title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: Shortly before the release of the 2017 film "Logan", its theatrical runtime was extended by several minutes. This was due to the addition of a Deadpool short film playing before "Logan" in place of a traditional post-credits scene. The short was filmed in December 2016 and serves as a tease for the feature film "Deadpool 2", but is not a trailer for that film. It plays into Deadpool's characteristic humor in several ways, being based on an absurd premise that would not work in a feature film, having fourth wall-breaking references to "Logan", making fun of the character Superman, and featuring a cameo by Stan Lee in one version.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: "No Good Deed" was originally released by 20th Century Fox in front of "Logan" on March 3, 2017, and an alternate version of the short was released online by Reynolds the following day. Responses to the short praised it as a tease for "Deadpool 2" and for showing that Leitch understands the character ahead of directing that film. Its humor was also highlighted by many critics.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: Wade Wilson comes across an old man being mugged in an alley, and races to change into his Deadpool costume before he helps the man. As Wilson struggles to get dressed in a nearby phone booth, the man is shot. Wilson emerges, wearing his costume, only to find the man dead and the mugger long gone.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: David Leitch directed a scene featuring Ryan Reynolds as Deadpool in December 2016, which was believed to be intended as a post-credits scene for the 2017 film "Logan". This was meant to tease the film "Deadpool 2", which Leitch had been hired to direct a month earlier. However, this report was denied by Reynolds, "Logan" director James Mangold, and star Hugh Jackman. After "Logan"s runtime was extended by three minutes shortly before its release, there was new speculation that a post-credits scene had been added to tease an upcoming "X-Men" film, but Mangold denied this again, saying that he wanted to "make a movie that begun and ended on its own terms. There was nothing else to say, because we had said it." Instead, a Deadpool scene was shown as a teaser for "Deadpool 2" before "Logan", confirmed to be the scene directed by Leitch in December 2016. It was written by Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick, writers of the "Deadpool" films.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: After the initial release, Reese quickly clarified that the scene was not intended to be an official trailer for "Deadpool 2", with none of its footage meant to appear in that film, instead being a standalone short film that serves as a "tonal tease" for "Deadpool 2". Two slightly different versions of the short were created, with the intention of giving "theater-goers and internet users slightly different treats." For the online release, Reynolds simply titled the short "No Good Deed". That version of the short sees Stan Lee make a cameo appearance as himself.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: The short parodies Superman, with John Williams' theme from the 1978 film playing as Wilson changes in the booth. It was noted that Leitch's "icy blue" cinematography differed from the style that director Tim Miller used for the first "Deadpool", on which Wernick said "every director brings their take to the material" and they were embracing and writing to his style. The writers wanted the opening of the short to feel like the opening of "Logan", "so if you were going to see "Logan" and the first shot came up, you would think it's gonna be Hugh [Jackman] in the hoodie, and then when it turns out to be Deadpool you realize what's going on." They described the short as an absurd one-off "that's probably something that doesn't fit into a movie. It wouldn't work in the logic of a movie, but Deadpool affords us the opportunity to break rules ... the tone can be more absurd if we feel like it's funny. That was our goal there." The short makes several references to "Logan": it is set in front of a theater that is showing the film; a poster for the film is seen in the alley; and Deadpool does an impersonation of Jackman's natural Australian accent. At the end of the short, an apparent book report summarizing Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea" and seemingly written by Deadpool is quickly shown in a text crawl. This was interpreted to be an allusion to "Logan" and that film's focus on older characters.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: "No Good Deed" was shown in front of "Logan" in North America theaters beginning March 3, 2017, distributed by 20th Century Fox. The short was only approved for theatrical release in India as intended because the view of Reynolds' buttocks in the short, as Wilson changes into his Deadpool costume, is blurred by the telephone booth windows. Reynolds released the online version of the short on YouTube on March 4, with the video description "Wade and the other girls from the Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants plan a trip to Cabot Cove." Within 48 hours, the video had been viewed over 12 million times. When "Deadpool 2" was released to home media in August 2018, "No Good Deed" was included in the bonus extras under Deadpool's Fun Sack 2.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: Chris Cabin at Collider called the short film "dark, funny, and just a bit punkish", and compared it to a "Saturday Night Live" skit. He thought it was a smart move from Fox to release "a taste of what [fans] love" about the first film to abate fears and rumors following the replacement of Miller with Leitch. Cabin also said it was impressive and clever that the studio managed to keep the short a surprise for general audiences to discover at the theater. Matt Rooney at JoBlo.com called the teaser great, and "a great way to keep the buzz going for" "Deadpool 2" despite not actually revealing anything about that film. Matthew Monagle of Screen Crush said the short proves that the first "Deadpool" was "not a one-hit wonder for Reynolds and company", and praised its jokes. He also noted its release with "Logan" as another connection being made by Fox between its "X-Men" films and Deadpool, pointing toward future crossovers between the two. The Verge's Andrew Liptak said the short was "a fun one", noting the visual gags in the background and the Stan Lee cameo, and saying, "At the very least, [this shows that] we can expect the same irreverent humor in" "Deadpool 2" as was in the first film.


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: Writing for Screen Rant, Alex Leadbeater felt, regardless of the short's connections to "Logan" and "Deadpool 2", it "ultimately is a good slice of Deadpool fun." Leadbeater also praised the alternate online release, as pirated versions of the theatrical showings had already appeared online and the extra scenes in the official online version were incentive for fans to watch the official release over the illegal ones. Trent Moore of Blastr called the short "a fun little scene", and said that Leitch "certainly seems to have a solid grasp of the irreverent tone that makes the character work so well." Jacob Hall at /Film said the short was a "fun little surprise" and compared it to Marvel Studios' Marvel One-Shots. He added that there is "not much to judge quite yet, but [Leitch] does showcase a strong eye for comedy" in the footage, and particularly noted the "ridiculously depressing and dilapidated" setting. Corey Chichizola of CinemaBlend said the short is "certainly cool enough to whet the palate for any "X-Men" fans", and particularly noted the "strong blue tint, which is in stark juxtaposition to the very bright and yellow world of "Deadpool". With a new director stepping behind the camera, perhaps this was a choice that we'll see in" "Deadpool 2".


title: No Good Deed (2017 film)

text: There was speculation among fans that the murdered old man in the short could be Ben Parker, the uncle of Marvel character Spider-Man who is killed by a mugger as part of that hero's origin story. The speculation noted the way the old man is killed in the short, and the fact that he is carrying Ben & Jerry's ice cream. In response to this, Leitch "coyly" said, "That's a really interesting question", adding, "I think that people should continue to theorize who that old man was."


title: Mom Jeans

text: Mom Jeans found their start in early 2014 at UC Berkeley, with guitarist Austin Carango and lead singer Eric Butler. This line-up would go on to record "Spring Demo" in May 2014, a six-track EP which would later be released as the band's self-titled debut on cassette tape by Northern California-based label, Fourth Row Records. Tracks on "Spring Demo" feature only Eric and Austin in an acoustic style, while the later released self-titled EP boasted an electric instrumentation with new additions, Josh Perline on bass/vocals, and David McDowall on drums (before his departure from the band shortly after release). Later that summer, the trio would record their last EP before their first full-length album, titled "Allergic" which featured Austin switching to drums, Josh switching to guitar, and bass recordings being handled by both members. Post-release, Gabriel (Gabe) Paganin joined the band as live bassist and Josh Perline exited the band on good terms.


title: Mom Jeans

text: Mom Jeans self-released their first full-length album, "Best Buds," on July 3, 2016. Like their self-titled EP, the album was first released on cassette tape by Fourth Row Records in the summer of 2016. However, soon the group would sign with Massachusetts-based label Counter Intuitive Records, who then re-released the band's first full-length album on vinyl in November 2016.


title: Mom Jeans

text: On March 7, 2017, Mom Jeans released a split EP with the Fresno-based band Graduating Life. It was during this period that Bart Thompson of Graduating Life and Meet Me in Montauk fame would become a guitarist for the band.


title: Mom Jeans

text: On October 6, 2017, Counter Intuitive Records released a split EP titled "NOW That's What I Call Music Vol. 420", featuring music from Mom Jeans as well as the bands Pictures of Vernon and Prince Daddy & The Hyena.


title: Mom Jeans

text: Also in October 2017, the band announced they had signed with SideOneDummy Records, and had plans to release their second album through the label in 2018. However, in a reddit post, Eric Butler confirmed that they would no longer be working with the label and instead continue to work with Counter Intuitive Records to release their second album.


title: Mom Jeans

text: The band's second full-length album, titled "Puppy Love", was released on July 3, 2018 with Counter Intuitive Records, as well as a limited independent label run of the record and a select variant being put out by UK based label Big Scary Monsters.


title: Mom Jeans

text: In early 2019 the band began recording demos for a new LP as well as naming the album, which will be titled "Sweet Tooth.", following the departure of Gabriel Paganin. In fall of 2019 it was announced the band would be touring with Hobo Johnson, featuring guest bassist Billy Bouzos (owner of the Oakland-based indie label Slang Church) filling in for Sam Kless. "Sweet Tooth" was released on February 25, 2022, with the first single "What's Up?" being released on September 28, 2021.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Junglee Pictures is a film production and distribution company that was established by Vineet Jain of The Times Group in 2014. As of 2022, the company has produced nine Hindi films


