title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: On the return of "Overwatch"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s closed beta in February 2016, victory poses and other cosmetic changes were added to the characters. In March 2016, a controversy arose about Tracer's "Over the Shoulder" victory pose after a user on the game's forums said it was out of character and "reduces Tracer to just another bland female sex symbol". The post generated a discussion on the forums, which gaming outlets noted for its civility; several users added their own critical opinions of the pose while others disagreed with the original poster. Kaplan posted an apologetic response in which he announced Blizzard's plans to replace the pose because they did not want to "make someone feel uncomfortable, under-appreciated or misrepresented".


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: The decision was met with mixed reactions from the gaming community. Some argued that Blizzard had surrendered its creative control over the game, censoring content to appease an offended user, while others praised Blizzard's willingness to listen to the community and adhere to standards for portraying characters according to their personalities. Kaplan later said the game's development team was not "entirely happy with the original pose" and that internal creative struggles over its inclusion had occurred. The following week, a replacement pose was released; one commentator said this was "different, not by much", referring to the prominent buttocks of the original pose. According to Jessica Lachenal of The Mary Sue website, the replacement pose was inspired by a cheesecake pin-up illustration by Billy De Vorss. Kaplan called the replacement pose cool, cute, and playful, and said he wished the team had chosen it originally.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: The developers of "Overwatch" later introduced seasonal events, including themed cosmetics such as skins and sprays for players to equip the character with. Tracer received two skins during the game's first seasonal event, "Summer Games 2016", which was themed after the 2016 Summer Olympics. In the game's first year of release, she received themed skins during the game's subsequent "Winter Wonderland", "Year of the Rooster 2017", "Uprising", and "Anniversary" events.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Like the other "Overwatch" characters, Tracer underwent a character redesign during the development of "Overwatch 2"; the redesign retained her trademark orange pants and goggles, albeit visually tweaked.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Outside the game, Blizzard's fictional biography for Tracer lists her real name as Lena Oxton, her age as 26, and her base of operations as London, England.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer is an adventurer and former agent of the international task force, Overwatch. In "Overwatch" lore, Tracer is known for her piloting skills; after being a member of the British Royal Air Force, she became the youngest person ever inducted into Overwatch's experimental flight program. She was chosen to test the Slipstream, a prototype of a teleporting fighter; during the test flight, the Slipstream's teleportation matrix malfunctioned and Tracer was pronounced dead. She later reappeared, having been desynchronized from the flow of time, preventing her from keeping a physical form in the present until a scientist named Winston created the chronal accelerator, which gives Tracer control over her own time. These events occur during a period in which the Overwatch organization was increasingly protested and criticized by the public. In an April 2017 patch, the game's "Hero Gallery" was updated to include short biographies for the characters and background information on the skins that the player can equip onto characters. Though in the franchise's narrative Overwatch was forcibly dissolved, Tracer's biography notes that she continues "to right wrongs and fight the good fight wherever the opportunity presents itself".


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer was one of the first characters to have her backstory fleshed out. In an interview with "PC Gamer", the game's creative director, Chris Metzen likened her to a Spider-Man–type character and stated, "Tracer [was] one of the first characters we really got to know. And while she wasn't particularly created to be a starring role, if you will, [...] it feels good to leverage her in the front of story ideas." Tracer has been called a peppy character; "Hardcore Gamer"s Kevin Dunsmore described her as a "spunky Brit [who is] [...] full of little quips as she zips around the battlefield". Kaplan described Tracer as cute and playful, noting that she does everything with a wink and a smile. In an interview with "PCGamesN", game designer Michael Chu said he feels Tracer embodies the game's theme of heroism, adding, "she has a personality which is out of the norm for most people. She is incredibly optimistic, she is incredibly bubbly—it's part of her hero persona." Matching her English origin, Tracer is voiced by English actress Cara Theobold.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: At BlizzCon 2015, Metzen was asked about the presence of gay heroes in the "Overwatch" universe; he confirmed there were such characters but elaborated, "we want it to play out organically, we don't want it to be a data point or feel contrived in any way." In December 2016, Tracer became the first "Overwatch" hero to be canonically revealed as LGBT in "Reflections", an issue of the "Overwatch" digital comic; she identifies herself as a lesbian. She is depicted in the comic as a partner in a romantic relationship with a woman named Emily, who is not part of the Overwatch team. Blizzard noted the importance of variety in character background, which helps deepen and enrich the game's broader fictional universe. Blizzard stated about Tracer's development, "As with any aspect of our characters' backgrounds, their sexuality is just one part of what makes our heroes who they are. From the very beginning of our work on Tracer's story, it just felt right to make this an aspect of her character."


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In "Overwatch", Tracer is classified as an offense character. She is listed as a two-star (medium) difficulty character for players. She is equipped with dual pulse pistols that reload quickly and deal damage rapidly at a short range. According to video game media, she is the fastest character on the game's roster. Her speed is often described as one of her biggest advantages and an annoyance to the opposing team. Although Tracer has a speed advantage, she has the lowest health pool in the game. Her Blink ability, which comes with three charges, allows her to teleport a short distance in the direction she is traveling. Using this ability she can "zip behind an enemy in an instant for surprise attacks, or dodge completely out of the line of fire". Her Recall ability allows Tracer to return to her position three seconds prior, resetting her health and reloading her gun. Both abilities have a cooldown period. Tracer's ultimate ability is Pulse Bomb, a sticky bomb that clings to the first surface or hero it touches before detonating with area of effect damage.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Jeff Kaplan has commented on her harassing gameplay style, noting that: [The game has] characters like Tracer and Genji ... who are really unique in how "Overwatch" is played, and sometimes the absolute right thing for Tracer to be doing is to be off on her own, completely away from the objective or completely away from the team, harassing other players who are running back from the spawn. And she might not even be killing those players ... She's a distracting, ambushing skirmisher. And that doesn't really fit in necessarily with objective time. ... You can be the absolute MVP of the match when you're doing some of those things, and there's no way to really score it accurately.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: "Destructoid" noted that her unconventional design in "Heroes of the Storm" is similar to her "Overwatch" design, writing that "she has the same basic abilities, and even powers up her Heroic [ability] just like an ultimate—by dealing damage". A Heroic ability in "Heroes of the Storm" is player-chosen and is unlocked once the hero reaches level 10. In "Heroes of the Storm", players have no control over Tracer's Heroic ability, which is unlocked immediately. Her core skill-set is teleportation, which includes a quick blink strike and a Recall ability that functions similarly to the one in "Overwatch". Chris Thursten of "PC Gamer" wrote that he was impressed by her "Heroes of the Storm" design, which defies the normal rules of the game and allows her to "literally [run] circles around certain heroes". Acknowledging that she can be an "absolute terror to the enemy team", Blizzard rolled out a nerfed version of the character on May 4, 2016, less than a month after her introduction.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer debuted as a playable character in the video game "Heroes of the Storm" in its April 2016 update, nearly a month prior to the release of "Overwatch". "PC Gamer" Chris Thursten called her inclusion in the game a marketing move but noted that Tracer felt different than other MOBA characters as a result of her origin in a first-person shooter. He praised her inclusion as a legitimate addition to the roster, writing that she "introduces a bunch of new ideas to "Heroes of the Storm" that elevate her above traditional preorder bonus fluff".


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: The video game "Overwatch" lacks a traditional campaign or story mode; its lore and character backgrounds, including Tracer's, are instead shown through its map design and character voice lines.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In April 2017, Blizzard launched Uprising, a seasonal event that included an eponymous player versus environment co-op game mode. The default version of the mode limits players to four characters; Tracer, Torbjörn, Reinhardt, and Mercy. The limitation to these characters was due to the mode being a portrayal of the King's Row Uprising event from "Overwatch"'s past. In this story element set seven years before the events in the main game, Tracer—then known as Cadet Oxton—works alongside the other three characters in her first mission as a member of Overwatch. The strike team is tasked with thwarting an attack on London perpetrated by an extremist group.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In November 2014, Tracer appeared alongside Winston in a cinematic trailer for "Overwatch". The two characters fought against Widowmaker and Reaper, agents of a terrorist group called Talon. The trailer, which officially announced "Overwatch", debuted at BlizzCon 2014. Widowmaker and Reaper invade a museum and try to steal Doomfist's gauntlet; Tracer and Winston thwart the heist.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In March 2016, Tracer had a voice-only appearance in "Recall", the first in a series of animated "Overwatch" shorts. Tracer responds to Winston's recall of Overwatch agents, allowing her voice to be heard. The events of "Recall" occur prior to those of the 2014 cinematic trailer. In April, Tracer made a physical appearance in "Alive", the second in the series of animated "Overwatch" shorts. The short is set in London's King's Row, which is the setting one of the game's maps. In the short, Tracer attempts to stop Widowmaker from assassinating Tekhartha Mondatta. Tracer fails to protect Mondatta and is incapacitated by Widowmaker, who damages her chronal accelerator.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In April 2017, Tracer appeared in a video showing the events of the King's Row Uprising event, which Blizzard described as "a pivotal moment in history from before the fall of Overwatch". Tracer narrates the video as Cadet Oxton. In July, Blizzard released another animated origin story focusing on the character Doomfist; in the video, Tracer, Genji and Winston battle Doomfist.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer appears as a background character and avatar in Steven Spielberg's 2018 film "Ready Player One", based on the novel of the same name by Ernest Cline.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In November 2019, Tracer appeared in the "Zero Hour" animated cinematic, which functioned as an announcement for "Overwatch 2".


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: "Overwatch"s tie-in digital comic series featured Tracer in its December 2016 issue, "Reflections". "Reflections" is a holiday-themed issue written by Michael Chu and featuring art by Miki Montlló. Tracer is depicted in a romantic relationship with a woman named Emily, who is not on the Overwatch team. This confirmed Tracer as the first of several characters that Blizzard noted have diverse sexuality. To avoid legal conflict with Russia's ban against gay propaganda, Blizzard blocked access to this comic from the Russian Federation. Tracer is depicted with her chronal accelerator removed; the game's Twitter account confirmed the accelerator still works if removed as long as it is charging nearby.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer appears in the April 2017 issue, "Uprising". The issue, set seven years before the game, is about a terrorist attack by an extremist group on King's Row in London. In the comic, Overwatch is forbidden from operating in England but , also known as Soldier: 76, sends Tracer—then new to the Overwatch team—along with Reinhardt, Torbjörn, and Mercy to assist with the situation in London. Tracer's catchphrase, "Cheers love, the cavalry's here!" is derived from a comment made by Torbjörn when they first meet.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: In September 2020, Blizzard began publishing "Tracer—London Calling", a five-issue comic series. The comic served as a tie-in for an in-game seasonal event. The comic series delves into Tracer's interactions with the omnics of the London Underground, as well as human–omnic relations.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer has appeared in "Overwatch" merchandising. In 2017, Japanese manufacturer Good Smile Company partnered with Blizzard to release "Overwatch" action figures in their Nendoroid and Figma lines, which included figures of Tracer. In 2018, Lego announced an "Overwatch" set featuring Tracer.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer is often cited as the "poster girl" for the "Overwatch" franchise, with many publications referring to her as the original game's mascot or noting that she essentially fills that role. The magazine "Hardcore Gamer" described her as ""Overwatch's" single most iconic character". "Kotaku"s Kirk Hamilton concurred, writing that she is "easily the most iconic "Overwatch" hero", and calling her his favorite character. In 2016, "Glixel" staff ranked Tracer as fifth-most iconic video game character of the 21st century. "The Daily Dot"s Joseph Knoop ranked her as the second-best "Overwatch" character, writing "Tracer is at many times the heart and soul of "Overwatch"s unerring optimism" and calling her the "indisputable face" of the franchise. "Polygon" included her as one of the 70 best video game characters of the 2010s with the publication's Nicole Carpenter writing, "Not only is she the cover woman of a competitive shooter, but she's a gay woman — and that's been important for a lot of fans who may not have otherwise seen queer characters in blockbuster video games." In 2021, "PC Gamer" ranked Tracer as 15th of "the 50 most iconic characters in PC gaming," stating that "Tracer has been a favourite among the "Overwatch" community since the game's launch, and her popularity hasn't waned in the slightest as the game's character roster has expanded."


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Before the game's official release, "VentureBeat" wrote, "if you've paid any attention to the early fan culture for "Overwatch", you've likely noticed that Tracer seems especially popular". "Kotaku"s Nathan Grayson described her as "peppy and fun, but also courageous and badass", adding that, "In creating their own works involving Tracer, fans have turned those characteristics up to 11. Some depict her as childlike, naive and carefree. She can even be kind of a doof, a punchline." "Kotaku" noted that Japanese gamers received "Overwatch" positively, finding the characters of Tracer and Mei especially cute. Tracer's popularity had unintended consequences; "Overwatch"-related searches increased by 817% on Pornhub after the game's open beta went live, making "Overwatch Tracer" the top search term related to the game. Discontent with this fan-generated porn, Blizzard made efforts to have it removed. Nonetheless, Tracer porn remained popular after the game's release, as she was the third-most-searched video game character on Pornhub in 2017, after fellow "Overwatch" characters D.Va and Mercy.


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Tracer's canonical depiction as a lesbian was generally well received by media outlets and players alike. "USgamer" called it "an impressive move for Blizzard, given that Tracer is their flagship character". "Polygon"s Allegra Frank described the revelation as one "that fans have waited a long, long time for". Peter Amato of "Paste" commented that, with the exception of a vocal minority, most fan reactions "ranged from indifferent to cheering". Several "Kotaku" writers discussed the revelation, leading to a positive consensus. "Kotaku" Cecilia D'Anastasio pointed to a previous statement from Blizzard that clarified the developers' intention to have an LGBT character revelation play out organically, commenting: "I feel that the comic did that. Tracer buys her partner a scarf. Her partner likes it. They kiss. The comic moves on. I think it was handled quite well, although the idea of Blizzard announcing a queer character feels sort of ... gimmicky." Gita Jackson concurred with D'Anastasio, noting she "was definitely concerned that revealing a queer character would come off as a gimmick, and [was] very pleased at how they pulled this off. This doesn't feel tokenized." Fellow "Kotaku" writer Heather Alexandra commented, "I think having something explicit was necessary ... Having something definite gives queer players a proper point of contact". Andy Chalk of "PC Gamer" wrote:


title: Tracer (Overwatch)

text: Of her gameplay mechanics, "Inquisitr" commented that Tracer's "quick and evasive ways make her an annoyance to deal with". "ESPN" described her as "the classic in-and-out harasser", referring to her speed and ability to blink around the map. Mike Minotti of "VentureBeat" said; "Tracer [is] a lot of fun to play. Her whole teleporting/rewinding mechanics [are] so unique and fast-paced. I feel like [Blizzard's] done a great job making a varied, relatively balanced cast." In 2017, "Screen Rant" ranked Tracer 8th out of the then-24 playable characters in "Overwatch", writing that "a good Tracer that goes unchecked can wreak havoc on the back-lines, causing teams to fold before they even know what's happening". Shortly before the game's five-year release anniversary, "The Washington Post" wrote that despite her Pulse Bomb not carrying "the same 'boom' it did in the old days," players still consistently picked Tracer for competitive matches. The publication cited Yaki, a professional Overwatch League player who attributed Tracer's in-game appeal to her consistency, as she has the ability to perform well on any map. Upon the release of "Overwatch 2", "Den of Geek" ranked Tracer as the fourth-best damage hero in the sequel, writing: "Tracer is an obvious star of the speedy "Overwatch 2" meta, though the fact she spends less time frustrating slow tanks than she used to means that Tracer players will have to pick on DPS characters a bit more than they used to."


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, (11 July 1892 – 14 November 1944) was a senior commander in the Royal Air Force. Leigh-Mallory served as a Royal Flying Corps pilot and squadron commander during the First World War. Remaining in the newly formed RAF after the war, Leigh-Mallory served in a variety of staff and training appointments throughout the 1920s and 1930s.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: During the pre-Second World War build-up, he was Air Officer Commanding (AOC) No. 12 (Fighter) Group and shortly after the end of the Battle of Britain, took over command of No. 11 (Fighter) Group, defending the approach to London. In 1942 he became the Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of Fighter Command before being selected in 1943 to be the C-in-C of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force, which made him the air commander for the Allied Invasion of Normandy.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: In November 1944, en route to Ceylon to take up the post of Air Commander-in-Chief South East Asia Command, his aircraft crashed in the French Alps and Leigh-Mallory, his wife and eight others were killed. He was one of the most senior British officers and the most senior RAF officer to be killed in the Second World War.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Trafford Leigh-Mallory was born in Mobberley, Cheshire, the son of Herbert Leigh Mallory, (1856–1943), Rector of Mobberly, who legally changed his surname to Leigh-Mallory in 1914. He was the younger brother of George Mallory, the noted mountaineer. Leigh-Mallory grew up in a large house with many servants including a butler, a valet and a footman as well as numerous maids and gardeners. He was educated at Haileybury and at Magdalene College, Cambridge where he was a member of a literary club and where he made the acquaintance of Arthur Tedder, the future Marshal of the Royal Air Force. He passed his Bachelor of Laws degree and had applied to the Inner Temple in London to become a barrister when, in 1914, war broke out.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Leigh-Mallory immediately volunteered to join a Territorial Force battalion of the King's (Liverpool Regiment) as a private. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on 3 October 1914 and transferred to the Lancashire Fusiliers though officer training kept him in England when his battalion embarked. In the spring of 1915, he went to the front with the South Lancashire Regiment and was wounded during an attack at the Second Battle of Ypres. He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 June 1915.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: After recovering from his wounds, Leigh-Mallory joined the Royal Flying Corps in January 1916 and was accepted for pilot training. On 7 July 1916, he was posted, as a lieutenant in the RFC, to No. 7 Squadron, where he flew on bombing, reconnaissance and photographic operations during the Battle of the Somme.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: He was then transferred to No. 5 Squadron in July 1916 before returning to England. He was promoted to temporary captain on 2 November 1916.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Leigh-Mallory's first combat command was No. 8 Squadron in November 1917. In the period after the Battle of Cambrai, No. 8 Squadron was involved in army cooperation, directing tanks and artillery. At the Armistice, Leigh-Mallory was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: After the war, Leigh-Mallory thought of re-entering the legal profession, but with little prospect of a law career, he stayed in the recently created Royal Air Force (RAF), with promotion to major on 1 August 1919 (the rank was renamed "squadron leader" on the same date), and command of the Armistice Squadron.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Promoted to wing commander on 1 January 1925, Leigh-Mallory passed through the RAF Staff College in 1925 and received command of the School of Army Cooperation in 1927 before eventually being posted to the Army Staff College, Camberley in 1930. He was now a leading authority on army cooperation and in 1931, lectured at the Royal United Services Institute on air cooperation with mechanised forces. He spend a little over a year in the Protectorate of Uganda, arriving in the country in the late autumn of 1929 and returning to England in December of 1930.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Promoted to group captain on 1 January 1932, Leigh-Mallory received a posting to the Air Ministry in 1932 and was then assigned to the British delegation at the Disarmament Conference in Geneva under the auspices of the League of Nations, where he made many contacts. After the collapse of the conference, he returned to the Air Ministry and attended the Imperial Defence College, the most senior of the staff colleges. However, lack of senior command experience meant a spell as commander of No. 2 Flying School and station commander at RAF Digby before serving as a staff officer overseas. He was posted to the RAF in Iraq in Christmas 1935, and, having been promoted to air commodore on 1 January 1936, he returned to England to be appointed commander of No. 12 Group, Fighter Command in December 1937. He was visiting Harlaxton Manor when he received the news that he was now commander of No. 12 Group.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Leigh-Mallory took command of 12 Group and proved an energetic organiser and leader. On 1 November 1938, he was promoted to air vice-marshal, one of the younger air vice-marshals then serving in the RAF. He was greatly liked by his staff, but his relations with his airfield station commanders was strained. It was said of him that he "never went for popularity but he always stuck up for his staff. He was madly ambitious but he never trimmed for the sake of ambition."


