title: The Rebel (book)

text: Another prominent theme in "The Rebel", which is tied to the notion of incipient rebellion, is the inevitable failure of attempts at human perfection. Through an examination of various titular revolutions, and in particular the French Revolution, Camus argues that most revolutions involved a fundamental denial of both history and transcendental values. Such revolutionaries aimed to kill God. In the French Revolution, for instance, this was achieved through the execution of Louis XVI and subsequent eradication of the divine right of kings. The subsequent rise of materialist idealism sought "the end of history." Because this end is unattainable, according to Camus, terror ensued as the revolutionaries attempted to coerce results. This culminated in the "temporary" enslaving of people in the name of their future liberation. Notably, Camus' reliance on non-secular sentiment does not involve a defense of religion; indeed, the replacement of divinely-justified morality with pragmatism simply represents Camus' apotheosis of transcendental, moral values.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: Faced with the manifest injustices of human existence on one hand, and the poor substitute of revolution on the other, Camus' rebel seeks to fight for justice without abandoning transcendental values, including the principle of the intrinsic value of human life. Consequently, of all the modern revolutionaries, Camus describes how the "fastidious assassins", namely the Russian terrorists led by Ivan Kalyayev, active in the early twentieth century were prepared to offer their own lives as payment for the lives they took, rather than licensing others to kill others.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: A third is that of crime, as Camus discusses how rebels who get carried away lose touch with the original basis of their rebellion and offer various defenses of crime through various historical epochs.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: At the end of the book, Camus espouses the possible moral superiority of the ethics and political plan of syndicalism. He grounds this politics in a wider "midday thought" which opposes love of this life, and an unrelativisable normative commitment to fellow human beings, against ideological promises of the other world, end of history, or triumph of an alleged master race.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy explains that "the notion of Revolt refers to both a path of resolved action and a state of mind. It can take extreme forms such as terrorism or a reckless and unrestrained egoism (both of which are rejected by Camus), but basically, and in simple terms, it consists of an attitude of heroic defiance or resistance to whatever oppresses human beings."


title: The Rebel (book)

text: This work has received ongoing interest, influencing modern philosophers and authors such as Paul Berman. It was disliked by Marxists and existentialists, such as Jean-Paul Sartre, who wrote a critical response to it in the review "Les Temps modernes" in 1952. Many European Communists considered his thoughts to be reactionary.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: The Encyclopædia Britannica Online considers the text to "consist of grave, but inconsistent and often unconvincing, essays loosely linked together." Aidan Curzon-Hobson considers it to be an important educational resource. He also considers it to be Camus's "most underexplored" text.


title: The Rebel (book)

text: According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, it is "a reflection on the nature of freedom and rebellion and a philosophical critique of revolutionary violence." It is powerful and controversial and explicitly condemns Marxism-Leninism and emphatically denounces unrestrained violence as a means of human liberation. With this book, Camus became an "outspoken champion of individual freedom and [...] an impassioned critic of tyranny and terrorism, whether practiced by the Left or by the Right."


title: The Rebel (book)

text: According to Meghan E. Von Hassel, Camus presented a new humanism in this book. He found "hope in the beauty of solidarity which is rooted in the dignity of man, namely, that there is value in human life."


title: The Rebel (book)

text: "Philosophically, The Rebel is Camus's most important book", according to John Foley, "although it is much maligned and frequently ignored".


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Timothy Johnson (born March 13, 1985) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in the Heavyweight division of Bellator MMA. A professional competitor since 2010, he has also competed for the UFC. As of November 22, 2022, he is #6 in the Bellator Heavyweight Rankings.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: After completing his collegiate career as a two-time All-American wrestler at Division II Minnesota State University Moorhead, Johnson made his professional mixed martial arts debut in October 2010. He competed primarily for regional organizations around his adopted home of North Dakota. He amassed a record of 7–1, finishing all of his opponents, before signing with the UFC on the heels of a first round finish of Travis Wiuff in October 2014.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson made his promotional debut against Shamil Abdurakhimov on April 4, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 63. He won the fight via TKO in the final seconds of the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson next faced Jared Rosholt on August 8, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 73. Despite staggering and nearly finishing Rosholt with strikes in the last minute of the fight, Johnson lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson faced promotional newcomer Marcin Tybura on April 10, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 86. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson next faced Alexander Volkov on November 19, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 99. Volkov was awarded a controversial split decision victory. 12 out of 12 media scores gave the bout to Johnson.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson faced Daniel Omielańczuk on March 18, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 107. He won the back and forth fight by split decision (28–29, 30–27, and 29–28).


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson faced promotional newcomer Júnior Albini on July 22, 2017, at UFC on Fox 25. He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson faced Marcelo Golm on February 3, 2018, at UFC Fight Night 125. He won the fight via unanimous decision. The fight marked the last bout of his prevailing contract, and the UFC opted not to renew it.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson made his debut against Cheick Kongo on October 13, 2018, at Bellator 208. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson was scheduled to face Azunna Anyanwu in the prelims of Bellator 225 on August 24, 2019. However on the day of the fight, it was announced that Johnson would fill in for Javy Ayala and face former Bellator Heavyweight champion Vitaly Minakov in the co main event. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson next faced Tyrell Fortune at Bellator 239 on February 21, 2020. He won the fight by knockout in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson next faced Matt Mitrione on August 7, 2020 at Bellator 243. He won the fight via technical knockout in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: On October 10, 2020, Johnson rematched Cheick Kongo at Bellator 248 in Paris, France. He would avenge his previous loss to Kongo with a split-decision victory.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: With heavyweight champion Ryan Bader moving on in the Bellator Light Heavyweight World Grand Prix Tournament, Johnson faced Valentin Moldavsky for the Bellator Interim Heavyweight World Championship at Bellator 261 on June 25, 2021. He lost the bout by unanimous decision.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson faced Fedor Emelianenko on October 23, 2021 at Bellator 269. He lost the bout via knockout in the first round.


title: Timothy Johnson (fighter)

text: Johnson was scheduled to rematch Tyrell Fortune on April 15, 2022 at Bellator 277. However, in March 1, 2022, it was announced by Bellator that Johnson was expected to face Linton Vassell and Fortune was set to meet Steve Mowry in the event. Despite rocking Vassell early in the round, Johnson lost the bout via TKO at the end of the first.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The Playboy Club is an American historical crime drama television series that aired on NBC from September 19 to October 3, 2011. Set in 1961, the series centers on the employees (known as Bunnies) of the original Playboy Club operating in Chicago. "The Playboy Club" stars Eddie Cibrian, Laura Benanti, Amber Heard, Jenna Dewan Tatum, Naturi Naughton, Leah Renee, Wes Ramsey, Jenifer Lewis, and David Krumholtz.


title: The Playboy Club

text: "The Playboy Club" was canceled on October 4, 2011, after three episodes aired, due to its low ratings. It was the first cancellation of the 2011–12 television season. NBC continued to film the series until October 10, 2011, hoping to sell the series to another network.


title: The Playboy Club

text: When production wrapped on October 10, 2011, Chad Hodge (the show's creator and executive producer) and Benanti both tweeted that they had finished seven episodes, including the pilot. Benanti further stated that the seventh episode has two endings, one of which is more final to the series.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The contracts for Cibrian, Heard, Dewan and Renee all included clauses authorizing nudity, an unprecedented stipulation for a network series. Under the agreement, the actors could not be forced to perform nude scenes, but if nudity were required for a particular scene, they would have to review the script and then be given the opportunity to agree or decline. Nude scenes were not planned for the NBC broadcast version of the show; rather, the clauses were intended to allow possible R-rated versions of the show to be filmed for the DVD release and for domestic and foreign cable syndication. However, shortly before the series debuted, executive producer Chad Hodge told "The Hollywood Reporter" that no nude scenes had been filmed for alternate versions of the show nor did he expect any such scenes to be filmed.


title: The Playboy Club

text: 20th Century Fox Television and Imagine Television had previously attempted to produce the concept of the series during the 2010–11 television season but the project never came to fruition. After that initial attempt, the companies approached screenwriter Chad Hodge, who became the show's creator and an executive producer. Imagine co-founder Brian Grazer and president Francie Calfo also served as executive producers, as did Richard Rosenzweig, a longtime executive and consultant with Playboy Enterprises. Alta Loma Entertainment, Playboy's entertainment production arm, received copies of all the story outlines and scripts for review but, according to Hodge, took a very hands-off approach and did not get heavily involved in the creative process. Likewise, Playboy Enterprises founder Hugh Hefner reviewed each of the scripts personally, but did not provide much direct input or request major changes. The original title of the series was "Bunny Tales", then "Playboy", before the final title "The Playboy Club" was chosen. The show's pilot script was the first new drama series ordered by NBC for the 2011–12 television season.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Chad Hodge said of writing the series, "When I set out to create this show, the first word out of my mouth was 'entertaining, and cited as influences such films as "All That Jazz" (1979), "Moulin Rouge!" (2001) and "Chicago" (2002), and the comedy-drama television series "Desperate Housewives". The characters and setting of "The Playboy Club" served as an exploration of the changing political and moral attitudes of the 1960s, particularly with the approach of the sexual revolution that began in that decade.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Members of the "Playboy Club" cast and crew have stated they believe the series, and the concept of the Playboy Bunny in general, is empowering to women. One of the show's taglines spoke to this theme: "The men have the keys, but the women hold all of the power." During a Television Critics Association press tour, Amber Heard discussed past Bunnies who had gone on to successful careers and did not regret their past experience working at Playboy clubs, including Lauren Hutton, Debbie Harry, Kimba Wood and Polly Matzinger. Heard said she believed the female characters in "The Playboy Club" were making free choices about their sexuality, and thus they were not being exploited, adding, "I think it's just as chauvinistic to deny a woman her sexuality." Naturi Naughton said she believed the women who worked as Playboy Bunnies were intelligent, self-reliant women who went to school, bought homes and accomplished things other women during their time could not. Likewise, Chad Hodge said he did not believe there was anything wrong with a woman using her sexuality to get what she wants if she so chooses, adding: "There are different brands of feminism and I don't think it should be boxed into any one version." Hodge later stressed, however, that despite his comments about the empowerment of women, he did not believe "The Playboy Club" conveyed any strong political convictions or intellectual ambitions, but rather was meant to be entertaining.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The subplot involving the Mattachine Society focuses specifically on the growing gay rights movement in the United States in the 1960s and what it was like to be gay or a lesbian during a time period that was still repressive of that culture. "The Playboy Club" also touched upon changing thoughts with regard to racial diversity during the 1960s. One of the supporting characters, Brenda, seeks to become the first African American Playboy Bunny. Her role in the series illustrates Hugh Hefner's decision to integrate his clubs, both by hiring black women and allowing black key-holders and performers, which was considered unusual at the time. Brenda was loosely based on the model Jennifer Jackson, the actual first Black Playmate of the Month, although neither Naughton nor the "Playboy Club" producers contacted Jackson in preparing the role.


