title: Kitzbühel

text: When Countess Margarete of Tyrol married the Bavarian, Duke Louis V the Brandenburger, in 1342, Kitzbühel was temporarily united with the County of Tyrol (that in turn became a Bavarian dominion as a result of the marriage until Louis' death). After the Peace of Schärding (1369) Kitzbühel was returned to Bavaria. Following the division of Bavaria, Kufstein went to the Landshut line of the House of Wittelsbach. During this time, silver and copper mining in Kitzbühel expanded steadily and comprehensive mining rights were issued to her that, later, were to become significant to the Bavarian dukedom. On 30 June 1504 Kitzbühel became a part of Tyrol permanently: the Emperor Maximilian reserved to himself the hitherto Landshut offices () of Kitzbühel, Kufstein and Rattenberg as a part of his Cologne Arbitration (), that had ended the Landshut War of Succession.


title: Kitzbühel

text: However ,the law of Louis of Bavaria continued to apply to the three aforementioned places until the 19th century, so that these towns had a special legal status within Tyrol. Maximilian enfeoffed Kitzbühel, with the result that it came under the rule of the Counts of Lamberg at the end of the 16th century, until 1 May 1840, when Kitzbühel was ceremonially transferred to the state.


title: Kitzbühel

text: An inscription in the Swedish Chapel dating to the Swedish War states ("The Swedish knights came as far as here but no further.")


title: Kitzbühel

text: The wars of the 18th and 19th century bypassed the town, even though its inhabitants participated in the Tyrolean Rebellion against Napoleon. Following the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805, Kitzbühel once more became part of Bavaria; it was reunited with Tyrol after the fall of Napoleon at the Congress of Vienna. Until 1918, the town (named before 1895) was part of the Austrian monarchy (Austria side after the compromise of 1867), head of the district of the same name, one of the 21 in the Tyrol province.


title: Kitzbühel

text: When Emperor Franz Joseph finally resolved the confusing constitutional situation, and following completion of the Salzburg-Tyrol Railway in 1875, the town's trade and industry flourished. In 1894, Kitzbühel hosted its first ski race, ushering in a new era of tourism and sport.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel was the town to host the remenants of the Nazi made Serbian collaborationist government the Government of National Salvation from 1944 to the end of the war. Kitzbühel also had the good fortune to remain undamaged from the ravages of the First and Second World Wars.


title: Kitzbühel

text: In October 2019, a 25-year-old man in Kitzbühel shot and killed his ex-girlfriend, her family, and her new boyfriend after a dispute at a restaurant.


title: Kitzbühel

text: In the 1950s, local legends like Ernst Hinterseer, Hias Leitner, Anderl Molterer, Christian Pravda, Fritz Huber Jr. and Toni Sailer wrote skiing history. They put Kitzbühel on the map and their names still resonate today. Now there is a new generation earning the title of Kitzbühel legends: Rosi Schipflinger, Axel Naglich, Kaspar Frauenschuh, and David Kreiner. Along with sporting achievements, fashion, and food, they are part of Kitzbühel's unique culture:


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel is one of Europe’s best-known winter sports resorts, situated between the mountains Hahnenkamm adjacent to the southwest and to the northeast. The Hahnenkamm hosts the annual World Cup ski races, including the circuit's most notable single event, the downhill race on the notable Streif slope. Introduced in 1937, the northeast-facing "Streif" is among the world's toughest downhill courses, if not the most, and is infamous for an abundance of spectacular crashes. In 1959 the Austrian Alpine Ski Championships took place from 27 February to 1 March.


title: Kitzbühel

text: The "Kitzbüheler Alpenrallye" is an annual festival of historic automobiles, first held in 1988. The first trip of the "United Buddy Bears" was 2004 to Kitzbühel, following by the first trip into the "big wide world" – when they went to Hong Kong and many other metropolises on all five continents.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Together with the pistes and ski lifts in neighbouring Kirchberg in Tirol, Jochberg and by the Thurn Pass Kitzbühel is one of the largest ski regions in Austria. With around 10,000 hotel and guest house beds, Kitzbühel and its neighbours have an unusually high density of guest accommodation.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Holidaymakers in Kitzbühel have 56 cableway and lift facilities and 168 kilometres of slopes available to them, as well as 40 kilometres of groomed cross-country skiing tracks. Of note is the relatively new 3S Cable Car, the cable car with the highest above-ground span in the world.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Other attractions include six tennis courts and four golf courses, the Kitzbühel swimming pool, Austria's only curling hall and the bathing lake of Schwarzsee.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel primarily caters for the high end of the tourist market, as many celebrities and the jet set come here, especially during the international races on the Hahnenkamm.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Together with eleven other towns Kitzbühel is a member of the community "Best of the Alps". KitzSki, Kitzbühel's main ski lift operator, has managed to defend the title of “World's Best Ski Resort Company” for the seventh time in a row at the 2020 World Ski Awards.


title: Kitzbühel

text: The Brixental Road, the B170, from Wörgl intersects in Kitzbühel with the Thurn Pass Road, the B161, from Mittersill to St. Johann in Tirol. Kitzbühel station is a major bus stop for buses to Lienz and Wörgl.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel Hauptbahnhof, Kitzbühel Hahnenkamm and Kitzbühel Schwarzsee are stops on the Salzburg-Tyrol Railway. Whilst Hahnenkamm and Schwarzsee stations are served by local trains only, long-distance services from Innsbruck and Graz stop at Kitzbühel station. Kitzbühel station has just been rebuilt (2010) and been equipped with new barrier-less platforms with underpasses and a lift. From 2011 there will be no stationmaster at Kitzbühel and it will no longer be possible to buy tickets at the counter.


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: Elagabalus (), Aelagabalus, Heliogabalus, () or simply Elagabal (Aramaic: 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡂𐡀𐡋 "ʾĕlāhgabāl" or 𐡁𐡋𐡄𐡀𐡂𐡀𐡋 "ʾĕlāhaʾgabāl"; Arabic: إله الجبل "Ilah al-Jabal", "mountain god") was an Arab-Roman sun god, initially venerated in Emesa (modern-day Homs), Syria. Although there were many variations of the name, the god was consistently referred to as Elagabalus in Roman coins and inscriptions from AD 218 on, during the reign of emperor Elagabalus.


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: Elagabalus was initially venerated at Emesa in Syria, where the Arab Emesan dynasty acted as its priests. The name is the Latinised form of the Arabic "Ilah al-Jabal" ("إله الجبل"), the Emesene manifestation of the deity, which is Arabic for "God of the Mountain." Elagabalus was the religious "lord", or Ba'al, of Emesa. The deity successfully preserved Arab characteristics, both in his names and in his representations.


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: The cult of the deity spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the second century, where he would be revered as Elagabalos (Ἐλαγάβαλος "Elagábalos") by the Greeks and Elagabalus by the Romans. For example, a dedication has been found as far away as Woerden, in the modern-day Netherlands.


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: The cult stone or baetyl was brought to Rome by the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus, who, before his accession, was the hereditary high priest at Emesa and was commonly called Elagabalus after the deity. The Syrian deity was assimilated with the Roman sun god known as Sol and later Sol Invictus ("the unconquered Sun").


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: A temple called the Elagabalium was built on the east face of the Palatine Hill to house the holy stone of the Emesa temple, a black conical meteorite. Herodian writes of that stone:


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: Herodian also related that Elagabalus forced senators to watch while he danced around his deity's altar to the sound of drums and cymbals, and at each summer solstice celebrated a great festival, popular with the masses because of food distributions, during which he placed the holy stone on a chariot adorned with gold and jewels, which he paraded through the city:


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: Herodian's description strongly suggests that the Emesene cult was inspired by the Babylonian Akitu-festival.


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: According to Cassius Dio, the Emperor also tried to bring about a union of Roman and Syrian religion under the supremacy of his deity, which he placed even above Jupiter, and to which he assigned either Astarte, Minerva or Urania, or some combination of the three, as wife. The most sacred relics from the Roman religion were transferred from their respective shrines to the Elagabalium, including "the emblem of the Great Mother, the fire of Vesta, the Palladium, the shields of the Salii, and all that the Romans held sacred". He reportedly also declared that Jews, Samaritans and Christians must transfer their rites to his temple so that it "might include the mysteries of every form of worship".


title: Elagabalus (deity)

text: According to Herodian, after the emperor was killed in 222, his religious edicts were reversed and the cult of Elagabalus returned to Emesa.


title: Glen Campbell discography

text: This article presents the discography of American singer, songwriter, and guitarist Glen Campbell. Campbell recorded and released 60 studio albums and seven live albums between 1962 and 2017. He also lent his vocals to four soundtracks for motion pictures ("True Grit", "Norwood", "Rock-a-Doodle", and ""). He placed a total of 82 singles (one of which was a re-release) on either the Billboard Country Chart, the Billboard Hot 100, or the Adult Contemporary Chart, nine of which peaked at No. 1 on at least one of those charts.


title: Glen Campbell discography

text: Below are listed albums by other/various artists on which Glen Campbell is (one of) the main performer(s) on one or several songs.


title: Tapioca pudding

text: Tapioca pudding (similar to sago pudding) is a sweet pudding made with tapioca and either milk or cream. Coconut milk is also used in cases in which the flavor is preferred or in areas in which it is a commonplace ingredient for cooking. It is made in many cultures with equally varying styles, and may be produced in a variety of ways. Its consistency ranges from thin (runny), to thick, to firm enough to eat with a fork.


title: Tapioca pudding

text: The pudding can be made from scratch using tapioca in a variety of forms: flakes, coarse meal, sticks, and pearls. Many commercial packaged mixes are also available.


title: Tapioca pudding

text: British schoolchildren have traditionally nicknamed the dish frog spawn, due to its appearance. "The Guardian" described it as "Britain's most hated school pudding", with names such as fish eyes, frogspawn and eyeball pudding. It is however making a comeback in the 21st century in Michelin-starred restaurants and less exalted places. In southern India a type of dessert pudding known as jawhuarusee payasam made from tapioca pearls is made during festival times.


title: Tapioca pudding

text: Tapioca pudding was one of the dishes that Rhode Island army officers ate for their Fourth of July celebrations during the siege of Petersburg.


title: Separation process

text: A separation process is a method that converts a mixture or a solution of chemical substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, a scientific process of separating two or more substance in order to obtain purity. At least one product mixture from the separation is enriched in one or more of the source mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into pure constituents. Separations exploit differences in chemical properties or physical properties (such as size, shape, mass, density, or chemical affinity) between the constituents of a mixture.