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: During the Battle of Britain, Leigh-Mallory quarrelled with Air Vice-Marshal Keith Park, the commander of 11 Group. Park, who was responsible for the defence of south east England and London, had stated that 12 Group was not doing enough to protect the airfields in the south-east. Leigh-Mallory had devised with Squadron Leader Douglas Bader a massed fighter formation known as the Big Wing, which they used with little success to hunt German bomber formations. Leigh-Mallory was critical of the tactics of Park and Sir Hugh Dowding, head of Fighter Command, believing that not enough was being done to allow wing-sized formations to operate successfully. He then worked energetically in political circles to bring about the removal of Park from command of 11 Group; the false claims for the Duxford Big Wing successes played a part in this. Throughout the Battle of Britain, his lack of support for Park's 11 Group contributed materially to the damage that the "Luftwaffe" was able to inflict on 11 Group's airfields.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: After the Battle of Britain, Air Chief Marshal Charles Portal, the new Chief of the Air Staff, who had agreed with Leigh-Mallory, removed both Park and Dowding from their posts. Leigh-Mallory took over from Park as commander of 11 Group in December 1940. As a beneficiary of the change in command, Leigh-Mallory has been accused of forming a plot to overthrow Dowding.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: One of the reasons for Leigh-Mallory's appointment to command 11 Group was that he was seen as an offensively-minded leader in the Trenchard mould. Once appointed he soon introduced wing-sized fighter sweeps into France, known as "rodeos" (when accompanied by bombers to provoke enemy fighters, these were known as "Circus" operations). However, Leigh-Mallory came in for criticism as these raids over enemy territory caused heavy RAF casualties with over 500 pilots lost in 1941 alone, losing four aircraft for each German aircraft destroyed and having little effect on ground targets. Indeed, during this period the German armed forces were mobilising for Operation Barbarossa and few "Luftwaffe" fighters remained in western Europe. It was indeed a steep learning curve for Leigh Mallory despite the fact that the "Luftwaffe" had made similar mistakes during the Battle of Britain and there were few other senior RAF commanders who had understanding of this. One of his staff officers pointed out: "In my opinion we learned a hell of a lot – how to get these raids in, by deceiving radar and by counter-offensive techniques. [In the Middle East] they were still in the First World War business – they'd learned none of the deception techniques such as sending in high-level fighters and sneaking the bombers in underneath." Keeping 75 squadrons of fighters, mainly to conduct ineffective offensive operations from Britain during 1941, was also questionable while Malta and Singapore were only defended by older, obsolete types of aircraft. The RAF's best commanders and air-warfare tacticians were in the Mediterranean area around this time achieving greater success over Malta and North Africa than their counterparts back home. Leigh-Mallory was promoted to acting air marshal on 13 July 1942.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: In November 1942, Leigh-Mallory replaced Sholto Douglas as head of Fighter Command and was promoted to the temporary rank of air marshal on 1 December 1942. He was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in January 1943 and following a tour of air and army headquarters in Africa began lobbying for a unified command of the Allied air forces for the forthcoming invasion of Europe. There was considerable resistance to such a post with none of the vested air force interests – including Arthur Tedder, Arthur Harris at Bomber Command, and Carl Spaatz of the US Army Air Force – appearing interested in ceding any authority or autonomy. This was, of course, exactly why a unified commander was needed and Leigh-Mallory, with his experience with army cooperation, was a candidate for the job. In August 1943, Leigh-Mallory was appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied Expeditionary Air Force for the Normandy invasion. He was promoted to the substantive rank of air vice-marshal on 15 December 1943 and to the substantive rank of air marshal on 1 January 1944.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: Because many of these "interdiction" bombing missions took place against transport nodes, such as towns and villages, Leigh-Mallory came under political pressure to limit the effects of attacks on French civilians. He resisted, insisting that sacrifices were unfortunate but necessary if the air plan was to have any effect. His air plan succeeded in greatly slowing the mobilisation of the German Army and his experience at army cooperation paid dividends. General Bernard Montgomery was pleased with the air support and told the War Office: "We must definitely keep Leigh-Mallory as Air Commander-in-Chief. He is the only airman who is out to win the land battle and has no jealous reactions."


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: On 16 August 1944, with the Battle of Normandy almost over, Leigh-Mallory was appointed Air Commander-in-Chief of South East Asia Command (SEAC) with the temporary rank of air chief marshal. But before he could take up his post, on 14 November, he and his wife were killed en route to Burma when their Avro York "MW126", flown by Squadron Leader Charles Gordon Drake Lancaster (DFC and Bar), crashed in the French Alps, killing all on board. A court of inquiry found that the accident was a consequence of bad weather and might have been avoided if Leigh-Mallory had not insisted that the flight proceed in such poor conditions against the advice of his aircrew. His replacement at SEAC was his Battle of Britain rival Air Marshal Sir Keith Park.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: He and his wife are buried, alongside eight aircrew, in Le Rivier d'Allemont, 15 miles east-southeast of Grenoble, a short distance below the site of the air crash. To mark the 60th anniversary of the accident and Leigh-Mallory's death, the local commune opened a small museum near the crash site, dedicated to him, in 2004.


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: "Battle of Britain Class" steam railway locomotive number 34109, built for the Southern Region of British Railways in 1950, was named "Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory".


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: The political intrigues within the Air Ministry, particularly the activities of Leigh-Mallory and Sholto Douglas, led to the replacement of Dowding and Park on 25 November 1940, two months after the British victory. Leigh-Mallory replaced Keith Park at No. 11 Group, and Sholto Douglas replaced Dowding at Fighter Command. When the official history of the Battle of Britain was published, Dowding's name was not mentioned, leading Churchill to minute Sinclair: "This is not a good story… The jealousies and cliquism which have led to the committing of this offence are a discredit to the Air Ministry."


title: Trafford Leigh-Mallory

text: After one of his children survived a serious illness, Leigh-Mallory became interested in faith healing and spiritualism. He was a practising Christian and consistently donated portions of his salary to charity, which he kept private during his life, and it was only revealed after his death. In one anecdote, he suggested he had seen the ghost of Emily Langton Massingberd, the women's rights campaigner, at Gunby Hall in Lincolnshire. When the building was threatened with demolition during the Second World War to make way for an airfield, Leigh-Mallory intervened to save it. It is now in the hands of the National Trust.


title: Imago

text: In biology, the imago (Latin for "image") is the last stage an insect attains during its metamorphosis, its process of growth and development; it is also called the imaginal stage, the stage in which the insect attains maturity. It follows the final ecdysis of the immature instars.


title: Imago

text: In a member of the Ametabola or Hemimetabola, in which metamorphosis is "incomplete", the final ecdysis follows the last immature or "nymphal" stage.


title: Imago

text: In members of the Holometabola, in which there is a pupal stage, the final ecdysis follows emergence from the pupa, after which the metamorphosis is complete, although there is a prolonged period of maturation in some species.


title: Imago

text: The imago is the only stage during which the insect is sexually mature and, if it is a winged species, has functional wings. The imago often is referred to as the adult stage.


title: Imago

text: Members of the order Ephemeroptera (mayflies) do not have a pupal stage, but they briefly pass through an extra winged stage called the subimago. Insects at this stage have functional wings but are not yet sexually mature.


title: Janet Fielding

text: Janet Fielding (born Janet Claire Mahoney; 9 September 1953) is an Australian actress who starred in the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who" as companion Tegan Jovanka.


title: Janet Fielding

text: Fielding was born in Brisbane. After spending some of her childhood schooldays in America, Fielding studied at the University of Queensland, from which she graduated with a degree in English. She planned to become a reporter for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, and journalism had been a major part of her degree course. Instead, she moved to Britain to become an actress. After arriving in Britain she joined an actors' cooperative.


title: Janet Fielding

text: As 'Janet Clare Fielding' she made her UK TV debut in the "Hammer House of Horror" episode "Charlie Boy", which aired in October 1980 as it was announced she had been cast as the next "Doctor Who" companion. She got the Doctor Who companion role after a number of interviews and auditions.


title: Janet Fielding

text: Between 1981 and 1984, Fielding played the part of Tegan Jovanka, a companion of the Fourth Doctor for his four episode story "Logopolis" only (played by Tom Baker), and later of the Fifth Doctor (Peter Davison) in 18 of his stories, as well as in the regeneration sequence for his final 19th story. She made a guest appearance on "Jim'll Fix It" in a "Doctor Who"-related sketch alongside Colin Baker's Doctor in 1985 ("A Fix with Sontarans"). She played Mel during Sylvester McCoy's audition for the part of the Seventh Doctor. In 1982 she had a small role as the waitress Tracy in the ITV sitcom "Shelley". In 1984 she had a role in two ITV series, "Minder" and the children's drama "Murphy's Mob". This was followed in 1985 with a part in another ITV series called "Hold the Back Page".


title: Janet Fielding

text: In 1991, Fielding gave up acting to take up an administrative position with Women in Film and Television UK. While she maintained the administrative position for only three and a half years, she continued with the group afterwards, managing the Skillset study on successful women in television in 2009. During that time, Fielding worked as a theatrical agent, at one point representing Paul McGann when he took the role of the Eighth Doctor.


title: Janet Fielding

text: She returned to acting and the role of Tegan for Big Finish Productions audio plays including "The Gathering" (2006), "Cobwebs" and "The Cradle of the Snake" (2010) alongside Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor. She had been initially reluctant to reprise her role for Big Finish; at Doctor Who conventions she has stated this reluctance was due primarily to her work as a theatrical agent, as she perceived a potential conflict of interest in working as an actor while representing actors. She has confirmed that she will continue to appear as Tegan in future audio stories. Fielding has also provided audio commentaries for several DVD releases of Tegan's "Doctor Who" stories and appeared in DVD extras for "Frontier in Space" and "Planet of the Daleks", stories in which she did not appear, where she provided critiques on the portrayal of female characters in the serials.