title: The Playboy Club

text: "The Playboy Club" was shot in Chicago, the same city where the story was set. Filming on the pilot episode began on March 15, 2011, with most scenes filmed on a set at Cinespace Studios on West 16th Street. Some scenes were also shot at the former Meigs Field on Northerly Island. The Chicago Film Office estimated the production would add jobs to the city and pump an estimated $2 million into the local economy per episode. Each episode was shot in about nine days, and filming lasted for 12 hours at a time on certain days. The first episode was directed by Alan Taylor, who had also directed four episodes of "Mad Men", including the pilot.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The costumes in "The Playboy Club" were designed by Isis Mussenden. She was not able to find any original Playboy Bunny uniforms, so she created her designs based on photos and consultations with Hugh Hefner. Each of the five female leads received two suits, each of which cost $3,000 and took about 10 hours to make. Each suit included a built-in bra, French cuffs with Playboy cuff links, satin ears and 3-inch heels. After the costumes were designed, Hefner had claimed they were not cut high enough on the leg, but Mussenden assured him the height was correct based on photos of Hefner with real-life bunnies. Naturi Naughton said the costumes were very tight and difficult to wear for several hours at a time during shoots.


title: The Playboy Club

text: While on the "Playboy Club" set, Amber Heard's sister used her iPhone to take a photo of Heard in her Playboy Bunny costume and Heard posted it on her Facebook page. The image was widely disseminated on the Internet and featured in the magazine "TV Guide". 20th Century Fox Television banned any unauthorized photography on the set as a result of the incident.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Hugh Hefner performed a voice-over narration during the pilot episode, but no such narration was recorded for the other episodes. A young version of Hefner was featured as a character in the show, but was only ever seen from behind. Hodge said this was the result of a conscious decision to feature Hefner in the series but not give him a regular role, of which the real-life Hefner approved because, according to Hodge, "He didn't want to make it his story." On October 4, 2011, Eddie Cibrian injured himself on set after getting his right heel caught underneath a 200-pound steel door, resulting in a deep gash that required stitches.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Several songs popular during the 1960s were featured in "The Playboy Club". Verve Records, the record label owned by Universal Music Group, formed a partnership with 20th Century Fox Television and the Apple Inc. company iTunes to make those song versions available for download on the iTunes Store. 20th Century Fox Television chairmen Gary Newman and Dana Walden cited the success of similar track sales on the Fox musical series "Glee" as a reason for the venture with "The Playboy Club", as they felt it would expose the series to a wider audience. The individual tracks were being produced by The Transcenders, a Los Angeles music production team that included the producers Mike Fratantuno, Terrance Graves and Brian Lapin. The cast vocals were recorded in Chicago by vocal producer Richard Marx. Geoff Bywater, the vice president of music for 20th Century Fox Television, said a soundtrack album for the series was also under consideration. "The Playboy Club" was to feature several guest performances by singers portraying real-life musicians from the 1960s period.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Cast member Laura Benanti performed a version of Fred Fisher's "Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)" during a scene from the pilot. Also in that episode, actress Karen LeBlanc portrayed Tina Turner, appearing with others portraying singer Ike Turner and the backing vocalists The Ikettes. She sang "Shake a Tail Feather" and "Tina's Wish". Those songs were immediately made available on iTunes. Cast members Leah Renee and Naturi Naughton were also to sing in future episodes. Pop singer and songwriter Colbie Caillat appeared in the third episode as Lesley Gore and sang her hit song "It's My Party". Javier Colon, the first season winner of the NBC reality talent series "The Voice", was slated to portray soul musician Ray Charles in "The Playboy Club", singing the song "Let the Good Times Roll". Singer and songwriter Raphael Saadiq was booked to portray Sam Cooke, and sing "Having a Party" in the 4th episode. Other singers were planned to be featured in the series but never cast, including Frank Sinatra, Sammy Davis, Jr., Dusty Springfield, Roy Orbison and James Brown.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Other songs featured on "The Playboy Club", and later featured on iTunes, included "Walk Like a Man" by Terry Dexter, and "In the Mood" by Laura Benanti. Even though the series was set in 1961, a number of songs performed on the show were not released until several years after that.


title: The Playboy Club

text: NBC canceled the show on October 4, 2011, after just three episodes, making it the first network television series of the 2011–2012 United States network television season to be canceled. "Entertainment Weekly" writer James Hibberd said the cancellation came as no surprise not only due to low ratings, but also because, "the industry had low expectations for the 1960s set drama, which attempted to replicate a retro "Mad Men" vibe but for a wide audience and on a network with plenty of content restrictions". NBC did not plan to broadcast the remaining episodes that were already filmed. "The Playboy Club"s NBC timeslot was briefly replaced by repeat episodes of the new police drama series "Prime Suspect", until October 31, when the new Brian Williams news program "Rock Center with Brian Williams" took its place. Filming for additional episodes of "The Playboy Club" continued until October 10, as the show's production company hoped to eventually sell the series to another network. Both Hefner and Hodge expressed hope that the series would be picked up by Bravo.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Hefner expressed disappointment that the series did not find an audience and, via his Twitter account, said he believed the show should have appeared on cable and targeted a more "adult audience". Actress Laura Benanti said via Twitter shortly after the cancellation, "Wow. Tough day. Best cast, best crew, we deserved more." She later said in an interview: "I just feel there are times people will want to jump on a show and kill it." Likewise, David Krumholtz wrote via Twitter, "Insulated minds make bad decisions," and Naturi Naughton released a Twitter message that read simply, "RIDICULOUS".


title: The Playboy Club

text: In response to the cancellation, the Parents Television Council (PTC) released a statement: "We're pleased that NBC will no longer be airing a program so inherently linked to a pornographic brand that denigrates and sexualizes women...we hope other broadcasters heed the important lessons of this programming debacle." James Hibberd wrote that the show's chance of survival "wasn't helped" by the PTC protests, but that it was ultimately the ratings that led to its cancellation. Likewise, Robert Seidman of TV by the Numbers said it was ratings rather than the PTC's efforts had anything to do with the network's decision, and Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" blamed the bad quality of the show itself: "This cancellation wasn't about boycotts. It was about owning up to the obvious."


title: The Playboy Club

text: The Chicago Film Office estimated another $16 million would have gone toward Chicago if "The Playboy Club" had not been canceled and production continued until the end of the year.


title: The Playboy Club

text: "The Playboy Club" aired in the United States on NBC from September 19 to October 3, 2011. The series also aired in Canada on the Citytv network, airing on the same night as the NBC telecast, but the scheduling varied as the Citytv outlets in Calgary and Edmonton aired it at 8 p.m., while Toronto, Vancouver and Winnipeg followed NBC's 10 p.m. pattern, simsubbing with NBC in many areas. The season premiere broadcast on Citytv was seen by 485,000 viewers.


title: The Playboy Club

text: "The Playboy Club" was heavily advertised on NBC and elsewhere in the weeks leading up to the series premiere. Laura Benanti appeared on a retro style cover of "Playboy" magazine released on September 16, 2011. The magazine had a 1961 theme, which included an old-fashioned visual style, photos of 1960s Playboy Bunnies and clubs, and the same 60 cent price as that time period. Benanti wore a black Bunny costume and held a tray with drinks on the cover photo. NBC also entered into a cross-promotional deal with the Bloomingdale's department store. The Walton Street store in Chicago included display windows inspired by the series, which were unveiled in September 2011 by "The Playboy Club" stars Benanti, Naturi Naughton and Wes Ramsey. Chosen for the storefronts due to its close proximity to the original Playboy Club, the Walton Street store allowed visitors to take virtual photos with the show's stars, view photos of the real-life clubs and the show's set, and enter into a contest to win such prizes as a walk-on role on the show and a $5,000 Bloomingdale's shopping spree.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The conservative advocacy group Parents Television Council (PTC) began protesting "The Playboy Club" and calling for boycotts against it immediately after NBC picked it up, long before the series debuted. They called it a "blatant attempt to obliterate any remaining standards of broadcast decency", and criticized the idea of a series with "Playboy" in the title at all. The group claimed the show objectified and degraded women, advanced an anti-family agenda and helped mainstream the pornography industry through its support of the Playboy brand. They criticized Comcast, owner of NBCUniversal, claiming their decision to carry "The Playboy Club" violated an agreement it made with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulators during the purchase of NBCUniversal not to broadcast pornographic material over public airwaves. The PTC expressed particular concern about the nudity clauses included in some cast members' contracts, which led PTC President Tim Winter to accuse the series of distributing pornography. The group claimed "The Playboy Club" underscored the need for President Barack Obama and the United States Department of Justice to fight for the reinstitution of the Broadcast Decency Enforcement Act of 2005. The PTC sent letters to every NBC affiliate asking them not to air "The Playboy Club", warning that if they did, the group would urge members to file complaints with the FCC if any inappropriate material were broadcast.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Several other groups and individuals spoke out against "The Playboy Club". Gloria Steinem, a feminist activist who once disguised herself as a Playboy Bunny to write an article about the conditions inside the Playboy Clubs, also encouraged a boycott of the series. She claimed the premise normalized the concepts of male dominance and prostitution, and said, "Clearly "The Playboy Club" is not going to be accurate. It was the tackiest place on earth. It was not glamorous at all." The anti-pornography organization Morality in Media established an online petition urging NBC to end the show, calling for advertisers to boycott it and asking supporters to promise not to watch the series. The group's president, Patrick Trueman, said the show would encourage the acceptance of pornography and contribute to exploitation of women. Morality in Media started a website called CloseTheClubOnNBC.com, where visitors could click a link to send a protest e-mail message to NBC affiliates. The Pink Cross Foundation, an anti-pornography organization started by former adult actress Shelley Lubben, also started an online petition calling for "The Playboy Club"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s cancellation. Lubben said of the series, "NBC is breaking the law with this show. They’re not meeting FCC standards." The Florida Family Association, a one-man fundamentalist organization "on the Christian right" that says it's 'defending American values,'" announced it would document all companies that advertise with "The Playboy Club" and publicize their names online and in e-mail messages to supporters.


title: The Playboy Club

text: Chad Hodge said most of the protests and calls for boycotts were coming from people and organizations who admitted they had not watched the show itself. Hodge claimed they were drawing false conclusions based on their perceptions of "Playboy" magazine. Stars Amber Heard and Leah Renee defended the series at a 2011 Television Critics Association panel. Heard said, "This is about choice. Ultimately it's a different generation with different opportunities and different expectations for women." "The way we look at things, if it involves sexuality, somehow a woman must be compromised," Renee said. "And I think it's just as chauvinistic to deny a woman her sexuality," Heard said. "It's about the time. It comes down to choices. If they are making the choice, they are not being exploited."


title: The Playboy Club

text: In mid-June 2011, representatives from KSL-TV, the NBC affiliate in Salt Lake City, Utah, announced they would not broadcast "The Playboy Club" due to concerns about objectionable content and its association with the Playboy name. Station President Mark Willes said of this: "The Playboy brand is known internationally. Everyone is clear what it stands for. We want to be sure everyone is clear what the KSL brand stands for, which is completely inconsistent with the Playboy brand." The station did not carry the sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live" (though mostly for scheduling reasons more than content), and felt screening "The Playboy Club", would conflict with their participation in the "Out in the Light" public affairs campaign, which educates people on the social effects of pornography, NBC Entertainment Chairman Robert Greenblatt rebuffed Willes' claims, stating he would not broadcast the show if he believed it was inappropriate. and Hodge said, "I'm sure they're going to beg to air it soon. I think once they see the show and where future episodes can go, there's really nothing to be concerned about." KMYU, a MyNetworkTV affiliate, broadcast the show in its original timeslot in Salt Lake City in place of KSL.


title: The Playboy Club

text: In August 2011, the San Francisco Commission on the Status of Women issued a non-binding resolution stating "The Playboy Club" represented "a major step backward for women who have struggled to earn an equal place in the workplace, in the community and at home," and urged NBC to replace it with a show that "depicts women's substantive achievements". They unsuccessfully petitioned the San Francisco Board of Supervisors to release a similar resolution. Once episodes of "The Playboy Club" began to broadcast, the PTC asked its members to contact the show's advertisers and encourage them to end their sponsorships with the series. By the end of the first episode, several advertisers did end their working relationship with the series, including the Campbell Soup Company, Lenovo, Kraft Foods, P. F. Chang's China Bistro, Spring, Subway and The UPS Store. Citing the show's low ratings as evidence that television viewers agreed with the PTC's concerns, the group encouraged other advertisers to withdraw, including Capital One, Chrysler and Samsung. Those groups ultimately kept their sponsorships with the series intact, a move Chrysler defended by announcing they were seeking to deliver information about their products to as broad and diverse an audience as possible.


title: The Playboy Club

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" called "The Playboy Club" one of the 12 most anticipated television shows of the season.


title: The Playboy Club

text: In a review of the pilot episode, NPR writer Linda Holmes challenged the show's assertions of female empowerment. Finding the episode itself "silly and full of bad dialogue ... cheesy more than offensive", Holmes questioned how a series about women whose conduct and appearance were micromanaged could simultaneously claim that those regimented women were uniformly empowered by the experience. "You can shake a Bunny tail and be empowered, no argument. It depends on what's going on in the rest of your life. But shaking a Bunny tail isn't enough to demonstrate empowerment if you have to go to Eddie Cibrian or Hugh Hefner for help every time you have a problem, and having the right not to be slapped on the behind when you deliver a cocktail isn't exactly a societal advance on the order of universal suffrage." The series, she concluded, might have been better served had those involved positioned it as a camp soap opera and not tried to make a feminist statement.


title: The Playboy Club

text: In contrast to those upset with the show's association with the "Playboy" brand, some television critics were disappointed in the lack of sexual content. Alan Pergament, former critic for "The Buffalo News", said of the show: "The truth is "Playboy" should have been a pay-cable series because without the sex it is pretty boring and tame." "Entertainment Weekly" writer Margaret Lyons accused the show of "shamelessly cribbing "Mad Men"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s style", calling Eddie Cibrian's performance an imitation of Jon Hamm's Don Draper and even citing specific shots and camera angles similar to those in "Mad Men". Lyons wrote, ""Playboy" can't copy the lyricism or narrative potency that make "Mad Men" what it is, which is more than a collection of artfully arranged period hairdos and moody pairs of people in front of rectangle-patterned backgrounds. [But] it's sure trying!"


title: The Playboy Club

text: Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" said the Playboy brand and the lifestyle portrayed in the series was dated and uninteresting: "It was [a] bad show, period. The writing was weak, the acting spotty and the sexism too ridiculous and obvious to comment on more than once." TV Line writer Matt Webb Mitovich praised Benanti's performance and said the series evoked the 1960s era well, but not as well as "Pan Am" and "Mad Men". He felt the Playboy Club setting itself was too claustrophobic and that Cibrian was not strong enough for his part.


title: The Playboy Club

text: In an article for the LGBT website AfterElton.com, writer Lesley Goldberg said the Mattachine Society subplot was a "surprising and welcome twist, and indicates "Playboy" has more on its mind than just women in skimpy outfits".


title: The Playboy Club

text: Marilyn Miller, who spent six years working in as a Playboy Bunny in real-life clubs, told "Vanity Fair" that the series was unrealistic, particularly in its portrayal of the Bunnies dancing with and dating the customers. Miller said, "I thought it was cheap, it was degrading, it was demoralizing... Not one Bunny I know liked the show. Everyone is hoping it gets canceled." In contrast, former Playboy Bunny Jennifer Jackson said she enjoyed the show, particularly the storyline, the casting and the set design.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The series premiere of "The Playboy Club" drew an estimated 5.02 million household viewers in its original American broadcast on September 19, 2011, according to Nielsen Media Research. That was the lowest viewership among the major networks in the 10 p.m. timeslot, with the ABC police comedy drama "Castle" drawing 13.28 million households and the CBS police drama "Hawaii Five-0" drawing 12.19 million households. The episode gradually shed viewers from the first half to the next, with an average of 5.36 million households tuning in for the initial half hour and an average of 4.69 million households for the second. The debut earned a 1.6 rating/4 share among viewers between ages 18 and 48, which was considered a disappointing result for a coveted demographic. Speculation began immediately that the series could be canceled, but NBC officials told "Deadline Hollywood" that such a decision would not be rushed because NBC Chairman Robert Greenblatt wanted to send a message that NBC was willing to give all their new shows the necessary time to find an audience and succeed.


title: The Playboy Club

text: The ratings dropped about 19 percent for the September 26 broadcast of the second episode, which drew an estimated 3.97 million households and a 1.3 rating/3 share among ages 18 to 49. "The Playboy Club" was once again defeated in its timeslot by "Castle" and "Hawaii Five-0", which had viewership numbers of 11.67 million and 11.26 million, respectively. In writing about these ratings, Bill Gorman of the website TV by the Numbers wrote, ""The Playboy Club" [is] making a move to be the first show canceled of the new season." The third and last episode aired, broadcast on October 3, dropped another eight percent in the Nielsen ratings, drawing 3.47 million household viewers and a 1.2 rating/3 share.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: Arthur Joseph O'Connell (March 29, 1908 – May 18, 1981) was an American stage, film and television actor, who achieved prominence in character roles in the 1950s. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for both "Picnic" (1955) and "Anatomy of a Murder" (1959).


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: Arthur O'Connell was born to Julia (née Byrne) & Michael O'Connell on March 29, 1908, in Manhattan, New York. His father died when O'Connell was two; he lost his mother when he was 12. He was the youngest of four children. His siblings were William, Kathleen, and Juliette. William, the eldest, became a justice of the New York State Supreme Court and died in 1972.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: After his father's death, Arthur was sent to live in Flushing, New York with his mother's sister, Mrs. Charles Koetzner, while his sisters moved in with other relatives and William remained with his mother. Arthur attended St John's College for two years. His early jobs included working in the engineering department of New York Edison, as a salesman at R.H. Macy and as a door-to-door salesman of magazines.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: O'Connell went into acting in 1929, landing a role in summer stock at the Frankin Stock Company in Dorchester, Massachusetts, playing a role in "The Patsy". In 1934 his career was interrupted by a bout of encephalitis, which required a seven-month stay at the Flower Hospital in New York City. He recovered in a sanitarium for the indigent, and for a time was on home relief living in a cheap room, subsisting on "milk, raw eggs and bananas."


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: He made his legitimate stage debut in the middle 1930s, appearing in various roles in theater and vaudeville in the U.S, and in London.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: O'Connell's had small film roles early in his career. His film debut was as a student in Freshman Year (1938) and he appeared in a small role as a reporter in "Citizen Kane" (1941). He costarred in two Leon Errol short subjects as Errol's conniving brother-in-law.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: He entered the army in 1945 and served in the Signal Corps. After his discharge he was spotted in little theatre by Charles Laughton and joined a travelling Shakesperean company. His film roles remained insubstantial, playing a detective in "The Naked City" (1948) and a reporter the 1948 film "State of the Union".


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: His career breakthrough came on Broadway, where he originated the role of Howard Bevan, the middle-aged swain of a spinsterish schoolteacher in "Picnic." He recreated the Bevan role in the 1955 film version, opposite Rosalind Russell as the schoolteacher, earning an Oscar nomination. As a result of his critically praised performance in the stage and film roles, he was heavily in demand, resulting in "six good roles in rapid succession." O'Connell made more money in one year after "Picnic" than in the preceding 25 years.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: After "Picnic", he appeared in another Joshua Logan film, "Bus Stop", in 1956, as the commonsensical friend of the lead, played by Don Murray. In that same year he appeared in "Solid Gold Cadillac," playing a kindly office manager in love with Judy Holliday. His performance as James Stewart's alcoholic mentor in "Anatomy of a Murder" (1959) resulted in a second Oscar nomination.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: He also frequently appeared as a paterfamilias in movies starring teen idols such as Elvis Presley, Pat Boone and Fabian. He frequently played alcoholics, and consulted members of Alcoholics Anonymous in preparation for one of his roles.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: In 1959, O'Connell played the part of Chief Petty Officer Sam Tostin, engine room chief of the fictional World War II submarine USS "Sea Tiger", opposite Cary Grant and Tony Curtis in "Operation Petticoat". In 1961, O'Connell played the role of Grandpa Clarence Beebe in the children's film "Misty", the screen adaptation of Marguerite Henry's story "Misty of Chincoteague". In 1962, he portrayed the father of Elvis Presley's character in the motion picture "Follow That Dream", and in 1964 in the Presley-picture "Kissin' Cousins." In the same year, O'Connell portrayed the idealist-turned-antagonist Clint Stark in "The 7 Faces of Dr. Lao", which has become a cult classic, and in which O'Connell's is the only character other than star Tony Randall to appear as one of the "7 faces." O'Connell continued appearing in choice character parts on both television and films during the 1960s, but avoided a regular television series, holding out until he could be assured top billing.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: On Christmas Day, 1962, O'Connell was cast as Clayton Dodd in the episode "Green, Green Hills" of the western series "Empire", starring Richard Egan as the rancher Jim Redigo. This episode features Dayton Lummis as Jason Simms and Joanna Moore as Althea Dodd. In 1966, he guest-starred as a scientist who regretfully realized that he has created an all-powerful android in an episode of the "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", titled "The Mechanical Man." In the February 1967 episode "Never Look Back" of the TV series "Lassie", he played Luther Jennings, an elderly ranger who monitors the survey tower at Strawberry Peak and who takes it hard when he finds he'll lose his job when the tower is slated for destruction.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: In 1967, O'Connell co-starred with Monte Markham in "The Second Hundred Years", playing the aging son of a gold miner who was frozen for a hundred years in Alaska. The series lasted for one season.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: He worked in commercials, playing a friendly pharmacist as a spokesperson for Crest. He made his final film appearance in "The Hiding Place" (1975), portraying a Dutch watch-maker who hides Jews during World War II. Alzheimer's Disease forced his retirement in the mid-1970s.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: In 1962, O'Connell married Ann Hall Dunlop (née Ann Byrd Hall; 1917–2000) of Washington, D.C., widow of William Laird Dunlop III (1909–1960). They met at the inauguration of John F. Kennedy, and divorced in December 1972 in Los Angeles.


title: Arthur O'Connell

text: On May 18, 1981, O'Connell died of Alzheimer's disease at the Motion Picture Country House and Hospital in the Woodland Hills section of Los Angeles. He was interred at Calvary Cemetery, Queens, New York.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Philippines v. China (PCA case number 2013–19), also known as the South China Sea Arbitration, was an arbitration case brought by the Republic of the Philippines against the People's Republic of China (PRC) under Annex VII of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS, ratified by the Philippines in 1984 and by the PRC in 1996) concerning certain issues in the South China Sea, including the nine-dash line introduced by the Republic of China (Taiwan) since as early as 1947. A tribunal of arbitrators appointed the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) as the registry for the proceedings.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 19 February 2013, China declared that it would not participate in the arbitration. On 7 December 2014, it published a white paper to elaborate its position that, among other points, the tribunal lacks jurisdiction. In accordance with Article 3 of Annex VII of UNCLOS, the Philippines appointed 1 of the 5 arbitrators, while China did not appoint any. On 29 October 2015, the tribunal concluded that it had jurisdiction to consider seven of the Philippines' submissions, subject to certain conditions, and postponed the consideration of its jurisdiction on the other eight submissions to the merits phase.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 12 July 2016, the arbitral tribunal ruled in favor of the Philippines on most of its submissions. It clarified that while it would not "rule on any question of sovereignty ... and would not delimit any maritime boundary", China's historic rights claims over maritime areas (as opposed to land masses and territorial waters) within the "nine-dash line" have no lawful effect unless entitled to under UNCLOS. China has rejected the ruling, as has Taiwan. Eight governments have called for the ruling to be respected, 35 issued generally positive statements noting the verdict but not called for compliance, and eight rejected it. The United Nations itself "doesn't have a position on the legal and procedural merits of the case or on the disputed claims", and on 12 July the Secretary-General "expressed his hope that the continued consultations on a Code of Conduct between ASEAN and China under the framework of the Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea will lead to increased mutual understanding among all the parties."


title: Philippines v. China

text: The dispute has been affected by the fact that after Japan renounced all claims to the Spratly Islands and other conquered islands and territories in the Treaty of San Francisco and Treaty of Peace with the Republic of China (Taiwan) signed on 8 September 1951, it did not indicate successor states since China was not invited to the treaty talks held in San Francisco. In reaction to that, on 15 August, the Chinese government issued the Declaration on the Draft Peace Treaty with Japan by the US and the UK and on the San Francisco Conference by the then Foreign Minister Zhou Enlai, reiterating China's sovereignty over the archipelagos in the South China Sea, including the Spratly Islands, and protesting about the absence of any provisions in the draft on who shall take over the South China Sea islands following Japan's renouncement of all rights, title and claim to them. It reiterated that "the Chinese government of the day had taken over those islands" and that the PRC's rightful sovereignty "shall remain intact".


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 28 April 1952, the United States presided over the signing of the Treaty of Peace between Japan and the Republic of China. Article 2 of the document provided that "It is recognized that under Article 2 of the Treaty of Peace which Japan signed at the city of San Francisco on 8 September 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the San Francisco Treaty), Japan has renounced all right, title, and claim to Taiwan (Formosa) and Penghu (the Pescadores) as well as the Spratly Islands and the Paracel Islands."


title: Philippines v. China

text: In May 1956, the dispute escalated after Filipino national Tomas Cloma and his followers settled on the islands and declared the territory as "Freedomland", now known as Kalayaan for himself and later requested to make the territory a protectorate of the Philippines. Tomas Cloma even stole China (ROC)'s national flag from the Taiping Island. In July 1956, he apologised officially for his act and he surrendered the flag he stole to China's embassy in Manila. On 2 October 1956, he wrote a letter and ensured he would not make further training voyages or landings in the territorial waters of China (ROC).


title: Philippines v. China

text: Philippine troops were sent to three of the islands in 1968, when the Philippines were under President Ferdinand Marcos. In the 1970s, some countries began to occupy islands and reefs in the Spratlys. The Spratlys were placed under the jurisdiction of the province of Palawan in 1978.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The PRC claims it is entitled to the Paracel and Spratly Islands because they were seen as integral parts of the Ming dynasty. China and Taiwan have these same territorial claims. The Republic of China (Taiwan) took control of the largest island – Taiping Island – in the group since 1946.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Vietnam states that the islands have belonged to it since the 17th century, using historical documents of ownership as evidence. Hanoi began to occupy the westernmost islands during this period.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Article 298 of Section 3 of Part XV of the Convention provides optional exceptions to the applicability of compulsory procedures provided in Section 2. China made a declaration in 2006 in accordance with this provision of the Convention purporting not to accept any of the procedures provided for in section 2 of Part XV of the convention. Many countries including the United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, France, Canada, and Spain had made similar declarations to reject any of the procedures provided for in sections 2 of Part XV of the convention with respect to the different categories of disputes. However, the Tribunal held that this dispute did not fall within the exceptions provided in Article 298, and was therefore admissible.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The Philippines contended that the "nine-dotted line" claim by China is invalid because it violates the UNCLOS agreements about exclusive economic zones and territorial seas. It says that because most of the features in the South China Sea, such as most of the Spratly Islands, cannot sustain life, they cannot be given their own continental shelf as defined in the convention.


title: Philippines v. China

text: China refused to participate in the arbitration, stating that several treaties with the Philippines stipulate that bilateral negotiations be used to resolve border disputes. It also accuses the Philippines of violating the voluntary Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, made in 2002 between ASEAN and China, which also stipulated bilateral negotiations as the means of resolving border and other disputes. China issued a position paper in December 2014 arguing the dispute was not subject to arbitration because it was ultimately a matter of sovereignty, not exploitation rights. Its refusal did not prevent the arbitral tribunal from proceeding with the case. After the award ruling, the PRC issued a statement rejecting it as 'null' and having decided not to abide by the arbitral tribunal's decision, said it will "ignore the ruling".


title: Philippines v. China

text: Taiwan, which currently administers Taiping Island, the largest of the Spratly Islands, was neither consulted nor invited to the arbitration. The Philippines claimed Taiping is a rock. In response, Ma Ying-jeou, President of the Republic of China (Taiwan), rejected it as "patently false". Taipei argues that Taiping can sustain human habitation with its freshwater wells and produce, and is thus an island under UNCLOS. It had invited the Philippines and five arbitrators to visit Taiping; the Philippines rejected the invitation, and there was no response from the arbitrators. After the tribunal classified Taiping as a rock, the Presidential Office of Taiwan rejected the ruling, saying it is "not legally binding on the ROC". Legislators from the ruling and opposition parties also joined in to express their disapprovals. Taiwan's Fisheries Agency reaffirmed that its fishermen could continue to operate in the waters surrounding Taiping. The coast guard had already deployed a vessel to the island/rock, and a naval frigate mission was scheduled in response to the ruling.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 11 December 2014, Vietnam filed a statement to the tribunal which put forward three points: 1) Vietnam supports the filing of this case by the Philippines, 2) it rejects China's "nine-dashed line", and 3) it asks the arbitral tribunal to take note of Vietnam's claims on certain islands such as the Paracels.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Brunei sent its own UNCLOS claim through a preliminary submission prior to the arbitration. In May 2009, Malaysia and Vietnam, as well as Vietnam alone, filed claims to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea with regard to the islands . This was in relation to extending their claimed continental shelves and Exclusive Economic Zones. The People's Republic of China rejected the claims since those violate the "nine-dotted line". The Philippines challenged the Malaysian claim stating that the claims overlap with the North Borneo dispute.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Indonesia made a comment on China's claim by saying that the features are rocks and cannot sustain life, effectively calling the Chinese claim invalid. The Philippines echoed Indonesia's claims, further stating that the islands belong to them through geographic proximity.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The arbitral tribunal convened a Hearing on Jurisdiction and Admissibility on 7 to 13 July 2015, rendered an Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility on 29 October 2015, convened a hearing on the merits from 24 to 30 November 2015, and issued an inanimous award on 12 July 2016.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 7 July 2015, case hearings began with the Philippines asking the arbitral tribunal to invalidate China's claims. The hearings were also attended by observers from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam. The case has been compared to "Nicaragua v. United States" due to similarities of the parties involved such as that a developing country is challenging a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in an arbitral tribunal.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 29 October 2015, the tribunal ruled that it had the power to hear the case. It agreed to take up seven of the 15 submissions made by Manila, in particular whether Scarborough Shoal and low-tide areas like Mischief Reef can be considered islands. It set aside seven more pointed claims mainly accusing Beijing of acting unlawfully to be considered at the next hearing on the case's merits. It also told Manila to narrow down the scope of its final request that the judges order that "China shall desist from further unlawful claims and activities."


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 29 October 2015, the PCA published the award by the arbitral tribunal on Jurisdiction and Admissibility for the case. The tribunal found that it has jurisdiction to consider the following seven Philippines' Submissions. (Each number is the Philippines' Submissions number.) The tribunal reserved consideration of its jurisdiction to rule on Nos. 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12, and 14.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The tribunal stated in the award that there are continuing disputes in all of the 15 submissions from the Philippines, but for submissions such as No.3, No.4, No.6 and No.7, no known claims from the Philippines prior to the initiation of this arbitration exist, and that China was not aware of (nor had previously opposed) such claims prior to the initiation of arbitration. For Submissions No.8 to No.14, the tribunal held the view that the lawfulness of China's maritime activities in the South China Sea is not related to sovereignty.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 12 July 2016, the PCA published the award by the arbitral tribunal which it states is final and binding as set out in the convention. Conclusions expressed in the award included the following:


title: Philippines v. China

text: There are countries and multinational bodies that have expressed support or opposition to the Philippines' move to take the South China Sea dispute to the Permanent Court of Arbitration. These entities however may not necessarily support either sides when it comes to the ownership of the disputed area affected by the case.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Compiled from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Council of the EU and the European Council, and the Philippine Daily Inquirer


title: Philippines v. China

text: Within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia and Vietnam, who have territorial claims in the South China Sea, as well as Australia, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and Thailand, sent observers to the proceedings.


title: Philippines v. China

text: In June 2016, before the tribunal issued its ruling, Malaysia's foreign ministry released what it said was a joint statement of ASEAN expressing "serious concern" over land reclamation activities in the South China Sea. Within hours of issuing the statement, Malaysia announced that ASEAN wanted the statement retracted for "urgent amendments". Malaysian Foreign Ministry's Secretary General Othman Hashim later claimed that ASEAN's foreign ministers had "unanimously agreed" to the statement at a meeting, and that "Subsequent developments pertaining to the media statement took place after the departure of the ASEAN foreign ministers".


title: Philippines v. China

text: Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen later gave a speech condemning reports that Cambodia had had the statement retracted in order to please China, saying, "Cambodia will not be a puppet of anyone on the South China Sea issue." Hun Sen suggested the case was a "political conspiracy" and that the ruling "will not be fair", but also said that "Cambodia will just choose to stay neutral on this issue." A few days after Hun Sen's speech, the Cambodian People's Party, which Hun Sen heads, issued a statement backing him. According to the statement, "The CPP would like to reject unjust allegations that Cambodia has destroyed the issuing of a joint statement from ASEAN on the issue of the South China Sea both in Kunming recently and in 2012".


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 9 July, shortly before the tribunal issued its verdict, Cambodia's foreign ministry issued a statement reiterating that Cambodia would not join any ASEAN statement on the verdict.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Australia has not sought to take a public position on the matter other than to state that the ruling of the tribunal should be respected. However, Australia has recognised the right of the Philippines to seek arbitration.


title: Philippines v. China

text: European Union encourages all parties to seek peaceful solutions, through dialogue and cooperation, in accordance with international law – in particular with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. A foreign affairs of the EU issued a statement saying "Whilst not taking a position on claims, the EU is committed to a maritime order based upon the principles of international law, in particular as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the law of the Sea (UNCLOS),". The EU later stressed that China should respect the ruling from the Hague.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The Group of 7 (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States as well as a representation from the European Union) made a statement that the bloc should issue a "clear signal" to China's overlapping claims.


title: Philippines v. China

text: European Council President Donald Tusk said on the sidelines of a summit in Ise-Shima that the bloc should take a "clear and tough stance" on China's contested maritime claims.


title: Philippines v. China

text: In August 2015, a junior Minister of State of India, V K Singh, told that territorial disputes should be resolved through peaceful means as was done by India and Bangladesh using the mechanisms provided by the UNCLOS, and parties should abide by the Declaration of the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. In October 2015, the Foreign Minister of India Sushma Swaraj stated in a joint statement that India supports a peaceful settlement of the dispute. Peaceful means should be used according to the principles of international law, including the UNCLOS. In April 2016, Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj stated in a communique that Russia, India and China agreed to maintain legal order of seas based on international law, including the UNCLOS, and all related disputes should be addressed through negotiations and agreements between the parties concerned.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The foreign secretary of New Zealand stated in a speech that New Zealand supports the right to seek arbitration on South China Sea disputes.


title: Philippines v. China

text: NATO General Petr Pavel said NATO has "no legal platform" to intervene militarily in the South China Sea territorial disputes, and NATO will not interfere in other region's issues. NATO supports any regional solutions based on political and diplomatic negotiations, "rules-based international system" and peaceful means for resolving discord.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 14 April 2016, the Fijian government issued a statement to correct a previous media release by China and stated that the Fijian government did not support China's proposition.


title: Philippines v. China

text: In May 2016, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hua Chunying said that more than 40 countries had expressed their support for China's position. One 19 May 2016, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Hong Lei stated that Brunei, Mozambique, and Slovenia supported China's stance for negotiations to resolve South China Sea issues. In July 2016, it was reported that more than 70 countries had called for the South China Sea dispute to be resolved through negotiations, not arbitration, although American media and think tanks have expressed doubt, with the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) via its Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative (AMTI) putting the number at ten.


title: Philippines v. China

text: In a statement of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Secretary-General Rashid Olimov on South China Sea issue, all SCO countries agreed and supported China's efforts made to safeguard peace and stability in the South China Sea. Directly concerned states should resolve disputes through negotiation and consultation in accordance with all bilateral treaties and the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), the statement said. It urged to respect the right of every sovereign state to decide by itself the dispute resolution methods, and strongly opposed outsiders' intervention into the South China Sea issue, as well as the attempt to internationalise the dispute.


title: Philippines v. China

text: During the 2015 East Asia Summit, South Korea's President Park Geun-hye stated that concerned parties should observe the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea and that disputes should be resolved according to international law. "Korea has consistently stressed that the dispute must be peacefully resolved according to international agreements and code of conduct" and "China must guarantee the right of free navigation and flight. The "Asahi Shimbun" reports that the United States has made an unofficial request to South Korea to express its position on the arbitration case before the ruling but South Korea reportedly turned down the request saying its difficult make a position prior to the ruling.


title: Philippines v. China

text: Compiled from the Center for Strategic and International Studies, the Council of the EU and the European Council, and ASEAN


title: Philippines v. China

text: The United Nations says it has no position regarding either legal merits or procedural merits of the case.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 25 July 2016, in Vientiane, Laos, ASEAN issued the joint statement regarding the South China Sea disputeː ensure and promote the peace, stability, and security in the region.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The 36th ASEAN Summit was held virtually on 26 June 2020. Vietnam, as the Chairman of the Summit, released the Chairman's Statement. The Statement said the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea is “the basis for determining maritime entitlements, sovereign rights, jurisdiction and legitimate interests over maritime zones, and the 1982 UNCLOS sets out the legal framework within which all activities in the oceans and seas must be carried out.”


title: Philippines v. China

text: The ruling was followed on 29 July by derogatory messages against the Philippines and Vietnam posted on Vietnamese computer systems by self-proclaimed Chinese hackers.


title: Philippines v. China

text: In August 2016, hackers linked to the Chinese government infiltrated and extracted confidential information from the Philippines' Department of Justice and the international legal firm which had represented the Philippines at the Hague. Related attacks also occurred in July 2016.


