title: 1942 (video game)

text: It was re-released in "" for the PlayStation and Saturn consoles. It was featured in the "Capcom Classics Collection" for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, as well as "" for the PlayStation Portable. The arcade version was added to the Wii Virtual Console in Japan on December 21, 2010, the PAL and North American regions in January 2011. It was also re-released for Windows Mobile Professional.


title: 1942 (video game)

text: "" was released for Xbox Live Arcade and PlayStation Network in 2008. "1942: First Strike" was released for iOS in 2010.


title: 1942 (video game)

text: The game series has sold a total of 1.4 million units worldwide as of December 31, 2019, and stands as Capcom's 18th best-selling franchise.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: A number of terms are used in Islam to refer to the claims of events happening that are not explicable by natural or scientific laws, subjects where people sometimes invoke the supernatural. In the Quran the term (; ; plural: , literally "sign") refers to signs in the context of miracles of God's creation and of the prophets and messengers (such as Ibrahim/Abraham and Isa/Jesus). In later Islamic sources miracles of the prophets were referred to by (), literally meaning "that by means of which [the Prophet] confounds, overwhelms, his opponents"), while miracles of saints are referred to as (charismata). literally the inimitability of the Quran refers to the Quranic claim that no one can hope to imitate its (the Quran's) perfection, this quality being considered the primary miracle of the Quran and proof of Muhammad's prophethood. In recent decades, the term has also come to refer to the belief that the Quran contains "scientific miracles", i.e. prophecies of scientific discoveries. "a break in God's customary order of things" was a term used in "theological or philosophical discussions" to refer to miraculous events. "gifts or graces" was usually used for miraculous performances of Sufi saints often used to convert unbelievers to Islam (considered a work of "divine generosity" rather than "divine power" employed in the miracles of prophets).


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: A systematic definition of miracles performed by apostles can be found in the work of the Muslim scholar al-Īd̲j̲ī Mawāḳif, historian A.J. Wensinck states. The main purpose of miracle is to prove the sincerity of the apostle and has to satisfy the following conditions:


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: Belief in that which is transmitted by is obligatory to believe in for Sunni Muslims. Rejection of that which is is cause for leaving Islam according to consensus of Sunni scholars. The Qur'an is transmitted by and therefore every verse must be believed in, including every reference to a miracle of any prophet. Additionally, there are several hadith reports which convey miracles of the Islamic prophet Muhammad which are also transmitted by . Such hadiths and miracles must also be fully believed in for one to be a Muslim. However, rejecting an , or solitary, narration is only sinful () and not disbelief.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: Miracles are split up into and ; the former are given by God to saints and the latter are given by God exclusively to prophets. In , upon which there is consensus, there are two points on this: "We do not prefer any of the saints of this nation over any of the prophets, upon them be peace. We say that a single prophet is better than all the saints put together. We have faith in what has come of their miracles () and what has been authenticated in their narrations from trustworthy narrators."


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: In order to defend the possibility of miracles and God's omnipotence against the encroachment of the independent secondary causes, medieval Muslim theologians rejected the idea of cause and effect in essence, but accepted it as something that facilitates humankind's investigation and comprehension of natural processes. They argued that the nature was composed of uniform atoms that were "re-created" at every instant by God. Thus if the soil was to fall, God would have to create and re-create the accident of heaviness for as long as the soil was to fall. For Muslim theologians, the laws of nature were only the customary sequence of apparent causes: customs of God.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: According to Denis Gril, Islam teaches that miracles – i.e. a supernatural interventions in the life of human beings – are present in the Quran "in a threefold sense: in sacred history, in connection with Muhammad himself and in relation to revelation." By contrast, Ali Dashti ( 1982) writes that "there has been much debate[...] on the question whether the Qur'an is miraculous in respect of its eloquence or of its subject-matter, or of both. In general the Muslim scholars consider it to be miraculous in both respects."


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: In the Qur'an, the term is used to refer to miracles—cosmic phenomena for example are —particularly miracles of creation. But it is also used to mean "evidence," "sign", "Quranic verse", (religious obligations are ). In Islam in general ayah is often used to a mean Quranic verse, but there is overlap in meaning: /verses are believed to be the divine speech in human language presented by Muhammad as his chief miracle, and miracles are a "sign" () of God and of Muhammad's prophethood.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: Verses of the Qur'an stating that the Qu'ran itself is a miracle – i.e. so amazing it could not have been a natural occurrence – include:


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: The Qur'an does not mention any miracle for Adam (Adem) who though an Islamic prophet was not supposed to convince anybody of God's message. "Sura" (verse) 11 (Hūd) and 23 (Al-Mu’minoon) mention miracles of Noah (Nuh), "The oven (tannur) out of which the water burst and announced the flood". Hud, prophet for the ancient tribe of ʿĀd and the first of five Arabian prophets of the Qur'an, does not have any particular miracle (thus according to historian Denis Gril prefiguring Muhammad). (See Q. for his response when he was rebuked for not producing a miracle.)


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: The term Quran code (also known as Code 19) refers to the claim that the Quranic text contains a hidden mathematically complex code. Advocates think that the code represents a mathematical proof of the divine authorship of the Quran and they also think that it can be used to identify orthographic errors within the Quranic text. Proponents of the Quran code claim that the Quran code is based on statistical procedures.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: In the United States, at the end of the 20th century, the Egyptian Quranist Muslim biochemist Rashad Khalifa developed a theological doctrine that influenced Quranists in many other countries. With the help of computers, he carried out a numerical analysis of the Quran, which according to him clearly proved that it is of divine origin. The number 19, which is mentioned in chapter 74 of the Quran as being "one of the greatest miracles" played the fundamental role, which according to Khalifa can be found everywhere in the structure of the Quran, and the fact that a Quranist discovered such a big miracle proved the Quranist approach. Khalifa also cited Quran's chapter 74, verse 30: "Over it is nineteen". The movement popularized the phrase: "The Quran, the whole Quran, and nothing but the Quran." Some objected to these beliefs and, in 1990, Khalifa was assassinated by someone associated with the Sunni group Jamaat ul-Fuqra.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: Starting the 1970s and 1980s, a genre of popular literature known as , and often called "scientific miracles in the Quran", argued that the Quran abounds with "scientific facts" centuries before their discovery by science and thus demonstrating that the Quran must be of divine origin. Among these miracles found in the Quran are "everything, from relativity, quantum mechanics, Big Bang theory, black holes and pulsars, genetics, embryology, modern geology, thermodynamics, even the laser and hydrogen fuel cells". "Widespread and well-funded" with "millions" from Saudi Arabia, the literature can be found in Muslim bookstores and on websites and television programs of Islamic preachers. According to author Ziauddin Sardar, the movement has created a "global craze in Muslim societies".


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: However, the movement has been criticized by scholars. Ziauddin Sardar argues that it requires "considerable mental gymnastics and distortions to find scientific facts or theories in these verses."


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: According to Zafar Ishaq Ansari, the Quran is the source of guidance in right faith () and righteous action (), but the idea that it contained "all knowledge, including scientific" knowledge has not been a mainstream view among Muslim scholarship.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: The Quran describes Muhammad as (), which is traditionally interpreted as "unlettered," and the ability of such a person to produce the Quran is taken as miraculous and as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: However, some scholars argue that the word did not mean "illiterate" but a non-Jewish and non-Christian Arabs pagan Arabs.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: The theory of the scientific miracle of the Qur'an claims that the Qur'an has a miracle in expressing some scientific material (some modern scientific discoveries that were unknown at the time of writing the Qur'an). The history of writing in connection with the science and religion of Islam dates back to the works of Ibn Sina, Fakhr al-Razi, and Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, but has increased significantly in recent times. Authors in this field include Naeem Al-Mohassi, Maurice Bukay, Rafiei Mohammadi, Mostarhameh, Makarem Shirazi, and Rezaei Isfahani. These interpretations claim that some verses of the Qur'an reflect prophetic statements about the nature and structure of the universe, physics, fetal biological growth, geology, mountain structure, and other phenomena that have been later confirmed by scientific research. This group of Quran commentators presents this as proof of the divinity of the Qur'an.


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: The Qur'an does not overtly describe Muhammad performing miracles, according to historian Denis Gril, and the supreme miracle of Muhammad is finally identified with the Qur'an itself. At least one scholar (Sunni scholar Muhammad Asad) states that Muhammad performed no miracles other than to bring the Quran to humanity, and other scholars, such as Cyril Glasse and Marcia Hermansen, downplay the miracles of Muhammad, stating "they play no role in Islamic theology", or "play less of an evidentiary role than in some other religions".