title: Janet Fielding

text: Fielding has worked as the head of finance for a charity. She is Project Co-ordinator for Project MotorHouse, a charity based in Ramsgate, UK, which aims to modernise the old motor museum into a multi-use venue featuring offices, bars, a restaurant, a café and cinemas, where local youths will have a chance to learn from successful businesses.


title: Janet Fielding

text: In August 2013, Fielding contributed to the one-off special show "Doctor Who Live: The Next Doctor" in an interview segment with other companions and Doctors, and she appeared in the 50th-anniversary comedy homage "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot".


title: Janet Fielding

text: Fielding reprised the role of Tegan in the October 2022 "Doctor Who" BBC centenary special "The Power of the Doctor", alongside Sophie Aldred as Ace.


title: Janet Fielding

text: In 1982 Fielding married "Daily Mirror" foreign editor Nicholas Davies. They divorced in 1991. In September 2012, Fielding revealed she was being treated for cancer.


title: G.D. Chaves

text: Grupo Desportivo de Chaves, commonly known as Chaves (), is a Portuguese football club from Chaves currently playing in the Primeira Liga. They were founded in 1949 and currently play at Estádio Municipal de Chaves. Their home kit is red-and-blue striped shirt with blue shorts and socks, and the away kit is all white. Their current president is Bruno Carvalho and their manager is Ricardo Soares. Chaves have been in the Portuguese First Division 13 times and had their best finish of fifth-place in the 1989–90 season. They went to Europe in the 1987–88 season, where they played in the UEFA Cup, beating Romanian side Universitatea Craiova in the first round and losing to Hungarian team Budapest Honvéd in the next round.


title: G.D. Chaves

text: Grupo Desportivo de Chaves was founded on 27 September 1949 and is one of the most experienced teams in the Portuguese Second Division, not just because of its old culture, but also many years in the top-flight Primeira Liga, doing quite well and playing in European tournaments, such as the UEFA Cup. Their best ever finish was in the Primeira Liga when they finished fifth in both 1986–87 and 1989–90. In the 1986–87 season, meanwhile, they had fantastic results, beating Sporting Clube de Portugal 2–1 at home in a memorable night at the Estádio Municipal de Chaves. After those fantastic seasons, they finished sixth, seventh and ninth before getting relegated in the 1992–93 season to the Liga de Honra. They returned for another few seasons but then again suffered relegation to the Liga de Honra until 2007, where they eventually got relegated to the Portuguese Second Division: Série A. In the previous season of 2007–08, they finished in fourth place, just missing out on promotion.


title: G.D. Chaves

text: After a series of great results in 2008–09 that granted the team the lead of Série A, Chaves finally achieved promotion to the second-flight Liga de Honra with an aggregate 1–0 win over Penafiel, the winner of the Portuguese Second Division: Série B in a semi-final playoff. In the playoff final, it was between Chaves and Fátima, in which both were guaranteed promotion to the Liga de Honra, with the final set to determine the champions. Fátima won the match 2–1. Chaves spent the following three years in the third division before being crowned Segunda Divisão champions in 2012–13, thus gaining promotion back to the Segunda Liga. After missing out on promotion to the first division during a thrilling final day of the 2014–15 season, Chaves were promoted the following season back to the top-flight Primeira Liga for the first time in 17 years.


title: G.D. Chaves

text: Estádio Municipal de Chaves is a multi-use stadium in Chaves. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of G.D. Chaves. The stadium is able to hold 12,000 people. The stadium normally holds the Portugal national team youth games and also some under-21 games, and also very rarely the senior team. This stadium is famous because it is where Cristiano Ronaldo made his senior international debut with Portugal.


title: G.D. Chaves

text: The football section has 13 presences at the top level of Portuguese football. Its best position was two fifth-place finished, in the 1986–87 and 1989–90 seasons, the first earning Chaves its only presence in the European cups.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Fujian White Crane, also known as White Crane Style () is a Southern Chinese martial art that originated in Yongchun County, Fujian () province. According to oral tradition, the style was developed by Fang Qiniang (方七娘; Amoy Min Nan: Hng Chhit-niâ), a female martial artist. It is associated with traditional fighting techniques, including long range, but is most similar to close-quarter or hand-to-hand combat. It is most recognizable by the way the fighter imitates a bird's pecking or flapping of wings. While some white crane styles make use of traditional weapons, others have discontinued the use of weaponry.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Fujian White Crane descends in part from Shaolin Boxing and imitates characteristics of the white crane. This system is separate though related to Lohan Quan (Fujian Shaolin). The entire system of fighting was developed from observing the crane's movements, methods of attack and spirit, and may have evolved from the southern Shaolin animal styles.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: There is no singular Fujian White Crane system. Multiple branches are collectively referred to as Fujian White Crane, including Sleeping, Crying, Eating, Flying and Shaking Crane styles based on imitative characteristics of their techniques. This group does not include Tibetan White Crane, which developed independently in western and southern China.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Qīniáng and her father lived in Yongchun County, Fujian province, where many cranes live. Qīniáng's father knew Southern Chinese martial arts and taught them to his daughter.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: One day, while Qīniáng was doing her chores, a crane landed nearby. Qīniáng tried to scare the bird off using a stick and the skills she had learned from her father, but whatever she did, the crane would counter. Qīniáng tried to hit the crane on the head, but the bird moved its head out of the way and blocked the stick with its wings. Qīniáng tried to hit the crane's wings, but the crane stepped to the side and blocked the stick with its claws. Qīniáng tried to poke the crane's body, but the crane dodged backwards and struck the stick with its beak. From then on, Qīniáng carefully studied the crane's movements. She combined these movements with techniques learned from her father, ultimately creating the White Crane Style.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: There are many versions of this legend. In some, the crane does not block a stick, but evades and counters it. The point of the style is to emphasize evasion and attack an opponent's vulnerabilities instead of using physical strength. Since it was created by a woman, White Crane fighting elements are especially popular in women's self-defense training because the movements do not require great strength. They more closely imitate the delicate pecking motion associated with this fighting style.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: During the Shunzhi period of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1662) lived Fang Zhong (方種 - also known as Fang Zhangguang), a practitioner of Southern Chinese martial arts from Funing Prefecture, Fujian (now Xiapu County). Fang Zhong was from a wealthy family and renowned for excellent fighting skills, having trained with well-known martial arts masters. Fang Zhong lost his wife in his early years, who had given birth to only one daughter, Fāng Qīniáng (方七娘), and Fang Zhong taught his skills to her. According to the traditions of the Lee family branch of Flying Crane, Qiniang was born in the mid-17th century.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Fang Zhong and Fang Qiniang have held various aliases. Fang Zhong is a survivor from the end of the Ming Dynasty and had participated in anti-Qing and Fuming activities, having connections to Hongmen associates. Both have used pseudonyms to avoid being caught by the Qing government due to their anti-Qing activities. "Fangzhang" (方掌) and "Fangzhang" (方種) are believed to be the same person, and "Fangzhangguang" should also be "Fangzhang". "Fang Chung Gong", is a transcript of voice transmission. Fang Zhong also adopted the name "Fang Hui Shi" after defeat of anti-Qing forces.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: One day, Qiniang saw a huge crane and attacked it with a stick. As she was unable to defeat it, she realized the crane had come to teach her, and developed her own unique techniques from the experience. Qiniang would modify her father's Nanquan techniques in the way that would serve as basis for what is now known as Fujian White Crane Kung Fu.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: She had four principal students who later developed four main branches of Fujian White Crane: Eating, Crying, Sleeping, and Flying. Many systems evolved from each of the four original types of White Crane.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Zeng Si from Yongchun, married Qiniang and had two sons. Zeng Si and Qiniang returned to the Gu family's ancestral hall in Hou Temple, Rulin Village, Wulijie Town, Yongchun County to teach martial arts. Yongchun County is adjacent to Kinmen, which is the threshold for Taiwan. At the ancestral hall (coaching temple) there are paintings of White Crane Taoist and Zeng Si revered as the first teacher of White Crane.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: In the Flying Crane tradition, Fang Qiniang never married, had children or a husband. Rather, she retired in Bai he an (white crane temple) and taught martial arts.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: According to the yong chun bai he tradition, the Ong Gong Shr Wushuguan was established in the town of Yongchun (永春; Minnan: eng2 chhun1), prefecture of Quanzhou, Fujian province, when its founders were taught by Fang Qiniang during the reign of the Jiajing Emperor (r. 1521–66) of the Ming dynasty.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Pingyang White Crane was created by Fāng Qī Niáng during Shunzhi period during the Qing dynasty. During Jiaqing period, this kongfu spread to Pingyang city. Yongchun-style White Crane was created by Fāng Qī Niáng during KangXi period during the Qing dynasty.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Li Wenmao (), an opera performer and leader of the 1854–1856 Red Turban Rebellion in Foshan, is said to have practiced the Yǒngchūn style of White Crane.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: The Xu-Xi Dao style of White Crane as taught by Chen Zhuozhen was derived from Zhong-Ho 'Springing Crane', and was developed in Taiwan by Huang Laoyang in the 1950s.


title: Fujian White Crane

text: Fujian White Crane is one of the constituent styles of Five Ancestors, who, in addition to the various styles of Karate (notably Goju-ryu, Shitō-ryū and Uechi-ryu), use the routine "San Chian" from Fujian White Crane. San Chian is best known by the Japanese pronunciation of its name, Sanchin.


title: Kartilya ng Katipunan

text: The Kartilya ng Katipunan () served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out the group's rules and principles. The first edition of the "Kartilya" was written by Emilio Jacinto. Andrés Bonifacio later wrote a revised Decalogue. The Decalogue, originally titled "Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B." (Duties of the Sons of the People), was never published because Bonifacio believed that Jacinto's "Kartilya" was superior to what he had made.