title: Separation process

text: Processes are often classified according to the particular properties they exploit to achieve separation. If no single difference can be used to accomplish the desired separation, multiple operations can often be combined to achieve the desired end.


title: Separation process

text: With a few exceptions, elements or compounds exist in nature in an impure state. Often these raw materials must go through a separation before they can be put to productive use, making separation techniques essential for the modern industrial economy.


title: Separation process

text: Separations may be performed on a small scale, as in a laboratory for analytical purposes, or on a large scale, as in a Chemical plant.


title: Separation process

text: Some types of separation require complete purification of a certain component. An example is the production of aluminum metal from bauxite ore through electrolysis refining. In contrast, an incomplete separation process may specify an output to consist of a mixture instead of a single pure component. A good example of an incomplete separation technique is oil refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various hydrocarbons and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as natural gas, gasoline and chemical feedstocks, none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude.


title: Separation process

text: In both cases of complete and incomplete separation, a series of separations may be necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual distillation steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate.


title: Separation process

text: Chromatography separates dissolved substances by different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material.


title: Separation process

text: Electrophoresis, separates organic molecules based on their different interaction with a gel under an electric potential (i.e., different travel)


title: Joel Berghult

text: Joel Gustaf Berghult (born 8 April 1988), better known as Roomie or Lil Pitchy, is a Swedish singer-songwriter, producer, and YouTuber based in Los Angeles, California. He is best known for his YouTube channel RoomieOfficial, which consists of music commentary, original songs, covers, comedy, and more music-related content. He has posted several viral videos and collaborations with PewDiePie (Felix Kjellberg), TheOdd1sOut (James Rallison), and Boyinaband (David Brown). His most popular video is "One Guy, 43 Voices", featuring vocal imitations of singers such as Justin Bieber, Charlie Puth, and Brendon Urie. His main YouTube channel has 7.56 million subscribers


title: Joel Berghult

text: Berghult was born and raised in Lerum, Gothenburg, Sweden. His father, Bosse Berghult, is also a musician and had encouraged his musical endeavors growing up by providing him with instruments and high tech music production software, including drums. He used to play in a small band with his college friends.


title: Joel Berghult

text: Berghult graduated in 2014 from , where he studied songwriting and music production. Berghult moved to the United Kingdom in 2015. He moved to Los Angeles in 2021.


title: Joel Berghult

text: Berghult started his YouTube channel in 2010. In 2014, he rose to prominence by uploading a series of celebrity singer impressions. The first of which was titled "One Guy, 14 Voices" which became the first of Berghult's many viral videos. The next year Berghult released a follow up "One Guy, 15 Voices" in August 2015. He was subsequently invited to perform on "Nyhetsmorgon" in September 2015, followed by "Good Morning America" that October. The most recent of the series, released in 2017 is "One Guy, 43 Voices (with music)" which has over 95 million views and is Berghult's most viewed video .


title: Joel Berghult

text: In 2014, Berghult began to release music with fellow Swedish YouTuber PewDiePie (who is also a Gothenburg native). The single "His Name is Pewdiepie" was released in 2014 and was made using samples of PewDiePie's voice; later that year, "Fabulous" was released, followed by "Brofist" in 2016. In 2019, Berghult again teamed up with PewDiePie and longtime collaborator Boyinaband on the song "Congratulations". The song peaked at number one on the US Comedy Digital Track Sales published by "Billboard" and has over 200 million views on YouTube as of 2021.


title: Joel Berghult

text: In December 2019, Berghult uploaded daily videos as part of a series called "Daily December". In response to positive feedback, he continued releasing daily videos. He grew discontent with the daily upload schedule, and announced a hiatus from YouTube on 11 June 2020, which lasted until 22 July. On 20 July 2020, while still on break, Berghult released an album single "Livin' For That" on Spotify under the name "Lil Pitchy". The album consists of the song "Livin' For That", plus its instrumental and a cappella versions. On 31 May 2021, Berghult announced another hiatus from YouTube. He cited fatigue from uploading daily videos, and wanting to shift focus to larger-scale projects. He ended that hiatus on 28 September, with the video "We Bought 100 Microphones To Do This...".


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Timo Tjahjanto (; born Timothy Tjahjanto; 4 September 1980) is an Indonesian film director, producer, and screenwriter known for his works on the horror and action genres. Tjahjanto runs the film production company Merah Production.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Apart from directing, producing, and writing his own films, Tjahjanto is also known as one half of The Mo Brothers with friend and fellow filmmaker Kimo Stamboel. The duo received a Citra Award nomination for Best Director in 2016 for "Headshot" while Tjahjanto himself won the Maya Award for Best Director in 2019 for "May the Devil Take You".


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Timo received education at the School of Visual Arts in Australia, where he met future collaborator Kimo Stamboel. He began his career in the film industry as a freelance story board artist and photographer. He has cited Alfred Hitchcock's "Psycho" and Tommy Lee Wallace's 1990 adaptation of Stephen King's "It" as major influences.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Tjahjanto and Stamboel rose to fame for directing and writing their feature directorial debut "Macabre" (known as "Rumah Dara" in local market) in 2009. The film is based on their 2007 short film "Dara," which was included in the 2008 anthology film "Takut: Faces of Fear". It stars Julie Estelle, Shareefa Daanish, Ario Bayu, Aming, and Sigi Wimala. "Macabre" received rave reviews and won several awards from international and local film festivals, with Daanish receiving praise for her performance as the titular character. Tjahjanto and Stamboel appeared among the patrons of Herosase in Joko Anwar's "The Forbidden Door".


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In 2012, he directed a segment in the anthology film "The ABCs of Death" alongside other filmmakers which included Nacho Vigalondo, Banjong Pisanthanakun, Ben Wheatley, Noboru Iguchi, Ti West, and Yoshihiro Nishimura. The following year, he worked on 'Safe Haven', a segment included in the horror anthology film "V/H/S/2" which premiered at the 2013 Sundance Film Festival. Tjahjanto co-directed and co-wrote the segment with Gareth Evans, director of the 2011 action hit "The Raid".


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In 2014, Tjahjanto reunited with Stamboel as The Mo Brothers to direct, produce, and write "Killers", a Japanese-Indonesian horror-thriller. The film stars actors from both Japan and Indonesia, including Kazuki Kitamura, Oka Antara, Rin Takanashi, Luna Maya, Ray Sahetapy, Epy Kusnandar, and Tara Basro. It premiered at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and received positive reviews upon release with a 73% fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes. The duo teamed up again in 2016 to release the action film "Headshot" with "The Raid" star Iko Uwais and Maya Award winning actress Chelsea Islan in leading roles with Sunny Pang, Julie Estelle, Zack Lee, Bront Palarae, and Ario Bayu in supporting roles.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Taking a break from his works with Stamboel as The Mo Brothers, Tjahjanto explored the supernatural horror genre with "May the Devil Take You" in 2018. This marks his first feature film as a solo director. Released to positive reviews, the film saw him reunite with Chelsea Islan, Ray Sahetapy, and Shareefa Daanish. Later in the year, he released "The Night Comes for Us" based on a screenplay he wrote as an homage to Hong Kong 1980s cinema. The film is the first Netflix original production from Indonesia and received acclaim from critics with a 91% score on Rotten Tomatoes. The film stars top action stars Joe Taslim ("Fast & Furious 6, Star Trek Beyond") and Iko Uwais whom he worked with previously in "Headshot". In supporting roles, he cast actors that have become frequent collaborators, such as Julie Estelle, Zack Lee, Sunny Pang, Abimana Aryasatya, Hannah Al Rashid, Shareefa Daanish, and Epy Kusnandar. Citra Award winning actress Dian Sastrowardoyo also co-starred as an assassin tasked with hunting down the main character played by Taslim, marking her first venture in the action genre.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In February 2020, Tjahjanto released the sequel to "May the Devil Take You", titled "May the Devil Take You Too" with Islan reprising her role as the main character. The film was released in theatres and later on Disney+ Hotstar in Indonesia with Shudder taking on the American distribution rights. It received mixed reviews from critics. The film earned Tjahjanto Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay nominations at the 2020 Maya Awards.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In September 2018, Tjahjanto hinted on Twitter that he is working on adapting the action-thriller comic book "JITU: Joint Tactical Intelligence Unit" into a feature film. The project has not been officially confirmed despite Tjahjanto posting another teaser on Instagram in April 2019.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Tjahjanto has also confirmed that he has co-written a screenplay for a spin-off film focusing on Julie Estelle's character from "The Night Comes for Us", titled "Night of the Operator", with friend and collaborator Aaron Stewart-Ahn. While no official confirmation has been made, Tjahjanto and Stewart-Ahn teased a poster with Estelle's character in a red background on social media in January 2020.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In February 2020, Tjahjanto posted on his Twitter account hinting at a sequel to the Mo Brothers' 2009 hit "Macabre". In a podcast with fellow Indonesian filmmaker Joko Anwar in April 2020, Tjahjanto shared that while the movie was a hit on the festival circuit, it was not as successful financially and that he and Stamboel will only do a sequel if they have a story that fits their ideals.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Following the release of "May the Devil Take You Too", Tjahjanto announced in October 2020 that a follow-up, titled "May the Devil Take You: Dajjal", is in pre-production with Islan and Daanish hinting that they will be reprising their respective roles in response to the announcement.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Tjahjanto was announced as director of a live-action adaptation of the Bumilangit Cinematic Universe film adaptation of comic book character Si Buta dari Gua Hantu in "" in 2018. Production was set to begin in early 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Iko Uwais is rumored to star in the lead role as the titular character. It is part of the Bumilangit Cinematic Universe film for its Volume 1.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: In February 2021, Tjahjanto was announced to helm a remake of South Korean blockbuster hit "Train to Busan" with James Wan producing for New Line Cinema. In November 2021, he was hired to direct the reboot of "Under Siege" for HBO Max.


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Tjahjanto is married to Citra Award nominated actress Sigi Wimala who played a supporting role in his film "Macabre". They were married in an East Jakartan church in November 2009. They have two daughters: Maxine Sara Tjahjanto (born in 2010) and Alexa Tjahjanto (born in 2016).


title: Timo Tjahjanto

text: Tjahjanto's sister-in-law is model and actress Agni Pratistha, who won the 2006 Puteri Indonesia beauty pageant and represented Indonesia at the 2007 Miss Universe.


title: Local Bubble

text: The Local Bubble, or Local Cavity, is a relative cavity in the interstellar medium (ISM) of the Orion Arm in the Milky Way. It contains the closest of celestial neighbours and among others, the Local Interstellar Cloud (which contains the Solar System), the neighbouring G-Cloud, the Ursa Major Moving Group (the closest stellar moving group) and the Hyades (the nearest open cluster). It is at least 300 light years across, and is defined by its neutral-hydrogen density of about 0.05 atoms/cm, or approximately one tenth of the average for the ISM in the Milky Way (0.5 atoms/cm), and one sixth that of the Local Interstellar Cloud (0.3 atoms/cm).


title: Local Bubble

text: The exceptionally sparse gas of the Local Bubble is the result of supernovae that exploded within the past ten to twenty million years. Geminga, a pulsar in the constellation Gemini, was once thought to be the remnant of a single supernova that created the Local Bubble, but now multiple supernovae in subgroup B1 of the Pleiades moving group are thought to have been responsible, becoming a remnant supershell.


title: Local Bubble

text: The Solar System has been traveling through the region currently occupied by the Local Bubble for the last five to ten million years. Its current location lies in the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC), a minor region of denser material within the Bubble. The LIC formed where the Local Bubble and the Loop I Bubble met. The gas within the LIC has a density of approximately 0.3 atoms per cubic centimeter.


title: Local Bubble

text: The Local Bubble is not spherical, but seems to be narrower in the galactic plane, becoming somewhat egg-shaped or elliptical, and may widen above and below the galactic plane, becoming shaped like an hourglass. It abuts other bubbles of less dense interstellar medium (ISM), including, in particular, the Loop I Bubble. The Loop I Bubble was cleared, heated and maintained by supernovae and stellar winds in the Scorpius–Centaurus association, some 500 light years from the Sun. The Loop I Bubble contains the star Antares (also known as α Sco, or Alpha Scorpii), as shown on the diagram above right. Several tunnels connect the cavities of the Local Bubble with the Loop I Bubble, called the "Lupus Tunnel". Other bubbles which are adjacent to the Local Bubble are the Loop II Bubble and the Loop III Bubble.


title: Local Bubble

text: In 2019, researchers found interstellar iron in Antarctica which they relate to the Local Interstellar Cloud, which might be related to the formation of the Local Bubble.


title: Local Bubble

text: Launched in February 2003 and active until April 2008, a small space observatory called Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer (CHIPS or CHIPSat) examined the hot gas within the Local Bubble. The Local Bubble was also the region of interest for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer mission (1992–2001), which examined hot EUV sources within the bubble. Sources beyond the edge of the bubble were identified but attenuated by the denser interstellar medium. In 2019, the first 3D map of the Local Bubble has been reported using the observations of diffuse interstellar bands.


title: Local Bubble

text: In January 2022, a paper in the journal "Nature" found that observations and modelling had determined that the action of the expanding surface of the bubble had collected gas and debris and was responsible for the formation of all young, nearby stars.


title: Local Bubble

text: These new stars are typically in molecular clouds like the Taurus Molecular Cloud and the open star cluster Pleiades.


title: Grand L. Bush

text: Grand Lee Bush (born December 24, 1955) is an American actor of stage, television and major motion pictures.


title: Grand L. Bush

text: Bush was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of actor Robert Bush and his wife Essie Bush. Shakespearean-trained, Bush studied film and theatre at the Los Angeles City College Theatre Academy, University of Southern California and the Strasberg Academy in Hollywood. He continued his education by performing at the historic Globe Theatre, the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, and the annual Shakespeare Festival in Garden Grove, California.


title: Grand L. Bush

text: In 1977 he landed a recurring role on the CBS sitcom "Good Times". Bush later acted in other television episodics and miniseries, including "Roots", before joining the cast of the rock musical "Hair" in 1979, in which he performed a solo. Bush also performed in other musical dramas, including the TV series "Fame" and the feature film "Streets of Fire".


title: Grand L. Bush

text: In 1983, Bush won a nomination for a Canadian Genie Award in the category of "Best Performance by a Foreign Actor" for his role in the feature film "Hard Feelings".


title: Grand L. Bush

text: Bush appeared in such blockbusters as "Lethal Weapon", "Hollywood Shuffle", "Die Hard", and "Colors", the latter of which sparked a friendship between Bush and director Dennis Hopper and Hopper directed Bush in a total of three feature films: "Colors", "Chasers", and "Catchfire". Bush was cast in the 1989 James Bond feature film "Licence to Kill". He portrayed a lieutenant in the horror film "The Exorcist III" and had a small role in "Demolition Man". Bush also played actor Todd Bridges' father in "Building Bridges", an autobiographical short film about the rise and fall of the child star of "Diff'rent Strokes".


title: Grand L. Bush

text: In 1994, Bush was cast in the role of Balrog in the action/comedy "Street Fighter", directed by Steven E. de Souza. The ensemble cast also included Jean-Claude Van Damme, Kylie Minogue, Ming-Na and Raúl Juliá. To prepare for his role, Bush trained with kickboxing champion Benny Urquidez in Bangkok, Thailand, and Brisbane, Australia.


title: Grand L. Bush

text: In 1991, Bush met his future wife, Sharon Crews, on the set of "Freejack", a science fiction feature that stars Emilio Estevez, Rene Russo and Mick Jagger. Crews was on assignment for Black Entertainment Television (BET) to interview Bush, et al., during the Atlanta, Georgia, location filming. They married in 1994.


title: Isai

text: Isai () is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language musical psychological thriller film co-produced, written, directed and composed by S. J. Suryah, making his comeback as a director after a 10-year hiatus since 2005. The film stars himself in the lead role with debutant Sulagna in a female lead and Sathyaraj as the main antagonist. The story is about the tiff between Vetriselvan (Sathyaraj) and A. K. Shiva (Surya), the two music composers in the film industry. The film marked the debut of S. J. Surya, as a music director, with cinematography handled by Soundararajan and editing by K. M. Riyas.


title: Isai

text: The project was announced on 2004, after the release of "New", with other two projects, which failed to materialize, and the film went on floors from 25 May 2012. The film which is touted to be of a new genre musical-thriller, released on 30 January 2015, to positive reviews from critics and ended up with commercial success at the box office.


title: Isai

text: Vetriselvan (Sathyaraj) is an established and old-fashioned music director who is loved and respected for his works and is termed as the greatest musician of our times. A. K. Shiva (S. J. Suryah), who works as an assistant under Vetriselvan, gets an opportunity to compose music for a small-time film. When Shiva introduces new techniques and pioneers the use of synthesizers, his music gets the attention of all music lovers. Due to the freshness and modernity that his music possesses, he becomes the most sought after musician and overtakes Vetriselvan. Shiva becomes the number one musician and builds his own studio. Meanwhile, he falls in love with Jeni (Sulagna Panigrahi) and marries her. When it seems everything he touches turns to gold, Vetriselvan displays his true psychopathic form.


title: Isai

text: Vetriselvan decides to pull down Shiva by any means. Vetriselvan wants to disturb Shiva's peace of mind so that he could not concentrate on music. Vetriselvan enters into a deal with Shiva's car driver, manager, cook, and studio front office staff to get their help in bringing down Shiva. One day, Shiva's car driver parks the car amidst peak traffic and suddenly runs away, which confuses Shiva. He gets disturbed by the continuous honking sound. Shiva's manager also confuses him by giving some fake incidents which did not happen. Jeni gets conceived but gets aborted as Shiva's cook mixes some medicine in her food. Shiva is worried because of Jeni's miscarriage and cries aloud. He thinks that he is mentally disordered and goes to a mental hospital.


title: Isai

text: Shiva's strange behavior gets the attention of media, and his image is tarnished amid public. Vetriselvan feels happy seeing this and in the meantime, film directors start approaching him again. Vetriselvan thinks that his lost glory is recovered now. Finally, it is revealed that Jeni is none other than Vetriselvan's daughter who was sent by him so that he can accomplish his plan. Knowing this, Shiva gets furious and comes to kill Jeni. But she reveals that she has really fallen in love with Shiva for his kindness and she is conceived again now. Vetriselvan comes there and persuades to kill Jeni knowing that she really loves Shiva. In the meantime, Vetriselvan stabs Shiva with a knife.


title: Isai

text: Suddenly, Shiva wakes up, and it is revealed that the entire story was his dream. Madhu (Nila) (from "Anbe Aaruyire)" is now his wife, and she says that fans are eagerly awaiting for a movie as he has not made a movie in the last 10 years. Shiva says that he got a story from his dream and needs to decide the climax. The movie ends there.


title: Isai

text: The project was announced by S. J. Suryah in 2004 shortly after the release of "New", when he revealed that A. R. Rahman would also collaborate for three of his future ventures titled "Anbulla Nanbane", "Aezhumazhai vs Chitra" with Silambarasan and Asin and "Isai". While the first film released as "Anbe Aaruyire" in 2005, the latter two failed to progress. In January 2006, the film was reported to be back under way with either S. S. Chakravarthy or Navodaya Appachan being producer and it was suggested that the film would be about a "cunning assistant music director comes to the top". Other reports had also suggested that the film told the tale of the tensions between South Indian musicians Ilaiyaraaja and A. R. Rahman. However the failures of S. J. Suryah's films "Vyapari" and "Thirumagan" prompted Rahman reconsider his involvement in the project and subsequently opted out from the project in 2007.


title: Isai

text: In 2011, Suryah announced that the film would restart and he would compose the film himself, describing it as a "musical". Reports suggested that Lakshmi Rai, who had back to back successes in 2011 with "" and "Mankatha" would play the female lead role but Suryah subsequently denied this stating that he had been auditioning newcomers in Mumbai for the role. In May 2012, the film's first look posters were finally revealed, with Sulagna Panigrahi, an Oriya and Indian television and film actress, who had made her Bollywood debut in the 2011 thriller "Murder 2". The director confirmed that Prakash Raj, Ganja Karuppu and M. S. Bhaskar will feature in supporting roles. Prakash Raj left the project in January 2013 as a result of a busy schedule. Attempts to sign Gangai Amaren to replace him also proved to be unsuccessful. After a brief stall in the shoot, Sathyaraj was signed on to play the main antagonist, with Suryah confirming that the film would be based on a tiff between two music composers.


