title: Soviet montage theory

text: Eisenstein discussed how a perfect example of his theory is found in his film "October", which contains a sequence where the concept of "God" is connected to class structure, and various images that contain overtones of political authority and divinity are edited together in descending order of impressiveness so that the notion of God eventually becomes associated with a block of wood. He believed that this sequence caused the minds of the viewer to automatically reject all political class structures.


title: Soviet montage theory

text: Though montage was widely acknowledged in principle as the mechanism that constitutes cinema, it was not universally believed as cinema's essence. Lev Kuleshov, for example, expressed that though montage makes cinema possible, it does not hold as much significance as performance, a type of internal montage. Additionally, Kuleshov expressed the subservience of montage to the will of those who deploy it. In his comparisons between Russian, European, and American cinema prior to the Russian Revolution, Kuleshov could not identify a unifying theory between them and concluded a relativistic approach to filmmaking, opting for something similar to later auteur theories. The implication of an exclusive focus on montage is one in which performances become unconvincing given the actors jilted belief in his/her own significance.


title: Soviet montage theory

text: Kino-eye, composed of various newsreel correspondents, editors, and directors, also took indirect aim at montage as the overarching principle of cinema. Kino-eye was interested in capturing life of the proletariat and actualizing revolution, and was accused by Eisenstein of being devoid of ideological method. Films like Dziga Vertov's "The Man with a Movie Camera" utilized montage (almost all films did at the time), but packaged images without discernible political connection between shots. Vertov, on the other hand, saw the fictional revolutions represented in Eisenstein's films as lacking the visceral weight of unscripted action.


title: Soviet montage theory

text: Socialist Realism speaks to the project of art within Stalin's period. Art, inherently implosive when funded and regulated by the state, requires form and content to avoid neutrality. The five-year plan, which demanded workers to "overfill the plan" required filmmakers to exceed baseline standards. Naturalism, in which art can only express its subject singularly rather than relationally, is incapable of exposing the structural and systemic characteristics of phenomena. Realism, on the other hand, is concerned with relationships, causality, and the production of informed spectators. As such, Socialist Realism was primarily a literary movement, characterized by works such as Maxim Gorky's novel "Mother". Filmmakers took cues from their literary counterparts, implementing a narrative and character style reminiscent of communist cultural values. Below are some factors that influenced the cinematic Socialist Realist approach.


title: Soviet montage theory

text: Kinoks ("cinema-eye men") / Kinoglaz ("Kino-eye") – The group and movement founded by Dziga Vertov. The Council of Three was the official voice of Kino-eye, issuing statements on the group's behalf. The demands, elaborated in films, conferences, and future essays, would seek to situate Kino-eye as the preeminent Soviet filmmaking collective. In the Art of the Cinema, Kuleshov issues a challenge to non-fiction filmmakers: "Ideologues of the non-fictional film!- give up convincing yourselves of the correctness of your viewpoints: they are indisputable. Create or point out methods of creating genuine, exciting newsreels. ... When it is possible to film easily and comfortably, without having to consider either location, or the light conditions, then the authentic flowering of the non-fictional film will take place, depicting our environment, our construction, our land."


title: Soviet montage theory

text: "Above all, I constructed a true cinema-object not on top of everyday life, but out of everyday life. The story offered by comrade Verevkin's script did not weigh life down in my work. Instead, the everyday life of the Young Pioneers absorbed the story, making it possible to capture the essence of the young Leninists in their spontaneous actuality [or immediate reality, neposredstvennoi deistvitel'nosti]. This materialist approach freed us from art cinema's bourgeois illustration of a literary text, overcame the "government-issue" formalism of the newsreel, and allowed us to productively establish devices for filming with a socialist character."


title: Soviet montage theory

text: Kristin Romberg mediates the conflictual but parallel nature of Kino-eye and Gan's constructivism by identifying empathy as the central dividing element. "Island of the Young Pioneers" enters into a role-playing relationship between and with children that seeks to build an understanding between them. This, along with the focus on radicalizing children specifically, was inconceivable within Kino-eye's framework. Vertov, concerned with machinery, movement and labor, universalized Kino-eye's strategy of constant critique, with little room for empathy and nuance.


title: Soviet montage theory

text: In this essay, Eisenstein explicates how art is created and sustained through a dialectical process. He begins with this supposition:


title: Soviet montage theory

text: From this, the form an art takes grants it its dialectical and political dimension. The material from which it is created is inherently conflictual and holds the seeds of its own destruction (antithesis). Without this understanding, montage is merely a succession of images reminiscent of DW Griffith's continuity editing. Here, it is important to note that, for Eisenstein, art form is inherently political. The danger is in claiming it's neutral until a story or interpretation are attached. While theories of montage prior to this sought political mobilization, Dramaturgy took montage beyond the cinema and implicated film form in broader Marxist struggle.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Rapunzel syndrome is an extremely rare intestinal condition in humans resulting from ingesting hair (trichophagia). The syndrome is named after the long-haired girl Rapunzel in the fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm. Trichophagia is sometimes associated with the hair-pulling disorder trichotillomania. This syndrome is a rare and unusual form of trichobezoar. Since 1968, there have been fewer than 40 documented cases in the literature. This syndrome occurs when the trichobezoar (hairball) reaches past the small intestine, and sometimes even into the colon producing a long tail-like extension of hair (NCBI, 2016).


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Rapunzel syndrome is caused by the ingestion of hair. Rapunzel syndrome is characterized by a compulsive disorder of pulling one's own hair and ingesting it. There are several psychiatric disorders that are associated with Rapunzel syndrome, such as trichotillomania, trichophagia, and pica. Trichotillomania is the compulsion to pull out one's own hair; if an individual consumes it after ripping it out as well, it is known as trichophagia. Pica comes from the Latin word for "magpie" and involves the craving of non-food items such as cloth, wool, hair, or even small metallic objects.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Trichobezoar can be preoperatively diagnosed. However, the diagnosis of the Rapunzel syndrome has to consider several aspects such as the patient's history with disorders like trichophagia and trichotillomania. This syndrome does not appear in the DSM V, and will therefore not be given as such, but will have been diagnosed as severe trichotillomania. The syndrome itself is used to describe the manifestation of a trichobezoar which has extended far into the small intestine. It describes the trichobezoar, not the mental health disorder which precipitated it.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: The diagnosis of the syndrome is also done by endoscopy. A CT scan is recommended to determine the size and the extension of the trichobezoar. Upper GI endoscopy is known as the gold standard for the diagnosis of a trichobezoar, however the endoscopy alone might not necessarily detect the co-existing Rapunzel syndrome.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Because the human gastrointestinal tract is unable to digest human hair, the trichobezoar may have to be treated surgically. This involves removal of the mass by careful extraction from the stomach and duodenum. If the mass is small enough it can be removed endoscopically. Once the mass surpasses greater than 20 centimeters, it must be removed by gastrotomy. It is recommended that general anesthesia with intubation be used when removing the hairball in order to protect the throat from any damage. Patients usually also require psychiatric evaluation and treatment due to the association with impulse control disorders, especially trichotillomania. Long-term follow up as well as psychiatric consultation is also recommended to prevent the event from repeating.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: The expected outlook after surgical intervention is very promising. The success rate of removal of the mass is above 90% and the complication rate is only near 10%. Recurrence is highly uncommon but can occur if the patient does not follow up on psychological treatment or counseling.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Rapunzel syndrome is extremely rare, with less than 64 cases reported since 1968. It is more common in young or adolescent females. Rapunzel syndrome is mainly seen in emotionally disturbed or mentally disturbed young females. The first known case dates back to a 16-year-old boy in 1779; this was eventually published by Vaughan et al. in 1968. Of the cases reported, the typical age range affected from this syndrome is between 4 and 19 years of age. There is no specific region that is subject to developing this condition, however of the cases reported all of the women came from countries where women traditionally had long hair. Women are more subject to this disorder because women often have longer hair than men. There is only one reported male case of Rapunzel syndrome, but he was eating his sister's hair and not his own.


title: Rapunzel syndrome

text: Although this condition is extremely rare, researchers have mentioned that it is absolutely critical that prevention methods are taken after surgery. The most common reason for recurrence in patients is lack of follow-up care and incompletion of psychological treatment. Researchers have concluded that 92.5% of all cases reported were treated by laparotomy with a 99% success rate (NCBI,2016). There have been few reports of successful treatment through laparoscopic surgery, however this has only been reported to be done in pediatric patients.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Piazza del Popolo is a large urban square in Rome. The name in modern Italian literally means "People's Square", but historically it derives from the poplars ("populus" in Latin, "pioppo" in Italian) after which the church of Santa Maria del Popolo, in the northeast corner of the piazza, takes its name.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: The piazza lies inside the northern gate in the Aurelian Walls, once the Porta Flaminia of ancient Rome, and now called the Porta del Popolo. This was the starting point of the Via Flaminia, the road to "Ariminum" (modern-day Rimini) and the most important route to the north. At the same time, before the age of railroads, it was the traveller's first view of Rome upon arrival. For centuries, the Piazza del Popolo was a place for public executions, the last of which took place in 1826.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: The layout of the piazza today was designed in neoclassical style between 1811 and 1822 by the architect Giuseppe Valadier, He removed a modest fountain by Giacomo Della Porta, erected in 1572, and demolished some insignificant buildings and haphazard high screening walls to form two semicircles, reminiscent of Bernini's plan for St. Peter's Square, replacing the original cramped trapezoidal square centred on the Via Flaminia.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Valadier's Piazza del Popolo, however, incorporated the verdure of trees as an essential element; he conceived his space in a third dimension, expressed in the building of the "viale" that leads up to the balustraded overlook from the Pincio ("above, right").


