title: Bordetella

text: Most of the toxins and adhesins under BvgAS control are expressed under Bvg conditions (high BvgA-P concentration). But there are also genes expressed solely in the Bvg state, most notably the flagellin gene "flaA". The regulation of Bvg repressed genes is mediated by the product of a 624-bp open reading frame downstream of "bvgA", the so-called Bvg-activated repressor protein, BvgR. BvgR binds to a consensus sequence present within the coding sequences of at least some Bvg-repressed genes. Binding of this protein to the consensus sequence represents gene expression by reducing transcription.


title: Bordetella

text: It is not known what the physiological signals for BvgS are, but "in vitro" BvgAS can be inactivated by millimolar concentrations of magnesium sulfate or nicotinic acid, or by reduction of the incubation temperature to ≤ 26 °C.


title: Bordetella

text: The identification of a specific point mutation in the BvgS gene which locks "B. bronchiseptica" in an intermediate Bvg phase revealed a class of BvgAS-regulated genes that are exclusively transcribed under intermediate concentrations of BvgA-P. This intermediate (Bvg) phenotype can be reproduced in wild-type "B. bronchiseptica" by growth of the bacteria in a medium containing intermediate concentrations of the BvgAS modulator, nicotinic acid. In these conditions, some, but not all of the virulence factors associated with the Bvg phase are expressed, suggesting this two-component regulatory system can give rise to a continuum of phenotypic states in response to the environment.


title: Bordetella

text: The Bordetella vaccine is non-essential, but highly recommended for dogs especially if they will be coming in contact with other dogs, such as at dog parks, boarding facilities, dog shows, training classes, etc (Burke). In fact, it can be required at certain facilities for entry. The vaccine can also be given to cats, but it is less commonly done because infection appears to be uncommon in adult cats. However, it may be a good idea to vaccinate a kitten if it is in a high-risk environment (i.e. living with multiple other cats) (Gardiner).


title: Bordetella

text: The Bordetella vaccine specifically targets "Bordetella bronchiseptica", the species typically responsible for kennel cough. The vaccine introduces the bacteria (live or killed) to the body in order to develop an immunity. It is important to remember that the vaccine only protects against one species of Bordetella. Therefore, it is possible for a pet to become infected with another Bordetella species or contract kennel cough from another source such as the parainfluenza virus even after being vaccinated for "B. bronchiseptica" (Burke). The Bordetella vaccine is also only about 70% effective (Bryant).


title: Bordetella

text: There are 3 licensed ways to deliver the Bordetella vaccine to dogs: orally, intranasally, and subcutaneously (under the skin). The 2 former methods are administered using live bacteria, while the latter is done with a killed bacteria. A comparative study done in 2013 by the School of Veterinary Medicine in Madison, Wisconsin studied the effectiveness of these three methods by vaccinating beagle puppies. The 40 beagles were divided into four groups; a group to test each of the 3 methods, plus one unvaccinated control group. After 42 days, the dogs were exposed to "Bordetella bronchiseptica". This study determined that the live intranasal Bordetella vaccine was more effective than the killed subcutaneous vaccine, and the live oral vaccine works equally as well as the live intranasal vaccine (Larson).


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The Beginner's Guide is an interactive storytelling video game created by Davey Wreden under the studio name Everything Unlimited Ltd. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux on October 1, 2015. The game is Wreden's follow-up to the critically praised "The Stanley Parable", his previous interactive storytelling title that was initially released in 2013.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The game is narrated by Wreden and takes the user through a number of incomplete and abstract game creations made by a developer named Coda. Wreden challenges the player to try to come to understand the type of person Coda is from exploring these spaces in a first-person perspective. Wreden has stated the game is open to interpretation: some have seen the game as general commentary on the nature of the relationship between game developers and players, while others have taken it as an allegory to Wreden's own personal struggles with success resulting from "The Stanley Parable".


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The game received polarized reviews. Many reviewers readily took to the narrative and the questions and ideas it raised on game development, while others felt the game forced some of Wreden's thoughts too hard and in a pretentious manner.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The gameplay in "The Beginner's Guide" is presented in a first-person perspective allowing the player to move about and explore the environment and interact with some elements of it as they progress along the work's interactive storytelling. The player hears details of the various scenes they explore via the game's narrator, Wreden himself, to describe what they see and make conclusions on the nature of the games' developer. Some areas include puzzle solving and conversation trees, but there is no way for the player-character to die, or the player to make a mistake or lose the game. The narration helps the player get past certain parts of the game-spaces that were otherwise difficult or insuperable as designed, such as by providing a bridge to cross an invisible maze after the player discovers the difficulty. Once the player has completed a chapter, they can then return to any of them within the game, as well as disable the narration (and the help it provides) to explore the spaces on their own. The game has metafictional elements.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The concept of the game is based on trying to understand the nature of a person based on exploring files and documents on their computer without any other notes or documentation or knowing this person in the first place. In the game, the player, aided by Wreden's narration, looks to understand that of a game developer named Coda whom Wreden had met at a game jam in 2009. Coda is considered enigmatic, having created numerous strange game ideas which he has subsequently deleted or stored away and forgotten. The player explores these games, most being exploration games developed from 2008 to 2011 that were only half-created, and is encouraged by Wreden's narration to try to imagine what Coda's personality would be like based on the abstract and unconventional game spaces and ideas. "The Beginner's Guide" is presented in generally chronological order of Coda's prototypes, showing the progression of Coda's work as the developer learned more.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Wreden's narration explains that he was inspired by many of Coda's game concepts, providing his own analysis on many of the themes he perceived to appear in Coda's games. However, Wreden had seen that many of the games are based on themes of prisons, isolation, and difficulty in communicating with others, and that eventually Coda's games took a darker tone and took much longer to produce, focusing even more strongly on dialogue that implied that game development was no longer a positive activity for Coda. Wreden felt concerned that Coda was feeling depressed and weighed down by game development, and took it upon himself to show some of Coda's game concepts to others to get feedback to help encourage Coda to develop more. However, this in turn led to Coda to draw into seclusion. At some point in 2011, Wreden believed Coda had stopped making games, until he was sent an email with a private link to a final game by Coda.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: This game, its design in stark contrast to the others Coda had made, included puzzles that were intentionally designed to be almost impossible to solve, such as an invisible maze, a six-digit combination that the player must randomly guess, and an impossible-to-open door that cannot be opened from within the room the door leads out of. Wreden found that when he was able to use various programming tools to bypass these, he ended up in a gallery with a message from Coda directed at him personally, thanking him for his interest in Coda's games but asking him not to talk to him any more, nor to showcase his games to others. The messages implied Coda felt that Wreden mistook the tone of his games as a sign of an emotional struggle and was missing the point of why he had engaged in game design, as well as accusing Wreden with modifying Coda's games to add more symbolism, and that Wreden's actions had betrayed Coda. As a result, Wreden felt terrible about what he had done, and thus reveals that the purpose of "The Beginner's Guide" is to try to reconnect to Coda by sharing his games with the public at large and to hope to apologize for his actions.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: The game concludes with an ambiguous epilogue level that may or may not have been designed by Coda, with Wreden sparsely narrating about his dependence on social validation, something he saw as the cause for showing Coda's games to other people. Shortly before the end, the emotional turmoil dredged up by recording the narration grows to be too much for Wreden, and he excuses himself as the player makes their way to the end of the final level. At the denouement, the player must jump into a beam from an earlier game, causing them to float up, to see an infinite maze.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Within the game, Wreden states that "The Beginner's Guide" is open to interpretation and invites players to share their own theories with him, providing his email address near the start of the game.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: One common interpretation is that the game is a metaphor for Wreden's own success and attempts to move past his struggles, with Coda being a fictional developer created for the game. "Destructoid" writer Darren Nakamura points out that for Wreden to publish a game at cost that is claimed to be the work of someone else, released without their permission, would be illegal, and thus providing evidence that Coda must be part of the game's fiction. Emanuel Maiberg of "Motherboard" theorizes that Coda is in fact Wreden himself, with Coda representing Wreden's own psyche up to and including the release of "The Stanley Parable". Among other hints in the game, Maiberg explains that the name "Coda" can be taken as its definition, meaning "a concluding part of a literary or dramatic work", and the theme of closing one door and moving on repeats frequently in the game. Maiberg also points to one of the game concepts where the player in Coda's game is inundated with abstract figures from the press, and considers how much attention Wreden had received following "The Stanley Parable"s re-release. Christopher Byrd, writing for the "Washington Post", points to blog posts made by Wreden after he had received a great deal of attention following the re-release of "The Stanley Parable", and that the game's version of Wreden is really a fictionalized version of himself acting as an unreliable narrator, building upon his own personal experiences from the sudden media spotlight in the relationship between the fictional Wreden and Coda. Interactive fiction writer Emily Short believes that neither Wreden-as-narrator nor Coda are to be taken as Wreden's own self, but instead two representative characters of the game player and game developer, respectively, that Wreden attempts to show sympathy for in modern game development.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Another interpretative theme taken by some is that the game is presented as commentary on the role between the video game developer and their audience. "PC World"s Hayden Dingman believed the game was designed to demonstrate the fallacy of the "Death of the Author" essay applied to video game development, in which commentators attempt to attribute aspects of a game to how the game developer approached it, as opposed to considering how the game affected themselves. Gamasutra's editor-in-chief Kris Graft notes that, as the game attempts to deconstruct the way players will interpret narrative video games, any attempt to interpret the deeper meaning behind "The Beginner's Guide" is paradoxically "committing all of the sins" that the game presents as problems with player interpretations of games. Laura Mandanas, writing for Autostraddle, described the game as "a man (poorly) coming to terms with his hugely overinflated sense of entitlement", interpreting the game's themes as not only applicable to game development, but also to inter-personal relationships.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Some have taken the game to be a work of non-fiction, in that the games presented are works of a real developer other than Wreden, and that the game itself could be seen as an unethical use of someone else's work and potentially copyright-violating. In considering this aspect, "Destructoid"s Laura Kate Dale commented with later clarification that the game was short enough to fall within the Steam refund window for those who believed the game was non-fiction and thus contained stolen works to return the game. Dale's statement, prior to clarification, led to some controversy in that Dale was suggesting misuse of the Steam refund system, though her clarification made it clear she was addressing those believing it to be non-fiction. The controversy led some to point out that the interpretation of the game was very personal, differing between each player; Wreden himself in light of the controversy refused to affirm or deny any interpretation of the game, until confirming the game's ultimately fictional nature in an in-depth interview with the podcast Tone Control.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: "The Beginner's Guide" was developed on the Source engine, which itself serves as part of Wreden's commentary within the game on the nature of level design limited by the Source engine. Wreden has stated that he does not plan to give media interviews about the game and is letting the game speak for itself.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: "The Beginner's Guide" was announced by Wreden two days before its official release on October 1, 2015. The game was developed by Wreden himself; his co-creator for "The Stanley Parable", William Pugh, had been engaged in creating a new studio, Crows Crows Crows, and working on projects with Justin Roiland, the co-creator of "Rick and Morty", with one title being a similar exploration game, "".


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: "The Beginner's Guide" received polarized reviews on its release. Several reviewers were very positive about the allusions it made to game development. Jeffrey Matulef of "Eurogamer" considered "The Beginner's Guide" to be one of the site's "Essential" titles, calling the game a novel approach to providing story without relying on non-player characters or collectible diaries, and also an insight into Wreden's own psyche.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Stephanie Bendixsen and Steven O'Donnell of "Good Game" both gave the game five stars, O'Donnell calling it "gut-wrenchingly emotional" and Bendixsen commenting that the game "honestly made me experience the whole creative process in a completely different way."


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Edmond Tran of "GameSpot", giving the game an 8 of 10 rating, identifies that the game asks philosophical questions on the nature of the role between game developers and players, and how to understand some elements of video game design. "Paste"s Cameron Kunzelman compared Wreden's self-insertion as the narrator to that of Alfred Hitchcock, and suggested that Wreden's Janus-like duality between being the game's narrator as well as the game's developer poses many questions for the player to think about regarding the nature of video game development. Jeff Marchiafava for "Game Informer", rating the game 8 out of 10, stated that Wreden's approach to the game created a thought-provoking experience, "tackling serious human issues and emotions in a wholly unique way."


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Todd Martens, writing for the "Los Angeles Times", said that "The Beginner's Guide" is "an odd, thoughtful and beautifully surreal game" with much of its imagery being iconic and memorable well after the player has finished the game. Christopher Byrd, writing for the "Washington Post", said the game blurred the line with interactive art and called it "one of the most emotionally alive games on the market." "The Boston Globe"s Jesse Singal stated that with "The Beginner's Guide", "Wreden is pushing the boundaries of storytelling in video games", including using narrative tricks that went beyond those that were already used in "The Stanley Parable".


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: Other reviewers criticized the game, finding the narration and intended message was too forced. Brittany Vincent of "Shacknews" was more critical of the game, rating it 3 out of 10, and stating that the narration was pretentious while the game concepts felt forced and overly complex. "Ars Technica"s Sam Machkovech called the game Wreden's "sophomore slump", and felt that while the game was intended as a personal journal for Wreden, his emotion-driven narration telegraphed the final moments of the game and failed to follow "show, don't tell" narrative techniques. "US Gamer"s Bob Mackey rated the game 2 of 5 stars, sharing the same opinion as Machkovech that Wreden's narration pushed too much interpretation onto the player, and felt a game like "The Magic Circle", also dealing with exploring an unfinished game and the reasons for why it was unfinished, succeeded better at presenting this idea. Tyler Wilde of "PC Gamer" gave the game a 69 out of 100 rating, feeling that some of Wreden's messages were delivered a bit heavy-handedly through the narration but still positively critiquing some of the experimental approaches that were used for narration and player experience.


title: The Beginner's Guide

text: "Gamasutra" highlighted Wreden as one of the top 10 developers in 2015 for his work in "The Beginner's Guide". The game was named as one of the top new IP for 2015 by "Destructoid". "The New Yorker" included "The Beginner's Guide" among its top 11 games for 2015. It was nominated for two 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards for Innovation and Best Narrative, and for two Independent Games Festival awards for Excellence in Narrative and the Nuovo Award for Innovation. "The Beginner's Guide" was nominated for "Most Innovative" game of 2015 by "IGN".


title: Cryptogram

text: A cryptogram is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is replaced by a different letter or number are frequently used. To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering. Though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in newspapers and magazines.


title: Cryptogram

text: Other types of classical ciphers are sometimes used to create cryptograms. An example is the book cipher where a book or article is used to encrypt a message.


title: Cryptogram

text: The ciphers used in cryptograms were not originally created for entertainment purposes, but for real encryption of military or personal secrets.


title: Cryptogram

text: The first use of the cryptogram for entertainment purposes occurred during the Middle Ages by monks who had spare time for intellectual games. A manuscript found at Bamberg states that Irish visitors to the court of Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad (died 844), king of Gwynedd in Wales were given a cryptogram which could only be solved by transposing the letters from Latin into Greek. Around the thirteenth century, the English monk Roger Bacon wrote a book in which he listed seven cipher methods, and stated that "a man is crazy who writes a secret in any other way than one which will conceal it from the vulgar." In the 19th century Edgar Allan Poe helped to popularize cryptograms with many newspaper and magazine articles.


title: Cryptogram

text: Well-known examples of cryptograms in contemporary culture are the syndicated newspaper puzzles Cryptoquip and Cryptoquote, from King Features.


title: Cryptogram

text: In a public challenge, writer J.M. Appel announced on September 28, 2014, that the table of contents page of his short story collection, "Scouting for the Reaper", also doubled as a cryptogram, and he pledged an award for the first to solve it.


title: Cryptogram

text: Cryptograms based on substitution ciphers can often be solved by frequency analysis and by recognizing letter patterns in words, such as one letter words, which, in English, can only be "i" or "a" (and sometimes "o"). Double letters, apostrophes, and the fact that no letter can substitute for itself in the cipher also offer clues to the solution. Occasionally, cryptogram puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters.


title: Cryptogram

text: While the Cryptogram has remained popular, over time other puzzles similar to it have emerged. One of these is the Cryptoquote, which is a famous quote encrypted in the same way as a Cryptogram. A more recent version, with a biblical twist, is CodedWord. This puzzle makes the solution available only online where it provides a short exegesis on the biblical text. Yet a third is the Cryptoquiz. This puzzle starts off at the top with a category (unencrypted). For example, "Flowers" might be used. Below this is a list of encrypted words which are related to the stated category. The person must then solve for the entire list to finish the puzzle. Yet another type involves using numbers as they relate to texting to solve the puzzle.


title: Cryptogram

text: The Zodiac Killer sent four cryptograms to police while he was still active. Despite much research and many investigations, only two of these have been translated, which was of no help in identifying the serial killer.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Abdulsalami Abubakar (; born 13 June 1942) is a Nigerian statesman and retired Nigerian Army general who served as the "de facto" President of Nigeria from 1998 to 1999. He was also Chief of Defence Staff between 1997 and 1998. He succeeded General Sani Abacha upon his death.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: During his leadership, Nigeria adopted a modified version of the 1979 constitution, which provided for multiparty elections. He transferred power to president-elect Olusegun Obasanjo on 29 May 1999. He is the current Chairman of the National Peace Committee.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Abubakar from the Hausa ethnicity was born on 13 June 1942 to his father Abubakar Jibrin and his mother Fatikande Mohammed, in Minna, Niger State, Nigeria.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: From 1950 to 1956 he attended Minna Native Authority Primary school. From 1957 to 1962, he had his secondary school education at Government College, Bida, Niger State. From January to October 1963 he studied at Kaduna Technical College.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Abubakar is a member of the pioneering sets of officer cadets who enlisted into the Nigerian Air force on 3 October 1963. From 1964- 1966, he was flown to Uetersen, West Germany with a team of officer cadets, for Basic and Advance Military Training. When he returned to Nigeria in 1966 he was seconded to the Nigerian Army.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: After joining the army in 1966 as an officer cadet, Abubakar attended the emergency combatant short service course two. In October 1967, Abubakar was commissioned second lieutenant, infantry division, Nigerian army. From 1967 to 1968, Abubakar was general staff officer two, second garrison, and commanding officer, 92 infantry battalion from 1969 to 1974. Between 1974 and 1975, he was made brigade major, 7th infantry brigade. In 1975 he served as commanding officer, 84 infantry battalion. In 1978–1979, Abubakar was commanding officer for the 145 infantry battalion (NIBATT II), United Nations Interim force, Lebanon.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: In 1979 he was made assistant adjutant general 3rd Infantry division, Nigeria. From 1980 to 1982, Abubakar was chief instructor at the Nigerian Defence Academy. In 1982 he was appointed as the colonel of administration and quartering, 1st mechanised division. A position he held up until 1984. From 1985 to 1986, Abubakar was the commander 3rd mechanised brigade. He served as the military secretary of the army, 1986–1988. Abubakar was made general officer commanding 1st mechanised division 1990–1991. Between 1991 and 1993, he was the principal staff officer, as the army chief of plan and policy, Defence Headquarters.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: From 1997 to 1998, General Sani Abacha appointed Abubakar as the Chief of Defence Staff. Upon Abacha's death on 8 June 1998, one day later Abubakar was named military President and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Nigeria had been ruled by military leaders since Muhammadu Buhari seized power from Shehu Shagari in a 1983 coup.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Although democratic elections had been held in 1993, they were annulled by General Ibrahim Babangida. Reported to have had an initial reluctance to accepting the position, Abubakar was sworn in as president on 9 June 1998 after the unexpected death of Abacha. He declared a weeklong period of national mourning.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: A few days after assuming office, Abubakar promised to hold elections within a year and transfer power to an elected president.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: He established the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), appointing former Supreme Court Justice Ephraim Akpata as chairman.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: The INEC held a series of elections first for Local Government Areas in December 1998, then for State Assemblies and Governors, National Assemblies and finally for the President on 27 February 1999. Although efforts were made to ensure that the elections were free and fair, there were widespread irregularities that drew criticism from foreign observers.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Surprising some critics of the country's military, in may 1999 General Abubakar, handed over power to the newly elected civilian president, Olusegun Obasanjo and retired from the army.


title: Abdulsalami Abubakar

text: Abubakar's legacy is mixed. A lecture circuit at Chicago State University in Chicago, Illinois, United States featuring him encountered opposition, because he had supported Abacha's government. (Abacha's administration was notorious for its human rights abuses). He was also sued in that country by other Nigerians who claimed he was responsible for the death of 1993 president-elect Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, who died in custody after being prevented by the military from taking office, and for the violation of the rights of others during his administration. Abubakar helped in the Liberian peace movement by presiding over the 2003 peace talks between Charles Taylor and the opposing rebels. This is seen in the movie "Pray the Devil Back to Hell". Abubakar also chaired the Commonwealth Observer Group to the Zimbabwe presidential election in 2002, which concluded that "the conditions in Zimbabwe did not adequately allow for a free expression of will by the electors."


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: Barbarians at the Gate is a 1993 American biographical comedy-drama television film directed by Glenn Jordan and written by Larry Gelbart, based on the 1989 book of the same name by Bryan Burrough and John Helyar. The film stars James Garner, Jonathan Pryce, and Peter Riegert. It tells the true story of F. Ross Johnson, who was the president and CEO of RJR Nabisco.


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: "Barbarians at the Gate" received generally positive reviews from critics. The film earned nine nominations at the 45th Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one for Outstanding Made for Television Movie. It also won Best Miniseries or Television Film and Best Actor in a Miniseries or Television Film for Garner at the 51st Golden Globe Awards.


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: Self-made multimillionaire F. Ross Johnson, CEO of RJR Nabisco, decides to take the tobacco and food conglomerate company private in 1988 after receiving advance news of the likely market failure of the company's smokeless cigarette called Premier, the development of which had been intended to finally boost the company's stock price.


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: The free-spending Johnson's bid for the company is opposed by two of the pioneers of the leveraged buyout, Henry Kravis and his cousin. Kravis feels betrayed when, after Johnson initially discusses doing the LBO with Kravis, he takes the potentially enormous deal to another firm, the Shearson Lehman Hutton division of American Express.


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: Other bidders emerge, including Ted Forstmann and his company, Forstmann Little, after Kravis and Johnson are unable to reconcile their differences. The bidding goes to unprecedented heights, and when executive Charles Hugel becomes aware of how much Johnson stands to profit in a transaction that will put thousands of Nabisco employees out of work, he quips, "Now I know what the 'F' in F. Ross Johnson stands for." The greed is so evident, Kravis's final bid is declared the winner, even though Johnson's was higher.


title: Barbarians at the Gate (film)

text: The title of the book and movie comes from a statement by Forstmann in which he calls Kravis' money "phoney junk bond crap" and how he and his brother are "real people with real money," and that to stop raiders like Kravis: "We need to push the barbarians back from the city gates."


title: Samsung Town

text: The Samsung Town (Korean: 삼성타운) is a major office park in Seocho-gu in Seoul, South Korea. It serves as the IT and electronics hub for the multinational corporation Samsung.


title: Samsung Town

text: The building has a floor area of 110,800 m² with 20,000 resident employees, and President Lee Kun-hee's office was located on the 42nd floor of Building C.


title: Samsung Town

text: Samsung Electronics, Samsung C&T, and Samsung Life Insurance have built three buildings which are 44, 34 and 32 stories respectively. Samsung Town was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox. Samsung Electronics and Samsung C&T have already begun to move into the houses while Samsung Life Insurance is leasing its property to Samsung Electronics and other affiliates.


title: Karina Arroyave

text: Karina Arroyave (born July 16, 1969) is a Colombian-American actress and playwright. Best known as Bianca Walsh on ‘’As the World Turns’’ (1988-1994), Jamey Ferrel on ‘’24’’ (2001-2002), Meirce on ‘’The Blacklist’’ (2021-2022).


title: Karina Arroyave

text: Karina Arroyave was born in Colombia and moved to New York City at the age of 1. She studied acting at Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School and later studied comedic acting at The Groundlings in Los Angeles. She made her stage debut playing the title role in "Marisol" at the Louisville Humana Festival. In 1993, she made her Broadway debut in the Jane Bowles' play "In the Summer House".


title: Karina Arroyave

text: From 1988 to 1994, Karina starred as Bianca Marquez Walsh in the CBS daytime soap opera "As the World Turns". She made her film debut in 1989 drama film "Lean On Me" opposite Morgan Freeman and Beverly Todd. She later had supporting roles in the films "Falling Down" (1993), "Dangerous Minds" (1995), "One Eight Seven" (1997), "In Too Deep" (1999), and "Crash" (2004), to name a few. On television, Karina Arroyave played the role of Jamey Farrell during the first season of Fox series "24" from 2001 to 2002. Other television appearances include Criminal Minds:BEYOND BORDERS, The Mysteries of Laura, "Law & Order", "", "New York Undercover", "The Practice", "NYPD Blue" and "Blue Bloods".


title: Karina Arroyave

text: In 2019, Arroyave played Karla Córdova, a Salvadoran detainee, during the final season of Netflix comedy-drama, "Orange Is the New Black".


title: House of Aviz

text: The House of Aviz (Portuguese: "Casa de Avis"), also known as the Joanine Dynasty ("Dinastia Joanina"), was a dynasty of Portuguese origin which flourished during the Renaissance and the period of the Portuguese discoveries, when Portugal expanded its power globally.


title: House of Aviz

text: The house was founded by King John I of Portugal, Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz and illegitimate son of King Pedro I (of the Portuguese House of Burgundy), who ascended to the throne after successfully pressing his claim during the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum. Aviz monarchs would rule Portugal through the Age of Discovery, establishing Portugal as a global power following the creation of the Portuguese Empire. In 1494, Pope Alexander VI divided the world under the dominion of Portugal and Spain with the Treaty of Tordesillas.


title: House of Aviz

text: The House of Aviz has produced numerous prominent figures in both European and global history, including Prince Henry the Navigator, King Manuel I of Portugal, and Holy Roman Empress Isabella of Portugal. Numerous Aviz dynasts have also claimed thrones or titles across Europe, including King Peter V of Aragon and John, Prince of Antioch. The Aviz ruled Portugal from 1385 until 1580, when the Philippine Dynasty succeeded to the throne following the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580.


title: House of Aviz

text: The founder of the House of Aviz, King John I of Portugal, was born in 1357 as the illegitimate child of King Pedro I of Portugal, a member of the Portuguese House of Burgundy, and Teresa Lourenço, daughter of a Lisbon merchant. In 1364, at 7 years old, John was made Grand Master of the Order of Aviz, henceforth becoming known as John of Aviz.


title: House of Aviz

text: The House of Aviz was established as a result of the dynastic crisis following the 1383 death of Ferdinand I. Ferdinand's widow Leonor Telles was disliked by both the nobility and the commoners for having left her first husband and for having had their marriage annulled in order to marry King Ferdinand. Ferdinand's designated heir was their only surviving child Beatrice, married to John I of Castile who claimed the throne in the name of his wife, but under the Treaty of Salvaterra that had been the basis for John's marriage to Beatrice, the unpopular Leonor was left as Regent until such time as the son of Beatrice and John would be 14 years old.


title: House of Aviz

text: In April 1385, amidst popular revolt and civil war, the Cortes of Coimbra declared John, Master of Aviz, as king John I of Portugal. He was half-brother of Ferdinand and natural son of Ferdinand's father and predecessor Pedro I. He had the particular backing of the rising bourgeoisie of Lisbon; the nobility were split, with the majority favoring the legitimist Beatrice. Troops under General Nuno Álvares Pereira defeated a small Castilian army at Atoleiros, while John of Castile had to lift a siege to Lisboa, mainly due to a plague that hit his army and killed his wife Beatrice. This was followed, however, by a larger invasion of Castilian and Portuguese troops loyal to John of Castile.


title: House of Aviz

text: John of Aviz's rule became established fact with the Portuguese victory in the Battle of Aljubarrota on 14 August 1385, where he defeated John I of Castile. A formal peace between Portugal and Castile would not be signed until 1411.


title: House of Aviz

text: To mark his victory, John founded the Monastery of Santa Maria da Vitória, known as the "Batalha Monastery" ("Battle Monastery"), whose chapel became the burial place of the princes of the new dynasty of Aviz. The descendants of King John I were still also Masters of Aviz, though at times that title passed to one descendant of John and the Crown of Portugal to another. The title of Grand Master of the Order of Aviz was permanently incorporated into the Portuguese Crown toward the end of rule by the House of Aviz, in 1551.


title: House of Aviz

text: The House of Aviz would rule Portugal until its fall in the 1580 to the Philippine Dynasty. after he had ordered the Duke of Alba to take Portugal by force.


title: House of Aviz

text: This period of Portuguese history saw the ascent of Portugal to the status of a European and world power. The conquest of Ceuta in 1415 was its first venture in colonial expansion, followed by a great outpouring of national energy and capital investment in the exploration of Africa, Asia and Brazil with the founding of colonies to exploit their resources commercially. The period also includes the zenith of the Portuguese Empire during the reign of Manuel I and the beginning of its decline during John III's reign.


title: House of Aviz

text: John III was succeeded in 1557 by his grandson Sebastian I of Portugal, who died, aged 24 and childless, in the Battle of Alcácer Quibir. Sebastian was succeeded by his great-uncle Henry, aged 66, who, as a Catholic Cardinal, also had no children. The Cardinal-King Henry died two years later, and a succession crisis occurred when pretenders to the throne including Catherine, Duchess of Braganza, Philip II of Spain, and António, Prior of Crato claimed the right to inherit it.


title: House of Aviz

text: António, Prior of Crato, was acclaimed king in several cities around the country in 1580, twenty days before Philip II of Spain invaded Portugal and defeated the supporters of António in the Battle of Alcântara. Although António had been proclaimed king, and was still regarded as rightful king in some of the Azores Islands until 1583, his legitimacy as a monarch is still disputed by historians. Only a small minority of historians (even in Portugal) accept the period of twenty days between Anthony's acclamation and the Battle of Alcântara as his reign. In Portugal he generally considered not as a national king, but as a patriot who led armed resistance to the Philippine domination.


title: House of Aviz

text: Joaquim Veríssimo Serrão, writing in 1956 and counting António as a king, dates the end of the dynasty's rule of Portugal as occurring in 1581–1582. The Cortes of Tomar had acclaimed Philip II of Spain as Philip I of Portugal in 1581, subsequently António's forces were utterly defeated at sea by Álvaro de Bazán at the Battle of Ponta Delgada off São Miguel Island in the Azores, on 26 July 1582. António then retreated to Terceira, where he supervised the raising of levies for defense, but in November he left Angra do Heroísmo en route to France to persuade the French to furnish more troops, 800 of which arrived in June 1583. Philip had despatched Santa Cruz with an overwhelming force which left Lisbon on 23 June, and reaching sight of São Miguel some time after 7 July, finally reduced the Azores to subjection.


title: House of Aviz

text: The "Cortes" in Tomar acknowledged Philip II of Spain as King Philip I of Portugal on 16 April 1581 after this Spanish military intervention. From 1581, the House of Aviz had ceased to rule any portion of continental Portugal; António, Prior of Crato held out in the Azores into 1582 as "António I of Portugal"; the last of his allies in the islands finally surrendered in 1583.


title: House of Aviz

text: The House of Aviz was succeeded in Portugal by Philip's personal union of the Crowns of Portugal and Spain. In Portuguese history this is variously referred to as the Philippine Dynasty, the House of Habsburg, or the House of Austria. Portugal and Spain would share a common monarch until 1640, upon the proclamation of the Duke of Braganza as John IV of Portugal.


title: House of Aviz

text: Following his success in succeeding to the throne following the 1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum, King John I of Portugal took the Cross of the Order of Aviz as his heraldic badge, adding it to the coat of arms of Portugal and the according royal flags. King John I enforced the imagery of his position as Grand-Master of the Order of Aviz, lending its name to his newly founded royal house and its cross as his personal charge on the royal arms. This was effected in various ways: by insertion within the bordure, alternating with the castles; more commonly inserted within the shield, and occasionally shown outside the shield with the latter laying over it. The Cross of Aviz is a "cross flory vert" (a green cross with a fleur-de-lys at the end of each arm)


title: House of Aviz

text: The armillary sphere has been an important element of Portuguese heraldry since the reign of King Manuel I of Portugal. The armillary sphere became a royal badge for the Portuguese monarchy, apart from being part of the personal standard of King Manuel I. It acts as a supporter to the Coat of arms of Portugal, also present on the current Flag of Portugal.


title: House of Aviz

text: Owing to the association with King Manuel I and other Aviz monarchs with the Portuguese discoveries, the armillary sphere was commonly used as a symbol representing Portuguese sovereignty across the Portuguese Empire. The symbol was a consistent motif in both Manueline and Neo-Manueline architecture. It also became particularly associated with Colonial Brazil and the subsequent United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves.


title: House of Aviz

text: An important element of Portuguese heraldry since the 15th century, the armillary sphere was many times used in Portuguese naval and colonial flags, mainly in Brazil. It was a navigation instrument used to calculate distances and represents the importance of Portugal during the Age of Discovery, as well as the vastness of its colonial empire when the First Republic was implemented.


title: Frozen meal

text: A frozen meal (also called TV dinner (Canada and US), prepackaged meal, ready-made meal, ready meal (UK), frozen dinner, and microwave meal) is a packaged frozen meal that comes portioned for an individual. A frozen meal in the United States and Canada usually consists of a type of meat for the main course, and sometimes vegetables, potatoes, and/or a dessert. The main dish can also be pasta or fish. In European frozen meals, Indian and Chinese meals are common. Another form of convenience food, which is merely a refrigerated ready meal that requires less heating but expires sooner, is popular in the UK.


title: Frozen meal

text: The term "TV dinner", which has become common, was first used as part of a brand of packaged meals developed in 1953 by the company C.A. Swanson & Sons (the full name was "TV Brand Frozen Dinner"). The original "TV Dinner" came in an aluminum tray and was heated in an oven. In the US and Canada, the term is synonymous with any packaged meal or dish ("dinner") purchased frozen in a supermarket and heated at home. Now, most frozen food trays are made of a microwaveable and disposable material, usually plastic or coated cardboard.


title: Frozen meal

text: Several smaller companies had conceived of frozen dinners earlier (see Invention section below), but the first to achieve success was Swanson. The first Swanson-brand TV Dinner was produced in the United States and consisted of a Thanksgiving meal of turkey, cornbread dressing, frozen peas and sweet potatoes packaged in a tray like those used at the time for airline food service. Each item was placed in its own compartment. The trays proved to be useful: the entire dinner could be removed from the outer packaging as a unit, the tray with its aluminum foil covering could be heated directly in the oven without any extra dishes, and one could eat the meal directly from the tray. The product was cooked for 25 minutes at and fit onto a TV tray table. The original TV Dinner sold for 98 cents, and had a production estimate of 5,000 dinners for the first year.


title: Frozen meal

text: The name "TV dinner" was coined by Gerry Thomas, its inventor. At the time it was introduced, televisions were status symbols and a growing medium. Thomas thought the name "TV Dinner" sounded like the product was made for convenience (which it was), and the Swanson executives agreed.


title: Frozen meal

text: Much has changed since the first TV Dinners were marketed. For instance, a wider variety of main courses – such as fried chicken, spaghetti, Salisbury steak and Mexican combinations – have been introduced. Competitors such as Banquet and Morton began offering prepackaged frozen dinners at a lower price than Swanson. Other changes include:


title: Frozen meal

text: Modern-day frozen dinners tend to come in microwave-safe containers. Product lines also tend to offer a larger variety of dinner types. These dinners, also known as microwave meals, can be purchased at most supermarkets. They are stored frozen. To prepare them, the plastic cover is removed or vented, and the meal is heated in a microwave oven for a few minutes. They are convenient since they essentially require no preparation time other than the heating, although some frozen dinners may require the preparer to briefly carry out an intermediate step (such as stirring mashed potatoes midway through the heating cycle) to ensure adequate heating and uniform consistency of component items.


title: Frozen meal

text: In the United Kingdom, prepared frozen meals first became widely available in the late 1970s. Since then they have steadily grown in popularity with the increased ownership of home freezers and microwave ovens. Demographic trends such as the growth of smaller households have also influenced the sale of this and other types of convenience food. In 2003, the United Kingdom spent £5 million a day on ready meals, and was the largest consumer in Europe.


title: Frozen meal

text: Unfrozen pre-cooked ready meals, which are merely chilled and require less time to reheat, are also popular and are sold by most supermarkets. Chilled ready meals are intended for immediate reheating and consumption. Although most can be frozen by the consumer after purchase, they can either be heated from frozen or may have to be fully defrosted before reheating.


title: Frozen meal

text: Many different varieties of frozen and chilled ready meals are now generally available in the UK, including "gourmet" recipes, organic and vegetarian dishes, traditional British and foreign cuisine, and smaller children's meals.


title: Frozen meal

text: The identity of the TV Dinner's inventor has been disputed. In one account, first publicized in 1996, retired Swanson executive Gerry Thomas said he conceived the idea after the company found itself with a huge surplus of frozen turkeys because of poor Thanksgiving sales. Thomas' version of events has been challenged by the "Los Angeles Times", members of the Swanson family and former Swanson employees. They credit the Swanson brothers with the invention.


title: Frozen meal

text: Betty Cronin, a bacteriologist employed at C. A. Swanson and Sons, has also been credited with important contributions to the invention. She was involved in the technical design of dinner items that could be frozen then re-heated successfully.


title: Frozen meal

text: Swanson's concept was not original. In 1944, William L. Maxson's frozen dinners were being served on airplanes. Other prepackaged meals were also marketed before Swanson's TV Dinner. In 1948, plain frozen fruits and vegetables were joined by what were then called 'dinner plates' with a main course, potato, and vegetable. In 1952 the first frozen dinners on oven-ready aluminum trays were introduced by Quaker States Foods under the One-Eyed Eskimo label. Quaker States Foods was joined by other companies including Frigi-Dinner, which offered such fare as beef stew with corn and peas, veal goulash with peas and potatoes, and chicken chow mein with egg rolls and fried rice. Swanson, a large producer of canned and frozen poultry in Omaha, Nebraska, was able to promote the widespread sales and adaptation of frozen dinner by using its nationally recognized brand name with an extensive national marketing campaign nicknamed "Operation Smash" and the clever advertising name of "TV Dinner," which tapped into the public's excitement around the new device.


title: Frozen meal

text: The production process of frozen meals is highly automated and undergoes three major steps. Those steps are food preparation, tray loading, and freezing. During food preparation, vegetables and fruits are usually placed on a movable belt and washed, then are placed into a container to be steamed or boiled for 1–3 minutes. This process is referred to as blanching, and is used as a method to destroy enzymes in the food that can cause chemical changes negatively affecting overall flavor and color of the fruit and vegetables. As for meats, prior to cooking, they are trimmed of fat and cut into proper sizes. The fish is usually cleaned and cut into fillets, and poultry is usually washed thoroughly and dressed. Meats are then seasoned, placed on trays, and are cooked in an oven for a predetermined amount of time. After all the food is ready to be packaged, it is sent to the filling lines. The food is placed in its compartments as the trays pass under numerous filling machines; to ensure that every packaged dinner gets an equal amount of food, the filling devices are strictly regulated.


title: Frozen meal

text: The food undergoes a process of cryogenic freezing with liquid nitrogen. After the food is placed on the conveyor belt, it is sprayed with liquid nitrogen that boils on contact with the freezing food. This method of flash-freezing fresh foods is used to retain natural quality of the food. When the food is chilled through cryogenic freezing, small ice crystals are formed throughout the food that, in theory, can preserve the food indefinitely if stored safely. Cryogenic freezing is widely used as it is a method for rapid freezing, requires almost no dehydration, excludes oxygen thus decreasing oxidative spoilage, and causes less damage to individual freezing pieces. Due to the fact that the cost of operating cryogenic freezing is high, it is commonly used for high value food products such as TV dinners, which is a $4.5 billion industry a year that is continuing to grow with the constant introduction of new technology.


title: Frozen meal

text: Following this, the dinners are either covered with aluminum foil or paper, and the product is tightly packed with a partial vacuum created to ensure no evaporation takes place that can cause the food to dry out. Then the packaged dinners are placed in a refrigerated storage facility, transported by refrigerated truck, and stored in the grocer's freezer. TV dinners prepared with the aforementioned steps—that is, frozen and packaged properly—can remain in near-perfect condition for a long time, so long as they are stored at during shipping and storage.


title: Frozen meal

text: Meals are often heavily processed with extra salt and fat to make foods last longer. In addition, stabilizing the product for a long period typically means that companies will use partially hydrogenated vegetable oils for some items (typically dessert). Partially hydrogenated vegetable oils are high in trans fats and are shown to adversely affect cardiovascular health. The dinners are almost always significantly less nutritious than fresh food and are formulated to remain edible after long periods of storage, thus often requiring preservatives such as butylated hydroxytoluene. There is, however, some variability between brands.


title: Frozen meal

text: In recent years there has been a push by a number of independent manufacturers and retailers to make meals that are low in salt and fat and free of artificial additives. In the UK, most British supermarkets also produce their own "healthy eating" brands. Nearly all chilled or frozen ready meals sold in the UK are now clearly labeled with the salt, sugar and fat content and the recommended daily intake. Concern about obesity and government publicity initiatives such as those by the Food Standards Agency and the National Health Service have encouraged manufacturers to reduce the levels of salt and fat in ready prepared food.


title: Ladyva

text: Ladyva (born Vanessa Sabrina Gnaegi; also known as Vanessa G; born 8 December 1988) is a Swiss musician, boogie woogie, blues and jazz pianist, singer and composer.


title: Ladyva

text: Ladyva started playing the piano when she was 14. She was inspired by the music of the great masters of boogie woogie. Two years later she began performing, together with her brother Pascal Silva. Various TV appearances in Switzerland followed: Heitere Festival Zofingen, ZDF Fernsehgarten, Glanz und Gloria and others. She has also been successful in her second homeland, the Dominican Republic, where she appeared on over 50 popular TV shows. In 2009 Ladyva released her first album. In 2011 she signed with Universal Music. In 2014, Ladyva appeared at several boogie woogie festivals in Germany.


title: Ladyva

text: Ladyva was invited to perform at Jerry Lee Lewis' 80th Birthday/Farewell U.K. Tour at the London Palladium and the Clyde Auditorium in Glasgow in September 2015. On 16 October 2015 she performed live on "The Late Late Show" on RTÉ One in Ireland. In November she toured through Europe, appearing on TV shows in Bulgaria, including Slavi's Show and the election of Miss Bulgaria. In London (Boisdale, Canary Wharf) she performed at the 'Cigar Awards' with guests including Burt Reynolds and Jonathan Ross.


title: Ladyva

text: In May 2016, she was invited to perform at the Boogie Woogie & Blues Spectacular hosted by Jools Holland with other boogie woogie pianists such as Axel Zwingenberger and Ben Waters, and stride pianist Neville Dickie. On 12 December she performed again at the Cigar Awards 2016 with guests including Charlie Sheen and Kelsey Grammer. In 2016 performances at festivals in Switzerland and abroad (France, Spain, Germany) followed, together with Silvan Zingg. At the International Boogie Woogie Festival in Lugano, they presented their first joint four-handed CD "Beloved Boogie Woogie" on 22 April 2017.


title: Ladyva

text: In August 2017 and 2022 she was invited to perform at the world's biggest Boogie Woogie Festival at Laroquebrou in France.


title: Ladyva

text: On 13 September 2017 in London, Ladyva received the award as 'Best Boogie Woogie Pianist 2017' at the Boisdale Music Awards hosted by Jools Holland, having just released her third Album '8 to the Bar'.


title: Ladyva

text: In November 2017 Ladyva performed at Beatles Symphonic at the London Coliseum singing the song "Something" accompanied by the London Concert Orchestra along with stars including Bonnie Tyler.


title: Ladyva

text: In 2018 she performed live on the British TV show "Loose Women" on ITV. Later that year she attended again the Boogie-Woogie and Blues Spectacular hosted by Jools Holland, this time with invites such as "Dr. House" alias Hugh Laurie.


title: Ladyva

text: She also attended lots of Jazz & Boogie-Festivals all around the globe such as: Caval’Air Jazz & Festival International de Boogie Woogie de Laroquebrou (France) Jazzfestival Tingen, The Hamburg Boogie Woogie Connection & The Boogie Woogie Congress Essen (Germany), The International Jazzfestival Bansko (Bulgaria), International Boogie Nights Thun, Blues Festival Basel JazzAscona, Jazzmeile Kreuzlingen (Switzerland), Boogie & Blues Reunion Terrasssa (Spain), The London International Festival of Boogie Woogie (UK), and many more.


title: Ladyva

text: 28 September 2022: Ladyva received the award as 'Boogie Woogie Artist Of The Year' at the Boisdale Music Awards hosted by Jools Holland.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: My Sweet Audrina is a 1982 novel by V. C. Andrews. It was the only stand-alone novel published during Andrews' lifetime and was a number-one best-selling novel in North America. The story takes place in the Mid-Atlantic United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The story features diverse subjects, such as brittle bone disease, rape, posttraumatic stress disorder and diabetes, in the haunting setting of a Victorian-era mansion near the fictitious River Lyle.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Audrina Adare claims she is seven years old when the novel begins, although it is later revealed that Audrina's memory is unreliable. Audrina lives at Whitefern, a Victorian-era mansion, with her father Damian, her mother Lucietta, her aunt Ellsbeth, and her cousin Vera. The family takes special care to keep Audrina unaware of precise dates, including that of her own birthday – even though Audrina knows that she was born on the ninth of September, she is frequently confused about the exact passage of time, leading Vera to mock her for being insane. Audrina's father, however, is convinced that Audrina "walks in her own time space". Nine years before Audrina was born, her elder sister – also named Audrina and also born on September 9 – was raped and murdered in the woods on her ninth birthday. Damian tells her stories about his "first and best Audrina" and convinces the younger Audrina that, by a process of self-hypnosis (which includes going into the first Audrina's old bedroom and rocking in her rocking chair), she can gain all of her memories and become just as beloved and special as the original Audrina, which is what she wants more than anything else in the world.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Audrina lives in virtual isolation, her only real contact with the outside world being her older cousin, Vera, who despises Audrina. Vera claims that Audrina stole her place in Damian's affection and that the "second and worst" Audrina will never be as special or wonderful as the first and best. Vera, a habitual liar and borderline nymphomaniac, proves early on that she will stop at nothing to steal and destroy anything and everything that Audrina loves. Audrina, conversely, is haunted by dreams of her dead sister's rape and is terrified of sex and men. Vera has very brittle bones that break easily, and she enjoys playing the convalescent to get Damien's attention or sympathy. Vera takes great pleasure in taunting Audrina and often claims that she is more loved by Damien than Audrina is.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: When she is seven, Audrina meets Arden Lowe and his mother Billie, a former ice skater who is now an amputee who had lost both her legs. Billie and Arden have moved into the groundkeeper's cottage in the woods where the first Audrina died. Although she fears the woods, Audrina is willing to brave them to see Billie and Arden, and gradually, Damian consents to these visits. Meanwhile, Lucietta is pregnant again. The family calls Mrs. Allismore, a psychic, to come and predict the baby's gender. They are horrified when she predicts the child is neither male nor female, although Vera calmly states that it is fitting that a new "freak" would join the family. On Audrina's ninth birthday, Lucietta (by then six months pregnant) goes into early labor and dies in childbirth. The baby is a girl named Sylvia.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Lucietta was a great pianist, so to keep her memory alive, Audrina takes piano lessons with Vera at Lamar Rensdale's home. More than two years after her birth, Sylvia finally comes home from the hospital, and it is revealed that she is mentally challenged. Audrina is told by her father to take care of Sylvia. Audrina complains to her piano teacher about not being allowed to go to school. He intervenes and she is finally allowed to attend school, with Ellsbeth begrudgingly agreeing to care for Sylvia. A few years later, Audrina discovers that Lamar and Vera are intimately involved, and Vera is pregnant. When Vera finds out that Audrina knows about the affair, she angrily confronts and fights with her, and Vera has a miscarriage. The next day, Vera leaves town with Lamar Rensdale. She leaves a note claiming that she is actually Audrina's paternal half-sister, due to an affair that Ellsbeth had with Damian before he met Lucietta. Damian does not deny it and is relieved that Vera has left. Audrina is upset he acted so badly towards his own daughter, but Damian says Vera hates them all and would destroy them, given the chance. Ellsbeth agrees.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Time passes, and shortly after she turns eighteen, Audrina discovers that Damian and Ellsbeth are lovers again. However, Ellsbeth threatens to leave Damian because he will not let her go and help Vera, who is alone after Lamar Rensdale committed suicide. She and Damian seem to have resolved things, but the next morning, Ellsbeth is found dead from a mysterious fall down the stairs.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: In the confusion following Ellsbeth's death, Audrina elopes with Arden, hoping to escape her controlling father, and taking Sylvia with her. Because she is not prepared for sexual intimacy, however, her wedding night is disastrous. When the newlyweds return from their honeymoon, they find that Damian has won over Arden's mother and invited her to live with them at Whitefern. He offers Arden a job at his company since Arden was unable to find work. Audrina is upset at how her father manipulates events to keep control over her life, and disappointed that Billie has been tricked by Damian into believing he is wonderful and kind. She wants Billie and Arden to be happy, however, so she tries to live peacefully with everyone. Things seem okay until Vera returns. Damian orders her to leave, but Billie is heart-broken by his cold-heartedness and convinces him to let Vera stay. Soon after, Vera tries to seduce Arden.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Later, Audrina (and later Vera) discovers that Billie and Damian have become lovers. Audrina is disgusted and attempts to persuade Billie to leave, saying her father only knows how to ruin the lives of the women he loves. Billie says her father has made her feel like a woman again, and Audrina comes to accept their relationship, but later, Billie (like Ellsbeth) falls down the stairs and dies. Audrina suspects Sylvia might have pushed Billie, as she always liked and wanted the cart that Billie used to get around, but protects Sylvia from accusations by others.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Depressed and disillusioned, Audrina pulls away from Arden and Sylvia. During this time, Vera renews her attempts to seduce Arden, and they become involved. At first, Audrina does not care, but then her love and sexuality is finally awakened, and she tells Arden that she doesn't want to lose him to Vera after losing so many other things. They spend the first happy night of their marriage together. When she awakens at night to check on Sylvia, she goes into the first Audrina's room, and for the first time in many years, sits in the rocking chair. She has some clear visions of the day the first Audrina died, which include Arden being there in the woods and running away. Confused and upset, she returns to her bedroom to confront Arden, but she is pushed down the stairs by an unseen assailant. She survives, but falls into a coma, during which she can hear and see others but cannot speak or move herself. She overhears that Vera and Arden are lovers again, with Arden distraught and implying that he needs Vera. Vera tries to convince Arden to disconnect Audrina's life-support, saying Audrina will never recover, and she would not want to live like this. With Sylvia's help, Audrina awakens and escapes Vera. Her near-death experience convinces her that she cannot die without learning the secret of the first Audrina.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Audrina is angry with Arden and wants Vera out of the house. She confronts her father and demands he tell her the truth about her older sister's death. Damian relents, confessing that the first Audrina never existed. It was Audrina herself who was gang-raped in the woods. Her father had always told her she was pure and good, and the rape left her so traumatized that she attempted suicide. In an effort to save Audrina from herself, Damian subjected her to electro-convulsive therapy, trying to erase her memory of the rape. Seeing his daughter strapped down and subjected to electric shock was too much for Damian, so he tried to heal her himself. Following Damian's lead, the family tried to convince Audrina that she was two years younger than she really was, and that the rape had been committed not against her, but against an older sister who died before she was born. Eventually, the repetition of this story worked, and Audrina believed it, which explains her unreliable memory. Since the family deliberately changed the clocks in the house and ripped off calendar days at random, her sense of time was altered. As Audrina listens to her father's explanation, she remembers seeing Arden there and realizes he witnessed the rape but ran away, fearing Audrina's older and stronger assailants. Audrina realized that Arden knew who she really was all along but kept the secret.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: As Damian relays the truth to Audrina, Vera appears in the doorway. Upon seeing Vera, Audrina is flooded with clear memories of the day she was attacked and realizes that Vera was the only other person who knew she would be coming home through the woods that day, and knew how to get to the path. Audrina realizes Vera told the boys where to find her the day she was raped. She accuses Vera of acting out of jealousy. Vera denies being involved, but Damian believes Audrina and lashes out at Vera. Vera's reaction suggests she is guilty, but when Damian curses her, she accuses him of never acknowledging her as his daughter and favoring Audrina over her, even though Vera is more like him. She tells Damian that it is his own fault Audrina was raped. Infuriated, Damian rushes at her. When Vera turns to run, she slips and falls down the stairs, later dying from her injuries.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Heartbroken and betrayed, Audrina decides to take Sylvia and leave Whitefern; she is convinced that nothing can flourish in the house but tragedy. She is willing to leave her father and Arden behind if it means escaping her past and the fate of her mother and Vera. Audrina says her final good-byes, but Sylvia refuses to leave. Her sister's simple words of "home, Audrina, home" end Audrina's desire to take Sylvia away. She tries to leave by herself but decides to stay and replace the painful memories with new ones that will be based on honesty and love. Audrina finally feels like she has become the "first" Audrina she always strived to be.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Audrina Adelle Adare: Narrator of the story. Daughter of Damian and Lucietta; sister of Sylvia; cousin and half-sister of Vera; in love with Arden. She is unable to remember the first seven years of her life but has psychic visions of her dead sister's life. She is described as sensitive and very beautiful, with violet eyes and long "chameleon" (dirty blonde) hair. Her birthday is September 9, making her a Virgo.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Damian Jonathan Adare: Father of Vera, Audrina and Sylvia; husband of Lucietta; brother-in-law of Ellsbeth. He is mysterious, tall, dark and handsome, a ruthless businessman and overprotective father. He hates Vera, loves Audrina and is ambivalent towards Sylvia. He fears growing old or losing his power. Women love him. Men want to be him.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Lucietta Lana Whitefern Adare: Mother of Audrina and Sylvia; wife of Damian; younger sister of Ellsbeth. Her nickname is Lucky. She is a gifted pianist who gave up a career to marry Damian. She has a heart condition, making her pregnancy with Sylvia one of high risk. She sometimes overindulges in chocolate, bourbon and flirting but means well.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Sylvia Adare: Youngest daughter of Damian and Lucietta; sister of Audrina; half-sister and cousin of Vera. She is born prematurely and mentally disabled. Audrina is the only person who is able to successfully communicate with her. She is described as being very beautiful, with long "chestnut" (brown) hair and aquamarine eyes.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Ellsbeth Whitefern: Mother of Vera; older sister of Lucietta; aunt of Audrina and Sylvia. Her nickname is Ellie. A former schoolteacher, she used to date Damian but he dumped her when she became pregnant with Vera, not believing he was the father, and married Lucietta.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Vera Adare: Daughter of Ellsbeth and Damian; cousin and half-sister of Audrina and Sylvia; lover of Lamar. Vera is described contrarily as conniving and mean yet delicate and vulnerable to injuries. She has


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle Bone Disease). She has long "apricot" (red) hair, pale skin and dark eyes. She is Audrina's rival, first for Damian's attention, then Arden's. Her birthday is November 12, making her a Scorpio.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Mercy Marie: Missing and presumed dead, she was Lucietta's best friend. Lucietta and Ellsbeth get drunk and "channel" her spirit during their weekly Tuesday Teatimes.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Arden Nelson Lowe: Only son of Billie Lowe; in love with Audrina. He wants to become an architect but ends up working for Damian. He has dark brown hair and amber eyes and is buff. He is a noble but gullible man who lets Audrina down when she needs him most. Therefore, he must ultimately win her back.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Billie Lowe: Mother of Arden. She resembles Elizabeth Taylor. She was an Olympic figure skating champion who lost both of her legs after getting gangrene as a complication from untreated diabetes. She is a friendly, positive person to be around. She becomes a mother figure to Audrina.


title: My Sweet Audrina

text: Lamar Rensdale: Audrina's and Vera's piano teacher. He helps Audrina by convincing her aunt to allow her to go to school. Unfortunately, he becomes involved in an affair with underage Vera, resulting in an unwanted pregnancy.


title: Sky father

text: In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of "sky father" may also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept is complementary to an "earth mother".


title: Sky father

text: "Sky Father" is a direct translation of the Vedic "Dyaus Pita", etymologically descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek "Zeûs Pater" and Roman "Jupiter" and Germanic Týr, Tir or Tiwaz, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's name, "*Dyēus Ph₂tḗr". While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and Geb is the earth father).


title: Adrian Yanez

text: Adrian Yanez (born November 29, 1993) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the Bantamweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship. As of December 6, 2022, he is #13 in the UFC bantamweight rankings.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: His father being a Golden Gloves winner, Yanez went into boxing from a young age, but later on took up BJJ. He started training MMA at the age of 15, having his first fight at the age of 17. Before the UFC, Yanez worked for the City of Deer Park as a Meter Reader. For most of his mixed martial arts career Yanez trained under late Saul Soliz in Houston, TX.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: After finishing a successful 6-0 amateur career with four consecutive TKO’s, Yanez made his professional debut at just 20 years old, and ended with Yanez victorious by TKO in the third round. Suffering his first defeat against Levi Mowles in his very next bout, having no answer for the wrestling and ground and pound, he lost via unanimous decision. The Texan recovered with two victories in Fury FC, and then won his Bellator debut at Bellator 149 against Ryan Hollis via unanimous decision. Yanez then dropped a razor thin split decision to future UFC bantamweight Domingo Pilarte at . Winning his next two bouts in the promotion, Yanez faced another current UFC fighter Miles Johns for the vacant LFA Bantamweight Champion at . With history repeating itself, Yanez was on the wrong end of a close split decision loss. With two stoppage wins over Warren Stewart and Michael Rodriguez and then winning a split decision against Kyle Estrada at , Yanzes was invited to Dana White's Contender Series 28, where he defeated Brady Huang in 39 seconds , earning a UFC contract in the process.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: Yanez was scheduled to make his UFC debut against Aaron Phillips on October 31, 2020 at . However on October 20, Phillips pulled out due to an undisclosed injury. Instead, Yanez faced promotional newcomer Victor Rodriguez. Yanez won the bout via head kick knockout in the first round. This win earned him "Performance Fight of the Night" award.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: Yanez faced Gustavo Lopez on March 20, 2021 at . He won the fight via walkoff knockout in round three. This win earned him the" Performance of the Night" award.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: Yanez faced Randy Costa at on July 24, 2021. After getting dominated in the first round, Yanez rallied back in the second round winning by technical knockout. This fight earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: As the first bout of his new four-fight contract, Yanez faced Davey Grant on November 20, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 198. He won the bout via split decision, although 12 of 12 media scores gave it to Yanez. The bout earned both fighters the "Fight of the Night "award.


title: Adrian Yanez

text: Yanez faced Tony Kelley on June 18, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 37. At the weigh-ins on June 17, Kelley weighed in at 137.5 pounds, 1.5 pounds over the non-title bantamweight limit. As a result, the bout proceeded as a catchweight and Kelley forfeited 20% of his purse to Yanez. He won the bout in the first round via TKO stoppage. This win earned him his fourth Performance of the Night award.


title: Tobias

text: Tobias is the transliteration of the Greek which is a translation of the Hebrew biblical name . With the biblical Book of Tobias being present in the Deuterocanon/Apocrypha of the Bible, Tobias is a popular male given name for both Christians and Jews in English-speaking countries, German-speaking countries, the Low Countries, and Scandinavian countries. In English-speaking countries, it is often shortened to Toby. In German, this name appears as Tobias or Tobi; in French as Tobie; and in Swedish as Tobias or Tobbe. Tobias has also been a surname.


title: Mashup (music)

text: A mashup (also mesh, mash up, mash-up, blend, bastard pop or bootleg) is a creative work, usually a song, created by blending two or more pre-recorded songs, typically by superimposing the vocal track of one song seamlessly over the instrumental track of another and changing the tempo and key where necessary. Such works are considered "transformative" of original content and in the United States they may find protection from copyright claims under the "fair use" doctrine of copyright law.


title: Mashup (music)

text: The 1967 Harry Nilsson album "Pandemonium Shadow Show" features what is nominally a cover of the Beatles' "You Can't Do That" but actually introduced the "mashup" to studio-recording. Nilsson's recording of "You Can't Do That" mashes his own vocal recreations of more than a dozen Beatles songs into this track. Nilsson conceived the combining of many overlaying songs into one track after he played a chord on his guitar and realized how many Beatles songs it could apply to. This recording has led some to describe Harry Nilsson as the inventor of the mashup.


title: Mashup (music)

text: Although described as a medley in its title, "Do It Again Medley with Billie Jean" by Italian music project Club House could be described as one of the first ever commercially released mashups in 1983. The song combines elements of "Do It Again", a 1973 Top 10 hit in the US and Canada by Steely Dan, with Michael Jackson's #1 hit from earlier in the year, "Billie Jean". It reached #11 in the UK, and the Top 10 in Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands.


title: Mashup (music)

text: In 1990, Norman Cook reached #1 on the UK charts with his act Beats International with "Dub Be Good To Me", essentially a mashup of re-recorded vocals of The SOS Band's "Just Be Good To Me" with The Clash's "The Guns of Brixton", making it the first mashup to achieve significant mainstream success.


title: Mashup (music)

text: The 1990 John Zorn album "Naked City" features a version of Ornette Coleman's "Lonely Woman" set over the bassline of Roy Orbison's "Pretty Woman".


title: Mashup (music)

text: In 1991, The Source featuring Candi Staton released "You Got The Love", based on a mashup created by DJ Eren Abdullah that had been an underground club hit since 1989, placing a Candi Staton a cappella over an instrumental version of Frankie Knuckles and Jamie Principle's house classic, "Your Love". It reached #4 on the UK charts, and had continued success over subsequent years with several remixes and a cover by Florence + The Machine.


title: Mashup (music)

text: In 1994, the experimental band Evolution Control Committee released the first modern mashup tracks on their hand-made cassette album, "Gunderphonic". These "Whipped Cream Mixes" combined a pair of Public Enemy a cappellas with instrumentals by Herb Alpert and the Tijuana Brass. First released on home-made cassettes in early 1992, it was later pressed on 7" vinyl, and distributed by Eerie Materials in the mid-1990s. The tracks gained some degree of notoriety on college radio stations in the United States.


title: Mashup (music)

text: The name Pop Will Eat Itself was taken from an "NME" feature on the band Jamie Wednesday, written by David Quantick, which proposed the theory that because popular music simply recycles good ideas continuously, the perfect pop song could be written by combining the best of those ideas into one track. Hence, "pop will eat itself".


title: Mashup (music)

text: Pre-empting the rise of the mashup in the 2000s, German trance act Fragma reached #1 in the UK and the Top 10 in Australia and across Europe with "Toca's Miracle", a mashup of their previous single "Toca Me" and Coco Star's 1996 single "I Need A Miracle", initially created by British DJ Vimto in 1999.


title: Mashup (music)

text: The mashup movement gained momentum again in 2001 with the release of the "2 Many DJs" album "As Heard on Radio Soulwax Pt. 2" by Soulwax's Dewaele brothers, which combined 45 different tracks; the same year a remix of Christina Aguilera's "Genie in a Bottle" was also released by Freelance Hellraiser, which coupled Aguilera's vocals with the guitar track of "Hard to Explain" by New York's the Strokes, in a piece called "A Stroke of Genie-us".


title: Mashup (music)

text: In 2001, English producer Richard X had created a bootleg mashup of Adina Howard's "Freak Like Me" and Tubeway Army's "Are "Friends" Electric?", titled "We Don't Give a Damn About Our Friends", which became a successful underground dance track under his alias "Girls on Top". He could not get permission to use the original vocals to release the mashup commercially, so he enlisted the English girl group Sugababes to re-record the vocals. It was released in April 2002, giving the group their first UK #1 single, and drawing further recognition, acclaim and mainstream success for the mashup genre. Richard X had continued success with two more mashups reaching the UK Top 10: "Being Nobody" (#3), with pop group Liberty X combining vocals of Chaka Khan and Rufus's "Ain't Nobody" with The Human League's "Being Boiled", and "Finest Dreams" (#8), featuring American vocalist Kelis singing the vocals from The SOS Band's "The Finest" over an instrumental of The Human League's "The Things That Dreams Are Made Of".


title: Mashup (music)

text: At the 2002 Brit Awards held on 20 February 2002, Australian pop singer Kylie Minogue performed a mash-up version of her #1 hit "Can't Get You Out of My Head", combined with New Order's song "Blue Monday". The live performance is cited as one of the first by a mainstream recording artist to utilise a mashup, and was ranked at number 40 on "The Guardian"'s 2011 list of 50 Key Events in the History of Dance Music. The mashup, titled "Can't Get Blue Monday Out of My Head", was later released as the B-side of "Love at First Sight" and was included on Minogue's 2008 remix album "Boombox". In the years that followed, mash-ups became more widely used by major artists in their live performances, particularly to update previous material to meld with the themes and sounds of their more recent work. For example, on her 2006 Confessions Tour, Madonna incorporated elements of The Trammps's "Disco Inferno" in the performance of her 2000 hit "Music", to assist the song in blending in with the tour's disco theme. On her 2008 Sticky & Sweet Tour, she performed a mash-up of her 1990 hit "Vogue" with the instrumental of her recent single "4 Minutes", to update it with the more urban sound of her "Hard Candy" album.


title: Mashup (music)

text: In August 2003, Madonna's single "Hollywood" was remixed with "Into the Groove" and performed with Missy Elliott under the title "Into the Hollywood Groove" as part of a promotional campaign for clothing retailer, GAP, prompting criticism for exploiting the underground culture of the mash-up for commercial gain.


title: Mashup (music)

text: The mid-2000s saw a massive surge in popularity for the mashup, including single releases that climbed high into the dance charts and even the mainstream top-40 charts. Such hits include Linkin Park and Jay Z's “Numb/Encore”, Party Ben's “Boulevard of Broken Songs”, Alex Gaudino's “Destination Calabria”, Mousse T. vs The Dandy Warhols' "Horny As A Dandy" (originally mixed by produced by Loo & Placido) and Mylo vs Miami Sound Machine's “Doctor Pressure”. In 2001, Henry Mancini produced a mashup version of Every Breath You Take by The Police for the 27th Episode of The Sopranos 'Mr. Ruggerio's Neighborhood'. "The Grey Album", which mashed up recordings by Jay-Z and The Beatles, also became notoriously popular.


title: Mashup (music)

text: With the release of Rock Band in 2007 and its sequels later on, numerous mashup artists discovered that every song in the games had each instrument stored on separate tracks to each other, meaning that song instrumentals, acapellas and even individual instruments could easily be sampled and kept uncompressed and clear. Among others, American comedian Neil Cicierega used this method to produce his four mashup albums, Mouth Sounds, Mouth Silence, Mouth Moods and Mouth Dreams.


title: Mashup (music)

text: DJ Earworm's annual “United States of Pop” mashups became season events, with his 2009 edition alone garnering critical acclaim as well as racking up more than 53 million views on YouTube. Mashups also helped launch the careers of acts such as Girl Talk and Madeon, with the latter's “Pop Culture” accruing more than 55 million views. Acts such as DJs from Mars and Mashd N Kutcher would go on to make mashups a huge part of their creative output.


title: Mashup (music)

text: Launched in San Francisco in 2003, Bootie was the first recurring club night in the United States dedicated solely to the burgeoning art form of the bootleg mashup, and as of 2019 hosted monthly parties in cities around the globe, including Los Angeles, Paris, Boston, Munich, and New York City. The party's slogan, "Music for the A.D.D. Generation" also inspired the creation of "A.D.D", Israel's first mashup-dedicated party. The "Best of Bootie" mashup compilation series is produced by Bootie creators A Plus D. Released every December since 2005, the compilations are annual Internet sensations, with each album requiring 5,000 GB+ of download bandwidth.


title: Mashup (music)

text: "DJ Hero" is a 2009 rhythm video game developed by Activision that includes over 90 pre-made mashups, where the player scores points by hitting notes on the turntable controller.


title: Mashup (music)

text: "Fuser" is a 2020 video game developed by Harmonix that allows the player to create mashups of over 100 songs, using four instrument stems from the master recording.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth () is the major city of the Taranaki region on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is named after the English city of Plymouth, Devon from where the first English settlers to New Plymouth migrated. The New Plymouth District, which includes New Plymouth City and several smaller towns, is the 10th largest district (out of 67) in New Zealand, and has a population of – about two-thirds of the total population of the Taranaki Region and % of New Zealand's population. This includes New Plymouth City (), Waitara (), Inglewood (), Ōakura (), Ōkato (561) and Urenui (429).


title: New Plymouth

text: The city itself is a service centre for the region's principal economic activities including intensive pastoral activities (mainly dairy farming) as well as oil, natural gas and petrochemical exploration and production. It is also the region's financial centre as the home of the TSB Bank (formerly the Taranaki Savings Bank), the largest of the remaining non-government New Zealand-owned banks.


title: New Plymouth

text: Notable features are the botanic garden (i.e. Pukekura Park), the critically acclaimed Len Lye Centre and Art Gallery, the New Plymouth Coastal Walkway alongside the Tasman Sea, the Len Lye-designed artwork known as the "Wind Wand", Paritutu Rock, and views of Mount Taranaki.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth was awarded the most liveable city (for a population between 75,000–150,000) by the International Awards for Liveable Communities in 2021. It also won multiple awards in 2008. The city was in 2010 chosen as one of two walking & cycling "Model Communities" by the government. Based on New Plymouth's already positive attitude towards cyclists and pedestrians, the city received $3.71m to invest into infrastructure and community programmes to boost walking and cycling.


title: New Plymouth

text: It is also noted for being a coastal city with a mountain within 30 minutes drive, where residents and visitors to New Plymouth can snowboard, ski, water ski and surf all in the same day.


title: New Plymouth

text: The area where New Plymouth was founded had for centuries been the home for several Māori iwi (tribes). From about 1823 the Maori began having contact with European whalers as well as traders who arrived by schooner to buy flax.


title: New Plymouth

text: In 1828 Richard "Dicky" Barrett (1807–47) set up a trading post at Ngamotu after arriving on the trading vessel "Adventure". Barrett traded with the local Māori and helped negotiate the purchase of land from them on behalf of the New Zealand Company. Settlers were selected by the Plymouth Company, which was set up to attract emigrants from the West Country of England, and which took over land initially purchased by the New Zealand Company. The first of the town's settlers arrived on the "William Bryan", which anchored off the coast on 31 March 1841. A series of disputes over ownership and settlement of land developed between Māori and settlers soon after and New Plymouth became a fortified garrison town in 1860–1861 as more than 3500 Imperial soldiers, as well as local volunteers and militia, fought Māori in the First Taranaki War.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth has an oceanic climate that could be described as a moist, temperate climate. The average summer afternoon temperature is ; average summer night-time temperature is . The city experiences mild winters, where the average afternoon temperature is and night-time temperature is . The average annual rainfall is . On 15 August 2011 it snowed in New Plymouth, a rare event which has been described as a once in a generation occurrence. A New Plymouth site was named the sunniest in the country in 2021, recording 2592 sunshine hours.


title: New Plymouth

text: The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 created the New Plymouth Province, with a Provincial Council given jurisdiction over an area of 400,000ha. Five years later the name of the province changed to Taranaki Province. The province was abolished in 1876.


title: New Plymouth

text: A Town Board was formed in 1863 and in August 1876 the town was constituted as a borough. Its new status did little to overcome some outside perceptions, however. In 1876 author E. W. Payton wrote that "all the great bustling 'cities' of the colony had a patronising way of trying to snub New Plymouth, referring to it in such derogatory terms as the dullest hole in the colony ... nothing whatever to do there... I find a great liking for this 'slow, old hole' ... it is a quiet, unassuming place and has not done so much to attract immigrants and settlers by exaggerating reports, as some districts have done."


title: New Plymouth

text: The Fitzroy Town District was merged with New Plymouth borough in August 1911; Vogeltown, Frankleigh Park and Westown were added a year later, followed by St Aubyn-Moturoa. By 1913 the town had a population of 7538. Seafront land was added in 1931 and 1941; land acquired on Omata Rd was added in 1955 and in 1960 large areas including land to the south of Paritutu, as well as Hurdon, Ferndale and Huatoki were included, as well as land straddling Mangorei Rd between the Henui Stream and Waiwakaiho River.


title: New Plymouth

text: In 1989, as a part of New Zealand-wide reorganisation of local government, New Plymouth City Council was merged with Taranaki District Council (Taranaki County Council and Waitara Borough merged in 1986), Inglewood District Council (Inglewood Borough and County merged in 1986), and Clifton County Council to form New Plymouth District Council.


title: New Plymouth

text: Every three years the Mayor, 14 councillors and 16 community board members are elected by the New Plymouth District's enrolled voters. The full council, sub-committees and standing committees meet on a six-weekly cycle.


title: New Plymouth

text: The Policy and Monitoring standing committees have delegated authority from the council to make final decisions on certain matters, and they make recommendations to the council on all others. The four community boards–Clifton, Waitara, Inglewood and Kaitake–as well as the subcommittees and working parties can make recommendations to the standing committees for them to consider.


title: New Plymouth

text: The third standing committee, the Hearings Commission, is a quasi-judicial body that meets whenever a formal hearing is required–for instance, to hear submissions on a publicly notified resource consent application.


title: New Plymouth

text: The Chief Executive (currently Craig Stevenson) and approximately 460 full-time equivalent staff provide advice and information to the elected members and the public, implement council decisions and manage the district's day-to-day operations.


title: New Plymouth

text: This includes everything from maintaining more than 280 parks and reserves, waste water management and issuing consents and permits, through to providing libraries and other recreational services and ensuring the district's eateries meet health standards.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth's City Ward, which covers , had a population of 57,219 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 4,347 people (8.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 7,824 people (15.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 22,269 households. There were 27,870 males and 29,346 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female. The median age was 40.8 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 11,220 people (19.6%) aged under 15 years, 9,831 (17.2%) aged 15 to 29, 25,251 (44.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 10,917 (19.1%) aged 65 or older.


title: New Plymouth

text: Ethnicities were 84.9% European/Pākehā, 15.9% Māori, 2.4% Pacific peoples, 6.6% Asian, and 2.2% other ethnicities (totals add to more than 100% since people could identify with multiple ethnicities).


title: New Plymouth

text: Although some people objected to giving their religion, 50.7% had no religion, 37.3% were Christian, 1.1% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.


title: New Plymouth

text: Of those at least 15 years old, 8,880 (19.3%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 8,919 (19.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 21,486 (46.7%) people were employed full-time, 7,098 (15.4%) were part-time, and 1,755 (3.8%) were unemployed.


title: New Plymouth

text: Electric power was first provided in January 1906 from the Mangorei power station alongside the Waiwhakaiho River near Burgess Park. In the 1960s, the New Plymouth Power Station was initially designed to run on coal but constructed to be fuelled by natural gas or fuel oil. This is a thermal power station with a steam turbine, commenced operation in 1974 with units progressively decommissioned from 2000 with one left operating in 2008.


title: New Plymouth

text: Companies began searching for oil on the New Plymouth coast in 1865 after small deposits of thick oil were found on the shoreline. The first commercial quantities of oil were obtained in January 1866. Exploration continued sporadically and a refinery opened in 1913. Production ceased about 1972. The city was one of the original nine towns and cities in New Zealand to be supplied with natural gas when the Kapuni gas field in South Taranaki entered production in 1970. The offshore Maui A well began production of natural gas in the late 1970s, sparking a flourishing energy and petrochemical industry. As Maui A's resources decline, new sites in Taranaki are being developed in an effort to find more commercial petrochemical reserves.


title: New Plymouth

text: Powerco operates the local electricity and natural gas distribution networks in the city. Electricity is supplied from Transpower's national grid at two substations: Carrington Street (Brooklands) and Huirangi. Natural gas is supplied from First Gas's transmission system at a gate station in Bell Block.


title: New Plymouth

text: Among the city's major industrial companies was Ivon Watkins-Dow, an agricultural chemicals company founded in 1944 by brothers Ivon, Harry and Dan Watkins and joined as a partner 20 years later by Dow Chemicals of Michigan. The company ran a factory at Paritutu making the herbicide 2,4,5-T. A 2005 study found that people who lived close to the Ivon Watkins-Dow plant between 1962 and 1987 were likely to have dioxin levels on average four times higher than the general public. In some groups the level was as much as seven times as high. A Public Health Medicine senior adviser has claimed that based on international findings, the residents' exposure to dioxin may cause increased rates of disease, in particular cancer. In March 2007 the Ministry of Health announced it would offer a major health support programme to anyone affected.


title: New Plymouth

text: In April 2008 the Ministry clarified that the programme's main feature would be a free annual medical check up for those who had lived, worked or studied close to the factory.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth District has a reputation as an events centre, with major festivals (the annual TSB Bank Festival of Lights, Taranaki Powerco Garden Spectacular, WOMAD and the biennial Taranaki Arts Festival), sports fixtures (including international rugby, surfing, cricket and tennis matches, and the annual ITU World Cup Triathlon) and concerts (from Sir Elton John, Jack Johnson, REM, John Farnham and Fleetwood Mac).


title: New Plymouth

text: With its rich volcanic soil, the city is well known for its gardens. Chief among them are the 52 ha Pukekura Park in the centre of the city (named a Garden of National Significance), and Pukeiti, a rhododendron garden of international significance high on the Pouakai Range.


title: New Plymouth

text: Pukekura Park is also the home of the TSB Bank Festival of Lights, which runs for free every year from mid-December to early February. It has daytime and night time programmes of events for people of all ages, and the festival itself transforms the park into an illuminated wonderland every evening.


title: New Plymouth

text: Next to the foreshore in the central city is Puke Ariki – the world's first purpose-built, fully integrated museum, library and information centre.


title: New Plymouth

text: Nearby is the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, a contemporary art museum. It includes the Len Lye Centre, a purpose-built extension to the museum that houses the collection of film maker and kinetic artist Len Lye, which opened in 2015.


title: New Plymouth

text: The Coastal Walkway is a 13 km path that forms an expansive sea-edge promenade stretching almost the entire length of the city, from the Bell Block mouth in the east to Port Taranaki in the west. The pathway includes the iconic Te Rewa Rewa Bridge and is ideal for walking, running, cycling or skating, or simply enjoying the view of the dramatic west coast. It has won numerous awards, including the Cycle Friendly Award in 2008 for the best New Zealand cycle facility.


title: New Plymouth

text: Centre City Shopping Centre is the only shopping mall in New Plymouth. It contains over 65 shops and services.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth won the award for the most liveable city (for a population between 75,000-150,000) by the International Awards for Liveable Communities in 2021.


title: New Plymouth

text: New Plymouth won the Top Town award from "North and South Magazine" in 2008 (judged "the best place in New Zealand to live, love, work and raise a family").


title: New Plymouth

text: The city also won three awards at the 11th International Awards for Liveable Communities held in Dongguan, China, 6–10 November 2008: