up to "Ignore the Ignorant", mooted for a spring 2012 release. During this time, they recorded a cover of original 70's Canadian punk band The Dishrags 'Death in the Family' for a Canadian Mint Records compilation. Over the summer they played several headlining slots at UK festivals in 2011, as well as a show at Le Zenith in Paris with The Strokes. In June 2011 they made their first trip to Brazil, playing two shows in São Paulo. In December 2011 they headlined the Clockenflap festival in Hong Kong, debuting new songs 'Come On, Be A No-One', and 'Anna' for the first time.


title: The Cribs

text: The Cribs announced the title of their fifth studio album as "In the Belly of the Brazen Bull" and its track-listing on 14 February 2012. The album was recorded at Tarbox Road studio in New York with David Fridmann, London's Abbey Road and Chicago's EAR studio with engineer Steve Albini. On 14 February, BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe premiered the first taster from the album, 'Chi-Town' on his radio show and played the song 3 times. During this time, both the band and the song title were trending on Twitter. Shortly after the announcement was made, the band embarked on a quick UK tour, to preview the new material and promote the upcoming single, slated for April. In March, the band headed out on a tour of the United States, concluding in April, and later that month released the first official single from the new album 'Come On, Be A No-One'. A European tour followed, and then a full-scale UK tour in May – kicking off with a performance at the 2012 Camden Crawl. It was during this tour that the band were introduced to Turner Prize winning artist Martin Creed, who was acting as support band. The album was released on 7 May 2012 and would provide the band with their second UK Top 10 record, charting at number 9.


title: The Cribs

text: The next month, the band headed out for another tour of the United States and Canada, before flying to Japan to headline the Hostess Weekender festival at the Yebisu Garden Hall in Tokyo, as well as a show in Osaka. In July, the second official single from the album, 'Glitters Like Gold' would be released on a special gold glitter vinyl. The band toured Italy, and then toured the European festival circuit throughout most of the summer, including a large outdoor show with the Foo Fighters in Belfast Boucher playing fields, and another engagement at the Reading and Leeds festival, where the band would destroy the instruments and stage set at the climax of the Reading show.


title: The Cribs

text: September would see the release of the third and final single from the album. 'Anna', unlike the prior singles, was made available as a download only, and featured a collaboration with the aforementioned Martin Creed. The band and Creed had been looking for a project to collaborate on since meeting on tour earlier in the year, and the artist provided "Work #1431" as the video to the single. In October the Cribs headlined Sŵn Festival in Cardiff, and then headed out on another UK and Irish tour. During this tour, the Cribs were awarded the 'Spirit of Independence' award at the Q Awards 2012 on 22 October. At the conclusion of the UK tour, the band headed to eastern Europe where, amongst other dates, they would visit Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece and Turkey for the first time. Following these dates, the band headed to South America to play a show in Brazil, and then on to Argentina for a show at the open air hockey arena Club Ciudad de Buenos Aires for the Personal Fest festival. 2013 would see the band visit Australia for 3 shows in January, effectively concluding live touring for 'In The Belly of The Brazen Bull'.


title: The Cribs

text: In the end of year lists, the album was placed by The Guardian (#22), NME (#8), The Fly (#21), This Is Fake DIY (#3) amongst others in the UK.


title: The Cribs

text: On 20 November 2012 the Cribs announced details of their first 'Best Of' compilation, "Payola", which was released on 11 March 2013 via Wichita Recordings to mark the group's 10th anniversary. The 22 track album saw the first official release of "Leather Jacket Love Song" – recorded at sessions in early 2010, it is the final Cribs song to feature Johnny Marr. A special 40-track 'Anthology Edition' was released with an additional 18 track disc containing B-sides and rarities.


title: The Cribs

text: On 29 February, the band made their fourth appearance on the cover of" NME" magazine, which came with an additional CD release "Payola: The Demos". This companion disc to "Payola" featured demo versions of most of the significant songs featured on "Payola", as well as 3 unheard and unreleased tracks harking back as far as 2001.


title: The Cribs

text: Around the same time the band played an NME Awards show at Shepherd's Bush Empire and several other headline dates around the country. Over the summer, the Cribs played numerous festivals in the UK and Europe, including headline slots at Y Not Festival and a show at the Olympic Park (London), as well as a short tour of Scottish venues. Autumn saw the band head back to Australia for an "Anniversary Tour", before venturing into Asia for a lengthy tour there. Cities and countries visited on this trip would include Thailand (Bangkok), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur), Vietnam (Saigon), two shows in Japan (Tokyo), a show at the Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre in Hong Kong, and a large outdoor show in the meadow at the Gardens by the Bay in Singapore. The year was rounded out by two sold out Christmas shows at the Leeds Academy


title: The Cribs

text: 2014 began quietly, as the band began writing sessions for their next studio album. The only shows announced would be as part of the Weezer cruise from Florida to the Bahamas in February. Later in the year, the Cribs returned to the UK for some UK festival slots, including headlining Truck Festival and Tramlines Festival amongst others, and an Italian tour with Franz Ferdinand.


title: The Cribs

text: In August 2014, "Music Week" reported that the band had signed with Sony RED. This followed news that the band's sixth album was to be produced by former The Cars frontman Ric Ocasek, known for his work with artists including Weezer, Nada Surf and Guided by Voices. Frenchkiss Records was also named by "Music Week" as the band's new label for North America, but the band would ultimately later announce their signing with Arts & Crafts. "An Ivory Hand", a teaser track for the upcoming album had a midnight digital release on 19 January 2015. It received its first radio play later that day from the BBC's Steve Lamacq. It would later be made 'Single of the Week' by the NME. The album, "For All My Sisters", was released in the UK on 23 March 2015; although due in North America on 24 March 2015, it was released the same day. It would go on to become the Cribs' third consecutive UK Top 10 album.


title: The Cribs

text: The first single from the album "Burning For No One", was debuted by BBC Radio 1 on 2 February, by Zane Lowe who made it his 'Hottest Record in the World'. The accompanying video, shot on the Bahamian island of Exuma was released on 16 February and clocked up over 200,000 views on YouTube in its first week.


title: The Cribs

text: The new songs were road tested on a quick UK tour of sold-out shows, and then the band went to New York City to play a 3 night residency across 3 different venues (2 in Brooklyn, 1 in Manhattan), before heading to Austin, Texas for the annual SXSW showcase, playing 4 shows across 3 days. Immediately after returning from SXSW, The Cribs embarked on a week-long tour of in-store performances and signings at independent record stores throughout the UK.


title: The Cribs

text: US touring began a few weeks later in San Francisco for a tour of the west coast, and would include a second appearance at the Coachella Festival, playing the Sunday of both weekends and playing headline shows throughout the state and Las Vegas in the intervening week. For this outing, the band was joined on stage by Michael Cummings of the NYC band Skaters.


title: The Cribs

text: Back in the UK, The Cribs headlined Leeds Town Hall as part of the Live at Leeds festival in May, before headlining The Great Escape Festival in Brighton with 2 performances, and then two shows in Ireland. That summer they would play on the main stages at the Liverpool Sound City festival and T in the Park, and made their third appearance on The Other Stage at Glastonbury. They would also play at Festival Internacional de Benicassim in Spain.


title: The Cribs

text: The Cribs then went out to Asia, for a headline show in Tokyo, and a main stage appearance at the Pentaport Rock Festival in Incheon, South Korea. Later that month they would appear on the Main Stage at the Reading and Leeds Festivals for the third time before heading out to North America for a full tour there. During the band's performance at the Fairmount Theatre in Montreal as part of the Pop Montreal festival, the band would perform 'Be Safe' with Lee Ranaldo performing his spoken word part live in person for only the second time since the song's release (the first coming in 2008 at the Music Hall of Williamsburg).


title: The Cribs

text: A full UK tour was announced during this period, and took place in October and November, which included dates at Glasgow Barrowlands, Manchester Albert Hall, and The Roundhouse in Camden amongst others.


title: The Cribs

text: In 2016 The Cribs were announced as headliners of the Camden Rocks Festival taking place in June. Over the summer The Cribs would play the main stage at Isle of Wight Festival, Y Not Festival, and were the secret unannounced headliners of In The Woods Festival in Kent. During the summer, The Cribs played their largest headline show to date, at the 8,000 capacity open air Millennium Square in Leeds.


title: The Cribs

text: Another tour of Asia followed, including stops in S. Korea (Seoul), Japan (Tokyo and Osaka) and the band's first engagement in China, where they would play the Shanghai Rugby Football Stadium for the Concrete and Grass Festival. Shortly after the show The Cribs announced that this would be the final show of the "For All My Sisters" tour.


title: The Cribs

text: On 3 February 2017 it was announced that The Cribs would be the subject to their own exhibition in their hometown at Wakefield Museum. The exhibit featured 3 large glass containers dedicated to each of the band members with their chosen instruments as well as various memorabilia such as early gig posters, awards, touring paraphernalia and original records. The exhibit was unveiled on 14 February 2017 by Ross, who appeared on BBC Look North playing the drum kit within his respective glass container. The exhibition ran until July 2017.


title: The Cribs

text: On 7 February 2017 The Cribs announced a 10th anniversary tour in honour of their third album. The "Men's Needs, Women's Needs, FOREVER" tour was initially scheduled to consist of seven dates in large venues across the UK. A second London date at the Forum was later added due to popular demand. The tour commenced on 11 May at Glasgow Academy and finished on 20 May with a show at Leeds First Direct Arena where they were joined live on stage by Lee Ranaldo for his spoken word part in Be Safe. The band also performed the album in full for their headlining slot on the Baltic Stage at Liverpool Sound City festival.


title: The Cribs

text: Following the final night of this tour, at midnight on 21 May, The Cribs tweeted a series of code which the next day revealed itself to be coordinates for various record stores across the UK and the US, along with specific timestamp for each store. Arriving at the location at the specified time would allow customers to purchase a white label single entitled "Year of Hate". Each single was hand numbered and the edition number totaled 247. This process continued with handfuls of co-ordinates for record stores being announced each day for the next week. The cryptic coordinate approach was dropped on 22 May due to the recent attack in Manchester. Despite the limited run number and obscure release method the single entered the UK vinyl singles chart at number 3 on the week commencing 26 May 2017. The song eventually saw a digital release on 16 June – until that time the only way to hear it was by playing the vinyl or via BBC iPlayer on-demand, after Steve Lamacq aired the song on his show.


title: The Cribs

text: A second single "In Your Palace" was shock released digitally on 2 June 2017 with a music video released on 13 June. It was then announced on 24 July 2017 that the album "24–7 Rock Star Shit" would be released 2 weeks later on 11 August 2017, alongside a music video for another new song – "Rainbow Ridge", which was available as a free download with a pre-order of the album. Exclusive launch parties were announced for Leeds and London – with the London party being a curated event at House of Vans, featuring an art display, Q&A with the band, and a full live performance on the night the album was released. Entrants were selected by a free-to-enter ballot via the Vans website.


title: The Cribs

text: After spending three days at number 1 in the UK charts, the album mid-weeked at number 5, before officially entering the charts at number 8 – the band's fourth consecutive Top 10 album.


title: The Cribs

text: Following this, The Cribs began a tour of the United States and Canada. At the conclusion of this tour they returned to Mexico to headline the Sala Corona in Mexico City, and to play the main stages at Live Out Festival in Monterrey and Festival Coordenada in Guadalajara. In December, to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the original 'Cribsmas' event, the band booked Christmas residency shows in the UK – 4 nights in Glasgow, 4 nights in Manchester, 3 nights in London, and 5 nights in Leeds – performing over 80 songs from their back catalogue. In 2018 the band continued their UK tour with the '24–7 Rock Star Shit in the UK' tour – a 14 date tour of secondary markets throughout January.


title: The Cribs

text: In April the band went to Australia to play shows in Newcastle, Brisbane, Perth, Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne. Following this was a 4 date tour of China in May – visiting Chengdu, Wuhan, Shanghai, and Beijing. A show in Hong Kong followed as well as two shows in Japan.


title: The Cribs

text: Summer saw The Cribs invited to support Foo Fighters at City of Manchester Stadium alongside several other UK festival appearances.


title: The Cribs

text: Following the release of their fourth consecutive UK top 10 album "24-7 Rock Star Shit", the band almost immediately parted company with their long time UK management and found themselves stuck in what Gary described as "legal morass", unable to record or release new music. This is because the band had belatedly discovered that the rights to the back catalogue from earlier in their career was owned by other parties thanks to various deals that they were unaware of. As a result, the band – who were now managing themselves – decided to focus on gaining ownership because there would be no point in signing a new deal, making a new record and touring as long as someone else owned their music.


title: The Cribs

text: What followed was an eighteen month period of inactivity, resulting in 2019 being the only year since the band's inception in 2002 whereby the band did not play a live concert, following their final gig of the "24-7 Rock Star Shit" tour in Glasgow in September 2018.


title: The Cribs

text: In a position of uncertainty about how to continue beyond the already-booked gigs, following a show where The Cribs had supported Foo Fighters in Manchester at the Etihad Stadium in June 2018, Dave Grohl learned of the band's struggles and offered for the band to use his Studio 606.


title: The Cribs

text: Following the successful resolution of their back catalogue ownership, the band was set to sign a major label deal. But then it emerged that there was yet other people claiming ownership of their music, and so they had to go through another legal battle from September 2019 to February 2020 while working on the new album.


title: The Cribs

text: During 2020, the band was active on Twitter to participate in Tim Burgess' "Listening Parties", offering behind the scenes insight for their most commercially successful album "Men's Needs, Women's Needs, Whatever" on 7 April and due to the positive response, followed up with another listening party of fan favourite "The New Fellas" on 28 May.


title: The Cribs

text: On 8 June, the band announced on their social media pages, with four hours notice, their first live performance in nearly two years. This turned out to be a pre-recorded webcam broadcast of "Be Safe", featuring Lee Ranaldo performing his spoken word part, from their residences across the world (Ryan in Queens, New York, Gary in Portland, Oregon, Ross in Wakefield and Lee in Manhattan, New York).


title: The Cribs

text: On 12 August 2020, a day over three years since their last new material "24-7 Rock Star Shit", the band's social media profile pictures changed to a stylised test card. The following day on 13 August 2020, the band announced their return with a new song to be broadcast on BBC Radio 6 Music. The song turned out to be lead single "Running Into You" and subsequently the band announced new album "Night Network" to be released on 13 November 2020, along with artwork, tracklisting and a video for "Running Into You" starring Sam Riley.


title: The Cribs

text: Released into the UK COVID-19 lockdown of 2020, the band had all of their scheduled headline touring to support the album delayed. The album release was therefore celebrated with a socially distanced performance at Liverpools legendary Cavern Club on the 21st November. This performance was streamed worldwide as a PPV via the Veeps platform.


title: The Cribs

text: On July 15, 2021, The Cribs released a cover of the Comet Gain song "Fingernailed For You" as part of the Kill Rock Stars label's 30th anniversary covers compilation "Stars Rock Kill (Rock Stars)".


title: The Cribs

text: On July 29, 2022, The Cribs released reissues of their first three albums, the main reason for which was because the albums' vinyl editions had been out of print for some time. After regaining the rights and master tapes for the albums through the legal battle that caused the band's inactivity several years prior, they spent 2021 sifting through their archives for bonus material to include on the reissues. To mark the reissues' release, the band did a number of shows at intimate venues in which they performed all three albums in full. All three reissued albums entered the Top Ten of the midweek UK Albums Chart.


title: The Cribs

text: A group of between fifty and one-hundred committed fans aimed to 'collect thoughtful, dedicated and passionate written work' on the band beginning in early summer 2011. "Kind Words from the Broken Hearted" 'outlines a range of responses to the Cribs...with many otherwise "ordinary" men and women contributing ideas and views' that fill the pages of the fanzine. Pieces within the fanzine emphasise the importance of Wichita Recordings, Domino Recording Company, Kill Rock Stars and Fortuna Pop!, amongst others, in providing a vibrant and supportive environment for independent bands to hone their work and retain an ethical stance in the music industry. The fanzine also shares close links with fellow Wakefield independent music fans at "Rhubarb Bomb", in addition to "Bonus Cupped", a left-leaning, travel and punk publication from Bristol. Moreover, "Kind Words from the Broken Hearted" supports other forms of independent music, including Comet Gain, Edwyn Collins and Pavement to name but three, welcoming diverse forms of the art but keen to eschew a celebratory tone that pervades contemporary music journalism. Notable readers, and upcoming contributors include band collaborator Nick Scott at Narcsville and Eddie Argos and Jasper Future from Art Brut. Support from within contemporary music journalism has come from influential The Smiths and David Bowie writer and broadcaster Simon Goddard, in addition to Tim Jonze at The Guardian. Those interested by independent journalism can find the fanzine through a regular address or alternatively through an Edinburgh-based social media site.


title: Genital tattooing

text: Genital tattooing is the practice of placing permanent marks under the skin of the genitals in the form of tattoos.


title: Genital tattooing

text: Though tattoos in general have enjoyed an upsurge of popularity, particularly in the west and among younger people, genital tattoos are still relatively rare. There are several probable reasons for this: the genital area is sensitive, it is not often publicly visible, and covered with hair. Also, some tattooists refuse to place tattoos in these (and other) areas for a variety of reasons.


title: Genital tattooing

text: Genital tattooing may have been decorative surgeries practiced during Paleolithic times and archaeological evidence has survived to our day. Evidence regarding explicit genital male representations were found in art made in Europe approximately 38,000 to 11,000 years ago. However, the primitive meaning of genital ornamentation is not clearly defined.


title: Genital tattooing

text: As any other forms of tattoos, the choice may be decorative and genital tattoo designs have been created to decoratively imitate pubic hair, to enhance the appearance of the genitals, or to create whimsical or other designs around the genital area. Some men have incorporated genital tattooing into the creation of a tattoo design in such a way that the penis becomes a part of the overall design motif (for example, as a "nose" in a tattooed face, or as the "trunk" of an elephant).


title: Genital tattooing

text: Women have created similar designs, incorporating their genitals into tattooed designs like faces and animals. This practice has long been a part of tattooing, and examples can be seen incorporating the nipples and other parts of the body into designs.


title: Genital tattooing

text: Some heavily tattooed people choose to have their genital and anal regions tattooed to complete the work they have over much of their bodies. Others have used genital tattooing in a BDSM context, for example to indicate "ownership" of a submissive by a dominant.


title: Genital tattooing

text: Nearly the entire genital region can be tattooed, including the shaft and head of the penis, the skin of the scrotum, the pubic region and the outer labia.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese ( or ', or ), also known as Old Portuguese or as Medieval Galician when referring to the history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages, in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula. Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the Galician and Portuguese languages.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Douro River in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it was later extended south of the Douro by the "Reconquista".


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: It is the common ancestor of modern Portuguese, Galician, Eonavian, and Fala varieties, all of which maintain a very high level of mutual intelligibility. The term "Galician-Portuguese" also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of Gallaecia, from the Vulgar Latin (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the Roman Empire. Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Gallaecian and Lusitanian influences were absorbed into the local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician-Portuguese words as well as in placenames of Celtic and Iberian origin. In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in Roman Hispania had a peculiar regional accent, referred to as "Hispano ore" and "agrestius pronuntians". The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It is assumed that the Pre-Roman languages spoken by the native people, each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: An early form of Galician-Portuguese was already spoken in the Kingdom of the Suebi and by the year 800 Galician-Portuguese had already become the vernacular of northwestern Iberia. The first known phonetic changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician-Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the Suebi (411–585) and Visigoths (585–711). And the Galician-Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") and the nasal vowels may have evolved under the influence of local Celtic languages (as in Old French). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman Gallaecia, but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: The oldest known document to contain Galician-Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called the "Doação à Igreja de Sozello" and dated to 870 but otherwise composed in Late/Medieval Latin. Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician-Portuguese words is the "Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa". In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms. The "Notícia de fiadores", written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician-Portuguese.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: The "Pacto dos irmãos Pais", discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite the enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician-Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician-Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax. The "Noticia de Torto", of uncertain date (c. 1214?), and the "" (27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician-Portuguese. The earliest poetic texts (but not the manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king Silo of Asturias, dated to 775: it uses substrate words as "arrogio" and "lagena", now "arroio" 'stream' and "laxe" 'stone', and presents also the elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants; actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician-Portuguese contemporary language. As for the oldest document written in Galician-Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231, since the "Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas", dated to 1228, is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms of Crown of Castile (Kingdoms of Castile, Leon and Galicia, part of the medieval NW Iberian Peninsula) comparable to the Catalan language of the Crown of Aragon (Principality of Catalonia and Kingdoms of Aragon, Valencia and Majorca, NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that of Occitan in France and Italy during the same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician-Portuguese lyric poetry are these:


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among them Bernal de Bonaval, Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The main secular poetic genres were the "cantigas d'amor" (male-voiced love lyric), the "cantigas d'amigo" (female-voiced love lyric) and the "cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer" (including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate).


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400 "cantigas de Santa Maria" (narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of the Holy Virgin). The Castilian king Alfonso X composed his "cantigas de Santa Maria" and his "cantigas de escárnio e maldizer" in Galician-Portuguese, even though he used Castilian for prose.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: King Dinis of Portugal, who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the language official in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been the official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known as "lingua vulgar" ("ordinary language", that is Vulgar Latin) until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician-Portuguese" and "português arcaico" ("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to the differences in Ancient Greek dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Leon to establish the Kingdom of Portugal. The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: As Portugal's territory was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlier Arabic and other Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in the 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation, Braga and Porto, were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities of Lugo, A Coruña and the great medieval centre of Santiago de Compostela remained within Galicia.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it was displaced by Castilian Spanish, which was the official language of the Crown of Castille. Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such as Martin Sarmiento, who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during the Rexurdimento, followed by the apparition of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until the late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. The draft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of the Spanish Civil War.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: The linguistic classification of Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galician philologists who argue that both are dialects of a common language rather than two separate ones.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: The Fala language, spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura, underwent a similar development as Galician.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Today Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among the younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: and were apico-alveolar, and and were lamino-alveolar. Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for a time but eventually merging in most dialects. See History of Portuguese for more information.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: As far as it is known, Galician-Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had possibly a 7-oral-vowel system (like in most of Romance languages) and a 5-nasal-vowel system . The vowels were raised to in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g. "vento" , "quente" .


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: However, the distribution (including ) is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as ), "Alemanha, manhã" ; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays, "Alemanha, manhã" .


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician-Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician-Portuguese language spread south with the Reconquista, supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician-Portuguese oral traditions be made part of the Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Galician-Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include the "cantigas ao desafio" or "regueifas", duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain a lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as the "magosto," "entroido" or Corpus Christi, with ancient dances and tradition – like the one where Coca the dragon fights with Saint George; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of a common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: A Galician-Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken in Entrimo and Lobios and in northern Portugal in Terras de Bouro (lands of the Buri) and Castro Laboreiro including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages.


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Manuscripts containing Galician-Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 [see below under "critical editions"]):


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: Critical editions of individual genres of Galician-Portuguese poetry (note that the "cantigas d'amor" are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932):


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see:


title: Galician-Portuguese

text: On the early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro, "Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo". (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references).


title: Air travel

text: Air travel is a form of travel in vehicles such as airplanes, jet aircraft, helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, hang gliders, parachutes, or anything else that can sustain flight. Use of air travel has greatly increased in recent decades – worldwide it doubled between the mid-1980s and the year 2000. Modern air travel is much safer than road travel.


title: Air travel

text: Air travel are separated into two general classifications: national/domestic and international flights. Flights from one point to another within the same country are domestic flights. Flights from a point in one country to a point within a different country are international flights. Travelers can use domestic or international flights in either private or public travel.


title: Air travel

text: Travel class on an airplane is usually split into a two, three or four class model service. U.S. domestic flights usually have two classes: economy class and a domestic first class partitioned into cabins. International flights may have up to four classes: economy class; premium economy; business class or club class; and first class.


title: Air travel

text: Most air travel starts and ends at a commercial airport. The typical procedure is check-in; border control; airport security baggage and passenger check before entering the gate; boarding; flying; and pick-up of luggage and – limited to international flights – another border control at the host country's border.


title: Air travel

text: For longer journeys, air travel may consist of several flights with a layover in between. The number of layovers often depends on the number of hub airports the journey is routed through.


title: Air travel

text: Airlines rely either on the point-to-point model or the spoke-and-hub model to operate flights in between airports. The point-to-point model, often used by low-cost carriers such as Southwest, relies on scheduling flights directly between destination airports. The spoke-and-hub model, used by carriers such as American and Delta, relies on scheduling flights to and from hub airports. The hub-and-spoke model allows airlines to connect more destinations and provide more frequent routes, while the point-to-point system allows airlines to avoid layovers and have more cost effective operations.


title: Air travel

text: According to the ATAG, flights produced of the greenhouse gas in 2015 globally, as compared to an estimated total of anthropogenic . Carbon offset is often proposed as solution to mitigate the emissions of flying. There are many NGOs that offer to compensate emissions by advancing clean renewable energy, reducing energy consumption and capturing already released carbon in trees or other plants. However, carbon offsetting is a very controversial topic as it only tries to mitigate what has already been emitted.


title: Air travel

text: Modern air travel is significantly safer than road travel. In 2008 in the United States, there were 1.27 fatalities per 100 million road vehicle miles, compared to no fatalities and almost zero accidents per million flying miles. There were more than five million driving accidents, compared to 20 accidents in flying. Travellers may perceive planes to be more dangerous as they do not allow individual control and because plane crashes are more catastrophic events (the availability bias).


title: Air travel

text: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is the third-most common vascular disease, next to stroke and heart attack. It is estimated that DVT affects one in 5,000 travellers on long flights. Risk increases with exposure to more flights within a short time frame and with increasing duration of flights.


title: Air travel

text: During flight, the aircraft cabin pressure is usually maintained at the equivalent of above sea level. Most healthy travelers will not notice any effects. However, for travelers with cardiopulmonary diseases (especially those who normally require supplemental oxygen), cerebrovascular disease, anemia, or sickle cell disease, conditions in an aircraft can exacerbate underlying medical conditions. Aircraft cabin air is typically dry, usually 10%–20% humidity, which can cause dryness of the mucous membranes of the eyes and airways.


title: Monkey bread

text: Monkey bread (also known by other names including plucking cake, pull-apart bread, and bubble bread) is a soft, sweet, sticky pastry served in the United States for breakfast or as a treat. It consists of pieces of soft baked dough sprinkled with cinnamon. It is often served at fairs and festivals.


title: Monkey bread

text: The origin of the term "monkey bread" comes from the pastry being a finger food; the consumer would pick apart the bread as a monkey would.


title: Monkey bread

text: What most people know as monkey bread today in the United States is actually the Hungarian dessert "arany galuska" ("golden dumpling"). Dating back to the 1880s in Hungarian literature, Hungarian immigrants brought this dish with them when they immigrated to America and began introducing it into the country's food landscape when Hungarian and Hungarian Jewish bakeries began selling it in the mid-twentieth century.


title: Monkey bread

text: In 1972, a cookbook published by Betty Crocker included a recipe for "arany galuska", which they referred to as "Hungarian Coffee Cake". As it became more popular in America, "arany galuska" came to be confused with monkey bread in which the balls of dough are not dipped in cinnamon and sugar but only in butter. "Monkey bread" soon became the more common name for this Hungarian Jewish dessert.


title: Monkey bread

text: Recipes for the bread first appeared in American women's magazines and community cookbooks in the 1950s. During the 1980s, Nancy Reagan popularized serving monkey bread during Christmas by making it a staple of the Reagan White House Christmas.


title: Monkey bread

text: The bread is made with pieces of sweet yeast dough (often frozen), which are baked in a cake pan at high heat after first being individually covered in melted butter, cinnamon, and sugar. Chopped pecans are also commonly added. It is traditionally served hot so that the baked segments can be easily torn away with the fingers and eaten by hand.


title: Clackers

text: Clackers (also known as Clankers, Ker-Bangers, and numerous other names) were toys popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s.


title: Clackers

text: In 1968, tempered glass sphere models emerged that would eventually shatter, sending glass shards into the face of the user and anyone nearby. In the early 1970s, manufacturers changed them to plastic spheres suspended on each string. When they were swung up and down, banging against each other with a lot of force they made the loud "clacking" sound. Clackers are similar in appearance to bolas, the Argentine weapon.


title: Clackers

text: They are formed out of two solid balls of polymer, each about in diameter, attached to a finger tab with a sturdy string. The player holds the tab with the balls hanging below and through up-and-down hand motion makes the two balls swing apart and back together, making the clacking noise that gives the toy its name. With practice one can make the balls swing so that they knock together both above and below the hand.


title: Clackers

text: Clackers were taken off the market in the United States and Canada when reports came out of children becoming injured while playing with them. Fairly heavy and fast-moving, and made of hard acrylic plastic, the balls would occasionally shatter upon striking each other. In the United States, they were classed as a "mechanical hazard" in "United States v. Article Consisting of 50,000 Cardboard Boxes More or Less, Each Containing One Pair of Clacker Balls".


title: Clackers

text: A redesigned version of Clackers enjoyed a revival in the 1990s. The new design used modern plastics which would not shatter and two free-swinging, opposing triangles attached to a handle, with weighted balls at the ends. They are often sold in bright neon colors as noisemaker toys or party favors.


title: Clackers

text: In 2017, the original form of the toy was revived in Egypt and gained publicity among school children. It became famous under the name "Sisi's balls" referring to the testicles of the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. The police subsequently arrested 41 clacker sellers and confiscated 1,403 pairs of the toy which they considered offensive to the government.


title: Clackers

text: Clackers have also made some appearances in pop culture media. In film, they are shown in "Beware! The Blob" (1972).


title: Clackers

text: Clackers are a plot point in the 1993 "Love and Sausages" episode of "The Kids in the Hall" TV series. They were also used as weapons by Joseph Joestar in the 1980s manga series "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", in the "Battle Tendency" story arc; their appearance there is anachronistic, as "Battle Tendency" takes place in 1938.


title: Clackers

text: The toys are featured in the US television shows produced by Dan Schneider, most notably in the 2007 "Drake & Josh" episode "Megan's First Kiss," and in the 2008 "Zoey 101" episode "Rumor of Love", which described the toys as "the hottest toy in the Netherlands", and which increased contemporary interest in the toys.


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other sovereign countries and territories placed on citizens of the Republic of Lebanon.


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: As of 2022 citizens of the Republic of Lebanon had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 41 and territories, ranking the Lebanese passport 103rd in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Citizens of the Republic of Lebanon do not need a passport when travelling to Jordan and Syria. For these countries, they may use just their domestic national identification cards called in Arabic: بطاقة الهوية ("bițāqat al-hawiya") and in French: "carte nationale d'identité".


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Besides visa requirements, most countries specify other requirements which preclude the entry of citizens of the Republic of Lebanon and other citizens into their territory such as the prospective entrant not having a criminal history or health issues and presenting evidence of sufficient funds or a ticket for exit and many other factors.


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: General visa requirements of fully internationally recognized sovereign countries and territories towards citizens of the Republic of Lebanon:


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Visa requirements for citizens of the Republic of Lebanon for visits to various territories, disputed areas, partially recognized countries not mentioned in the list above, and restricted zonesand restricted zones:


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Holders of Diplomatic, Service, and Official passports issued by the Republic of Lebanon have visa-free or visa on arrival (VoA) access to the following additional countries and territories (both mutual and unilateral):


title: Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens

text: Diplomatic Missions of the Republic of Lebanon are to advance the interests of the Republic of Lebanon, and to serve and protect the citizens of the Republic of Lebanon. There are currently 104 diplomatic missions of the Republic of Lebanon abroad.


title: Volcano Bay

text: Universal's Volcano Bay Water Theme Park, or Volcano Bay, is a tropical-themed water park at Universal Orlando Resort in Orlando, Florida. Owned and operated by Universal Parks & Resorts, Volcano Bay replaced Wet 'n Wild as Universal Orlando Resort's water park, and it was the first water park constructed by Universal itself. The park, themed around a volcano named "Krakatau", opened on May 25, 2017.


title: Volcano Bay

text: Krakatau is a tall artificial volcano and is the park's main icon that is displayed on the logo. The volcano houses three drop-capsule slides, Ko'okiri Body Plunge, the tallest body slide in America ranging at 125 feet tall, and also the first to travel through a pool full of guests. Krakatau also holds the Kala & Tai Nui Serpentine Body Slides which travel throughout the midst of the volcano, winding around the Krakatau Aqua Coaster.


title: Volcano Bay

text: The park uses a wearable under the name TapuTapu for payments and line queues. The wearable is distributed at the entrance at the park, which can be used to hold one's place in line. TapuTapu allows for payment by linking a credit card through the Universal Orlando app to the wearable, allowing users to pay throughout the park for merchandise, food, and drinks. The wristbands can be used to interact with environmental features, set off water springs, or illuminate lights.


title: Volcano Bay

text: In February 2015, Universal Orlando Resort officials submitted plans for a new water park attraction to be located on their property near the Cabana Bay Beach Resort. Construction was already underway when Universal Orlando Resort officially announced the project, and its name, on May 28, 2015. In June 2015, it was revealed that the park would replace the Universal-owned Wet 'n Wild water park, which closed on December 31, 2016.


title: Volcano Bay

text: Volcano Bay was constructed on approximately of the resort complex's overall property, and took an estimated US$600 million to build. Artist's concepts showed a thrill slide coming from the park's central volcano, as well as a wave pool and other water slides. A lazy river and rapids slide are also shown on the plans, although park officials stated they will reveal all of the park's planned attractions at a later date.


title: Volcano Bay

text: On June 21, 2016, Universal Orlando Resort officials revealed additional details on Volcano Bay, including its debut attractions and its planned opening date of June 1, 2017. On January 25, 2017, Universal Orlando Resort revealed that the Grand Opening ceremony would be on May 25, 2017.


title: Volcano Bay

text: Volcano Bay's attractions are located in four themed areas, each inspired by various Polynesian islands and cultures. The centerpiece of the park is "Krakatau", a volcano that will have waterfalls during the day and lava flows at night created by the French company Aquatique Show.


title: Volcano Bay

text: Wave Village is designed for sunbathing and relaxation and includes one and two-story cabanas that can be rented by visitors.


title: Volcano Bay

text: The final section of the park contains a large number of thrill slides, including raft slides ridden with multiple riders.