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: An Egyptian obelisk of Sety I (later erected by Rameses II) from Heliopolis stands in the centre of the Piazza. Three sides of the obelisk were carved during the reign of Sety I and the fourth side, under Rameses II. The obelisk, known as the "Flaminio Obelisk" or the "Popolo Obelisk", is the second oldest and one of the tallest obelisks in Rome (some 24 m high, or 36 m including its plinth). The obelisk was brought to Rome in 10 BC by order of Augustus and originally set up in the Circus Maximus. It was re-erected here in the piazza by the architect-engineer Domenico Fontana in 1589 as part of the urban plan of Sixtus V. The piazza also formerly contained a central fountain, which was moved to the Piazza Nicosia in 1818, when fountains, in the form of Egyptian-style lions, were added around the base of the obelisk.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Looking from the north ("illustration, right"), three streets branch out from the piazza into the city, forming the so-called "trident" ("il Tridente"): the Via del Corso in the centre; the Via del Babuino to the left (opened in 1525 as the Via Paolina) and the Via di Ripetta (opened by Leo X in 1518 as the Via Leonina) to the right. The twin churches (the "chiese gemelle") of Santa Maria dei Miracoli (1681) and Santa Maria in Montesanto (1679), begun by Carlo Rainaldi and completed by Bernini and Carlo Fontana, define the junctions of the roads. Close scrutiny of the twin churches reveals that they are not mere copies of one another, as they would have been in a Neoclassical project, but vary in their details, offering variety within their symmetrical balance in Baroque fashion.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: The central street, now known as the Via del Corso, was the ancient Via Lata, and to the north it links with the ancient Roman road, the Via Flaminia, beyond the city gate and southwards, to the Piazza Venezia (formerly the Piazza San Marco), the Capitol and the forum. The Via di Ripetta leads past the Mausoleum of Augustus to the River Tiber, where the Baroque riverside landing called the Porto di Ripetta was located until it was destroyed in the late 19th century. The Via del Babuino ("Baboon"), linking to Piazza di Spagna, takes its name from a grotesque sculpture of Silenus that gained the popular name of "the Baboon".


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: To the north of the piazza stands the Porta del Popolo, beyond which lies the Piazzale Flaminio and the start of the Via Flaminia. The gateway was reworked to give its current appearance by Bernini for Pope Alexander VII in 1655, to welcome Queen Christina of Sweden to Rome following her conversion to Roman Catholicism and her abdication. Opposite Santa Maria del Popolo stands a Carabinieri station, with a dome reflecting that of the church.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: In his urbanistic project, Valadier constructed the matching "palazzi" that provide a frame for the scenography of the twin churches and hold down two corners of his composition. He positioned a third palazzo to face these and matched a low structure screening the flank of Santa Maria del Popolo, with its fine Early Renaissance façade, together holding down the two northern corners. Valadier outlined this newly defined oval forecourt to the city of Rome with identical sweeps of wall, forming curving exedra-like spaces. Behind the western one, a screen of trees masks the unassorted fronts of buildings beyond.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: The aqueduct carrying the Acqua Vergine Nuovo was completed in the 1820s, and its water provided the opportunity for fountains and their basins that offered the usual public water supply for the "rione" or urban district. Ever since the Renaissance such terminal fountains also provided an occasion for the grand terminal water show called in Rome a "mostra" or a show. "What makes a fountain a "mostra" is not essentially its size or splendor, but its specific designation as the fountain that is a public memorial to the whole achievement of the aqueduct." Valadier had planned fountains in the upper tier of the Pincio slope, but these were not carried out, in part for lack of water.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Fountains by Giovanni Ceccarini (1822–23), with matching compositions of a central figure flanked by two attendant figures, stand on each side of the piazza to the east and west, flanked by neoclassical statues of "The Seasons" (1828). The "Fontana del Nettuno" (Fountain of Neptune) stands on the west side, Neptune with his trident is accompanied by two tritons. "Rome between the Tiber and the Aniene" on the east side, against the steep slope of the Pincio, represents the terminal "mostra" of the aqueduct. Dea Roma armed with lance and helmet, and in front is the she-wolf feeding Romulus and Remus.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: At the center of the piazza is the "Fontana dell' Obelisco": a group of four mini fountains, each comprising a lion on a stepped plinth, surround the obelisk.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Valadier's masterstroke was in linking the piazza with the heights of the "Pincio", the Pincian Hill of ancient Rome, which overlooked the space from the east. He swept away informally terraced gardens that belonged to the Augustinian monastery connected with Santa Maria del Popolo. In its place he created a carriage drive that doubled back upon itself and pedestrian steps leading up beside a waterfall to the "Pincio" park, where a balustraded lookout, supported by a triple-arched nymphaeum is backed by a wide gravelled opening set on axis with the piazza below; formally planted bosquets of trees flank the open space. The planted Pincio in turn provides a link to the Villa Borghese gardens.


title: Piazza del Popolo

text: Before its restoration and conversion into a pedestrian zone in 1997-1998, the Piazza del Popolo was often choked with traffic and parked cars.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: Dave Not Coming Back () is a Canadian documentary film, directed by Jonah Malak and released in 2020. The film centres on diver Dave Shaw's death while attempting to recover the body of Deon Dreyer from the submerged Boesmansgat cave in 2005, through a mix of camcorder footage from the incident and the personal reflections of his surviving friend Don Shirley.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: On October 28, 2004, two cave divers and long-time friends, Don Shirley and David Shaw, planned a dive at Boesmansgat. Dave went to 280 meters, touched the bottom and started exploring.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: While doing so, he found a body that had been lying there for nearly ten years. It was the body of the 20-year old diver Deon Dreyer.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: Three months later, the two friends decide to come back and retrieve it. They call Deon Dreyer's parents and ask for their permission. They enroll 8 support rebreather divers, all of whom were close to Don Shirley. Gordon Hiles, a cameraman from Cape Town, was filming all throughout the process - from the preparation on the surface to the operation at the bottom of the cave. The surface marshal was Verna van Schaik, who was holding the women's world record for depth.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: Principal photography took place in 2017 and 2018, in Komati Springs and in Boesmansgat, South Africa, and in Melbourne, Australia.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: The production team joined effort with Don Shirley and shot all the underwater scenes on location. Half of the scenes were shot in Don's diving centre, the Komati Springs cave, a multilevel underwater mine, 180-meter deep, with many kilometres of galleries. The other half was shot in Boesmansgat, during Don's 2017 diving expedition.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: Because of the lack of communication underwater, the team would rehearse on the surface for long hours until they memorize the shots and the order in which they would be filmed.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: "Dave Not Coming Back" received the Audience Award at both Austin Film Festival and Hamilton Film Festival 2020.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: The film premiered on August 17, 2020, as part of the Adventure Film Series, a special summer edition of the Whistler Film Festival. It subsequently premiered commercially in Montreal, Quebec, on September 11, and was screened later the same month at the Sudbury Indie Cinema Co-op in Sudbury, Ontario, before being released commercially to streaming platforms in October 2020.


title: Dave Not Coming Back

text: It was released theatrically in the fall of 2020, despite a semi-lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It was released online in the United States on November 10, 2020, and in Canada on December 15, 2020.


title: Alfonso Arau

text: Alfonso Arau Incháustegui (born 11 January 1932) is a Mexican filmmaker, actor, and singer. He worked as an actor and director in both Mexican and Hollywood productions for over 40 years, before his international breakthrough with the 1992 film "Like Water for Chocolate", based on his wife Laura Esquivel's novel of the same name. His other films include "A Walk in the Clouds" (1995), "Picking Up the Pieces" (2000), "The Magnificent Ambersons" (2002), and "" (2004). He is a five-time Ariel Award winner, including Best Director for "Like Water for Chocolate", and a BAFTA nominee.


title: Alfonso Arau

text: The son of a physician, Arau was born in Mexico City. He directed the films "", "Like Water for Chocolate" (adapted from the novel written by his ex-wife Laura Esquivel), "A Walk in the Clouds" with Keanu Reeves and Anthony Quinn, and the "Hallmark Hall of Fame" production "A Painted House" (adapted from the John Grisham novel of the same name). Among a plethora of roles in his career, Arau played "Captain Herrera", a lieutenant of Federal general "Mapache", in Sam Peckinpah's 1969 western "The Wild Bunch", chief bandit "El Guapo" in "Three Amigos" (USA, 1986), a comedy with Martin Short, Steve Martin, and Chevy Chase, shady businessman Manuel in the comedy "Used Cars" (USA, 1980), and the smuggler "Juan" in "Romancing the Stone" (USA, 1984) starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner. Arau appeared in the 1972 Mexican film "El rincón de las vírgenes" ("The Virgins' Corner"), where he played the assistant of a fake mystical doctor traveling from town to town, who reminisce about their travels, when a group of women decide to propose the doctor for sainthood. The movie was set in 1920s rural Mexico.


title: Alfonso Arau

text: Arau has made many appearances as a character actor in American and TV series and plays. In the 1972 episode of "Gunsmoke" titled "Hidalgo", Arau portrayed the bandit "Mando" who shoots and wounds marshal Matt Dillon.


title: Alfonso Arau

text: In 1973, Arau acted in and directed "Calzónzin Inspector" ("Cazonci" or "Caltzontzin" was the term used in the Purépecha culture, to name their emperors), a movie based on a character from the Mexican comic "Los Supermachos" of Rius, a cartoonist, who co-wrote the screenplay. The movie, which is influenced by Nikolai Gogol's "The Government Inspector", centers around two Mexicans who are mistaken for government inspectors from Mexico City by the corrupt mayor of a small town. It is a humorous political critique, aimed squarely at the then ruling party Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) and its paramilitary "caciques", at a time when freedom of speech in politics was highly restricted. There are at least two versions of the movie, with one having some scenes deleted by State censors, the most notable of which depicts the killing of a renegade farmer by a police officer, who shoots the farmer in the back.