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: India competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games at Gold Coast, Australia from 4 to 15 April 2018. It was India's 17th appearance at the Commonwealth Games. With 26 Gold medals and a total of 66 medals, India finished 3rd for the tournament. It was India's best position since the 2010 Commonwealth Games, which they hosted.


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: The following is a list of the number of competitors representing India that participated at the Games per India/discipline:


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: India was the best nation in 5 disciplines, weightlifting, shooting, wrestling, badminton and table tennis, and the second best nation in boxing.


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: India has qualified a men's and women's basketball teams for a total of 24 athletes (12 men and 12 women). Both teams were invited by FIBA and the CGF.


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: India has qualified a men's and a women's team for a total of 36 athletes (18 men and 18 women) based on the FIH World Rankings as of 31 October 2017.


title: India at the 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: India was represented by 10 athletes, 5 men and 5 women. Sharath Kamal, Sathiyan Gnanasekaran, Sanil Shetty, Harmeet Desai and Anthony Amalraj made up the men's Table Tennis squad. The women's squad comprised Manika Batra, Mouma Das, Sutirtha Mukherjee, Madhurika Patkar and Pooja Sahasrabudhe.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Wendell Oliver Scott (August 29, 1921 – December 23, 1990) was an American stock car racing driver. He was one of the first African-American drivers in NASCAR and the first African-American to win a race in the Grand National Series, NASCAR's highest level.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott began his racing career in local circuits and obtained his NASCAR license in around 1953, making him the first African-American ever to compete in NASCAR. He debuted in the Grand National Series on March 4, 1961, in Spartanburg, South Carolina. On December 1, 1963, he won a Grand National Series race at Speedway Park in Jacksonville, Florida, becoming the first black driver to win a race at NASCAR's premier level. Scott's career was repeatedly affected by racial prejudice and problems with top-level NASCAR officials. He was posthumously inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame in 2015.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott was born in Danville, Virginia, a town dominated by cotton mills and tobacco-processing plants. Scott vowed as a youth to avoid such labor, and began learning auto mechanics from his father, who worked as a driver and mechanic for two well-to-do white families. Scott also raced bicycles against white children in the neighborhood. As a teen he dropped out of high school, became a taxi driver, and served as a mechanic in the segregated Army in Europe during World War II. He married Mary Coles in 1943; they had seven children.


title: Wendell Scott

text: After the war, he ran an auto-repair shop. As a sideline, he took up the dangerous and illegal pursuit of running moonshine whiskey. The police caught Scott once, in 1949. Sentenced to three years probation, he continued making his late-night whiskey runs.


title: Wendell Scott

text: In 1951, the officials at the Dixie Circuit, a regional racing organization, decided to recruit a Black driver as a marketing gimmick. Scott was recruited for this purpose and participated in his first race at the Danville Speedway.


title: Wendell Scott

text: In search of more opportunities, Scott repaired his car with the help of a black mechanic, Hiram Kincaid, and towed it to a NASCAR-sanctioned event in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Upon arrival, NASCAR officials refused to let him compete due to his race. A few days later he went to another NASCAR event in High Point, North Carolina and received the same result. Scott decided to avoid NASCAR for the time being and race with the Dixie Circuit and at other non-NASCAR speedways. He won his first race at Lynchburg, Virginia, only twelve days into his racing career.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott ran as many as five events a week, mostly at Virginia tracks. Some prejudiced drivers would wreck him deliberately though his expertise also won him white fans, even amongst his fellow drivers. These other drivers would serve as his bodyguards at events with racist fans.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott began the 1953 season on the Northern Virginia circuit after winning a feature race in Staunton. He subsequently tied the Waynesboro qualifying record and won the Waynesboro feature race. The "Waynesboro News Virginian" reported that Scott had become "recognized as one of the most popular drivers to appear here." The "Staunton News Leader" said he "has been among the top drivers in every race here."


title: Wendell Scott

text: In 1954, Scott towed his racecar to a local NASCAR event at the Richmond Speedway and asked the steward, Mike Poston, to grant him a NASCAR license. Poston, a part-timer, was not a powerful figure in NASCAR's hierarchy, but he did have the authority to issue licenses. Scott's license was approved and he became the first Black driver in NASCAR.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott won dozens of races during his nine years in regional-level competition. In 1959 he won two championships. NASCAR awarded him the championship title for drivers of sportsman-class stock cars in the state of Virginia, and he also won the track championship in the sportsman class at Richmond's Southside Speedway.


title: Wendell Scott

text: In 1961, he moved up to the Grand National Series. He achieved the most points for a debutant in 1961. In the 1964 season, he finished 15th in points, and on December 1 of that year, driving a Chevrolet Bel Air that he purchased from Ned Jarrett, he won a race on the half-mile dirt track at Speedway Park in Jacksonville, Florida—the first Grand National event won by an African-American. Scott passed Richard Petty, who was driving an ailing car, with 25 laps remaining for the win. Scott was not announced as the winner of the race at the time. Buck Baker, the second-place driver, was initially declared the winner, but race officials discovered two hours later that Scott had not only won, but was two laps in front of the rest of the field. NASCAR awarded Scott the win two years later, but his family never received the trophy he had earned until 2021 – nearly 58 years after the race, and 31 years after Scott had died.


title: Wendell Scott

text: He continued to be a competitive driver despite his low-budget operation through the rest of the 1960s. Despite his successes, he never received commercial sponsorship. In 1964, Scott finished 12th in points despite missing several races. Over the next five years, Scott consistently finished in the top ten in the point standings. He finished 11th in points in 1965, was a career-high 6th in 1966, 10th in 1967, and finished 9th in both 1968 and 1969. His top year in winnings was 1969 when he won $47,451.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott was forced to retire due to injuries from a racing accident at Talladega, Alabama in 1973, although he did make one more start at the 1973 National 500 in which he finished 12th place. He achieved one win and 147 top ten finishes in 495 career Grand National starts.


title: Wendell Scott

text: The film "Greased Lightning," starring Richard Pryor as Scott, was loosely based on Scott's biography.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Mojo Nixon, a fellow Danville native, wrote a tribute song titled "The Ballad of Wendell Scott", which appears on Nixon and Skid Roper's 1986 album, "Frenzy."


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott was inducted as a member of the 2000 class of The Virginia Sports Hall of Fame and Museum located in Portsmouth, VA. He also has a street named after him in his hometown of Danville.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Only seven other African-American drivers are known to have started at least one race in what is now the Cup Series: Elias Bowie, Charlie Scott, George Wiltshire, Randy Bethea, Willy T. Ribbs, Bill Lester, and most recently Bubba Wallace.


title: Wendell Scott

text: As reported in the "Washington Post", filmmaker John W. Warner began directing a documentary about Scott, titled "The Wendell Scott Story," which was to be released in 2003 with narration by the filmmaker's father, former U.S. Senator John Warner but instead Warner created a four-set DVD entitled "American Stock: The Golden Era of NASCAR: 1936-to-1971" which documents many racers including Scott. The film included interviews with fellow race-car drivers, including Richard Petty.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Scott is prominently featured in the 1975 book "The World's Number One, Flat-Out, All-Time Great Stock Car Racing Book," written by Jerry Bledsoe.


title: Wendell Scott

text: In April 2012, Scott was nominated for inclusion in the NASCAR Hall of Fame, and was selected for induction in the 2015 class, in May 2014. In January 2013, Scott was awarded his own historical marker in Danville, Virginia. The marker's statement is, “Persevering over prejudice and discrimination, Scott broke racial barriers in NASCAR, with a 13-year career that included 20 top five and 147 top ten finishes.” Scott was inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame on January 30, 2015.


title: Wendell Scott

text: Loosely based on him, a fictionalized version of Scott was given a minor role in the 2017 Pixar film "Cars 3". He is portrayed by Isiah Whitlock Jr. in the form of an anthropomorphized car, with his name changed to River Scott.


title: Wendell Scott

text: A fictionalized version of Scott early in his career in 1955 was featured heavily on "Timeless" episode 2, season 2. Portrayed by Joseph Lee Anderson, Scott's history as a smuggler, mechanical and driving ability, perseverance, and past and future injustices due to racial discrimination were major themes of the episode.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning is an action-adventure video game developed by Krome Studios and published by Vivendi Universal Games for the Game Boy Advance, GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox; with Amaze Entertainment developing the Nintendo DS version, and The Mighty Trologodytes developing the European mobile version. The game was first released on October 10, 2006 in North America.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: "A New Beginning" uses a more action-based focus than previous "Spyro" games. Rather than the previous focus on platforming, the gameplay is now more combat based. Spyro has a variety of combat moves as well as four different breath attacks: fire, electricity, ice and earth, which he can use as both long range and short range attacks. Spyro can also use furies, huge blasts of elemental energy. The game has fewer levels than previous "Spyro" games, with six levels that progress from a starting point towards a final destination and boss encounter in a linear fashion, and two rail shooter style flying levels adjoining them. It takes about six hours to complete the game.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The DS version has additional attacks and challenges. As well as breath attacks and furies, Spyro can create an elemental shield around himself that protects him from enemies while hurting attacking enemies. Also, the DS version has extra side missions in the form of puzzles.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The game begins inside a temple, where a large red dragon named Ignitus is watching over an egg; it is the "Year of the Dragon" (not to be confused with ), a time every twelve years when new dragon eggs are brought to the realm. A dragons' prophecy tells that every ten generations, a rare purple dragon will be born, who will direct the fate of that era; Ignitus is looking after such an egg.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The dragons are, however, at war with an enemy known as the "Dark Master", who also knows of the prophecy, and lays siege to the temple, intent on destroying the brood of eggs. Ignitus escapes with the purple dragon's egg, leaving it to drift downriver into a swamp, hoping for the best. The egg is discovered by a family of dragonflies, and upon hatching, they name the dragon Spyro and adopt him into the family and raise him as one of their own, alongside Sparx, a dragonfly born the same day.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: One day, after coming under attack by strange foes and discovering that he can breathe fire, Spyro is told that he is not a dragonfly himself but a stranger from a distant land; Spyro decides to leave the swamp in search of his true home; Sparx, though reluctant at first, decides to follow along. Spyro is pursued by hostile forces, but eventually comes into contact with a distraught Ignitus, who, although pleased that Spyro is alive, fears that with the Dragon Temple under occupation by their enemy, led by a black female dragon named Cynder, their war is already lost.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Spyro convinces Ignitus to lead him to the Temple, and is able to drive Cynder's forces out, after which Ignitus tells Spyro more about their war against the dark armies, offers Spyro some training in the art of the fire element, and then sends Spyro off to rescue three other dragons from Cynder's forces. One by one, Spyro clashes with Cynder's armies, rescues the three other dragons, Volteer, Cyril, and Terrador, while gaining powers over electricity, ice and earth, acquiring new skills and training along the way, as well as running into new friends such as Kane and the Atlawas on Tall Plains, and Mole-Yair, Exhumor, and The Manweersmalls on Munitious Forge respectively. It is learned that Cynder has been draining the dragons' power into crystals.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Cynder, however, starts fighting Spyro who shortly after rescues the final Dragon Guardian, Terrador; Ignitus intervenes to fight Cynder but is captured. It is revealed that it was the four dragons who originally sealed away the Dark Master, and that Cynder is using the dragons' drained powers to open the seal. Ignitus's power is the final key in unsealing the Dark Master, so Spyro is sent on a final, direct assault against Cynder's fortress.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Spyro attempts to fight Cynder, but Cynder succeeds in draining Ignitus's power of fire into a crystal, and escapes to the sealed realm of the Dark Master. During the fight, Spyro had noticed there was something familiar in Cynder's eyes. Ignitus then tells Spyro the rest of the story of what happened the night of the attack on the temple. After sending Spyro's egg down the river, Ignitus had returned to see that the Dark Master's forces had destroyed the brood of eggs, except one - for only a dragon born in the Year of the Dragon can open the portal and release the Dark Master: Cynder, who had been stolen and was cursed by the Dark Master's sinister powers. Ignitus fears that it is too late to stop her, but Spyro pursues Cynder and forces a showdown, eventually using all of his power in a final attack which defeats her, purging her of the Dark Master's influence and returning her to her true form, a young dragoness the same size and age as Spyro. The realm begins to collapse in on itself; Sparx insists on making a quick exit but Spyro declares he will not leave Cynder behind with the Dark Master, because, he had cursed her and she was not acting on her own choice. Spyro is barely able to grab Cynder and escape safely.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Though victorious, the battle cost Spyro much of his own strength and powers, and both Spyro and Cynder suspect that the Dark Master is still alive somewhere; the war is still far from over. The story continues in "".


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Krome Studios were asked by Vivendi Games to develop "The Legend of Spyro". After Krome showed Vivendi their technology they were using to develop a "Crash Bandicoot" game, Sierra asked a prototype for what subsequently became "The Legend of Spyro".


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The game utilizes the voices of actors, featuring Elijah Wood as the voice of Spyro, Comedian David Spade as Sparx, Cree Summer as Cynder and Gary Oldman as Ignitus.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: The game received "mixed or average" reviews on all platforms except the Game Boy Advance version, which received "generally unfavorable" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: "IGN" stated, "The franchise has gotten a serious lift in nearly every area. The overall gameplay was extremely solid for a children's title, the overall presentation was baffling complex – with everything from scripted story events and innovative enemy entrances – and the overall audio/graphical design is definitely stronger than we expected." "Eurogamer" stated, "If you loved the original games then that might carry you through to completion but for those who are new, prepare for a long slog."


title: The Legend of Spyro: A New Beginning

text: Its success spawned two sequels, "" and "". A CGI movie adaptation was rumored to be in the works ahead of its release.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: Toyota Racing Development (also known by its abbreviation TRD) is the in-house tuning shop for all Toyota, Lexus and formerly Scion cars. "TRD" is responsible both for improving street cars for more performance and supporting Toyota's racing interests around the world. TRD produces various tuning products and accessories, including performance suspension components, superchargers, and wheels. TRD parts are available through Toyota dealers, and are also available as accessories on brand-new Toyotas and Scions. Performance parts for Lexus vehicles are now labeled as "F-Sport" and performance Lexus models are labeled "F" to distinguish Lexus's F division from TRD.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: two official branches of TRD: TRD Japan (a.k.a. Toyota Technocraft) and TRD USA. Each of these branches has both a performance tuning division and a race (or competition) division. In 2018, TRD Japan and Toyota Modellista merged to form Toyota Customizing & Development Co., Ltd (TCD).


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: TRD Japan's Race Division concentrates on the Super GT Series (JGTC), All-Japan Formula Three Championship Series, Esso Formula Toyota Series, and Netz Cup races (Vitz and 86/BRZ Race Series). Many of these activities has been rebranded under the Toyota Gazoo Racing brand, following the merger of TRD Japan into TCD banner.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: TRD USA's Race Division, known as 'Toyota Racing', competes in NASCAR, NHRA Top Fuel and Funny car, IMSA GT Daytona, Pirelli World Challenge TCA, Formula Drift, , USAC, and Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series. Former competitions include the Baja 1000, Grand-Am, CART/Champ Car and the Indy Racing League. In association with All American Racers, TRD USA was responsible for developing engines for the Eagle HF89/90 and Eagle MkIII Grand Touring Prototypes.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: TRD is not to be confused with Toyota Motorsport GmbH (TMG), which is located in Cologne, Germany and operates Toyota's FIA World Endurance Championship (WEC) factory team under the name Toyota Gazoo Racing. Within Toyota, TMG is a completely separate entity from, and therefore not under the control of, TRD. Former TMG activities include operating the Toyota Formula One Team (also known as Panasonic Toyota Racing), which competed in the FIA Formula One World Championship (F1). TMG also competed in the FIA World Rally Championship (WRC) as Toyota Team Europe with the famous Celica GT-Four and rally versions of the Corolla, and two attempts (in 1998 and 1999) at the 24 Hours of Le Mans with the GT-One.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: Toyota Australia introduced a TRD division in August 2007, with the supercharged Aurion V6, followed by a high-performance variant of the 4WD Hilux in April 2008. Speculation suggested a third model was likely to be a RAV4. TRD was aimed to compete with local in-house tuning shops Holden Special Vehicles (HSV) and Ford Performance Vehicles (FPV). However, in December 2008 Toyota Australia announced it would be ceasing production of its TRD range. The decision took effect on 31 March 2009.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: TRD offers bolt-on headers, sport mufflers, and cat-back exhausts that are 50 state emission legal. Cold air intakes are also sold but not always emission legal. Suspension equipment includes coilovers, springs, dampers and struts, suspension tower braces, sway bars, and wheel upgrades as well. Braking hardware includes full brake kits including calipers, rotors and stainless steel braided brake lines. Separate performance brake pads are also sold. Oil and air filters are offered. Engine head gaskets and camshafts are sold as well. A number of cosmetic modifications are available among other performance equipment.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: When install is performed by a Toyota dealer, the 3/36,000 mile warranty extends to the supercharger, otherwise the vehicle retains the factory warranties and the supercharger is covered by a 12 month/unlimited mileage warranty. As of 2015 all TRD Superchargers have been discontinued and ceased production, but all warranties will still be acknowledged.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: Through the TRD brand Toyota since the early-2010’s has had a driver development program called TD2 which offers training to develop drivers so they can succeed at the top level of motorsports. Drivers currently in the program as of 2022 consist of Chandler Smith, Christian Eckes, Corey Heim, Gracie Trotter, Sammy Smith, Kaylee Bryson, Cannon McIntosh, Presley Truedson, and Daison Pursley. Drivers such as Erik Jones, Christopher Bell, and Harrison Burton have "graduated" from the program and made it to the NASCAR Cup Series which the program preps its drivers for.


title: Toyota Racing Development

text: Most drivers in the program can be marked by the TD2 logo often seen on the back towards the collar or "neck" of their fire suits and/or the back center of their helmets.


title: Upload

text: Uploading refers to "transmitting" data from one computer system to another through means of a network. Common methods of uploading include: uploading via web browsers, FTP clients], and terminals (SCP/SFTP). Uploading can be used in the context of (potentially many) clients that send files to a central server. While uploading can also be defined in the context of sending files between distributed clients, such as with a peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing protocol like BitTorrent, the term file sharing is more often used in this case. Moving files within a computer system, as opposed to over a network, is called file copying.


title: Upload

text: Uploading directly contrasts with downloading, where data is "received" over a network. In the case of users uploading files over the internet, uploading is often slower than downloading as many internet service providers (ISPs) offer asymmetric connections, which offer more network bandwidth for downloading than uploading.


title: Upload

text: To transfer something (such as data or files), from a computer or other digital device to the memory of another device (such as a larger or remote computer) especially via the internet.


title: Upload

text: Remote file sharing first came into fruition in January 1978, when Ward Christensen and Randy Suess, who were members of the Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists' Exchange (CACHE), created the Computerized Bulletin Board System (CBBS). This used an early file transfer protocol (MODEM, later XMODEM) to send binary files via a hardware modem, accessible by another modem via a telephone number.


title: Upload

text: In the following years, new protocols such as Kermit were released, until the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was standardized 1985 (). FTP is based on TCP/IP and gave rise to many FTP clients, which, in turn, gave users all around the world access to the same standard network protocol to transfer data between devices.


title: Upload

text: The transfer of data saw a significant increase in popularity after the release of the World Wide Web in 1991, which, for the first time, allowed users who were not computer hobbyists to easily share files, directly from their web browser over HTTP.


title: Upload

text: Transfers became more reliable with the launch of HTTP/1.1 in 1997 (), which gave users the option to resume downloads that were interrupted, for instance due to unreliable connections. Before web browsers widely rolled out support, software programs like GetRight could be used to resume downloads. Resuming uploads is not currently supported by HTTP, but can be added with the Tus open protocol for resumable file uploads, which layers resumability of uploads on top of existing HTTP connections.


title: Upload

text: Transmitting a local file to a remote system following the client–server model, e.g., a web browser transferring a video to a website, is called client-to-server uploading.


title: Upload

text: Transferring data from one remote system to another remote system under the control of a local system is called remote uploading or site-to-site transferring. This is used when a local computer has a slow connection to the remote systems, but these systems have a fast connection between them. Without remote uploading functionality, the data would have to first be downloaded to the local system and then uploaded to the remote server, both times over a slower connection. Remote uploading is used by some online file hosting services. Another example can be found in FTP clients, which often support the File eXchange Protocol (FXP) in order to instruct two FTP servers with high-speed connections to exchange files. A web-based example is the Uppy file uploader that can transfer files from a user's cloud storage such as Dropbox, directly to a website without first going to the user's device.


title: Upload

text: Peer-to-peer (P2P) is a decentralized communications model in which each party has the same capabilities, and either party can initiate a communication session. Unlike the client–server model, in which the client makes a service request and the server fulfils the request (by sending or accepting a file transfer), the P2P network model allows each node to function as both client and server. BitTorrent is an example of this, as is the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). Peer-to-peer allows users to both "receive" (download) and "host" (upload) content. Files are transferred directly between the users' computers. The same file transfer constitutes an upload for one party, and a download for the other party.


title: Upload

text: The rising popularity of file sharing during the 1990s culminated in the emergence of Napster, a music-sharing platform specialized in MP3 files that used peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing technology to allow users exchange files freely. The P2P nature meant there was no central gatekeeper for the content, which eventually led to the widespread availability of copyrighted material through Napster.


title: Upload

text: The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) took notice of Napster's ability to distribute copyrighted music among its user base, and, on December 6, 1999, filed a motion for a preliminary injunction in order to stop the exchange of copyrighted songs on the service. After a failed appeal by Napster, the injunction was granted on March 5, 2001. On September 24, 2001, Napster, which had already shut down its entire network two months earlier, agreed to pay a $26 million dollar settlement.


title: Upload

text: After Napster had ceased operations, many other P2P file-sharing services followed in its wake, such as Limewire, Kazaa and Popcorn Time. Besides software programs, there were many BitTorrent websites that allowed files to be indexed and searched. These files could then be downloaded via a BitTorrent client. While the BitTorrent protocol itself is legal and agnostic of the type of content shared, many of the services that did not enforce a strict policy to take down copyrighted material would eventually also run into legal difficulties.


title: Western Stars

text: Western Stars is the nineteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Bruce Springsteen, released on June 14, 2019, by Columbia Records. It was produced by Ron Aniello, who worked with Springsteen on his two previous albums: "Wrecking Ball" (2012) and "High Hopes" (2014).


title: Western Stars

text: The album was a chart success in the United States—where it became Springsteen's 20th top-10 album—and abroad. It was also met with widespread acclaim from critics, who found the music elegiac and evocative of the American West.


title: Western Stars

text: A full performance of the album was filmed and released by Warner Bros. Pictures. The soundtrack of this movie ("Western Stars – Songs from the Film") has an almost identical track list and was released in September 2019.


title: Western Stars

text: Springsteen stated in April 2019 that the album was influenced by "Southern California pop music" of the 1970s, including artists such as Glen Campbell and Burt Bacharach. Upon announcing the album in April 2019, he called it "a return to my solo recordings featuring character-driven songs and sweeping, cinematic orchestral arrangements", with a press release characterizing it as about a "range of American themes, of highways and desert spaces, of isolation and community and the permanence of home and hope".


title: Western Stars

text: "Hello Sunshine" was released on April 26, 2019, as the album's lead single, along with a music video. "There Goes My Miracle" was released as the album's second single on May 17. The album's third single, "Tucson Train", was released on May 30, along with a music video directed by Thom Zimny. A music video for the album's fourth single, "Western Stars", also directed by Zimny, was released on June 14. A limited edition 7" vinyl double A-side single, featuring "Western Stars" and "The Wayfarer", was released on Black Friday Record Store Day on November 29, 2019.


title: Western Stars

text: "Western Stars" was released by Columbia on June 14, 2019. The following week, it debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with 66,000 album-equivalent units sold, of which 62,000 were pure album sales. It is Springsteen's 20th US top 10 album.


title: Western Stars

text: A documentary film, which marked Springsteen's directorial debut and features a full performance of the album, premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2019, with a wide theatrical release in October 2019 along with an accompanying soundtrack for the film. Springsteen did not tour for the album and announced that he would shift focus towards recording a new studio album with the E Street Band in the fall of 2019.


title: Western Stars

text: "Western Stars" was met with widespread critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews and ratings from selected mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 84, based on 31 reviews.


title: Western Stars

text: Reviewing for "Rolling Stone" in May 2019, Will Hermes said that, while several songs "straddle the classic and the cliché", the album's music "evokes country-tinged California pop from the Sixties and Seventies, sounding like nothing [Springsteen]'s done before". In "Entertainment Weekly", Maura Johnston applauded Springsteen for "transforming the enormous into the intimate" on the album, while "The Independent"s Mark Beaumont said the "sumptuous, cinematic album is nothing short of a late-period masterpiece" for the musician. Writing for "NME", Thomas Smith regarded "Western Stars" as "majestic in its scale, but traditional in its subject matter and narratives … a wonderful thing." Pat Carty in "Hot Press" described the album as a "heartbreaking yet life-affirmingly beautiful record - both elegiac and warm, a trick few others, if any, could pull off." Sam Sodomsky from "Pitchfork" said, "Springsteen returns with elegiac and wise songwriting conjuring the golden expanse of the American West; it’s his best studio album in years." In the opinion of AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine, "This isn't a piece of nostalgia on Springsteen's part, though. These references deepen a collection of songs that are sweet, sad, and searching, songs that feel finely etched on their own terms but gather a deep, lasting resonance when collected on this enchanting album." The songs were also regarded by Alexis Petridis as "strong enough to withstand the treatment" and rarely reducing themselves to pastiches of "the grownup American pop of Glen Campbell's collaborations with Jimmy Webb or Harry Nilsson's [recordings] of 'Everybody's Talkin'' and 'I Guess the Lord Must Be in New York City'." Writing in "The Guardian", Petridis hoped Springsteen will "take more stylistic detours in the future", as "it adds up to an album that manages to be both unexpected and of a piece with its author’s back catalogue."


title: Western Stars

text: Some reviewers had reservations about the album. In his "Consumer Guide" column, Robert Christgau deemed it a worthy effort and cited its highlights as "Tucson Train" and "Moonlight Motel". However, he believed Springsteen was trying to put across the message that "America used to be better", which the critic said brings to question in what manner will fans receive the musician's nostalgia for America's past: "How many of his faithful will blame it on the rich and how many on the young?" Ludovic Hunter-Tilney issued different complaints in his review for the "Financial Times", being especially critical of the record's roots rock and orchestral pop setting. "The combination of twanging western rock and orchestra has a confected, forced feel", he said, adding that "the effect is intended to dignify the lives of the hard-bitten individuals in his lyrics, but instead it sounds like they are being smothered by overbearing string and horn arrangements."


title: Western Stars

text: It was announced on July 23, 2019, that Springsteen would world premiere his co-directed film, "Western Stars", at the 2019 Toronto International Film Festival. The film marks the first directing credit for Springsteen and was co-directed by his longtime collaborator Thom Zimny. The film features Springsteen and his backing band and orchestra performing the music from the album to a live audience. The live performances were filmed during two nights in April 2019 in a historic barn on the artist's property, the outdoor sequences were filmed at Joshua Tree National Park.


title: Western Stars

text: Cameron Bailey, artistic director of the festival, said of the film, "We have Bruce Springsteen's directorial debut at the festival, I think he's got a big future ahead of him. It's largely performance, but there is a framing to it. It's very filmic, which is what attracted me. The album and the film are both about this fading Western movie B-level star who's looking back on his life and the decisions he's made. That narrative and that character shape all the songs. In between the songs, you've got Bruce really talking about this character he invented, the story he wrote for the character, and how it reflects back on his own life as he ages and other kind of narratives he's had in his previous albums."


title: Western Stars

text: Warner Bros. Pictures released the film on October 25, 2019. The companion soundtrack for the movie, titled "Western Stars – Songs from the Film", was released on the same day by Columbia Records.


title: Tofu skin

text: Tofu skin, Yuba, beancurd skin, beancurd sheet, or beancurd robes is a food product made from soybeans. During the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex forms on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as tofu skin. Since tofu skin is not produced using a coagulant, it is not technically a proper tofu; however, it does have similar texture and flavor to some tofu products.


title: Tofu skin

text: Tofu skin's use was first documented in written records in China, Korea, and Japan in the sixteenth century. It is widely used, fresh, fermented, or dried, in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cuisine.


title: Tofu skin

text: An early written reference to tofu skin appeared in 1587 in Japan in the "Matsuya Hisamatsu chakai-ki" [Three-generation diary of the Matsuya's family's tea ceremonies]. The writer, Matsuya Hisamasa, states simply that tofu skin is the film that forms atop soymilk.


title: Tofu skin

text: Other written references to tofu skin appeared around that time in China in the "Bencao Gangmu" [The great pharmacopoeia] by Li Shizhen. This work was completed in 1578, but not published until 1596. Chapter 25 states:


title: Tofu skin

text: A third known reference to tofu skin appears in 1695 in Japan in the "Ben Zhao Shi Jian" (Wade–Giles: Pen Chao Shih Chien [A Mirror of Food in This Dynasty, 12 volumes]. This book was written by Hitomi Hitsudai in Japan, in Chinese. When Japanese read the Chinese characters for tofu skin, "doufu-lao", they pronounce them "tōfu no uba. Lao" or "uba" means "old woman" or "wet nurse".