title: Islamic view of miracles

text: However, Muslim tradition (hadith) credits Muhammad with several supernatural events. For example, many Muslim commentators and some western scholars have interpreted the sura 54 (Al-Qamar) to refer to Muhammad splitting the Moon in view of the Quraysh when they had begun to persecute his followers. This tradition has inspired many Muslim poets.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: Pinehurst is a village in Moore County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 13,124. It is home of the historic Pinehurst Resort, a Golf resort, which has hosted multiple United States Open Championships in Golf. The village lies adjacent to the Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club, which has hosted multiple U.S. Open tournaments in Women's Golf. A large portion of the central village, including the resort complexes, is a National Historic Landmark District, designated in 1996 for its landscape design (by Frederick Law Olmsted) and its significance in the history of golf in the United States. Pinehurst has been designated as the "Home of American Golf" by the United States Golf Association, which announced a second headquarters in the village in 2020. The area is also known for its strong equestrian community, has hosted the former Stoneybrook Steeplechase, and currently maintains the Pinehurst Harness Track. Fox hunting is also a common sport in the area.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: Despite the village's relatively small size, the resort will host the men's U.S. Open five times in the next three decades: Pinehurst No. 2 will host the Men's U.S. Open in 2024, 2029, 2035, 2041 and 2047.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: In addition to the Pinehurst Resort, the village is home to The Country Club of North Carolina. In the immediate area surrounding Pinehurst, there are more than 40 other golf courses.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: In 1895, James Walker Tufts purchased 500 acres (200 ha), and eventually purchased an additional 5,500 acres (2,200 ha), of land for approximately $1.25 per acre in the North Carolina Sandhills, with the vision of building a "health resort for people of modest means". Tufts retained Frederick Law Olmsted to design the village, which features curving lanes and a picturesque central green.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: Originally dubbed Tuftstown during development, Tuftstown became the village of Pinehurst, and home of the Pinehurst Resort. In 1980, the village became a municipality.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: The first golf course at Pinehurst Resort was laid out in 1897–1898. The first championship held at Pinehurst was the United North and South Amateur Championship of 1901. The best known course, Pinehurst No. 2, was designed by Donald Ross and completed in 1907. Pinehurst Race Track was established in 1915. The resort now has nine golf courses, three hotels, a spa, and extensive sports and leisure facilities.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: In 1999, National Public Radio reported that many local business owners in Pinehurst were upset because the Pinehurst Resort was using lawsuits to prevent local businesses from using the term "Pinehurst" in the names of their businesses. The village council sought a written guarantee from the Pinehurst Resort that it would not force any business in the village to remove the name "Pinehurst" from its name unless the business is a direct competitor. The request came a week later in a local newspaper. The village also sued the resort over control of the name shared between the resort and village.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: The Lloyd-Howe House, Pinehurst Historic District and Pinehurst Race Track are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, Pinehurst is located at (35.191105, −79.469829). and the village has a total area of 17.2 square miles (44.5 km), of which 16.6 square miles (43 km) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.5 km) (3.37%) is water.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: Three streams, Aberdeen Creek, Horse Creek, and Joes Fork, have their headwaters in the Pinehurst area.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 17,581 people, 7,301 households, and 4,991 families residing in the village.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 9,706 people, 4,510 households, and 3,310 families residing in the village. The population density was 676.9 people per square mile (261.3/km). There were 5,668 housing units at an average density of 395.3 per square mile (152.6/km). The racial makeup of the village was 95.31% White, 3.27% African American, 0.24% Native American, 0.62% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.27% from other races, and 0.28% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.04% of the population.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: There were 4,510 households, out of which 13.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 3.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.6% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.05 and the average family size was 2.38.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: In the village, the population was spread out, with 11.7% under the age of 18, 2.1% from 18 to 24, 16.7% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 42.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 60 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.2 males.


title: Pinehurst, North Carolina

text: The median income for a household in the village was $58,950, and the median income for a family was $67,353. Males had a median income of $51,958 versus $32,181 for females. The per capita income for the village was $41,992. About 1.3% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 3.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Order (group theory)

text: In mathematics, the order of a finite group is the number of its elements. If a group is not finite, one says that its order is "infinite". The "order" of an element of a group (also called period length or period) is the order of the subgroup generated by the element. If the group operation is denoted as a multiplication, the order of an element of a group, is thus the smallest positive integer such that , where denotes the identity element of the group, and denotes the product of copies of . If no such exists, the order of is infinite.


title: Order (group theory)

text: The order of a group is denoted by or , and the order of an element is denoted by or , instead of formula_1 where the brackets denote the generated group.


title: Order (group theory)

text: Lagrange's theorem states that for any subgroup of a finite group , the order of the subgroup divides the order of the group; that is, is a divisor of . In particular, the order of any element is a divisor of .


title: Order (group theory)

text: This group has six elements, so . By definition, the order of the identity, , is one, since . Each of , , and squares to , so these group elements have order two: . Finally, and have order 3, since , and .


title: Order (group theory)

text: The order of a group "G" and the orders of its elements give much information about the structure of the group. Roughly speaking, the more complicated the factorization of |"G"|, the more complicated the structure of "G".


title: Order (group theory)

text: For |"G"| = 1, the group is trivial. In any group, only the identity element "a = e" has ord("a)" = 1. If every non-identity element in "G" is equal to its inverse (so that "a" = "e"), then ord("a") = 2; this implies "G" is abelian since formula_2. The converse is not true; for example, the (additive) cyclic group Z of integers modulo 6 is abelian, but the number 2 has order 3:


title: Order (group theory)

text: In general, the order of any subgroup of "G" divides the order of "G". More precisely: if "H" is a subgroup of "G", then


title: Order (group theory)

text: As an immediate consequence of the above, we see that the order of every element of a group divides the order of the group. For example, in the symmetric group shown above, where ord(S) = 6, the possible orders of the elements are 1, 2, 3 or 6.


title: Order (group theory)

text: The following partial converse is true for finite groups: if "d" divides the order of a group "G" and "d" is a prime number, then there exists an element of order "d" in "G" (this is sometimes called Cauchy's theorem). The statement does not hold for composite orders, e.g. the Klein four-group does not have an element of order four). This can be shown by inductive proof. The consequences of the theorem include: the order of a group "G" is a power of a prime "p" if and only if ord("a") is some power of "p" for every "a" in "G".


title: Order (group theory)

text: If "a" has infinite order, then all non-zero powers of "a" have infinite order as well. If "a" has finite order, we have the following formula for the order of the powers of "a":


title: Order (group theory)

text: There is no general formula relating the order of a product "ab" to the orders of "a" and "b". In fact, it is possible that both "a" and "b" have finite order while "ab" has infinite order, or that both "a" and "b" have infinite order while "ab" has finite order. An example of the former is "a"("x") = 2−"x", "b"("x") = 1−"x" with "ab"("x") = "x"−1 in the group formula_7. An example of the latter is "a"("x") = "x"+1, "b"("x") = "x"−1 with "ab"("x") = "x". If "ab" = "ba", we can at least say that ord("ab") divides lcm(ord("a"), ord("b")). As a consequence, one can prove that in a finite abelian group, if "m" denotes the maximum of all the orders of the group's elements, then every element's order divides "m".


title: Order (group theory)

text: Suppose "G" is a finite group of order "n", and "d" is a divisor of "n". The number of order "d" elements in "G" is a multiple of φ("d") (possibly zero), where φ is Euler's totient function, giving the number of positive integers no larger than "d" and coprime to it. For example, in the case of S, φ(3) = 2, and we have exactly two elements of order 3. The theorem provides no useful information about elements of order 2, because φ(2) = 1, and is only of limited utility for composite "d" such as "d" = 6, since φ(6) = 2, and there are zero elements of order 6 in S.


title: Order (group theory)

text: Group homomorphisms tend to reduce the orders of elements: if "f": "G" → "H" is a homomorphism, and "a" is an element of "G" of finite order, then ord("f"("a")) divides ord("a"). If "f" is injective, then ord("f"("a")) = ord("a"). This can often be used to prove that there are no homomorphisms or no injective homomorphisms, between two explicitly given groups. (For example, there can be no nontrivial homomorphism "h": S → Z, because every number except zero in Z has order 5, which does not divide the orders 1, 2, and 3 of elements in S.) A further consequence is that conjugate elements have the same order.


title: Order (group theory)

text: An important result about orders is the class equation; it relates the order of a finite group "G" to the order of its center Z("G") and the sizes of its non-trivial conjugacy classes:


title: Order (group theory)

text: where the "d" are the sizes of the non-trivial conjugacy classes; these are proper divisors of |"G"| bigger than one, and they are also equal to the indices of the centralizers in "G" of the representatives of the non-trivial conjugacy classes. For example, the center of S is just the trivial group with the single element "e", and the equation reads |S| = 1+2+3.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco Purvis Coltrane is a fictional sheriff character who appeared in the 1975 film "Moonrunners", which inspired the creation of the American TV series "The Dukes of Hazzard" (and related spin-off films).


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: In "Moonrunners", he was played by Bruce Atkins. The role of Rosco in the television series (and a much more detailed character than the one in "Moonrunners") is the right-hand man of Hazzard County's corrupt county commissioner, Jefferson Davis "J.D." Hogg ("Boss Hogg"); he was played by James Best, who had appeared in many films and TV series before landing the role. He appeared in all but five episodes. He was accompanied on the show by his character's pet/police dog (beginning in season 3), a basset hound named Flash.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco's name is sometimes spelled with an E, which is incorrect; James Best corrected this popular misconception on his website. As in "Moonrunners" from which "The Dukes of Hazzard" TV series evolved, in the first season the character's name is given as "Rosco Coltrane". The initial "P." was added from the start of the second season, after Best convinced show producers that it gave him more to play with vocally when pronouncing it. The "P." stands for Purvis.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: In early episodes, the character of Rosco was a serious one. He was depicted as a hard-nosed, focused, and aggressive sheriff, and actually shot a criminal (not fatally) in an early episode ("Mary Kaye's Baby", the third episode broadcast). He was a willing accomplice to Boss Hogg's schemes, and also appeared to have the ingenuity to arrange such schemes himself (in the pilot episode, "One Armed Bandits", for example, he seems to be the key organizer behind the illegal importation of slot machines into the county). The "One Armed Bandits" episode also explained that Rosco had served Hazzard County for 20 years as "a fairly honest lawman" but became embittered after his pension was wiped out following a failed bond referendum, and with just a few months left in office he was forced to run for re-election instead of retiring. This notion was explored again in a couple of other early episodes, most notably a scene where Deputy Enos asks him why he became so corrupt, in the fourth broadcast episode, "Repo Men". When series creator Gy Waldron realized that the series had become very popular with young children, the character was toned down to the more comedic and more bumbling persona for which he is best known, a characterization that Best himself largely created. He never wanted children viewing to feel afraid to approach a police officer when in need.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco frequently initiates car chases with Bo and Luke Duke (Hogg's most frequent adversaries), but the Duke boys are usually able to elude Rosco, who frequently wrecks his patrol car in various ways, especially when Uncle Jesse Duke sideswipes or rear ends Rosco’s patrol car with his pick up truck.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Starting with the third season (1980–1981), Rosco got a pet dog—a lazy basset hound he calls "Flash" and nicknames "Velvet Ears" which he dotes on. Flash liked the Dukes but always barked at Boss Hogg. Early on, the dog's gender was male, but this would change in later episodes.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco has just more than $43 in his savings account, and often tries to join Boss in indulging in high-calorie dishes (which usually results in him getting his hands slapped). His patrol car (in the first season a 1974 Dodge Monaco or a 1970 Dodge Polara (first two episodes), 1974–5 AMC Matador, and 1976 Plymouth Fury. In later seasons a 1977 or 1978 Dodge Monaco or Plymouth Fury) which also serves as his daily driver except for a few episodes where he has other cars, such as a 1977 Pontiac Lemans in the 3rd season episode "To Catch a Duke" which he apparently saved his nickels and dimes for, as he claims. This car can routinely be seen parked outside the Police station in stock footage exterior shots for the rest of the series. His personal vehicle in the 5th-season episode "The Revenge of Hughie Hogg" is a 1967–1968 Chevrolet Impala which he kicks apart. Rosco carries a pearl-handled Smith & Wesson Model 15 (a Smith & Wesson Model 10 in the pilot episode, and also the opening credits for the show), with which he is an expert shot, although when he has to use it in the line of duty, he gets too nervous to hit anything (the exception being the first-season episode, "Mary Kaye's Baby" when he shot a criminal in a shoot out). His main deputies—whom he often calls "dipstick"—include Enos Strate and Cletus Hogg. Although he often henpecks and belittles his deputies, he also shows great concern when they might be in real danger.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco's mentality is that of a clumsy, somewhat slow-witted buffoon. He speaks often with a childish vernacular and repeats his favorite catchphrases constantly. One that has always been featured when Rosco arrests the Duke boys or anyone else for that matter is "Cuff 'em and stuff 'em!" One aspect of Rosco's personality that was well-loved and became synonymous with him was a choppy and excited chuckle that was produced from the back of the throat ("Kew-kew-kew-kew!") and became one of the most recognizable aspects of the character (a clip of this laugh was played over the closing Warner Bros. Television logo on the end credits for most episodes, though it sometimes alternated with a clip of Boss Hogg yelling "Them Dukes, them Dukes!"). He is easily excitable and genuinely enjoys law enforcement, especially chasing criminals, which he refers to as "hot pursuit".


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco was married briefly in an episode, "Mrs. Rosco P. Coltrane", during the third season (1980–1981), to a woman he purportedly met through a computer dating service, but the marriage was a sham—his "bride" robbed banks with her husband and his associate — and the union was quickly annulled. This episode was also the only episode to feature Rosco's mother, and the only episode to reveal that the initial 'P' stood for Purvis.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Rosco has shown on numerous occasions (especially on episodes where characters either were thought to have died or found themselves in serious trouble) that he is much more of a caring man than he ordinarily lets on. This is particularly clear when the safety of his best friend Boss Hogg is threatened by somebody.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: During the second season (1979–1980) of the series, James Best left over a dispute about the changing-room conditions. His gripe was that he did not mind getting soaked or covered in mud when filming Rosco crashing his car into rivers and such, but was unhappy with the poor changing facilities afterwards. During his absence, Rosco was replaced by a number of stand-in sheriffs (played by such actors as James Hampton and Dick Sargent). Eventually the dispute was settled, and Best returned as Rosco, remaining for the rest of the show's run.


title: Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane

text: Following the death of actor Sorrell Booke who played Boss Hogg, the first also showed that Boss Hogg had died. Rosco inherited his money (and documents of dirty schemes) and he also became Hazzard County's Commissioner as well as serving as Sheriff.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The Oregon Treaty is a treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country; the area had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The Treaty of 1818 set the boundary between the United States and British North America along the 49th parallel of north latitude from Minnesota to the "Stony Mountains" (now known as the Rocky Mountains). The region west of those mountains was known to the Americans as the Oregon Country and to the British as the Columbia Department or Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company. (Also included in the region was the southern portion of another fur district, New Caledonia.) The treaty provided for joint control of that land for ten years. Both countries could claim land and both were guaranteed free navigation throughout.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: Joint control steadily grew less tolerable for both sides. After a British minister rejected the offer of U.S. Presidents James K. Polk and John Tyler to settle the boundary at the 49th parallel north, American expansionists called for the annexation of the entire region up to Parallel 54°40′ north, the southern limit of Russian America as established by parallel treaties between the Russian Empire and the United States (1824) and Britain (1825). However, after the outbreak of the Mexican–American War in April 1846 diverted U.S. attention and military resources, a compromise was reached in the ongoing negotiations in Washington, D.C., and the matter was then settled by the Polk administration (to the surprise of its own party's hardliners) to avoid a two-war situation, and another war with the formidable military strength of Great Britain.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: In early June 1846 the British offered to negotiate the boundaries between the United States and British North America in the region west of the Rockies. Some US senators such as Charles Gordon Atherton and Benning Wentworth Jenness were combative and were in favor of rejecting British proposals to negotiate. However others, such as both Alabama senators (Arthur P. Bagby and Dixon Hall Lewis) as well as both Massachusetts senators (Daniel Webster and John Davis) were in favor of accepting British proposals. The Senate agreed that they would vote on whether or not to recommend President Polk accept British offers to negotiate. Watching closely, the British hoped this vote would pass the Senate. On June 12 the Senate voted 38–12 recommending that President Polk accept British proposals to negotiate this boundary. 18 Democrats and 20 Whigs voted in favor, whereas 11 Democrats and one Whig voted against. 3 Democrats and 3 Whigs abstained.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The treaty was negotiated by US Secretary of State James Buchanan and Richard Pakenham, British envoy to the United States. Foreign Secretary Earl of Aberdeen was responsible for it in Parliament. The treaty was signed on June 15, 1846, ending the joint occupation and making Oregonians south of the 49th parallel American citizens, with those north of it becoming British.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The Oregon Treaty set the border between the U.S. and British North America at the 49th parallel with the exception of Vancouver Island, which was retained in its entirety by the British. Vancouver Island, with all coastal islands, was constituted as the Colony of Vancouver Island in 1849. The U.S. portion of the region was organized as Oregon Territory on August 15, 1848, with Washington Territory being formed from it in 1853. The British portion remained unorganized until 1858, when the Colony of British Columbia was set up as a result of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush and fears of the re-asserted American expansionist intentions. The two British colonies were amalgamated in 1866 as the United Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia. When the Colony of British Columbia joined Canada in 1871, the 49th parallel and marine boundaries established by the Oregon Treaty became the Canada–US border.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: In order to ensure that Britain retained all of Vancouver Island and the southern Gulf Islands, it was agreed that the border would swing south around that area. Ownership of several channel islands, including the San Juan Islands remained in dispute. The San Juan Islands Pig War (1859) resulted; it lasted until 1872. At that time, arbitration began, with German Emperor Wilhelm I as head of a three-man arbitration commission. On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States, awarding the San Juan Islands to the U.S.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The treaty states that the border in the Strait of Juan de Fuca would follow “the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver's Island.” It did not, however, specify which of several possible channels was intended, giving rise to ownership disputes over the San Juan Islands beginning in 1859.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: Ambiguities in the wording of the Oregon Treaty regarding the route of the boundary, which was to follow "the deepest channel" out to the Strait of Juan de Fuca and beyond to the open ocean, resulted in the Pig War, another boundary dispute in 1859 over the San Juan Islands. The dispute was peacefully resolved after a decade of confrontation and military bluster during which the local British authorities consistently lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region entirely, as the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War. The San Juans dispute was not resolved until 1872 when, pursuant to the 1871 Treaty of Washington, an arbitrator (William I, German Emperor) chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait, to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.


title: Oregon Treaty

text: The treaty also had the unintended consequence of putting what became Point Roberts, Washington on the "wrong" side of the border. A peninsula, jutting south from Canada into Boundary Bay, was made by the agreement, as land south of the 49th parallel, a separate fragment of the United States.


title: HMM (company)

text: HMM Co., Ltd. (), formerly known as Hyundai Merchant Marine, is a South Korean container transportation and shipping company.


title: HMM (company)

text: HMM moves the largest portion of South Korea's exports, becoming the number one Korean national container carrier, especially since Hanjin Shipping was declared bankrupt and ordered to be liquidated.


title: HMM (company)

text: The company's office network is composed of four international headquarters, 27 subsidiaries, 76 branches, five overseas offices and 10 liaison offices.


title: HMM (company)

text: On the domestic market, HMM transports strategic materials such as crude oil, iron ore/coal and diverse special products as well as import/export goods. Earnings are eight trillion Korean won per year.


title: HMM (company)

text: As of 2020, HMM has built and launched the world's two largest container ships in terms of TEU capacity, the "HMM Algeciras" with a maximum TEU capacity of 23,964, and the "HMM Copenhagen" with a maximum capacity of 23,820 TEU.


title: HMM (company)

text: Along with Hapag-Lloyd, Ocean Network Express, and Yang Ming Marine Transport Corporation, HMM is a member of THE Alliance. THE Alliance is intended to provide 34 services, directly calling at 81 different ports on a monthly basis.


title: The Lonely Shepherd

text: The Lonely Shepherd, also known as Einsamer Hirte or Der einsame Hirte in German or as El pastor solitario in Spanish, is an instrumental piece by James Last, first released in a recording with the Romanian panflutist Gheorghe Zamfir.


title: The Lonely Shepherd

text: Originally, the title was planned for the album "Filmmusik ohne Filme", which was only to contain original compositions by James Last. This album was never released, so "The Lonely Shepherd " was published on Last's 1977 album "Russland Erinnerungen" (Memories of Russia). In the same year, it was also released as a single, which reached 22nd on the music charts in Germany. With this recording, Gheorghe Zamfir, who had already published a number of records, succeeded in an international breakthrough. Among other things, he accompanied James Last in his 1978 tour.


title: The Lonely Shepherd

text: "The Lonely Shepherd" has repeatedly been used as soundtrack. In 1979, it was used as the title theme for the six-part television series "Golden Soak" ("Das Gold der Wüste"). In 1983 it was used as the love theme of a Venezuelan series called "Chao, Cristina" produced by the Venezuelan TV network RCTV and again in 1984 in the Oscar-nominated animated short film "Paradise". In 2003, Quentin Tarantino used the recording as soundtrack in a scene and in the closing credits of his film "". On the DVD, Gheorghe Zamfir is mistakenly credited as the title's producer.


title: The Lonely Shepherd

text: The title enjoys unbroken popularity up to today and is newly recorded by numerous artists. A rap version by Lamar in 1999 was quite successful, as well as a version by Leo Rojas, which enabled him to win the Television talent-show Das Supertalent in December, 2011.


title: Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant

text: Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant (KnAAPO or KnAAZ; ); based in Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East, is the largest aircraft-manufacturing company in Russia.


title: Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant

text: The company is among Khabarovsk Krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory.


title: Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant

text: In 1999 and 2001 the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs and the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of RF granted KnAAPO the title "best Russian enterprise".


title: Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant

text: The company currently produces Su-27SM/SKM fighters, Su-30MK2 multirole fighters, Su-33 and Su-27KUB shipborne fighters, and Be-103 amphibians, among others. The assembly line for all versions of the new Sukhoi Superjet 100 is located at the company's facilities. Together with Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (which focuses on component production), the company is expected to produce 70 Superjet airframes by 2012. KnAAPO also manufactures the Sukhoi Su-57, and started in August 2021 to produce the Sukhoi Su-75 Checkmate.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Kutná Hora (; medieval Czech: "Hory Kutné"; ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 20,000 inhabitants. The centre of Kutná Hora, including the Sedlec Abbey and its ossuary, was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its outstanding architecture and its influence on subsequent architectural developments in other Central European city centres. Since 1961, the town centre is also protected by law as an urban monument reservation, the fourth largest in the country.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Kutná Hora is located about east of Prague. It lies on the Vrchlice stream. The eastern part of the municipal territory lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Central Elbe Table lowland. The western part lies in the Upper Sázava Hills and includes the highest point of Kutná Hora, the hill Malý Kuklík at .


title: Kutná Hora

text: Archaeological finds show that the area around the Kaňk hill was populated by Celts during the Hallstatt and La Tène periods. At the Celtic settlement site between Libenice and Kaňk, numerous ceramic finds from the 5th–1st century BC were discovered in 1981. One of the most important finds is a smelting furnace with 10 kg of slag from the 2nd–1st century BC with traces of pyrrhotine, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and copper, which also testify to early underground mining in the Kaňk hill.


title: Kutná Hora

text: The earliest traces of silver have been found dating back to the 10th century, when Bohemia already had been in the crossroads of long-distance trade for many centuries. Silver dinars have been discovered belonging to the period between 982 and 995 in the settlement of Malín, which is now a part of Kutná Hora.


title: Kutná Hora

text: The town began in 1142 with the settlement of Sedlec Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery in Bohemia. The Cistercian order based in the Sedlec Monastery was brought from the Imperial immediate Cistercian Waldsassen Abbey in Bavaria, Germany, close to the border with the Czech Republic. By 1260, German miners began to mine for silver in the mountain region, which they named Kuttenberg, and which was part of the monastery property. The name of the mountain is said to have derived from the monks' cowls (the "Kutten") or from the word mining ("kutání" in old Czech).


title: Kutná Hora

text: From the 13th to 16th centuries, the town competed with Prague economically, culturally, and politically. Under Abbot , the territory greatly advanced due to the silver mines which gained importance during the economic boom of the 13th century.


title: Kutná Hora

text: In 1300, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia issued the new royal mining code "" (also known as "Constitutiones Iuris Metallici Wenceslai II"). This was a legal document that specified all administrative as well as technical terms and conditions necessary for the operation of mines. Prague groschen were minted between 1300 and 1547/48.


title: Kutná Hora

text: In December 1402, the town was sacked by King Sigismund after the imprisonment of Wenceslaus IV. It was heavily defended by its residents. After several bloody skirmishes, Sigismund prevailed and forced the defenders to march to Kolín and kneel in subjugation. Although Sigismund was successful in his conquest, his hetman Markvart of Úlice died after being struck by an arrow during the siege on 27 December.


title: Kutná Hora

text: The town developed with great rapidity, and at the outbreak of the Hussite Wars in 1419 was the second most important town in Bohemia after Prague, having become the favourite residence of several Bohemian kings. It was here that, on 18 January 1409, Wenceslaus IV signed the famous Decree of Kutná Hora, by which the Czech university nation was given three votes in the elections to the faculty of Prague University as against one for the three other nations.


title: Kutná Hora

text: In 1420, Sigismund made the town the base for his unsuccessful attack on the Taborites during the Hussite Wars, leading to the Battle of Kutná Hora. Kutná Hora was taken by Jan Žižka, and after a temporary reconciliation of the warring parties was burned by the imperial troops in 1422, to prevent its falling again into the hands of the Taborites. Žižka nonetheless took the place, and under Bohemian auspices it awoke to a new period of prosperity.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Along with the rest of Bohemia, Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora) passed to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526. In 1546, the richest mine was severely flooded. In the insurrection of Bohemia against Ferdinand I the town lost all its privileges. Repeated visitations of the plague and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War completed its ruin. Half-hearted attempts after the peace to repair the ruined mines failed; the town became impoverished, and in 1770 was devastated by fire. The mines were abandoned at the end of the 18th century.


title: Kutná Hora

text: In May 1742 during the First Silesian War, a Prussian force under Frederick the Great stopped in the town prior to the Battle of Chotusitz.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Bohemia was a crownland of the Austrian Empire in 1806, and remained controlled by the Austrian monarchy after the compromise of 1867. Until 1918, Kuttenberg was the capital of the district of the same name, one of the 94 "Bezirkshauptmannschaften" in Bohemia. Together with the rest of Bohemia, the town became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia after World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Kutná Hora was incorporated into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia by Nazi Germany in the period 1939–1945, but was restored to Czechoslovakia after World War II. The town became part of the Czech Republic in 1993, after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Sedlec is the site of the Gothic Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist and the famous Sedlec Ossuary. It is estimated that the ossuary is decorated with bones of more than 40,000 skeletons.


title: Kutná Hora

text: Among the most important buildings in the town are the Gothic, five-naved St. Barbara's Church, begun in 1388, and the Italian Court, formerly a royal residence and mint, which was built at the end of the 13th century.


title: Kutná Hora

text: The Gothic Stone House, which since 1902 has served as a museum of silver, contains one of the richest archives in the country. The Gothic Church of Saint James the Great, with its tower, is another prominent building.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene, sold under the brand name Evista among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and those on glucocorticoids. For osteoporosis it is less preferred than bisphosphonates. It is also used to reduce the risk of breast cancer in those at high risk. It is taken by mouth.


title: Raloxifene

text: Common side effects include hot flashes, leg cramps, swelling, and joint pain. Severe side effects may include blood clots and stroke. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. The medication may worsen menstrual symptoms. Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and therefore a mixed agonist–antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER). It has estrogenic effects in bone and antiestrogenic effects in the breasts and uterus.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997. It is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 292nd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is used for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It is used at a dosage of 60 mg/day for both the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. In the case of either osteoporosis prevention or treatment, supplemental calcium and vitamin D should be added to the diet if daily intake is inadequate.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is used to reduce the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is used at a dosage of 60 mg/day for this indication. In the Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene (MORE) clinical trial, raloxifene decreased the risk of all types of breast cancer by 62%, of invasive breast cancer by 72%, and of invasive estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by 84%. Conversely, it does not reduce the risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. There were no obvious differences in effectiveness of raloxifene in the MORE trial for prevention of breast cancer at a dosage of 60 mg/m/day relative to 120 mg/m/day. In the Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) trial, 60 mg/day raloxifene was 78% as effective as 20 mg/day tamoxifen in preventing non-invasive breast cancer. Women with undetectable levels of estradiol (<2.7 pg/mL) have a naturally low risk of breast cancer and, in contrast to women with detectable levels of estradiol, do not experience significant benefit from raloxifene in terms of reduction of breast cancer risk.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is contraindicated in lactating women or women who are or who may become pregnant. It also may be of concern to women with active or past history of venous thromboembolic events, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and retinal vein thrombosis.


title: Raloxifene

text: Common side effects of raloxifene include hot flashes (25–28% vs. 18–21% for placebo), vaginal dryness, and leg cramps (generally mild; 5.5% vs. 1.9% for placebo). Raloxifene does "not" cause breast tenderness, endometrial hyperplasia, menstrual bleeding, or endometrial cancer. It does not appear to affect cognition or memory. Raloxifene is a teratogen; i.e., it can cause developmental abnormalities such as birth defects.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene may infrequently cause serious blood clots to form in the legs, lungs, or eyes. Other reactions experienced include leg swelling/pain, trouble breathing, chest pain, and vision changes. Black box warnings were added to the label of raloxifene in 2007 warning of increased risk of death due to stroke for postmenopausal women with documented coronary heart disease or at increased risk for major coronary events, as well as increased risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The risk of venous thromboembolism with raloxifene is increased by several-fold in postmenopausal women ( = 3.1). Raloxifene has a lower risk of thromboembolism than tamoxifen. In the MORE trial, raloxifene caused a 40% decrease in risk of cardiovascular events in women who were at increased risk for coronary artery disease, although there was no decrease in cardiovascular events for the group as a whole.


title: Raloxifene

text: A report in September 2009 from Health and Human Services' Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality suggests that tamoxifen and raloxifene used to treat breast cancer, significantly reduce invasive breast cancer in midlife and older women, but also increase the risk of adverse side effects.


title: Raloxifene

text: A recent human case report in July 2016 suggests that raloxifene may in fact, at some point, also stimulate breast cancer growth leading to a reduction of advanced breast cancer disease upon the withdrawal of the drug.


title: Raloxifene

text: Unlike other SERMs, such as tamoxifen, raloxifene has no risk of uterine hyperplasia or endometrial cancer ( = 0.8).


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has been studied in clinical trials across a dosage range of 30 to 600 mg/day, and was well-tolerated at all dosages.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) and hence is a mixed agonist and antagonist of the estrogen receptor (ER) in different tissues. It has estrogenic activity in some tissues, such as bone and the liver, and antiestrogenic activity in other tissues, such as the breasts and uterus. Its affinity (K) for the ERα is approximately 50 pM, which is similar to that of estradiol. Relative to estradiol, raloxifene has been reported to possess about 8 to 34% of the affinity for the ERα and 0.5 to 76% of the affinity for the ERβ. Raloxifene acts as a partial agonist of the ERα and as a pure antagonist of the ERβ. In contrast to the classical ERs, raloxifene is an agonist of the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) ( = 10–100 nM), a membrane estrogen receptor.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has antiestrogenic effects in the mammary glands in preclinical studies. In accordance, raloxifene reduces breast density in postmenopausal women, a known risk factor for breast cancer. It does not stimulate the uterus in postmenopausal women, and results in no increase in risk of endometrial thickening, vaginal bleeding, endometrial hyperplasia, or endometrial cancer. At the same time, raloxifene has minimal antiestrogenic effect in the uterus in premenopausal women. This may possibly be due to inadequate tissue exposure of the uterus to raloxifene in these estrogen-rich individuals.


title: Raloxifene

text: In premenopausal women, raloxifene increases levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol. Conversely, in postmenopausal women, raloxifene has been found to reduce levels of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH) and FSH, while not affecting levels of estradiol. Raloxifene also decreases prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. In men, raloxifene has been found to disinhibit the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG axis) and thereby increase total testosterone levels. Due to the simultaneous increase in sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels however, free testosterone levels often remain unchanged in men during therapy with raloxifene.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has estrogenic effects on liver protein synthesis. It increases SHBG levels in both pre- and postmenopausal women as well as in men. The medication decreases levels of total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein B, and homocysteine. Conversely, it has little effect on levels of triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Raloxifene has been shown to inhibit the oxidation of LDL cholesterol "in vitro". The medication has been found to decrease insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels in pre- and postmenopausal women as well as in men. It has also been found to increase insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels in pre- and postmenopausal women. Due to activation of estrogen receptors in the liver, raloxifene has procoagulatory effects, such as decreasing levels of fibrinogen and influencing levels of other coagulation factors. For these reasons, raloxifene increases the risk of thrombosis.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene increases bone mineral density in postmenopausal women but decreases it in premenopausal women. In the MORE trial, the risk of vertebral fractures was decreased by 30%, and bone mineral density was increased in the spine (by 2.1% at 60 mg, 2.4% at 120 mg) and femoral neck (2.6% at 60 mg, 2.7% at 120 mg). It has been found to possess estrogenic effects in adipose tissue in postmenopausal women, promoting a shift from an android fat distribution to a gynoid fat distribution. The medication has been found to increase levels of leptin, an adipokine.


title: Raloxifene

text: The absorption of raloxifene is approximately 60%. However, due to extensive first-pass metabolism, the absolute bioavailability of raloxifene is only 2.0%. Raloxifene is rapidly absorbed from the intestines upon oral administration. Peak plasma levels of raloxifene occur 0.5 to 6 hours after an oral dose. In healthy postmenopausal women treated with 60 mg/day raloxifene, peak circulating raloxifene levels normalized by dose and body weight were (i.e., divided by (mg/kg)), 0.50 ng/mL (500 pg/mL) after a single dose and 1.36 ng/mL (1,360 pg/mL after multiple doses).


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is widely distributed throughout the body. There is extensive distribution of raloxifene into the liver, serum, lungs, and kidneys. The volume of distribution of raloxifene with a single 30 to 150 mg oral dose is approximately 2348 L/kg, which corresponds to ~170,000 L for a 72 kg person. Both raloxifene and its glucuronide metabolites show high plasma protein binding (>95%), including to both albumin and α acid glycoprotein, but not to sex hormone-binding globulin. More specifically, raloxifene is 98.2 ± 0.4% bound to plasma proteins.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is metabolized in the liver and undergoes enterohepatic recycling. It is metabolized exclusively by glucuronidation and is not metabolized by the cytochrome P450 system. Less than 1% of radiolabeled material in plasma comprises unconjugated raloxifene. The metabolites of raloxifene include several glucuronides. The elimination half-life of raloxifene after a single dose is 27.7 hours (1.2 days), whereas its half-life at steady state at a dosage of 60 mg/day is 15.8 to 86.6 hours (0.7–3.6 days), with an average of 32.5 hours (1.4 days). The extended half-life of raloxifene is attributed to enterohepatic recirculation and its high plasma protein binding. Raloxifene and its glucuronide conjugates are interconverted by reversible metabolism and enterohepatic recycling, which prolongs the elimination half-life of raloxifene with oral administration. The medication is deconjugated into its active form in a variety of tissues, including liver, lungs, spleen, bone, uterus, and kidneys.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is mainly excreted in bile and is eliminated in feces. Less than 0.2% of a dose is excreted unchanged in urine and less than 6% of a dose is excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene hydrochloride has the empirical formula CHNOS•HCl, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 510.05 g/mol. Raloxifene hydrochloride is an off-white to pale-yellow solid that is slightly soluble in water.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is a benzothiophene derivative and is structurally distinct from the triphenylethylene SERMs like tamoxifen, clomifene, and toremifene. It is the only benzothiophene SERM to have been marketed. A benzothiophene SERM that was not marketed is arzoxifene (LY-353381). Bazedoxifene (Duavee, Viviant) and pipendoxifene (ERA-923) are structurally related to raloxifene but are technically not benzothiophenes and instead are indoles.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene was approved in the United States for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis in 1997, the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis in 1999, and to prevent or reduce the risk of breast cancer in certain postmenopausal women in 2007. It received orphan designation in 2005.


title: Raloxifene

text: "Raloxifene" is the generic name of the drug and its and , while "raloxifène" is its and "raloxifene hydrochloride" is its , , and . It has also been known by the name "keoxifene".


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is sold mainly under the brand name Evista and to a lesser extent the brand name Optruma. It is also sold under a variety of other brand names in various countries.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene is available widely throughout the world, including in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, elsewhere throughout Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Latin America, Southern, Eastern, and Southeastern Asia, and elsewhere in the world such as in Israel and Egypt.


title: Raloxifene

text: An editorial in Lancet Oncology criticized the way that research about the medication for breast cancer prevention was released.


title: Raloxifene

text: Clinical studies of raloxifene for metastatic breast cancer in women have been conducted but found little effectiveness at 60 mg/day in those previously treated with tamoxifen, though modest effectiveness has been observed at higher doses. In contrast to tamoxifen, raloxifene is not approved for the treatment of breast cancer.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has been studied in men for a variety of uses, such as for treatment of schizophrenia, prostate cancer, and osteoporosis. It has been studied in combination with castration and bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal antiandrogen, for the treatment of prostate cancer.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has been studied as an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia in postmenopausal women. A 2017 meta-analysis concluded that it was safe and effective for this indication, although further studies with larger sample sizes are needed for confirmation. It may be effective in women with less severe symptoms.


title: Raloxifene

text: A tissue-selective estrogen-receptor complex (TSEC) of estradiol and raloxifene has been studied in postmenopausal women.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene (60 mg/day) was reported to be effective in the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia in adolescent boys in a small retrospective chart review. Other SERMs are also known to be effective in the treatment of gynecomastia.


title: Raloxifene

text: Raloxifene has been reported to augment the antidepressant effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).


title: Raloxifene

text: June 18th 2020, Exscalate4CoV, the private-public consortium supported by the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme for research and innovation, led by Dompé farmaceutici and currently representing 18 partners (including Fraunhofer Institute, CINECA, Chelonia Applied Science, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and others) has requested access to clinical trials for the use of Raloxifene in COVID-19 patients. Raloxifene, already proven effective against Mers and Sars in preclinical tests, has been indicated as effective against SARS-CoV-2 by the “in-silico” research conducted by the consortium which has shown efficacy in countering the replication of the virus in cells. The IP for its use against SARS-CoV-2 has already been protected on May 6 2020 in the name Dompé farmaceutici, Fraunhofer Institute and KU Leuven, to facilitate the largest possible access. Raloxifene would be used in mildly symptomatic COVID-19 patients to halt the spread of infection. This result emerged from the first virtual (in silico) screening conducted on the Consortium’s supercomputers of more than 400.000 molecules (safe-in-man drugs and natural products) made available by Dompé farmaceutici and the partner Fraunhofer (IME) to the Consortium. The molecules were prioritized if in clinical stage or already on the market. 7.000 molecules with certain promising characteristics were tested.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Melina Matsoukas (born January 14, 1981) is an American music video, film, commercial and television director. She is a two-time Grammy Award winner and four-time MTV Video Music Awards winner for her "We Found Love" and "Formation" music videos. She was honored with the Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal by the American Film Institute in 2019. Her directorial debut in film was "Queen & Slim", starring Jodie Turner-Smith and Daniel Kaluuya, and written by Lena Waithe. She then worked as executive producer and director for television series "Insecure", being nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 2020.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Matsoukas grew up in the Co-op City housing development in the Bronx. Her father worked as a builder, and her mother taught math in a local high school. When Matsoukas was eight, the family moved to Hackensack, New Jersey, where she attended Hackensack High School. Her father is of mixed Greek and Jewish descent, and her mother is of Afro-Cuban and Afro-Jamaican descent.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Matsoukas earned her degree at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts and completed her graduate work at the AFI Conservatory with an MFA in cinematography. Her graduate thesis was on music videos.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Matsoukas started out at Black Dog Film, then the now-defunct Gorilla Flix film production company, and is currently a director at Prettybird, which she has been signed to since 2011.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Matsoukas' first film was about how women are viewed in the New York meatpacking industry, though she immediately destroyed it upon completion, describing it as "a really bad film" that "made her fall in love with the medium". In 2006, Matsoukas directed her first music video upon completing grad school in 2006 for Red Handed's "Dem Girls " featuring Scooby and Paul Wall. She would later direct videos for artists such as Jennifer Lopez, Ludacris, Lady Gaga, Katy Perry, Rihanna, Solange, and eventually her most frequent collaborator, Beyonce. In 2016, Matsoukas contributed to Beyonce's visual album "Lemonade" with a music video for the album's lead single "Formation ". "Formation" went on to be critically acclaimed, winning Matsoukas numerous accolades such as a Grand Prix for Excellence in Music Video at the 2016 Cannes Lion Awards as well as the MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: In her music video filmography, Matsoukas would utilize many of the tropes seen in other music videos at the time, but would find ways to "always articulates her aesthetic: brightly saturated color, vivid imagery, the artist at the center of the frame always establishing a video's center of gravity". Her work is described as "chock full of bright colors or crisp black and white images, smooth spotlights, and tasteful retro video models." Matsoukas says that expensive equipment is not necessary for a quality video and one should never think that way: "A good video has the right visuals, a well conceptualised story and should be exciting and elicit reaction." In an interview for "Venus Zine"s Fall 2010 issue, she explains about being part of the music video world, "I love it. The quick turnaround, the creativity."


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Between 2016 and 2017, Matsoukas became the executive producer and director of several episodes of the critically and publicly acclaimed television series "Master of None" and "Insecure" including the acclaimed episode from "Master of None" "Thanksgiving", which would go on to win several Emmy Awards, though Matsoukas herself would not be nominated for any awards for her work on the program. She was later nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards. Matsoukas also was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series and the Directors Guild of America Awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy Series.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: Matsoukas made her directorial debut in film with "Queen & Slim", starring Jodie Turner-Smith and Daniel Kaluuya, and written by Lena Waithe. It was released on November 27, 2019, by Universal Pictures. Though Matsoukas avoids making professional decisions based on personal relationships, she was intrigued by the opportunity to direct the script written by her past collaborator and good friend, Lena Waithe, later stating that she "was looking for something [she] felt was political in a way that had something to say, that was strong and unique and powerful." "Queen & Slim" was well received critically and financially, and grossed $47.9 million worldwide. Matsoukas won a Black Reel Awards, a BET Award, a National Board of Review Awards and was nominated for the Directors Guild of America Awards for Outstanding Directing - First Time Feature Film.


title: Melina Matsoukas

text: In 2019, Matsoukas was honored with the Franklin J. Schaffner Alumni Medal by the American Film Institute, and was named to the "Ebony" Power 100 List in 2020. In 2020 she directed the commercial spot "Beats by Dre: You Love Me," being recognized with the Directors Guild of America Awards for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials.


title: Jitte

text: In feudal Japan, it was a crime punishable by death to bring a sword into the "shōgun"s palace. This law applied to almost everyone, including the palace guards. Due to this prohibition, several kinds of non-bladed weapons were carried by palace guards. The jitte proved particularly effective and evolved to become the symbol of a palace guard's exalted position.


title: Jitte

text: In Edo-period Japan, the jitte was a substitute for a badge, and it represented someone on official business. It was carried by all levels of police officers, including high-ranking samurai police officials and low-rank samurai law enforcement officers (called "okappiki" or "doshin"). Other high-ranking samurai officials carried a jitte as a badge of office, including hotel, rice and grain inspectors ("aratame"). The jitte is the subject of the Japanese martial art of "jittejutsu".


title: Jitte

text: Jitte may have a small pointed tip or blade attached to the handle ("tsuka") and hidden in the shaft ("boshin"). Jitte could be highly decorated with all manner of inlays and designs or very plain and basic depending on the status of the owner and the jitte's intended use. Jitte could range in length from around 12 to over 24 in (). The modern jitte is about long with no cutting edge and a one-pronged tine ("kagi") about long starting just above the hilt and pointing toward the tip ("sentan"). A popular misconception is that the "kagi" is used to catch a sword. It could possibly be used for this purpose, but the hook's proximity to the hand would make it rather dangerous; a more likely use for the hook would be to capture and arrest the blade after blocking it with the "boshin". The "kagi"s more common use is to hook into clothing or parts of the body like the nose or mouth, or to push into joints or other weak points on the body. It also could be used to hook the thumb while holding the weapon backwards, to allow different techniques such as punches and blocks, very similarly to a sai. The jitte can also be used in much the same manner as other short sticks or batons, to strike large muscle groups and aid in joint manipulation.


title: Rutin

text: Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose (α--rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β--glucopyranose). It is a flavonoid found in a wide variety of plants, including citrus.


title: Rutin

text: Rutin is one of the phenolic compounds found in the invasive plant species, "Carpobrotus edulis". Its name comes from the name of "Ruta graveolens", a plant that also contains rutin. Various citrus fruit peels contain 32 to 49 mg/g of flavonoids expressed as rutin equivalents. Citrus leaves contain rutin at concentrations of 11 and 7 g/kg in orange and lime trees, respectively. In 2021, Samoan researchers identified rutin in the native plant, "matalafi" ("Psychotria insularum").


title: Rutin

text: Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants, including buckwheat, the leaves and petioles of "Rheum" species, and asparagus. Tartary buckwheat seeds have been found to contain more rutin (about 0.8–1.7% dry weight) than common buckwheat seeds (0.01% dry weight). Rutin is one of the primary flavonols found in 'clingstone' peaches. It is also found in green tea infusions.


title: Rutin

text: Rutin (rutoside or rutinoside) and other dietary flavonols are under preliminary clinical research for their potential biological effects, such as in reducing post-thrombotic syndrome, venous insufficiency, or endothelial dysfunction, but there was no high-quality evidence for their safe and effective uses as of 2018. A 2020 review indicated that oral rutosides may reduce leg edema in people with post-thrombotic syndrome, but the risk of adverse effects was higher.


title: Rutin

text: As a flavonol among similar flavonoids, rutin has low bioavailability due to poor absorption, high metabolism, and rapid excretion that collectively make its potential for use as a therapeutic agent limited.


title: Rutin

text: The biosynthesis pathway of rutin in mulberry ("Morus alba" L.) leaves begins with phenylalanine, which produces cinnamic acid under the action of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). Cinnamic acid is catalyzed by cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase (C4H) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL) to form "p"-coumaroyl-CoA. Subsequently, chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the condensation of "p"-coumaroyl-CoA and three molecules of malonyl-CoA to produce naringenin chalcone, which is eventually converted into naringenin flavanone with the participation of chalcone isomerase (CHI). With the action of flavanone 3-hydroxylas (F3H), dihydrokaempferol (DHK) is generated. DHK can be further hydroxylated by flavonoid 3´-hydroxylase (F3'H) to produce dihydroquercetin (DHQ), which is then catalyzed by flavonol synthase (FLS) to form quercetin. After quercetin is catalyzed by UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-"O"-glucosyltransferase (UFGT) to form isoquercitrin, finally, the formation of rutin from isoquercitrin is catalyzed by flavonoid 3-"O"-glucoside L-rhamnosyltransferase.


title: Allie LaForce

text: Alexandra Leigh LaForce (born December 11, 1988) is an American journalist, model, and beauty pageant titleholder. She is a reporter for Turner Sports, covering the "NBA on TNT". She was previously the lead reporter for SEC college football games, a courtside reporter for college basketball games, and the host of "We Need to Talk" on the CBS Sports Network. LaForce also worked as a broadcast sports anchor and reporter for the Cleveland, Ohio, FOX affiliate WJW. She won a 2011 Emmy award for anchoring FOX 8's "Friday Night Touchdown" high school football show. She was Miss Teen USA in 2005, and played college basketball at Ohio University.


title: Allie LaForce

text: LaForce is from Vermilion, Ohio. She attended Ohio University and played five games her freshman year under head coach Semeka Randall as a guard on the Bobcats' women's basketball team.


title: Allie LaForce

text: LaForce began her career in pageantry after winning the Miss Ohio Teen USA 2005 title in September 2004, in her first attempt at the title. She went on to represent Ohio in the Miss Teen USA 2005 pageant held in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, on August 8, 2005. LaForce competed in the evening gown, swimsuit and final interview competitions, and was crowned Miss Teen USA 2005 by her predecessor Shelley Hennig, Miss Teen USA 2004 from Louisiana. Her mother Lesa LaForce (née Rummell) was Miss Ohio USA 1977.


title: Allie LaForce

text: Her winnings included a one-year modeling contract with Trump Modeling Management and a scholarship to the School for Film and Television in New York City. She also earned a guest appearance in the NBC soap opera "Passions". LaForce made appearances throughout the United States, promoting causes such as drug and alcohol awareness, as well as continuing to attend high school in Ohio.


title: Allie LaForce

text: LaForce worked as a sideline reporter for Sportstime Ohio during the 2010 Mid-American Conference's football season, the 2011 MAC men's basketball tournament, and the 2011 OHSAA basketball championships. After college, she signed with Cleveland's Fox affiliate, WJW channel 8, as a sports anchor and reporter.


title: Allie LaForce

text: In April 2014, it was announced that LaForce would replace Tracy Wolfson as the sideline reporter for the "SEC on CBS".


title: Allie LaForce

text: In June 2018, it was reported that LaForce would be leaving CBS Sports after the two sides could not come to terms on a new deal. LaForce still makes occasional appearances on CBS, due to her March Madness reporting role.


title: Allie LaForce

text: LaForce later signed a deal with Turner Sports to continue her role as a sideline reporter for the NBA on TNT and the NCAA Tournament. In 2022, LaForce works as a field-level reporter for "MLB on TBS Tuesday Night".


title: Germ theory denialism

text: Germ theory denialism is the pseudoscientific belief that germs do not cause infectious disease, and that the germ theory of disease is wrong. It usually involves arguing that Louis Pasteur's model of infectious disease was wrong, and that Antoine Béchamp's was right. In fact, its origins are rooted in Béchamp's empirically disproven (in the context of disease) theory of pleomorphism. Another obsolete variation is known as terrain theory and postulates that the state of the internal environment determines if germs cause disease rather than germs being the sole cause of it.


title: Germ theory denialism

text: Germ theory denialism (GTD) is as old as germ theory itself, beginning with the rivalry of Pasteur and Béchamp. Pasteur's work in preventing beverage contamination led him to discover that it was due to microorganisms and led him to become the first scientist to prove the validity of the theory and to popularize it in Europe. Before him, scientists such as Girolamo Fracastoro (who had the idea that fomites could harbor the seeds of contagion), Agostino Bassi (who discovered that the muscardine disease of silkworms was caused by a fungus that was named "Beauveria bassiana"), Friedrich Henle (who developed the concepts of "contagium vivum" and "contagium animatum"), and others had proposed ideas similar to germ theory.


title: Germ theory denialism

text: Béchamp strongly contested Pasteur's view, proposing a competing idea known as the pleomorphic theory of disease. This theory says that all life is based on forms that a certain class of organisms take during stages of their life cycles and that germs are attracted to the environment of diseased tissue rather than being the cause of it. Proponents of this idea insist that microbes that live in an organism go through the same stages of their development. According to Günther Enderlein, the stages are as follows:


title: Germ theory denialism

text: The terrain theory is a variation of Béchamp's ideas that is also an obsolete medical theory that held that diseases were caused by the composition of the body. The "terrain", will attract germs to come as scavengers of the weakened or poorly defended tissue. Béchamp believed that the pH of the body is important, and that an acidic pH will attract germs and an alkaline pH will repel them. Pasteur disproved spontaneous generation with a series of experiments in the 1870s. However, understanding the cause of a sickness does not always immediately lead to effective treatment of sickness, and the great decline in mortality during the 19th century stemmed mostly from improvements in hygiene and cleanliness. In fact, one of the first movements to deny the germ theory, the Sanitary Movement, was nevertheless central in developing America's public health infrastructure. Providing clean water and sanitation reduced the environment for pathogens to develop, and mortality rates fell dramatically.


title: Germ theory denialism

text: Germ theory denialism is counter to over a century of experiments and practical observations, and the prevailing opinion of most doctors and scientists.


title: Germ theory denialism

text: GTD has significant overlap with chiropractic practice. Many chiropractors believe immunity to be a function of spine alignment and of the brain's ability to communicate efficiently with the body and that it has little to nothing to do with external pathogens.


title: Germ theory denialism

text: A common thread among many alternative medicine proponents is opposition to vaccines, and some use GTD to justify their claims. Germ theory deniers make many claims about the biological underpinnings of the theory and the historical record that are at odds with what most modern scientists and historians accept. Another claim from the anti-vaccine community involves the theory that all diseases are caused by toxins due to inadequate diet and health practices.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: The 2031 Rugby World Cup is scheduled to be the twelfth edition of the Rugby World Cup, the quadrennial world championship for men's rugby union teams. It is scheduled to take place in the United States, tentatively from September to October of 2031. This will be the first time the tournament is held in the Americas.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: The United States officially launched their bid to host the 2027 or 2031 Rugby World Cup in October 2021, while in February the same year, England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland had considered a joint bid to host the 2031 edition. At the time, the United States was the only bidder for the 2031 Rugby World Cup and the following month (November 2021) were in an “exclusive targeted dialogue” with World Rugby with regard to hosting the 2031 edition.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: In April 2022, President Joe Biden sent a letter of support to World Rugby affirming his support for the bid. On May 12, 2022, World Rugby announced the United States had won the bid to host the 2031 Rugby World Cup.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: The possibility of expanding the number of teams from twenty to twenty-four has been proposed. A final decision of expansion will be up to World Rugby.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: The Rugby World Cup typically takes place from September to October. In the United States this would overlap with the 2031 NFL season, and many of the proposed venues are also NFL stadiums. There is the possibility of the tournament being held during the summer months (June–September) to avoid clashing with the NFL schedule. However, a determination of scheduling is yet to be made.


title: 2031 Rugby World Cup

text: A total of 28 cities expressed interest in hosting and the list was later narrowed down to 24 cities, with Indianapolis, Las Vegas, New Orleans and Vancouver (Canada) eliminated. Shortlisted cities including Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Birmingham, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Nashville, New York City, Orlando, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco, Seattle and Washington, D.C. have all expressed interest. Most of the proposed venues are NFL stadiums. Among the 24 cities which are under consideration, 11 of them have been selected as host cities for the 2026 FIFA World Cup.


title: The Three-Body Problem (film)

text: The Three-Body Problem () is an unreleased Chinese science fiction 3D film, adapted from "The Three-Body Problem" series by Liu Cixin, directed by Zhang Fanfan, and starring Feng Shaofeng and Zhang Jingchu.


title: The Three-Body Problem (film)

text: In March 2018, Amazon was rumored to be negotiating for the rights to the project. However, YooZoo Pictures released a statement in response stating that it was the "sole owner of the rights for film and TV series adaptations." Although it "was originally scheduled to be released in 2017," the project "was postponed indefinitely due to the company's internal shuffling and the rumored 'bad quality' of the film's first cut."


title: The Three-Body Problem (film)

text: The film had a budget of CN¥200million (US$30 million). Filming began in March 2015 in Heilongjiang and ended in July 2015, produced by YooZoo Film established in 2014 by Lin Qi.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Citroën Xantia, pronounced "Zan–ti–a" is a large family car (D) produced by the French automaker Citroën, and designed by Bertone. Presented to the press in December 1992, the car was produced between 1992 and 2002 in Europe, with a facelift in the end of 1997.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The "Citroën Xantia Activa V6" still holds the record speed () through the moose test maneuver, due to its active anti-roll bars. This test is conducted by the magazine "Teknikens Värld's", as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car, Porsche 997 GT3 RS was able to manage .


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Production of the Xantia at SAIPA, Tehran Iran from 2001 to 2010 resulted in an undisclosed number of additional units.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Xantia replaced the earlier Citroën BX (which straddled both small and large family car segments), and maintained the high level of popularity of that model, but brought the car more into the mainstream to compete harder with its rivals, such as the Ford Mondeo, Nissan Primera, Rover 600, Toyota Carina E and Opel Vectra/Vauxhall Cavalier.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The car was built from November 1992 to October 2002 in France, totalling almost ten years, including the facelift in December 1997.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: It signalled that Citroën had learned from the reception given to the staid Citroën ZX, introduced two years earlier, and criticised by contemporary journalists for its lack of traditional Citroën flair, in engineering and design. Citroën addressed these concerns in the Xantia.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Xantia also used the traditional Citroën hydropneumatic suspension system, which was pioneered by the older DS. It was initially only available as a hatchback (notchback) (Berline), but an estate (station wagon) (Break) version, built by Heuliez, appeared in September 1995.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Inline with PSA Group policy, the Peugeot 406, launched two years later, used the same floorpan, core structure and engines as the Xantia. The Hydractive suspension system was not carried over, and the 406 utilised a more traditional spring suspension.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Sales in the United Kingdom were strong, and even though it was never able to match the volume of British favourites, such as the Ford Mondeo or Vauxhall Vectra, the car did help Citroën establish a strong foothold in the business car market in the United Kingdom.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The name "Xantia" like some other names on Citroën models before (like Athena or Pallas) is coming from ancient Greek history and mythology.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: "Xantia" is derived from Xanthos, mean golden or blond in Greek Language. Xanthos is name of an ancient Lycian city (meaning "golden city") in ancient Lycia region. The name is also known for Xanthian Obelisk, An bilingual Obelisk from Persian Achaemenid Empire era found in ruins of Xanthos city.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Mark 1 Xantia was produced between 1993 and 1997 is distinguished by the grille attached to body of car.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Mark 2 Xantia was produced between 1998 and 2001 is distinguished by grille attached to bonnet of car. It also featured body colored bumpers and a revised dashboard.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The top model in Citroën's Xantia series was the highly engineered "Activa". The model was introduced at the end of 1994, and between the spring of 1995 and the autumn of 2001 was built in just over 18,000 copies.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The distinguishing feature of the Activa was the ability to drive around curves without any chassis roll.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: This technology is more broadly known as active suspension, and the Xantia Activa has exceptional road holding comparable to true sports cars.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: This lack of roll is achieved by active chassis intervention. In addition to Hydractive II, Activa also had undercarriage stabilization (AFS), in French SC.CAR = Systeme Citroën de Contrôle Actif du Roulis, which was the first standard-fitted, active cross-stabilizer in automobile construction. With this system, the lateral inclination could be reduced to a minimum (−0.2 ° to 1 °) by means of mechanical control with hydraulic cylinders acting on the cross-stabilizer bars. This technique enabled (according to the manufacturer's specifications) with optimal road grip transverse accelerations of up to 1.2 g and despite this also offered an above-average high suspension comfort and thus a safer road position. Compared to the standard models, Activa had seats with reinforced side rails, which on the first series (X1) were also pneumatically adjustable.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: In 1994, the Activa technology was introduced, which is an extension to the Hydractive II suspension, where two additional spheres and two hydraulic cylinders are used together with computer control to eliminate body roll completely.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The "Citroën Xantia V6 Activa" still holds the record speed () through the moose test maneuver, due to its active anti-roll bars. This test is conducted by the magazine "Teknikens Värld's", as a test of avoiding a moose in the road. The second place car, a Nissan Qashqai DIG-T 160 Acenta was able to manage ).


title: Citroën Xantia

text: A TikTok video compared a 1996 Citroen Xantia to a 2021 BMW M4 Competition in terms of moose test. Xantia was able to pass through the object at 73km/h without flipping a single traffic cone, whereas the M4 had to slow down to 29km/h while it flipped 3 traffic cones during the moose test.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Both (relatively thick) transverse stabilizers (front 28 mm, rear 25 mm dimensions) were located diagonally (front left and rear right), and were connected to the wheel joints by a differential hydraulic cylinder.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: These cylinders were connected to a control valve, which was operated directly by the front cross joints with connecting rods over a spring-handle mechanism. The occurring rolling moment (side slope) had the opposite effect on the cross joints - one wheel springs in and the other out. Thereby, the control valve (inclination corrector) was pulled out / pushed in by means of the connecting rods in a direction out of its rest position (straight ahead), whereby a pressure proportional to the rolling moment was formed in the hydraulic cylinders.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Thereby the hydraulic cylinders changed position and acted against the bias of the cross stabilizer. They "pressed" the body over the cross-stabilizer bars against the rolling torque further horizontally, enabling cornering with up to 0.6g transverse acceleration with −0.2 to 0.5° lateral inclination. From 0.6g transverse acceleration, the cylinders returned to the starting position, from which the Xantia Activa tilted up to 1° in the curve until the curve limit area was reached, which corresponded to the value of a sports car with a correspondingly tighter tuning.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: As these active roller stabilizers worked independently of the Hydractive II undercarriage, the suspension could be almost completely maintained even at extreme cornering, giving a significantly better road position in these situations than with conventional wheel suspensions. When driving straight ahead, a solenoid valve was operated by the control unit for the Hydractive suspension, which connected an additional spring ball in the hydraulic control circuit of the cylinder. Thereby, the stiffness of the tightly tuned stabilizer bars could be minimized "virtually" by gas filling the spring ball to reduce the movements and increase the comfort. Likewise, they had a damping effect on the control circuit, so that there were no undesired oscillations during straight-ahead driving due to suspension-related, short-term operation of the inclination corrector.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Xantia Activa was available with the following engines (not all engines were necessarily available in all countries):


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Petrol: 2.0i 16V 97 kW (132 hp), 2.0i 16V 110 kW (150 hp), 2.0i Turbo CT 108 kW (147 hp) and 3.0i V6 140 kW (190 hp).


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Activa could be recognized by the standard-fitted rear spoiler, the Venise alloy wheels, the car-painted bumpers (on the first series), the black roof canopy (depending on the year of construction), special front seats with distinctive side members and the Activa logo instead of engine engine displacement.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Xantia was the last Citroën to use the green fluid, LHM (Liquide Hydraulique Minéral), a mineral oil. Later cars, such as the C5, used LDS instead.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Xantia also was the last Citroën vehicle to use a common hydraulic circuit for suspension, brakes and steering like the pioneering Citroën DS.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: From an engineering perspective, the Xantia's biggest advance was the suspension. From launch, the more expensive models were available with an enhanced version of the XM's Hydractive, Hydractive II or H2, computer controlled version of the hydropneumatic self-leveling suspension.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: This used extra suspension spheres to allow a soft ride in normal conditions, but taut body control during hard braking, acceleration or cornering.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: These models feature an innovation first seen on the ZX, and then subsequently fitted to the facelifted XM, a programmed self steer rear axle. On sweeping curves and tight bends alike, the rear wheels turn in line with the front wheels, sharpening responses and adding to driver pleasure.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Power came from the familiar PSA XU series petrol engines, this time in 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 displacements, a 2.0 16 valve version for the Xantia VSX, a turbocharged 2.0 engine, from 1995 onwards, a 1.8 16 valve and a 2.0 16 valve engine. In 1997, a 3.0 V6 engine was offered as top-of-the-line. This engine was also offered with the Activa suspension system, a rare version with less than 2600 built.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The popular XUD turbodiesel units in 1.9 (turbocharged: , low pressure turbo: , or not: 71 hp) displacement proved to be the best selling engine.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The biggest diesel was a 2.1 TD with . In 1998, PSA introduced the HDi direct injection turbodiesel (in two versions: , and intercooled 109 PS). For an economical diesel engine, the HDi offered the kind of throttle response normally seen in a gasoline engine and quiet high speed cruising at a top speed of .


title: Citroën Xantia

text: United Kingdom models of the Activa came fitted with a XU10 2 litre turbocharged engine also fitted to the Citroën XM 2.0CT and Peugeot 605 SRi. It produced 150 bhp and 171 lb ft of torque and was a 'low-blow' type for smooth power delivery rather than outright bhp.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: All models produced in Iran were produced only with a five-speed manual gearbox and a five-door liftback body. The Xantia was the first Citroën produced by SAIPA since the Citroën Dyane "Jian" (1967-1980).


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The February 18, 2000 contract, that renewed the relationship, called for SAIPA to serve as a center for exporting Xantia to the Middle East, Central Asia, Russia and Ukraine. In 2001, some 9,500 out of a total 12,000 cars to be made in Iran, were expected to be sent abroad for sale. At least 40% of parts would be made in Iran.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: According to SAIPA, Xantia was one of the best products produced in the history of car making in Iran. Production ended in 2010 due to the lack of spare parts from France.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Xantia 1800 Superlux: This model is based on the French model 1.8i16V SX with the removal of equipment such as sunroof, rear wing, body-colored flaps, aluminum rims, cruise control and removal of a number of electronic car alarm sensors and change the car audio system.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Xantia 2000 X: This model is based on the French 2.0i16V SX model with the removal of equipment such as front passenger airbags and side airbags, ABS anti-lock brakes, sunroof, rear wing, body-colored flaps, front fenders, cruise control and removal of a number of sensors. Electronic car alarm and car sound system change were produced.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Xantia 2000 SX: This model is based on the French 2.0i16V SX model with the removal of equipment such as side airbags, sunroof, rear wing, body-colored flaps, cruise control and removal of a number of electronic car alarm sensors and car audio system change.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: Xantia Facelift or Xantia 2: Xantia Facelift was similar to the SX 2000 model in terms of engine, gearbox and equipment, with the difference that the front part and the rear bumper of the car were changed by Saipa's designers and the car was so-called facelifted.


title: Citroën Xantia

text: The Citroën Xantia, along with the Citroën XM were assembled by the firm of CKD in Huizhou, Guangdong province. This venture lasted for only two years from 1996 to 1997, and production numbers were extremely low. The cars were imported to China more or less fully assembled with only minor additions done in China as a way to avoid the high import tariffs on cars that existed at the time. Both cars were badged as XM.


title: Facial symmetry

text: Facial symmetry is one specific measure of bodily symmetry. Along with traits such as averageness and youthfulness it influences judgments of aesthetic traits of physical attractiveness and beauty. For instance, in mate selection, people have been shown to have a preference for symmetry.


title: Facial symmetry

text: Facial bilateral symmetry is typically defined as fluctuating asymmetry of the face comparing random differences in facial features of the two sides of the face. The human face also has systematic, directional asymmetry: on average, the face (mouth, nose and eyes) sits systematically to the left with respect to the axis through the ears, the so-called "aurofacial asymmetry".


title: Facial symmetry

text: Directional asymmetry is a systematic asymmetry of some parts of the face across the population. A theory of directional asymmetries in the human body is the axial twist hypothesis. As predicted by this theory, the eyes, nose and mouth are, on average, located slightly to the left of the axis through the ears. This aurofacial asymmetry is very small in young adults (0.5 degree), but much larger in small children (4 degrees).


title: Facial symmetry

text: Fluctuating asymmetry is the non-systematic variation of individual facial landmarks with respect to the facial midline, i.e., the line perpendicular to the line through the eyes, which crosses the tip of the nose and the chin.