title: Alfonso Arau

text: In February 2017, it was alleged by Debra Messing that Arau belittled her for her appearance and body in her first film "A Walk in the Clouds". Arau later denied the allegation.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: Stadion An der Alten Försterei (; "") is a football stadium in Köpenick and the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital of Berlin. It has been home to football club 1. FC Union Berlin and its forerunners since its opening in 1920.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: The stadium's capacity was last redeveloped in 2009 and expanded in 2013. Some of the redevelopment work was carried out by over 2,300 Union Berlin supporters volunteering their services. During league matches the arena features a total capacity of 22,012. There are 3,617 seats available whilst the rest of the ground remains terracing.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: The stadium became also known for events like the annual "Weihnachtssingen" ("Christmas Carols Event") and the "WM-Wohnzimmer" ("World Cup Living Room") in 2014.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: SC Union Oberschöneweide (forerunner of today's 1. FC Union Berlin) had to find a new home ground in 1920, as its former pitch had been built over by developers with residential buildings. The club moved a little further away from the city to the north-western part of the borough of Köpenick. The new stadium was officially opened in August 1920 with a match between Oberschöneweide and the then German champions 1. FC Nürnberg (1–2). The inaugural match at the Alte Försterei had already been played on 17 March, when Union challenged Viktoria 89 Berlin – an illustrious club who had won the German Championship three times around the turn of the century – to a friendly.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: When Union won promotion to the DDR-Oberliga (the top flight in East Germany) in 1966, the stadium soon needed to be expanded. The ground was first expanded in 1970 when the "Gegengerade" terrace was raised, whilst further extensions to the terracing at both ends in the late 1970s and early 1980s increased the capacity furthermore to 22,500.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: However, the somewhat spartan facilities at Alte Försterei had quickly begun to show their age though, as the club was not able to properly maintain the expansive ground as attendances – in common with the majority of clubs in the East and West – went into a serious decline. Later, after German reunification, when Union were assigned by the German Football Association to play in the 3rd league, the outdated stadium proved only one of a number of factors that hampered the club's push for promotion to higher leagues.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: Prior to the redevelopment in 2008, the terracing at the ground was in such a poor state of repair that its continued use was only on condition of the capacity being drastically cut to 18,100 spectators. In the late 1990s, Union were only allowed to continue playing at the Alte Försterei on the basis of special temporary licenses until the DFL (German Football League) stopped continue renewing these in 2006, meaning the stadium would soon no longer be eligible to stage any matches in the top three tiers of German football. The club were therefore forced to make a decision as to whether they would redevelop the Alte Försterei or make a permanent move to a different ground, something that which was unlikely to have been approved by large sections of the fan base who consider the ground to be the club's spiritual home.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: In the late 1990s the first plans for the future of Union's home began to be drawn up. After several years of planning and discussion on various proposals, the redevelopment of the Alte Försterei finally began at the end of the 2007/08 season. Along with the main work of replacing the crumbling stone and cinder terracing with concrete terracing and installing a roof over the previously open terraces, many other minor improvements were completed, such as the installation of new perimeter fencing, new seats in the main stand and undersoil heating and a digital scoreboard (although the famous old manual scoreboard in the corner between the Gegengerade terrace and the Zuckertor (waldseite) end of the ground has been retained). Most of the work during the redevelopment was carried out by over 2,300 supporters volunteering their services. Specialist firms were only called in for more complex tasks such as installing the cantilever roof.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: After playing their home matches at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Berlin's Prenzlauer Berg district during the 2008/09 season, the stadium was re-opened on 8 July 2009 in time for a friendly against fellow Berlin side Hertha BSC.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: Originally planned for 2010, the second stage of refurbishment commenced when funding was insured in May 2012 with the deconstruction of the old main stand. The foundation-stone for the new, 3,617-capacity stand was laid in the following month. Work on it was completed in the summer of 2013, when the fully renovated stadium was inaugurated with a friendly match between Union and Celtic F.C.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: The new building, which is 100.5 m wide and 23.5 m high, also includes hospitality, media and other functional facilities. The costs for its construction were planned to amount to 15 million €, of which 2 million where contributed by the club. Sponsors accounted for 10 million. A further 3 million were injected by a holding formed to own and manage to stadium, shares in which were made publicly available. Over four thousand members of the club and sponsors bought shares in the company so formed for 2.7 million €.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: In its new form, the stadium was sold out for the first time on 31 August 2013, when 21,717 spectators saw Union beat FC St. Pauli 3–2.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: Since the redevelopment, the stadium has also been used for a small number of non-football events, among them rock concerts and bike shows.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: Union Berlin is well known for its Christmas traditions celebrated in their home stadium. In 2003 the yearly Union "Weihnachtssingen" (Christmas Carols Singing) started as an unofficial gathering to which just 89 fans showed up. In 2013, 27,500 people attended, including players and supporters of other teams from around Germany and Europe. Fans drink Glühwein (mulled wine), wave candles around, light flares and sing a combination of Christmas carols and football chants.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: In 2014 the club came up with the idea of inviting fans to take their own sofas to the ground for the whole of the World Cup. The event was called "WM Wohnzimmer" (World Cup Living Room). More than 800 sofas were placed on the pitch in rows in front of the big screen.


title: Stadion An der Alten Försterei

text: On 3 September 2015, Linkin Park played the first ever music show in the stadium. They performed in front of 35,000 fans.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: A diya, diyo, deya, deeya, dia, divaa, deepa, deepam, deep , deepak or saaki is an oil lamp made from clay or mud with a cotton wick dipped in Oil or ghee. These lamps are commonly used in the Indian subcontinent and they hold sacred prominence in Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist and Jain prayers as well as religious rituals, ceremonies and festivals including Diwali.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: Clay diyas are symbolically lit during prayers, rituals and ceremonies; they are permanent fixtures in homes and temples. The warm, bright glow emitted from a diya is considered auspicious - it represents enlightenment, prosperity, knowledge and wisdom. Diyas represent the triumph of light over dark, good over evil with the most notable example of this being on the day of Diwali. Diwali is celebrated every year to celebrate the triumph of good over evil as told in the Hindu epic, the Ramayana. Diwali marks the day Lord Shri Rama, Goddess Sita devi and Lakshmana returned home to Ayodhya after 14 years in exile, away from their home fighting and eradicating evil (Ravana). To welcome Lord Rama, Goddess Sita and Lakshmana home, citizens of Ayodhya lit up the streets with diyas.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: Whilst lighting a diya, some also chant the Sanskrit mantra "Shubham Karoti Kalyanam:"शुभं करोति कल्याणमारोग्यं धनसंपदा ।


title: Diya (lamp)

text: I pay my salutation ("namaskara") to the light / lamp which brings auspiciousness; prosperity, good health, abundance of money and wealth, and the destruction of the intellect’s enemy. The light of the lamp represents the Supreme Brahman as well as Janardhana (Vishnu), let the light absolve the sins, I pay my salutations to this light / lamp.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: This "shloka" is recited while lighting the lamp. Light is considered a symbol of auspiciousness, prosperity, and abundance in many cultures. It is believed that "deepam" is the symbol of knowledge.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: Lit diyas that are placed before Gods during prayer in temples and then used to bless worshippers is referred to as an aarti.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: In terms of the choice of material, the kiln fired earthenware lamps followed by the metallic lamps with multiple wicks, mostly of brass known as "Samai", are the most common, though other materials are also used such as patravali floating lamp made from leaves or permanent lamps made of stones.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: In terms of wick design, diyas with one wick are most common, followed by the two wick style, but other variations such as four, five or seven wick lamps are also made.


title: Diya (lamp)

text: In terms of overall lamps design, the ornamental lamps come in various designs. The iconic Nachiarkoil lamp, also known as ""Annam lamp"", is produced exclusively in by the Pather (Kammalar) community in Nachiyar Koil of Tamil Nadu.


title: Lyoness

text: myWorld, formerly Lyoness, is a multi-level marketing company established in Austria in 2003. According to Lyoness, the company was active in more than 40 countries, spread over six continents, and their shopping community consisted of more than five million members as of 2016. In several countries Lyoness is suspected as being, or ruled as being, a pyramid scheme.


title: Lyoness

text: Lyoness operates an international, cross-sectoral shopping community, from which members and merchants presumably benefit through cashback discounts and customer loyalty, respectively.


title: Lyoness

text: Lyoness announced that starting July 2014, all network marketing activities are to be bundled under the new brand "Lyconet".


title: Lyoness

text: The Lyoness shopping community currently has (as of July 2016) an estimated seven million members around the globe, who receive discounts while shopping at 80,000 Lyoness (2017) partners with over 300,000 points of acceptance. Through the discounts systems, members receive direct discounts of 1-5% in the form of cash back on every purchase made at a Lyoness partner. Depending on the country, the sum of the obtained discounts needs to be 5 or 10 euros or higher in order for it to be transferred to the bank account of the Lyoness member.


title: Lyoness

text: Cashback and Shopping Points are Member Benefits that are generated when purchasing at a Lyoness Loyalty Merchant. The benefits are depending on the merchant's conditions. Shopping Points can be used for Shopping Point Deals, which could be described as vouchers. Lyoness will transfer the earned Cashback to the bank account registered by the Member.


title: Lyoness

text: Next to discounts over personal purchases, Lyoness members receive an 0.5% commission over the purchases made by the people they have introduced to Lyoness, as well as 0.5% over the purchases made by the people introduced by the people they have brought in. Lyoness refers to this system as the ‘Friendship Bonus’.


title: Lyoness

text: In 2004, the CEO of Lyoness, Hubert Freidl, was hired as the company's director. Lyoness comprises at least seven corporations registered in Switzerland, nine corporations registered in Austria and approximately 42 additional national and regional corporations all around the globe. The name "Lyoness" was derived from the Celtic mythological kingdom "Lyonesse". "Lyconet" was introduced in 2014 as a new trademark name for the same group of corporations.


