title: God of Carnage

text: After some minor changes to the English script to accommodate American audiences, a Broadway production opened at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre in previews on February 28, 2009, and officially on March 22, 2009. Originally planned for a limited engagement to close July 19, 2009, the run was extended through February 28, 2010 before converting to an open-ended run. From July 27, 2009 to September 8, 2009, the play was suspended to allow the principal cast to tie up prior engagements before returning to fulfill their contracts. Directed once again by Matthew Warchus, the original cast included Jeff Daniels, Hope Davis, James Gandolfini and Marcia Gay Harden. All four actors were nominated for Tony Awards for their performances. Harden won the Tony for Best Leading Actress in a Play. The Broadway production closed on June 6, 2010 playing 24 previews and 452 regular performances. It is the third-longest running play of the 2000s (after "The 39 Steps" and ""). While receiving mostly positive reviews, the play has also generated some negative reactions. Brendan Lemon of the "Financial Times" called the play "this piece of shallow arrogance", adding, "I detest the pathetic complicity between this author and her audiences... when I left the theatre, I thought: I’ll never laugh again." Broadway cast replacements include Ken Stott (who had starred in the London production), Christine Lahti, Jimmy Smits, Annie Potts (making her Broadway debut), Jeff Daniels (returning in the role of Michael and not his original role, Alan), Janet McTeer (who had starred in the London production), Dylan Baker, Lucy Liu (in her Broadway debut).


title: God of Carnage

text: The production was remounted in 2011 as a one-off engagement for Center Theatre Group at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles, running for eight weeks from April 5, 2011 to May 29, 2011 (extended from the originally-announced six week run). The original Broadway cast reprised their original roles. The production broke every box office record set at the time for a play at the Ahmanson Theatre, selling 97,567 tickets and grossing nearly $8 million in eight weeks.


title: God of Carnage

text: The German premiere took place on December 2, 2006 at the Schauspielhaus Zürich with Dörte Lyssewski as Véronique Houillé, Tilo Nest as Michel Houillé, Corinna Kirchhoff as Annette Reille and Michael Maertens as Alain Reille. The play was directed by Jürgen Gosch.


title: God of Carnage

text: The Slovenian premiere took place in 2007 at the National Theatre in Ljubljana. The play was directed by Janusz Kica.


title: God of Carnage

text: The play was produced in French for the first time with a premiere on January 25, 2008, at the Théâtre Antoine in Paris. The actors were Isabelle Huppert as Véronique Houllié, André Marcon as Michel Houllié, Valérie Bonneton as Annette Reille and Éric Elmosnino as Alain Reille. The director was the author herself, Yasmina Reza.


title: God of Carnage

text: In Spain, the play was released on October 2, 2008 at the Alcázar Theatre in Madrid, starring Maribel Verdú, Aitana Sánchez-Gijón, Antonio Molero and Pere Ponce. For their performances, they won and were nominated for numerous awards.


title: God of Carnage

text: The Croatian premiere took place in 2008 at the National Theatre in Split. The play was directed by Nenni Delmestre. The second Croatian production took place in 2009 at Theatre Rugantino in Zagreb. The play was directed by Franka Perkovic.


title: God of Carnage

text: In Serbia, the premiere of the play was in December 2008 at Atelje 212 in Belgrade. It was directed by Alisa Stojanović and starred Dušanka Stojanović, Tihomir Stanić, Jelena Đokić and Svetozar Cvetković.


title: God of Carnage

text: The Sydney premiere took place on 3 October 2009 at the Sydney Opera House Drama Theatre. It was directed by Gale Edwards and starred Russell Dykstra, Sacha Horler, Marcus Graham, and Helen Thomson. The designer was Brian Thomson.


title: God of Carnage

text: The Romanian premiere took place in 2010 at the Comedy Theater (Teatrul de Comedie) in Bucharest. The play was directed by Lucian Giurchescu, and the actors were Delia Nartea/Teodora Stanciu, Tania Popa, Marius Drogeanu and Alexandru Conovaru.


title: God of Carnage

text: The Irish premiere took place in February 2011 at the Gate Theatre, Dublin starring Maura Tierney, Ardal O'Hanlon, Owen Roe and Donna Dent, and directed by Alan Stanford. The Chicago Premiere was presented at the Goodman Theatre in March 2011 directed by Rick Snyder and starring David Pasquesi. The play has just finished a run at the Guthrie Theatre, Minneapolis, MN.


title: God of Carnage

text: "God of Carnage" had its Puerto Rican premiere on November 4, 2011 at the Tapia Theatre in San Juan starring Cordelia Gonzalez, Braulio Castillo, Jr., René Monclova and Luisa de los Ríos, and directed by Alina Marrero.


title: God of Carnage

text: A Flemish version called "God van de slachting" in Dutch, toured Flanders, Belgium in 2012. It was directed by acclaimed television director Jan Eelen and starred Els Dottermans, Frank Focketyn, An Miller and Oscar Van Rompay. The tour was hugely successful, mainly thanks to the fame of the director. The Raamtheater had previously performed the play, but their version was less successful.


title: God of Carnage

text: In March 2013 "Un Dios Salvaje" premiered in Chile at Centro Mori Parque Arauco theatre, starring Blanca Lewin, Alvaro Espinoza, Ingrid Cruz and Elvis Fuentes, directed by Andrés Céspedes and produced by The Cow Company.


title: God of Carnage

text: The United Arab Emirates premiere took place in Dubai in April 2013 with Director Nina Hein, at the Jam Jar. Actors were Russell Bell (Michael), Brook Butterworth (Annette), Mike Green (Alan) and Sophie Paris (Veronica).


title: God of Carnage

text: A new production of the Christopher Hampton English translation was part of the 2018 summer season at the Theatre Royal, Bath. Directed by Lindsay Posner, it starred Elizabeth McGovern, Amanda Abbington, Nigel Lindsay, and Ralf Little.


title: God of Carnage

text: Roman Polanski directed the 2011 film adaption of "God of Carnage", whose title was shortened to "Carnage". The film was shot in Paris due to Polanski's outstanding criminal conviction in the United States. Jodie Foster and John C. Reilly play Penelope and Michael and Christoph Waltz and Kate Winslet play Alan and Nancy.


title: Polyimide

text: Polyimide (sometimes abbreviated PI) is a polymer containing imide groups belonging to the class of high-performance plastics. With their high heat-resistance, polyimides enjoy diverse applications in roles demanding rugged organic materials, e.g. high temperature fuel cells, displays, and various military roles. A classic polyimide is Kapton, which is produced by condensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline.


title: Polyimide

text: The first polyimide was discovered in 1908 by Bogart and Renshaw. They found that 4-amino phthalic anhydride does not melt when heated but does release water upon the formation of a high molecular weight polyimide. The first semialiphatic polyimide was prepared by Edward and Robinson by melt fusion of diamines and tetra acids or diamines and diacids / diester.


title: Polyimide

text: However, the first polyimide of significant commercial importance - Kapton - was pioneered in the 1950s by workers at Dupont who developed a successful route for synthesis of high molecular weight polyimide involving a soluble polymer precursor. Up to today this route continues being the primary route for the production of most polyimides. Polyimides have been in mass production since 1955. The field of polyimides is covered by various extensive books and review articles.


title: Polyimide

text: The polymerization of a diamine and a dianhydride can be carried out by a two-step method in which a poly(amidocarboxylic acid) is prepared first, or directly by a one-step method. The two-step method is the most widely used procedure for polyimide synthesis. First a soluble poly(amidocarboxylic acid) (2) is prepared which is cyclized after further processing in a second step to the polyimide (3). A two-step process is necessary because the final polyimides are in most cases infusible and insoluble due to their aromatic structure.


title: Polyimide

text: Dianhydrides used as precursors to these materials include pyromellitic dianhydride, benzoquinonetetracarboxylic dianhydride and naphthalene tetracarboxylic dianhydride. Common diamine building blocks include 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl ether ("DAPE"), meta-phenylenediamine ("MDA"), and 3,3-diaminodiphenylmethane. Hundreds of diamines and dianhydrides have been examined to tune the physical and especially the processing properties of these materials. These materials tend to be insoluble and have high softening temperatures, arising from charge-transfer interactions between the planar subunits.


title: Polyimide

text: The imidization reaction can be followed via IR spectroscopy. The IR spectrum is characterized during the reaction by the disappearance of absorption bands of the poly(amic acid) at 3400 to 2700 cm (OH stretch), ~1720 and 1660 (amide C=O) and ~1535 cm (C-N stretch). At the same time, the appearance of the characteristic imide bands can be observed, at ~1780 (C=O asymm), ~1720 (C=O symm), ~1360 (C-N stretch) and ~1160 and 745 cm (imide ring deformation).　Detailed analyses of polyimide and carbonized polyimide and graphitized polyimide have been reported.


title: Polyimide

text: Thermosetting polyimides are known for thermal stability, good chemical resistance, excellent mechanical properties, and characteristic orange/yellow color. Polyimides compounded with graphite or glass fiber reinforcements have flexural strengths of up to and flexural moduli of . Thermoset polymer matrix polyimides exhibit very low creep and high tensile strength. These properties are maintained during continuous use to temperatures of up to and for short excursions, as high as . Molded polyimide parts and laminates have very good heat resistance. Normal operating temperatures for such parts and laminates range from cryogenic to those exceeding . Polyimides are also inherently resistant to flame combustion and do not usually need to be mixed with flame retardants. Most carry a UL rating of VTM-0. Polyimide laminates have a flexural strength half life at of 400 hours.


title: Polyimide

text: Typical polyimide parts are not affected by commonly used solvents and oils – including hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, alcohols and freons. They also resist weak acids but are not recommended for use in environments that contain alkalis or inorganic acids. Some polyimides, such as CP1 and CORIN XLS, are solvent-soluble and exhibit high optical clarity. The solubility properties lend them towards spray and low temperature cure applications.


title: Polyimide

text: Polyimide materials are lightweight, flexible, resistant to heat and chemicals. Therefore, they are used in the electronics industry for flexible cables and as an insulating film on magnet wire. For example, in a laptop computer, the cable that connects the main logic board to the display (which must flex every time the laptop is opened or closed) is often a polyimide base with copper conductors. Examples of polyimide films include Apical, Kapton, UPILEX, VTEC PI, Norton TH and Kaptrex.


title: Polyimide

text: An additional use of polyimide resin is as an insulating and passivation layer in the manufacture of Integrated circuits and MEMS chips. The polyimide layers have good mechanical elongation and tensile strength, which also helps the adhesion between the polyimide layers or between polyimide layer and deposited metal layer. The minimum interaction between the gold film and the polyimide film, coupled with high temperature stability of the polyimide film, results in a system that provides reliable insulation when subjected to various types of environmental stresses. Polyimide is also used as a substrate for cellphone antennas.


title: Polyimide

text: Multi-layer insulation used on spacecraft is usually made of polyimide coated with thin layers of aluminum, silver, gold, or germanium. The gold-colored material often seen on the outside of spacecraft is typically actually single aluminized polyimide, with the single layer of aluminum facing in. The yellowish-brown polyimide gives the surface its gold-like color.


title: Polyimide

text: Polyimide powder can be used to produce parts and shapes by sintering technologies (hot compression molding, direct forming, and isostatic pressing). Because of their high mechanical stability even at elevated temperatures they are used as bushings, bearings, sockets or constructive parts in demanding applications. To improve tribological properties, compounds with solid lubricants like graphite, PTFE, or molybdenum sulfide are common. Polyimide parts and shapes include P84 NT, VTEC PI, Meldin, Vespel, and Plavis.


title: Polyimide

text: In coal-fired power plants, waste incinerators, or cement plants, polyimide fibres are used to filter hot gases. In this application, a polyimide needle felt separates dust and particulate matter from the exhaust gas.


title: Polyimide

text: Polyimide is also the most common material used for the reverse osmotic film in purification of water, or the concentration of dilute materials from water, such as maple syrup production.


title: Polyimide

text: Polyimide is used for medical tubing, e.g. vascular catheters, for its burst pressure resistance combined with flexibility and chemical resistance.


title: Polyimide

text: The semiconductor industry uses polyimide as a high-temperature adhesive; it is also used as a mechanical stress buffer.


title: Polyimide

text: Some polyimide can be used like a photoresist; both "positive" and "negative" types of photoresist-like polyimide exist in the market.


title: Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022

text: Australia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy. The Australian broadcaster Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) selected Sheldon Riley with "Not the Same" to represent the country, after he won "Eurovision – Australia Decides" on 26 February 2022.


text: Australia debuted in the Eurovision Song Contest in by invitation from the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) as a "one-off" special guest to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Eurovision. On 17 November 2015, the EBU announced that SBS had been invited to participate in the 2016 contest and that Australia would once again take part. In 2015, Australia was guaranteed a spot in the final of the contest and was allowed to vote during both semi-finals and the final; however, from the 2016 contest and onwards, Australia would have to qualify to the final from one of two semi-finals and could only vote in the semi-final in which the nation was allocated to compete.


text: Australia was drawn to compete in the second semi-final of the Eurovision Song Contest which took place on 12 May 2022. Performing during the show in position 8, "Not the Same" was announced among the top 10 entries of the second semi-final and hence qualified to compete in the final. In the final, Australia placed 15th with 125 points. It was later revealed that the country placed 2nd in the semi-final with 243 points.


text: Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) has broadcast the Eurovision Song Contest since 1983, and the contest has gained a cult following over that time, primarily due to the country's strong political and cultural ties with Europe. Paying tribute to this, the 2014 contest semi-finals included an interval act featuring Australian singer Jessica Mauboy. Australian singers have also participated at Eurovision as representatives of other countries, including Olivia Newton-John (, ), two-time winner Johnny Logan ( and , ), Gina G (, United Kingdom), and Jane Comerford as lead singer of Texas Lightning (, ).


text: Tying in with the goal of Eurovisionto showcase "the importance of bringing countries together to celebrate diversity, music and culture", the 2015 theme of "Building Bridges", and arguing that they could not hold "the world's biggest party" to celebrate the 60th edition of Eurovision without inviting Australia, the EBU announced on 10 February 2015 that the country would compete at that year's edition as a special guest participant. Along with the "Big 5" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom), and the host country of Austria, Australia was given automatic entry into the final to "not reduce the chances" of the semi-final participants. On 17 November 2015, the EBU announced that SBS had been invited to participate in the 2016 contest and that Australia would once again take part, however they would have to qualify for the final from one of two semi-finals and could only vote in the semi-final in which the nation was competing. On 12 February 2019, SBS signed a contract securing Australia's spot at the contest until 2023. In , Australia was represented by Montaigne and the song "Technicolour". The country ended in fourteenth place in the first semi-final with 28 points, therefore failing to qualify for the final for the first time. On 16 June 2021, SBS confirmed Australia's participation in the 2022 contest, with "Eurovision – Australia Decides" returning to choose the entry.


text: "Eurovision – Australia Decides" was the national final organised by SBS in order to select the Australian entry for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022. The competition took place at the Convention and Exhibition Centre in Gold Coast on 26 February 2022, hosted by Myf Warhurst and Joel Creasey. Eleven artists and songs competed with the winner being determined by a combination of public and jury voting. The show was broadcast on SBS as well as streamed online at SBS On Demand.


text: On 26 August 2021, SBS announced an open submission for interested songwriters to submit their songs online until 26 September 2021. Over half of the composers or songwriters of a song were required to be citizens or permanent residents of Australia and songs were required to be in English or an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander language. Ten songs were selected for the competition from the received submissions and performers of the selected songs were determined by SBS in consultation with the songwriters. The chosen competing acts were announced in three sets: the first on 28 October 2021, the second on 26 November 2021, and the third on 14 December 2021. Simultaneous to the final artist reveal, it was announced that an eleventh 'wildcard artist' would be selected through a TikTok contest. Candidates were required to send a live vocal performance clip of any particular song, up to one minute long, with submissions opened until 16 January 2022. Erica Padilla was the selected candidate.


text: The final took place on 26 February 2022. The combination of public votes (50%) and a five-member jury (50%) selected the winner. The jury consisted of Alexandra Rotan from Keiino, Darren Hayes of the group Savage Garden, Millie Petriella from APRA AMCOS, Emily Griggs, the SBS Head of Food and Entertainment, and Creative Director and producer Paul Clarke. Moreover, for the first time, the public votes were ranked. According to producer Paul Clarke, the most points an act could get was the same amount that such act could get from the jury. In addition to the performances of the competing entries, the show was opened by Keiino, who represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, and Montaigne, who represented Australia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2021. Montaigne also performed as an interval act together with David Byrne.


text: According to Eurovision rules, all nations with the exceptions of the host country and the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) are required to qualify from one of two semi-finals in order to compete for the final; the top ten countries from each semi-final progress to the final. The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) split up the competing countries into six different pots based on voting patterns from previous contests, with countries with favourable voting histories put into the same pot. On 25 January 2022, an allocation draw was held which placed each country into one of the two semi-finals, as well as which half of the show they would perform in. Australia has been placed into the second semi-final, to be held on 12 May 2022, and has been scheduled to perform in the first half of the show.


text: Once all the competing songs for the 2022 contest had been released, the running order for the semi-finals was decided by the shows' producers rather than through another draw, so that similar songs were not placed next to each other. Australia performed in position 8, following the entry from and before the entry from . Later, Australia was voted to continue in the competition in the grand final, being selected to perform in the second half of the show in position 21, following the entry from Sweden and before the entry from the United Kingdom.


title: The Illinois

text: The Mile-High Illinois, Illinois Sky City, or simply The Illinois is a visionary skyscraper that is proposed to be over high, conceived and described by American architect Frank Lloyd Wright in his 1957 book, "A Testament". The design, intended to be built in Chicago, included 528 stories, with a gross area of . Wright stated that there would be parking for 15,000 cars and 100 helicopters.


title: The Illinois

text: If built, it would top the list of the tallest buildings in the world by far, being more than four times the height of the Empire State Building, almost twice as tall as the world's current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa; and about taller than the proposed Jeddah Towerthe latter two both designed by Adrian Smith, whose designs for both buildings are said to have been inspired by that of The Illinois.


title: The Illinois

text: Wright believed that it would have been technically possible to construct such a building even at the time it was proposed. At the time, the tallest skyscraper in the world was New York's Empire State Building, at less than a quarter of the height suggested for the Illinois. It probably would have been possible to erect a self-supporting steel structure of the required height, but there are a number of problems that occur when a building is that tall.


title: The Illinois

text: The material used to build tall towers at the time, steel, is quite flexible. This allows towers to sway substantially in the wind, causing discomfort for occupants of the higher floors. Though Wright acknowledged this problem in his original proposal, he believed the tripod design of this tower (similar to that of the CN Tower, which was not designed until a decade after Wright's death) combined with its tensioned steel frame and the integral character of its structural components would counteract any oscillation. This also could have been solved by placing a tuned mass damper somewhere within the tower as was done in the Citigroup Center and Taipei 101, although this design innovation was not well-known until decades later. The late 1990s and early 2000s saw substantial increases in the load-bearing strength of concrete, making it possible to build entirely in this stiff material.


title: The Illinois

text: Wright explained that there would be 76 elevators, each having five-floor-high tandem cabs, serving blocks of five floors simultaneously. The 76 elevators would be divided into five banks or groups, with each elevator group serving a hundred-floor segment of the building. Wright's floor plan of the 528th floor shows it would be served by only one elevator shaft. The elevators were to be "atomic-powered", capable of mile-per-minute speeds, and running on ratchets instead of suspended by cables. But a realistic design would be powered by a "third rail" like subways.


title: The Illinois

text: The elevator banks extend beyond the sloping exterior walls at various points, giving the building the appearance of an elongated pyramid with protruding parapets. He said these elevators would enable the building to be evacuated in one hour, in combination with escalators that would serve the five lowest floors.


title: The Illinois

text: In his 1957 book, "A Testament", Wright described the proposed structure with floor plans of the "base", 320th, and 528th (highest) floors. The floor plan for the 320th floor shows a single, open staircase, not separated from the surrounding office space in any way, not even with a door. The floor plan of the 528th floor shows that access is solely by a single elevator, with no staircase at all. Wright believed that because his building was fireproof, any fire precautions would be moot.


title: Clickjacking

text: Clickjacking (classified as a user interface redress attack or UI redressing) is a malicious technique of tricking a user into clicking on something different from what the user perceives, thus potentially revealing confidential information or allowing others to take control of their computer while clicking on seemingly innocuous objects, including web pages.


title: Clickjacking

text: Clickjacking is an instance of the confused deputy problem, wherein a computer is tricked into misusing its authority.


title: Clickjacking

text: In 2002, it had been noted that it was possible to load a transparent layer over a web page and have the user's input affect the transparent layer without the user noticing. However, this was mainly ignored as a major issue until 2008.""


title: Clickjacking

text: In 2008, Jeremiah Grossman and Robert Hansen had discovered that Adobe Flash Player was able to be clickjacked, allowing an attacker to gain access of the computer without the user's knowledge.""


title: Clickjacking

text: The term "clickjacking" was coined by Jeremiah Grossman and Robert Hansen, a portmanteau of the words "click" and "hijacking." ""


title: Clickjacking

text: As more attacks of a similar nature were discovered, the focus of the term "UI redressing" was changed to describe the category of these attacks, rather than just clickjacking itself.


title: Clickjacking

text: One form of clickjacking takes advantage of vulnerabilities that are present in applications or web pages to allow the attacker to manipulate the user's computer for their own advantage.


title: Clickjacking

text: For example, a clickjacked page tricks a user into performing undesired actions by clicking on concealed links. On a clickjacked page, the attackers load another page over the original page in a transparent layer to trick the user into taking actions, the outcomes of which will not be the same as the user expects. The unsuspecting users think that they are clicking visible buttons, while they are actually performing actions on the invisible page, clicking buttons of the page below the layer. The hidden page may be an authentic page; therefore, the attackers can trick users into performing actions which the users never intended. There is no way of tracing such actions to the attackers later, as the users would have been genuinely authenticated on the hidden page.


title: Clickjacking

text: Classic clickjacking refers to a situation when an attacker uses hidden layers on web pages to manipulate the actions a user's cursor does, resulting in misleading the user about what truly is being clicked on.


title: Clickjacking

text: A user might receive an email with a link to a video about a news item, but another webpage, say a product page on Amazon, can be "hidden" on top or underneath the "PLAY" button of the news video. The user tries to "play" the video but actually "buys" the product from Amazon. The hacker can only send a single click, so they rely on the fact that the visitor is both logged into Amazon.com and has 1-click ordering enabled.


title: Clickjacking

text: While technical implementation of these attacks may be challenging due to cross-browser incompatibilities, a number of tools such as BeEF or Metasploit Project offer almost fully automated exploitation of clients on vulnerable websites. Clickjacking may be facilitated by - or may facilitate - other web attacks, such as XSS.


title: Clickjacking

text: Likejacking is a malicious technique of tricking users viewing a website into "liking" a Facebook page or other social media posts/accounts that they did not intentionally mean to "like". The term "likejacking" came from a comment posted by Corey Ballou in the article "How to "Like" Anything on the Web (Safely)", which is one of the first documented postings explaining the possibility of malicious activity regarding Facebook's "like" button.


title: Clickjacking

text: According to an article in "IEEE Spectrum", a solution to likejacking was developed at one of Facebook's hackathons. A "Like" bookmarklet is available that avoids the possibility of likejacking present in the Facebook like button.


title: Clickjacking

text: Nested clickjacking, compared to classic clickjacking, works by embedding a malicious web frame between two frames of the original, harmless web page: that from the framed page and that which is displayed on the top window. This works due to a vulnerability in the HTTP header codice_1, in which, when this element has the value codice_2, the web browser only checks the two aforementioned layers. The fact that additional frames can be added in between these two while remaining undetected means that attackers can use this for their benefit.


title: Clickjacking

text: In the past, with Google+ and the faulty version of codice_1, attackers were able to insert frames of their choice by using the vulnerability present in Google's Image Search engine. In between the image display frames, which were present in Google+ as well, these attacker-controlled frames were able to load and not be restricted, allowing for the attackers to mislead whoever came upon the image display page.


title: Clickjacking

text: CursorJacking is a UI redressing technique to change the cursor from the location the user perceives, discovered in 2010 by Eddy Bordi, a researcher at Vulnerability.fr, Marcus Niemietz demonstrated this with a custom cursor icon, and in 2012 Mario Heiderich by hiding the cursor.


title: Clickjacking

text: Jordi Chancel, a researcher at Alternativ-Testing.fr, discovered a CursorJacking vulnerability using Flash, HTML and JavaScript code in Mozilla Firefox on Mac OS X systems (fixed in Firefox 30.0) which can lead to arbitrary code execution and webcam spying.


title: Clickjacking

text: A second CursorJacking vulnerability was again discovered by Jordi Chancel in Mozilla Firefox on Mac OS X systems (fixed in Firefox 37.0) using once again Flash, HTML and JavaScript code which can also lead to spying via a webcam and the execution of a malicious addon, allowing the execution of malware on the affected user's computer.


title: Clickjacking

text: Different from other clickjacking techniques that redress a UI, MouseJack is a wireless hardware-based UI vulnerability first reported by Marc Newlin of Bastille.net in 2016 which allows external keyboard input to be injected into vulnerable dongles. Logitech supplied firmware patches but other manufacturers failed to respond to this vulnerability.


title: Clickjacking

text: In Browserless clickjacking, attackers utilize vulnerabilities in programs to replicate classic clickjacking in them, without being required to use the presence of a web browser.


title: Clickjacking

text: This method of clickjacking is mainly prevalent among mobile devices, usually on Android devices, especially due to the way in which toast notifications work. Because toast notifications have a small delay in between the moment the notification is requested and the moment the notification actually displays on-screen, attackers are capable of using that gap to create a dummy button that lies hidden underneath the notification and can still be clicked on.


title: Clickjacking

text: CookieJacking is a form of clickjacking in which cookies are stolen from the victim's web browsers. This is done by tricking the user into dragging an object which seemingly appears harmless, but is in fact making the user select the entire content of the cookie being targeted. From there, the attacker can acquire the cookie and all of the data that it possesses.


title: Clickjacking

text: In fileJacking, attackers use the web browser's capability to navigate through the computer and access computer files in order to acquire personal data. It does so by tricking the user into establishing an active file server (through the file and folder selection window that browsers use). With this, attackers can now access and take files from their victims' computers.


title: Clickjacking

text: A 2014 paper from researcher at the Carnegie Mellon University found that while browsers refuse to autofill if the protocol on the current login page is different from the protocol at the time the password was saved, some password managers would insecurely fill in passwords for the http version of https-saved passwords. Most managers did not protect against iFrame- and redirection-based attacks and exposed additional passwords where password synchronization had been used between multiple devices.


title: Clickjacking

text: Protection against clickjacking (including likejacking) can be added to Mozilla Firefox desktop and mobile versions by installing the NoScript add-on: its ClearClick feature, released on 8 October 2008, prevents users from clicking on invisible or "redressed" page elements of embedded documents or applets. According to Google's "Browser Security Handbook" from 2008, NoScript's ClearClick is a "freely available product that offers a reasonable degree of protection" against Clickjacking. Protection from the newer cursorjacking attack was added to NoScript 2.2.8 RC1.


title: Clickjacking

text: The "NoClickjack" web browser add-on (browser extension) adds client-side clickjack protection for users of Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Microsoft Edge without interfering with the operation of legitimate iFrames. NoClickjack is based on technology developed for GuardedID. The NoClickjack add-on is free of charge.


title: Clickjacking

text: GuardedID (a commercial product) includes client-side clickjack protection for users of Internet Explorer without interfering with the operation of legitimate iFrames. GuardedID clickjack protection forces all frames to become visible. GuardedID teams with the add-on NoClickjack to add protection for Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Microsoft Edge.


title: Clickjacking

text: Gazelle is a Microsoft Research project secure web browser based on IE, that uses an OS-like security model, and has its own limited defenses against clickjacking. In Gazelle, a window of different origin may only draw dynamic content over another window's screen space if the content it draws is opaque.


title: Clickjacking

text: The Intersection Observer v2 API introduces the concept of tracking the actual "visibility" of a target element as a human being would define it. This allows a framed widget to detect when it's being covered. The feature is enabled by default since Google Chrome 74, released in April 2019. Chrome is the only browser to implement the API at this time.


title: Clickjacking

text: Web site owners can protect their users against UI redressing (frame based clickjacking) on the server side by including a framekiller JavaScript snippet in those pages they do not want to be included inside frames from different sources.


title: Clickjacking

text: Such JavaScript-based protection is not always reliable. This is especially true on Internet Explorer, where this kind of countermeasure can be circumvented "by design" by including the targeted page inside an <IFRAME SECURITY=restricted> element.


title: Clickjacking

text: Introduced in 2009 in Internet Explorer 8 was a new HTTP header codice_1 which offered a partial protection against clickjacking and was adopted by other browsers (Safari, Firefox, Chrome, and Opera) shortly afterwards. The header, when set by website owner, declares its preferred framing policy: values of codice_5, codice_6, or codice_2 will prevent any framing, framing by external sites, or allow framing only by the specified site, respectively. In addition to that, some advertising sites return a non-standard codice_8 value with the intention to allow framing their content on any page (equivalent of not setting X-Frame-Options at all).


title: Clickjacking

text: In 2013 the X-Frame-Options header has been officially published as RFC 7034, but is not an Internet standard. The document is provided for informational purposes only. The W3C's Content Security Policy Level 2 Recommendation provides an alternative security directive, frame-ancestors, which is intended to obsolete the X-Frame-Options header.


title: Clickjacking

text: A security header like X-Frame-Options will not protect users against clickjacking attacks that are not using a frame.


title: Clickjacking

text: The codice_9 directive of Content Security Policy (introduced in version 1.1) can allow or disallow embedding of content by potentially hostile pages using iframe, object, etc. This directive obsoletes the X-Frame-Options directive. If a page is served with both headers, the frame-ancestors policy should be preferred by the browser.—although some popular browsers disobey this requirement.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Kappa Mikey is an American animated television series created by Larry Schwarz. The show was created by Schwarz's studio Animation Collective. The series premiered on February 25, 2006 and ended on September 20, 2008. 52 episodes were produced.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: The show was first picked up in 2002, when it was announced that Noggin's teen block The N would be co-developing and airing the series. "Animation World Network" reported that Noggin/The N had signed on as a co-producer. However, the show was moved to Nicktoons Network, a sister channel to Noggin. With the move, it became the first half-hour series to premiere exclusively on Nicktoons.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: The series is a parody of Japanese anime, featuring a young American actor named Mikey whose appearance is styled after Western cartoons, and travels to Japan to star in a tokusatsu show called "LillyMu", where his anime-styled co-stars represent common anime clichés.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Each episode follows a specific formula. A typical episode starts with the cast filming a "LilyMu" segment, but the take is ruined, sometimes revealing the conflict that the characters deal with through the rest of the episode, with a minor subplot running beneath the main plot. After the problem is resolved, the "LilyMu" segment will be shot again and successfully completed the second time, often rewritten to incorporate whatever lesson was learned during the main story.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Deep into season 2, "Kappa Mikey" has stopped showing a "LilyMu" sequence at the end of an episode whenever it would make the episode too long, when the characters are in their "LilyMu" uniforms enough as it is, or when they successfully film a sequence without any mistakes before the ending.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: The show's title is a play on the word kappamaki, a type of sushi. It is suggested that the show was the inspiration for naming the title character "Mikey" and used the prefix "kappa". Like Mikey, who is a "fish out of water" in Japan, the kappa itself is a water demon creature who can live on land. The kappas first appeared on this show in the episode "Mikey, Kappa" on August 5, 2007, where the origin of the title was explained. Coincidentally, Mikey also shares his name with the actor who supplies his voice.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Unlike other cartoons produced at the turn of the 21st century, the property was owned by the studio instead of an agency, the animation was not outsourced and the episodes were written by full-time staff. After producing Internet-based projects and television spots, the series became Animation Collective's first television series. The series was produced in New York City; pre-production began in 2002 and animation started in the summer of 2005. Production for the two seasons wrapped in September 2007.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Schwarz conceived the series in 2000, when he was working at Rumpus Toys, a toy design company in New York City, but they folded before any storyboarding could commence. They resurfaced years later as Animation Collective, and produced an early test pilot for a pitch to MTV Networks, where the character designs and backgrounds were closer to those found in Adult Swim series "Perfect Hair Forever", and the humor was also more adult-oriented. Much of the current cast was voicing their characters even this early in production.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: In September 2001, Sunbow Entertainment signed a co-production deal with Rumpus Toys to produce the series. Sunbow's parent company TV-Loonland AG would hold worldwide and home video distribution rights. In May 2002, the project was picked up by Noggin for its teen-oriented programming block The N. Noggin/The N signed a co-development deal for the series, while Animation Collective retained the series' copyright and took over distribution rights from TV-Loonland. The show was retooled to appeal to a slightly younger demographic than MTV's main 18-34 year old audience. For unknown reasons, Sunbow later pulled out of the deal, and by the time animation was completed, The N had shifted more to live-action shows, and "Kappa Mikey" was moved to the younger-skewing Nicktoons Network, where the series was tweaked even further in order to be aimed at younger children. Voice talents were usually local, and its audio was recorded at Manhattan-based NYAV Post, which Michael Sinterniklaas owns. Larry Schwarz, along with the other executive producers, oversaw all phases of production, but only had writing credits on the pilot episode, "Mikey Impossible" and "A Christmas Mikey". All the episodes were directed by Sergei Aniskov. The instrumental score was composed by John Angier, who also wrote the lyrics to "The Recycling Song", "Ori and Yori's Hits", "Living With Mikey", "How Did We Get Here?" and the songs from "The Karaoke Episode".


title: Kappa Mikey

text: The series was animated in Adobe Flash, with some moments of CGI rendered in Maya. To further emphasize the contrast in animation styles, one group of animators was assigned to the anime characters, and another group was in charge of Mikey and the other American characters. The vehicles on "LilyMu" and around Tokyo, as well as the weapons, the Gonard balloon, Pirate King's ship, the Karaoke Genie Machine, etc., were created in Maya and exported into Flash using the Toon Filter. The backgrounds were modeled in Maya, and texture, details, and clouds were added in Photoshop. Some of the backgrounds were inspired by actual locations in Tokyo. The show's anime-style characters perform with large comedic overuses of face faults, such as a face and/or body turning into an exaggerated general appearance, or becoming much smaller. This allowed animators to have more control over how a character looks and acts than on many other Flash shows, and they did not always have to be on-model. The show uses clichés common to anime, including the sweat drop, lines over the eyes or no eyes at all, big heads, flaming eyes, and bodies becoming smaller. Sometimes Mikey will try to do these things, which was one of the show's running gags, but cannot due to being drawn in an American style.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: "Dancing Sushi" is a spin-off series based on the brief bumpers within the series. The series features four sushi characters - Salmon, Larry, Roro, and Meep - who all want to become the world's biggest pop stars. Unlike the main series, "Dancing Sushi" lacks any dialogue. The sushi were "voiced" by individuals involved in the original Kappa Mikey series including from John Angier, the composer of the series, and director John Holt.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Dancing Sushi was produced from October 2007 to December 2007. It was intended as a way to continue offering fans of Kappa Mikey more of the same kinds of characters in the same universe, and also to keep animators working on the transition between the studio's two major shows; was in production soon afterward. At one point, there was consideration to reprise some of the Kappa Mikey characters into this series as well.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: A Kappa Mikey DVD was released on September 18, 2007 under the Starz Home Entertainment brand, and includes the episodes "Lost in Transportation", "Easy Come, Easy Gonard", and "The Man Who Would Be Mikey", all from the first season, as well as bonus material, including a fictional music video of "I'm Alright" taken from the episode "Battle of the Bands", wallpaper, an interactive game parodying "Hollywood Squares", and a How-to-Draw-Mikey tutorial.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: In 2008, the Animation Collective site advertised a second DVD that was scheduled be released sometime later that year. However, the announcement was removed from the website, leaving the exact release date to be unknown. The DVD was intended to include the first season in its entirety, with DVD extras, and would have been considered more of an "official" volume than the last one. No further announcement has been made as the status of this DVD. As of 2009, this release is shelved.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: Season 1 (Episodes 1–13) was released on DVD on September 12, 2007 , and Season 2 (Episodes 14–26) was released on DVD on March 12, 2008 by Anchor Bay Entertainment in Australia.


title: Kappa Mikey

text: The soundtrack for "The Karaoke Episode" is available as a downloadable album on iTunes. Both seasons of the show itself were also available for download from iTunes before they were later taken down from the online retailer.


title: Conodont

text: Conodonts (Greek "kōnos", "cone", + "odont", "tooth") are an extinct group of agnathan (jawless) vertebrates resembling eels, classified in the class Conodonta. For many years, they were known only from their tooth-like oral elements, which are usually found in isolation and are now called conodont elements. Knowledge about soft tissues remains limited. They existed in the world's oceans for over 300 million years, from the Cambrian to the beginning of the Jurassic. Conodont elements are widely used as index fossils, fossils used to define and identify geological periods. The animals are also called Conodontophora (conodont bearers) to avoid ambiguity.


title: Conodont

text: The teeth-like fossils of the conodont were first discovered by Heinz Christian Pander and the results published in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1856. The name "pander" is commonly used in scientific names of conodonts.


title: Conodont

text: It was only in the early 1980s that the first fossil evidence of the rest of the animal was found (see below). In the 1990s exquisite fossils were found in South Africa in which the soft tissue had been converted to clay, preserving even muscle fibres. The presence of muscles for rotating the eyes showed definitively that the animals were primitive vertebrates.


title: Conodont

text: The 11 known fossil imprints of conodont animals record an eel-like creature with 15 or, more rarely, 19 elements that form a bilaterally symmetrical array in the head.


title: Conodont

text: The organisms ranged from 1–40 cm ("Promissum") in length. Conodonts had large eyes, fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and a notochord.


title: Conodont

text: Conodont elements consist of mineralised teeth-like structures of varying morphology and complexity. The evolution of mineralized tissues has been puzzling for more than a century. It has been hypothesized that the first mechanism of chordate tissue mineralization began either in the oral skeleton of conodonts or the dermal skeleton of early agnathans.


title: Conodont

text: The element array constituted a feeding apparatus that is radically different from the jaws of modern animals. They are now termed "conodont elements" to avoid confusion. The three forms of teeth, i.e., coniform cones, ramiform bars, and pectiniform platforms, probably performed different functions.


title: Conodont

text: For many years, conodonts were known only from enigmatic tooth-like microfossils (200 micrometers to 5 millimeters in length), which occur commonly, but not always, in isolation and were not associated with any other fossil. Until the early 1980s, conodont teeth had not been found in association with fossils of the host organism, in a konservat lagerstätte. This is because the conodont animal was soft-bodied, thus everything but the teeth was unsuited for preservation under normal circumstances.


title: Conodont

text: These microfossils are made of hydroxylapatite (a phosphatic mineral). The conodont elements can be extracted from rock using adequate solvents.


title: Conodont

text: They are widely used in biostratigraphy. Conodont elements are also used as paleothermometers, a proxy for thermal alteration in the host rock, because under higher temperatures, the phosphate undergoes predictable and permanent color changes, measured with the conodont alteration index. This has made them useful for petroleum exploration where they are known, in rocks dating from the Cambrian to the Late Triassic.


title: Conodont

text: The conodont apparatus may comprise a number of discrete elements, including the spathognathiform, ozarkodiniform, trichonodelliform, neoprioniodiform, and other forms.


title: Conodont

text: In the 1930s, the concept of conodont assemblages was described by Hermann Schmidt and by Harold W. Scott in 1934.


title: Conodont

text: The feeding apparatus of ozarkodinids is composed of an axial Sa element at the front, flanked by two groups of four close-set elongate Sb and Sc elements which were inclined obliquely inwards and forwards. Above these elements lay a pair of arched and inward pointing (makellate) M elements. Behind the S-M array lay transversely oriented and bilaterally opposed (pectiniform, i.e. comb-shaped) Pb and Pa elements.


title: Conodont

text: The "teeth" of some conodonts have been interpreted as filter-feeding apparatuses, filtering plankton from the water and passing it down the throat. Others have been interpreted as a "grasping and crushing array". Wear on some condont elements suggests that they functioned like teeth, with both wear marks likely created by food as well as by occlusion with other elements. Studies have concluded that conodonts taxa occupied both pelagic (open ocean) and nektobenthic (swimming above the sediment surface) niches. The preserved musculature suggests that some conodonts ("Promissum" at least) were efficient cruisers, but incapable of bursts of speed. Based on isotopic evidence, some Devonian conodonts have been proposed to have been low-level consumers that fed on zooplankton.


title: Conodont

text: A study on the population dynamics of "Alternognathus" has been published. Among other things, it demonstrates that at least this taxon had short lifespans lasting around a month. A study Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios of a population of conodonts from a carbonate platform from the Silurian of Sweden found that the different conodont species and genera likely occupied different trophic niches.


title: Conodont

text: The some species of the genus "Panderodus" have been speculated to be venomous, based on grooves found on some elements..


title: Conodont

text: , scientists classify the conodonts in the phylum Chordata on the basis of their fins with fin rays, chevron-shaped muscles and notochord.


title: Conodont

text: However, this analysis comes with one caveat: early forms of conodonts, the protoconodonts, appear to form a distinct clade from the later paraconodonts and euconodonts. Protoconodonts likely represent a stem group to the phylum that includes chaetognath worms; this conclusion suggests that chaetognaths are not close relatives of true conodonts.


title: Conodont

text: Moreover, some analyses do not regard conodonts as either vertebrates or craniates, because they lack the main characteristics of these groups. More recently it has been proposed that conodonts may be stem-cyclostomes, more closely related to hagfish and lampreys than other living vertebrates.


title: Conodont

text: The earliest fossils of conodonts are known from the Cambrian period. Conodonts extensively diversified during the early Ordovician, reaching their apex of diversity during the middle part of the period, and experienced a sharp decline during the late Ordovician and Silurian, before reaching another peak of diversity during the mid-late Devonian. Conodont diversity declined during the Carboniferous, with an extinction event at the end of the middle Tournaisian and a prolonged period of significant loss of diversity during the Pennsylvanian. Only a handful of conodont genera were present during the Permian, though diversity increased after the P-T extinction during the Early Triassic. Diversity continued to decline during the Middle and Late Triassic, culminating in their extinction at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Much of their diversity during the Paleozoic was likely controlled by sea levels and temperature, with the major declines during the Late Ordovician and Late Carboniferous due to cooler temperatures, especially glacial events and associated marine regressions which reduced continental shelf area. However, their final demise is more likely related to biotic interactions, perhaps competition with new Mesozoic taxa.


title: Conodont

text: Conodonta taxonomy based on Sweet & Donoghue, Mikko's Phylogeny Archive and Fish classification 2017.


title: Dark store

text: The term dark store, dark shop, dark supermarket or dotcom centre refers to a retail outlet or distribution centre that exists exclusively for online shopping. A dark store is generally a large warehouse that can either be used to facilitate a "click-and-collect" service, where a customer collects an item they have ordered online, or as an order fulfillment platform for online sales. The format was initiated in the United Kingdom, and its popularity has also spread to France followed by the rest of the European Union and Russia, as well as to the United States.


title: Dark store

text: Not open to the public, the interior of a dark supermarket may appear like a conventional supermarket, set out with aisles of shelves containing groceries and other retail items. However, without having to deal with retail customers, the stores are not located in the high street or shopping centres, but mostly in areas that are preferred for good road connections. The buildings themselves are often utilitarian and nondescript from the outside. Inside, the stores dispense with assistants who provide product advice, check-out counters and point of sale displays.


title: Dark store

text: After orders received via the Internet are processed, the orders are sent to the shop floor. These electronically generated orders, processed and routed according to the store layout for optimal picking, are picked by store employees, known as "personal shoppers" (colloquially "pickers"), who work around the clock fulfilling the orders displayed on a tablet computer attached to their shopping trolley. More than one order can often be collected simultaneously.


title: Dark store

text: Tesco opened a "fourth generation dotcom store" in Erith in October 2013, with a much larger product range – 30,000 lines – and higher degree of mechanisation that brings items to pickers rather than requiring them to collect individual products manually. Fulfilled orders are then delivered to the customer by a fleet of vans. A certain time of day, usually in the early hours of the morning, is set aside for stock replenishment. In the United States, Toys-R-Us adopted a version of the dark store model but it uses existing stores as warehouses. Traditional and online operations converge as the company uses their parked inventory to deliver online orders.


title: Dark store

text: While most popular dark stores serve groceries, some of them are clothing shops, helping brands to cut the costs. Dark stores are less costly to operate not only because they are located in cheaper rental areas but also because of the reduced picking cost. A dark store-picked grocery costs a company around £12, which is significantly lower than the £18-£20 cost per grocery order picked at a traditional store.


title: Dark store

text: The format is also popular in France, where, , some 2,000 dark stores operated for the "click-and-collect" model.


title: Dark store

text: The first UK supermarket to trial the concept of a specific store for online goods was Sainsbury's, which operated a distribution centre at Park Royal in London during the early 2000s, but the retailer closed the outlet because of a low order quantity. It was over a decade afterwards, in October 2013 that they announced plans for another, at Bromley-by-Bow, in East London.


title: Dark store

text: The term 'dark store' first appeared in the UK in 2009 when Tesco opened their first such supermarkets in Croydon, Surrey, and Aylesford, Kent. At the time, Tesco were receiving around 475,000 orders per week which were being fulfilled from its existing retail supermarkets. Supermarkets began opening dark stores to assist with distribution in geographical areas where there was a high demand for online delivery. Retail companies with dark stores usually operate fleets of light trucks to deliver orders made online, particularly to inner urban areas, avoiding disruptions to offline store operations.


title: Dark store

text: The dark store format was seen by Tesco as a more efficient way of dealing with the expansion in online sales. The retailer planned to open one dark store per year "for the foreseeable future". By 2013, Tesco had opened six dotcom centres in and around London, and was responsible for 47.5% of online deliveries made in the UK. The latest of these was a store that opened in Erith in October 2013, and which the industry publication "Retail Gazette" described as a "fourth generation dotcom store" because of the greater emphasis on a mechanised system that brought items to pickers rather than requiring them to collect individual products manually, while chilled goods are conveyed directly from refrigerator to delivery van. The Erith store holds a range of 30,000 products, and has a capacity to process 4,000 online orders a day.


title: Dark store

text: In November 2012, Zoe Wood of "The Guardian" reported that a number of dark stores had been opened by major supermarket chains in the UK, including Tesco and Waitrose, with more planned. Waitrose opened their first online distribution centre at the site of a former John Lewis warehouse in London in April 2011, and in September 2013 announced plans for a second, purpose-built centre at Coulsdon that would open in 2014. The company had previously used the Ocado distribution service to dispatch its goods to customers, but wished to begin rolling out its own delivery service.


title: Dark store

text: In 2020, Amazon-owned US retailer Whole Foods opened its first purpose-built online only dark store, in Brooklyn.


title: Dark store

text: In January 2022 the city of Amsterdam froze the opening of new dark stores because of noise and increased scooter traffic near stores, also the appearance of the stores was considered undesirable.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: Secret Garden is an Irish-Norwegian band specialised in new instrumental music, led by the duo consisting of Irish violinist and singer Fionnuala Sherry and Norwegian composer, arranger and pianist Rolf Løvland.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: The group came to fame when they won the 1995 Eurovision Song Contest, representing Norway with the composition "Nocturne". In the course of a partnership lasting over 25 years, they have sold millions of albums worldwide, many of which went platinum in numerous countries.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: The group won the Eurovision Song Contest for Norway's second time in 1995 with the composition "Nocturne". It was the only time that a predominantly instrumental piece has won the Eurovision Song Contest, although a few Norwegian lyrics, written by screenwriter Petter Skavlan, were included to ensure that the entry adhered to the contest's rules. Norwegian singer Gunnhild Tvinnereim sang the song in the Eurovision Song Contest, with Hans Fredrik Jacobsen on penny whistle and Swedish nyckelharpist Åsa Jinder guesting on the occasion, although none of them are regular members of the group. Ten years earlier, Rolf Løvland wrote the song "La det swinge" (Let it swing) that secured Norway its first Eurovision Song Contest victory in 1985.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: Their success at Eurovision spearheaded the success of their first album "Songs from a Secret Garden". It sold a million copies around the world going platinum in Norway and Korea, gold in Ireland, Hong Kong and New Zealand and spending two years in the Billboard new-age charts in 1996 and 1997. Barbra Streisand adapted "Heartstrings" from this album as the song "I've Dreamed of You" on her "A Love Like Ours" album. She also used "Heartstrings" in her wedding to James Brolin.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: Their sophomore album "White Stones" followed in 1997, and also made the top ten on Billboard New Age charts. "Dawn of a New Century" was released in 1999 as their third studio album, and again featured lyrics by Norway's Petter Skavlan. Their 2001 studio album "Once in a Red Moon" also enjoyed success around the world, including reaching Billboard's new-age top ten.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: A compilation album, "Dreamcatcher", was released in 2000. Secret Garden released a "Dreamcatcher: Best Of" album for its tour through Australia and New Zealand in 2004, and this reached the top of the Australian New Age charts and the ARIA top 50 album charts.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: Secret Garden's most famous song "You Raise Me Up", originally performed by Johnny Logan and Brian Kennedy, has been recorded by more than a hundred other artists including Josh Groban, Russell Watson, Westlife, Sissel Kyrkjebø, Becky Taylor, Celtic Woman, Lena Park, Robert Tremlett, Il Divo, Rhydian, and Sergio Dalma.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: "Nocturne" won the 1995 Eurovision Song Contest. Their piece "Adagio", with a cor anglais solo, was used in the Wong Kar-wai film 2046 which was released in 2004.


title: Secret Garden (duo)

text: In 2015, Secret Garden published a book titled "You Raise Me Up: The Story of Secret Garden" co-written by Rolf Løvland with Fionnuala Sherry. The book tells their story of their triumphs as well as the trials and tribulations they endured along two decades.


title: William McNamara

text: Born in Dallas, Texas, McNamara is the son of a Ford Motor Company employee and an interior designer. He attended Salisbury School, Columbia University, and studied at the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York.


title: William McNamara

text: He appeared in the feature films "Texasville", "Stella", "Copycat", "Surviving the Game", and "Stealing Home". On television, he portrayed Montgomery Clift in "" and Ricky Nelson in "", had a regular role on the Showtime series "Beggars and Choosers", was featured in the television movies "Doing Time on Maple Drive" and "Wildflower" (CableACE Award nomination), and appeared in "NYPD Blue" and "", among other television series.


title: William McNamara

text: McNamara is an animal rights activist and vegan. He got his start rescuing cats, dogs, and horses, and now travels the world advocating animal rights. McNamara has produced several documentaries, including the Nat Geo Wild Network: "Animal Intervention", an exposé on the exotic animal industry in the United States.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: DeAngelo Eugene Hall (born November 19, 1983) is a former American football defensive back who played 14 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Virginia Tech and was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons eighth overall in the 2004 NFL Draft. Hall played half a season for the Oakland Raiders before being traded to the Washington Redskins in 2008, playing for them until retiring following the 2017 season. He was a cornerback for the majority of his career before playing at free safety during his last few seasons.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was invited to three Pro Bowls in his career: two with the Falcons and one with the Redskins. In 2010, he tied an NFL record by recording four interceptions in a game against the Chicago Bears. He also holds the NFL record for most fumble return yardage in a career, while his five career fumble return touchdowns ranks second behind Jason Taylor. Following his playing career, he began working as an on-air football analyst for several networks and programs as well as on the radio broadcast team for the Washington Commanders.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall attended Deep Creek High School in Chesapeake, Virginia, where he lettered in high school football, basketball, and track and field. At Deep Creek, he was a teammate of Chicago Bears' linebacker James Anderson and defensive end Darryl Tapp, who all also played together at Virginia Tech.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: As a junior at Deep Creek High School, Hall averaged 9.8 yards a carry as a running back and had seven interceptions as a cornerback. He was chosen as the district offensive and defensive player of the year and was a first-team pick as a defensive back on the All-Tidewater team.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: As a senior, Hall scored 30 touchdowns and rushed for over 1,300 yards while averaging ten yards per carry. He also intercepted nine passes, posted over 100 tackles and had 16 tackles for loss. During his senior season, Hall helped lead Deep Creek to the state AAA Division Six championship game, which they lost 28-26, to Centreville High School.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: After his senior season, Hall earned all-district player of the year honors and was named to the all-district team as a running back, defensive back and return man. He was also named Tidewater Player of the Year and the Norfolk Sports Club Player of the Year. The Associated Press picked him as a first-team Group AAA defensive back, and he was ranked the No. 2 player in Virginia by The Roanoke Times.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was a sprinter on the track team and placed sixth at the junior nationals in the 60-meter dash as a junior with a time of 6.93. He also placed third in the state AAA long jump as a senior, with a jump of 7.06 meters. He also ran the 55 metres in 6.40 seconds and was a member of the 4 × 100 m (41.76s) relay squad.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall recorded 190 tackles, 20 passes defensed, eight interceptions, two forced fumbles, one fumble recovery, and seven receptions for 86 yards with one touchdown in his three-year career at Virginia Tech. He returned 56 punts for 839 yards and five touchdowns. His 839 yards rank third on the Big East Conference career-record chart while his five returns for touchdowns rank second in conference history. Hall is one of the few players in college football history to score touchdowns on offense, defense, and special teams during their collegiate career. His accomplishments in college led to his induction into the Virginia Tech Sports Hall of Fame.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall started strong in college, and turned in the fastest 40-yard dash among the freshmen at 4.37 in preseason strength and conditioning testing and also bench pressed 300 pounds. His first collegiate action was in the season-opener against Connecticut, during which he had three tackles, two assists and his first college interception. Hall made his first career start against Temple, during which he played a season-high 78 total snaps, recording six solo tackles, five assists, two passes broken up and an interception. He had four tackles, including one for a 3-yard loss, during Virginia Tech's loss in the 2002 Gator Bowl against Florida State.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall played in all 11 games, starting one, and recorded 24 solo stops, 18 assists, three pass breakups and three interceptions.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall started ten games at cornerback and also returned punts as a sophomore. In the first game of the season against Arkansas State, he returned a punt 69 yards for a touchdown, and then returned an interception 49 yards for a touchdown. He recorded four tackles and a 51-yard punt return for a touchdown against Rutgers which helped earn him the Big East Conference Co-Special Teams Player of the Week honors. Hall had an assisted tackle and a pass broken up in Virginia Tech's victory in the 2002 San Francisco Bowl against Air Force. He was ranked seventh in the nation in punt returns, averaging 16.0 yards per return, and had a long of 71 yards and two touchdowns. He had 36 solo tackles and 19 assists, four interceptions, 12 passes broken up and a forced fumble.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: During spring training, Hall posted the fastest forty time ever for a Tech football player with a timing of 4.15 in Virginia Tech's Rector Field House.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: As a junior, Hall became the first Tech player in nearly six years to play both ways in a game when he saw ten plays on offense and 28 on defense against Central Florida. During the game, he caught two passes for 41 yards, including a 29-yard touchdown, and had two solo tackles and an assist on defense. During the game against Syracuse, he scored three touchdowns, and set a Virginia Tech and Big East record with two punt returns for touchdowns, as well as a 24-yard touchdown run on offense. After the game, Hall earned Big East Special Teams Player of the Week honors. He had eight solo tackles and three assists against Miami, as well as a forced fumble, fumble recovery and 28-yard touchdown all on the same play to open Tech's scoring. This performance earned him Big East Defensive Player of the Week honors.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: After the season, Hall was a second-team All-American selection, and was a semifinalist for the Jim Thorpe Award, given to the nation's top defensive back, as he ranked sixth on the team with a career-high 93 tackles.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons with the 8th overall pick of the 2004 NFL Draft. He finished his first season with 35 tackles and two interceptions. He also set the record for being the youngest player to return an interception for a touchdown (21 years, 44 days).


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: One of Hall's finest moments came when he was assigned to one of the NFL's premier wide receivers, Terrell Owens of the Philadelphia Eagles, on "Monday Night Football". Although Owens gained 112 receiving yards, Hall was able to stop Owens on many of the Eagles' third down attempts, and his tight coverage of Owens on the last Eagle possession of the game helped Atlanta clinch a 14-10 victory on September 12, 2005.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall performed well during the 2005-2006 season, especially in prime time games. In the four prime time games he played, he had three interceptions, one forced fumble, and one fumble recovery.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: During a Monday Night Football game in 2005, after an interception, Hall held up a sign that read, "Aloha, see you in Hawaii", obviously making a case for a Pro Bowl bid. In 2005, Hall was selected to the Pro Bowl for the first time in his career. While at the 2005 Pro Bowl, Hall was the winner of the "NFL's Fastest Man Competition", a contest with the fastest players in the NFL.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall is close friends with many elite receivers in the NFL, including former NFL wide receiver Chad Johnson. On an appearance on the NFL Network, Johnson and Hall made a wager on their upcoming 2006 matchup: should Johnson catch two touchdown passes, Hall would be obliged to wait tables at an Atlanta restaurant owned by Bengals tackle Willie Anderson. Should Johnson fail, he would be forced to shave the bleach-blonde mohawk he had grown over the off-season. After the game was over (which the Falcons won) it was accepted that Hall was the "winner," as Johnson only caught one touchdown pass. Johnson held up his end of the bargain and shaved his mohawk.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: In the 2007 preseason, Hall shaved "I own 85" into the back of his head in reference to his ongoing rivalry with Johnson. Johnson had the last laugh however, breezing past Hall on occasions and making five catches for more than 80 yards and a touchdown.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: In the Falcons 2007 game against the New Orleans Saints, Hall showed his support for fellow Falcon and former Hokie Michael Vick by carrying a poster of Vick onto the field with him, and also wearing "MV7" written on the shade under his eyes. Earlier that day, Vick, Hall's Virginia Tech teammate, was sentenced to 23 months in prison on dogfighting charges. Hall was fined $10,000 by the league for his actions.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: On March 20, 2008, the Falcons traded Hall to the Oakland Raiders for their second-round pick in the 2008 NFL Draft and fifth-round pick in the 2009 NFL Draft. Shortly after he agreed on a seven-year, $70 million contract. However, Hall was released on November 5, 2008.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall signed a one-year contract with the Washington Redskins on November 8, 2008. The team released cornerback Leigh Torrence to make room for Hall. In his first game with the Redskins, against the Dallas Cowboys, Hall intercepted a pass from Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo. He finished the 2008 season 25 tackles, two interceptions and eight pass deflections in seven games (four starts).


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: As an unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Hall agreed to a six-year contract with the Redskins on February 27. The deal contained $23 million in guaranteed money and had a maximum value of $55 million.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: During a Week 7 matchup against the Chicago Bears, on October 24, 2010, Hall recorded four interceptions, tying an NFL record, off of Jay Cutler. He returned one of the interceptions 92 yards for a touchdown. Hall's jersey from this game was sent by request to the Pro Football Hall of Fame for display in a gallery. Midway through the season, Hall was voted as a co-defensive captain, along with London Fletcher.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was named the 2011 Pro Bowl MVP due to his performance which included six tackles, an interception, and a fumble returned for a touchdown.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: After the Redskins lost to the Dallas Cowboys in overtime in Week 11, Hall said to the press, "The way I'm playing right now, they need to cut me, because I'm definitely not worth what I'm getting."


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall would then record five tackles, five pass break-ups, and an interception in Week 12 against the Seattle Seahawks. Due to his performance in Week 12, Hall was named NFC defensive player of the week on November 30, 2011.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall finished the season recording 90 combined tackles, 16 pass breakups, and three interceptions, and a forced fumble.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: During the 2012 preseason, it was reported that Hall would switch from the outside corner position to the nickelback position. He recorded his first interception of the 2012 season, in Week 4 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In the Week 6 win against the Minnesota Vikings, Hall intercepted Christian Ponder in the endzone within the last few minutes of the game, securing the Redskins' victory. Late in the fourth quarter, he was ejected from the Week 8 game against the Pittsburgh Steelers after removing his helmet and verbally confronting a referee. On November 15, 2012, Hall was fined $30,000 by the NFL after his actions against the referee. In the Week 11 win against the Philadelphia Eagles, he recorded his third interception of the season, which positioned the Redskins to score the first touchdown of the game. The following week in the Redskins' victory over the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving, he picked off Tony Romo, as well as, recovered the ball after the Cowboys did an onside kick and returned the ball for 27 yards. Though he had the chance to score, Hall slid before reaching the endzone to allow the Redskins' offense to go on the field and take a knee, running out the clock, and ensuring the Redskins' win.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: On March 11, 2013, Hall was released by the Redskins after five seasons with the team; citing salary cap issues as the reason. Hall would have been due $8 million had he not been released before the start of the new league year on March 12, 2013. On April 1, Hall re-signed with the Redskins on a one-year deal worth roughly $2.25 million. In Week 1, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he returned a fumble 75 yards for a touchdown. In the Week 3 game against the Detroit Lions, Hall picked off quarterback Matthew Stafford and returned the ball for a touchdown. The interception was Hall's fortieth career interception and the touchdown was his eighth defensive touchdown (fourth from an interception). On October 27, in a Week 8 game against the 6-1 Denver Broncos, Hall intercepted a pass from quarterback Peyton Manning, returning it 26 yards for a touchdown. It was his second interception of the season and his second return for a touchdown, ninth overall in his career. He subsequently intercepted Manning a second time for his third pick of the year.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: After an impressive 2013 season, Hall signed a four-year contract extension to remain with Redskins on February 19, 2014. In Week 3 against the Eagles, Hall left the game with an apparent back foot heel injury. The next day, an MRI revealed that Hall had a torn Achilles tendon, which prematurely ended his 2014 season. Five weeks after suffering the injury, Hall re-tore his Achilles while at home recovering from the initial injury.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: In November 2015, Hall switched over to the safety position full-time, marking a move that had been rumored to be happening for years.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: In a game against the Philadelphia Eagles on December 26, Hall scooped up a mishandled handoff by quarterback Sam Bradford and returned it for a touchdown. With the play, Hall became the first player in NFL history to score five touchdowns off fumble recoveries and five off interception returns in a career. The play also helped the Redskins win the game, and in effect, clinched the NFC East division title for the first time since 2012.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was placed on the physically unable to perform list to start the season due to the ACL injury suffered in 2016. He was activated off PUP on November 3, 2017 for the team's Week 9 game. He started at free safety and returned kicks. Hall announced his retirement following the season.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Following his retirement, Hall worked as a guest analyst for NBC Sports Washington and Fox Sports 1 before being hired by NFL Network in June 2019 as an in-studio analyst for their "NFL Total Access" and "Good Morning Football" programs. He joined the Washington Football Team to become their gameday radio analyst in 2020, serving alongside play by play announcer Bram Weinstein and host Julie Donaldson.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: On September 1, 2022, Hall was inducted into Washington's Greatest Players list in honor of the franchise's 90th anniversary.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall was sometimes called "MeAngelo" during the early part of his career for his outspoken demeanor and style of play. He is a father of six children. He has advocated for the passage of the FIT Kids Act, which is federal legislation that would require school districts to report on students' physical activity and to give children health and nutritional information.


title: DeAngelo Hall

text: Hall has been longtime friends with former defensive end Darryl Tapp since childhood, with the two having gone to the same school from elementary school throughout college. They would become teammates again when they both played for the Redskins in 2013.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In radio astronomy, a fast radio burst (FRB) is a transient radio pulse of length ranging from a fraction of a millisecond to 3 seconds, caused by some high-energy astrophysical process not yet understood. Astronomers estimate the average FRB releases as much energy in a millisecond as the Sun puts out in three days. While extremely energetic at their source, the strength of the signal reaching Earth has been described as 1,000 times less than from a mobile phone on the Moon. The first FRB was discovered by Duncan Lorimer and his student David Narkevic in 2007 when they were looking through archival pulsar survey data, and it is therefore commonly referred to as the Lorimer Burst. Many FRBs have since been recorded, including several that have been detected to repeat in seemingly irregular ways. Only one FRB has been detected to repeat in a regular way: FRB 180916 seems to pulse every 16.35 days.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Most FRBs are extragalactic, but the first Milky Way FRB was detected by the CHIME radio telescope in April 2020. In June 2021, astronomers reported over 500 FRBs from outer space detected.


title: Fast radio burst

text: When the FRBs are polarized, it indicates that they are emitted from a source contained within an extremely powerful magnetic field. The exact origin and cause of the FRBs is still the subject of investigation; proposals for their origin range from a rapidly rotating neutron star and a black hole, to extraterrestrial intelligence. In 2020, astronomers reported narrowing down a source of fast radio bursts, which may now plausibly include "compact-object mergers and magnetars arising from normal core collapse supernovae". A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of an unusual FRB with periodic peaks lasting over 3 seconds reported in 2022.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The localization and characterization in 2012 of FRB 121102, one of the three repeating sources, has improved the understanding of the source class. FRB 121102 is identified with a galaxy at a distance of approximately three billion light-years and is embedded in an extreme environment. The first host galaxy identified for a non-repeating burst, FRB 180924, was identified in 2019 and is a much larger and more ordinary galaxy, nearly the size of the Milky Way. In August 2019, astronomers reported the detection of eight more "repeating" FRB signals. In January 2020, astronomers reported the precise location of a second repeating burst, FRB 180916. One FRB seems to have been in the same location as a known gamma-ray burst.


title: Fast radio burst

text: On 28 April 2020, a pair of millisecond-timescale bursts (FRB 200428) consistent with observed fast radio bursts, with a fluence of >1.5 million Jy ms, was detected from the same area of sky as the magnetar SGR 1935+2154. Although it was thousands of times less intrinsically bright than previously observed fast radio bursts, its comparative proximity rendered it the most powerful fast radio burst yet observed, reaching a peak flux of either a few thousand or several hundred thousand janskys, comparable to the brightness of the radio sources Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A at the same frequencies. This established magnetars as, at least, one ultimate source of fast radio bursts, although the exact cause remains unknown. Further studies support the notion that magnetars may be closely associated with FRBs. On 13 October 2021, astronomers reported the detection of hundreds of FRBs from a single system.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The first fast radio burst to be described, the Lorimer Burst FRB 010724, was found in 2007 in archived data recorded by the Parkes Observatory on 24 July 2001. Since then, many FRBs have been found in previously recorded data. On 19 January 2015, astronomers at Australia's national science agency (CSIRO) reported that a fast radio burst had been observed for the first time live, by the Parkes Observatory. Many FRBs have been detected in real time by the CHIME radio telescope since it became operational in 2018, including the first FRB detected from within the Milky Way in April 2020.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Fast radio bursts are bright, unresolved (pointsource-like), broadband (spanning a large range of radio frequencies), millisecond flashes found in parts of the sky. Unlike many radio sources, the signal from a burst is detected in a short period of time with enough strength to stand out from the noise floor. The burst usually appears as a single spike of energy without any change in its strength over time. The bursts last for several milliseconds (thousandths of a second). The bursts come from all over the sky, and are not concentrated on the plane of the Milky Way. Known FRB locations are biased by the parts of the sky that the observatories can image.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Many have radio frequencies detected around 1400 MHz; a few have been detected at lower frequencies in the range of 400–800 MHz. The component frequencies of each burst are delayed by different amounts of time depending on the wavelength. This delay is described by a value referred to as a dispersion measure (DM). This results in a received signal that sweeps rapidly down in frequency, as longer wavelengths are delayed more.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The interferometer UTMOST has put a lower limit of 10,000 kilometers for the distance to the FRBs it has detected, supporting the case for an astronomical, rather than terrestrial, origin (because signal sources on Earth are ruled out as being closer than this limit). This limit can be determined from the fact that closer sources would have a curved wave front that could be detected by the multiple antennas of the interferometer.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Fast radio bursts have pulse dispersion measurements , much larger than expected for a source inside the Milky Way galaxy and consistent with propagation through an ionized plasma. Furthermore, their distribution is isotropic (not especially coming from the galactic plane); consequently they are conjectured to be of extragalactic origin.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Because of the isolated nature of the observed phenomenon, the nature of the source remains speculative. , there is no generally accepted single explanation, although a magnetar has been identified as a possible source. The sources are thought to be a few hundred kilometers or less in size, as the bursts last for only a few milliseconds. Causation is limited by the speed of light, about 300 km per millisecond, so if the sources were larger than about 1000 km, a complex synchronization mechanism would be required for the bursts to be so short. If the bursts come from cosmological distances, their sources must be very energetic.


title: Fast radio burst

text: One possible explanation would be a collision between very dense objects like merging black holes or neutron stars. It has been suggested that there is a connection to gamma-ray bursts. Some have speculated that these signals might be artificial in origin, that they may be signs of extraterrestrial intelligence, demonstrating veritable technosignatures. Analogously, when the first pulsar was discovered, it was thought that the fast, regular pulses could possibly originate from a distant civilization, and the source nicknamed "LGM-1" (for "little green men"). In 2007, just after the publication of the e-print with the first discovery, it was proposed that fast radio bursts could be related to hyperflares of magnetars. In 2015 three studies supported the magnetar hypothesis. The identification of first FRB from the Milky Way, which originated from the magnetar SGR 1935+2154, indicates that magnetars may be one source of FRB.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Especially energetic supernovae could be the source of these bursts. Blitzars were proposed in 2013 as an explanation.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In 2014 it was suggested that following dark matter-induced collapse of pulsars, the resulting expulsion of the pulsar magnetospheres could be the source of fast radio bursts. In 2015 it was suggested that FRBs are caused by explosive decays of axion miniclusters. Another exotic possible source are cosmic strings that produced these bursts as they interacted with the plasma that permeated the early Universe. In 2016 the collapse of the magnetospheres of Kerr–Newman black holes were proposed to explain the origin of the FRBs' "afterglow" and the weak gamma-ray transient 0.4 s after GW 150914. It has also been proposed that if fast radio bursts originate in black hole explosions, FRBs would be the first detection of quantum gravity effects. In early 2017, it was proposed that the strong magnetic field near a supermassive black hole could destabilize the current sheets within a pulsar's magnetosphere, releasing trapped energy to power the FRBs.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Repeated bursts of FRB 121102 have initiated multiple origin hypotheses. A coherent emission phenomenon known as superradiance, which involves large-scale entangled quantum mechanical states possibly arising in environments such as active galactic nuclei, has been proposed to explain these and other associated observations with FRBs (e.g. high event rate, repeatability, variable intensity profiles). In July 2019, astronomers reported that "non-repeating" Fast Radio Bursts may not be one-off events, but actually FRB repeaters with repeat events that have gone undetected and, further, that FRBs may be formed by events that have not yet been seen or considered. Additional possibilities include that FRBs may originate from nearby stellar flares. A FRB with multiple periodic component peaks lasting over 3 seconds was reported in 2022. A neutron star has been proposed as the origin of this FRB.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The first FRB detected, the Lorimer Burst FRB 010724, was discovered in 2007 when Duncan Lorimer of West Virginia University assigned his student David Narkevic to look through archival data taken in 2001 by the Parkes radio dish in Australia.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Analysis of the survey data found a 30-jansky dispersed burst which occurred on 24 July 2001, less than 5 milliseconds in duration, located 3° from the Small Magellanic Cloud. The reported burst properties argue against a physical association with the Milky Way galaxy or the Small Magellanic Cloud. The burst became known as the Lorimer Burst. The discoverers argue that current models for the free electron content in the Universe imply that the burst is less than 1 gigaparsec distant. The fact that no further bursts were seen in 90 hours of additional observations implies that it was a singular event such as a supernova or merger of relativistic objects. It is suggested that hundreds of similar events could occur every day and if detected could serve as cosmological probes.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In 2010 there was a report of 16 similar pulses, clearly of terrestrial origin, detected by the Parkes radio telescope and given the name perytons. In 2015 perytons were shown to be generated when microwave oven doors were opened during a heating cycle, with detected emission being generated by the microwave oven's magnetron tube as it was being powered off.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In 2015, FRB 110523 was discovered in archival data collected in 2011 from the Green Bank Telescope. It was the first FRB for which linear polarization was detected (allowing a measurement of Faraday rotation). Measurement of the signal's dispersion delay suggested that this burst was of extragalactic origin, possibly up to 6 billion light-years away.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Victoria Kaspi of McGill University estimated that as many as 10,000 fast radio bursts may occur per day over the entire sky.


title: Fast radio burst

text: An observation in 2012 of a fast radio burst (FRB 121102) in the direction of Auriga in the northern hemisphere using the Arecibo radio telescope confirmed the extragalactic origin of fast radio pulses by an effect known as plasma dispersion.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In November 2015, astronomer Paul Scholz at McGill University in Canada, found ten non-periodically repeated fast radio pulses in archival data gathered in May and June 2015 by the Arecibo radio telescope. The ten bursts have dispersion measures and sky positions consistent with the original burst FRB 121102, detected in 2012. Like the 2012 burst, the 10 bursts have a plasma dispersion measure that is three times larger than possible for a source in the Milky Way Galaxy.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The team thinks that this finding rules out self-destructive, cataclysmic events that could occur only once, such as the collision between two neutron stars. According to the scientists, the data support an origin in a young rotating neutron star (pulsar), or in a highly magnetized neutron star (magnetar), or from highly magnetized pulsars travelling through asteroid belts, or from an intermittent Roche lobe overflow in a neutron star-white dwarf binary.


title: Fast radio burst

text: On 16 December 2016 six new FRBs were reported in the same direction (one having been received on 13 November 2015, four on 19 November 2015, and one on 8 December 2015). this is one of only two instances in which these signals have been found twice in the same location in space. FRB 121102 is located at least 1150 AU from Earth, excluding the possibility of a human-made source, and is almost certainly extragalactic in nature.


title: Fast radio burst

text: As of April 2018, FRB 121102 is thought to be co-located in a dwarf galaxy about three billion light-years from Earth with a low-luminosity active galactic nucleus, or a previously unknown type of extragalactic source, or a young neutron star energising a supernova remnant.


title: Fast radio burst

text: On 26 August 2017, astronomers using data from the Green Bank Telescope detected 15 additional repeating FRBs coming from FRB 121102 at 5 to 8 GHz. The researchers also noted that FRB 121102 is presently in a ""heightened activity state, and follow-on observations are encouraged, particularly at higher radio frequencies"". The waves are highly polarized and undergoes Faraday rotation, meaning "twisting" transverse waves, that could have formed only when passing through hot plasma with an extremely strong magnetic field. This rotation of polarized light is quantified by Rotation Measure (RM). FRB 121102's radio bursts have RM about 500 times higher than those from any other FRB to date. Since it is a repeating FRB source, it suggests that it does not come from some one-time cataclysmic event; so one hypothesis, first advanced in January 2018, proposes that these particular repeating bursts may come from a dense stellar core called a neutron star near an extremely powerful magnetic field, such as one near a massive black hole, or one embedded in a nebula.


title: Fast radio burst

text: In April 2018, it was reported that FRB 121102 consisted of 21 bursts spanning one hour. In September 2018, an additional 72 bursts spanning five hours had been detected using a convolutional neural network. In September 2019, more repeating signals, 20 pulses on 3 September 2019, were reported to have been detected from FRB 121102 by the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST). In June 2020, astronomers from Jodrell Bank Observatory reported that FRB 121102 exhibits the same radio-burst behavior ("radio bursts observed in a window lasting approximately 90 days followed by a silent period of 67 days") every 157 days, suggesting that the bursts may be associated with "the orbital motion of a massive star, a neutron star or a black hole". Subsequent studies by FAST of further activity, consisting of 12 bursts within two hours observed on 17 August 2020, supports an updated refined periodicity between active periods of 156.1 days. Related studies have been reported in October 2021. Further bursts, at least 300, were detected by FAST in August and September 2022.


title: Fast radio burst

text: On 18 April 2015, FRB 150418 was detected by the Parkes observatory and within hours, several telescopes including the Australia Telescope Compact Array caught an apparent radio "afterglow" of the flash, which took six days to fade. The Subaru telescope was used to find what was thought to be the host galaxy and determine its redshift and the implied distance to the burst.


title: Fast radio burst

text: However, the association of the burst with the afterglow was soon disputed, and by April 2016 it was established that the "afterglow" originated from an active galactic nucleus (AGN) that is powered by a supermassive black hole with dual jets blasting outward from the black hole. It was also noted that what was thought to be an afterglow did not fade away as would be expected, supporting the interpretation that it originated in the variable AGN and was not associated with the fast radio burst.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The upgraded Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope (UTMOST), near Canberra (Australia), reported finding three more FRBs. A 180-day three-part survey in 2015 and 2016 found three FRBs at 843 MHz. Each FRB located with a narrow elliptical 'beam'; the relatively narrow band 828–858 MHz gives a less precise dispersion measure (DM).


title: Fast radio burst

text: A short survey using part of Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) found one FRB in 3.4 days. FRB170107 was bright with a fluence of 58±6 Jy ms.


title: Fast radio burst

text: According to Anastasia Fialkov and Abraham Loeb, FRB's could be occurring as often as once per second. Earlier research could not identify the occurrence of FRB's to this degree.


title: Fast radio burst

text: Three FRBs were reported in March 2018 by Parkes Observatory in Australia. One (FRB 180309) had the highest signal-to-noise ratio yet seen of 411.


title: Fast radio burst

text: The unusual CHIME (Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment) radio telescope, operational from September 2018, can be used to detect "hundreds" of fast radio bursts as a secondary objective to its cosmological observations. FRB 180725A was reported by CHIME as the first detection of a FRB under 700 MHz – as low as 580 MHz.