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Their first release came in 2015 with Zoya Akhtar's family drama "Dil Dhadakne Do", and in the same year, they produced Meghna Gulzar's crime drama "Talvar", which won two National Film Awards.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Junglee Pictures went on to collaborate with the actor Ayushmann Khurrana in three films, the romantic comedy "Bareilly Ki Barfi" (2017), the comedy-drama "Badhaai Ho" (2018) and campus medical comedy film, "Doctor G" (2022). "Badhaai Ho" (2018) became the company's highest-grossing release. They also reunited with Gulzar in the Alia Bhatt-starring spy film "Raazi" (2018), which ranks among the highest-grossing female-led Hindi films.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Junglee Pictures was founded in February 2014 by Vineet Jain of The Times Group. The company's first film release came the following year with "Dil Dhadakne Do", a family drama directed by Zoya Akhtar, which featured an ensemble cast headlined by Anil Kapoor, Shefali Shah, Priyanka Chopra, Ranveer Singh, Anushka Sharma and Farhan Akhtar. A significant portion of the film was photographed in the Pullmantur Cruises ship MS "Sovereign". The film received positive reviews for its performances and direction, but received criticism for its running time and climax. It earned 145 crores against a budget of 83 crores.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: The company's second film release came in the same year with "Bangistan" (2015), a comedy directed by Karan Anshuman, and starring Riteish Deshmukh and Pulkit Samrat. Keen to "tell stories that were inspired by real incidents", Junglee Pictures next produced "Talvar", a partly fictional retelling of the 2008 Noida double murder case. Starring Irrfan Khan, Konkona Sen Sharma, Neeraj Kabi and Sohum Shah, the film was directed by Meghna Gulzar and penned by Vishal Bhardwaj. Bhardwaj has said that his screenplay was influenced by the Rashomon effect (in which the same event is given different interpretations by the individuals involved). Rajeev Masand termed the film a "gripping, then baffling, and ultimately disturbing account" of the murder, "deliberately unsentimental and melodrama-free". Joe Leydon of "Variety" called the film's screenplay "solidly constructed" and its narrative "satisfyingly brisk". "Talvar" won two awards each at the National Film Awards and the Filmfare Award ceremonies, including the Best Adapted Screenplay Award for Bhardwaj at the former.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: In 2017, the company produced the romantic comedy "Bareilly Ki Barfi", directed by Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari and written by Nitesh Tiwari and Shreyas Jain. It starred Ayushmann Khurrana, Kriti Sanon and Rajkummar Rao and tells the story of a love triangle involving a headstrong young woman living in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh. Rohit Vats of "Hindustan Times" praised the film for effectively capturing "the flavour of small-town India". It emerged as a sleeper hit. At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, the film won Best Director for Tiwari and Best Supporting Actor for Rao.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Junglee Pictures had two film releases in 2018. The spy film "Raazi" marked their second collaboration with Meghna Gulzar. Starring Alia Bhatt and Vicky Kaushal, the film is an adaptation of Harinder Sikka's novel "Calling Sehmat", which was inspired by real events of a Kashmiri spy who married a Pakistani policeman prior to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. The film emerged as one of the highest-grossing Hindi films featuring a female protagonist. The company's second film release that year came with "Badhaai Ho", starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Neena Gupta, Gajraj Rao, and Sanya Malhotra, which is about a middle-aged couple who get pregnant much to the disappointment of their adult son. Both "Raazi" and "Badhaai Ho" gained critical acclaim and rank among the highest-grossing Hindi films of 2018. The latter earned over 221 crores to emerge as the company's biggest commercial success. Both films also won several awards at the 64th Filmfare Awards, with "Raazi" winning a leading five, including Best Film and Best Director for Gulzar.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: The company's sole film release of 2019 came with Chuck Russell's "Junglee", an adventure film starring Vidyut Jammwal, which performed poorly at the box office. Future projects of the company include Vishal Bhardwaj's crime film based on the murder of Pradyuman Thakur. Junglee Pictures will also produce an as-yet untitled web series adapted from Arnab Ray's novel "The Mahabharata Murders".


title: Junglee Pictures

text: In March 2020, Junglee Pictures announced spiritual sequel of "Badhaai Ho", titled "Badhaai Do" starring Rajkummar Rao and Bhumi Pednekar. On 11 February 2022, Badhaai Do released in theatres to critical acclaim.


title: Junglee Pictures

text: Their ninth film, "Doctor G" is slated for release on 14 October 2022. It is a campus medical comedy film directed by Anubhuti Kashyap (in her directorial debut). It stars Ayushmann Khurrana (third collaboration with actor) and Rakul Preet Singh


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Jessica Elizabeth Sanchez (born August 4, 1995) is an American singer-songwriter. She rose to prominence following her finish as the runner-up on the eleventh season of "American Idol".


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Jessica Elizabeth Sanchez was born in Chula Vista, California on August 4, 1995, to Edita Sanchez (née Bugay), whose family is from Samal, Bataan in the Philippines, and Gilbert Sanchez, a Mexican American originally from Texas and is an aviation ordnanceman First Class Petty Officer in the United States Navy Reserves. She is the eldest of three children, having two younger brothers. Sanchez was raised in Eastlake, Chula Vista.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: In 2005, Sanchez performed "Respect" by Aretha Franklin on the music television show "Showtime at the Apollo". In 2006, she competed on the first season of NBC's talent show competition "America's Got Talent", in which she became a wildcard act but ultimately did not qualify for the grand finals. During the 2008 NFL season, Sanchez performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to the San Diego Chargers' match against the New York Jets. In 2009, she recorded a cover "Don't Stop the Music" by Rihanna for iTunes with independent record label Spin Move Records. Sanchez collaborated with the label once again in 2010 for a cover of "I'd Rather Go Blind" by Etta James for YouTube and was released as an exclusive download on the label's website. Earlier same year, she collaborated with Brandon Kane for the single "Just You and Me". Additionally, she was among the fifty-seven singers who contributed in a YouTube edition of the charity single "We Are the World 25 for Haiti", which was produced by Lisa Lavie.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: On July 8, 2011, Sanchez auditioned for the eleventh season of "American Idol" in San Diego, California. She progressed through subsequent rounds prior to being eliminated in the twenty-eighth episode on April 12, 2012, which the judges overturned by drawing the "Judges' Save" for her to remain in the competition. Sanchez ultimately finished as the runner-up in the grand finals behind Phillip Phillips on May 23, 2012. She subsequently performed three songs ("The Star-Spangled Banner," "God Bless America", and "The Prayer") at the PBS' National Memorial Day Concert from the west lawn of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. on May 27, 2012. On June 29, 2012, it was announced that Sanchez signed a record deal with Interscope Records. She later performed "You're All I Need to Get By" by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell, where she was accompanied by God's Appointed People Choir at the 2012 Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, North Carolina on September 6, 2012. Furthermore, the performance was succeeded by four events towards the end of the year: the City of Hope Spirit of Life Awards Gala on October 10, 2012, the 26th Annual Carousel Ball of Hope on October 23, 2012, the 2012 Brittania Awards on November 7, 2012, and Trevor Live on December 2, 2012.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: "Tonight", the lead single from Sanchez's debut studio album, was released on March 22, 2013. The song featured vocals from Ne-Yo. The duo previously performed "Tonight" on the twenty-first episode of the twelfth season of "American Idol" March 21, 2013. The song enjoyed minor domestic commercial success, where it debuted and peaked at number 48 on the Digital Songs chart. Elsewhere, "Tonight" debuted and peaked at number 42 on the ARIA Top 100 Singles Chart in Australia. On April 1, 2013, she performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" for former United States president Barack Obama and his family at the White House for the Easter Egg Roll. Sanchez released her debut album "Me, You & the Music" on April 30, 2013. The album underperformed, debuting and peaked at number 26 on the "Billboard 200" chart and sold 14,000 copies in its first week. Due to "Me, You & the Music"'s aforementioned results, Sanchez quietly parted with Interscope Records.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Approximately a year since the announcement of her casting on Fox's comedy drama television series "Glee", she ultimately made her first appearance on the series as a guest star in the episode "Lights Out", which premiered on April 25, 2013. Sanchez portrayed the role of Frida Romero, a student from a rivaling school. She reprised the role in the episode "All or Nothing", which premiered on May 9, 2013, during which she performed "Clarity" by Zedd and Foxes and "Wings" by Little Mix as a part of The Hoosierdaddies. Sanchez performed "Feel This Moment" by Pitbull and Christina Aguilera during the grand finals of the sixteenth season of ABC's dance competition "Dancing with the Stars" on May 21, 2013. She performed "God Bless America" at a Memorial Day concert at the United States Capitol on May 26, 2013.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Sanchez performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" and "Lupang Hinirang" at the Manny Pacquiao vs. Brandon Ríos match in The Venetian, Macau on November 23, 2013. She subsequently contributed two tracks for the "Heartbeat of Home" original soundtrack: "Lead Me Home", which was released as a single with an accompanying music video on November 27, 2013, and "The Night I Dance with You", which was a duet with Jencarlos Canela.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Accompanied by Jake Zyrus and Jennifer Hudson among others, Sanchez performed "Let It Go" by Idina Menzel at the Pinoy Relief Benefit Concert on March 11, 2014, where all the proceeds of the concert would be donated to the Filipino citizens that has been affected by Typhoon Haiyan. With judge Jennifer Lopez, season 8 alumni Allison Iraheta, and season 10 alumni Pia Toscano, she performed "I Luh Ya Papi" on the twenty-first episode of the thirteenth season of "American Idol" on March 20, 2014. The group reunited for Crustacean's Red Hour Jam Session in Beverly Hills, California on June 25, 2014, during which Sanchez performed "Pour It Up" by Rihanna. Sanchez featured on "Vacation" by DJ Komori, which was released on October 6, 2014, in conjunction of its lyric video.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: "This Love", a single teased during an interview with the online magazine "She Knows" on December 22, 2014, was released on January 7, 2015 with an accompanying music video, which was directed by Gabriel Valenciano. Sanchez headlined a concert billed as "Jessica Sanchez: Up Close and Personal Live in Manila" at the City of Dreams, Pasay on August 9, 2015. She performed two songs with the finalists ("Dance with My Father" by Luther Vandross with Charlene Su and <nowiki>"</nowiki>Clarity" by Zedd and Foxes with Jermaine Leong) of the second season of MediaCorp Channel 5's singing competition "The Final 1" on August 21, 2013. Sanchez collaborated with Christian Bautista for the song "Two Forevers", which was released on November 5, 2015, in conjunction of its music video, from his studio album "Kapit". Sanchez released the Christmas extended play "Christmas with Jessica" on December 8, 2015. The record was composed of covers of famed Christmas songs including "Santa Baby" by Eartha Kitt and was recorded within two days.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: She frequently collaborated with Leroy Sanchez in 2016, where the duo released a duet of "1+1" by Beyoncé on January 27, 2016, and of Justin Bieber and Halsey's "The Feeling" on March 30, 2016. Sanchez subsequently returned to "American Idol" for the grand finals of the fifteenth season on April 7, 2016, during which she performed "The Prayer" by Celine Dion and Andrea Bocelli. Her performance was lauded by the audience. Sanchez released the single "Call Me" on May 10, 2016. She performed the song during the Tubathon 2016 in Burbank, California on April 20, 2016. Sanchez released the single "Stronger Together" for the 2016 Democratic National Convention on July 26, 2016. The song was played following Hillary Clinton's acceptance speech at the convention. "Stronger Together" debuted and peaked at number four on the Dance Club Songs chart, becoming her first charting single since "Tonight". The song was remixed by Tracy Young and re-released on November 2, 2016, with an accompanying music video.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Sanchez appeared as a featured artist on "Beauty and the Beast" by Matt Bloyd from his extended play "Covers, Vol. 2", which was released on July 20, 2017. She performed "The Star-Spangled Banner" prior to Los Angeles Chargers' match against the Oakland Raiders on October 15, 2017. Following her performance, Sanchez knelt in support of the U.S. national anthem protests.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: She collaborated with Ricky Breaker for "Caught Up", which was released on April 22, 2018, in conjunction with its music video, and became her first single since "Stronger Together", which was released two years prior. Sanchez performed the song during the June 3, 2018 broadcast of ABS-CBN's musical variety show "ASAP", and again inside of the Wish Bus on June 7, 2018. She subsequently reunited with Jake Zyrus for his concert billed as "Music & Me" as a musical guest on May 25, 2018, at the Sky Dome in Quezon City, Metro Manila. "Millionaire" was released on June 1, 2018. Sanchez performed at the Filipino Community of Guam ball on October 19, 2018. It was announced that she would be reuniting with Christian Bautista for the Christmas single "Another Silent Christmas song" on October 23, 2018. The single was subsequently released on November 2, 2018, with a music video premiering on November 16, 2018. Sanchez co-headlined a concert with Martin Nievera at Solaire Resort & Casino in Entertainment City, Bay City on November 10, 2018. The concert becomes her second at the resort and casino since 2014 for its one-year anniversary since its grand opening.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: Sanchez performed for the House of Bolkiah during the Crown Prince Haji Al-Muhtadee Billah's birthday celebration on February 18, 2019. Under the mononym Jes, she released a single titled "Love You" on April 22, 2019. In an interview with "The Philippine Star" on May 15, 2019, Sanchez revealed that she would be releasing her third extended play within 2019. As of 2022, it has yet to be released. She subsequently reunited with Leroy Sanchez for a duet of "A Whole New World", which was released on May 24, 2019, with an accompanying music video. Sanchez released the single "Angels" on June 21, 2019. She reunited with Matt Bloyd for a duet of "Can You Feel the Love Tonight" from his extended play "King", which was released on July 17, 2019. Sanchez performed "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" by Jennifer Holliday during the grand finals of the first season of "Idol Philippines" on July 28, 2019. She became an ambassador of Frontrow on July 29, 2019, and performed at its Thanksgiving event, "Frontrow All In", on November 9, 2019. Sanchez held concerts, which were billed as "In the Spotlight: Jessica Sanchez", on November 22 and 29, 2019, during which she was accompanied by Lance Busa and Lucas Garcia. Sanchez collaborated again with Bautista, who was one of the judges of the second season of GMA Network's reality talent competition show "The Clash", on December 6, 2019, to reprise their Christmas single "Another Silent Christmas Song" prior to performing "All I Want for Christmas is You" by Mariah Carey with the seven remaining contestants.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: On May 8, 2021, she released a single titled "Us" as a response to the xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Its music video premiered on the same day and featured guest appearances from Apl.de.ap and Mark Cuban.


title: Jessica Sanchez

text: On August 12, 2022, Sanchez released the single "Baddie", a self-written song about women's empowerment.


title: Suspense

text: Suspense is a state of mental uncertainty, anxiety, being undecided, or being doubtful. In a dramatic work, suspense is the anticipation of the outcome of a plot or of the solution to an uncertainty, puzzle, or mystery, particularly as it affects a character for whom one has sympathy. However, suspense is not exclusive to fiction.


title: Suspense

text: In literature, films, television, and plays, suspense is a major device for securing and maintaining interest. It may be of several major types: in one, the outcome is uncertain and the suspense resides in the question of "who, what, or how"; in another, the outcome is inevitable from foregoing events, and the suspense resides in the audience's anxious or frightened anticipation in the question of "when". Readers feel suspense when they are deeply curious about "what" will happen next, or when they know what is likely to happen but don’t know "how" it will happen. Even in historical fiction, with characters whose life stories are well known, the "why" usually brings suspense to the novel.


title: Suspense

text: An adjunct to suspense is foreshadowing, as found in hints of national crisis or revolution in Isabel Allende’s "House of the Spirits" (1991).


title: Suspense

text: Some authors have tried to explain the "paradox of suspense", namely: a narrative tension that remains effective even when uncertainty is neutralized, because repeat audiences know exactly how the story resolves. Some theories assume that true repeat audiences are extremely rare because, in reiteration, we usually forget many details of the story and the interest arises due to these holes of memory; others claim that uncertainty remains even for often told stories because, during the immersion in the fictional world, we forget fictionally what we know factually or because we expect fictional worlds to look like the real world, where exact repetition of an event is impossible.


title: Suspense

text: The position of Yanal is more radical and postulates that narrative tension that remains effective in true repetition should be clearly distinguished from genuine suspense, because uncertainty is part of the definition of suspense. Baroni proposes to name "rappel" this kind of suspense whose excitement relies on the ability of the audience to anticipate perfectly what is to come, a precognition that is particularly enjoyable for children dealing with well-known fairy tales. Baroni adds that another kind of suspense without uncertainty can emerge with the occasional contradiction between what the reader knows about the future (cognition) and what he desires (volition), especially in tragedy, when the protagonist eventually dies or fails ("suspense par contradiction").


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian cuisine () is a style of cuisine native to Austria and composed of influences from Central Europe and throughout the former Austro-Hungarian Empire. Austrian cuisine is most often associated with Viennese cuisine, but there are significant regional variations.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Breakfast is of the "continental" type, usually consisting of bread rolls with either jam or cold meats and cheese, accompanied by coffee, tea or juice. The midday meal was traditionally the main meal of the day, but in modern times as Austrians work longer hours further from home this is no longer the case. The main meal is now often taken in the evening.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: A mid-morning or mid-afternoon snack of a slice of bread topped with cheese or ham is referred to as a "Jause"; a more substantial version akin to a British "ploughman's lunch" is called a "Brettljause" after the wooden board on which it is traditionally served.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: The most popular meats in Austria are beef, pork, chicken, turkey and goose. The prominent Wiener Schnitzel is traditionally made of veal. Pork in particular is used extensively, with many dishes using offal and parts such as the snout and trotters.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian butchers use a number of special cuts of meat, including "Tafelspitz" (beef), and "Fledermaus" (pork). Fledermaus (German for "bat") is a cut of pork from the ham bone that resembles the winged animal. It is described as "very juicy, somewhat fatty, and crossed by tendons"; the latter fact makes it suitable for steaming, braising or frying after tenderization in a marinade.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian cuisine has many different sausages, like "Frankfurter", "Krainer Wurst" from Carniola (Krain), "Debreziner" (originating from Debrecen in Hungary), or "Burenwurst", "Blunzn" made out of pig-blood and "Grüne Würstl"—green sausages. Green means raw in this context—the sausages are air dried and are consumed boiled. Bacon in Austria is called "Speck", bacon can be smoked, raw, salted, spiced, etc. Bacon is used in many traditional recipes as a salty spice. "Leberkäse" is a loaf of corned beef, pork and bacon—it contains neither liver nor cheese despite the name. "Vanillerostbraten" is a garlicky beef dish.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austria has an old hunting tradition since there are many woods across the country. In the autumn season many restaurants in Austria traditionally offer game on their menu along with seasonal vegetables and fruits like pumpkins from Styria. Usual game are:


title: Austrian cuisine

text: The German names of game animals followed by "-braten" signifies a dish of roast game: "Hirschbraten" is roast venison.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian cakes and pastries are a well-known feature of its cuisine. Perhaps the most famous is the Sachertorte, a chocolate cake with apricot jam filling, traditionally eaten with whipped cream. Among the cakes with the longest tradition is the Linzer torte. Other favourites include the caramel-flavoured Dobostorte and the delicately layered Esterhazy Torte, named in honour of Prince Esterházy (both originating from Hungary during the Austro-Hungarian empire), as well as a number of cakes made with fresh fruit and cream. Punschkrapfen is a classical Austrian pastry, a cake filled with cake crumbs, nougat chocolate, apricot jam and then soaked with rum. Tirolerkuchen is a hazelnut and chocolate coffee cake. Mohr im Hemd, while traditionally something closer to a chocolate custard, is now generally prepared as a steamed cake.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: These cakes are typically complex and difficult to make. They can be eaten at a café or bought by the slice from a bakery. A "Konditorei" is a specialist cake-maker, and the designations "Café-Konditorei" and "Bäckerei-Konditorei" are common indicators that the café or bakery in question specialises in this field.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian desserts are usually slightly less complicated than the elaborate cakes described above. The most famous of these is the "Apfelstrudel" (apple strudel), layers of thin pastry surrounding a filling of apple, usually with cinnamon and raisins. Other strudels are also popular, such as those filled with sweetened curd cheese called "Topfen", sour cherry ("Weichselstrudel"), sweet cherry and poppy seed strudel ("Mohnstrudel").