title: Lyoness

text: The Lyoness and Lyconet trademark names cover various corporate structures. The overarching holding corporation is named 'Lyoness International AG', which is supported by several administrative departments (which are registered corporate structures): including: "Lyoness eBiz GmbH", "Lyoness Dataservice GmbH", "Lyoness Lyco Soft GmbH", "Lyoness Child & Family Foundation", "Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation".


title: Lyoness

text: The continental organisations are subsidiaries of "Lyoness International AG" and are registered as stock corporations. These are:


title: Lyoness

text: "Lyoness Europe AG" (founded in 2003), "Lyoness IMEA S.A." (2009), "Lyoness North America Ltd.", "Lyoness South America S.A.", "Lyoness Asia Ltd." (2011).


title: Lyoness

text: The country offices are subsidiaries of the continental stock corporations and are registered as privately owned, limited-liability companies.


title: Lyoness

text: According to Lyoness, every purchase made by its members at its partner companies benefits the Lyoness Child and Family Foundation (a Lyoness-owned charity organisation) and the Lyoness Greenfinity Foundation (a Lyoness-owned organisation promoting sustainability).


title: Lyoness

text: In 2012, Lyoness announced that it and its affiliated Greenfinity foundation would be the title sponsors of the Austrian Open golf tournament for three seasons, through to 2014. Lyoness also sponsored the ‘European Juniors League’, a European football competition for youth teams, as well as Austrian club SK Rapid Wien. Lyoness announced that it would pay 9 million euros over 5 soccer seasons but would not be the main sponsor of Rapid Wien.


title: Lyoness

text: One year after Lyoness was founded, in 2004, the Austrian criminal police (Kriminalpolizei) published an article in the December issue of its organisation’s magazine, in which it warned of the resurfacing of Ponzi schemes and pyramid schemes in Austria. Lyoness was explicitly mentioned in this article. The company contested the allegations publicly. In 2005, Austrian Parliament member, Johann Maier (SPÖ) asked the then-incumbent Austrian Minister of Justice (Karin Miklautsch, BZÖ) parliamentary questions about the reports filed against alleged pyramid schemes in Austria in 2004. Lyoness was one of the organisations complaints were filed against.


title: Lyoness

text: In 2008, the Austrian Chamber of Labour (‘Arbeiterkammer’) of Steiermark issued a warning against Lyoness, listing its alleged privacy violations, misleading advertising, deceptive information and unrealistic and negligible benefits as red flags for doing business with Lyoness.


title: Lyoness

text: In March 2010, the Swiss magazine "Beobachter" published an article by Pascale Hofmeier entitled "Lyoness: Hands off". In the article, Sara Stalder of the Swiss Consumer Union and Manuel Richard of the Swiss Gambling Commission warn consumers not to do business with Lyoness. In early 2012, "Kleine Zeitung" published an article suggesting that Lyoness deceived the masses by operating an irrelevant shopping community. "L'Hebdo", a Swiss magazine, reproduced a story about how Lyoness members are told that an investment of 3,000 CHF will eventually lead to 25,000 CHF in return, if enough new, down-paying members are recruited.


title: Lyoness

text: In February 2012, the "Beobachter" published an article stating that, based on review of internal Lyoness communication, members are offered ‘bounties’ up to 45,000 CHF to provide ‘relevant information’ on Lyoness’ critics. A critic from Zurich was reported to have been sued for over 1 million CHF for ‘defamation’ after he contacted Lyoness’ partner companies in Switzerland in an attempt to explain the business model of Lyoness to them. The article also reported that the Lyoness business model seems to revolve around recruiting activities instead of discounts and that Lyoness is internationally charged with forgery, fraud and hosting a pyramid scheme.


title: Lyoness

text: "Der Standard" reported in July 2012 that the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor (‘WKStA’) has been granted jurisdiction to investigate and prosecute Lyoness in Austria. The Swiss "Handelszeitung" mentioned a court case Lyoness lost, which revolved around the question as to whether the company should have issued a financial prospectus before asking investors to finance their advertising campaigns in foreign markets. In September 2012, the same newspaper reported that major, alleged Lyoness partners in Switzerland (Microsoft and Kuoni Travel) were deciding not to continue the partnerships, if there were any to begin with. The "Wiener Zeitung" reported about a pending lawsuit initiated by the Austrian Consumer Organisation ‘VKI’ in March 2013. The VKI contested 61 clauses of Lyoness’ ‘General Terms and Conditions’, which it called opaque, uncertain, and/or meaningless. Eric Breiteneder, hired as a legal representative by the organisation, also referred to the concepts used to distinguish various parts of – and benefits within the Lyoness business model as vague and/or undefined elsewhere.


title: Lyoness

text: The "Handelszeitung" reported about suspicions that high-level Lyoness members were earlier involved in (other) pyramid schemes, like the ‘Spirit of Independence’. It also mentioned a system called ‘GTS’ (Global Trade System), operated by Erin Trade SA, as a former organisation tied to Hubert Freidl. Like Lyoness, this company has been called a pyramid scheme in the public debate. The "Kleine Zeitung" reported that various experts were looking at the investment schemes for advertising campaigns organised by Lyoness, and whether a prospectus was required before attracting capital from investors. Lyoness-hired professor Susanne Kalls concluded that no capital market regulations were violated by not issuing a prospectus; attorney Karl Hengstberger came to the opposite conclusion but agreed with Kalls that the Lyoness business package does not constitute an investment. In the same article, Lyoness spokesman Mathias Vorbach admits that the company may have had some trouble before, but that those days are behind it – Lyoness has learned from its mistakes. He asserts that legal problems have only appeared in Austria (a contested claim) and that 95% of the Lyoness members just shop and do not participate in the earning models offered by Lyoness. However, the "Beobachter", after reportedly considering internal Lyoness documents, published an article suggesting that 99.7% of the Lyoness turnover derives from down-payments on future purchases, not from actual shopping or (saved up) discounts.


title: Lyoness

text: In September 2009, Lyoness hired criminal law expert Peter Lewisch to assess whether the company's business model violated the Austrian law concerning illegal pyramid schemes. The study, conducted by Lewisch in September 2013, argued that Lyoness is not a pyramid scheme under Austrian legislation.


title: Lyoness

text: Lyoness is suspected to be a pyramid scheme in several of the countries it operates in. In its homeland Austria, Lyoness has been declared a pyramid scheme by four independent civil courts. Criminal investigations have also been concluded by the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor ("WKStA"), who maintains that Lyoness operates an illegal pyramid scheme. Lyoness expects to be cleared of all charges. In Australia, Lyoness was under prosecution by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) for operating an illegal pyramid scheme. The trial has ended and the judgment was reserved. In Sweden, the responsible authority concluded that Lyoness is a pyramid scheme and reported Lyoness to the Stockholm police. While initially halted, an appeal by the Gaming Board led to a continuation of the investigation by the Stockholm Police. In Poland, France, Hungary and Lithuania, similar investigations have been conducted or are ongoing. In Greece, the Austrian Lyoness directors have been accused of various types of fraud by the local authorities. Lyoness vehemently denies all allegations.


title: Lyoness

text: In October 2015, the Federal Court of Australia found that the loyalty program was not a pyramid scheme as the ACCC had originally claimed. The latest decision in Austria also declared that Lyoness is not classified as fraud or any illegal pyramid scheme by the Austrian Economic and Corruption Prosecutor ("WKStA"). In April 2016, the Vienna Regional Court stated that Lyoness is not a pyramid scheme. This decision is legally binding and can no longer be subject to appeal.


title: Lyoness

text: In Australia, The ACCC, after researching Lyoness for a while, instituted proceedings against Lyoness International AG, Lyoness Asia Limited, Lyoness UK Limited and Lyoness Australia Pty Limited (together ‘Lyoness’) for operating a pyramid selling scheme and engaging in referral selling. The ACCC alleges that Lyoness has operated the scheme in Australia from mid-2011 and that it continues to operate the scheme. The scheme offers ‘cash back’ rebates to members who shop through a Lyoness portal, use Lyoness vouchers or present their Lyoness card at certain retailers. Whilst cash back offers themselves are not prohibited by the Australian Consumer Law, the ACCC alleges that the Lyoness scheme also offers commissions to members who recruit new members who make a down payment on future shopping. The ACCC is seeking declarations, pecuniary penalties, injunctions, an order requiring the Lyoness website to link to the case report and costs. As Lyoness International AG, Lyoness Asia Limited and Lyoness UK Limited are located overseas, the ACCC will be making arrangements for service on those entities. The case is before Justice Flick of the Federal Court in Sydney. Lyoness have submitted their defence in October 2014, and the next hearing will be in February 2015. Australian victims claim to have lost thousands of dollars each to Lyoness. The trial has ended and the judgment was reserved. In Greece, an arrest warrant was issued in August 2015 against the Austrian directors of Lyoness Greece. On the 10th of August 2015 the Prosecutor of Thessaloniki Court of First Instance issued an arrest warrant against Herbert Teissel and his wife Anna Teissel, alleged directors of Lyoness Greece, for attempted fraud. Lyoness vehemently denies all allegations.


title: Lyoness

text: In January 2019, Italy’s Competition Authority (AGCM) ruled that the Lyoness cashback formula, which promises a percentage refund of the money spent by consumers shopping at the company’s affiliated retailers, is an unfair and deceptive commercial practice that constitutes a pyramid scheme according to the Italian Consumer Code, and imposed a penalty of €3,200,000 against the company.