title: Philippines v. China

text: The Asia correspondent of "The Globe and Mail" feels that the Philippines have not enforced the international court judgment over the South China Sea because of massive investment and aid from China into the Philippines after the judgment was released. It was remarked by Justin Trudeau in a 2019 election leadership debate that the pacification was accomplished through the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.


title: Philippines v. China

text: On 22 September 2020, in UN Speech, the Philippine President, Rodrigo Duterte reaffirmed the Hague ruling rejecting most of China's claims to disputed waters, and said “The award is now part of international law, beyond compromise and beyond the reach of passing governments to dilute, diminish, or abandon.”


title: Cumbric

text: Cumbric was a variety of the Common Brittonic language spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the "Hen Ogledd" or "Old North" in what is now the counties of Westmorland, Cumberland and northern Lancashire in Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands. It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages. Place name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales. The prevailing view is that it became extinct in the 12th century, after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland.


title: Cumbric

text: Dauvit Broun sets out the problems with the various terms used to describe the Cumbric language and its speakers. The people seem to have called themselves the same way that the Welsh called themselves (most likely from reconstructed Brittonic meaning "fellow countrymen"). The Welsh and the Cumbric-speaking people of what are now southern Scotland and northern England probably felt they were actually one ethnic group. Old Irish speakers called them "Britons", , or . The Norse called them . In Latin, the terms and were Latinised as Cambria and Cumbria respectively. In Medieval Latin, the English term Welsh became ("of Wales"), while the term referred to Cumbrians ("of Cumbria"). However, in Scots, a Cumbric speaker seems to have been called – from the Scots "Welsh".


title: Cumbric

text: The Latinate term Cambria is often used for Wales; nevertheless, the "Life of St Kentigern" ( 1200) by Jocelyn of Furness has the following passage:


title: Cumbric

text: John T. Koch defined the specifically Cumbric region as "the area approximately between the line of the River Mersey and the Forth-Clyde Isthmus", but went on to include evidence from the Wirral Peninsula in his discussion and did not define its easterly extent. Kenneth H. Jackson described Cumbric as "the Brittonic dialect of Cumberland, Westmorland, northern Lancashire, and south-west Scotland" and went on to define the region further as being bound in the north by the Firth of Clyde, in the south by the River Ribble and in the east by the Southern Scottish Uplands and the Pennine Ridge.


title: Cumbric

text: The evidence from Cumbric comes almost entirely through secondary sources, since no known contemporary written records of the language survive. The majority of evidence comes from place names of the north of England and the south of Scotland. Other sources include the personal names of Strathclyde Britons in Scottish, Irish, and Anglo-Saxon sources, and a few Cumbric words surviving into the High Middle Ages in southwest Scotland as legal terms. Although the language is long extinct, traces of its vocabulary arguably have persisted into the modern era in the form of "counting scores" and in a handful of dialectal words.


title: Cumbric

text: From this scanty evidence, little can be deduced about the singular characteristics of Cumbric, not even the name by which its speakers referred to it. However, linguists generally agree that Cumbric was a Western Brittonic language closely related to Welsh and, more distantly, to Cornish and Breton.


title: Cumbric

text: Around the time of the battle described in the poem "Y Gododdin", c. 600, Common Brittonic is believed to have been transitioning into its daughter languages: Cumbric in North Britain, Old Welsh in Wales, and Southwestern Brittonic, the ancestor of Cornish and Breton. Kenneth Jackson concludes that the majority of changes that transformed British into Primitive Welsh belong to the period from the middle of the fifth to the end of the sixth century. This involved syncope and the loss of final syllables. If the poem ultimately dates to this time, it would have originally been written in an early form of Cumbric, the usual name for the Brythonic speech of the Hen Ogledd; Jackson suggested the name "Primitive Cumbric" for the dialect spoken at the time. However, scholars date the poem to between the 7th and the early 11th centuries, and the earliest surviving manuscript of it dates to the 13th, written in Old Welsh and Middle Welsh.


title: Cumbric

text: Cumbric place-names occur in Scotland south of the firths of Forth and Clyde. Brittonic names north of this line are Pictish. Cumbric names are also found commonly in the historic county of Cumberland and in bordering areas of Northumberland. They are less common in Westmorland, east Northumberland, and Durham, with some in Lancashire and the adjoining areas of North Yorkshire. Approaching Cheshire, late Brittonic placenames are probably better characterised as Welsh rather than as Cumbric. As noted below, however, any clear distinction between Cumbric and Welsh is difficult to prove. Many Brittonic place-names remain in these regions which should not be described as Cumbric, such as Leeds, Manchester and York, because they were coined in a period before Brittonic split into Cumbric and its sister dialects.


title: Cumbric

text: Several supposed Cumbric elements occur repeatedly in place names of the region. The following table lists some of them according to the modern Welsh equivalent:


title: Cumbric

text: Some Cumbric names have historically been replaced by Scottish Gaelic, Middle English, or Scots equivalents, and in some cases the different forms occur in the historical record.


title: Cumbric

text: Among the evidence that Cumbric might have influenced local English dialects are a group of counting systems, or scores, recorded in various parts of northern England. Around 100 of these systems have been collected since the 18th century; the scholarly consensus is that these derive from a Brittonic language closely related to Welsh. Though they are often referred to as "sheep-counting numerals", most recorded scores were not used to count sheep, but in knitting or for children's games or nursery rhymes. These scores are often suggested to represent a survival from medieval Cumbric, a theory first popularized in the 19th century. However, later scholars came to reject this idea, suggesting instead that the scores were later imports from either Wales or Scotland, but in light of the dearth of evidence one way or another, Markku Filppula, Juhani Klemola, and Heli Paulasto posit that it remains plausible that the counting systems are indeed of Cumbric origin.


title: Cumbric

text: Cumbric, in common with other Brythonic languages, uses a vigesimal counting system, i.e. numbering up to twenty, with intermediate numbers for ten and fifteen. Therefore, after numbering one to ten, numbers follow the format one-and-ten, two-and-ten etc. to fifteen, then one-and-fifteen, two-and-fifteen to twenty. The dialect words for the numbers themselves show much variation across the region. (see chart)


title: Cumbric

text: A number of words occurring in the Scots and Northern English variants of English have been proposed as being of possible Brittonic origin. Ascertaining the real derivation of these words is far from simple, due in part to the similarities between some cognates in the Brittonic and Goidelic languages and the fact that borrowing took place in both directions between these languages.


title: Cumbric

text: Another difficulty lies with other words which were taken into Old English, as in many cases it is impossible to tell whether the borrowing is directly from Brittonic or not (e.g. "Brogat", "Crag", below). The following are possibilities:


title: Cumbric

text: The linguistic term Cumbric is defined according to geographical rather than linguistic criteria: that is, it refers to the variety of Brittonic spoken within a particular region of North Britain and implies nothing about that variety except that it was geographically distinct from other varieties. This has led to a discussion about the nature of Cumbric and its relationship with other Brittonic languages, in particular with Old Welsh.


title: Cumbric

text: Linguists appear undecided as to whether Cumbric should be considered a separate language, or a dialect of Old Welsh. Koch calls it a dialect but goes on to say that some of the place names in the Cumbric region "clearly reflect a developed medieval language, much like Welsh, Cornish or Breton". Jackson also calls it a dialect but points out that "to call it Pr[imitive] W[elsh] would be inaccurate", so clearly views it as distinct in some meaningful respect.


title: Cumbric

text: It has been suggested that Cumbric was more closely aligned to the Pictish language than to Welsh, though there is considerable debate regarding the classification of that language. On the basis of place name evidence it has also been proposed that all three languages were very similar.


title: Cumbric

text: The whole question is made more complex because there is no consensus as to whether any principled distinction can be made between languages and dialects.


title: Cumbric

text: In Welsh, Cornish, and Breton, the Common Brittonic cluster "*rk" was spirantized to (Welsh "rch", Cornish "rgh", Breton "rc'h") but a number of place names appear to show Cumbric retained the stop in this position. Lanark and Lanercost are thought to contain the equivalent of Welsh "llannerch" 'clearing'.


title: Cumbric

text: There is evidence to the contrary, however, including the place names Powmaughan and Maughanby (containing Welsh "Meirchion") and the word "kelchyn" (related to Welsh "cylch"). Jackson concludes that the change of Common Brittonic "*rk" > ""may" have been somewhat later in Cumbric".


title: Cumbric

text: There is evidence to suggest that the consonant cluster "mb" remained distinct in Cumbric later than the time it was assimilated to "mm" in Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The cluster remains in:


title: Cumbric

text: Jackson notes that only in the north does the cluster appear in place names borrowed after "circa" 600AD and concludes that it may have been a later dialectal survival here.


title: Cumbric

text: Jackson notes the legal term "galnys", equivalent to Welsh "galanas", may show syncope of internal syllables to be a feature of Cumbric. Further evidence is wanting, however.


title: Cumbric

text: James mentions that devoicing appears to be a feature of many Cumbric place names. Devoicing of word final consonants is a feature of modern Breton and, to an extent, Cornish. Watson notes initial devoicing in Tinnis Castle (in Drumelzier) (compare Welsh "dinas" 'fortress, city') as an example of this, which can also be seen in the Cornish Tintagel, "din" 'fort'. Also notable are the different English names of two Welsh towns named "Dinbych" ('little fort'); Denbigh and Tenby.


title: Cumbric

text: There is also a significant number of place names which do not support this theory. Devoke Water and Cumdivock (< "Dyfoc", according to Ekwall) and Derwent (< Common Brittonic "Derwentiō") all have initial . The name Calder (< Brit. "*Caletodubro-") in fact appears to show a voiced Cumbric consonant where Welsh has "Calettwr" by provection, which Jackson believes reflects an earlier stage of pronunciation. Jackson also notes that Old English had no internal or final , so would be borrowed with by sound substitution. This can be seen in names with "c, k, ck" (e.g. Cocker < Brittonic "*kukro-", Eccles < Brittonic "eglēsia").


title: Cumbric

text: The Cumbric personal names Gospatrick, Gososwald and Gosmungo meaning 'servant of St...' (Welsh, Cornish, Breton "gwas" 'servant, boy') and the Galloway dialect word "gossock" 'short, dark haired inhabitant of Wigtownshire' (W. "gwasog" 'a servant') apparently show that the Cumbric equivalent of Welsh and Cornish "gwas" & B "gwaz" 'servant' was "*gos". Jackson suggests that it may be a survival of the original Proto-Celtic form of the word in –o- (i.e. "*uɸo-sto").


title: Cumbric

text: This idea is disputed by the "Dictionary of the Scots Language"; and the occurrence in Gospatrick's Writ of the word "wassenas" 'dependants', thought to be from the same word "gwas", is evidence against Jackson's theory. Koch notes that the alternation between "gwa-" and "go-" is common among the Brittonic languages and does not amount to a systematic sound change in any of them.


title: Cumbric

text: Thomas Clancy opined that the royal feminine personal name in Life of Kentigern, "Languoreth", demonstrates the presence of /gw/ Cumbric.


title: Cumbric

text: It is noteworthy that the toponym "Brenkibeth" in Cumberland (now Burntippet; possibly "bryn", "hill" + "gwyped", "gnats") may display this syllable anglicized as "-k-". The name, however, may not be Brittonic at all, and instead be of Scandinavian origin.


title: Cumbric

text: In the "Book of Aneirin", a poem entitled " "Peis Dinogat" " (possibly set in the Lake District of Cumbria), contains a usage of the word "penn" "head" (attached to the names of several animals hunted by the protagonist), that is unique in medieval Welsh literature and may, according to Koch, reflect Cumbric influence ("[r]eferring to a single animal in this way is otherwise found only in Breton, and we have no evidence that the construction ever had any currency in the present-day Wales"). The relevant lines are:


title: Cumbric

text: It is to be noted, however, that such semantics are probably archaisms, and rather than being features diagnostic of linguistic distinctiveness, are more likely to be legacies of features once common to all Brittonic speech.


title: Cumbric

text: The modern Brittonic languages have different forms of the definite article: Welsh "yr, -'r, y", Cornish "an", and Breton "an, ar, al". These are all taken to derive from an unstressed form of the Common Brittonic demonstrative "*sindos", altered by assimilation (compare the Gaelic articles). Throughout Old Welsh the article is "ir" (or "-r" after a vowel), but there is evidence in Cumbric for an article in "-n" alongside one in "-r". Note the following:


title: Cumbric

text: Of all the names of possible Cumbric derivation, few are more certain than Carlisle and Derwent which can be directly traced back to their Romano-British recorded forms "Luguvalium" and "Derventio".


title: Cumbric

text: The modern and medieval forms of Carlisle ("Luel" c1050, "Cardeol" 1092, "Karlioli" c1100 (in the Medieval Latin genitive case), "Cærleoil" 1130) and Derwent ("Deorwentan stream" c890 (Old English), "Derewent") suggest derivations from Br *"Luguvaljon" and "*Derwentjō". But the Welsh forms "Caerliwelydd" and "Derwennydd" are derived from alternative forms "*Luguvalijon, *Derwentijō" which gave the "-ydd" ending. This appears to show a divergence between Cumbric and Welsh at a relatively early date.


title: Cumbric

text: If this was an early dialectal variation, it can't be applied as a universal sound law, as the equivalent of W "mynydd" 'mountain' occurs in a number of Cumbric names with the spirant intact: E.g. Mindrum ("Minethrum" 1050) from 'mountain ridge' (Welsh "mynydd trum"). It might also be noted that Medieval Welsh forms of "Caerliwelydd"


title: Cumbric

text: and "Derwennydd" both occur in poems of supposed Cumbrian origin whose rhyme and metre would be disrupted if the ending were absent.


title: Cumbric

text: Of additional relevance is that Guto Rhys demonstrated "some robust proof" of the presence of the "-ydd" ending in the closely-aligned Pictish language.


title: Cumbric

text: One particularly distinctive element of Cumbric is the repeated use of the element or (W. 'boy, lad; servant, attendant') in personal names, followed by the name of a saint. The practice is reminiscent of Gaelic names such as "Maol Choluim" "Malcolm" and "Gille Crìosd" "Gilchrist", which have Scottish Gaelic (Old Irish 'bald, tonsured; servant') and ('servant, lad', < Old Irish 'a youth').


title: Cumbric

text: The most well-known example of this Cumbric naming practice is "Gospatric", which occurs as the name of several notable Anglo-Scottish noblemen in the 11th and 12th centuries. Other examples, standardised from original sources, include "Gosmungo" (Saint Mungo), "Gososwald" (Oswald of Northumbria) and "Goscuthbert" (Cuthbert).


title: Cumbric

text: It is impossible to give an exact date of the extinction of Cumbric. However, there are some pointers which may give a reasonably accurate estimate. In the mid-11th century, some landowners still bore what appear to be Cumbric names. Examples of such landowners are Dunegal (Dyfnwal), lord of Strathnith or Nithsdale; Moryn (Morien), lord of Cardew and Cumdivock near Carlisle; and Eilifr (Eliffer), lord of Penrith.


title: Cumbric

text: There is a village near Carlisle called Cumwhitton (earlier Cumquinton). This appears to contain the Norman name Quinton, affixed to a cognate of the Welsh "cwm", meaning valley. There were no Normans in this area until 1069 at the earliest.


title: Cumbric

text: In the Battle of the Standard in 1138, the Cumbrians are noted as a separate ethnic group. Given that their material culture was very similar to their Gaelic and Anglian neighbours, it is arguable that what set them apart was still their language. Also the castle at Castle Carrock – Castell Caerog – dates from around 1160–1170. Barmulloch, earlier Badermonoc (Cumbric "monk's dwelling"), was given to the church by Malcolm IV of Scotland between 1153 and 1165.


title: Cumbric

text: A more controversial point is the surname Wallace. It means "Welshman". It is possible that all the Wallaces in the Clyde area were medieval immigrants from Wales, but given that the term was also used for local Cumbric-speaking Strathclyde Welsh, it seems equally, if not more, likely that the surname refers to people who were seen as being "Welsh" due to their Cumbric language.


title: Cumbric

text: Surnames in Scotland were not inherited before 1200 and not regularly until 1400. William Wallace (known in Gaelic as Uilleam Breatnach – namely William the Briton or Welshman) came from the Renfrew area – itself a Cumbric name. Wallace slew the sheriff of Lanark (also a Cumbric name) in 1297. Even if he had inherited the surname from his father, it is possible that the family spoke Cumbric within memory in order to be thus named.


title: Cumbric

text: There are also some historical pointers to a continuing separate ethnic identity. Prior to being crowned king of Scotland in 1124, David I was invested with the title Prince of the Cumbrians. William the Lion between 1173 and 1180 made an address to his subjects, identifying the Cumbrians as a separate group. This does not prove that any of them still spoke Cumbric at this time.


title: Cumbric

text: The legal documents in the Lanercost Cartulary, dating from the late 12th century, show witnesses with Norman French or English names, and no obvious Cumbric names. Though these people represent the upper classes, it seems significant that by the late 12th century in the Lanercost area, Cumbric is not obvious in these personal names. In 1262 in Peebles, jurymen in a legal dispute over peat cutting also have names which mostly appear Norman French or English, but possible exceptions are Gauri Pluchan, Cokin Smith and Robert Gladhoc, where "Gladhoc" has the look of an adjectival noun similar to Welsh "gwladog" = "countryman". In the charters of Wetherall Priory near Carlisle there is a monk called Robert Minnoc who appears as a witness to 8 charters dating from around 1260. His name is variously spelled Minnoc/Minot/Mynoc and it is tempting to see an equivalent of the Welsh "mynach" – "Robert the Monk" here.


title: Cumbric

text: Given that in other areas which have given up speaking Celtic languages, the upper classes have generally become Anglicised before the peasantry, it is not implausible that the peasantry continued to speak Cumbric for at least a little while after. Around 1200 there is a list of the names of men living in the area of Peebles. Amongst them are Cumbric names such as Gospatrick: servant or follower of Saint Patrick, Gosmungo: servant of Saint Mungo, Guososwald: servant of Oswald of Northumbria and Goscubrycht: servant of Cuthbert. Two of the saints – Oswald and Cuthbert — are from Northumbria showing influence on Cumbric not found in Welsh.


title: Cumbric

text: The royal seal of Alexander III of Scotland (who reigned 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286) bore the title "Rex Scotorum et Britanniarum", or "King of Scots and Britons".


title: Cumbric

text: In 1305 Edward I of England prohibited the "Leges inter Brettos et Scottos". The term Brets or Britons refers to the native, traditionally Cumbric speaking people of southern Scotland and northern England as well as the Pictish speakers in Northern Scotland.


title: Cumbric

text: It seems that Cumbric could well have survived into the middle of the 12th century as a community language and even lasted into the 13th on the tongues of the last remaining speakers. Certain areas seem to be particularly dense in Cumbric place-names even down to very minor features. The two most striking of these are around Lanercost east of Carlisle and around Torquhan south of Edinburgh. If the 1262 names from Peebles do contain traces of Cumbric personal names then we can imagine Cumbric dying out between 1250 and 1300 at the very latest.


title: Ornithophobia

text: Ornithophobia is the abnormal and irrational fear of birds, as well as a type of specific phobia. The term may also refer to strong dislike of birds. People with Ornithophobia are often afraid of specific types of birds, for example chickens, ducks, and/or pest birds in grain-producing areas.


title: Ornithophobia

text: The prefix "ornitho-" signifies "of or pertaining to birds", from Ancient Greek ὄρνις (órnis, "bird").


title: Ornithophobia

text: American rapper Eminem says he is afraid of owls. English footballer David Beckham and American actress Scarlett Johansson also have ornithophobia. Other people with the fear have included:


title: Digimon Universe: App Monsters

text: An anime television series, the seventh overall in the "Digimon" franchise, was produced by Toei Animation and Dentsu, directed by Gō Koga, written by Yōichi Katō, with character designs by Kenichi Ōnuki. It was broadcast for fifty-two episodes on all TXN stations in Japan from October 2016 to September 2017.


title: Digimon Universe: App Monsters

text: In the year 2045, technology has finally evolved to a degree of prosperity for the world. The World Wide Web has become a world for or "Appmons", artificially intelligent beings born within mobile apps. The series focuses on Haru Shinkai, an everyday Junior High Student. One day, he discovers an Appmon lurking in his smartphone, which reveals himself to be Gatchmon and the two become partners. Haru also learns from Gatchmon that the artificial intelligence Leviathan is creating viruses to turn all Appmons evil, and the two join forces to stop them. As the series progresses, Haru gains the help of the rookie idol Eri Karan, the famous AppTuber Torajirou Asuka, the prodigy hacker Rei Katsura, who is in search for his younger brother that was kidnapped by Leviathan, and Haru's best friend Yūjin Ōzora, each one partnered with their own Appmon to help in the fight to defeat Leviathan and restore the balance between their two worlds.


title: Digimon Universe: App Monsters

text: The anime adaptation of the series began airing on all TXN stations in Japan on October 1, 2016, replacing Time Travel Girl on its original timeslot, and aired until September 30, 2017. The series's opening theme from episodes 1 to 25 is "DiVE" by Amatsuki and from episodes 26 to 52, "Gatchen!" by SymaG. The ending theme from episodes 1 to 13 is by Riho Iida, from episodes 14 to 25, by Ami Wajima, from episodes 26 to 38, "Little Pi" by Ange☆Reve and from episodes 39 to 52, by Traffic Light.


title: Digimon Universe: App Monsters

text: Two manga adaptations were released by Shueisha. The first one was illustrated by Naoki Akamine and was serialized in "V Jump" from September 21, 2016, to August 21, 2017. The Second manga, titled is illustrated by Katsumi Hirose and was serialized in "Saikyō Jump" from October 1, 2016.


title: Douglas Barr

text: Douglas Barr (born May 1, 1949), also credited as Doug Barr, is an American actor, writer, and director. He has starred in movies and on television.


title: Douglas Barr

text: Barr was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. His big role came in the ABC TV series "The Fall Guy" as Howie Munson from 1981 to 1986. Barr then made some guest appearances on series such as "Fantasy Island", "The Love Boat", "Hotel", and "Murder, She Wrote". His other well-known role was in the short-lived CBS TV series "The Wizard" as Alex Jagger from 1986 to 1987, and he later starred as Bill Stillfield in the hit CBS series "Designing Women" from 1988 to 1991.


title: Douglas Barr

text: The first feature film in which he starred was the horror movie "Deadly Blessing" (1981). He also starred in "The Unseen", another horror movie. His last film role was in the erotic film "Temptation" (1994). He went on to direct numerous TV movies.


title: Doral, Florida

text: Doral is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. One of 34 municipalities in the county, it is located one mile (1.6 km) from Miami International Airport and three miles (5 km) from Downtown Miami. The city regularly hosts more than 100,000 people who work in Miami. Doral occupies bordered on the west by the Ronald Reagan Turnpike and the Florida Everglades, on the north by the Town of Medley, on the east by the Palmetto Expressway and on the south by the Dolphin Expressway and City of Sweetwater. It is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6,138,333 people in 2020.


title: Doral, Florida

text: Doral has operated under the mayor-council-manager form of government since incorporation. Policymaking and legislative authority are vested in a governing council consisting of the mayor and four other councilmembers. The council, which is elected at large, is responsible for passing ordinances and resolutions, adopting the annual budget, and appointing the city manager, city clerk and city attorney. The city manager is responsible for carrying out the council's policies and ordinances, overseeing the government's daily operations, and appointing the heads of various departments.


title: Doral, Florida

text: For a city of its size, Doral has many shops, financial institutions and businesses, especially importers and exporters, primarily because of its proximity to the airport. In 2008, Fortune Small Business and CNN Money ranked Doral 51st on a list of 100 cities with the best mix of business advantages and lifestyle appeal. Other recent accolades that attest to the City of Doral's flourishing and success include being named a 2019 All-America City Award finalist and one of the Best Places to Live in 2018 by "Money" magazine.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In the late 1950s, real estate pioneers Alfred and Doris Kaskel purchased of swampland between Northwest 36 Street and Northwest 74 Street and from Northwest 79 Avenue to Northwest 117 Avenue for about $49,000, intending to build a golf course and hotel. In 1962, the Doral Country Club opened in western Dade County, featuring the blue, red, and par-3 golf courses, along with a hotel on Miami Beach. The "Doral" name combined Doris and Alfred. As Doral's first structure, the Doral Hotel, and Country Club became the area's hot spot: guests were transported from the beach to the country club for a day on the golf course.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In the second year of operations, the Kaskels hosted the first Doral Open Invitational, Florida's major PGA event. Alfred offered $50,000 in prize money to attract well-known golfers. According to the South Florida Golf Foundation, at the time, only three other tournaments were held in Florida, offering a combined total of $65,000 prize money.


title: Doral, Florida

text: By the early 1980s, Doral experienced its first residential growth spurt, when Alfred's and Doris' grandson Bill developed Doral Estates, followed by a joint venture with Lennar to build Doral Park. Both communities were named after the hotel, a trend that was to be repeated many more times. Although younger families started flooding the area, there were no stores, schools, or parks. Initially, most new homes were investment properties or second homes, but early full-time residents started coming together as a community.


title: Doral, Florida

text: From 1983 to 1985, Miami-Dade County imposed a building moratorium to protect the area's water wells. Once the ban was lifted, Doral experienced tremendous growth. In 1989, Morgan Levy helped organize the West Dade Federation of Homeowner Associations to stand strong against proposals that threatened the community's welfare. Thus, they secured a police station instead of a jail and convinced county officials to implement higher development standards and more lighting, roads, and landscaping.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In 1995, residents began lobbying for incorporation in earnest, dissatisfied with the high tax rate relative to the services they received, as well as unchecked growth. The county met the first attempt at incorporation with a year's deferral. Some classified Doral as a "donor community," meaning that the taxes paid were more than the cost of operations. With the deferral, incorporation efforts intensified even more. In 1996, the community elected its first community council: Jose "Pepe" Cancio Sr., Mario Pita, and Barbara B. Thomas were elected, and three other members were appointed. The council initially met once every month.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In 2002, Governor Jeb Bush appointed Cancio to fill the remainder of Miami-Dade Commissioner Miriam Alonso's term of office. Doral residents hoped that his appointment would bring the community closer to incorporation, and their hopes were realized. Although Cancio endorsed Juan Carlos Bermudez, the City of Doral's first elected Mayor, as his replacement on the Community Council, Bermudez declined the offer, ran for the seat, and was elected. At the time, Bermudez was president of One Doral, a civic organization formed to counteract the perceived influence of the West Dade Federation on the new Council. However, both One Doral and the West Dade Federation proved essential to the incorporation process.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In January 2003, following a seven-year battle, 85% of Doral's voters voted in favor of incorporation. In June of the same year, 92% voted to accept the City Charter and elected their first Mayor and City Council.


title: Doral, Florida

text: The new City of Doral was named as an attractive location for entrepreneurs with an interest in the Latin America market. Mayor Luigi Boria, elected in November 2012, became the second Venezuelan-American mayor in the United States. He was replaced by Juan Carlos Bermudez who won a reelection bid in 2016. Mayor Bermudez was again reelected in November 2020 with 69.85% of votes for four more years to lead the community.


title: Doral, Florida

text: On December 13, 2022, during a run-off election, Doral voters made history by electing Doral’s first female Mayor, Christi Fraga, with 54.5% of the votes.


title: Doral, Florida

text: "Doral Community Newspapers", which is published bi-weekly and is part of Miami Community Newspapers, is one of the local publications in Doral. Another long-standing publication is "Doral Family Journal", also publishing bi-weekly.


title: Doral, Florida

text: Two big media outlets have their headquarters in Doral: Univision Network/Fusion and CBS-owned & operated affiliate WFOR-TV, Channel 4. Several studios and other TV operations work out of Doral. The Telemundo chain has a presence in the city, with one of its main office and production units located there.


title: Doral, Florida

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (3.52%) is water.


title: Doral, Florida

text: According to the Köppen climate classification, Doral has a tropical monsoon climate (Am) bordering a tropical savanna climate (Aw).


title: Doral, Florida

text: Doral has hot-humid summers with the heat index regularly surpassing 100 ºF (37ºC) and higher. The rainy season in Doral runs from May through October when the majority of the city's rainfall occurs. Winters are short, dry, and warm with occasional dips in temperatures during the passage of cold fronts.


title: Doral, Florida

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 75,874 people, 19,722 households, and 16,099 families residing in the city.


title: Doral, Florida

text: As of the 2010, there were 17,785 households, out of which 14.3% were vacant. As of 2000, 38.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 57.0% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.6% were non-families. 22.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 1.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.12.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In 2000, the city population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 43.6% from 25 to 44, 18.7% from 45 to 64, and 4.8% who were 65 years of age or older. As of 2000, the median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.0 males.


title: Doral, Florida

text: In 2000, the median income for a household in the CDP was $53,060, and the median income for a family was $57,193. Males had a median income of $46,324 versus $32,827 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $27,705. About 9.5% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.8% of those under age 18 and 10.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Doral, Florida

text: As of 2000, speakers of Spanish as a first language accounted for 74.5%, while English accounted for 16.2%, Portuguese was spoken by 5.0%, Chinese made up 1.0%, Tamil at 0.6%, Japanese at 0.5%, and Arabic was the mother tongue for 0.5% of the population.