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Another favourite is "Kaiserschmarr'n", a rich fluffy sweet thick pancake made with raisins and other fruits, broken into pieces and served with a fruit compote (traditionally made of plums called "Zwetschkenröster") for dipping, while a speciality of Salzburg is the meringue-like "Salzburger Nocken". The Danish pastry is said to originate from Vienna and in Denmark is called "wienerbrød" (Viennese bread). The Danish pastry uses a dough in the classic cuisine referred to as "Viennese Dough", made of thin layers of butter and flour dough, imported to Denmark by Austrian bakers hired during a strike among the workers in Danish bakeries in 1850.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austria is credited in popular legend with introducing coffee to Europe after bags of coffee beans were left behind by the retreating Turkish army after the Battle of Vienna in 1683. Although the first coffeehouses had appeared in Europe some years earlier, the Viennese café tradition became an important part of the city's identity.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Coffee is served in a variety of styles, particularly in the Viennese coffee houses. An Austrian "Mokka" or "kleiner Schwarzer" is similar to espresso, but is extracted more slowly. Other styles are prepared from the "Mokka":


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Drinking coffee together is an important social activity in Austrian culture. It is quite common for Austrians to invite friends or neighbours over for coffee and cake. This routine activity can be compared to the British afternoon tea tradition. It is also very common to go to a coffeehouse while dating.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Viennese hot chocolate is very rich, containing heavy cream in addition to chocolate, and sometimes thickened further with egg yolk.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Almdudler is an Austrian soft drink based on mountain herbs and with a flavour reminiscent of sambucus beverages. It is considered the "national drink of Austria", and is popularly used as a mixer with white wine or water. While Red Bull is popular all across the West, the energy drink company started in Austria. The headquarters of the Red Bull company are located at Fuschl am See near Salzburg.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Beer is generally sold in the following sizes: 0.2 litre (a "Pfiff"), 0.33 litre (a "Seidel", "kleines Bier" or "Glas Bier") and 0.5 litre (a "Krügerl" or "großes Bier" or "Hoibe"). At festivals one litre "Maß" and two litre "Doppelmaß" in the Bavarian style are also sometimes dispensed. The most popular types of beer are pale lager (known as "Märzen" in Austria), naturally cloudy "Zwicklbier", and wheat beer. At holidays like Christmas and Easter bock beer is also available.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Austrian beers are typically in the pale lager style, with the exceptions noted above. A dark amber "Vienna Style" lager was pioneered in the city during the 19th century but is no longer common there.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Wine is principally cultivated in the east of Austria. The most important wine-producing areas are in Lower Austria, Burgenland, Styria, and Vienna. The Grüner Veltliner grape provides some of Austria's most notable white wines; Zweigelt is the most widely planted red wine grape. Southern Burgenland is a region that mainly grows red grapes; the "Seewinkel" area, east of the Neusiedler See in Burgenland's north, has more mixed wine cultures and is famous for its sweet wines. Wine is even grown within the city limits of Vienna – the only European capital where this is true – and some is even produced under the auspices of the city council.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Young wine (i.e., wine produced from grapes of the most recent harvest) is called "Heuriger" and gives its name to inns in Vienna and its surroundings, which serve "Heuriger" wine along with food. In Styria, Carinthia and Burgenland, the "Heuriger" inns are known as "Buschenschanken".


title: Austrian cuisine

text: In Upper Austria, Burgenland, Lower Austria, Styria and Carinthia, "Most", the fresh juice of grapes or apples is produced, while "Sturm" ("storm"), a semi-fermented grape juice is drunk after the grape harvest. "Most" and "Sturm" are pre-stages of wine.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: At the close of a meal, sometimes schnapps (fruit brandy), typically of up to 60% alcohol, is drunk. In Austria schnaps is made from a variety of fruits, for example apricots, rowanberries, gentiana roots, various herbs and even flowers. The produce of small private schnaps distilleries, of which there are around 20,000 in Austria, is known as "Selberbrennter" or "Hausbrand".


title: Austrian cuisine

text: For food consumed in between meals there are many types of open sandwiches called "belegte Brote", or different kinds of sausage with mustard, ketchup and bread, as well as sliced sausage, "Leberkäse" rolls or "Schnitzelsemmeln" (rolls filled with schnitzel).


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Traditionally you can get a "Wurstsemmel" (a roll filled, usually, with Extrawurst, a special kind of thinly sliced sausage, often with a slice of cheese and a pickle or cornichon) at a butcher or at the delicatessen counter in a supermarket.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: There are also other common yet informal delicacies that are typical of Austrian food. For example, the "Bosna" or Bosner (a spiced bratwurst in a hot dog roll), which is an integral part of the menu at Austria's typical fast-food restaurant, the sausage stand (Würstelstand). Most Austrian sausages contain pork.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: In Lower Austria, local delicacies such as Waldviertel poppies, Marchfeld asparagus and Wachau apricots are cultivated. Famous are the "Marillenknödel": small dumplings filled with apricots and warm butter-fried breadcrumbs on it. Their influence can be felt in the local cuisine, for example in poppy seed noodles "Mohnnudeln". Game dishes are very common. Lower Austria is striking for the differences within its regional cuisine due to its size and the variety of its landscape.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Burgenland's cuisine has been influenced by Hungarian cuisine owing to its former position within the Hungarian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Dishes consist mainly of fish, chicken or pork. Potatoes are the most common side dish, for example, crushed potatoes with onions called "Greste Krumpian" (= Geröstete Kartoffeln, which comes from "geröstet", meaning "roasted", and the Hungarian term "krumpli" for potatoes). Because of Hungarian influence, Burgenlandish dishes are often spicier than elsewhere in Austria, often indicated with the terms "Zigeuner..." ("Gypsy") or "Serbisch..." ("Serbian"). Polenta is a popular side-dish within Burgenland's Croatian minority. On St Martin's Day (November 11) a "Martinigans" (St Martin's goose) is often prepared, and carp is a typical Christmas dish.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Styrian taverns where local winemakers serve their new wine, local cold food and homemade cakes are called: Buschenschank. They are famous for their Brettljause, a cold hors d'oeuvre served on a wooden board, typical with "Verhackertes" (a spread made from finely chopped raw white bacon), different kinds of cold meat ("Gselchtes": salted and smoked meat, "Schweinsbraten": roast pork, air-dried sausages, "Speck": ham) grated horseradish, hard-boiled eggs, meat paste, Liptauer, pumpkin seed spread, vegetables, pickels and cheese with sourdough bread, also "Käferbohnensalat" (runner bean salad) with pumpkin seed oil is typical. Schilcher, a very dry rosé, is the regional style of wine in Western Styria. A typically Styrian delicacy is pumpkin seed oil, which lends itself particularly to salads on account of its nutty taste. Many varieties of pumpkin dish are also very popular. "Heidensterz", resembling a dry, almost crumbly version of grits made from buckwheat flour, is a local dish enjoyed in cold weather. Especially in autumn, game dishes are very common.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Carinthia's many lakes mean that fish is a popular main course. Grain, dairy produce and meat are important ingredients in Carinthian cuisine. Carinthian "Kasnudeln" (noodle dough pockets filled with quark and mint) and smaller "Schlickkrapfen" (mainly with a meat filling) are well-known local delicacies. "Klachlsuppe" (pig's trotter soup) and "Reindling" (yeast-dough pastry/cake filled with a mix of cinnamon, sugar, walnuts and raisins) are also produced locally.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Various types of dumplings are an important part of Upper Austrian cuisine, as they are in neighbouring Bavaria and Bohemia. "Linzer Torte", a cake that includes ground almonds or nuts and redcurrant jam, is a popular dessert from the city of Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. "Linzeraugen" are fine, soft biscuits filled with redcurrant jam called "Ribiselmarmelade", which has a sharp flavour.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: "Kasnocken" (cheese dumplings) are a popular meal, as are freshwater fish, particularly trout, served in various ways. Salzburger Nockerl (a meringue-like dish) is a well-known local dessert.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: Tyrolean bacon and all sorts of dumplings including "Speckknödel" (dumplings with pieces of bacon) and "Spinatknödel" (made of spinach) are an important part of the local cuisine. Tyrolean cuisine is very simple because in earlier times Tyroleans were not very rich, farming on mountains and in valleys in the middle of the Alpine Region. Tyrolean food often contains milk, cheese, flour and lard.


title: Austrian cuisine

text: The cuisine of Vorarlberg has been influenced by the Alemannic cuisine of neighbouring Switzerland and Swabia. Cheese and cheese products play a major role in the cuisine, with "Käsknöpfle" and "Kässpätzle" (egg noodles prepared with cheese) being popular dishes. Other delicacies include "Krautspätzle" (sauerkraut noodles), "Käsdönnala" (similar to a quiche), "Schupfnudla" (made from a dough mixing potato and flour), "Frittatensuppe" (pancake soup), "Öpfelküachle" (apple cake) and "Funkaküachle" (cake traditionally eaten on the first Sunday of Lent).


title: Statutory corporation

text: A statutory corporation is a government entity created as a statutory body by statute. Their precise nature varies by jurisdiction, thus, they are statutes owned by a government or controlled by national or sub-national government to the (in some cases minimal) extent provided for in the creating legislation.


title: Statutory corporation

text: Bodies described in the English language as "statutory corporations" exist in the following countries in accordance with the associated descriptions (where provided).


title: Statutory corporation

text: In Australia, statutory corporations are a type of statutory authority created by Acts of state or federal parliaments.


title: Statutory corporation

text: A statutory corporation is defined in the government glossary as a "statutory body that is a body corporate, including an entity created under section 87 of the PGPA Act" (i.e. a statutory authority may also be a statutory corporation). An earlier definition describes a statutory corporation as "a statutory authority that is a body corporate", and the New South Wales Government's Land Registry Services defines a state-owned corporation as "a statutory authority that has corporate status".


title: Statutory corporation

text: Current statutory corporations include Australia Post, Airservices Australia, the Australian Rail Track Corporation and the Australian Egg Corporation. The purpose of their separation from normal government operations is to ensure profitability, and in theory, independence of decision making from the state or national government (to ensure that decisions are made on a commercial basis with less or no political interference.) As statutory corporations, their regulatory and business conditions may be significantly different from private-sector companies.


title: Statutory corporation

text: A significant number of the statutory corporations are private commercial operations, a number of which have been privatised, in part or in whole, since the 1980s: these have included the national airline Qantas, Telstra (also previously known as Telecom Australia) and the Commonwealth Bank.


title: Statutory corporation

text: A statutory corporation in Germany is called a "Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts" (KdöR). An example of a statutory corporation is a "", a body involved in the provision of out-patient medical services in a German state. Other examples include public broadcasters, Jewish communities and Christian churches established in Germany.


title: Statutory corporation

text: In Hong Kong, some corporations are incorporated by legislation. An example is the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, which owns the railway network and was previously also an operator. The MTR Corporation Limited was also such a company, then named as Mass Transit Railway Corporation. Other examples include the Ocean Park Corporation, and the former Industrial Estates Corporation and Land Development Corporation.


title: Statutory corporation

text: "Statutory corporations" are government establishments brought into existence by a Special Act of the Parliament. The Act defines its powers and functions, rules and regulations governing its employees and its relationship with government departments.


title: Statutory corporation

text: This is a body corporate created by the legislature with defined powers and functions and is financially independent with a clear control over a specified area or a particular type of commercial activity. It is a corporate person and has the capacity of acting in its own name. Statutory corporations therefore have the power of the government and the considerable amount of operating flexibility of private enterprises.


title: Statutory corporation

text: Of parliament. It may be established by the central government are also known as National corporations.


title: Statutory corporation

text: In the Republic of Ireland, a statutory corporation is a body corporate, which is created under a particular Act of the Oireachtas. Some statutory corporations are expected to operate as if they were a commercial company (with or without a subsidy from the Exchequer, depending on whether or not it would make a profit without one). Such bodies do not have shareholders, but are typically boards appointed by a sponsor minister. The provisions of the Companies' Acts do not typically directly apply to such bodies, although their founding legislation may specify similar requirements.


title: Statutory corporation

text: The statutory corporation format was usually the form most state-sponsored bodies of the Republic of Ireland took until recent years; however, the usual policy today is that a private limited company by shares or public limited company incorporated under the Companies' Acts is set up instead, with the relevant minister holding 100% of the issued share capital. Nonetheless, several prominent statutory corporations continue to exist, such as Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ), the Electricity Supply Board (ESB), Bord Gáis Éireann, An Bord Pleanála, the Food Safety Authority of Ireland.


title: Statutory corporation

text: In the Netherlands, the term "public body" is the general denomination for administrative divisions within the Dutch state or certain other types of governmental organisations.


title: Statutory corporation

text: In the United Kingdom, a statutory corporation is a corporate body created by statute. It typically has no shareholders and its powers are defined by the Act of Parliament which creates it, and may be modified by later legislation. Such bodies were often created to provide public services, examples including British Railways, the Talyllyn Railway, the National Coal Board, Post Office Corporation and Transport for London. Other examples include the county councils, the National Assembly for Wales, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), Channel Four Television Corporation, and the Olympic Delivery Authority. The phrase is not used to describe a company which operates as a conventional shareholder-owned company registered under the Companies Acts.


title: Statutory corporation

text: N.B. An entity described by the undefined term "public body" is not inevitably a "statutory corporation".


title: Statutory corporation

text: At the state level, municipal corporations and counties are often created by legislative acts. Some organizations such as a transit district or special purpose corporations such as a university, are also created by statute. In some states, a city or county can be created by petition of a certain number or percentage of voters or landholders of the affected area, which then causes a municipal corporation to be chartered as a result of compliance with the appropriate law. Corporations to be established for most other purposes are usually just incorporated as any other non-profit corporation, by filing the paperwork with the appropriate agency as part of the formation of the entity.


title: Statutory corporation

text: At the Federal level, a small number of corporations are created by Congress. Prior to the District of Columbia being granted the ability to issue corporate charters in the late 19th century, corporations operating in the District required a congressional charter. With limited exceptions, most corporations created by Congress are not federally chartered, but are simply created as District of Columbia corporations as a result of the enabling law.


title: Statutory corporation

text: There are a number of federally chartered corporations that still exist. Some relatively famous ones include the Boy Scouts of America, each of the Federal Reserve Banks, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The basic advantage for being federally chartered is that no other corporation anywhere in the United States is allowed to have the same name.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: While the original story of "A Wild Sheep Chase" was set in the 1970s, translator Alfred Birnbaum and Kodansha editor Elmer Luke wanted a story that was more contemporary and also appealed to American readers. In the novel, Murakami blends elements of American and English literature with Japanese contexts, exploring post-WWII Japanese cultural identity. The book is part mystery and part magical realism with a postmodern twist.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: This quasi-detective tale follows an unnamed, chain-smoking narrator and his adventures in Tokyo and Hokkaido in 1978. The story begins when the recently divorced protagonist, an advertisement executive, publishes a photo of a pastoral scene sent to him in a confessional letter by his long-lost friend, 'Rat.' He is contacted by a mysterious man representing 'The Boss,' a central force behind Japan's political and economic elite, who is now slowly dying. The Boss' secretary tells him that his agency must immediately cease publication of the photo. He also explains that a strange sheep with a star-shaped birthmark, pictured in the advertisement, was in some way the secret source of the Boss' power and that he has one month to find that sheep or his career and life will be ruined. The narrator and his girlfriend, who possesses magically seductive and supernaturally perceptive ears, travel to the north of Japan to find the sheep and his vagabond friend.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The biggest clue seems to be the photo of the sheep that the mysterious man wished to cease publishing. Which brings the two to the Hokkaido region, in a cold and mountainous city called Sapporo. There the narrator's girlfriend digs through various texts in the library and they explore the city. The girlfriend's ears help to guide them to the Dolphin Hotel which is a shadow of its former self. It is run by a man who was once a sailor, but, due to an accident at sea, has only the use of one arm. The hotel owner points the pair to his father, the 'Sheep Professor', who is a bitter, eccentric man living upstairs in the hotel, still remembering the sheep from when he encountered them in Manchuria, decades before. The hotel owner and his father have a horrible relationship, and the Sheep Professor is reluctant, at first, to talk to anyone that his son brought, until the narrator mentions the sheep to the Sheep Professor.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Sheep Professor tells them of his encounter with the star-backed sheep and the obsession he still holds to find it again. It is the tip from the Sheep Professor that leads them to an isolated house and a man that tends to sheep that knows the trail. With his help, the narrator and his girlfriend walk the trail that leads to the house. Inside there is nothing but dust, supplies and a new, but barely used car in the garage. It is there that the narrator prepares to wait until the owner of the house arrives, figuring that it would be the next host of the sheep, or the sheep itself.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: While the narrator naps, his girlfriend makes a stew, which is done by the time the narrator awakes. However, his girlfriend abruptly leaves the house while he is asleep. The narrator is tempted to start back to town to look for her but quickly dismisses this.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Throughout the novel, there is a dual storyline concerning the whereabouts of the Rat; who had been moving around the country, doing a variety of odd jobs and exploring whatever town that he had happened to travel to. The Rat held limited correspondence with the narrator through letters.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: After over a week of waiting at the manor, the narrator runs out of smokes and decides to quit. He lives an isolated life of waiting, reading, morning jogs and sipping beer and whiskey waiting for the Rat, whom he correctly guesses to be the new host of the sheep. In this time, he encounters the short and weird Sheep Man, who asks for a drink and tells the narrator that his girlfriend is okay and was not harmed when she left.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: In darkness, soon after, the narrator encounters a familiar voice, the Rat's. Sharing a beer together, the Rat starts to answer the narrator's various questions. The house had belonged to his father, and had been a vacation home purchased from the US government for cheap, after they failed to turn the land into a radar station. They leased the land and sheep pastures to the town, and still do. The Rat, feeling nostalgia of happier times and feeling estranged from his family, encountered the sheep journeying back to the house, after hearing the Sheep Professor's story of the sheep and seemingly being drawn to the house. The Rat also informs the narrator that he killed himself over a week before the narrator arrived, hanging himself in the garage and the Sheep Man burying him on the property; destroying the sheep (due to the sheep being inside of him) before the sheep could fully control him and preventing the sheep from taking another body. They say their final goodbyes, promising to see each other again.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: With the mystery solved and questions answered, the narrator walks away from the house. The Boss' assistant encounters the narrator and pays him a generous sum, telling him that his company has been dissolved as well. The Boss' representative allows the narrator to use his car and its driver to return to town. As the narrator returns to town, the driver informs him that his cat has grown fat and that the number to god's phone doesn't seem to work anymore.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The narrator visits his old friend J's bar. Investing in the business with the condition of returns and that the Rat and he would always be welcomed with drinks in the establishment.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Protagonist- The protagonist of this novel is the typical narrator of Haruki Murakami's stories. He is sent out on a journey to Hokkaido to find a special sheep with a birthmark in the shape of a star.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Girlfriend- The protagonist sought her out after seeing a photo of her ears. He has some kind of fascination with her ears. She usually covers them with her hair. Even though her ears work perfectly fine, she says that they are "blocked" and "dead". She joins the protagonist on his journey to find the sheep, but she was driven out of the Rat's residence in Hokkaido by the Sheep Man.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Boss- The Boss is one of the people that got possessed by the special sheep. He built an "underground kingdom" after being possessed by the sheep, but he is about to die because of large cyst in his brain after the sheep left him.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Secretary- The Boss’s secretary is the one who sought out the protagonist and ordered the protagonist to find the special sheep.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Chauffeur- The Chauffeur frequently uses the God’s telephone number that he received from the Boss. He also gave the phone number to the protagonist and encouraged him to use it. The Chauffeur names the protagonist’s nameless cat, Kipper, and becomes the cat’s caregiver while the protagonist sets outs on his journey.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: J- J is a close friend of the protagonist and the Rat. J owns three bars, which is where the protagonist and the Rat usually go to drink.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Ainu Youth- The Ainu Youth is from Sapporo, and he helped a group of Japanese farmers establish a new settlement that will eventually be called Junitaki Village, where the Protagonist finds the Rat and his residence.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Rat- The Rat is the protagonist’s friend. He sent two letters to the protagonist. It was revealed that the Rat was the last person who got possessed by the sheep. In order to prevent the sheep from controlling other people, the Rat committed suicide when the sheep was asleep inside of him.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The Sheep Man- The Sheep Man showed up one day in the Rat’s residence in rural Hokkaido while the Protagonist was staying in the Rat's empty home. The Sheep Man is short and talks fast. He exhibits the Rat’s habit of looking at his hands. The protagonist later exposed the Sheep Man as the Rat in disguise.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Sheep Professor- The Sheep Professor is the Dolphin Hotel owner’s father. He was very academically successful, and he was chosen to work on sheep agriculture for the Japanese army. However he was dismissed because of his involvement with sheep. The sheep professor was the first character in the story to be possessed by the special sheep.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Dolphin Hotel Owner- The Dolphin Hotel Owner connects the protagonist to his father, the Sheep Professor, when the protagonist and his girlfriend were staying at his hotel. The Dolphin Hotel owner said he named his hotel after the dolphins from Moby Dick.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: "A Wild Sheep Chase" received praise from Western literary critics, who found it bold and innovative in the context of Japanese fiction. In 1989, Herbert Mitgang of "The New York Times Book Review" credited the author with an "offbeat sense of humor and style", and said the book had interesting characters. He praised Murakami's ability to "strike common chords between the modern Japanese and American middle classes, especially the younger generation, and to do so in stylish, swinging language. Mr. Murakami's novel is a welcome debut by a talented writer who should be discovered by readers on this end of the Pacific."


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: A reviewer in "Publishers Weekly" argued, "With the help of a fluid, slangy translation, Murakami emerges as a wholly original talent." In a review of Murakami's following novel for the "London Review of Books", Julian Loose said that "A Wild Sheep Chase" shows Murakami's "characteristically daft but deft mixture of inconsequence and genre-play". Loose also argued that it has "markedly more narrative drive [than the previous two novels]. Murakami’s talent for small and large-scale musings [...] is at its most effective when rubbing up against a thriller’s no-nonsense insistence on cause and effect."


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Conversely, Foumiko Kometani stated in "Los Angeles Times" that the novel "evidences both his celebrated flair and his characteristic weaknesses". While praising him as "immensely readable", she complained that the book lacks mystery and suspense until around halfway through, and also wrote, "I am not sure anyone in Japan ever has talked the way Murakami’s characters do [...] [Murakami] seems more interested in imitation than in substance, in appearance and image than in reality."


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Murakami recalls that the editors of Gunzo, a Japanese literary magazine that had previously published his works, "didn't like "A Wild Sheep Chase" at all" because it was unorthodox for novels of the time. Popular reception, however, was positive and he credits this as his "real starting point" as a novelist.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Today, "A Wild Sheep Chase" is often viewed as Murakami's first substantial work. In 2014, Matthew C. Stretcher of "Publishers Weekly" selected it as his favorite book by the author, writing that Hokkaido is the setting of some of the "most interesting" parts of it. English professor Lowry Pei described the novel as the one in which Murakami "found the road he has been on ever since", due to tighter structuring and a protagonist who is more comfortable with expressing himself. In 2017, "Bustle"s Melissa Ragsdale listed "A Wild Sheep Chase" as one of the five best Murakami books to start with, recommending it the most for readers who enjoy thrillers.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The following year, Jeff Somers ranked it fourth among the novelist's books, arguing that "the sheer joy Murakami seems to take in telling [the story] shines through [...] by the end it deepens into a beautiful, deeply sad story of trauma and lost things. It’s a breathtaking achievement, demonstrating the precise control Murakami has over tone and ideas". It was also ranked third among his books on Reedsy, where a writer noted that the book "is often recommended as a stepping stone for readers new to Murakami’s writing, because the story is less of a labyrinth than many of his others." The reviewer said the book manages to be both "complex and accessible".


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: On the other hand, novelist Francie Lin wrote in 2001 that ""A Wild Sheep Chase", in spite of its deadpan charm, is to my mind the least interesting of his novels, largely because it appears to rocket along without any real feeling beneath the gyrations of wit and intellect." She stated that it had "jump-cut pacing and sketchy characterization". Keith Law wrote in 2011 that the novel was lesser than "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" and "Kafka on the Shore", but he praised its plot. Law described the payoff as "a little underwhelming. The physical plot was resolved, but the philosophical questions and answers remained vague. [...] his best works provide more clarity without devolving into sermons." "Vulture"'s Hillary Kelly deemed the novel one of Murakami's six "forgettable" works, writing that "this rambling detective story is mostly the splatters of a thousand zany ideas thrown against the page. Dollops of Americana in a Japanese novel that felt fresh at the time now read as a little forced."


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: This is the third book in Murakami's '"The Rat" Trilogy', preceded by "Hear the Wind Sing" and "Pinball, 1973". All three books follow the sometimes surreal adventures of an unnamed first-person narrator and his friend, nicknamed 'The Rat'.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: All three novels begin from or refer back to November 25, 1970, the day on which Japanese author, poet, playwright and right-wing activist Yukio Mishima committed seppuku following a failed coup attempt at the headquarters of Japan's Self Defense Forces. Some Japanese critics have speculated that "A Wild Sheep Chase" is a rewriting or parody of Mishima's "The Adventure of Natsuko".


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: The sequel, "Dance, Dance, Dance", continues the adventures of the unnamed protagonist. Locations and characters from "A Wild Sheep Chase" recur, most notably the Dolphin Hotel, the narrator's unnamed girlfriend, and the mysterious Sheep Man. However, its plot, tone, and the majority of the characters are sufficiently different so that "Dance Dance Dance" can be seen as separate from the "Trilogy of the Rat."


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: "A Wild Sheep Chase" has been described as "a postmodern detective novel in which dreams, hallucinations and a wild imagination are more important than actual clues." Mitgang billed it as "youthful, slangy, political and allegorical"; he also argued that despite Murakami's knowledge of American literature and popular music, the novel is ultimately rooted in modern Japan because of "its urban setting, yuppie characters and subtle feeling of mystery, even menace". The writing style has been called hardboiled, as well as "staccato".


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: In an article published by Manusya: Journal, the author claimed that the structure of the novel and lack of resolution creates a Labyrinth experience for the readers. The ending is open ended and allows for a cycle of various interpretations, similar to a labyrinth. The following are different interpretations that scholars have come up with:


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: Hokkaido has been interpreted alternately as the hero’s inner mind and a mythological land of the dead.


title: A Wild Sheep Chase

text: In a 2009 article for "The New Yorker", Jon Michaud singled out one exchange in the 26th chapter for its multiple references to Herman Melville's "Moby-Dick". Michaud said that, as with Melville's novel, elements of Murakami's novel are proxies for "the reader chasing meaning among the red herrings of a novel’s text."


title: Tamagoyaki

text: There are several types of tamagoyaki. It is made by combining eggs, sugar, and soy sauce. Additionally, sake and mirin are used in some recipes.


title: Tamagoyaki

text: Alternative versions include ""dashimaki tamago"" which adds dashi to the egg mix, a stock of dried bonito and kelp, or a version including a mix of shrimp puree, grated mountain yam, sake, and egg, turned into a custard-like cake.


title: Tamagoyaki

text: Tamagoyaki is served around the world in the form of nigiri, and also appears in many types of sushi rolls. In the days when most sushi establishments made their own tamagoyaki, known as gyoku in sushi parlance, connoisseur customers would order the tamago sushi prior to starting their meal to assess the sushi chef's skills.


title: Tamagoyaki

text: In Japan, there are several similar dishes to tamagoyaki, such as "usuyaki-tamago", "kinshi-tamago", and "iri-tamago". They differ by their thicknesses, and the manner in which they are fried. Usuyaki-tamago is thinner, kinshi-tamago is a kind of usuyaki-tamago that is cut like fine threads, and iri-tamago is similar to scrambled eggs.


title: Tamagoyaki

text: "Datemaki" (伊達巻) is prepared similarly to tamagoyaki, but incorporates fish paste or "hanpen" into the batter.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayathri Raguram is an Indian politician and former actress who has worked in the South Indian film industry. Gayathri began her career as an actress in the 2001 Telugu film "Repallelo Radha" and after a career break, she began working as a choreographer in films from 2008 to 2019. In 2014 she entered politics and became a member in the BJP.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayathri was born on 23 April 1984 in a brahmin Iyer family as the second daughter to dance choreographers Raghuram and Girija Raghuram. Her elder sister Suja is a prominent dancer, who has also previously worked as an actress. She is the great-granddaughter of director Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam. Her mother, Girija comes from a family of choreographers, which includes Brinda and Kala. In August 2006, Gayathri had an arranged marriage with US-based software engineer Deepak Chandrasekar in California, and the pair subsequently held a Hindu ceremony in December 2006 which was attended by several actors and politicians from Tamil Nadu. In 2008, Gayathri filed for divorce on the grounds of domestic abuse from Deepak and his parents. The divorce was subsequently granted in 2010.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayathri was booked for drunk and driving in November 2019 by Abhiramapuram Traffic Control Police. Police reported that she left a party at a star hotel in MRC Nagar organized for film personalities and was on her way home when she was intercepted by the police, she admitted that she had drunk alcohol when she was asked to blow into the breathing analyzer. A police officer later drove her to her house in Adyar and confiscated her car. A case under Section 185 of the Motor Vehicles Act was filed on her and she was also fined for the incident. Gayathri however claimed it was fake news. This incident drew strong criticism from BJP party cadres.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: On October 26, 2020, Raguram was permanently suspended from social media platform Twitter for violating Twitter's rules after posting a series of tweets relating to the controversy over VCK leader Thol. Thirumavalavan's statement on Manusmriti.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayathri Raghuram started acting at the age of fourteen. Early in her career, she insisted on being known by her full name to avoid confusion with another actress, Gayatri Jayaraman, who was also active in the period. She initially was cast in S. Thanu's production "Enna Solla Pogiray" in 2001, but the project was later dropped.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Her debut film, "Repallelo Radha" featured her alongside newcomer Dileep. Her next film, Sakthi Chidambaram's comedy drama "Charlie Chaplin" (2002), featured her in an ensemble cast alongside Prabhu Deva, Prabhu and Abhirami. She was selected for the film after Gayatri Jayaraman opted out of the project. The film enjoyed commercial success, with a critic from "The Hindu" stating "the new heroine's expertise in dance is particularly impressive". In 2002, she appeared in three more films: the Kannada film "Manasella Neene" directed by choreographer Sundaram, the Tamil film "Style" alongside choreographer Raghava Lawrence and the Malayalam film, "Nakshathrakkannulla Rajakumaran Avanundoru Rajakumari", where she starred opposite Prithviraj. Her four consequent releases in 2003 fared less well at the box office and failed to garner her more film offers. In concern of her performance in the horror film "Whistle" (2003), a critic from The Hindu wrote "Gayathri Raghuram's face is and her expressions are just right but rotundity seems to come in the way of wholesome appeal". Likewise, a critic wrote "Gayathri, as the garrulous friend of the hero, begins well, and even when you think she might have a solid role to play, she turns out to be just another weighty heroine in tow", in regard of her appearance in the Arjun-starrer "Parasuram" (2003). Subsequently, she quit films and relocated to pursue a qualification in Visual Communications in Iowa, USA.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayathri returned to the film industry in 2008 as a choreographer with films like "Jayam Kondaan" (2008) and "Poi Solla Porom" (2008) and has since worked in big budget productions including "Madrasapattinam" (2010), "Deiva Thirumagal" (2013), "Osthe" (2011) and "Anjaan" (2014). Her work in the crime thriller "Kanthaswamy" (2009) and the satire "Tamil Padam" (2010) were well received by critics. By 2014, she had choreographed around 100 films and has regularly specialised in working on romantic montages.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayatri acted once more in "Vai Raja Vai" (2015) at the insistence of her friend Aishwarya Dhanush by portraying the sister of the film's lead character Gautham Karthik. Likewise, she made an extended guest appearance in director Bala's village drama "Tharai Thappattai" (2016), where she also featured in a karakattam-based song. After announcing her intentions of directing a film in 2012, she began work on her first directorial venture "Yaadhumagi Nindraai" during 2016.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: In 2017, Gayathri was a contestant on the Tamil reality show "Bigg Boss" hosted by Kamal Haasan. She was evicted from the show on day 56, after having attracted widespread criticism for her behaviour inside the Bigg Boss House. In particular, her constant harassment and bullying of contestants Bharani, Julie and then Oviya were widely criticised. A police complaint was filed against her for using derogatory words against Oviya by saying that Oviya has seri behaviour (Slum behaviour) and hurting the sentiment of others, while on the show. Post her appearance on the show, Gayathri returned to choreography, and also appeared as a judge on the television show, "Mrs Chinnathirai".


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: In November 2015, Gayathri was appointed as Bharatiya Janata Party's secretary for arts in Tamil Nadu. She had earlier joined the party in 2014 in the presence of BJP president Amit Shah.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: BJP president Tamilisai distanced herself from Gayathri Raghuram in November 2018 when Gayathri landed into a controversy for drunk and driving. Tamilisai told reporters that the actor was no longer a party worker. Gayathri tweeted that Tamilisai threatened and blackmails women. Gayathri has ever since started a campaign against Tamilisai and has gone on television and party members and said that the BJP will grow in Tamil Nadu if the leadership is changed.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: As the state president of the arts and culture wing, during February 2022, she fired some of her wing's office-bearers and ordered appointment of new executives to replace them allegedly without the without permission of party President Annamalai. Gayatri Raghuram's arbitrary act caused a controversy. However, Annamalai ordered that Gayathri's announcement is not valid and said that the old executives would continue. Gayathri Raghuram was expelled from the post by party President Kuppusamy Annamalai in May 2022 and was not given any new post. She openly expressed her displeasure on social media, saying she was given the post of language cell convenor, but she turned it down. She said she was "ok" without a posting. She was then appointed as the leader of Tamil development wing of other states and abroad in June 2022.


title: Gayathri Raguram

text: Gayatri Raghuram in November 2022, condemned the party's OBC state president Surya Siva for abusing and giving death threats to BJP's minority morcha leader Daisy Saran, and criticized the party's state president K. Annamalai for giving the post to Surya Siva. Following this, K. Annamalai suspended her from the party for six months and issued a statement asking party men to avoid any contact with Gayatri Raghuram for the time due to her continued involvement in tarnishing the name of the party. She said that K. Annamalai has taken action without asking her for an explanation and said that she will continue to work for the party.


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: Morden i Sandhamn (Swedish, 'Sandhamn Murders') is a Swedish television crime drama series. It is based on the books of the same name by writer, Viveca Sten. The series is broadcast on TV4, which has presented seven seasons from 20 December 2010. The series follows Nora Linde (Alexandra Rapaport), a lawyer who owns a summer house on Sandhamn, and her assistance in solving various murders on or near that island. Nora's children, Simon and Anna, are portrayed by real-life siblings, Lion Monn and Ping Monn, respectively. The first six seasons had Thomas Andreasson (Jakob Cedergren) of the Nacka police as the lead detective. For season seven, Alexander Forsman (Nicolai Cleve Broch) was introduced as the new lead detective.


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: This Swedish television series appears to have been remade as a 2014 Polish series, "Zbrodnia", known in English as "The Crime".


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: Seasons one to five comprise three episodes per season, each covering one investigation arc. For seasons six and seven there were eight episodes each, with two parts per investigation. Seasons six and seven were broadcast as four double-episodes on C More Film and eight single episodes on TV4. In August 2020 TV4 announced that an eighth season was in production. Seasons one to five (as "Sandhamn Murders") were broadcast from May 2021 on Australian network, SBS-TV's streaming service, On Demand. Seasons six and seven followed in July 2021 on the same network.


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: "Morden i Sandhamn" seasons one to three were released as "The Sandhamn Murders, Vol. 1", a box set of 3× DVD, in March 2019. It was issued at the same time as "The Sandhamn Murders, Vol. 2", also a box set of 3× DVD, which covers seasons four and six. Both box sets were issued in Swedish with English subtitles.


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: "DVD Kritik"s Maria Eremo, reflected on the first season, "even if there are some mistakes in policing... it makes it all a bit comical." In particular, Pekkari is "incredibly good" as Carina, and "makes the best impression." A "good effort" by Malmsjö as Henrik, who portrays "the jealous husband," as "not a very nice guy." The story is supported by, "very dramatic music," which "adds to the tension."


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: Thomas of "Punk Rock Theary" reviewed a box set of the first three seasons of "The Sandhamn Murders". He observed, "as the series goes on, [Nora's] role becomes more important", while "the stories are only very loosely connected because the main characters are the same." Overall, "some of the plot twists are pretty far-fetched while some other developments are predictable doesn't exactly help speed things along." "TV Show Pilot"s Justine Naboya included the series, as one of "The 20 Best Scandinavian Crime Dramas", and noticed, "more often than not, the cases are revealed to be much more complex than they had initially (been) presumed."


title: Morden i Sandhamn

text: "Expressen"s Mattias Bergqvist felt Season 7 provides, "a breath of fresh and liberating" air. Its episodes are, "the first to leave [Sten's] novels", which provides "a freedom that is absolutely necessary to keep interest."


title: Diogenes Club

text: The Diogenes Club is a fictional gentlemen's club created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and featured in several Sherlock Holmes stories, such as 1893's "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter". It seems to have been named after Diogenes the Cynic (though this is never explained in the original stories) and was co-founded by Sherlock's indolent elder brother Mycroft Holmes.


title: Diogenes Club

text: Although there is no hint in the original Sherlock Holmes canon that the Diogenes Club is anything but what it seems to be, several later writers developed and used the idea that the club was founded as a front for the British Secret Service. This may have its root in "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" (1908), in which Mycroft Holmes is revealed to be the supreme and indispensable brain-trust behind the British government, who pieces together collective government secrets and offers advice on the best way to act.


title: Diogenes Club

text: The idea was popularised by "The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes", a 1970 motion picture directed by Billy Wilder, and has since been frequently used in pastiches of Conan Doyle's stories as well as the TV series "Sherlock".


title: Diogenes Club

text: The Diogenes Club has appeared, in various forms, in many other settings, most of which take as given the Club's connection to the British Secret Service:


title: TR-069

text: Technical Report 069 (TR-069) is a technical specification of the Broadband Forum that defines an application layer protocol for remote management and provisioning of customer-premises equipment (CPE) connected to an Internet Protocol (IP) network. TR-069 uses the CPE WAN Management Protocol (CWMP) which provides support functions for auto-configuration, software or firmware image management, software module management, status and performance managements, and diagnostics.


title: TR-069

text: The CPE WAN Management Protocol is a bidirectional SOAP- and HTTP-based protocol, and provides the communication between a CPE and auto configuration servers (ACS). The protocol addresses the growing number of different Internet access devices such as modems, routers, gateways, as well as end-user devices which connect to the Internet, such as set-top boxes, and VoIP-phones.


title: TR-069

text: TR-069 was first published in May 2004, with amendments in 2006, 2007, 2010, July 2011 (version 1.3), and November 2013 (version 1.4 am5)


title: TR-069

text: Other technical initiatives, such as the Home Gateway Initiative (HGI), Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) and WiMAX Forum endorsed CWMP as the protocol for remote management of residential networking devices and terminals.


title: TR-069

text: CWMP is a text based protocol. Orders sent between the device (CPE) and auto configuration server (ACS) are transported over HTTP (or more frequently HTTPS). At this level (HTTP), the CPE acts as client and ACS as HTTP server. This essentially means that control over the flow of the "provisioning session" is the sole responsibility of the device.


title: TR-069

text: In order for the device to connect to the server, it needs to have certain parameters configured first. These include the URL of the server the device wants to connect to and the interval at which the device will initiate the provisioning session ("PeriodicInformInterval"). Additionally, if authentication is required for security reasons, data such as the username and the password needs to be provided.


title: TR-069

text: All communications and operations are performed in the scope of the provisioning session. The session is always started by the device (CPE) and begins with the transmission of an "Inform" message. Its reception and readiness of the server for the session is indicated by an "InformResponse" message. That concludes the session initialization stage. The order of the next two stages depends on the value of the flag "HoldRequests". If the value is "false" the initialization stage is followed by the transmission of device requests, otherwise ACS orders are transmitted first. The following description assumes the value is "false".


title: TR-069

text: In the second stage, orders are transmitted from the device to the ACS. Even though the protocol defines multiple methods that may be invoked by the device on the ACS, only one is commonly found - "TransferComplete" - which is used to inform the ACS of the completion of a file transfer initiated by a previously issued Download or Upload request. This stage is finalized by transmission of "empty HTTP-request" to the ACS.


title: TR-069

text: In the third stage the roles change on the CWMP level. The HTTP-response for the "empty HTTP-request" by the device will contain a CWMP-request from the ACS. This will subsequently be followed by an HTTP-request containing a CWMP-response for the previous CWMP-request. Multiple orders may be transmitted one-by-one. This stage (and the whole provisioning session) is terminated by an "empty HTTP-response" from the ACS indicating that no more orders are pending.


title: TR-069

text: As vital data (like user names and passwords) may be transmitted to the CPE via CWMP, it is essential to provide a secure transport channel and always authenticate the CPE against the ACS. Secure transport and authentication of the ACS identity can easily be provided by usage of HTTPS and verification of the ACS certificate. Authentication of the CPE is more problematic. The identity of the device is verified based on a shared secret (password) at the HTTP level. Passwords may be negotiated between the parties (CPE-ACS) at every provisioning session. When the device contacts the ACS for the first time (or after a factory-reset) default passwords are used. In large networks it is the responsibility of the procurement to ensure each device is using unique credentials, their list is delivered with the devices themselves and secured..


title: TR-069

text: Initialization and control of the provisioning session flow is the sole responsibility of the device, but it is possible for the ACS to request a session start from the device. The connection request mechanism is also based on HTTP. In this case the device (CPE) is put in the role of HTTP-server. The ACS requests a connection from the device by visiting a negotiated URL and performing HTTP Authentication. A shared secret is also negotiated with the device in advance (e.g. previous provisioning session) to prevent the usage of CPEs for DDoS attacks on the provisioning server (ACS). After confirmation is sent by the device the provisioning session should be started as soon as possible and not later than 30 seconds after confirmation is transmitted.


title: TR-069

text: The CWMP protocol also defines a mechanism for reaching the devices that are connected behind NAT (e.g. IP-Phones, Set-top boxes). This mechanism, based on STUN and UDP NAT traversal, is defined in document TR-069 Annex G (formerly in TR-111).


title: TR-069

text: Amendment 5 of the protocol introduces alternative method of executing Connection Request via NAT based on XMPP (see Annex K of TR-069 Amendment 5 for details).


title: TR-069

text: Most of the configuration and diagnostics is performed through setting and retrieving the value of the device parameters. These are organized in a well defined hierarchical structure that is more or less common to all device models and manufacturers. Broadband Forum publishes its data model standards in two formats - XML files containing a detailed specification of each subsequent data model and all of the changes between their versions and PDF files containing human-readable details. Supported standards and extensions should be clearly marked in the device data model. This should be in the field "Device.DeviceSummary" or "InternetGatewayDevice.DeviceSummary" which is required starting from Device:1.0 and InternetGatewayDevice:1.1 respectively. If the field is not found InternetGatewayDevice:1.0 is implied. As of Device:1.4 and InternetGatewayDevice:1.6 new field (" '<RO>'.SupportedDatamodel") for supported standard specification was introduced.


title: TR-069

text: The model is always rooted in the single key named "Device" or "InternetGatewayDevice" depending on the manufacturer's choice. At each level of the structure objects and parameters (or array-instances) are allowed. Keys are constructed by concatenating the names of objects and parameter using '.'(dot) as a separator, e.g. "InternetGatewayDevice.Time.NTPServer1" .


title: TR-069

text: Each of the parameters may be marked as writable or non-writable. This is reported by the device in GetParameterNamesResponse message. The device should not permit the change of any parameter marked as read-only. Data model specifications and extensions clearly mark required status of most of the parameters.


title: TR-069

text: Values applicable for the parameter, their type and meaning are also precisely defined by the standard.


title: TR-069

text: Some parts of the data model require the existence of multiple copies of the subtree. The best examples are those describing tables, e.g. Port Forwarding Table. An object representing an array will only have instance numbers or alias names as its children.


title: TR-069

text: A multi-instance object may be writable or read-only, depending on what it represents. Writable objects allow dynamic creation and removal of their children. For example, if an object represents four physical ports on an Ethernet switch, then it should not be possible to add or remove them from the data model. If an instance is added to an object, an identifier is assigned. After being assigned, identifiers cannot change during the life-cycle of the device, except by factory reset.


title: TR-069

text: Even though the list of the parameters and their attributes is well-defined, most of the devices do not follow standards completely. Most common problems include missing parameters, omitted instance identifiers (for multi-instance objects where only one instance is present), wrong parameter access level and correctly using only defined valid values. For example, for the field that indicates supported standard of WLAN protocols, the value 'g' should indicate support of 802.11b and 802.11g, and 'g-only' support only of 802.11g. Even though values such as 'bg' or 'b/g' are not legal according to the Broadband Forum standards, they are very commonly found in device data models.


title: TR-069

text: The whole provisioning is built on top of a defined set of simple operations. Each order is considered atomic, though there is no support of transactions. If the device cannot fulfill the order a proper error must be returned to the ACS – the device should never break the provisioning session.


title: TR-069

text: The compromise of an ISP ACS or the link between an ACS and CPE by unauthorized entities can yield access to the TR-069-enabled devices of a service provider's entire subscriber base. Customer information and device operation would be available to the potential attackers, including other MAC addresses on client's networks. Covert redirection of DNS queries to a rogue DNS server might be possible, and even surreptitious firmware updates with backdoor features. TR-069 ACS software has been found to be often implemented insecurely. Flaws in combined implementations of TR-064 (LAN side DSL CPE configuration) and TR-069 (CWMP), that reused the same HTTP endpoint over public internet for Connection Requests without proper protections, were found in devices by various vendors and are exploited by Mirai-based botnet and other malware.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: Captain Sir Geoffrey de Havilland, (27 July 1882 – 21 May 1965) was an English aviation pioneer and aerospace engineer. The aircraft company he founded produced the Mosquito, which has been considered the most versatile warplane ever built, and his Comet was the first jet airliner to go into production.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: Born at Magdala House, Terriers, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, de Havilland was the second son of The Reverend Charles de Havilland (1854–1920) and his first wife, Alice Jeannette (née Saunders) (1854–1911). He was educated at Nuneaton Grammar School, St Edward's School, Oxford and the Crystal Palace School of Engineering (from 1900 to 1903).


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: Upon graduating from engineering training, de Havilland pursued a career in automotive engineering, building cars and motorcycles. He took an apprenticeship with engine manufacturers Willans & Robinson of Rugby, after which he worked as a draughtsman for The Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company Limited in Birmingham, a job from which he resigned after a year. He then spent two years working in the design office of Motor Omnibus Construction Company Limited in Walthamstow. While there he designed his first aero engine and had the first prototype made by Iris Motor Company of Willesden.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: He married in 1909 and almost immediately embarked on the career of designing, building and flying aircraft to which he devoted the rest of his life.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: Built with money borrowed from his maternal grandfather, de Havilland's first aircraft took two years to build. Unfortunately, he crashed it during its first very short flight at Seven Barrows near Litchfield, Hampshire in December 1909. He built a fresh biplane, making his first flight in it from a meadow near Newbury in September 1910. A memorial plaque presently marks the event. Subsequent designs were even more successful: in 1912 he established a new British altitude record of 10,500 feet (3.2 km) in an aircraft of his design, the B.E.2. Geoffrey was the designer and his brother Hereward was the test pilot.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: In December 1910, de Havilland joined HM Balloon Factory at Farnborough, which was to become the Royal Aircraft Factory. He sold his second aeroplane (which he had used to teach himself to fly) to his new employer for £400. It became the F.E.1, the first aircraft to bear an official Royal Aircraft Factory designation. For the next three years, de Havilland designed, or participated in the design of, a number of experimental types at the "Factory". He was commissioned a second lieutenant (on probation) in the Royal Flying Corps on 2 September 1912, was appointed a reserve officer in the RFC on 24 November and was confirmed in his rank on 25 December.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: In December 1913, de Havilland was appointed an inspector of aircraft for the Aeronautical Inspection Directorate. Unhappy at leaving design work, in May 1914 he was recruited to become the chief designer at Airco, in Hendon. He designed many aircraft for Airco, all designated by his initials, DH. Large numbers of de Havilland-designed aircraft were used during the First World War, flown by the Royal Flying Corps/Royal Air Force. De Havilland continued to serve in the RFC during the war. On 5 August 1914, he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed a flying officer in the RFC from the same date. He was briefly stationed in Montrose on the east coast of Scotland as an officer on war duty. Flying a Blériot, he was to protect British shipping from German U-boats. After a few weeks, he was released from this duty and returned to Airco. However, he nominally remained in the service until the end of the war. On 30 April 1916, he was promoted to captain and appointed a flight commander.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: His employer, Airco, was bought in early 1920 by armaments group Birmingham Small Arms Company but discovering it was less than worthless BSA shut down Airco in July 1920. With the help of former Airco owner George Holt Thomas he formed de Havilland Aircraft Company employing some former colleagues. Pleased and impressed by the aircraft they built for him Alan Butler, thereafter company chairman, provided the capital to buy premises and then the airfield at Stag Lane Aerodrome, Edgware, where he and his colleagues designed and built a large number of aircraft, including the "Moth" family. One of his roles was as a test pilot for the company's aircraft.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: In 1928 the subsidiary company De Havilland Canada was created to build Moth aircraft for the training of Canadian airmen. After the Second World War, it went on to design and produce a number of indigenous types, some of which proved highly successful.


title: Geoffrey de Havilland

text: In 1944 he bought out his friend and engine designer Frank Halfords's consultancy firm, forming the de Havilland Engine Company with Halford as the head. Halford had previously designed a number of engines for de Havilland, including the de Havilland Gipsy and de Havilland Gipsy Major. Halford's first gas turbine design entered production as the de Havilland Goblin powering de Havilland's first jet, the Vampire.