title: Lyoness

text: On November 30, 2011, "Dragons’ Den Canada" aired an episode featuring the pitch of a Lyoness ‘Premium Member’ from Ontario, Canada in which he asked the ‘Dragons’ to jointly invest 175,000 Canadian Dollars to acquire Lyoness ‘business packages’ through him. None of the Dragons were willing to invest. Instead, they ridiculed him and his business idea, suggesting that it's 'distasteful', and 'a pyramid scheme’. They also advised the Lyoness member, who borrowed against his house to acquire Lyoness positions, not to invest any more money in the Lyoness system.


title: Lyoness

text: Another television show that has reported on Lyoness is the Austrian public television program "ORF Report". This programme aired episodes under the names ‘Lyoness - The money machine’ (November 13, 2012), 'Shopping Community Lyoness' (November27th, 2013) and ‘The man behind Lyoness’ (April 24, 2013), interviewing experts and former participants, which both say that Lyoness operates a pyramid scheme behind the façade of a ‘shopping community’


title: Lyoness

text: . The latter episode also features hidden camera footage of Hubert Freidl telling his followers that spreading ‘Cashback Cards’ is irrelevant – ‘it is all about the positions, positions, positions, positions’.


title: Lyoness

text: From a Lyoness income disclosure statement can be derived that the average Lyoness member in the United States receives a gross annual commission of approximately $275, or $23 per month. The monthly median commission value of $0.38 indicates that the vast majority of the members receives a lower commission than the 23 dollar monthly average.


title: Lyoness

text: Additionally, the document states that 46% of the Lyoness members makes $0 in commission and that the average annual expenditures, not taken into account when calculating the average commission, are $1,294. Similar figures have been reported in 2013, and in Canada.


title: Lyoness

text: On the Internet, various websites and blogs from all over the world have focused critical attention on Lyoness, accusing the company of illegal business practices (mainly of running pyramid and Ponzi schemes) and questioning the alleged partnerships between Lyoness and several multinational corporations, as well as the validity and relevance of the certificates granted to the Lyoness shopping community. In April 2013, it was reported that former (Austrian) participants of Lyoness had organised themselves and founded an organisation and website called "Plattform Lyoness". Not much later, an international equivalent was established under the name "Lyoness Complaint Centre".


title: Lyoness

text: In the beginning of June 2013, it was reported that Lyoness filed legal complaints against the founders of "Plattform Lyoness". The founders were forced to remove legal documents concerning Lyoness from their website. "Plattform Lyoness" has reported that a preliminary injunction in a subsequent court case forced "Plattform Lyoness" to change its domain name from www.plattform-lyoness.at to www.lyoness-geschaedigte-plattform.at, as the court found that domain names linking to negative content about Lyoness should carry a distinctive term to indicate that the domain is not hosted by Lyoness itself. "Plattform Lyoness" solved this by adding the term 'geschaedigte', which is the German word for 'victims'. Lyoness' other demands were not granted by the court.


title: Lyoness

text: In August 2015, two former employees were acquitted in Austria on charges of fraud and money laundering.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The shoulder joint (or glenohumeral joint from Greek "glene", eyeball, + -"oid", 'form of', + Latin "humerus", shoulder) is structurally classified as a synovial ball-and-socket joint and functionally as a diarthrosis and multiaxial joint. It involves an articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula (shoulder blade) and the head of the humerus (upper arm bone). Due to the very loose joint capsule that gives a limited interface of the humerus and scapula, it is the most mobile joint of the human body.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The shoulder joint is a ball-and-socket joint between the scapula and the humerus. The socket of the glenoid fossa of the scapula is itself quite shallow, but it is made deeper by the addition of the glenoid labrum. The glenoid labrum is a ring of cartilaginous fibre attached to the circumference of the cavity. This ring is continuous with the tendon of the biceps brachii above.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The axillary space is an anatomic space between the associated muscles of the shoulder. This space transmits the subscapular artery and the axillary nerve.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The shoulder joint has a very loose joint capsule, which can sometimes predispose the shoulder to dislocate.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The "U shaped" dependent portion of the axillary part of the capsule located between the anterior and posterior bands of inferior glenohumeral ligament is called "axillary pouch".


title: Shoulder joint

text: Synovium extends below the long head of biceps and subscapularis tendon to form subscapular bursa. Therefore, long head of biceps is extrasynovial and intracapsular, attaching to supraglenoid tubercle.


title: Shoulder joint

text: A number of small fluid-filled sacs known as synovial bursae are located around the capsule to aid mobility:


title: Shoulder joint

text: The shoulder joint is a muscle-dependent joint as it lacks strong ligaments. The primary stabilizers of the shoulder include the biceps brachii on the anterior side of the arm, and tendons of the rotator cuff; which are fused to all sides of the capsule except the inferior margin.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii passes through the bicipital groove on the humerus and inserts on the superior margin of the glenoid cavity to press the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity. Other long muscles such as pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major and deltoid muscles also provide support to the shoulder joint.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The tendons of the rotator cuff and their respective muscles (supraspinatus muscle, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) stabilize and fix the joint. The supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles aid in abduction and external rotation.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The nerves supplying the shoulder joint all arise in the brachial plexus. They are the suprascapular nerve, the axillary nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The shoulder joint is supplied with blood by branches of the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries, the suprascapular artery and the scapular circumflex artery.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder produce a high tensile force, and help to pull the head of the humerus into the glenoid cavity.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The glenoid cavity is shallow and contains the glenoid labrum which deepens it and aids stability. With 120 degrees of unassisted flexion, the shoulder joint is the most mobile joint in the body.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The movement of the scapula across the rib cage in relation to the humerus is known as the "scapulohumeral rhythm", and this helps to achieve a further range of movement. This range can be compromised by anything that changes the position of the scapula. This could be an imbalance in parts of the large trapezius muscles that hold the scapula in place. Such an imbalance could cause a forward head carriage which in turn can affect the range of movements of the shoulder.


title: Shoulder joint

text: The capsule can become inflamed and stiff, with abnormal bands of tissue (adhesions) growing between the joint surfaces, causing pain and restricting the movement of the shoulder, a condition known as frozen shoulder or adhesive capsulitis.


title: Shoulder joint

text: A SLAP tear (superior labrum anterior to posterior) is a rupture in the glenoid labrum. SLAP tears are characterized by shoulder pain in specific positions, pain associated with overhead activities such as tennis or overhand throwing sports, and weakness of the shoulder. This type of injury often requires surgical repair.


title: Shoulder joint

text: Anterior dislocation of the glenohumeral joint occurs when the humeral head is displaced in the anterior direction. Anterior shoulder dislocation often is a result of a blow to the shoulder while the arm is in an abducted position. In younger people, these dislocation events are most commonly associated with fractures on the humerus and/or glenoid and can lead to recurrent instability. In older people, recurrent instability is rare but people often suffer rotator cuff tears. It is not uncommon for the arteries and nerves (axillary nerve) in the axillary region to be damaged as a result of a shoulder dislocation; which if left untreated can result in weakness, muscle atrophy, or paralysis.


title: Shoulder joint

text: Subacromial bursitis is a painful condition caused by inflammation which often presents a set of symptoms known as subacromial impingement.


title: Shoulder joint

text: Arthrography of shoulder joint (with or without computed tomography) is performed by injecting contrast below and lateral to the coracoid process to outline the shoulder joint. Axillary pouch of the shoulder can be seen on external rotation, while subscapular (subcoracoid) bursa can be seen on internal rotation of arm. The contrast should not enter subacromial bursa unless supraspinatus tendon is completely ruptured.


title: True name

text: A true name is a name of a thing or being that expresses, or is somehow identical to, its true nature. The notion that language, or some specific sacred language, refers to things by their true names has been central to philosophical study as well as various traditions of magic, religious invocation and mysticism (mantras) since antiquity.


title: True name

text: The true name of the Egyptian sun god Ra was revealed to Isis through an elaborate trick. This gave Isis complete power over Ra and allowed her to put her son Horus on the throne.


title: True name

text: Socrates in Plato's "Cratylus" considers, without taking a position, the possibility whether names are "conventional" or "natural", natural being the "True name" ([τῇ ἀληθείᾳ ὄνομα]), that is, whether language is a system of arbitrary signs or whether words have an intrinsic relation to the things they signify (this anti-conventionalist position is called Cratylism).


title: True name

text: Hellenistic Judaism emphasized the divine nature of "logos", later adopted by the Gospel of John. The true name of God plays a central role in Kabbalism (see Gematria, Temurah, YHWH [the tetragrammaton]) and to some extent in Sufism (see 100th name of God).


title: True name

text: The ancient Jews considered God's true name so potent that its invocation conferred upon the speaker tremendous power over His creations. To prevent abuse of this power, as well as to avoid blasphemy, the name of God was always taboo, and increasingly disused so that by the time of Jesus their High Priest was supposedly the only individual who spoke it aloud — and then only in the Holy of Holies upon the Day of Atonement.


title: True name

text: Also in a Biblical context, in the tale of Jacob's nocturnal wrestling with an anonymous angel, the angel refuses to reveal his own name to Jacob even after the angel's submission at dawn. Thereafter Jacob obtains a new name which signifies his successful struggle to God and man, and names the place to commemorate his surviving an encounter with the Divine.


title: True name

text: Chinese Daoist traditions such as the Three Sovereigns corpus emphasize the capacity of talismans, charts, and diagrams to depict the true forms ("zhenxing" 真形) and true names ("zhenming" 真名) of demons and spirits. These talismanic representations are considered to be windows into the metaphysical substance and immutable essence of things — that is, images of the eternal Dao without form. The true form or name of a spirit inscribed on a talisman is legible only to supernatural beings, and gives a sort of temporary "control" over the entity whose name or form is possessed.


title: True name

text: Contemporary pre-industrial peoples guard secret names which are only used in solemn rituals. These names are never mentioned and kept from general knowledge.