title: Isai

text: The film's plot is said to be inspired from certain real life incidents occurred in the lives of Ilayaraaja and A. R. Rahman even though it was denied by the director himself . The plot of the story is partially inspired from the Hollywood film "The Truman Show".


title: Isai

text: The music and background score of the film was composed by S. J. Surya, making his debut as a music director through this film. Think Music acquired the film's audio rights. The soundtrack album features eight tracks with three instrumentals; the songs were penned by Madhan Karky. A single from the film "Isai Veesi" sung by Chinmayi was released on 17 October 2014, and was positively received. The film's official tracklist was released on 27 October 2014. The soundtrack album was released at the office of Sun TV Network in Chennai on 31 October 2014, with the presence of actors Vijay and Dhanush. However, the album was released to public on 2 November 2014. The audio launch was aired on Sun TV on 9 November 2014.


title: Isai

text: The album received positive reviews from critics. Behindwoods rated the album 3 out of 5 stating "SJ Suryah should feel proud of his work in Isai!" Milliblog commented "SJ Suryah tries mighty hard, but his music is rough around the edges." "Isai Veesi" is based on Suryah's "Ase Koni" from "Ishq Wala Love" (2014).


title: Isai

text: After the announcement of the film, the makers unveiled the first look poster on 26 May 2012. The theatrical trailer of the film was released on 29 August 2014, coinciding with Vinayagar Chathurthi.


title: Isai

text: Initially planned for releasing on 1 May 2014, the same day were Ajith-starrer "Vaali" (1999) was released, The film was pushed to July 2014. The makers planned to release the film on 2 October 2014, coinciding with Gandhi Jayanthi. Later the film was scheduled to release on 30 January 2015. The film released in 300 screens across Chennai and Tamil Nadu which is the highest for S. J. Surya.


title: Isai

text: The film received generally positive reviews from critics as well as from audiences. "The Times of India" rated 3.5/5 stated But, there are times when the film turns frustrating as scenes go on and on, in convoluted fashion, with no end in sight. And with the climactic twist, which neither feels organic nor ingenious, Suryah only seems to be acknowledging that he couldn't come up with a satisfying end to the story he set originally out to film. All it does is give him a loophole to brush away the plot holes. Or, maybe, it his way of telling the whole world that SJ Suryah the director has literally woken up from his decade-long slumber. "Deccan Chronicle" rated 3.5/5 stated It is director Suryah's intelligently woven brave attempt that enthralls the audiences keeping them hooked to their seats. Cinematographer Soundararajan should be lauded for capturing the right mood of the film with his alluring lighting compositions. A bit of trimming would have helped. Nevertheless, with Isai, Suryah sends out a strong message that ‘he is back with bang’!. "Filmibeat" rated 3/5, stated Physiological Thriller with good twist at the end. "Indiaglitz" rated 3/5 stated Minus these negatives, Isai is a grand comeback for SJ Surya without a doubt. Sathyaraj's role thumps the movie home.Twists, turns, Power packed acting minus music. "The Hindu" stated "I found Isai a better watch than the recent big-ticket movies we've been subjected to. It has to do with the plot, which gradually becomes so preposterous that the sheer whatever-next factor pulls you through. After a point, the film lurches madly between psycho-thriller, Victorian melodrama (think Gaslight), horror-movie staples, and — I kid you not — a meta musing on the director's long absence from the screen and his return to it. Whatever else, you have to hand him points for audacity. By the end, I was chuckling." "Behindwoods" rated 2.75/5 stated SJ Surya style glamour, humor, dialogues and power packed performances with a little twist in the end. "Desimartini" rated it 3.1/5. Rakesh Reddy of Desimartini described the movie as "SJ Suryah is back in business but Isai is not his best film. Isai has a raunchy 1st half and a lengthy 2nd half with an unexpected climax."


title: Ares V

text: The Ares V (formerly known as the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV) was the planned cargo launch component of the cancelled NASA Constellation program, which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars. Ares V and the smaller Ares I were named after Ares, the Greek god of war.


title: Ares V

text: The Ares V was to launch the Earth Departure Stage and Altair lunar lander for NASA's return to the Moon, which was planned for 2019. It would also have served as the principal launcher for missions beyond the Earth-Moon system, including the program's ultimate goal, a crewed mission to Mars. The uncrewed Ares V would complement the smaller, and human-rated Ares I rocket for the launching of the 4–6 person Orion spacecraft. Both rockets, deemed safer than the then-current Space Shuttle, would have employed technologies developed for the Apollo program, the Shuttle program, and the Delta IV EELV program. However, the Constellation program, including Ares V and Ares I, was canceled in October 2010 by the NASA Authorization Act of 2010. In September 2011, NASA detailed the Space Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit, while commercial space companies would provide low earth orbit access for both cargo and astronauts.


title: Ares V

text: In the 1996 book "The Case for Mars", author Robert Zubrin discussed a possible future heavy launch vehicle named "Ares". In the book, the rocket would have consisted of the Space Shuttle external tank powered by four Space Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) and a second stage powered by an RL-10 engine. One notable difference in the Zubrin "et al." design is that the SSMEs were on a small side-mounted flyback craft. This design was meant to allow the Ares to fly using existing Space Shuttle infrastructure.


title: Ares V

text: Ares V was to be the cargo launch component of the Constellation program. Unlike the Saturn V and Space Shuttle, where the crew and cargo were launched together on the same rocket, Project Constellation planned to use two separate launch vehicles, the Ares I and the Ares V, for crew and cargo respectively. This configuration would have allowed the two launch vehicles to be optimized for their respective missions. Constellation therefore combined the Lunar Orbit Rendezvous used by Apollo with the Earth Orbit Rendezvous mode proposed by Dr. Wernher von Braun (alongside the "Direct Ascent" proposal) during the early planning stages of Apollo.


title: Ares V

text: Development of the rocket and its Earth departure stage was led by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center. NASA's Ames Research Center was responsible for the Ares V integrated health management system supports in developing its payload shroud. Glenn Research Center led the development of the lunar lander ascent stage as well as Ares V power system, thrust vector control system and payload shroud. Langley Research Center had a lead role in researching Ares V aerodynamics.


title: Ares V

text: In 2007, NASA announced that Alliant Techsystems would be the contractor for the SRBs of both Ares I and Ares V.


title: Ares V

text: Although the Ares V was a medium- to long-term project, NASA planned to deploy its lift capability in a range of projects, along the lines of the former Apollo Applications Program.


title: Ares V

text: One proposal was to build an 8- to 16-meter Advanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope to be placed in the Sun/Earth L2 point. It would be a significant increase in dimension and performance over the Hubble Space Telescope and the Ares V vehicle was expected to carry this to its destination in a single launch. Future Ares V missions could also have served as a cost-effective, mass transport of construction materials for future spacecraft and missions, delivering raw materials, for example, to a Moon dock.


title: Ares V

text: In May 2010, NASA planned flight demonstrations of Ares V hardware along with Ares I hardware after the scheduled upcoming Ares I-X Prime test of the Ares I five-segment SRB first stage. Several flights were listed as "Heavy Lift" test flights for testing the first stage of the Ares V simultaneously with the Ares I upper stage attached on top of the Ares V first stage. This would save both time and money in avoiding the gap between testing Ares I and Ares V hardware with limited funding.


title: Ares V

text: The Augustine Commission concluded that "under the FY 2010 funding profile, the Committee estimates that Ares V will not be available until the late 2020s". Even if NASA had been given a $3 billion increase in funding and the ISS had been retired in 2015, the committee still believed that the Ares V would not be ready until the mid-2020s.


title: Ares V

text: On February 1, 2010, President Barack Obama announced a proposal to cancel the Constellation program effective with the U.S. 2011 fiscal year budget, but later announced changes to the proposal in a major space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010. In October 2010, the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 was signed into law, which canceled Constellation. However, previous legislation kept Constellation contracts in force until a new funding bill was passed for 2011. Due to previous legislative obligations, $500 million was to be paid to contractors after the program's cancellation until March 2011.


title: Ares V

text: The successor to the Ares rocket family is the Space Launch System, a more versatile vehicle designed to launch both crew and cargo, similar to the Ares IV concept. It has a payload range of 95-130 tons to LEO across its different variants. The SLS is similar to earlier Ares V designs in that it uses a stretched 8.4–meter external tank and is powered by 4 RS-25s. Initial designs for the SLS used the same Earth Departure Stage but development was put on hold with the 4-RL-10 Exploration Upper Stage taking its place. Both vehicles make use of the same 5–segment SRBs, although the SLS will not recover them. Under the Artemis program, the vehicle will transport crew to the Moon in the Orion spacecraft as well as logistics equipment and cargo for surface missions. They will rendezvous with a separate lunar lander either docked to the Lunar Gateway, a lunar orbital station, or free flying in lunar orbit. The SLS Block 1B version is capable of Earth orbital rendezvous lunar mission profiles such as that of the Ares V, lunar orbital rendezvous such as what NASA is currently pursuing, and integrated lunar missions such as the Apollo missions using the Saturn V, which has been proposed under a new House of Representatives bill.


title: Ares V

text: The Ares V was intended as a heavy launch vehicle to send large hardware and materials to the Moon, or to send supplies beyond Earth orbit to sustain human presence there. The Ares V was designed to be a three-stage rocket: the first and second stages, which burn together, were to use both solid and liquid propulsion with the upper stage providing the necessary propulsion to send the hardware and staples beyond low Earth orbit and onto a trajectory to the Moon.


title: Ares V

text: Ares V underwent a preliminary design review after the results of the 2009 Augustine Commission. Like the Space Shuttle, the Ares vehicle was to use a pair of solid-fuel first-stage rocket boosters that burn simultaneously with the liquid-fueled core stage. The solid rocket booster on Ares V was first envisioned as an improved version of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster, but with five or five and a half segments instead of the four segments used with the Space Shuttle. The liquid-fueled core stage was to be derived from the Space Shuttle external tank and was to use either five or six RS-68B engines attached to the bottom of a new 10 m diameter tank, or five SSMEs attached to the bottom of a stretched version of the Space Shuttle's 8.4 m external tank. It was to be fueled by liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2).


title: Ares V

text: The upper stage, derived from the S-IVB upper stage used on the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets, was named the Earth Departure Stage (EDS). The EDS would be powered by an Apollo-derived J-2X rocket engine, which was also to be used on the liquid-fueled upper stage of the Ares I booster. The EDS was to be used to steer the Altair lunar lander into its initial low Earth "parking" orbit for later retrieval by the Orion spacecraft, and then would propel both the Altair and Orion to the Moon. The EDS could also have been used to take large payloads into low Earth orbit, along with placing large uncrewed spacecraft onto trajectories beyond the Earth-Moon system.


title: Ares V

text: The Ares V was designed to have a payload capacity of over 414,000 lb (188 metric tons) to Low Earth orbit (LEO), and 157,000 lb (71 metric tons) to the Moon. Upon completion the Ares V would be the most powerful rocket ever built, lifting more into orbit than even the American Saturn V, the failed Soviet N-1 for the canceled Soviet Moonshot, and the successful Soviet/Russian Energia booster developed for the Buran Shuttle. Besides its lunar role, it could also support a crewed Orion expedition to a Near-Earth asteroid, and could boost an 8 to 16-meter successor of the Hubble Space Telescope to the Sun-Earth point.


title: Ares V

text: The Ares IV concept combines an Ares I upper stage on top of an Ares V. Specifically, the vehicle would consist of the liquid-fueled core stage from the Ares V design, two five-segment solid rocket boosters, and the liquid-fueled upper stage from the Ares I, as described by NASA in January 2007. The Ares IV would be a combined tall and could be used to reach the Moon. Total payload capacity would be to for direct trans-lunar injection.


title: Ares V

text: NASA had considered using Ares IV to evaluate high-speed "skip" reentry profiles of the Orion capsule in 2007. NASA had planned flight demonstrations of Ares I and Ares V hardware in "Heavy Lift" configurations beginning in 2013. The "Heavy Lift" test flights were to test the first stage of the Ares V simultaneously with the Ares I upper stage attached on top to save both time and money. The later Heavy Lift test vehicle configurations are similar to the Ares IV vehicle.


title: Ares V

text: Ares V Lite was an alternative launch vehicle for NASA's Constellation program suggested by the Augustine Commission. Ares V Lite was a scaled down Ares V. It would have used five RS-68 engines and two five-segment SRBs and have had a low Earth orbit payload of approximately 140 metric tons (309,000 lb). If chosen, Ares V Lite would have replaced the Ares V and Ares I launchers. One Ares V Lite version would have been a cargo lifter like Ares V and the second version would have carried astronauts in the Orion spacecraft.


title: Ares V

text: In the 2013 film "Star Trek Into Darkness", a desktop model of the Ares V rocket was set decoration in the office of Admiral Alexander Marcus as part of his spaceflight collection.


title: Bronchodilator

text: A bronchodilator or broncholytic (although the latter occasionally includes secretory inhibition as well) is a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be originating naturally within the body, or they may be medications administered for the treatment of breathing difficulties, usually in the form of inhalers. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases, of which asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common conditions. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and bronchiectasis. They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.


title: Bronchodilator

text: Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are beta2-adrenergic agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short- and long-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).


title: Bronchodilator

text: These are quick-relief or "rescue" medications that provide quick, temporary relief from asthma symptoms or flare-ups. These medications usually take effect within 20 minutes or less, and can last from four to six hours. These inhaled medications are best for treating sudden and severe or new asthma symptoms. Taken 15 to 20 minutes ahead of time, these medications can also prevent asthma symptoms triggered by exercise or exposure to cold air. Some short-acting β-agonists, such as salbutamol, are specific to the lungs; they are called β-adrenergic agonists and can relieve bronchospasms without unwanted cardiac side effects of nonspecific β-agonists (for example, ephedrine or epinephrine). Patients who regularly or frequently need to take a short-acting β-adrenergic agonist should consult their doctor, as such usage indicates uncontrolled asthma, and their routine medications may need adjustment.


title: Bronchodilator

text: These are long-term medications taken routinely in order to control and prevent bronchoconstriction. They are not intended for fast relief. These medications may take longer to begin working, but relieve airway constriction for up to 12 hours.


title: Bronchodilator

text: Commonly taken twice a day with an anti-inflammatory medication, they maintain open airways and prevent asthma symptoms, particularly at night.


title: Bronchodilator

text: Tiotropium is a long-acting, 24-hour, anticholinergic bronchodilator used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).


title: Bronchodilator

text: Only available as an inhalant, ipratropium bromide is used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. As a short-acting anticholinergic, it improves lung function and reduces the risk of exacerbation in people with symptomatic asthma. However, it will not stop an asthma attack already in progress. Because it has no effect on asthma symptoms when used alone, it is most often paired with a short-acting β-adrenergic agonist. While it is considered a relief or rescue medication, it can take a full hour to begin working. For this reason, it plays a secondary role in acute asthma treatment. Dry throat is the most common side effect. If the medication gets in contact with the eyes, it may cause blurred vision for a brief time.


title: Bronchodilator

text: The use of anticholinergics in combination with short-acting β-adrenergic agonists has been shown to reduce hospital admissions in children and adults with acute asthma exacerbations.


title: Bronchodilator

text: Available in oral and injectable form, theophylline is a long-acting bronchodilator that prevents asthma episodes. It belongs to the chemical class methylxanthines (along with caffeine). It is prescribed in severe cases of asthma or those that are difficult to control. It must be taken 1–4 times daily, and doses cannot be missed. Blood tests are required to monitor therapy and to indicate when dosage adjustment is necessary. Side effects can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomach or headache, rapid or irregular heart beat, muscle cramps, nervous or jittery feelings, and hyperactivity. These symptoms may signal the need for an adjustment in medication. It may promote acid reflux, also known as GERD, by relaxing the lower esophageal sphincter muscle. Some medications, such as seizure and ulcer medications and antibiotics containing erythromycin, can interfere with the way theophylline works. Coffee, tea, colas, cigarette-smoking, and viral illnesses can all affect the action of theophylline and change its effectiveness. A physician should monitor dosage levels to meet each patient's profile and needs.


title: Bronchodilator

text: Additionally some psychostimulant drugs that have an amphetamine like mode of action, such as amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cocaine, have bronchodilating effects and were used often for asthma due to the lack of effective β-adrenergic agonists for use as bronchodilator, but are now rarely, if ever, used medically for their bronchodilatory effects.


title: Bronchodilator

text: The bronchodilators are divided into short- and long-acting groups. Short-acting bronchodilators are used for relief of bronchoconstriction, while long-acting bronchodilators are predominantly used for prevention.


title: Bronchodilator

text: From among 6000 compounds that relax the smooth muscle cells of the lungs' airways and open up the airways in asthmatic lung tissues, researchers have identified a drug called TSG12. TSG12 is a specific transgelin-2 (TG2)-agonist that relaxes airway smooth muscle cells and reduces asthmatic pulmonary resistance. The authors claim that "TSG12 is both non-toxic and more effective in reducing pulmonary resistance than current bronchodilators and could be a promising therapeutic approach for treating asthma without losing effectiveness over time."


title: Fauna of India

text: India is the world's 8th most biodiverse region with a 0.46 BioD score on diversity index, 102,718 species of fauna and 23.39% of the nation's geographical area under forest and tree cover in 2020. India encompasses a wide range of biomes: desert, high mountains, highlands, tropical and temperate forests, swamplands, plains, grasslands, areas surrounding rivers, as well as island archipelago. Officially, four out of the 36 Biodiversity Hotspots in the world are present in India: the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Indo-Burma region and the Sundaland. To these may be added the Sundarbans and the Terrai-Duar Savannah grasslands for their unique foliage and animal species.


title: Fauna of India

text: These hotspots have numerous endemic species. Nearly 5% of India's total area is formally classified under protected areas .


title: Fauna of India

text: India, for the most part, lies within the Indomalayan realm, with the upper reaches of the Himalayas forming part of the Palearctic realm; the contours of 2000 to 2500m are considered to be the altitudinal boundary between the Indo-Malayan and Palearctic zones. India displays significant biodiversity. One of seventeen megadiverse countries, it is home to 7.6% of all mammalian, 12.6% of all avian, 6.2% of all reptilian, 4.4% of all amphibian and 11.7% of all fish.


title: Fauna of India

text: The region is also heavily influenced by summer monsoons that cause major seasonal changes in vegetation and habitat.


title: Fauna of India

text: India forms a large part of the Indomalayan biogeographical zone and many of the floral and faunal forms show Malayan affinities with only a few taxa being unique to the Indian region. The unique forms includes the snake family Uropeltidae found only in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka. Fossil taxa from the Cretaceous show links to the Seychelles and Madagascar chain of islands. The Cretaceous fauna include reptiles, amphibians and fishes and an extant species demonstrating this phylogeographical link is the purple frog. The separation of India and Madagascar is traditionally estimated to have taken place about 88 million years ago. However, there are suggestions that the links to Madagascar and Africa were present even at the time when the Indian subcontinent met Eurasia. India has been suggested as a ship for the movement of several African taxa into Asia. These taxa include five frog families (including the Myobatrachidae), three caecilian families, a lacertid lizard and freshwater snails of the family Pomatiopsidae. A thirty million year old Oligocene-era fossil tooth from the Bugti Hills of central Pakistan has been identified as from a lemur-like primate, prompting controversial suggestions that the lemurs may have originated in Asia. Lemur fossils from India in the past led to theories of a lost continent called Lemuria. This theory however was dismissed when continental drift and plate tectonics became well established.


title: Fauna of India

text: India is home to several well-known large mammals, including the Asian elephant, Bengal tiger, Asiatic lion, Indian leopard and Indian rhinoceros. Some of these animals are engrained in Indian culture, often being associated with deities.


title: Fauna of India

text: These large mammals are important for wildlife tourism in India, with several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries catering to these needs. The popularity of these charismatic animals have greatly helped conservation efforts in India. The tiger has been particularly important, and Project Tiger, started in 1972, was a major effort to conserve the tiger and its habitats. Project Elephant, though less known, started in 1992 and works for elephant protection. Most of India's rhinos today survive in the Kaziranga National Park.


title: Fauna of India

text: Some other well-known large Indian mammals are ungulates such as the water buffalo, nilgai, gaur and several species of deer and antelope. Some members of the dog family such as the Indian wolf, Bengal fox, golden jackal and the dhole or wild dogs are also widely distributed. It is also home to the striped hyena. Many smaller animals such as macaques, langurs and mongoose species are especially well known due to their ability to live close to or inside urban areas.


title: Fauna of India

text: The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), with its headquarters in Kolkata (the capital of West Bengal) and 16 regional stations is responsible for surveying the faunal resources of India. Possessing a tremendous diversity of climate and physical conditions, India has great variety of fauna, numbering 89,451 species.


title: Fauna of India

text: The mammals include the Indian elephant, the gaur or erroneously the Indian bison - the largest of existing bovines, the great Indian rhinoceros, and the wild water buffalo. Deer and antelopes include the barasingha, the sangai, chital, sambar deer, Indian hog deer, Himalayan musk deer, Indian muntjac, Indian spotted chevrotain, Kashmir stag, Tibetan antelope, blackbuck, chausingha, goa, Indian gazelle, and nilgai. There are also wild donkeys like Indian wild ass and kiang, and caprines like Bhutan takin, Mishmi takin, red serow, Himalayan serow, red goral, Himalayan goral, markhor, Siberian ibex, Nilgiri tahr, Himalayan tahr, urial, argali, and blue sheep. These caprines are generally found in the Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, and Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). A notable exception is the Nilgiri tahr which is endemic to the Nilgiri Hills of Tamil Nadu. There are several big cats; the Asiatic lion, Bengal tiger, Indian leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard, Eurasian lynx and caracal. Lesser cat species include fishing cat, Asiatic wildcat, jungle cat, Pallas's cat, Bengal cat, marbled cat, Asian golden cat, and leopard cat. There are also canines such as Ussuri dhole, Indian jackal, Indian wolf, Bengal fox, Tibetan wolf, and Tibetan fox. Another carnivore is the striped hyena. Several birds, like greater flamingos, Brahminy ducks, white-breasted waterhen, pheasant-tailed jacana, Eurasian spoonbills, lesser flamingos, purple herons, great and cattle egret, Indian pond herons, oriental magpie-robins, Nicobar pigeons, Indian mynas, Indian rollers, slaty-breasted rails, greater coucals, black-bellied terns, Indian pittas, Indian paradise flycatchers, sarus cranes, Siberian cranes, demoiselle cranes, great hornbills, rose-ringed parakeets, vernal hanging parrots, knob-billed ducks, painted storks, and Asian openbills inhabit forests, wetlands, and mountains. The Indian peafowl is the national bird of India, and is also found in white and mixed varieties. Pheasants include red junglefowl, grey junglefowl, Himalayan monals, satyr tragopans, and kalij pheasants; the great Indian bustard is also common in grasslands. Predatory birds include the Northern goshawk, shikra, black kite, white-bellied sea eagle, golden eagle, peregrine falcon, Indian vulture, slender-billed vulture, and white-backed vulture. The pied crow and Indian jungle crow are some interesting crow species in India. Chestnut-bellied sandgrouse is a sandgrouse found in India. There are plenty of small mammals in India. These include the Eurasian harvest mouse, the Asian house shrew, the northern and greater hog badger, the Chinese ferret-badger, the honey badger, the Indian pangolin, and the Chinese pangolin. Arboreal small mammals include the Nilgiri marten, small-toothed palm civet, Asian palm civet, small Indian civet, large Indian civet, binturong, and red panda. The bears of India are sun bear, sloth bear, Himalayan black bear, and Himalayan brown bear. There are also many primates in India. The apes of India are the gibbons; western hoolock gibbon and eastern hoolock gibbon. Macaques include rhesus macaque, bonnet macaque, lion-tailed macaque, Northern pig-tailed macaque, stump-tailed macaque, Arunachal macaque, white-cheeked macaque and Assamese macaque among others. The various species of langurs include purple-faced langur, the Nilgiri langur, the Gee's golden langur and capped langur. There is also the Phayre's leaf monkey. The suids in India are Indian boar and the critically endangered pygmy hog. There are lagomorphs like the critically endangered hispid hare, the woolly hare and the black-naped hare. The Royle's pika and Himalayan marmot are some of the montane small mammals. There is also the large Malabar giant squirrel, Indian palm squirrel, Indian gerbil, porcupine species Indian crested porcupine and hedgehog species bare-bellied hedgehog and Indian hedgehog. Another predator in India is the spotted linsang, a civet-like creature.


title: Fauna of India

text: Many are domesticated in India, and seeing them in the streets of villages and even cities is common. Bovines include the zebu, which descended from the extinct Indian aurochs, the domestic water buffalo, the gayal, which is a domesticated gaur, and in the northern regions domestic yak, which descended from the also native wild yak. Dromedary camel can be found in desert states like Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Punjab. Mongrel dogs are a common sight in most cities of India. Other small mammals found throughout urban areas are several species of mongoose and white-tailed mole. These mongoose species are ruddy mongoose, Indian grey mongoose, Indian brown mongoose, small Indian mongoose, stripe-necked mongoose, and crab-eating mongoose. The locust is infamous for destroying crops.


title: Fauna of India

text: Rivers and lakes harbour mugger crocodiles and gharials. The saltwater crocodile is found along the eastern coast and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. A project for breeding crocodiles, started in 1974, has been instrumental in saving the crocodile from extinction. Snakes include king cobra, Indian cobra, monocled cobra, Indian rock python, reticulated python, Sri Lankan green vine snake, Brahminy blind snake, green pit viper, Salazar's pit viper, and Indian krait. The cobras are an important part of Indian culture. Frogs include purple frog, Chunam tree frog, Indus Valley bullfrog, and Indian green frog. A notable newt is the Himalayan newt; it is the only salamander in India. There are also caecilian species, like the yellow-striped caecilian. India's coasts are full of sea turtles; these include the leatherback sea turtle, green sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, loggerhead sea turtle, and olive ridley sea turtle. Indian softshell turtles and Indian flapshell turtles are found in mangrove vegetation, lagoons, and freshwater and brackish bodies. The Asian water monitor and Bengal monitor are the monitor lizards in India; there are also several gecko species like the golden gecko, and the only chameleon, Indian chameleon.


title: Fauna of India

text: Fish are a major part of the Indian economy. The fish include tilapia, Atlantic pomfret, hilsa, barramundi, rohu, largetooth sawfish, Pearse's mudskipper, giant oceanic manta ray, leopard torpedo, among thousands of others. These also include sharks, such as thresher shark, great white shark, mako shark, hammerhead shark, tiger shark, and sand tiger shark. Bull sharks and Ganges sharks are also found in freshwater areas. Remora are commonly found attached to these sharks. Coral reefs in India are rich in fish such as angelfish, clownfish, powder blue tang, pufferfish, parrotfish, moray eel, Chinese trumpetfish, redtoothed triggerfish, and butterfly fish.


title: Fauna of India

text: Marine dolphins along the coast of India include bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, and pantropical spotted dolphin among others. Finless porpoise are found along the coast as well. The endangered Irrawaddy dolphin is found in freshwater areas, such as Chilika Lake, alongside the Ganges river dolphin and Indus river dolphin. Blue whales, humpback whales, sperm whales, dwarf sperm whales, orcas, Cuvier's beaked whales, and pygmy killer whales are the most common whales. The semi-aquatic mammals in India are otters. The species of otters are Asian small-clawed otter, Eurasian otter, and smooth-coated otter. The increasingly endangered dugong is found throughout coastal estuaries and brackish water bodies.


title: Fauna of India

text: A notable dragonfly is the Himalayan relict dragonfly. India is also known for its butterflies, such as lesser grass blue, common blue Apollo, common mime, common Mormon, and common Pierrot. The orchid mantis is an iconic mantis found in the Western Ghats of India. Laboratory stick insects and leaf insects are found in abundance.


title: Fauna of India

text: Stegodon elephants, Indosaurus, Himalayan quail, and pink-headed duck are famous extinct animals from India. The Himalayan quail and pink-headed duck are only presumed extinct. However, there are other quails such as rain quail in India, and the pink-headed duck's relative the Indian spot-billed duck.


title: Fauna of India

text: Depletion of vegetative cover due to expansion of agriculture, habitat destruction, over-exploitation, pollution, introduction of toxic imbalance in community structure, epidemics, floods, droughts and cyclones, contribute to the loss of flora and fauna. More than 39 species of mammals, 72 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, three species of amphibians, two species of fish, and a large number of butterflies, moth, and beetles are considered vulnerable and endangered.


title: Fauna of India

text: India is listed 12th among the mega-biodiverse nations in the world with a BioD score of 0.46 on the diversity index ""which is calculated by its percentage of species in each group relative to the total global number of species in each group"". With 23.39% of its geographical area under forest and tree cover, India is rich in biodiversity. A 2020 faunal survey of India by the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) reported a total of 102,718 species of fauna, with 557 new species including 407 newly described species and 150 new country records. Among the new finds, 486 species were invertebrates (mostly insects), and 71 were vertebrate species, mostly fishes and reptiles. New species were reported from Karnataka (66 species), Kerala (51), Rajasthan (46) and West Bengal (30). From 2010 to 2020, 4,112 species, including 2,800 new species and 1,312 new records, were added to the Indian fauna.


title: Fauna of India

text: There is insufficient information about the invertebrate fauna of India, with significant work having been done only in a few groups of insects, notably the butterflies, Odonata and Hymenoptera, mostly in "The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma" series.


title: Fauna of India

text: There are about 2,546 species of fishes (about 11% of the world species) found in Indian waters. About 197 species of amphibians (4.4% of the world total) and more than 408 reptile species (6% of the world total) are found in India. Among these groups the highest levels of endemism are found in the amphibians.


title: Fauna of India

text: There are about 1361 species of birds recorded from India, with some variations, depending on taxonomic treatments, accounting for about 12% of the world species.


title: Fauna of India

text: The World Conservation Monitoring Centre gives an estimate of about 15,000 species of flowering plants in India.


title: Fauna of India

text: The Western Ghats are a chain of hills that run along the western edge of peninsular India. Their proximity to the ocean and through orographic effect, they receive high rainfall. These regions have moist deciduous forest and rain forest. The region shows high species diversity as well as high levels of endemism. Nearly 77% of the amphibians and 62% of the reptile species found here are found nowhere else. The region shows biogeographical affinities to the Malayan region, and the Satpura hypothesis proposed by Sunder Lal Hora suggests that the hill chains of Central India may have once formed a connection with the forests of northeastern India and into the Indo-Malayan region. Hora used torrent stream fishes to support the theory, but it was also suggested to hold for birds. Later studies have suggested that Hora's original model species were a demonstration of convergent evolution rather than speciation by isolation.


title: Fauna of India

text: More recent phylogeographic studies have attempted to study the problem using molecular approaches. There are also differences in taxa which are dependent on time of divergence and geological history. Along with Sri Lanka this region also shows some fauna similarities with the Madagascan region especially in the reptiles and amphibians. Examples include the "Sinophis" snakes, the purple frog and Sri Lankan lizard genus "Nessia" which appears similar to the Madagascan genus "Acontias". Numerous floral links to the Madagascan region also exist. An alternate hypothesis that these taxa may have originally evolved out-of-India has also been suggested.


title: Fauna of India

text: Bio geographical quirks exist with some taxa of Malayan origin occurring in Sri Lanka but absent in the Western Ghats. These include insects groups such as the plants such as those of the genus "Nepenthes".


title: Fauna of India

text: southern, central and eastern Nepal. The region is geologically young and shows high altitudinal variation. It has nearly 163 globally threatened species including the one-horned rhinoceros ("Rhinoceros unicornis"), the Wild Asian water buffalo ("Bubalus bubalis (Arnee)") and in all 45 mammals, 50 birds, 17 reptiles, 12 amphibians, 3 invertebrate and 36 plant species. The Dooars forest in the Terai is a biologically diverse area, with Himalayan biodiversity as well as tropical biodiversity. The relict dragonfly ("Epiophlebia laidlawi") is an endangered species found here with the only other species in the genus being found in Japan. The region is also home to the Himalayan newt ("Tylototriton verrucosus"), the only salamander species found within Indian limits.


title: Fauna of India

text: During the early Tertiary period, the Indian tableland, what is today peninsular India, was a large island. Prior to becoming an island, it was connected to the African region. During the tertiary period, this island was separated from the Asian mainland by a shallow sea. The Himalayan region and the greater part of Tibet lay under this sea. The movement of the Indian subcontinent into the Asian landmass created the great Himalayan ranges and raised the sea bed into, what is today, the plains of northern India.


title: Fauna of India

text: Once connected to the Asian mainland, many species moved into India. The Himalayas were created in several upheavals. The Siwaliks were formed at the last and the largest number of fossils of the Tertiary period are found in these ranges.


title: Fauna of India

text: The Siwalik fossils include mastodons, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, sivatherium, a large four-horned ruminant, giraffe, horses, camels, bison, deer, antelope, gorillas, pigs, chimpanzees, orangutans, baboons, langurs, macaques, cheetahs, sabre-toothed cats, lions, tigers, sloth bear, Aurochs, leopards, wolves, dholes, porcupines, rabbits and a host of other mammals.


title: Fauna of India

text: Many fossil tree species have been found in the intertrappean beds, including "Grewioxylon" from the Eocene and "Heritieroxylon keralensis" from the middle Miocene in Kerala and "Heritieroxylon arunachalensis" from the Mio-Pliocene of Arunachal Pradesh and at many other places. The discovery of "Glossopteris" fern fossils from India and Antarctica led to the discovery of Gondwanaland and led to the greater understanding of continental drift. Fossil "Cycads" are known from India while seven "Cycad" species continue to survive in India.


title: Fauna of India

text: "Titanosaurus indicus" was perhaps the first dinosaur discovered in India by Richard Lydekker in 1877 in the Narmada valley. This area has been one of the most important areas for paleontology in India. Another dinosaur known from India is "Rajasaurus narmadensis", a heavy-bodied and stout carnivorous abelisaurid (theropod) dinosaur that inhabited the area near present-day Narmada river. It was 9 m in length and 3 m in height and somewhat horizontal in posture with a double-crested crown on the skull.


title: Fauna of India

text: Some scientists have suggested that the Deccan lava flows and the gases produced were responsible for the global extinction of dinosaurs. However, these have been disputed.


title: Fauna of India

text: "Himalayacetus subathuensis", the oldest-known whale fossil of the family Protocetidae (Eocene), about 53.5 million years old was found in the Simla hills in the foothills of the Himalayas. This area was underwater (in the Tethys sea) during the Tertiary period (when India was an island off Asia). This whale may have been capable of living partly on land. Other fossil whales from India include "Remingtonocetus" approximately 43-46 million years old.


title: Fauna of India

text: Several small mammal fossils have been recorded in the intertrappean beds, however larger mammals are mostly unknown. The only major primate fossils have been from the nearby region of Myanmar.


title: Fauna of India

text: The exploitation of land and forest resources by humans along with hunting and trapping for food and sport has led to the extinction of many species in India in recent times.


title: Fauna of India

text: Probably the first species to vanish during the time of the Indus Valley civilisation was the species of wild cattle, "Bos primegenius nomadicus" or the wild zebu, which vanished from its range in the Indus valley and western India, possibly due to inter-breeding with domestic cattle and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.


title: Fauna of India

text: Notable mammals which became or are presumed extinct within the country itself include the Indian / Asiatic cheetah, Javan rhinoceros and Sumatran rhinoceros. While some of these large mammal species are confirmed extinct, there have been many smaller animal and plant species whose status is harder to determine. Many species have not been seen since their description.


title: Fauna of India

text: "Hubbardia heptaneuron", a species of grass that grew in the spray zone of the Jog Falls prior to the construction of the Linganamakki reservoir, was thought to be extinct but a few were rediscovered near Kolhapur.


title: Fauna of India

text: Some species of birds have gone extinct in recent times, including the pink-headed duck ("Rhodonessa caryophyllacea") and the Himalayan quail ("Ophrysia superciliosa"). A species of warbler, "Acrocephalus orinus", known earlier from a single specimen collected by Allan Octavian Hume from near Rampur in Himachal Pradesh was rediscovered after 139 years in Thailand. Similarly, the Jerdon's courser ("Rhinoptilus bitorquatus"), named after the zoologist Thomas C. Jerdon who discovered it in 1848, was rediscovered in 1986 by Bharat Bhushan, an ornithologist at the Bombay Natural History Society after being thought to be extinct.


title: Fauna of India

text: An estimate of the numbers of species by group in India is given below. This is based on Alfred, 1998.


title: Hadamard transform

text: The Hadamard transform (also known as the Walsh–Hadamard transform, Hadamard–Rademacher–Walsh transform, Walsh transform, or Walsh–Fourier transform) is an example of a generalized class of Fourier transforms. It performs an orthogonal, symmetric, involutive, linear operation on real numbers (or complex, or hypercomplex numbers, although the Hadamard matrices themselves are purely real).


title: Hadamard transform

text: The Hadamard transform can be regarded as being built out of size-2 discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs), and is in fact equivalent to a multidimensional DFT of size . It decomposes an arbitrary input vector into a superposition of Walsh functions.


title: Hadamard transform

text: The transform is named for the French mathematician Jacques Hadamard (), the German-American mathematician Hans Rademacher, and the American mathematician Joseph L. Walsh.


title: Hadamard transform

text: The Hadamard transform "H" is a 2 × 2 matrix, the Hadamard matrix (scaled by a normalization factor), that transforms 2 real numbers "x" into 2 real numbers "X". The Hadamard transform can be defined in two ways: recursively, or by using the binary (base-2) representation of the indices "n" and "k".


title: Hadamard transform

text: Recursively, we define the 1 × 1 Hadamard transform "H" by the identity "H" = 1, and then define "H" for "m" > 0 by:


title: Hadamard transform

text: where formula_3 represents the Kronecker product. Thus, other than this normalization factor, the Hadamard matrices are made up entirely of 1 and −1.


title: Hadamard transform

text: where the "k" and "n" are the bit elements (0 or 1) of "k" and "n", respectively. Note that for the element in the top left corner, we define: formula_5. In this case, we have:


title: Hadamard transform

text: This is exactly the multidimensional formula_7 DFT, normalized to be unitary, if the inputs and outputs are regarded as multidimensional arrays indexed by the "n" and "k", respectively.


title: Hadamard transform

text: where formula_9 is the bitwise dot product of the binary representations of the numbers i and j. For example, if formula_10, then formula_11agreeing with the above (ignoring the overall constant). Note that the first row, first column element of the matrix is denoted by formula_12.


title: Hadamard transform

text: "H" is precisely the size-2 DFT. It can also be regarded as the Fourier transform on the two-element "additive" group of Z/(2).


title: Hadamard transform

text: In the Walsh transform, only 1 and −1 will appear in the matrix. The numbers 1 and −1 are real numbers so there is no need to perform a complex number calculation.


title: Hadamard transform

text: The DFT needs irrational multiplication, while the hadamard transform does not. Even rational multiplication is not needed, since sign flips is all it takes.


title: Hadamard transform

text: At the second row, although it is different from the first row we can observe a characteristic of the matrix that the signal in the first raw matrix is low frequency and it will increase the frequency at second row, increase more frequency until the last row.


title: Hadamard transform

text: Another approach is to view the Hadamard transform as a Fourier transform on the Boolean group formula_16.


title: Hadamard transform

text: where formula_20 is a character of formula_21. Each character has the form formula_22 for some formula_23, where the multiplication is the boolean dot product on bit strings, so we can identify the input to formula_24 with formula_23 (Pontryagin duality) and define formula_26 by


title: Hadamard transform

text: This is the Hadamard transform of formula_28, considering the input to formula_28 and formula_24 as boolean strings.


title: Hadamard transform

text: In terms of the above formulation where the Hadamard transform multiplies a vector of formula_31 complex numbers formula_32 on the left by the Hadamard matrix formula_33 the equivalence is seen by taking formula_28 to take as input the bit string corresponding to the index of an element of formula_32, and having formula_28 output the corresponding element of formula_32.


title: Hadamard transform

text: Compare this to the usual discrete Fourier transform which when applied to a vector formula_32 of formula_31 complex numbers instead uses characters of the cyclic group formula_40.


title: Hadamard transform

text: In the classical domain, the Hadamard transform can be computed in formula_41 operations (formula_42), using the fast Hadamard transform algorithm.


title: Hadamard transform

text: In the quantum domain, the Hadamard transform can be computed in formula_43 time, as it is a quantum logic gate that can be parallelized.


title: Hadamard transform

text: The Hadamard transform is used extensively in quantum computing. The 2 × 2 Hadamard transforms formula_44 is the quantum logic gate known as the Hadamard gate, and the application of a Hadamard gate to each qubit of an n-qubit register in parallel is equivalent to the Hadamard transform


title: Hadamard transform

text: In quantum computing, the Hadamard gate is a one-qubit rotation, mapping the qubit-basis states formula_45 and formula_46 to two superposition states with equal weight of the computational basis states formula_45 and formula_46. Usually the phases are chosen so that


title: Hadamard transform

text: The much larger number of site patterns in column 0 reflects the fact that column 0 corresponds to transition differences, which accumulate more rapidly than transversion differences in virtually all comparisons of genomic regions (and definitely accumulate more rapidly in the hemoglobin pseudogenes used for this worked example). If we consider the site pattern AAGG it would to binary pattern 0000 for the second element of the Klein group bit pair and 0011 for the first element. in this case binary pattern based on the first element first element corresponds to index 3 (so row 3 in column 0; indicated with a single asterisk in the table). The site patterns GGAA, CCTT, and TTCC would be encoded in the exact same way. The site pattern AACT would be encoded with binary pattern 0011 based on the second element and 0001 based on the first element; this yields index 1 for the first element and index 3 for the second. The index based on the second Klein group bit pair is multiplied by 8 to yield the column index (in this case it would be column 24) The cell that would include the count of AACT site patterns is indicated with two asterisks; however, the absence of a number in the example indicates that the sequence alignment include no AACT site patterns (likewise, CCAG, GGTC, and TTGA site patterns, which would be encoded in the same way, are absent).


title: Hadamard transform

text: The Hadamard transform is also used in data encryption, as well as many signal processing and data compression algorithms, such as JPEG XR and MPEG-4 AVC. In video compression applications, it is usually used in the form of the sum of absolute transformed differences. It is also a crucial part of significant number of algorithms in quantum computing. The Hadamard transform is also applied in experimental techniques such as NMR, mass spectrometry and crystallography. It is additionally used in some versions of locality-sensitive hashing, to obtain pseudo-random matrix rotations.


title: Pink Season

text: Pink Season is the second and final studio album by Pink Guy, a character played by Japanese entertainer and musician George Miller. It was released on 4 January 2017. It features 35 songs ranging from various points in his YouTube career and is primarily produced by Miller himself. It peaked at number 70 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Pink Season

text: George "Joji" Miller, the creator and player of Filthy Frank, has always loved to create music as he elaborates in an interview with Pigeons and Planes.


title: Pink Season

text: In 2011, Miller created a channel centered around his character, "Filthy Frank" to promote his music. As his channel grew, he created more bizarre characters, the most notable of which being Pink Guy, an aptly named character consisting of Miller in a pink body suit. Periodically, Miller would upload music videos to his channel which were equally diverse in musical design and visuals, ranging from Pink Guy making rice balls to his adoration of hentai.


title: Pink Season

text: In 2014, he released a collection of a select number of songs, titled "Pink Guy" (stylized in all caps), compiled under the pseudonym that most relates to the tone of the music. After the release, Miller went back to his normal uploading schedule.


title: Pink Season

text: Throughout mid-2016, he hinted at the release of "Pink Season" in several of his videos. He continued to hype up his album by promoting on Twitter up until its release.


title: Pink Season

text: The streaming service version of "Hand On My Gat" ends at 1:32 followed by minutes of silence until at the very end a unreleased snippet from his Joji moniker plays.


title: Pink Season

text: After the album was released, a new music video was released for the song "Nickelodeon Girls" on 13 March 2017.


title: Pink Season

text: A remix EP titled "" was released on 24 May 2017, featuring remixes by Borgore, Getter, Tasty Treat and Axel Boy.


title: Pink Season

text: A third album "PG3" was planned to be the follow-up to "Pink Season" and a send-off for Pink Guy but Miller quit the Pink Guy name shortly after this.


title: Nardole

text: Nardole is a fictional character created by Steven Moffat and portrayed by Matt Lucas in the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He is a companion of the Twelfth Doctor, an incarnation of the alien time traveller known as The Doctor, played by Peter Capaldi. Nardole initially appeared in the 2015 Christmas special "The Husbands of River Song", as a companion of River Song, before returning in the following episode "The Return of Doctor Mysterio", having become the Doctor's companion in the meantime.


title: Nardole

text: Despite looking human, Nardole is an alien from the 54th century with cybernetic implants, belonging to a humanoid colony on the planet Mendorax Dellora. He is the first full-time alien companion of the revived series and the first in the series in over 30 years. Unlike most companions, and in spite of his considerable skills as a reformed career criminal, Nardole rarely wishes to travel with the Doctor, instead staying safe on Earth in most episodes. Nevertheless, he sometimes gets involved in the Doctor's adventures, mostly against his will.


title: Nardole

text: Nardole is introduced in the 2015 Christmas special, "The Husbands of River Song", as the employee of the Doctor's wife, River Song (Alex Kingston). In the course of the episode, he is decapitated, with his head ending up as part of a cyborg body. In the subsequent Christmas episode, "The Return of Doctor Mysterio" (2016), Nardole appears again as the Doctor's companion. The Doctor had rebuilt Nardole's original body, but it is unclear whether Nardole is now a cyborg or purely organic.


title: Nardole

text: For the tenth series, which follows the two specials, Nardole remains the Doctor's assistant. When the series begins, with "The Pilot" (2017), the pair were based in a university in Bristol, where Nardole attempted to keep the Doctor to his oath to guard an alien vault beneath the university. He is concerned about the Doctor taking on Bill Potts (Pearl Mackie) as a new travelling companion, maintaining that it amounts to him abandoning his post. Nardole is ultimately dragged on an outer space adventure with the Doctor and Bill in "Oxygen". The subsequent episodes of "Extremis", "The Pyramid at the End of the World" and "The Lie of the Land", following a story arc over the three episodes, establish that Nardole came to assist the Doctor on instructions left by River Song before she died, and he has taken it as his mission to keep the Doctor in line as the last request of River Song, to the point that he refers to himself as "the only person legally qualified to kick the Doctor's arse". He formally joined the Doctor after the Doctor took an oath to guard his Time Lord friend and arch-enemy Missy (Michelle Gomez) for a thousand years. In the same story, Nardole narrowly escapes a deadly bacterial infection due to his alien biology, and he assists Bill and the Doctor in restoring free will to the Earth after history had been rewritten by the menacing alien "Monks".


title: Nardole

text: In several following episodes, Nardole repeatedly shows his resourcefulness and adaptability as he joins the Doctor and Bill on other trips, even once working with Missy to repair the TARDIS after it returns to Earth with Nardole inside it while leaving the Doctor and Bill on Mars in the Victorian era ("Empress of Mars"). In the series finale, "World Enough and Time"/"The Doctor Falls", the Doctor's crew and Missy react to a distress call on board a Mondasian ship, which results in Bill being shot through the heart and converted into a Cyberman, due to the machinations of Missy's past incarnation, the Master (John Simm). They escape the immediate clutches of the Cybermen due to Nardole commandeering a shuttle, which he pilots into higher levels of the colony ship. The ship is so large that several simulated countrysides exist within as solar farms, with dozens of villagers. In battle with the Cybermen, Nardole repeatedly proves his computer and combat talents, rigging powerful explosions throughout the countryside. When the Doctor realises that to defeat the Cybermen he must destroy a whole level of the ship, he instructs Nardole to take the villagers to safety on another floor. Nardole does so, unsure if he will ever see the Doctor again and knowing that the Cybermen will one day return to convert the human population. Lucas reprises the role briefly in "Twice Upon a Time", playing an avatar of Nardole made from Nardole's memories at the time of his death. He hugs the Doctor and wishes him farewell before his pending regeneration. In Paul Cornell’s novelisation of the story, it is revealed that the Cybermen stopped being a threat not long after the Doctor left and Nardole lived to an old age with several wives and children.


title: Nardole

text: In November 2015, it was announced that Matt Lucas would appear in "The Husbands of River Song" as a guest character named Nardole. On 14 June 2016, it was confirmed that Nardole would return in the 2016 Christmas special, "The Return of Doctor Mysterio", as the Doctor's companion and stay in this role in the tenth series until the finale. Steven Moffat said that Matt Lucas wanted to play Nardole again and so he used the chance to bring Lucas back as a regular.


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: Gharana Mogudu () is a 1992 Indian Telugu-language romantic drama film directed by K. Raghavendra Rao. The film stars Chiranjeevi, Nagma and Vani Viswanath with Rao Gopal Rao and Kaikala Satyanarayana in supporting roles. Music is composed by M. M. Keeravani and A. Vincent handled the cinematography. It is a remake of the 1986 Kannada film "Anuraga Aralithu."


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: Released on 9 April 1992, the film became the first Telugu film to collect over 10 crore distributor share at the box office. The film made Chiranjeevi the highest-paid actor in India, with the English-language weekly magazine "The Week" describing him as "Bigger Than Bachchan". The film was screened at the 1993 International Film Festival of India in the mainstream section.


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: Raju (Chiranjeevi) is a do-gooder who helps his co-workers in a Visakhapatnam shipyard, but when his mother suffers a paralytic stroke, he moves back to Hyderabad and looks for a job. Uma Devi (Nagma), daughter of industrialist Bapineedu (Raogopal Rao) takes over the business from her father and helps it to reach new heights, which also sees her head-strong ways reach new heights. In this scenario, she not only rejects Ranganayakulu's (Kaikala Satyanarayana) son's marriage proposal, but insults them when the father-son duo show up at her house. To get their revenge, they send goons to kill Uma Devi. As fate would have it, Bapineedu shows up in the car instead of Uma Devi and is rescued by Raju, who asks him for a job, which Bapineedu readily agrees to.


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: Raju wins over the employees in no time and takes on the high-handedness of Uma Devi and her management. This leads to constant conflict and Uma Devi decides to marry Raju, so that he will not interfere anymore. To this end, she emotionally blackmails Raju's mother and eventually makes Raju agree to marry her. But Raju continues to trouble her even after marriage. Uma Devi's secretary, Bhavani (Vani Viswanath), is also a friend of Raju, which leads to jealousy. In the meantime, Ranganayakulu, with the help of Uma Devi's manager Sarangapani (Ahuti Prasad) schemes against Uma Devi to sabotage her factory. The rest of film deals with how Raju thwarts the schemes of Ranganayakulu and teaches Uma Devi to be humble.


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: The music and the background score of the movie were composed by M. M. Keeravani, the lyrics for the songs are by Bhuvanachandra and M. M. Keeravani. The song "Bangaru Kodi Petta" was later remixed by M. M. Keeravani in the 2009 Telugu blockbuster "Magadheera". Keeravani later reused "Hey Pilla" as "Hey Babu" for Hindi film "Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin".


title: Gharana Mogudu

text: The movie was received very well at the collecting a share of over 10.8 crore and becoming the first South Indian movie to collect a share of 10 crore.