title: Blood culture

text: Genetic testing can be used for rapid detection of certain antimicrobial resistance markers. Methods such as PCR and microarrays, which can be performed directly on positive blood culture samples, detect DNA sequences associated with genes that confer resistance, such as the "mecA" gene found in methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" or the "vanA" and "vanB" genes of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. MALDI-TOF has been explored as a rapid antimicrobial sensitivity testing method; principles involve measuring microbial growth in the presence of antibiotics, identifying the breakdown of antibiotics by microbial enzymes, and detecting protein spectra associated with bacterial strains that exhibit antibiotic resistance. Some of these methods can be performed on pellets from positive blood culture bottles. However, the lack of established methodologies for AST by MALDI-TOF limits its use in clinical practice, and direct AST by MALDI-TOF, unlike genetic testing methods, had not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as of 2018.


title: Blood culture

text: Blood cultures are subject to both false positive and false negative errors. In automated culture systems, identification of positive bottles is based on the detection of gases produced by cellular metabolism, so samples with high numbers of white blood cells may be reported as positive when no bacteria are present. Inspection of the growth curve produced by the instrument can help to distinguish between true and false positive cultures, but Gram staining and subculturing are still necessary for any sample that is flagged as positive.


title: Blood culture

text: Blood cultures can become contaminated with microorganisms from the skin or the environment, which multiply inside the culture bottle, giving the false impression that those organisms are present in the blood. Contamination of blood cultures can lead to unnecessary antibiotic treatment and longer hospital stays. The frequency of contamination can be reduced by following established protocols for blood culture collection, but it cannot be eliminated; for instance, bacteria can survive in deeper layers of the skin even after meticulous disinfection of the blood draw site. The CLSI defines an acceptable contamination rate as no greater than 3% of all blood cultures. The frequency of contamination varies widely between institutions and between different departments in the same hospital; studies have found rates ranging from 0.8 to 12.5 percent.


title: Blood culture

text: When faced with a positive blood culture result, clinicians must decide whether the finding represents contamination or genuine infection. Some organisms, such as "S. aureus" or "Streptococcus pneumoniae", are usually considered to be pathogenic when detected in a blood culture, while others are more likely to represent contamination with skin flora; but even common skin organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococci can cause bloodstream infections under certain conditions. When such organisms are present, interpretation of the culture result involves taking into account the person's clinical condition and whether or not multiple cultures are positive for the same organism.


title: Blood culture

text: False negatives may be caused by drawing blood cultures after the person has received antibiotics or collecting an insufficient amount of blood. The volume of blood drawn is considered the most important variable in ensuring that pathogens are detected: the more blood that is collected, the more pathogens are recovered. However, if the amount of blood collected far exceeds the recommended volume, bacterial growth may be inhibited by natural inhibitors present in the blood and an inadequate amount of growth medium in the bottle. Over-filling of blood culture bottles may also contribute to iatrogenic anemia.


title: Blood culture

text: Not all pathogens are easily detected by conventional blood culture methods. Particularly fastidious organisms, such as "Brucella" and "Mycobacterium" species, may require prolonged incubation times or special culture media. Some organisms are exceedingly difficult to culture or do not grow in culture at all, so serology testing or molecular methods such as PCR are preferred if infection with these organisms is suspected.


title: Blood culture

text: Early blood culture methods were labour-intensive. One of the first known procedures, published in 1869, recommended that leeches be used to collect blood from the patient. A microbiology textbook from 1911 noted that decontamination of the draw site and equipment could take over an hour, and that due to a lack of effective methods for preserving blood, the cultures would sometimes have to be prepared at the patient's bedside. In addition to subculturing the broth, some protocols specified that the blood be mixed with melted agar and the mixture poured into a petri dish. In 1915, a blood culture collection system consisting of glass vacuum tubes containing glucose broth and an anticoagulant was described. Robert James Valentine Pulvertaft published a seminal work on blood cultures in 1930, specifying—among other insights—an optimal blood-to-broth ratio of 1:5, which is still accepted today. The use of SPS as an anticoagulant and preservative was introduced in the 1930s and 40s and resolved some of the logistical issues with earlier methods. From the 1940s through the 1980s, a great deal of research was carried out on broth formulations and additives, with the goal of creating a growth medium that could accommodate all common bloodstream pathogens.


title: Blood culture

text: In 1947, M.R. Castañeda invented a "biphasic" culture bottle for the identification of "Brucella" species, which contained both broth and an agar slant, allowing the agar to be easily subcultured from the broth; this was a precursor of some contemporary systems for manual blood cultures. E.G. Scott in 1951 published a protocol described as "the advent of the modern blood culture set". Scott's method involved inoculating blood into two rubber-sealed glass bottles; one for aerobes and one for anaerobes. The aerobic bottle contained trypticase soy broth and an agar slant, and the anaerobic bottle contained thioglycollate broth. The lysis-centrifugation method was introduced in 1917 by Mildred Clough, but it was rarely used in clinical practice until commercial systems were developed in the mid-1970s.


title: Blood culture

text: Automated blood culture systems first became available in the 1970s. The earliest of these—the BACTEC systems, produced by Johnston Laboratories (now Becton Dickinson)—used culture broths containing nutrients labelled with radioactive isotopes. Microbes that fed on these substrates would produce radioactive carbon dioxide, and growth could be detected by monitoring its concentration. Before this technique was applied to blood cultures, it had been proposed by NASA as a method for detecting life on Mars. Throughout the 1970s and 80s several manufacturers attempted to detect microbial growth by measuring changes in the electrical conductivity of the culture medium, but none of these methods were commercially successful.


title: Blood culture

text: A major issue with the early BACTEC systems was that they produced radioactive waste, which required special disposal procedures, so in 1984 a new generation of BACTEC instruments was released that used spectrophotometry to detect CO. The BacT/ALERT system, which indirectly detects production of CO by measuring the decrease in the medium's pH, was approved for use in the US in 1991. Unlike the BACTEC systems available at the time, the BacT/ALERT did not require a needle to be introduced into the bottle for sampling; this reduced the frequency of contamination and made it the first system to provide truly continuous monitoring of blood cultures. This non-invasive measurement method was adopted in 1992 by the BACTEC 9000 series, which used fluorescent indicators to detect pH changes. The Difco ESP, a direct predecessor of the contemporary VersaTREK system which detects gas production by measuring pressure changes, was also first approved in 1992. By 1996, an international study found that 55% of 466 laboratories surveyed were using the BACTEC or BacT/ALERT systems, with other automated systems accounting for 10% of the total.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Maynor Alexis Figueroa Róchez (born 2 May 1983) is a Honduran professional footballer who plays as a centre-back. He is best known for his time at Wigan Athletic, where he made 179 Premier League appearances and won the 2013 FA Cup. Figueroa has made over 180 international appearances since 2003, including appearances at three CONCACAF Gold Cups, two FIFA World Cups and the 2012 Olympics.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Born in Jutiapa, Atlántida, Figueroa started his career with Victoria, before moving to Olimpia in 2003. He later became club captain. In 2007, Figueroa received offers from Major League Soccer clubs, one of which was revealed to be New England Revolution, but Olimpia's administrator, Osman Madrid, turned down all the offers. Figueroa had drawn previous interest from foreign clubs aside from those in MLS, including Club Toluca of Mexico making offers during 2007. However, during an interview, Madrid indicated the terms sought by other teams had been neither agreeable nor economically favourable to Olimpia or Figueroa.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: On 20 December 2007, Honduran newspaper "El Heraldo" reported that, as a result of interest expressed by the Premier League club Wigan Athletic, Figueroa would be travelling to England. In January 2008, Figueroa joined Wigan on loan for the rest of the 2007–08 season. In July 2008, after a complicated process involving work permit and visa issues, Figueroa rejoined Wigan on loan for a further six months, after which Wigan had the option to make the deal permanent following a successful loan spell.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: On 23 December 2008, Wigan announced Figueroa had signed a three-and-a-half-year contract to join permanently. He scored his first goal for Wigan on 11 January 2009. He scored a close range header to secure a late winner against Tottenham Hotspur. On 12 December 2009, Figueroa scored a goal against Stoke City from his own half to put Wigan in the lead. Figueroa noticed Stoke goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen off his line at a free kick and struck the ball quickly to send the ball soaring over Sørensen and into the net. Although the match ended 2–2, Figueroa made the headlines the following day, with Alan Hansen calling it a candidate for Goal of the Season. Indeed, Figueroa's goal was chosen as Match of the Day's Goal of the Season for 2009–10. By the end of the 2009–10 campaign, he had made 81 appearances and scored twice in all competitions for Wigan.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: The 2010–11 campaign proved difficult for Wigan and Figueroa. On 26 February 2011, he made his 100th Premier League appearance, playing the full 90 minutes at left-back in a 4–0 defeat against Manchester United at the DW Stadium. He scored a goal against fellow relegation struggling side Birmingham City on 19 March 2011 that led to a 2–1 win for Wigan. On the last day of the season, Wigan needed to win and have results go their way in order to secure Premier League safety. Figueroa provided the breakthrough for the away side in the 78th minute, setting up Hugo Rodallega to win the game 1–0 at Stoke City and confirm Wigan's safety in the Premier League.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: During Wigan's first League Cup game of the 2012–13 season, Figueroa scored from 35 yards out, as Wigan defeated Nottingham Forest 4–1 at the City Ground. Wigan achieved success in the FA Cup winning the competition after beating Manchester City 1–0 in the final. Figueroa had played in every round of the FA Cup but was injured for the FA Cup final; however he did receive an FA Cup Winner's medal However, they did not have as much success in the Premier League and were relegated at the end of the season.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Newly promoted Premier League side Hull City announced the signing of Figueroa on a free transfer on 17 June 2013. He made his debut on the first day of the 2013–14 season in a 2–0 loss away at Chelsea. Figueroa reached an FA Cup Final for the second successive season after playing in every game prior to the final. Whereas he missed the 2013 FA Cup Final through injury, he was an unused substitute for the 2014 FA Cup Final after manager Steve Bruce changed the system to 5-3-2 with the manager's son Alex Bruce starting ahead of Figueroa. Hull lost the final 3–2 to Arsenal after extra-time. On 21 October 2014 Figueroa returned to Wigan Athletic on a month-loan and went on to play in the 0–0 draw against Millwall the same day. After five consecutive games for the club since joining on loan, Wigan extended his loan deal until 30 December 2014. He was recalled to Hull on 22 December 2014, along with Tom Ince from Nottingham Forest. On 28 May 2015, Figueroa was one of six players released by Hull manager Steve Bruce.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Following his release by Hull City, Figueroa joined MLS team Colorado Rapids on 7 August 2015. He made his Rapids and MLS debut on 14 August in a 1–0 defeat to the San Jose Earthquakes. Figueroa scored his first goal for Colorado on 29 August in a 2–1 win over Sporting Kansas City. Figueroa would play in 10 games for Colorado. He was unable to save the Rapids season as they failed to qualify for the playoffs and finished the year in last place in the Western Conference.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: On 26 January 2016, Figueroa was traded to FC Dallas in exchange for General Allocation Money. He made his debut for FC Dallas on 6 March in a 2–0 win over the Philadelphia Union. Figueroa scored his first goal for Dallas on 4 August against Real Estelí in the CONCACAF Champions League, rocketing a shot into the top right corner in the 84th minute to give Dallas a 2–1 victory. He would start in the quarter-finals, semi-final and final to help Dallas win the 2016 U.S. Open Cup. Figueroa also made 28 MLS appearances to help lead Dallas to win the Supporters' Shield. In the playoffs, he would start both legs of Dallas's conference semi-final tie with the Seattle Sounders, but they would fall 4–2 on aggregate.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: On 22 April, Figueroa scored his first MLS goal for Dallas in a 1–0 win over Sporting Kansas City. He was named to the MLS Team of the Week following a strong performance in a 1–1 draw with the Vancouver Whitecaps on 17 June. He scored his second league goal with Dallas on 23 August, blasting a ball into the top of the net in a 3–3 draw with the Houston Dynamo in a Texas Derby match. On 27 August, Figueroa would score against his former team to lead Dallas to a 2–0 win over Colorado. Dallas would finish in 7th place in the Western Conference and miss out on the playoffs in 2017 after a late season collapse saw them win 2 of their final 14 games, just one year after doing a US Open Cup and Supporters Shield double.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: 2018 saw a reduced role for Figueroa, with the additions of the younger Anton Nedyalkov and Marquinhos Pedroso competing for the left back spot. He would only make 20 appearances as he split time as a left back and center back. Figueroa's loan goal of the season came on 18 August in a 2–0 win over Minnesota United. He would help Dallas return to the playoffs in 2018. On 26 November, Figueroa had his contract option declined.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: On 30 January 2019, Figueroa signed with FC Dallas's biggest rivals, the Houston Dynamo. Figueroa made his Dynamo debut on 19 February 2019 in a 1–0 win over CD Guastatoya in the CONCACAF Champions League. He made 4 appearances in the CCL as the Dynamo reached the quarterfinals. He made his first league appearance for the Dynamo on 2 March in a 1–1 draw with Real Salt Lake. Figueroa ended his first season in Houston with 25 appearances and 3 assists in league play as Houston finished 10th in the Western Conference, missing out on the playoffs. On 20 December, Figueroa signed a new contract to stay in Houston.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Figueroa and the Dynamo opened the 2020 season on 29 February with a 1–1 draw against the LA Galaxy, with Figueroa playing the full match. He scored his first goal for the Dynamo on 19 September to help Houston to a 2–2 draw with Minnesota United. On 26 September Figueroa scored in the 89th minute to give the Dynamo a 1–1 draw with Nashville SC. In a shortened season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Figueroa appeared in 20 of Houston's 23 matches and scored 2 goals. The Dynamo had a poor season as a team, finishing last in the Western Conference and missing the playoffs again.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Figueroa's contract with Houston expired following the 2020 season. He re-signed with Houston on 10 February 2021. He served as a backup centerback during the 2021 season, making 13 appearances and recording 2 assists. It was another disappointing season for the Dynamo, as Houston finished last in the West for the second consecutive season and missed out on the playoffs again.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Figueroa made his debut for Honduras in 2003 and has since gone on to score goals against Belize, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States and Australia. He was part of the Honduras squad at the 2005, 2007, 2011 (did not appear) and 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cups. He was also named in the 23-man squad for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Figueroa played out of position as a centre back at the World Cup, due to the form of Emilio Izaguirre. He was again named to Honduras' squad for the 2014 World Cup. Figueroa also represented Honduras at U-20 and U-23 level from 1999 to 2003 and 2001 to 2003 respectively, scoring once in three games for the U-20s and failing to score in eight outings with the U-23 side. He joined the U-23 squad as an overage player for the 2012 Summer Olympics. He has won over 160 caps, the most for Honduras, scoring six goals since his debut back in 2003. He is currently the national team captain.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Figueroa is married to Sandra Norales, a handball player who represents Honduras in that sport. Together they have two sons and one daughter. One of their sons, Keyrol, plays as a forward for Liverpool Academy.


title: Maynor Figueroa

text: Figueroa is of Garifuna heritage. He is close friends with Honduran and Dynamo teammate Boniek Garcia. In 2020 Figueroa received his U.S. green card which qualifies him as a domestic player for MLS roster purposes.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: The Salton Sea is a 2002 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Val Kilmer and Vincent D'Onofrio.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: While playing the trumpet in a burning room, the protagonist's voice is heard in narration. His story begins with him posing as "Danny Parker", a speed freak addicted to methamphetamine, who hangs out with friends while indulging in drugs. He also moonlights as an informant for two corrupt cops, Gus Morgan and Al Garcetti. He is trying to set up a large meth score with notorious drug dealer Pooh Bear, an eccentric psychopath who lost his nose to excessive snorting of "gak" (meth), while also attempting to set up a sting operation for Morgan and Garcetti.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: When he returns home, Parker sheds his clothes and his personality, and basks in his past life as trumpet player "Tom Van Allen". He reveals to an abused neighbor named Colette that he was once happily married, only to watch as his wife was gunned down by masked thieves during a stopover at the Salton Sea.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: When meeting with Pooh Bear, Parker becomes fearful of Pooh Bear's displays of bizarre homicidal behavior, so he tapes a gun to the bottom of a table.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: Parker's parents-in-law track him down, believing he has sunk into depression after his wife's death, but he tells them he does not want their help. As the deal approaches, it becomes known that Parker is not only working for the police but FBI agents working to take down Morgan and Garcetti, who have committed multiple murders. It is also revealed that they were the men who killed his wife and wounded him as they robbed a drug dealer. Parker had started his own investigation when he found out who Morgan was and delved into the drug underworld to become a believable junkie.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: On the night of the deal, Parker, with the help of his best friend Jimmy, leads the FBI to the wrong location. Meanwhile, Parker arrives at Pooh Bear's house. At the dinner table, surrounded by Pooh Bear's armed friends, tensions rise and one of Pooh Bear's men tries to kill Parker, who retrieves the gun he stashed earlier and shoots the rest of the gang. Shot in the chest by Pooh Bear, Parker collapses to the floor.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: Pooh Bear, wounded in the leg, goes to take a shot of meth while mumbling incoherently. Morgan and Garcetti arrive, find the massacre, and Garcetti kills Pooh Bear, whose drug-filled hypo drops to the floor. Garcetti is then killed by Parker, whose life was saved by a bulletproof vest. Morgan is shot twice by Parker, who reveals to Morgan that he knows he murdered his wife. Morgan manages to snatch Parker's gun away, but finds it empty. Parker finds Pooh Bear's syringe on the floor and plunges it into Morgan's neck, then picks up a pistol and briefly contemplates suicide, but then shoots Morgan several times and flees.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: Back in his apartment, he dons his Tom Van Allen identity again, but is shot by Colette's "boyfriend", who is in fact an agent tasked with exacting vengeance for the Mexicali Boys, a leader of whom Parker turned in to the police before the events of the film's present day timeline. Collette says she was forced to betray Parker because her daughter was being held hostage. The room catches fire, and Parker plays one more tune on his trumpet before passing out.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: He regains consciousness to find that Jimmy has saved him from the fire and taken him to a hospital. After he recovers, he leaves the city, and the identities of Parker and Van Allen, behind.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: In July 1999, it was announced Castle Rock Entertainment had bought the spec comedy thriller "The Salton Sea" for D.J. Caruso to direct and for Frank Darabont, Eriq La Salle and Ken Aguado to produce.


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: Critic Robert Koehler, writing in "Variety" magazine, also gave the film a mixed review, writing, "The latest fashion, "The Salton Sea" strains past the breaking point to provide the old genre with new couture. Tyro helmer D.J. Caruso appears compelled to strut his cinematic stuff in every scene, whether called for or not, and in the process overplays his assignment."


title: The Salton Sea (2002 film)

text: , the film holds a 63% approval rating on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 84 reviews with an average rating of 5.78 out of 10. The site's consensus states: "A slick Tarantino-inspired movie that is not for everyone."


title: Teez Tabor

text: Jalen "Teez" Tabor (born December 31, 1995) is an American football safety for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Florida.


title: Teez Tabor

text: Tabor attended Friendship Collegiate Academy in Washington, D.C. Tabor was rated by Rivals.com as a five-star recruit. He originally committed to the University of Arizona to play college football, but he would later switch his commitment to the University of Florida.


title: Teez Tabor

text: As a true freshman at Florida in 2014, Tabor played in all 12 games and had five starts under head coach Will Muschamp. He finished the season with 31 tackles an interception and two sacks. Before the 2015 season, Tabor and the Gators would have a new head coach, Jim McElwain, after the departure of Muschamp. As a sophomore in 2015, he started nine of the 13 games and was a first-team All-SEC selection after recording 39 tackles, four interceptions, and one sack. As a junior in 2016, Tabor earned his second career first-team All-SEC selection. He would forgo his senior season and enter the 2017 NFL Draft.


title: Teez Tabor

text: Heading into the NFL Combine, the majority of NFL draft experts and analysts projected Tabor to be a first round pick. Tabor received an invitation to the NFL Combine, but put up unimpressive numbers for multiple running drills. He attended Florida's Pro Day and opted to have another attempt at the 40-yard dash, 20-yard dash, and 10-yard dash, but ended up putting slower times in all three. Tabor attended private workouts that were held by the Arizona Cardinals, New Orleans Saints, Dallas Cowboys, and Detroit Lions. His draft stock began to plummet and NFL Draft experts and analysts projected him to fall to the second or third round. Once considered a top five cornerback in the draft by some analysts, he was ranked as the eighth best cornerback in the draft by "Sports Illustrated" and was ranked the 12th best cornerback in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com and ESPN.


title: Teez Tabor

text: The Detroit Lions selected Tabor in the second round (53rd overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the ninth cornerback to be selected in the 2017 NFL Draft. He was reunited with Florida teammate Jarrad Davis, who the Lions selected 21st overall. Tabor was the fourth of eight Florida Gators to be selected in 2017.


title: Teez Tabor

text: On May 12, 2017, the Lions signed Tabor to a four-year, $4.82 million contract that included $2.33 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $1.64 million.


title: Teez Tabor

text: He competed with Nevin Lawson and D. J. Hayden for the starting cornerback position. Tabor was named the Lions' fourth cornerback to begin his rookie season, behind veterans Darius Slay, Nevin Lawson, and D. J. Hayden. On October 1, 2017, Tabor made his professional regular season debut during the Lions' 14–7 win over the Minnesota Vikings.


title: Teez Tabor

text: On September 30, 2019, Tabor was signed to the San Francisco 49ers' practice squad. He re-signed with the 49ers on February 5, 2020. He was waived on July 6, 2020, with a non-football injury designation.


title: Teez Tabor

text: On December 23, 2020, Tabor signed with the practice squad of the Chicago Bears. On January 11, 2021, Tabor signed a reserve/futures contract with the Bears. He switched to safety after not having the requisite speed to play the cornerback position for the Lions.


title: Teez Tabor

text: On August 31, 2021, Tabor was waived by the Bears and re-signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on October 19, 2021. Tabor was placed on injured reserve on December 29, 2021.


title: Teez Tabor

text: As mostly a reserve, he played 34% of the team's snaps as a special teamer and 28% of them on defense.


title: Teez Tabor

text: On March 17, 2022, Tabor signed with the Atlanta Falcons. He competed as a backup safety and cornerback - especially in the nickel - while also working on special teams. He was released on August 30 and re-signed to the practice squad.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" is a song by American singer Bruno Mars from his studio album of the same name (2016). Atlantic Records released it as the album's lead single on October 7, 2016, for digital download and streaming. Atlantic provided it as an instant grat track for those who pre-ordered the album. Mars, Philip Lawrence and Christopher Brody Brown wrote the single. Calling themselves Shampoo Press & Curl the three of them handled production, with additional production by the Stereotypes. The song has been described as a funk, disco and contemporary R&B track, heavily influenced by hip hop. "The A.V. Club" noticed the synthesizer riff and backbeat resembled the one in "The Message" (1982) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. The song's lyrics address extravagance, glamour, and the party lifestyle.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" was generally well received by music critics. Some of them complimented Mars's vocals and compared them to James Brown, describing the song as engaging, fun and evoking feelings of nostalgia. Others criticized it for not being innovative as it tried to emulate "Uptown Funk" (2014). The song was a commercial success. It peaked at number four in the United States and number three in Canada and Australia. It has been certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). It was certified six times platinum by Music Canada (MC). The single reached number one in New Zealand, France, Belgium (Flanders) and Argentina. It has received a diamond certification in France and a platinum one in New Zealand. In the United Kingdom and Spain, the song peaked at number five, being certified two times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and by Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE).


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: Director Cameron Duddy shot the song's music video with Mars. It depicts Mars and his bandmates partying and having fun in a Las Vegas casino. At the end of the video, Mars is riding a jet ski in the Fountains of the Bellagio Hotel. He performed "24K Magic" on television shows such as "Saturday Night Live", "The Late Late Show" and it was first included on his 24K Magic World Tour (2017–18). The song received several nominations and won Record of the Year at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards in 2018. The film "" has used portions of the track in the film. Kendrick Lamar's single "Loyalty" (2017) featuring Rihanna sampled the song's introduction.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In September 2014, Bruno Mars tweeted "Now it's time to start writing chapter 3", hinting he was working on new music. Following the release of the successful Mark Ronson and Mars's single "Uptown Funk" (2014), the latter headed to the studio to record more songs. Mars said he had no plans to release a new album "[u]ntil it's done". It was due in March, but his appearance at the Super Bowl halftime show postponed it for several months. At the time, seven songs were already recorded. On October 3, 2016, Mars revealed the song title and release date through his Instagram account after he uploaded nine photos. They showed the singer looking down wearing a white hat with "XXIV k" inscribed on it. Mars wrote, "You can call it my first single, but I call it the invitation to the party".


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The Stereotypes had known Mars and worked with him since 2007, however, after the singer signed a deal with Atlantic Records they did not collaborate very often. Nevertheless, in 2015 Jonathan Yip talked with Mars about working together. Since the singer was already recording "24K Magic", Mars asked for "some beats" and Yip sent them. Later, he asked for more beats and the Stereotypes sent them, but they never heard from him, "nothing came of it". In June 2016, Yip touched base with Mars. He asked Yip if they would like to help him finish a song for his album, to add a little "seasoning". He needed another song with a certain tempo and key. Yip sent Mars an idea that caught his attention, and he asked the Stereotypes to come to the studio.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: Once in the studio, it took them some time to "get the groove" on the track. They spent the first couple of hours catching up and having fun. When they began working, Ray Charles McCullough II was "getting scared". He felt this was a "make-or-break moment"—they needed to help Mars with the song. Ray Romulus recalled the singer telling them he wanted to create something that would make people dance again, because in clubs the crowd is on their phones, not moving and glancing at each other. At this point, Mars showed them a "rough idea" of the song. The Stereotypes started programming the drums for "24K Magic" and finished it in a day. It was the first track the team recorded for the album.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In an interview with "NME", Mars said he wrote "24K Magic" when "Uptown Funk" (2014) was "number one", so the songs share the same "spirit". In another interview with Zane Lowe for Beats 1, Mars explained that the album was going to be a movie and the lead single was its opening. He wanted the song "to get the party started". To achieve that it needed to sound genuine and that he was having a good time, so he used his emotions and feelings to guide him. He also admitted that "24K Magic' was influenced by West Coast hip hop artists like "Dr. Dre, DJ Quik, Suga Free ... [they represented] a time when it was okay to party, to be flashy, to get on the dance floor". In November 2017, Mars was a guest on the "Charlie Rose Show" sharing that the song was the vision he had intended for this album "I saw us having fun on stage. I saw us draped in silk and gold and me and my friends going up on stage and having the best time. It was important that we had the content to do so".


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: Mars, Philip Lawrence and Christopher Brody Brown wrote "24K Magic". They handled the production under the name Shampoo Press & Curl with additional production by the Stereotypes. Mars, Lawrence, Brown and James Fauntleroy provided the background vocals. Dave Foreman played the guitar, while Byron "Mr. Talkbox" Chambers and Mars provided the vocals on the talk box. Charles Moniz, with engineering assistant Jacob Dennis, engineered and recorded the song at Glenwood Place Studios in Burbank. Serban Ghenea mixed "24K Magic" at MixStar Studios in Virginia Beach, with John Hanes serving as the mix engineer. It was mastered by Tom Coyne at Sterling Sound, NYC.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" premiered on October 7, 2016, at midnight on radio station WBMX. Atlantic Records released the single on the same day for digital download and streaming. The album was made available for pre-order worldwide via Mars's official site, with the song as an instant download. Warner Music Group also issued the track for radio airplay in Italy on the same date. BBC Radio 1 began adding the song onto their playlists on October 8, 2016. Subsequently, the song was released to US contemporary hit radio stations on October 11, 2016. On May 26, 2017, Atlantic Records made a remix version by Dutch DJ R3hab available for digital download and streaming.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" is a funk, disco and R&B song, heavily influenced by hip hop. It is composed in the key of F minor at a tempo of 94 beats per minute. Mars's vocal range spans from the low note of F to the high note of E. The song begins with a talk box intro, performed by Byron "Mr. Talk Box" Chambers and Mars. Initially, reviewers thought the vocals on the intro had Auto-Tune, a vocoder or synthetic vocals. Eventually, they concluded that it was a talk box, developed by Roger Troutman and Zapp, which heavily influenced the single. "Forbes" and "Entertainment Weekly"s music critics noticed the resemblance between the "robotic-sound" intro on "24K Magic" and Tupac Shakur's "California Love" (1995). The song features several layers of funk synthesizers in its instrumentation, which drew comparisons to Prince. It also features bass lines similar to The Gap Band's style. Its structure borrows from "Uptown Funk" as Mars raps while singing the track with a "call and response" composition. The bridge features a record scratching, while the backing vocals of Mars, Lawrence, Brown and Fauntleroy make heavy use of a vocoder. The synthesizer riff and backbeat of "24K Magic" has been interpreted by "The A.V. Club" as having a resemblance to the one in "The Message" (1982) by Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Critics found the sound to be closer to that of the 1980s electronica, hip hop and R&B, than the 1970s style of "Uptown Funk".