title: True name

text: In Jewish tradition, when several children have died in a family the next that is born has no name given to it, but is referred to as "Alter" (, literally "old"), or "Alterke", the view being that the Angel of Death, not knowing the name of the child, will not be able to seize it. When such a child attains the marriageable age, a new name, generally that of one of the Patriarchs, is given to it.


title: True name

text: When captured by Polyphemus, Homer's Odysseus is careful not to reveal his name; when asked for it, Odysseus tells the giant that he is "Οὖτις", which means "nobody". But later, having escaped after blinding Polyphemus and thinking himself beyond Polyphemus' power, Odysseus -- in an act of hubris that was to cause enormous problems later -- boastfully reveals his real name; now knowing his real name, Polyphemus was able to call down upon Odysseus the revenge of his father, the sea god, Poseidon. Many later episodes of the "Odyssey" depict Odysseus facing the relentless hostility of Poseidon -- all of which he could have avoided had he persisted in keeping his real name secret.


title: True name

text: According to practices in folklore, referred to as 'the Law of Names'; knowledge of a true name allows one to affect another person or being magically. It is stated that knowing someone's, or something's, true name therefore gives the person (who knows the true name) power over them. This effect is used in many tales, such as in the German fairytale of "Rumpelstiltskin": within Rumpelstiltskin and all its variants, the girl can free herself from the power of a supernatural helper who demands her child by learning its name.


title: True name

text: A legend of Saint Olaf recounts how a troll built a church for the saint at a fantastic speed and price, but the saint was able to free himself by learning the troll's name during a walk in the woods. Similarly, the belief that children who were not baptised at birth were in particular danger of having the fairies kidnap them and leave changelings in their place may stem from their unnamed state. In the Scandinavian variants of the ballad "Earl Brand", the hero can defeat all his enemies until the heroine, running away with him, pleads with him by name to spare her youngest brother.


title: True name

text: In Scandinavian beliefs, more magical beasts, such as the Nix, could be defeated by calling their name. For the same reason significant objects in Germanic mythology, which were considered to have some kind of intrinsic personality, had their own names too, for example the legendary Sword Balmung.


title: True name

text: In the folklore of Northern England, there was the belief that a boggart should never be named, for when the boggart was given a name, it could not be reasoned with nor persuaded, but would become uncontrollable and destructive.


title: True name

text: Giacomo Puccini used a similar theme in the opera "Turandot". The plot turns on whether or not Princess Turandot could learn the name of her unwanted suitor. If she does, she could execute him; if she doesn't, she would have to marry him.


title: True name

text: The term "true name" is sometimes used in cryptography and computer security to refer to a name that is assumed to uniquely identify a principal in a global namespace (for example, an X.500 or X.509 Distinguished name). This usage is often critical, with the implication that use of true names is difficult to enforce and unwise to rely on.


title: True name

text: In fantasy where magic works by evoking true names, characters often go to great lengths to conceal their true names. In some settings, such as Ursula K. Le Guin's "Earthsea", this is true for all beings. In others, as in Larry Niven's "The Magic Goes Away", it applies only to those of magical inclination, as where a wizard is revived from the dead only by another who found his name, and even then only with great difficulty. Finding a true name may require arcane procedures. In "Earthsea", a wizard must listen for and give the hero his true name; this is performed in both Le Guin's "A Wizard of Earthsea" and "The Tombs of Atuan".


title: True name

text: A character remembering their true name may be an important means of maintaining mastery of their own life. In Hayao Miyazaki's movie "Spirited Away", the witch who runs the bathhouse, Yubaba, ensures loyalty by stealing the names of her subjects. For example, one of the witch's most loyal subjects, the spirit of the Kohaku River, has his name taken and is given a slave name: Haku. He forgets his name, and it is in this way 'taken' from him; he warns Chihiro Ogino against the dangers of forgetting her own name. She frees him when she recognises him and he then remembers and 'takes back' his name and is freed from the clutches of the witch.


title: True name

text: In the cyberpunk genre following Vernor Vinge's 1981 "True Names" and the work of William Gibson, much of the plot involved interactions between people's virtual selves in cyberspace. Learning a fellow hacker's real-world name (i.e., their "true name") could allow you to turn them in to the government or otherwise blackmail them, conveying a kind of power that could be considered analogous to the equivalent concept of myth and legend.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: Cinnamon Toast Crunch (not known as CTC), known as Croque-Cannelle in French Canada and Curiously Cinnamon in the UK (previously Cinnamon Grahams), and as a variant called Cini Minis in other European and Latin American countries, is a brand of breakfast cereal produced by General Mills and Nestlé. First produced in 1984, the cereal aims to provide the taste of cinnamon toast in a crunch cereal format. The cereal consists of small squares or rectangles of wheat and rice covered with cinnamon and sugar. The cereal is puffed and when immersed in milk, it makes a "snap" noise, similar to Rice Krispies. In most European countries and North America, the product is sold in boxes. In Poland and Russia the cereal is sold in bags. The product was originally marketed outside Europe with the mascot of a jolly baker named Wendell. Wendell was replaced as a mascot by the "Crazy Squares", sentient Cinnamon Toast Crunch squares that often eat each other in commercials.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: Originally the cereal was plain squares but currently features cinnamon-colored swirling on each piece. It was invented by scientist John Mendesh and General Mills assistant product manager Elisabeth Trach after receiving the idea from an unnamed child in a "give us your best idea for a cereal" radio contest held by General Mills. The child received a set of Hot Wheels toys as a Grand Prize. Starting in 1985 there were three animated bakers as the mascots, one of which is named Wendell. The other two bakers, known as Bob and Quello, were considerably more youthful in appearance than Wendell. In 1991, the younger bakers were dropped, leaving Wendell as the sole mascot for several years.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: The product was first introduced to the United Kingdom and Ireland in 1998 by Cereal Partners, as "Cinnamon Toast Crunch", the same name as the popular North American cereal brand. The name was later changed to "Cinnamon Grahams", similar to Golden Grahams, another Nestlé product. The name was once again changed to its current name of "Curiously Cinnamon" produced by Cereal Partners under the Nestlé brand.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: Cinnamon Toast Crunch consists of wholegrain wheat and rice squares about 1.37cm in size, which are then coated with a blend of cinnamon and sugar, and fortified with various vitamins and minerals.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: One serving of Cinnamon Toast Crunch cereal, equal to ¾ cup (177 mL) or 31 g, has 130 calories (544 kJ), or 170 calories (711 kJ) with ½ cup (118 mL) of skim milk. A single serving has 3 g of total fat, no cholesterol, 220 mg of sodium, and 45 mg of potassium. One serving has 25 g of total carbohydrates with 2 g of dietary fiber and 9 g of sugars with 14 g of other carbohydrates. A single serving also contains 1 g of protein. Cinnamon Toast Crunch was reformulated in an industry-led sugar reduction effort in 2012. The original formulation contained 10 grams per 3/4 cup serving, while the 2012 reformulation (still current as of 2021) contains 9 grams sugar per 3/4 cup serving.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: Originally, the three bakers were the mascots and the cereal did not have a slogan. Starting in 1995, it was given the slogan, "The taste you can see." In 2007, Cinnamon Toast Crunch experimented with a new slogan, "It's That Intense", but switched back after poor reception. In 2009, the slogan became "Crave those crazy squares".


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: In 1997, appealing to adult-oriented programming, a campaign featured the slogan "The adult thing to do", mostly centering on "adult" things reverting to children's, including cereal (for instance, a fictional "adult" cereal named "Health Pellets" is replaced with Cinnamon Toast Crunch). This was changed in 2004 to "Breakfast on a whole other level", which was replaced with "Crave those crazy squares" in 2009.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: French Toast Crunch is shaped like many little French toast slices, reminiscent of the style of Cookie Crisp. It was discontinued in 2006, but made a return in 2015 due to its cult popularity among its fans. Peanut Butter Toast Crunch was a cereal consisting of flakes similar but darker to Cinnamon Toast Crunch. Frosted Toast Crunch resembles Cinnamon Toast Crunch with vanilla coating. This cereal was discontinued by 2006. As another offshoot, Monopoly Cereal was a limited edition product created in April 2003 by General Mills. The cereal was like Cinnamon Toast Crunch but with the addition of marshmallows based on the pieces in the Monopoly game, such as houses and hotels. Sugar Cookie Toast Crunch was like Cinnamon Toast Crunch except with a sugar cookie taste.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: In Germany, Austria, Romania, Hungary, Israel, and Poland where a variant of the cereal is known as "Cini Minis", a strawberry flavoured variant named Erdbeer Minis/Strawberry Minis exists. In Germany and Austria it replaced a previously existing apple flavoured variant called Äpple Minis. This strawberry flavoured variant was later released in the UK as Curiously Strawberry.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: In 2018, Cinnamon Toast Crunch Churros were introduced. The cereal has the same cinnamon sugar flavor as the original but is shaped like a mini churro.