title: Tofu skin

text: Tofu skin may be purchased in fresh or dried form. In the latter case, the tofu skin is rehydrated in water before use. It is often used to wrap dim sum.


title: Tofu skin

text: Because of its slightly rubbery texture, tofu skin is also manufactured in bunched, folded and wrapped forms that are used as meat substitutes in vegetarian cuisine. Tofu skins can be wrapped and then folded against itself to make dòu baō (). These are often fried to give it a firmer skin before being cooked further.


title: Tofu skin

text: Tofu skin may also be dried and sold as dried beancurd sticks (). By layering or bunching fresh tofu skin or rehydrated tofu skin, then tying it tightly in cloth and stewing it, the dried beancurd sticks will retain their original shape. This bunched tofu skin is then called "tofu chicken" (; or ). In Thai cooking it is referred to as "fawng dtâo-hûu" (, lit. foam tofu). It is commonly called Foo Chuk in Southeast Asia


title: Tofu skin

text: By layering and bunching the sheets in a certain manner, an imitation of chicken breast can be created with tofu skin. The effect is completed by frying the "skin" side of the tofu chicken until it is crispy. If stuffed with vegetables, it becomes "tofu duck". Likewise various other meat alternatives have been made in this way, especially by Buddhist vegetarian restaurants in areas of Chinese culture.


title: Tofu skin

text: The earliest process for making these meatless meats consisted of rolling thin sheets of doufupi, literally tofu skin, around a filling of minced, smoked, or other seasoned pieces of tofu skin, tying closed the bundle with string, and steaming until a meaty texture and flavor developed.


title: Tofu skin

text: Other methods include rolling the tofu skin tightly on a chopstick and steaming the tofu skin to form a log. When the log is sliced, each slice will be circular in form with a square hole in the center, which looks like old Chinese coins.


title: First Vienna Award

text: The First Vienna Award was a treaty signed on 2 November 1938 pursuant to the Vienna Arbitration, which took place at Vienna's Belvedere Palace. The arbitration and award were direct consequences of the previous month's Munich Agreement, which resulted in the partitioning of Czechoslovakia.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy had sought a nonviolent way to support the territorial claims of the Kingdom of Hungary, and revision of the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. Nazi Germany had already vitiated the Versailles Treaty by the remilitarization of the Rhineland (7 March 1936) and the "Anschluss" of Austria (12 March 1938).


title: First Vienna Award

text: The First Vienna Award separated, from Czechoslovakia, territories in southern Slovakia and southern Carpathian Rus' that were mostly Hungarian-populated and "awarded" them to Hungary. Hungary thus regained some of the territories (now parts of Slovakia and Ukraine) that Hungary had lost after World War I under the Treaty of Trianon. Czechoslovakia also ceded to Poland small patches of land in Spiš and Orava regions.


title: First Vienna Award

text: In mid-March 1939 Adolf Hitler gave Hungary permission to occupy the remainder of Carpathian Rus' (officially known as Carpatho-Ukraine since December 1938). This advanced Hungary's territory northward, up to the Polish border, thereby restoring a common Hungarian–Polish border, which had existed before the 1772 First Partition of Poland-Lithuania. Before the end of World War I and the Treaties of Trianon and Saint Germain, the Carpathian region of the former Kingdom of Hungary (Transleithania) in Austria-Hungary had, to the north, bordered the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, a constituent part of Austria's Cisleithania.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Six months after Hungary occupied the remainder of Carpathian Rus', in September 1939, after the German invasion of Poland, the Polish government and tens of thousands of Polish soldiers and airmen evacuated into Hungary and Romania and from there went on to France and to French-mandated Syria to carry on their war against Germany.


title: First Vienna Award

text: From 1933 Hungary closely coordinated its foreign policies with those of Nazi Germany, in the hope of revising Hungary's borders as established in the 1920 Treaty of Trianon. In March 1933 Hungary's prime minister declared that Hungary "wanted justice on the historical principle" and desired the restoration to Hungary of Hungarian-inhabited territories that Hungary had lost after World War I. In June 1933 Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Gömbös visited Germany, meeting with Adolf Hitler, and they concluded that Czechoslovakia was a principal obstacle to a "rearrangement" of Central Europe and therefore should be subverted internally, isolated internationally, and finally eliminated by military force. During a meeting with Hitler in August 1936, Miklós Horthy advocated a common attack against Czechoslovakia to excise a "cancerous tumor from the heart of Europe".


title: First Vienna Award

text: In late 1937 Hitler decided to open a campaign against Czechoslovakia. In 1938 Germany and Hungary focused on creating a common platform to that end, and in November 1938 Hitler negotiated with the Hungarian government concerning the fate of Czechoslovakia.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Hungarian representatives considered an overt attack on Czechoslovakia too dangerous and wanted to preserve that country's relations with France and Britain, whose support in the question of Hungarian minorities was conditional on Hungary's not joining with Germany in military actions. This outraged Hitler and led to a change in Germany's view of Hungarian territorial demands in eastern Czechoslovakia.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Before the Munich Agreement, a Hungarian government emissary had officially asked the German and Italian delegations to resolve Hungarian demands together with the questions of Sudeten Germans. However, Hitler did not agree because he was not satisfied with the previous passivity of Hungary and because he had his own plans for Central Europe. The French and British delegates, Prime Minister Édouard Daladier and Neville Chamberlain, saw potential danger in such a complex solution, but the Italian delegate, Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, allowed Hungarian demands to be reflected in an appendix to the agreement. It requested Czechoslovakia to resolve the minority question with Hungary and Poland within three months by bilateral negotiations, or matters would be resolved by the four signatories of the agreement.


title: First Vienna Award

text: After the annexation of Zaolzie and Český Těšín by Poland, the Hungarian question had remained open. Poland later annexed further territories in northern Slovakia (on December 1, 1938, villages in Kysuce, Orava and Spiš) comprising 226 km, with 4,280 inhabitants (see separate article, Polish–Czechoslovak border conflicts). The Hungarian government understood the appendix of the Munich Agreement as an agreement of the Great Powers for the revision of peace treaties and emphasised that it did not mean only the revision of borders based on ethnicity but also the eventual restoration of Hungarian territory before 1918 and the creation of a common border with Poland. Official Hungarian circles were aware that Hungary alone was too weak to enforce its territorial demands towards Czechoslovakia because they knew that any attack would encounter the resistance of the more modern Czechoslovak Army.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Therefore, Hungary decided to fight Czechoslovakia in the diplomatic field instead and to push for territorial revision in the spirit of Munich Agreement.


title: First Vienna Award

text: The Munich Agreement had defined a three-month period to resolve Hungarian demands, but the Hungarian government pushed to start negotiations immediately. The pressure was increased by the Hungarians with border conflicts and diversion actions in Czechoslovakia. The first conflict occurred in the early morning of October 5, 1938, when troops of the Royal Hungarian Army crossed the border and attacked Czechoslovak positions near Jesenské with the goal of capturing Rimavská Sobota. Hungarian troops withdrew after the arrival of Czechoslovak reinforcements, which killed nine Hungarians and captured prisoners. Two days later, Hungarian troops again attempted to cross the Danube near Štúrovo (Párkány). The Czechoslovak situation was worse in Carpathian Ruthenia, with its lower density of fortifications; there paramilitary units of the Rongyos Gárda infiltrated Czechoslovakia. The first two units of the Rongyos Gárda crossed the border on October 6, 1938, and two days later, they blew up the bridge over the Borozhava River.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Such actions continued during the negotiations and after the First Vienna Award. During the second day of bilateral negotiations (October 10, 1938), Hungarian troops murdered a railway officer in Borozhava and damaged railway facilities.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Czechoslovakia had an interest in stabilising the situation because its foreign ministry had to resolve problems with Poland and Germany and did not want to start negotiations before October 15. The Czechoslovak minister of foreign affairs was focused on building new relationships with Germany and Italy to negotiate guarantees for new borders. After the Munich Agreement, all political subjects in Slovakia concluded that it is necessary to change the Slovak position and declared its autonomy on October 6, 1938. The new autonomous government understood the definition of borders as a priority, and the Slovak People's Party requested to participate in the negotiations. The central government in Prague was aware that the delegation should be led by a Slovak and considered Milan Hodža or Imrich Karvaš. However, after the creation of an autonomous government, Foreign Minister František Chvalkovský proposed its representatives: Jozef Tiso or Ferdinand Ďurčanský. Both politicians at first refused on the justification that the role was in competition with the central government. After it had been emphasised that it is mainly the interest of Slovakia, they decided to accept. Moreover, Tiso hoped that his Hungarian partners would more likely accept concessions if they did not negotiate with representatives of the central government.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Under the pressure of the threat of internal destabilisation of Czechoslovakia because of diverting actions and the further radicalisation of the situation in Hungary, Czechoslovakia agreed to begin negotiations on October 9.


title: First Vienna Award

text: Negotiations were held between October 9 and October 13, 1938, in Komárno, on the Slovak northern bank of the Danube River, just on the border with Hungary. The Czechoslovak delegation was led by Jozef Tiso, the prime minister of the autonomous government, without any experience with similar negotiations, and it included Ferdinand Ďurčanský, Minister of Justice in the Slovak cabinet, and General Rudolf Viest. The central government of Czechoslovakia was represented by Ivan Krno, Political Director of the Czechoslovak Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who held rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary. Autonomous Carpathian Ruthenia was represented by Ivan Párkányi, who was a minister without portfolio. The Czechoslovak (Slovak and Ruthenian) delegation was not completely prepared for lack of time. By contrast, the Hungarian delegation comprised experienced individuals and was led by Foreign Minister Kálmán Kánya and Education Minister Pál Teleki. The Hungarian government welcomed the composition of Czechoslovak delegation and believed that it would be easier to influence the inexperienced Slovak politicians by promises. That expectation was not fulfilled since other Slovak delegates rejected any possibility of returning to Hungary.