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The track reaches its "ebullient" and "infectious" chorus where Mars sings, "Put your pinky rings up to the moon, What y'all tryna do? 24K magic in the air". All the verses are designed with a "call-and-response hook". In the opening lyrics, Mars shouts, "Guess who's back again!/Oh, they don't know? I bet they know soon as we walk in", punctuating the verses, he continues with more confidence "I'm a dangerous man with some money in my pocket", while backed up by a chorus "adding tough-guy punch to his mellifluous" shouts. The exhortations and confidence in his vocals reminded critics of James Brown. The lyrics celebrate extravagances, glamour and the party lifestyle. Many reviewers felt "24K Magic" condensed a playlist's worth 80's electro-R&B into one song, with a modern twist on its lyrics.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" has received generally positive reviews from music critics. "Entertainment Weekly" Eric Renner Brown gave "24K Magic" an "A" note. He praised the lead single, saying it is on the same level as Mars's earlier, "Just the Way You Are" (2010) and "Locked Out of Heaven" (2012), and maybe even better due to its "detail and finesse". According to Brown, these qualities along with "world-class vocals", allow "24K Magic" to "levitate". He felt Tupac Shakur's "California Love" (1995) and Michael Jackson's "Off the Wall" (1979) influenced it. Jay Willis of "GQ" called the song "delightful"— the second part of "Uptown Funk". Willis praised Mars for using the same formula as the earlier single and described the intro as "reminiscent of mid-1990s K-Ci & Jojo". Carl Williott of Idolator rated the song a nine out of ten, comparing it to "Pure Funk compilations, West Coast G-funk and to Midnight Star". Williott said the track did not bring anything new, but it came at a time when there were not enough party songs. In the same review, Mike Wass awarded the song 8 out of 10 feeling that it is a mash-up of the 70's, 80's and 90's R&B into "a nuclear-power party anthem" to be played in discos over the next years. "Time" Tekendra Parmar called the title track "delicious". The staff of "Rap-Up" thought Mars created a great song, calling the hook "infectious". Jason Lipshutz of "Billboard" compared "24K Magic" to the TV show "Stranger Things" (2016), since both evoke nostalgic feelings. Lipshutz found the single "impressive", with a "killer groove" that mashed the "G-funk" genre into a song with modern elements. He also complemented Mars's vocals and "ear for melody". Patrick Bowen, reviewing the album for Idolator, said "24K Magic" has the best chorus Mars ever wrote, being superior to "Uptown Funk" in every detail.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In a mixed review for Idolator, Rachel Sonis "24K Magic" a 6.5 out of 10. She described the track as "glossy, lavish and teeming with old-school The Neptunes vibes", but concluded that the single does not accomplish anything new. Robbie Daw of the site rated the track 5 out of 10 saying that it is a throwback to the 80's R&B as a continuation of "Uptown Funk". He too thought it did not add anything new to pop music—"it simply keeps the party going".


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The song was listed by several publications as being among the best songs of the year. "Entertainment Weekly" Ray Rahman dubbed the song a "bulletproof party jam", ranking it number 35 on the list of 100 songs. On the list of the 101 best songs of 2016 compiled by "Spin", the publication ranked the song at number 61 and Winston Cook-Wilson said that Mars emulated the style he listened to while growing up and was nothing but impressive. On the "Billboard" 100 Best Pop Songs of 2016: Critics' Picks list, the single was placed at number 64. Taylor Weatherby wrote that Mars was able to "create another bonafide hip-shaker" like "Uptown Funk" thanks to "24K Magic"s "infectious beat and James Brown-worthy vocal exhortations". "The Village Voice"s annual year-end Pazz & Jop critics' poll selected it as the 48th best song of 2016, tied with Childish Gambino's "Redbone" and Beyoncé's "All Night". In 2017, "24K Magic" received a nomination for International Hit of the Year at the 2017 Danish GAFFA Awards. It was nominated by the 48th NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Song, Contemporary. In the same year, "24K Magic" won Top 40 Single of the Year at the New Music Awards.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In the same year, at the 30th Annual Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards the track received a nomination for Favorite Song, and a nomination for International Hit of the Year at the MTV Millennial Awards. At the 2017 Radio Disney Music Awards, the single won the award for Best Song That Makes You Smile. "24K Magic" received the accolade for Top 10 Gold International Gold Songs at the RTHK International Pop Poll. In the same year, it was nominated for Best R&B Song at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards. The song was nominated for Choice Music: Pop Song at the 2017 Teen Choice Awards, but lost. In 2018, "24K Magic" won Record of The Year at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony. That same year, it lost the award for International Work of the Year at the APRA Music Awards. The song won an award for excellence in Record Production/Single or Track at the 2018 TEC Awards. Mediabase, in their year-end list of 2017, had "24K Magic" as the third most played song at Urban AC stations. In 2017, the track was one of the winners of Most Performed Songs at the ASCAP Pop Music Awards. In the following year, at the same award ceremony, it won, again, Most Performed Songs, and from the Rhythm & Soul Music Awards was one of the Winning R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In the United States, "24K Magic" debuted at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with 101.000 downloads, 12.8 million streams and 65 million radio impressions in its first full tracking week. At the time, it was Mars's highest debut on the Hot 100 chart. On the week of December 10, 2016, the single reached its peak of number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "24K Magic" became Mars's seventh number-one song on the "Billboard" Rhythmic chart, and peaked at number two on the Dance Club Songs and Dance/Mix Show Airplay charts. It peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Adult Pop Songs and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. "24K Magic" peaked at number three on the Canadian Hot 100 for the week of December 31, 2016. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified it five times platinum. Music Canada (MC) certified it six times platinum. As of September 2017, the single has sold 1,722,000 pure copies in the US.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: "24K Magic" debuted at number one on France's Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) chart for the week ending October 15, 2016. It was certified diamond by the SNEP. In Belgium, it reached the top spot on the Ultratop 50 in Flanders and earned a platinum certification. In its third week on the Argentinian Monitor Latino chart, the track reached the top spot. The song entered at number 13 on the New Zealand Singles Chart and peaked at number one, spending two weeks in the top spot. It has received a platinum certification by Recorded Music New Zealand (RMNZ), with over 30,000 certified units. In Australia, "24K Magic" debuted at number 12 on the ARIA Singles Chart, and ultimately peaked at number three. The song has been certified five times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), with 350,000 certified units. The single peaked at number four on the Portuguese Singles Chart after debuting at number 20.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In the United Kingdom, the song debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart on October 20, 2016. It peaked at number five on the week of November 17, 2016. The British Phonographic Industry (BPI) certified "24K Magic" twice platinum for over 1,200,000 certified units. On the Scottish Singles Chart, it also peaked within the top five. In the Republic of Ireland, the single peaked at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart, after debuting at number 25. The song reached the top five of the Spanish Top 100 and later received a double platinum certification by Productores de Música de España (PROMUSICAE), and peaked at number six in the Dutch Top 40. In Switzerland, it entered the top ten by peaking at number nine on the Singles Top 75 and received a gold certification by IFPI Switzerland. In Italy, the song was certified two times platinum, despite only peaking at number 16 on the FIMI Singles Chart. The track peaked at number two on the South Korea International Chart, number three and four on the Lebanese Top 20 and Brasil Hot 100 Airplay. It also peaked at number two on the Hungarian Rádiós Top 40 and at number nine on the Philippine Hot 100.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The song's official music video was filmed in Las Vegas, Nevada. Some of the filming locations included the Fountains of the Bellagio hotel and the Fremont Hotel and Casino. Mars and his frequent collaborator Cameron Duddy directed the video released on October 7, 2016. It begins with Mars's private jet landing at the McCarran International Airport in Las Vegas. Surrounded by luxurious cars, the jet's steps are lowered. Then, Mars is seen wearing Versace, designer minks and a baseball cap with XXIV written on it as he starts to put on his golden jewelry that consists of rings, necklaces chain, and sunglasses. His band, The Hooligans, feature in the music video wear lightweight tracksuits. The rest of the video includes intercut shots of Mars and his band having fun by the poolside, partying, drinking and playing the tables at the MGM Grand Las Vegas. They party and dance, with glasses of champagne in their hands, inside and at the front of casinos. The video features several women wearing "door knocker earrings" in bikinis and sometimes wearing men's denim, while they twerk. Other scenes include the singer and some of his bandmates driving down the Strip in a black Cadillac Allanté convertible, later purchased by Mars, and riding power-driven scooters in the casino, while "throwing money in the air". At the end of the video, Mars rides a jet ski in the Fountains of the Bellagio hotel.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: A second promotional music video, with Victoria's Secret Angels, was released on December 2, 2016. It features Victoria's Secret models Adriana Lima, Elsa Hosk, Jasmine Tookes, Lais Ribeiro, Romee Strijd, Stella Maxwell and Taylor Hill lip-syncing to the song. It has been described as the fusion of a "homemade music video and a Victoria's Secret ad".


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: Raquel Rose Burger of "Billboard" noticed the 1990s hip-hop trends included in the music video, including the likes of tracksuits, gold chains and snapbacks, among others. Partick Bowen from Idolator found the music video "approximately 95% stunting". "NME"s Rhian Daly criticized the video clip not only for its lack of originality but also the number of clichés. Daly pointed out how Mars could not stop showing off how rich he is. Tom Breihan of "Stereogum" considered the second promotional music video average with nothing "especially fun or spontaneous about it". However, he felt "it does have a lot of very beautiful women in it". Jordan Appugliesi from "Entertainment Tonight Canada" thought the girls in the video looked "adorable" and they were having a blast "in the super fun video" while looking amazing.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The official video received multiple awards and nominations. In 2017, it received an award for Video of the Year and a nomination for Coca-Cola Viewers' Choice at the BET Awards. At the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards, it received nominations for Video of the Year, Best Direction and Best Art Direction. That same year, the video received a nomination for Outstanding Music Video at the 48th NAACP Image Awards. It was also nominated for Favorite Music Video at the 2017 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. At the 2017 Soul Train Music Awards, the music video won Mars Best Dance Performance and Video of the Year. The video reached 1.3 billion views on YouTube in March 2021.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: Mars first performed the song live on "Saturday Night Live" on October 15, 2016. His performance was well received by critics. Daniel Kreps of "Rolling Stone" magazine praised the "electric performance" describing it as a "fluid, full-scale spectacle as the camera followed Mars and his singers down a hallway and into the audience" throwing an "epic dance party". Christina Lee of Idolator praised the performance, writing that it was a party with a "California Love" vibe for the "Nae Nae generation". She added that Mars and his band came from backstage, "West Side Story-style, to join a crowd that was already dancing". He also performed "24K Magic" live on "The X Factor UK", on October 30, 2016. The "Daily Express"s Becca Longmire found the performance "epic". It caused some controversy as he and his band were accused of "miming". The singer was "extremely insulted" by the accusations and denied them. Mars performed the song with his band on BBC Radio's 1 Live Lounge on November 4, 2016.


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: The singer performed "24K Magic" on November 6, 2016, at the MTV Europe Music Awards. Adelle Platon of "Billboard" praised his show, saying it was "an illuminated performance" thanks to the pyro used. He was also complemented on his "disco moves ... synched with lights on the stage floor". Later that month, he performed the single on the Norwegian television talk show "Skavlan" and on the following day at the 2016 NRJ Music Awards. Mars also performed the single at the 2016 American Music Awards on November 20. His band joined him on the stage, which featured an electric blue background and pyro. The performance included a break dance. On November 30, the singer performed it on the Victoria's Secret Fashion Show 2016, aired on CBS. His performance was part of the "Bright Night Angel" segment. During The Late Late Show with James Corden on December 13, 2016, Mars included "24K Magic" on the popular segment Carpool Karaoke. Mars also performed the single on top of the Apollo Theater marquee alongside the majority of the "24K Magic" album for his CBS prime time special titled "", which aired on November 29, 2017. The track was the second song on the set list of his third tour—24K Magic World Tour (2017–18).


title: 24K Magic (song)

text: In 2017, Conor Maynard and Alex Aiono covered "24K Magic" in a sing-off. Kendrick Lamar's single "Loyalty", featuring Rihanna, on his album "Damn" (2017), sampled the song's intro reversed. In early 2017, Heidi Klum used the track in the trailer announcement for next season of "Germany's Next Top Model", where she is one of the judges. "24K Magic" ended up being used on the 12th cycle of "Germany's Next Topmodel". Hershey featured the song in a 2018 commercial for its Hershey's Gold chocolate bar. The track is featured in the video game "Just Dance 2018" and on the film "".


title: Choi Moo-sung

text: Choi Myung-soo (born January 12, 1968), better known by his stage name Choi Moo-sung, is a South Korean actor.


title: Ed Bastian

text: Edward H. Bastian (born June 6, 1957) is an American business executive. He is the ninth and current chief executive officer of Delta Air Lines, serving in this role since May 2, 2016.


title: Ed Bastian

text: Bastian grew up in Poughkeepsie, New York, the oldest of nine children. His father was a dentist and his mother was a dental assistant. The couple operated a dental practice from within the family home. He graduated from Our Lady of Lourdes High School in Poughkeepsie in 1975.


title: Ed Bastian

text: In 1979, Bastian received a Bachelor of Business Administration in accounting from St. Bonaventure University in Cattaraugus County, New York.


title: Ed Bastian

text: Bastian began his career as an auditor in New York City at Price Waterhouse, now PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC). During a 1981 annual review, he uncovered a $50 million fraud scheme involving ad powerhouse J. Walter Thompson. This prompted a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation, leaving many PWC executives with marred careers. A few years later, Bastian was named partner at age 31.


title: Ed Bastian

text: After PWC, he served as vice president at PepsiCo, where he managed international finances for its Frito-Lay snack division until 1998, when he joined Delta Air Lines as vice president - finance and controller. In 2000, he was promoted to senior vice president – finance and controller.


title: Ed Bastian

text: Bastian left Delta in 2005 to become senior vice president and chief financial officer at Acuity Brands. Six months later, at the request of then-Delta CEO Gerald Grinstein, he returned to the airline to serve as chief financial officer. In 2007, he was appointed to president, a position he held until assuming the role of CEO in May 2016. His transition to CEO was the first time Delta had chosen a chief executive officer from within the company since 1987.


title: Ed Bastian

text: A father of 4, he splits his time between Atlanta, where Delta Air Lines is headquartered, and Florida.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The Ferrari SF1000 is a Formula One racing car designed and constructed by Scuderia Ferrari, which competed in the 2020 Formula One World Championship.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The SF1000 was driven by Sebastian Vettel and Charles Leclerc in 2020. The car was planned to make its competitive debut at the 2020 Australian Grand Prix, but this was delayed when the race was called off due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the next nine events were postponed or cancelled as well. The SF1000 ultimately made its debut at the 2020 Austrian Grand Prix.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The car's designation "SF1000" refers to Ferrari's one thousandth Grand Prix entry, which was originally due to occur at the , however, due to the cancellation and postponement of several races its 1000th race was at the . Sebastian Vettel continued his tradition of naming his cars, this time calling it "Lucilla".


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: As a consequence of the technical regulations being largely unchanged for the season, the SF1000 was designed as an evolution of its predecessor the SF90, with team principal Mattia Binotto stating: "The starting point for this car was the SF90 but we have been extreme with all the concepts as much as we could".


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The SF1000's centre of gravity was lowered through lowering elements of its cooling system. The initial release of the car showed that it also featured narrower sidepod inlets, tighter rear bodywork and more complex bargeboard components.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Following the 2019 season, the FIA launched an investigation into Ferrari's power unit following claims that it had violated the technical regulations' provisions on fuel flow restrictions. The investigation concluded with no penalty being given to Ferrari as no case could be proven. However, the FIA tightened the fuel flow provisions for the 2020 season and introduced a second fuel flow sensor. The SF1000 was slower for the 2020 season, with GPS analysis suggesting that it had lost in comparison to the SF90.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Prior to the start of the delayed 2020 season, Binotto revealed that for the the team would use the same configuration of the SF1000 that appeared in pre-season testing. He also stated that "at the moment, we don’t have the fastest package" and that the team would introduce a major update for the third race in Hungary.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: At the first race, the , Leclerc and Vettel could only qualify seventh and 11th respectively, with Ferrari CEO Louis Camilleri remarking that it was "clear that we have to improve on all fronts." During the race, Leclerc took advantage of the retirements of both Red Bulls and a time penalty for Lewis Hamilton to finish an unexpected second, whereas Vettel finished 10th having spun during an overtake attempt. Vettel stated he was "happy that [he] spun only once" and that the car was very difficult to drive.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The team brought forward some of their planned updates to the , however the SF1000 did not fare much better in the rain-affected qualifying session with Vettel and Leclerc qualifying only 10th and 11th respectively. Leclerc was later demoted three places on the grid for impeding another driver during the session. Both drivers were then eliminated from the race on the first lap after Leclerc collided against Vettel. Vettel noted that racing on the same circuit on consecutive weekends would have provided the team with an opportunity to test and compare the SF1000's new upgrades, but that the collision made this impossible.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Vettel and Leclerc qualified fifth and sixth respectively for the Hungarian Grand Prix. This was the first time in 2020 that both Ferraris had reached the third qualifying session, albeit qualifying over 1.3 seconds behind pole-sitter Hamilton and behind both Racing Point cars. Vettel finished sixth having recovered from a slow pit stop, however Leclerc finished outside the points in 11th after being passed by the McLaren of Carlos Sainz Jr. in the closing laps. Leclerc remarked that the car was "extremely hard to drive" and was confused by the drop in performance after a "better than expected" qualifying session. After the race, Binotto admitted that "the entire car project has to be revised".


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Both cars reached Q3 again at the , with Vettel qualifying 10th and Leclerc achieving the SF1000's best qualifying result thus far with fourth. Leclerc maintained his position during the race until he was elevated to the podium in the closing laps after the Mercedes of Valtteri Bottas suffered a tyre failure, an incident that also promoted Vettel to 10th after he had been running outside the points positions. Leclerc later described his podium finish as "lucky". At the following weekend's 70th Anniversary Grand Prix, Leclerc and Vettel qualified eighth and 12th respectively. Whilst most drivers made two pit stops during the race, Leclerc took advantage of a one-stop strategy to finish fourth, a result he described as "like a victory". Vettel, meanwhile, spun on the opening lap and remarked that his two-stop tyre strategy "didn't make any sense" after finishing in 12th place.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Leclerc and Vettel qualified ninth and 11th respectively for the . Leclerc retired from the race with an ECU issue, whereas Vettel took advantage of an "unplanned" one-stop strategy to hold onto seventh place in the closing laps. The SF1000 struggled at the ; neither car reached Q3 for the first time in 2020, with Leclerc and Vettel qualifying only 13th and 14th respectively. Leclerc's SF1000 was slower through the circuit's speed trap than his predecessor SF90 was a year prior, and Ferrari were the only team not to improve on their 2019 qualifying time. Vettel finished the race 13th and Leclerc 14th, at a circuit where the SF90 had taken pole position and victory. Binotto commented that the team was "disappointed and angry" with its poor performance, judged to be due to a lack of aerodynamic efficiency, power and tyre grip.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: At the Scuderia home race at Monza, the SF1000 failed to reach Q2 for the first time with Vettel qualifying 17th after being caught in traffic. Leclerc could qualify only 13th. Vettel suffered a brake failure in the early laps and retired from the race. Leclerc was running in fourth place before suffering a high-speed accident at the final corner, bringing out the red flag and resulting in Ferrari's second double-retirement of the season. Vettel later remarked that it was "a blessing" that no fans were in attendance, and that expectations were "very low" for the following race at Mugello. To mark the team's 1000th Grand Prix at the , the SF1000 appeared in a burgundy livery in honour of Ferrari's first racing car, the 125 S. Vettel qualified 14th and Leclerc fifth, with Leclerc commenting that his result was "above any of our expectations". Eight retirements in the race allowed Vettel to claim a point in 10th, whereas Leclerc dropped back to ninth behind the Ferrari-customer Alfa Romeo of Kimi Räikkönen, before being elevated to eighth after Räikkönen received a penalty.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The SF1000 received minor upgrades for the , however Binotto cautioned that they would "not change the big picture". Both cars failed to reach Q3, with Leclerc and Vettel qualifying 11th and 15th respectively. Vettel could only finish 13th, whereas Leclerc made up places to finish sixth. Leclerc described the upgrades as having "gone in the right direction", although Binotto claimed that the result was more due to the characteristics of the Sochi Autodrom. Ferrari brought upgrades to the , primarily focused on the SF1000's diffuser. Leclerc matched the SF1000's best qualifying result with fourth and finished the race in seventh, whereas Vettel qualified and finished 11th. The team again brought upgrades to the diffuser for the , stating that their aim was to qualify in the top six at the remaining six races of the season. Leclerc achieved this at Portimão by again qualifying fourth, however Vettel was far behind in 15th, remarking that despite his best efforts, Leclerc was "in another league". Leclerc fell behind at the start of the race but recovered to finish fourth and Vettel was able to claim a point with 10th place.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: Leclerc and Vettel qualified seventh and 14th respectively for the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix. Leclerc had run in fourth place late in the race, however he was passed by the AlphaTauri of Daniil Kvyat, who had stopped for fresh soft-compound tyres during a late safety car. Leclerc later suggested that a podium finish could have been possible with a different strategy. Vettel's race was hampered by a collision with Kevin Magnussen on the opening lap, followed by a slow pit stop later in the race. He crossed the finish line in 12th place. Both cars failed to reach Q3 at the , with Vettel qualifying 12th and Leclerc 14th. Vettel made multiple overtakes at the race start, climbing from 11th to third place before the end of the first lap. On the final lap, Leclerc and Vettel were running in third and fourth place respectively. Leclerc made a mistake whilst attempting to overtake second-placed Sergio Pérez, allowing Vettel through to claim his first podium finish of the season.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: In contrast to the team's best combined result of the year at the Turkish Grand Prix, the SF1000 collected only a single point over the final three races of the season. Both cars again failed to reach Q3 at the , with Vettel qualifying 11th and Leclerc 12th. After qualifying, Ferrari's sporting director Laurent Mekies suggested that Leclerc "[didn't] have his normal level of confidence" with the SF1000. Leclerc scored a point by finishing the race 10th, whilst Vettel finished 13th. At the following week's , Vettel qualified 13th whilst Leclerc was able to qualify fourth, a result he was "extremely happy" with. On the first lap of the race, Leclerc caused the retirements of both himself and Max Verstappen after colliding with Sergio Pérez during an overtake attempt. Leclerc was handed a three-place grid penalty for the next race, and remarked that he would "try to choose the fights better". Vettel suffered two slow pit stops during the race and crossed the line 12th. After the race, the team stated that issues with the SF1000's wheel nuts had been the cause of their slow pit stops, a problem that had affected the team throughout the year. Vettel remarked that the team's pit equipment "probably needs an overhaul". At the season-ending , Leclerc qualified ninth and Vettel qualified 13th in his final race for the team. Both cars fell back in the race, eventually finishing 13th and 14th behind the Ferrari-powered Alfa Romeo of Räikkönen again.


title: Ferrari SF1000

text: The SF1000 took Ferrari to sixth place in the constructors' championship, the team's worst result since finishing 10th with the Ferrari 312T5 in . After the final race, Vettel commented that the season was "quite tough and tiring" and that he was "happy, obviously, that the season is over". In reference to the upcoming season, Mattia Binotto remarked "we cannot accept a similar season to 2020", and that "if I look at the way we are developing the car, I've got some hope that the [2021] season can be better"


title: Devil's food cake

text: Devil's food cake is a moist, rich chocolate layer cake. It is considered a counterpart to the white or yellow angel food cake. Because of differing recipes and changing ingredient availability over the 20th century, it is difficult to precisely qualify what distinguishes devil's food from the more standard chocolate cake. However, it traditionally has more chocolate than a regular chocolate cake, making it darker in colour and with a heavier texture. The cake is usually paired with a rich chocolate frosting.


title: Devil's food cake

text: Devil's food cake was invented in the United States in the early twentieth century, with the recipe in print as early as 1905.


title: Devil's food cake

text: Devil's food cake traditionally uses unsweetened chocolate baking squares in lieu of unsweetened cocoa powder. However, contemporary recipes typically use cocoa powder for its convenience over the more traditional chocolate baking squares. Also, because of its reduced amount of cocoa butter, cocoa powder has a more intense chocolate flavor than unsweetened chocolate. Moreover, coffee is frequently added as a liquid to enhance the chocolate flavor. Some recipes use hot or boiling water as the cake's main liquid, rather than milk. Its antithetical counterpart, the angel food cake, is a very light white cake that uses stiffly beaten egg whites and no dairy.


title: Devil's food cake

text: Devil's food cake is sometimes distinguished from other chocolate cakes by the use of additional baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), which raises the pH level and makes the cake a deeper and darker mahogany color. Devil's food cake incorporates butter (or a substitute), flour, and less egg than other chocolate cakes.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Burton Christopher Bell (born February 19, 1969) is an American musician and vocalist. He is best known as the co-founder and former frontman of the metal band Fear Factory. Until 2021 he was the only member to perform on all of the band's albums. His singing style mixes clean and shouted vocals with death growls.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Prior to his role in Fear Factory, Bell was in the band Hateface. In 1989, after Hateface disbanded, his housemate Dino Cazares invited him to meet a drummer (Raymond Herrera) to possibly work with. On October 31, 1990, Bell, Cazares, Herrera and Romero jammed for the first time in a studio in South Los Angeles. The group recorded four studio albums before Fear Factory disbanded temporarily in 2002. The band reformed in 2004 with Christian Olde Wolbers switching from bass to guitar and Byron Stroud on bass. This line-up recorded two albums. During the following period of inactivity within the band, Cazares and Bell patched up their differences, and in 2009 decided to have Fear Factory return to form.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell is the only member to have appeared on every Fear Factory release from their first demo in 1991 to their tenth studio album "Aggression Continuum" (2021).


title: Burton C. Bell

text: After 31 years as the singer of Fear Factory, Bell announced on September 28, 2020 that he had left the band, citing "consistent series of dishonest representations and unfounded accusations from past and present band members" and a bitter feud between himself and Cazares. However, his vocals appear on their tenth studio album "Aggression Continuum", which had been completed in 2017 but not released until 2021.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: On June 16 2021, Bell performed the Fear Factory song "Replica" with a group of Australian musicians in Sydney. This happened after he'd done a DJ set at a local venue.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: After Fear Factory's hiatus in 2002, Bell went on to form Ascension of the Watchers with John Bechdel at Bechdel's studio in Mifflinburg, Pennsylvania. The Watchers released an online-only EP titled "Iconoclast" in 2005. On February 19, 2008, Ascension of the Watchers released their first full-length album "Numinosum" through Ministry frontman Al Jourgensen's record label 13th Planet.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: In February 2017, Bell rebooted Ascension of the Watchers and began recording at Northstone Studios, South Wales, collaborating with Welsh solo artist Jayce Lewis. With Bell regarding Lewis as a "Musical Soulmate", the pair recorded a new album titled "Apocrypha" and released it via Dissonance Productions.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell has performed guest vocals on many records in addition to taking lead vocal duties for G/Z/R's "Plastic Planet" album released in 1995. Due to commitments with Fear Factory, Bell was not the vocalist for G/Z/R's second album, "Black Science".


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell, alongside fellow bandmate, Dino Cazares, appeared on the Soulfly song "Eye for an Eye" in 1998. Bell featured as guest vocalist on the Apartment 26 song "Void", a bonus track from their debut album "Hallucinating" in 2000.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell recorded a track for UK metal band This Is Menace; the track was then cut out of the final edit from the album "No End in Sight". Bell performed live in the encore segments of the Ministry 2008 Tour, singing songs such as "Stigmata", "Thieves" and "So What", taking over vocal duties from Al Jourgensen.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell featured on Delain's 2012 album "We Are the Others", providing vocals for the track "Where Is the Blood".


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell was featured on Chris Vrenna's project Tweaker on the song "I Am the One", intended to appear on the album "The Attraction to All Things Uncertain". When Vrenna reedited the album, Bell's song was cut only to be included in a DVD instead.


title: Burton C. Bell

text: Bell provided backing vocals on the 20th anniversary re-recording of Pitchshifter's "Un-United Kingdom".


title: Epidaurus

text: Epidaurus () was a small city ("polis") in ancient Greece, on the Argolid Peninsula at the Saronic Gulf. Two modern towns bear the name Epidavros: "Palaia Epidavros" and "Nea Epidavros". Since 2010 they belong to the new municipality of Epidaurus, part of the regional unit of Argolis. The seat of the municipality is the town Lygourio. The nearby sanctuary and ancient theatre were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1988 because of their exemplary architecture and importance in the development and spread of healing sanctuaries and cults across the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.


title: Epidaurus

text: The name “Epidaurus” is of Greek origin. It was named after the hero Epidauros, son of Apollo. According to Strabo, the city was originally named Ἐπίκαρος (Epíkaros) under the Carians, (Aristotle claimed that Caria, as a naval empire, occupied Epidaurus and Hermione) before taking the name Ἐπίταυρος (Epítauros) when the city was taken by the Ionians and finally becoming Ἐπίδαυρος (Epídavros) after the Dorians conquered the city. Compare the individual elements ἐπί (epí, “upon”), Καρία (Karía, “Carian”), ταῦρος (taûros, “bull”) and Δωριεύς (Dōrieús “Dorian”)/Δωριεῖς (Dōrieîs, “Dorians”).


title: Epidaurus

text: Epidaurus was independent of Argos and not included in Argolis until the time of the Romans. With its supporting territory, it formed the small territory called Epidauria. It was reputed to be founded by or named for the hero Epidaurus, and to be the birthplace of Apollo's son Asclepius the healer.


title: Epidaurus

text: Epidaurus is best known for its healing sanctuary ("asclepeion") and the Temple of Asclepius, situated about five miles (8 km) from the town, with its theatre, which is still in use today. The cult of Asclepius at Epidaurus is attested in the 6th century BC, when the older hill-top sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas was no longer spacious enough. It was the most celebrated healing centre of the Classical world, the place where ill people went in the hope of being cured. To find out the right cure for their ailments, they spent a night in the "enkoimeteria", a big sleeping hall. In their dreams, the god himself would advise them what they had to do to regain their health. Within the sanctuary there was a guest house with 160 guest rooms. There are also mineral springs in the vicinity, which may have been used in healing.


title: Epidaurus

text: Asclepius, the most important healer god of antiquity, brought prosperity to the sanctuary, which in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC embarked on an ambitious building program for enlarging and reconstruction of monumental buildings. Fame and prosperity continued throughout the Hellenistic period. After the destruction of Corinth in 146 BC Lucius Mummius visited the sanctuary and left two dedications there. In 87 BC, the sanctuary was looted by the Roman general Sulla. In 74 BC, a Roman garrison under Marcus Antonius Creticus had been installed in the city causing a lack of grain. Still, before 67 BC the sanctuary was plundered by pirates. In the 2nd century AD the sanctuary enjoyed a new upsurge under the Romans, but in AD 395 the Goths raided the sanctuary.


title: Epidaurus

text: Even after the introduction of Christianity and the silencing of the oracles, the sanctuary at Epidaurus was still known as late as the mid 5th century as a Christian healing centre.


title: Epidaurus

text: The town of Epidaurus had its own theatre which has been excavated since 1990 and found to be well-preserved. Dating from the 4th c. BC it had about 2000 seats. It has been renovated and is open to the public, as part of a scheme to conserve and enhance ancient theatres which has mapped 140 ancient arenas across Greece.


title: Epidaurus

text: The prosperity brought by the asclepeion enabled Epidaurus to construct civic monuments, including the huge theatre that delighted Pausanias for its symmetry and beauty, used again today for dramatic performances, the ceremonial "hestiatoreion" (banqueting hall), and a palaestra. The ancient theatre of Epidaurus was designed by Polykleitos the Younger in the 4th century BC. The original 34 rows were extended in Roman times by another 21 rows. As is usual for Greek theatres (and as opposed to Roman ones), the view on a lush landscape behind the "skênê" is an integral part of the theatre itself and is not to be obscured. It seats up to 14,000 people.


title: Epidaurus

text: The theatre has long had a reputation for its exceptional acoustics, which reportedly allowed almost perfect intelligibility of unamplified spoken words from the proscenium or "skēnē" to all 14,000 spectators, regardless of their seating, a tale often recounted by tour guides. In-situ measurements, however, somewhat moderate these claims: although most sounds can indeed be noticed throughout, intelligibility is not guaranteed, particularly for voice, which requires good projection, which might not have been a problem for Greek actors, who were reputed experts in this aspect. The acoustic properties are caused both by the physical shape, but also the construction material: the rows of limestone seats filter out low-frequency sounds, such as the murmur of the crowd, and also amplify the high-frequency sounds of the stage.


title: Epidaurus

text: The municipality Epidavros was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following two former municipalities, that became municipal units:


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: "And Now His Watch Is Ended" is the fourth episode of the third season of HBO's fantasy television series "Game of Thrones", and the 24th episode of the series. It was written by showrunners and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss and directed by Alex Graves, his directorial debut for the series.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The episode's title comes from a chant made by the Night's Watch at the funeral of a fallen brother while at Craster's Keep.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Varys tells Tyrion of being made a eunuch by a sorcerer in Myr, before revealing that he captured the sorcerer and intends to take revenge on him. Ros informs Varys that Baelish may take Sansa when he leaves to wed Lysa Arryn, and Varys warns Olenna that Baelish may seek to control Sansa for control of the North.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Discussing the missing Jaime and the Tyrells' presence with Tywin, Cersei distrusts Margaery for her ability to manipulate Joffrey. Sansa tells Margaery that Cersei will not allow her to leave King's Landing, and Margaery says she would see Sansa wed to Ser Loras.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Locke and his men taunt Jaime for the loss of his sword hand. They trick him into drinking horse urine and he tries to attack them but is beaten instead. Brienne chastises Jaime for wanting to die, telling him to live and take revenge.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Arya, Gendry, and the Hound are taken to the Brotherhood's leader, Lord Beric Dondarrion. He calls the Hound a murderer, and Arya and the Hound argue over his execution of Mycah. In the name of the Lord of Light, Dondarrion sentences him to face him in trial by combat.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Bran dreams of chasing the three-eyed raven through the woods with Jojen, and climbs a tree in pursuit of the raven, but falls when Catelyn appears.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Arriving at what he believes is Deepwood Motte, Theon explains to his rescuer that he never killed the Stark boys, having Dagmer Cleftjaw burn two orphans instead, and reveals his remorse, declaring Eddard Stark was his true father. Theon then realises he has been taken back to the dungeon from which he escaped and is subdued by the guards, to the boy's amusement.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Rast declares the Night's Watch cannot trust Craster, and Sam and Gilly discuss her newborn son. After a funeral for a fallen brother, Karl Tanner challenges Craster over their poor food, and Rast enrages Craster by mentioning his bastard parentage. Craster orders the Night's Watch out, but is goaded by Karl, who stabs Craster when he attacks. When Jeor intervenes, Rast kills him. As a fight erupts, Sam flees with Gilly and her son and Rast threatens to kill Sam, if he ever finds him.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Exchanging the Unsullied army for Daenerys's dragon, Kraznys continues to insult her in Valyrian. Daenerys, whose first language is Valyrian and has known Kraznys has been insulting her the entire time, orders her new army to kill all slavers and free every slave, and orders her dragon to kill Kraznys. After the battle, she offers the Unsullied the choice to leave or remain with her as free men; none choose to leave, and Daenerys and her army depart.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: "And Now His Watch Is Ended" was written by showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It was based on George Martin's novels, chapters Tyrion X from "A Clash of Kings" and Jaime IV, Tyrion II, Samwell II, the first part of Arya VI, and the second half of Daenerys III from "A Storm of Swords".


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: Benioff and Weiss considered this episode one of the "big ones" and a turning point of the series. Weiss said that when he was reading the books he was swept away by Daenerys's final scene, and remembered thinking how he'd be able to put it on screen if he could ever get to film it.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: This final scene includes the first instance of the High Valyrian language in the series, apart from short stock phrases, spoken by Daenerys. Up to this point only the Astapori dialect of Low Valyrian, a creolized form of the ancient language of the old Valyrian Empire, had been heard, spoken by the slaver Kraznys. David J. Peterson, the language creator hired by the series, designed both versions of the tongue.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The episode reintroduces Lord Beric Dondarrion, now played by Richard Dormer. Dondarrion had previously been portrayed by David Michael Scott in his brief appearance in the first season episode "A Golden Crown", where he was entrusted by Lord Eddard Stark with the task of capturing Ser Gregor Clegane. This episode also marks James Cosmo's last appearance in the series, as his character Jeor Mormont is killed by his own men.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The episode was helmed by director Alex Graves, a newcomer to the production. The producers praised his work, in particular in the handling of the final scene at Astapor: "He took a scene that had us quite nervous – the number of people on set, the size of the action, the amount of the effects work – and had it all done in a few days. A scene that might take a feature eight days; for us it was two or three."


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The interiors of the episode were shot at Belfast's The Paint Hall, including a new set representing the colossal Great Sept of Baelor at King's Landing. For the exteriors, the episode filmed extensively at the forests of Clandeboye Estate, where the sets of Craster's Keep and the encampment of Locke's band were built. The gardens where Olenna and Varys plot are parts of the Trsteno Arboretum, in Croatia.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The scenes with Daenerys were filmed in Morocco. While during the first three episodes the city of Astapor had been represented by the coastal ramparts of Essaouira, the plaza and the walls seen in the episode were sets from Atlas Studios, located five kilometres west of the city of Ouarzazate. The walls had been built to stand in for the city of Jerusalem in the 2005 film "Kingdom of Heaven".


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The ratings of the episode raised to a new record for the series, with a viewership of 4.87 million viewers and a 2.6 share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49. The encore was watched by another 1.03 million, totaling 5.90 million viewers for the night. In the United Kingdom, the episode was seen by 0.992 million viewers on Sky Atlantic, being the channel's second highest-rated broadcast that week.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The episode received critical acclaim, being consistently rated as the best of the season at the time of its airing. Review aggregator surveyed 21 reviews of the episode and judged 100% of them to be positive with an average score of 9.2 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "'And Now His Watch is Ended' is an enthralling meditation on betrayal and revenge, bolstered by a mind-blowing surprise for those who would underestimate Daenerys Targarean ." IGN's Matt Fowler rated it with a 9.3/10, highlighting "shocking deaths, brutal double-crosses and a Kingslayer undone made for some mighty fine Thrones". David Simms, writing for The A.V. Club, considered it "an insanely satisfying, shocking episode" and gave it an "A" grade. His colleague Emily VanDerWerff agreed on the score.


title: And Now His Watch Is Ended

text: The final scene with Daenerys was unanimously praised. At Cultural Learnings, Myles McNutt found that the scene was one of the series's best sequences and considered it an impressive feat to have achieved a climax so satisfying for the viewer with only a relatively small number of scenes building up to it in the first three episodes. VanDerWerff felt that Emilia Clarke's performance was Emmy worthy. HitFix's Alan Sepinwall also praised her performance, remarking that "her big moment comes in a (fictional) foreign language, and the subtitles are barely necessary. That's how good she is."


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Baron Siméon Denis Poisson FRS FRSE (; 21 June 1781 – 25 April 1840) was a French mathematician and physicist who worked on statistics, complex analysis, partial differential equations, the calculus of variations, analytical mechanics, electricity and magnetism, thermodynamics, elasticity, and fluid mechanics. Moreover, he predicted the Poisson spot in his attempt to disprove the wave theory of Augustin-Jean Fresnel, which was later confirmed.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson was born in Pithiviers, Loiret district in France, the son of Siméon Poisson, an officer in the French army.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In 1798, he entered the École Polytechnique in Paris as first in his year, and immediately began to attract the notice of the professors of the school, who left him free to make his own decisions as to what he would study. In his final year of study, less than two years after his entry, he published two memoirs, one on Étienne Bézout's method of elimination, the other on the number of integrals of a finite difference equation and this was so impressive that he was allowed to graduate in 1800 without taking the final examination. The latter of the memoirs was examined by Sylvestre-François Lacroix and Adrien-Marie Legendre, who recommended that it should be published in the "Recueil des savants étrangers," an unprecedented honor for a youth of eighteen. This success at once procured entry for Poisson into scientific circles. Joseph Louis Lagrange, whose lectures on the theory of functions he attended at the École Polytechnique, recognized his talent early on, and became his friend. Meanwhile, Pierre-Simon Laplace, in whose footsteps Poisson followed, regarded him almost as his son. The rest of his career, until his death in Sceaux near Paris, was occupied by the composition and publication of his many works and in fulfilling the duties of the numerous educational positions to which he was successively appointed.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Immediately after finishing his studies at the École Polytechnique, he was appointed "répétiteur" (teaching assistant) there, a position which he had occupied as an amateur while still a pupil in the school; for his schoolmates had made a custom of visiting him in his room after an unusually difficult lecture to hear him repeat and explain it. He was made deputy professor ("professeur suppléant") in 1802, and, in 1806 full professor succeeding Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier, whom Napoleon had sent to Grenoble. In 1808 he became astronomer to the Bureau des Longitudes; and when the was instituted in 1809 he was appointed a professor of rational mechanics ("professeur de mécanique rationelle"). He went on to become a member of the Institute in 1812, examiner at the military school ("École Militaire") at Saint-Cyr in 1815, graduation examiner at the École Polytechnique in 1816, councillor of the university in 1820, and geometer to the Bureau des Longitudes succeeding Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1827.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In 1817, he married Nancy de Bardi and with her, he had four children. His father, whose early experiences had led him to hate aristocrats, bred him in the stern creed of the First Republic. Throughout the Revolution, the Empire, and the following restoration, Poisson was not interested in politics, concentrating instead on mathematics. He was appointed to the dignity of baron in 1825, but he neither took out the diploma nor used the title. In March 1818, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1822 a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1823 a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The revolution of July 1830 threatened him with the loss of all his honours; but this disgrace to the government of Louis-Philippe was adroitly averted by François Jean Dominique Arago, who, while his "revocation" was being plotted by the council of ministers, procured him an invitation to dine at the Palais-Royal, where he was openly and effusively received by the citizen king, who "remembered" him. After this, of course, his degradation was impossible, and seven years later he was made a peer of France, not for political reasons, but as a representative of French science.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: As a teacher of mathematics Poisson is said to have been extraordinarily successful, as might have been expected from his early promise as a "répétiteur" at the École Polytechnique. As a scientific worker, his productivity has rarely if ever been equaled. Notwithstanding his many official duties, he found time to publish more than three hundred works, several of them extensive treatises, and many of them memoirs dealing with the most abstruse branches of pure mathematics, applied mathematics, mathematical physics, and rational mechanics. (Arago attributed to him the quote, "Life is good for only two things: doing mathematics and teaching it.")


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: A list of Poisson's works, drawn up by himself, is given at the end of Arago's biography. All that is possible is a brief mention of the more important ones. It was in the application of mathematics to physics that his greatest services to science were performed. Perhaps the most original, and certainly the most permanent in their influence, were his memoirs on the theory of electricity and magnetism, which virtually created a new branch of mathematical physics.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Next (or in the opinion of some, first) in importance stand the memoirs on celestial mechanics, in which he proved himself a worthy successor to Pierre-Simon Laplace. The most important of these are his memoirs "Sur les inégalités séculaires des moyens mouvements des planètes", "Sur la variation des constantes arbitraires dans les questions de mécanique", both published in the "Journal" of the École Polytechnique (1809); "Sur la libration de la lune", in "Connaissance des temps" (1821), etc.; and "Sur le mouvement de la terre autour de son centre de gravité", in "Mémoires de l'Académie" (1827), etc. In the first of these memoirs, Poisson discusses the famous question of the stability of the planetary orbits, which had already been settled by Lagrange to the first degree of approximation for the disturbing forces. Poisson showed that the result could be extended to a second approximation, and thus made an important advance in planetary theory. The memoir is remarkable inasmuch as it roused Lagrange, after an interval of inactivity, to compose in his old age one of the greatest of his memoirs, entitled "Sur la théorie des variations des éléments des planètes, et en particulier des variations des grands axes de leurs orbites". So highly did he think of Poisson's memoir that he made a copy of it with his own hand, which was found among his papers after his death. Poisson made important contributions to the theory of attraction.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: As a tribute to Poisson's scientific work, which stretched to more than 300 publications, he was awarded a French peerage in 1837.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson's well-known generalization of Laplace's second order partial differential equation for potential formula_1


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: is known as Poisson's equation after him, was first published in the "Bulletin de la société philomatique" (1813). If formula_3, we retrieve Laplace's equation


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: If formula_5 is a continuous function and if for formula_6 (or if a point 'moves' to infinity) a function formula_7 goes to 0 fast enough, a solution of Poisson's equation is the Newtonian potential of a function formula_8


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: where formula_10 is a distance between a volume element formula_11and a point formula_12. The integration runs over the whole space.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson's two most important memoirs on the subject are "Sur l'attraction des sphéroides" (Connaiss. ft. temps, 1829), and "Sur l'attraction d'un ellipsoide homogène" (Mim. ft. l'acad., 1835).


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson discovered that Laplace's equation is valid only outside of a solid. A rigorous proof for masses with variable density was first given by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1839. Poisson's equation is applicable in not just gravitation, but also electricity and magnetism.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: As the eighteenth century came to a close, human understanding of electrostatics approached maturity. Benjamin Franklin had already established the notion of electric charge and the conservation of charge; Charles-Augustin de Coulomb had enunciated his inverse-square law of electrostatics. In 1777, Joseph-Louis Lagrange introduced the concept of a potential function that can be used to compute the gravitational force of an extended body. In 1812, Poisson adopted this idea and obtained the appropriate expression for electricity, which relates the potential function formula_13 to the electric charge density formula_14. Poisson's work on potential theory inspired George Green's 1828 paper, "An Essay on the Application of Mathematical Analysis to the Theories of Electricity and Magnetism".


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In 1820, Hans Christian Ørsted demonstrated that it was possible to deflect a magnetic needle by closing or opening an electric circuit nearby, resulting in a deluge of published papers attempting to explain the phenomenon. Ampère's law and the Biot-Savart law were quickly deduced. The science of electromagnetism was born. Poisson was also investigating the phenomenon of magnetism at this time, though he insisted on treating electricity and magnetism as separate phenomena. He published two memoirs on magnetism in 1826. By the 1830s, a major research question in the study of electricity was whether or not electricity was a fluid or fluids distinct from matter, or something that simply acts on matter like gravity. Coulomb, Ampère, and Poisson thought that electricity was a fluid distinct from matter. In his experimental research, starting with electrolysis, Michael Faraday sought to show this was not the case. Electricity, Faraday believed, was a part of matter.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson was a member of the academic "old guard" at the Académie royale des sciences de l'Institut de France, who were staunch believers in the particle theory of light and were skeptical of its alternative, the wave theory. In 1818, the Académie set the topic of their prize as diffraction. One of the participants, civil engineer and opticist Augustin-Jean Fresnel submitted a thesis explaining diffraction derived from analysis of both the Huygens–Fresnel principle and Young's double slit experiment.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson studied Fresnel's theory in detail and looked for a way to prove it wrong. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrated that Fresnel's theory predicts an on-axis bright spot in the shadow of a circular obstacle blocking a point source of light, where the particle-theory of light predicts complete darkness. Poisson argued this was absurd and Fresnel's model was wrong. (Such a spot is not easily observed in everyday situations, because most everyday sources of light are not good point sources.)


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: The head of the committee, Dominique-François-Jean Arago, performed the experiment. He molded a 2 mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he observed the predicted bright spot, which vindicated the wave model. Fresnel won the competition.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: After that, the corpuscular theory of light was dead, but was revived in the twentieth century in a different form, wave-particle duality. Arago later noted that the diffraction bright spot (which later became known as both the Arago spot and the Poisson spot) had already been observed by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle and Giacomo F. Maraldi a century earlier.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In pure mathematics, Poisson's most important works were his series of memoirs on definite integrals and his discussion of Fourier series, the latter paving the way for the classic researches of Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet and Bernhard Riemann on the same subject; these are to be found in the "Journal" of the École Polytechnique from 1813 to 1823, and in the "Memoirs de l'Académie" for 1823. He also studied Fourier integrals.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Poisson wrote an essay on the calculus of variations ("Mem. de l'acad.," 1833), and memoirs on the probability of the mean results of observations ("Connaiss. d. temps," 1827, &c). The Poisson distribution in probability theory is named after him.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In 1820 Poisson studied integrations along paths in the complex plane, becoming the first person to do so.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: In 1829, Poisson published a paper on elastic bodies that contained a statement and proof of a special case of what became known as the divergence theorem.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Founded mainly by Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange in the eighteenth century, the calculus of variations saw further development and applications in the nineteenth.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Letformula_15where formula_16. Then formula_17 is extremized if it satisfies the Euler–Lagrange equationsformula_18But if formula_17 depends on higher-order derivatives of formula_20, that is, if formula_21then formula_22 must satisfy the Euler–Poisson equation,formula_23Poisson's "Traité de mécanique" (2 vols. 8vo, 1811 and 1833) was written in the style of Laplace and Lagrange and was long a standard work.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

text: Let formula_24 be the position, formula_25 be the kinetic energy, formula_13 the potential energy, both independent of time formula_27. Lagrange's equation of motion readsformula_28Here, the dot notation for the time derivative is used, formula_29. Poisson set formula_30. He argued that if formula_13 is independent of formula_32, he could writeformula_33giving formula_34He introduced an explicit formula for momenta,formula_35Thus, from the equation of motion, he gotformula_36Poisson's text influenced the work of William Rowan Hamilton and Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi. A translation of Poisson's Treatise on Mechanics was published in London in 1842. Let formula_37 and formula_38 be functions of the canonical variables of motion formula_39 and formula_40. Then their Poisson bracket is given byformula_41Evidently, the operation anti-commutes. More precisely, formula_42. By Hamilton's equations of motion, the total time derivative of formula_43 isformula_44where formula_45 is the Hamiltonian. In terms of Poisson brackets, then, Hamilton's equations can be written as formula_46 and formula_47.