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: On March 22, 2021, American writer, rapper and podcaster Jensen Karp found what appeared to be discarded shrimp tails in his Cinnamon Toast Crunch cereal; his tweets about the incident went viral. Additionally, Karp found a piece of string, "small black pieces" embedded into some pieces of the cereal, and an object which looked like a pea. General Mills then issued a statement on Twitter claiming the tails were "an accumulation of the cinnamon sugar that sometimes can occur when ingredients aren't thoroughly blended". As of 23 March, General Mills claim they are investigating the case, but that contamination "did not occur at [their] facility".


title: Cinnamon Toast Crunch

text: The incident was covered internationally by multiple major news outlets, who were critical of the company's response.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Nitrobenzene is an organic compound with the chemical formula CHNO. It is a water-insoluble pale yellow oil with an almond-like odor. It freezes to give greenish-yellow crystals. It is produced on a large scale from benzene as a precursor to aniline. In the laboratory, it is occasionally used as a solvent, especially for electrophilic reagents.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Nitrobenzene is prepared by nitration of benzene with a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid, water, and nitric acid. This mixture is sometimes called "mixed acid." The production of nitrobenzene is one of the most dangerous processes conducted in the chemical industry because of the exothermicity of the reaction (Δ"H" = −117 kJ/mol).


title: Nitrobenzene

text: The nitration process involves formation of the nitronium ion (NO), followed by an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction of it with benzene. The nitronium ion is generated by the reaction of nitric acid and an acidic dehydration agent, typically sulfuric acid:


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Aniline is a precursor to urethane polymers, rubber chemicals, pesticides, dyes (particularly azo dyes), explosives, and pharmaceuticals.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Nitrobenzene is also used to mask unpleasant odors in shoe and floor polishes, leather dressings, paint solvents, and other materials. Redistilled, as oil of mirbane, nitrobenzene had been used as an inexpensive perfume for soaps. It has been replaced by less toxic chemicals for this purpose. A significant merchant market for nitrobenzene is its use in the production of the analgesic paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) (Mannsville 1991). Nitrobenzene is also used in Kerr cells, as it has an unusually large Kerr constant. Evidence suggests its use in agriculture as a plant growth/flowering stimulant.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Aside from its conversion to aniline, nitrobenzene can be selectively reduced to azoxybenzene, azobenzene, nitrosobenzene, hydrazobenzene, and phenylhydroxylamine. It has been used as a mild oxidant in reactions like the Skraup quinoline synthesis.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Prolonged exposure may cause serious damage to the central nervous system, impair vision, cause liver or kidney damage, anemia and lung irritation. Inhalation of vapors may induce headache, nausea, fatigue, dizziness, cyanosis, weakness in the arms and legs, and in rare cases may be fatal. The oil is readily absorbed through the skin and may increase heart rate, cause convulsions or rarely death. Ingestion may similarly cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal irritation, loss of sensation/use in limbs and also causes internal bleeding.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: Nitrobenzene is considered a likely human carcinogen by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and is classified by the IARC as a Group 2B carcinogen which is "possibly carcinogenic to humans". It has been shown to cause liver, kidney, and thyroid adenomas and carcinomas in rats.


title: Nitrobenzene

text: It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.


title: Leslie Bega

text: Bega was born in Los Angeles to a Sephardi Jewish father and Russian Jewish mother. Her paternal grandparents came to the United States from Spain. In addition to English, Bega speaks Spanish and French fluently. After graduating as valedictorian from Lycée Français de Los Angeles, Bega attended the University of Southern California.


title: Leslie Bega

text: Bega is known for performances in "Head of the Class" as Maria Borges, David Lynch's "Lost Highway", and as a recurring cast member in "", "" and "The Sopranos" as Valentina La Paz. She is also featured as a dancer in the breakdancing films "Breakin" and "". She played the role of Anna Lansky (née Sitrone) in 1991's "Mobsters".


title: Leslie Bega

text: She has appeared as a guest star in the television shows "21 Jump Street", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "The New Twilight Zone", and "Highway To Heaven". Her theater work includes "King Lear", at the Electric Theatre, "The Merchant of Venice", "", "Grease", "The Sound of Music", and Maria in "West Side Story" at the Westchester Theatre.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han Kwang-song (; born 11 September 1998) is a North Korean professional footballer who plays as a forward.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han Kwang-song joined Cagliari at academy level in 2017, after a successful trial period. Han became the first North Korean to play in the Serie A in a 3–1 away win over Palermo, on 2 April 2017, appearing as a substitute for Marco Sau in the 86th minute. He scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 home defeat to Torino on 9 April with the final goal of the game 5 minutes into stoppage time, thereby becoming the first North Korean to score in Serie A. On 13 April 2017, Han signed a contract extension to continue to play for Cagliari until 2022. He played a total of five league games, scoring once.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: On 7 August 2017, he was loaned to Serie B team Perugia. He debuted for the club in the Coppa Italia third-round game against Benevento, which Perugia won 4–0. On 27 August 2017, Han scored a hat-trick on his Serie B debut for Perugia in a 5–1 win over Virtus Entella.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han scored seven league goals for Perugia in 17 games during the 2017–18 season, before returning to Cagliari on 1 February 2018.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han's first game as a starter for Cagliari, and in Serie A, came on 27 February in a 5–0 home defeat against Napoli. He played seven league games in the 2017–18 season.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: On 15 August 2018, Han joined on loan to Perugia for a second time. Initially unable to play due to an injury, Han scored his first seasonal goal against Ascoli in a 0–3 away win. He ended the 2018–19 season with four goals in 20 league games.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: On 2 September 2019, Han secured a deadline day move to Juventus on a two-year loan from Cagliari, with an obligation to purchase at the end of the term. The Serie A champions moved him to their reserve team playing in Serie C: Juventus U23. On 26 October, Han was called-up to the first team for the Serie A game against Lecce, becoming the first player from Asia to be called-up for Juventus. On 6 November, he converted a penalty to beat Alessandria 1–0 in a Coppa Italia Serie C match. Han scored one goal and made two assists in 20 appearances for Juventus U23.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: On 2 January 2020, Juventus bought Han from Cagliari for €3.5 million, before selling him to Qatari side Al-Duhail six days later for €7 million. He made his debut for Al-Duhail in the Qatar Cup semi-finals on 10 January, in a 2–0 win over Al-Sailiya, coming on as a substitute for Edmilson Junior in the 83th minute. He lost the final 4–0 to Al Sadd seven days later. Han made his Qatar Stars League debut on 24 January, in a 3–1 win over Al-Arabi.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han's first goals for Al-Duhail came on 6 February, scoring a brace against Muaither in the Emir of Qatar Cup quarter-finals; his side won 4–0. On 11 February, Han debuted in the Asian Champions League against Persepolis, helping his side win 2–0. Han's first league goal came on 22 February, scoring the maiden goal of the match against Al-Wakrah. He scored in the following two consecutive games, on 27 February and 7 March, against Al-Shahania and Al-Sailiya respectively.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han scored five goals in 14 domestic games, and played two Asian Champions League games. He helped his side win the Qatar Stars League. Due to the sanctions against North Korea, which prevents North Koreans from working abroad, Han was released by Al-Duhail and was due to return to his country.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han made his senior debut for North Korea on 6 June 2017, in a friendly against Qatar. He played in the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers, helping North Korea qualify to the final tournament. Han was called up for the final squad, playing against Saudi Arabia – against whom he was sent off – and Lebanon in the group stage. His first international goal came on 14 November 2019, in a 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Turkmenistan.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: An ambidextrous player, Han's main characteristics are his dribbling, eye for goal and vision of the game.


title: Han Kwang-song

text: Han is subject to the politics of the North Korean government; he cannot give interviews, and it is alleged that most of his salary is sent to the government. Due to United Nations (UN) sanctions, which prohibit North Korean citizens from working abroad due to the country's nuclear programme, Han cannot play overseas. Indeed, the UN cited his transfer from Juventus to Al-Duhail as a violation of their international sanctions.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In statistical mechanics, Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics describes the distribution of classical material particles over various energy states in thermal equilibrium. It is applicable when the temperature is high enough or the particle density is low enough to render quantum effects negligible.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: where the index "i" now specifies a particular state rather than the set of all states with energy formula_1, and formula_12.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics grew out of the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, most likely as a distillation of the underlying technique. The distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds. Boltzmann later, in the 1870s, carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution. The distribution can be derived on the ground that it maximizes the entropy of the system.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is used to derive the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of an ideal gas. However, it can also be used to extend that distribution to particles with a different energy–momentum relation, such as relativistic particles (resulting in Maxwell–Jüttner distribution), and to other than three-dimensional spaces.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics is often described as the statistics of "distinguishable" classical particles. In other words, the configuration of particle "A" in state 1 and particle "B" in state 2 is different from the case in which particle "B" is in state 1 and particle "A" is in state 2. This assumption leads to the proper (Boltzmann) statistics of particles in the energy states, but yields non-physical results for the entropy, as embodied in the Gibbs paradox.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: At the same time, there are no real particles that have the characteristics required by Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics. Indeed, the Gibbs paradox is resolved if we treat all particles of a certain type (e.g., electrons, protons, etc.) as principally indistinguishable. Once this assumption is made, the particle statistics change. The change in entropy in the entropy of mixing example may be viewed as an example of a non-extensive entropy resulting from the distinguishability of the two types of particles being mixed.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Quantum particles are either bosons (following instead Bose–Einstein statistics) or fermions (subject to the Pauli exclusion principle, following instead Fermi–Dirac statistics). Both of these quantum statistics approach the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics in the limit of high temperature and low particle density.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics can be derived in various statistical mechanical thermodynamic ensembles:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In each case it is necessary to assume that the particles are non-interacting, and that multiple particles can occupy the same state and do so independently.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Suppose we have a container with a huge number of very small particles all with identical physical characteristics (such as mass, charge, etc.). Let's refer to this as the "system". Assume that though the particles have identical properties, they are distinguishable. For example, we might identify each particle by continually observing their trajectories, or by placing a marking on each one, e.g., drawing a different number on each one as is done with lottery balls.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: The particles are moving inside that container in all directions with great speed. Because the particles are speeding around, they possess some energy. The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a mathematical function that describes about how many particles in the container have a certain energy. More precisely, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution gives the non-normalized probability (this means that the probabilities do not add up to 1) that the state corresponding to a particular energy is occupied.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In general, there may be many particles with the same amount of energy formula_13. Let the number of particles with the same energy formula_14 be formula_15, the number of particles possessing another energy formula_16 be formula_17, and so forth for all the possible energies formula_18 To describe this situation, we say that formula_19 is the "occupation number" of the "energy level" formula_20 If we know all the occupation numbers formula_21 then we know the total energy of the system. However, because we can distinguish between "which" particles are occupying each energy level, the set of occupation numbers formula_22 does not completely describe the state of the system. To completely describe the state of the system, or the "microstate", we must specify exactly which particles are in each energy level. Thus when we count the number of possible states of the system, we must count each and every microstate, and not just the possible sets of occupation numbers.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: To begin with, assume that there is only one way to put formula_19 particles into the energy level formula_24 (there is no degeneracy). What follows next is a bit of combinatorial thinking which has little to do in accurately describing the reservoir of particles. For instance, let's say there is a total of formula_25 boxes labelled formula_26. With the concept of combination, we could calculate how many ways to arrange formula_27 balls into respective "l"-th box in which there would be formula_28 balls without an order. To begin with, we select formula_29 balls from a total of formula_27 balls, placing them in box formula_31, and continuing on selection from the remaining until no ball is left outside. The total number of ways that the balls can be arranged is


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: and because not even a single ball is to be left outside the boxes (all balls should be put in boxes), which implies that the sum made of the terms formula_33 must equal to formula_27; thus the term formula_35 in the relation above evaluates to 0! (0! = 1), and we simplify the relation as


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: This is just the multinomial coefficient, the number of ways of arranging "N" items into "k" boxes, the "l"-th box holding "N" items, ignoring the permutation of items in each box.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Now, consider the case where there is more than one way to put formula_37 particles in the box formula_38 (i.e. taking the degeneracy problem into consideration). If the formula_38-th box has a "degeneracy" of formula_6, that is, it has formula_6 "sub-boxes" (formula_42 boxes with the same energy formula_43. These states/boxes with the same energy are called degenerate states.), such that any way of filling the formula_38-th box where the number in the sub-boxes is changed is a distinct way of filling the box, then the number of ways of filling the "i"-th box must be increased by the number of ways of distributing the formula_19 objects in the formula_6 "sub-boxes". The number of ways of placing formula_19 distinguishable objects in formula_6 "sub-boxes" is formula_49 (the first object can go into any of the formula_6 boxes, the second object can also go into any of the formula_6 boxes, and so on). Thus the number of ways formula_52 that a total of formula_27 particles can be classified into energy levels according to their energies, while each level formula_24 having formula_6 distinct states such that the "i"-th level accommodates formula_19 particles is:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: This is the form for "W" first derived by Boltzmann. Boltzmann's fundamental equation formula_58 relates the thermodynamic entropy "S" to the number of microstates "W", where "k" is the Boltzmann constant. It was pointed out by Gibbs however, that the above expression for "W" does not yield an extensive entropy, and is therefore faulty. This problem is known as the Gibbs paradox. The problem is that the particles considered by the above equation are not indistinguishable. In other words, for two particles ("A" and "B") in two energy sublevels the population represented by [A,B] is considered distinct from the population [B,A] while for indistinguishable particles, they are not. If we carry out the argument for indistinguishable particles, we are led to the Bose–Einstein expression for "W":


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution follows from this Bose–Einstein distribution for temperatures well above absolute zero, implying that formula_60. The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution also requires low density, implying that formula_61. Under these conditions, we may use Stirling's approximation for the factorial:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: This is essentially a division by "N"! of Boltzmann's original expression for "W", and this correction is referred to as .


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: We wish to find the formula_19 for which the function formula_52 is maximized, while considering the constraint that there is a fixed number of particles formula_69 and a fixed energy formula_70 in the container. The maxima of formula_52 and formula_72 are achieved by the same values of formula_19 and, since it is easier to accomplish mathematically, we will maximize the latter function instead. We constrain our solution using Lagrange multipliers forming the function:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In order to maximize the expression above we apply Fermat's theorem (stationary points), according to which local extrema, if exist, must be at critical points (partial derivatives vanish):


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Substituting this expression for formula_19 into the equation for formula_82 and assuming that formula_83 yields:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: Boltzmann realized that this is just an expression of the Euler-integrated fundamental equation of thermodynamics. Identifying "E" as the internal energy, the Euler-integrated fundamental equation states that :


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: where "T" is the temperature, "P" is pressure, "V" is volume, and μ is the chemical potential. Boltzmann's famous equation formula_87 is the realization that the entropy is proportional to formula_82 with the constant of proportionality being the Boltzmann constant. Using the ideal gas equation of state ("PV" = "NkT"), It follows immediately that formula_89 and formula_90 so that the populations may now be written:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In an approximation where "ε" is considered to be a continuous variable, the Thomas–Fermi approximation yields a continuous degeneracy g proportional to formula_97 so that:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In the above discussion, the Boltzmann distribution function was obtained via directly analysing the multiplicities of a system. Alternatively, one can make use of the canonical ensemble. In a canonical ensemble, a system is in thermal contact with a reservoir. While energy is free to flow between the system and the reservoir, the reservoir is thought to have infinitely large heat capacity as to maintain constant temperature, "T", for the combined system.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In the present context, our system is assumed to have the energy levels formula_99 with degeneracies formula_6. As before, we would like to calculate the probability that our system has energy formula_1.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: If our system is in state formula_102, then there would be a corresponding number of microstates available to the reservoir. Call this number formula_103. By assumption, the combined system (of the system we are interested in and the reservoir) is isolated, so all microstates are equally probable. Therefore, for instance, if formula_104, we can conclude that our system is twice as likely to be in state formula_102 than formula_106. In general, if formula_107 is the probability that our system is in state formula_108,


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: In a canonical ensemble, there is no exchange of particles, so the formula_113 term is zero. Similarly, formula_114 This gives


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: where formula_116 and formula_117 denote the energies of the reservoir and the system at formula_118, respectively. For the second equality we have used the conservation of energy. Substituting into the first equation relating formula_119:


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: where "Z" is an appropriately chosen "constant" to make total probability 1. ("Z" is constant provided that the temperature "T" is invariant.)


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics

text: where the index "s" runs through all microstates of the system. "Z" is sometimes called the Boltzmann sum over states (or "Zustandssumme" in the original German). If we index the summation via the energy eigenvalues instead of all possible states, degeneracy must be taken into account. The probability of our system having energy formula_99 is simply the sum of the probabilities of all corresponding microstates:


title: BTR-T

text: The BTR-T (Russian: Бронетранспортёр-Тяжелый ("Bronetransporter-Tyazhelyy"), ‘Armoured Transporter–Heavy’) is a Russian heavy infantry combat vehicle, designed by the Design Bureau of Transport Machine-Building (Omsktransmash) state-run production association.


title: BTR-T

text: The vehicle is based on the hull of the T-55 tank and answers the need for a heavy, well protected and well armed vehicle adapted to urban combat. The need for a heavy IFV appeared after the First Chechen War during which APCs like the BTR-80 and BMP-2 were annihilated in urban areas at the hands of Chechen rebels using RPG shoulder-launched anti-tank weapons. Consequently, the design incorporates thicker armour, with built-in reactive armour. It also has heavier armament with sufficient elevation to engage targets in multi-story buildings.


title: BTR-T

text: The choice of the T-55 hull rather than that of a more modern tank was decided as an efficiency measure and also probably to validate a conversion for the many T-55s in use around the world. It was influenced by Israel's IDF Achzarit that created virtually the same modifications in the 1980s. No export contracts have been signed.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: Olha Vitaliiivna Stefanishyna (; born 29 October 1985) is a Ukrainian lawyer and civil servant. On 4 June 2020, she was appointed as the deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic integration.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: In 2008, Stefanishyna graduated from the Institute of International Relations of the University of Kyiv (in international law and English translator). In 2016, she received a specialist degree in Finance and Credit from Odesa National Economics University.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: Stefanishyna, after a short career as legal adviser, became an employee of the Ministry of Justice at the end of 2007.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: From March to December 2017, Stefanishyna worked as the director of the Government Office for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of the Cabinet of Ministers Secretariat.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: In December 2017, she was appointed director general of the Government Office for the Coordination of European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of the Secretariat. Stefanishyna was awarded the Certificate of Honor of the Cabinet of Ministers.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election Stefanishyna stood for election to parliament as number 25 on the party list of Ukrainian Strategy. In this election Ukrainian Strategy failed to win any parliamentary seats gaining 2.41% of the total votes while the election had a 5% election threshold. (The party also failed to win a constituency seat.) After the election she worked for the Ilyashev & Partners Law Firm.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: On 4 June 2020 Stefanishyna was appointed as the deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration in the Shmyhal Government.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: Has the fifth rank of a civil servant. Member of the council of political party Servant of the people.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: Stefanishyna ranks 45th place in the rating of "100 most influential Ukrainians" in 2021 and 14th place in the ranking of "100 most influential women of Ukraine in 2021" by "Focus" magazine. According to legal newspaper "Yurydychna Gazeta" in 2021 she ranks in the top 10 successful lawyers-politicians.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: As deputy prime minister for European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine, Stefanishyna is heading a number of coordination mechanisms in the government, in particular:


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: The dialogue was launched in February 2021 by the prime minister of Ukraine Denys Shmyhal and the vice-president of the European Commission on the European Green Deal Frans Timmermans.


title: Olha Stefanishyna

text: The list of Commissions chaired from Ukrainian side by the Deputy Prime Minister for European and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine:


title: Musical instrument classification

text: In organology, the study of musical instruments, many methods of classifying instruments exist. Most methods are specific to a particular cultural group and were developed to serve that culture's musical needs. Culture-based classification methods sometimes break down when applied outside that culture. For example, a classification based on instrument use may fail when applied to another culture that uses the same instrument differently.


title: Musical instrument classification

text: In the study of Western music, the most common classification method divides instruments into the following groups: