title: Haren Pandya

text: According to Sanjiv Bhatt, Pandya's murder was carried out by Tulsiram Prajapati as per what Bhatt was informed by Asgar Ali, a criminal from Hyderabad. Asgar had informed Bhatt that he was contacted by Sohrabuddin Sheikh to carry out the murder, and had even visited Ahmedabad for this purpose, but at the last moment he had changed his mind and returned to Hyderabad without killing Pandya. Later Asgar came to know that the crime had been perpetrated by Tulsiram Prajapati, according to Bhatt.


title: Haren Pandya

text: D.G. Vanzara, the Gujarat police officer who had originally investigated the Pandya murder, and who has faced arrest and incarceration on charges of coordinating the Sohrabuddin and Tulsiram encounters, testified before the CBI in September 2013 about Sohrabuddin's role in Pandya's murder, and indicated a political conspiracy behind the killing.


title: Haren Pandya

text: In police terminology, the Pandya case has been called a "cut-out murder" in which it is not possible to establish the link between the victim and the conspirator or motivator of the crime. A police official offered this explanation:


title: Love (2020 film)

text: Love is a 2020 Indian Malayalam-language black comedy psychological thriller film written and directed by Khalid Rahman and produced by Ashiq Usman under the banner of Ashiq Usman Productions. The film stars Rajisha Vijayan, Shine Tom Chacko in lead roles.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: Love marks the tenth project of Ashiq Usman and third film of Khalid Rahman after Unda and Anuraga Karikkin Vellam. The film is co-written and edited by Noufal Abdullah. The music is composed by Yakzan Gary Pereira and Neha Nair, while Jimshi Khalid was hired as the cinematographer. The film received mostly positive reviews from audiences and critics, who praised the dark theme, dialogues, acting, music and screenplay.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: The movie begins when Deepthi is doing scanning and the doctor confirms that she is 8 weeks pregnant. Her husband Anoop gets a text message "I am pregnant" but he continues to play a violent video game. Deepthi reaches home and soon they both start arguing. The fight turns violent and Anoop pushes her against their picture on the wall and Deepthi immediately collapses. Confused, Anoop decides to suicide and tries to cut his nerves using a shaving blade and then he hears a ring on the door. He takes the body of Deepthi to the bathroom.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: At the door, it was a friend of Anoop played by Gokulan and he starts talking about his life's problems and starts drinking of what was left in the bottle Anoop was having. Anoop tries to console his friend saying that he has to talk out the indifferences with his wife. Apparently he doubts his wife is having an affair with his partner and the partner is trying to steal all his money by cheating him in their combined business. His wife is blaming him for not having kids, but when Anoop says he had already impregnated his earlier girlfriend and his friend replies that he cannot tell that to his wife and prove himself. He wants to suicide because he is fed up with life but after speaking to Anoop he changes his mind and decides to kill his partner instead.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: Meanwhile, another friend played by Sudhi Koppa comes home with his girl friend and tells Anoop that they both need to spend half an hour in their bedroom. While the friend and his girl friend are talking in the room, the girl friend receives a message from a guy and he gets annoyed. He asks her to immediately delete all messages and stop talking to him. Meanwhile he gets a call from his wife and starts questioning him where he is. He denies that he is with his girl friend and that he does not have any contact with her. That starts a fight between them and the girl friend leaves saying that she does not want to be a casual partner for him.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: Deepthi's father comes home to meet Anoop. He tries to talk about his daughter's problems but Anoop is not interested. Anoop also says he has no financial issues. When the dad asks him if he physically abuses his wife, Anoop says that he has the rights to do whatever to his wife. Dad slaps Anoop and says he is Anoop's dad and he also has that rights and leaves. The two friends sees this from the balcony but they stop themselves in interfering because its a personal matter of Anoop.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: He hears a knock on the door again and when he opens the door, he sees Deepthi. Deepthi enters the house but now the house is clean as if nothing happened. Soon the fight turns fierce. Deepthi accuses Anoop for having an affair and also being irresponsible in this business ventures and losing all the money. From the conversation we understands that the two friends who are at his home are not two outside persons, but multiple personalities of Anoop itself. One of them wants to kill Deepthi while the other says No. Finally Anoop hits Deepthi on her head with iron box and Deepthi collapses.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: In the final scene of the movie, we see a car which gets stopped by police for checking. We see Deepthi on the driving seat who confesses that she killed her husband and the body is in the trunk. It is left to the viewer to guess how Anoop was killed.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: After the success of Unda, Khalid Rahman announced that the next film will have Rajisha Vijayan and Shine Tom Chacko in lead roles. Both were collaborated with him in his previous films. He also informed that additional cast includes Veena Nandakumar, Sudhi Koppa, Johny Antony, and Gokulan M.S. Principal cinematography started on June 22, 2020 in Kochi, adhering to COVID-19 protocol guidelines. On July 15th, the crew informed that the film shoot has completed and it only took 23 days.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: "Love" was released in United Arab Emirates on 15 October 2020. "Love" is the first Malayalam film to release in UAE cinemas after a long spell owing to restrictions to contain the coronavirus outbreak. The film released in Kerala on 29 January 2021.


title: Love (2020 film)

text: Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "Love is tricky, and therefore, Love is tricky, too. It flips around genres like mad: it’s a narcissistic murder mystery like Alfred Hitchcock’s Rope mixed with a psychological black comedy like David Fincher’s Fight Club mixed with a domestic-abuse drama like Anubhav Sinha’s Thappad".


title: Love (2020 film)

text: A Tamil adaptation with the same title is set to release in 2023 with Bharath and Vani Bhojan in the lead roles. The Tamil remake is directed by RP Bala.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Satyan Gangaram Pitroda also known as Sam Pitroda () is an Indian inventor, telecommunication engineer and entrepreneur. He was born in Titlagarh in the eastern Indian state of Odisha to a Gujarati family. He is popularly known as the Father of India's Computer and IT Revolution as he helped in bringing computerization. He was also an advisor to the PM during Dr. Manmohan Singh's tenure.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Pitroda was born in Titlagarh, Odisha, India to Gujarati parents. He had seven siblings and is third oldest among them. The family was deeply influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his philosophy. Consequently, Pitroda and his brother were sent to Gujarat to imbibe Gandhian philosophy. He completed his schooling from Vallabh Vidyanagar in Gujarat and completed his master's degree in physics and electronics from Maharaja Sayajirao University in Vadodara. After completing his master's degree in physics, he went to the United States in 1964 and obtained a master's degree in electrical engineering from the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: He is regarded as one of the earliest pioneers of hand-held computing because of his invention of the Electronic Diary in 1975.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 1974, Pitroda joined Wescom Switching which was one of the first digital switching companies. He developed the 580 DSS switch, over nearly four years. It was released in 1978. Wescom was acquired by Rockwell International in 1980, where Pitroda became vice president. During his four decades as an engineer, Pitroda filed scores of patents in telecommunications. The latest set of patents relate to mobile phone-based transaction technology, both financial and non-financial.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: He spent nearly a decade with Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi as the leader of an effort to build an Indian information industry. The task was to extend digital telecommunications to every corner of the country, including remote villages, like the one of his birth. Pitroda launched the Center for the Development of Telematics (C-DOT) and served as Advisor to the Prime Minister on Technology Missions related to water, literacy, immunization, oil seeds, telecom, and dairy. He is also the founding chairman of India's Telecom Commission.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Pitroda returned to India a second time in 2004 to focus on building knowledge institutions and infrastructure. Pitroda served as chairman of the National Knowledge Commission (2005–2009), a high-level advisory body to the Prime Minister of India, to give policy recommendations for improving knowledge-related institutions and infrastructure in the country. During its term, the National Knowledge Commission submitted around 300 recommendations on 27 focus areas.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Pitroda also founded the National Innovation Council (2010), and served as the Advisor to the Prime Minister with rank of a cabinet minister on Public Information Infrastructure and Innovation, to help democratize information.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Pitroda founded and served as Chairman of C-SAM. The company maintains its headquarters in Chicago with offices in Singapore, Tokyo, Pune, Mumbai and Vadodara. Pitroda holds around 100 technology patents, has been involved in several start-ups and lectures extensively.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Pitroda has also started several businesses as a serial entrepreneur (Wescom Switching, Ionics, MTI, Market, WorldTel, C-SAM, etc.) in the US and Europe.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: He has also served as an advisor to the United Nations and in 1992, his biography "Sam Pitroda: A Biography" was published and became a bestseller on "The Economic Times" list for five weeks.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: On a 1981 trip back to India, he was frustrated by how hard it was to call his family back in Chicago, and decided he could help modernize India's telecommunications system.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 1984, Pitroda was invited to return to India by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. On his return, he started the Center for Development of Telematics C-DOT, an autonomous telecom R&D organization. He had previously become a naturalized US citizen, but renounced his US citizenship to take Indian citizenship again in order to work in the Indian Government.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 1987 during his tenure as advisor to Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, Pitroda headed six technology missions related to telecommunications, water, literacy, immunization, dairy, and oilseeds.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In the 1990s Pitroda returned to Chicago to resume his business interests. In May 1995, he became the first chairman of WorldTel initiative of the International Telecommunication Union.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: When the United Progressive Alliance government came to power following the 2004 General Elections, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh invited him to head the National Knowledge Commission of India.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In July 2009, the Government of India invited Pitroda to head an expert committee on ICT in Railways. In October 2009, Pitroda was appointed as advisor to PM of India Manmohan Singh on Public Information Infrastructure and Innovations with the rank of Cabinet Minister.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In August 2010, Pitroda was appointed Chairman of the National Innovation Council. He was appointed as the chancellor of the Central University of Rajasthan by the President of India in 2013.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 2017, he was appointed as Chairman of Alpha-En Corporation, a Lithium Metal Clean Technology company.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: The first is the Foundation for Revitalization of Local Health Traditions founded in 1990 with Darshan Shankar. It has now turned into The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology near Bangalore in India. The foundation promotes Ayurveda, India's traditional medicinal knowledge. Today, FRLHT has over 200 scientists and professionals on a 19-acre campus and has documented over 7,000 herbal medicinal plants. It also has over 100 herbal medicine gardens, approximately 500 acres each. Sam Pitroda is chairman, the board of trustees at the institute.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 2009, Sam Pitroda founded The Global Knowledge Initiative (GKI) along with Nina Fedoroff and Sara Farley in Washington, DC as a non-profit organization with a mission to forge, optimize, and sustain knowledge partnerships between the people and institutions of higher education and research around the world. They build and support purpose-driven networks to solve shared challenges in science, technology, and innovation.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 2010, Pitroda established the India Food Banking Network (IFBN) to create a network of Food Banks in India to systematically capture and distribute food to empower and support the food security mission in India. Today, IFBN has food banks in Delhi, Gurgaon, and Noida with plans to expand into Mumbai, Bangalore, Calcutta, and others. Sam Pitroda is chairman of the advisory board of the India FoodBanking Network.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: People for Global Transformation were launched in 2012 along with Mr. Hubert Vedrine, France's former Chief of Staff for President Mitterrand. PGT is a global think tank that brings together an interdisciplinary group of 15 leading voices from across the globe to help shape the 21st century's discourse on development and governance and provide innovative policy recommendations. The group particularly endeavors to generate greater transversal thinking on the transformational potential of technology and its consequences for all.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: Also in 2012, Pitroda founded Action For India to help social innovators in India overcome barriers to scale and achieve greater impact at the Bottom of the Economic Pyramid.


title: Sam Pitroda

text: In 1993, Pitroda helped to establish (with Darshan Shankar) the Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Tradition and The University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology near Bangalore in India. The foundation promotes Ayurveda, India's traditional medicinal knowledge.


title: Brearley School

text: The Brearley School is an all-girls private school in New York City, located on the Upper East Side neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan. The school is divided into lower (kindergarten – grade 4), middle (grades 5–8) and upper (grades 9–12) schools, with approximately 50 to 60 students per grade.


title: Brearley School

text: In addition to being a member of the New York Interschool Association, Brearley is considered a sister school of the all-boys Collegiate School, the all-girls Spence School and the nearby all-girls Chapin School, with which it shares an after-school program and some classes.


title: Brearley School

text: Samuel A. Brearley founded The Brearley School in 1884, and remained the head of school until 1886, when he died of typhoid fever. James G. Croswell was the next head until his death in 1915. Since 1926, Brearley has been headed by women, first by Millicent Carey McIntosh. In December 2011, Jane Foley Fried replaced former headmistress Stephanie J. Hull who had resigned for undisclosed reasons. Jane Foley Fried became Brearley's 15th head of school.


title: Brearley School

text: In the early 1900s, Brearley moved from East 45th Street to West 44th Street and then in 1912 to Park Avenue and East 61st Street, where the primary program was added. The school then moved to a new building in 1929 on East 83rd Street. Brearley opened a new building at 590 East 83rd Street in Fall 2019, one block away from its existing building at 610 East 83rd street. Brearley plans to renovate 610 during the summers. For the most part, the lower school will reside in 590 and the middle and upper schools will be in 610, although older students may go from building to building for different classes.


title: Brearley School

text: Students have access to two computer laboratories — one serving the Lower School, the other the Middle and Upper Schools. In addition, there are three smaller computer workrooms, one for middle schoolers and two for upper schoolers, as well as the science-projects room and laptops for use in the library and classrooms. Students in grades 7 and 8 are given iPads for the school year to aid with work in classes and assignments at home. In high school, students are expected to bring their own device, such as a laptop or iPad.


title: Brearley School

text: In 2008, Brearley was ranked number two in the country by "The Wall Street Journal" based on its ranking of students matriculating to eight selected colleges and universities. It was ranked second-best prep school in the United States and best all-girls school by "Forbes" in 2013. A 2019–20 survey concluded that Brearley was the second-best girls school in the country and the fifth-best private K-12 school in the country.


title: Brearley School

text: As of 2019, Brearley enrolled 724 students in K-12. Students of color represented approximately half of the student body. The 2018–19 tuition was $49,680. Approximately 20% of the students received the $6.1 million that was available for financial assistance.


title: Brearley School

text: A separate building, the "Field House" on East 87th Street, has facilities for physical education and athletics including track, soccer, basketball, tennis, badminton, volleyball, lacrosse and field hockey.


title: ABP Group

text: ABP Pvt. Ltd. is an Indian media conglomerate headquartered in Kolkata, West Bengal. It was established in 1922.


title: UFC 214

text: UFC 214: Cormier vs. Jones 2 was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship and held on July 29, 2017 at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California.


title: UFC 214

text: A PPV event was initially planned for Anaheim on January 21, 2017, but was rescheduled for this date after a lack of suitable headlining fights could be arranged for the initial date in January.


title: UFC 214

text: A UFC Light Heavyweight Championship bout between current champion Daniel Cormier and former champion Jon Jones had been targeted for this event. The pairing met previously at UFC 182 in January 2015 with Jones defending his title via unanimous decision. Subsequent to that victory, Jones was stripped of the title and suspended indefinitely from the UFC in connection with a hit-and-run incident in which he was involved. Cormier replaced him and went on to defeat Anthony Johnson at UFC 187 to win the vacant title. Their rematch was originally expected to take place at UFC 197, but Cormier pulled out three weeks before the event due to injury and was replaced by Ovince Saint Preux, in what became an interim title bout. Jones went on to defeat Saint Preux by unanimous decision and won the interim title. The fight was scheduled again and was expected to headline UFC 200 in July 2016. However, Jones was pulled out of the fight by USADA due to a potential Anti-Doping Policy violation stemming from an out-of-competition sample collection on June 16. Jones' "B" sample also came positive for the same substances and Jones was suspended for one year, retroactively to July 6, 2016. The Cormier-Jones rematch was officially announced on May 12, though its status as main event or co-headliner was not initially confirmed. UFC president Dana White confirmed that the bout would headline this event, despite previous issues regarding Jones. He also announced that Jimi Manuwa would participate on this card and should anything happen to the main event, Manuwa would be the replacement. On May 31, Volkan Oezdemir was announced as his opponent.


title: UFC 214

text: Former Strikeforce Women's Featherweight Champion and Invicta FC Featherweight Champion Cristiane Justino (commonly referred to as Cris Cyborg) expressed her desire to face the inaugural UFC Women's Featherweight Champion Germaine de Randamie at this event. However, de Randamie indicated that she would not face Cyborg due to her repeated transgressions with PEDs (despite Cyborg only failing a test in 2011). The UFC decided to strip her of the title on June 19 due to her refusal to defend it and then booked Cyborg against promotional newcomer and current Invicta FC Featherweight Champion Megan Anderson for the vacant title. In turn, Anderson pulled out on June 27 due to personal reasons and was replaced by current Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion Tonya Evinger.


title: UFC 214

text: On June 28, a UFC Welterweight Championship bout between current champion Tyron Woodley and former UFC Middleweight Championship challenger and multiple-time jiu-jitsu world champion Demian Maia was announced as the third title fight of this event.


title: UFC 214

text: A featherweight bout between former UFC Featherweight Championship challengers Ricardo Lamas and Chan Sung Jung was originally in the works for . However, on May 12, the bout was confirmed for this event. The pairing was originally slated to take place in July 2013 at UFC 162, but Jung was pulled from the bout in favor of a title fight against then-champion José Aldo at UFC 163. Subsequently, Jung pulled out of the fight in early June due to a severe knee injury. He was replaced by Jason Knight.


title: UFC 214

text: Doo Ho Choi was expected to face Andre Fili at the event, but pulled out on June 14 due to injury. On July 15, promotional newcomer Calvin Kattar was announced as his replacement.


title: UFC 214

text: Claudio Puelles was expected to face Sage Northcutt, but pulled out on June 19 due to a knee injury. He was replaced by John Makdessi. In turn, the fight was canceled on July 14 due to both fighters being injured.


title: UFC 214

text: A welterweight bout between former UFC Welterweight Champion Robbie Lawler and former UFC Lightweight Championship challenger Donald Cerrone was originally booked for UFC 205. However, Lawler pulled out to take a little more time after recovering from his previous fight at UFC 201. The fight was then rescheduled to take place on July 8, 2017 at UFC 213. Reports began to circulate on June 28 that Cerrone had sustained a minor injury and that the pairing would be left intact, but shifted to this event. UFC President Dana White confirmed later that Cerrone in fact had a staph infection and a pulled groin, and while the plan was to keep the bout, it wouldn't happen at this event. In the end, the bout was confirmed on July 2 for this event.


title: UFC 214

text: On June 28, the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) denied former UFC Bantamweight Champion Renan Barão a bout at that weight class against Aljamain Sterling, due to his previous weight issues at UFC 177, in Sacramento, California. The bout still happened, but at a catchweight of 140 pounds. CSAC Executive Director Andy Foster said that if Barão makes weight with no issues, the CSAC will revisit the possibility of allowing him at 135 lb in the future.


title: UFC 214

text: Sara McMann and Ketlen Vieira were expected to face each other at the event, but on July 7 it was announced that the bout was moved to UFC 215 in September.


title: UFC 214

text: A heavyweight fight between Dmitrii Smolyakov and promotional newcomer Adam Wieczorek was scheduled for the preliminary portion of the event. However, the bout was removed from the card for undisclosed reasons on July 17 and is expected to be rescheduled for a future event in October.


title: UFC 214

text: The following is the reported payout to the fighters as reported to the California State Athletic Commission. It does not include sponsor money and also does not include the UFC's traditional "fight night" bonuses. The total disclosed payout for the event was $3,636,000.


title: UFC 214

text: On August 22, it was announced that Jones was flagged for a potential doping violation by USADA stemming from his urine test sample that was collected after weigh-ins July 28. He tested positive for Turinabol, an anabolic steroid. Jones was placed on a provisional suspension as a result of the positive drug test and he is expected to be afforded a full adjudication process. The "B" sample his failed drug test also confirmed the presence of a banned substance, as announced on September 12. According to the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC), Jones passed multiple out-of-competition tests leading up to the event, as well as a blood test on July 29. That blood test does not significantly aid Jones' case, however, as blood tests do not test for Turinabol. On the following day, the CSAC officially changed the result to a no contest.


title: UFC 214

text: Also on September 13, the UFC announced that Jones was stripped of the title and Cormier was being reinstated as champion. On February 28, 2018, the CSAC revoked Jones' fight license and fined him a total of $205,000, including 40% of his disclosed salary. He can re-apply for a license after his case with USADA is concluded.


title: UFC 214

text: On September 20, USADA announced that Jones received a 15-month suspension, after an evidentiary hearing with an independent arbitrator on September 15. The independent arbitrator, well-known anti-doping investigator Richard McLaren, found Jones had "some degree of fault" for the steroid metabolite that showed up in his system, but "the violation was not intended nor could it have enhanced" his performance. The suspension is retroactive to the date his positive sample was collected, making him eligible on October 28.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: Wymark was born Patrick Carl Cheeseman in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire. He was brought up in neighbouring Grimsby and frequently revisited the area at the height of his career. He was educated at St Mary's Catholic School and Wintringham Boys' Grammar School in Grimsby, before joining the Royal Navy and serving as a midshipman in the Mediterranean. On leaving the navy, he received a government grant to study at University College London, where he read English and performed in the university's dramatic society.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: Wymark dropped out of university to train at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and making his first stage appearance in a walk-on part in "Othello" in 1951. He toured South Africa the following year and then directed plays for the drama department at Stanford University, California.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: After moving to the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, Wymark played a wide range of Shakespearean roles, including Dogberry in "Much Ado About Nothing", Stephano in "The Tempest", Marullus in "Julius Caesar" and Bottom in "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Other stage credits included the title role in "Danton's Death" and, with the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), Ephihodov in "The Cherry Orchard". His theatre roles also included Bosola in a RSC production of John Webster's "The Duchess of Malfi" in 1960.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: In television, Wymark was best known for his role as the machiavellian businessman John Wilder in the twin drama series "The Plane Makers" and "The Power Game" (which were broadcast from 1963 to 1969), which led to offers of real company directorships and the British Academy Television Award for Best Actor in 1965. However, Wymark was a gentle person in real life and was, by his own admission, ignorant of business matters. He considered the character of Wilder a "bastard" and was described by his wife Olwen as "the most inefficient, dreamy muddler in the world." In the mid-1960s, Wymark was considered as the replacement for William Hartnell in the title role of "Doctor Who".


title: Patrick Wymark

text: Wymark's film appearances included: "Children of the Damned" (1964), "Operation Crossbow" (1965), "Repulsion" (1965), "Where Eagles Dare" (1968), "Witchfinder General" (1968), "Battle of Britain" (1969), "Doppelgänger" (1969), "The Blood on Satan's Claw" (1970) and "Cromwell" (1970)


title: Patrick Wymark

text: Wymark married American playwright Olwen Buck (known as Olwen Wymark) in 1953; the couple met while both were students at University College, London. He took his acting name from his wife's paternal grandfather, the writer William Wymark Jacobs. The couple lived near Parliament Hill in Hampstead, London, and had four children, including the future actress Jane Wymark.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: Wymark died suddenly in Melbourne, Australia on 20 October 1970, aged 44, of a heart attack in his hotel room. He had been due to star in the play "Sleuth" at the Comedy Theatre three days later. On the night of his death, he was to appear on the TV variety programme "In Melbourne Tonight". He, guest Richard Deacon and host Stuart Wagstaff had just appeared together in a TV production of Hans Christian Andersen stories, and his non-appearance led to several jokes by Wagstaff and Deacon. Host Wagstaff was informed of Wymark's death mid-way through the programme and announced it at the end.


title: Patrick Wymark

text: He was buried at Highgate Cemetery in London. Wymark View—located in his home town, Grimsby—is named after him.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Bermuda is a British Overseas Territory comprising a number of islands, with an area of , located in the North Atlantic Ocean, which in 2016 had a population of 65,331.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Bermuda now has the fourth highest per capita incomes in the world, primarily fueled by offshore financial services for non-resident firms, especially offshore insurance and reinsurance, and tourism. In 2014, 584,702 tourists visited the territory. Tourism accounts for an estimated 28% of gross domestic product (GDP), 85% of which is from North America. The industrial sector is small, and agriculture is now severely limited by a lack of suitable land. About 80% of food is imported. International business contributes over 60% of Bermuda's economic output. A failed independence vote in late 1995 can be partially attributed to Bermudian fears of scaring away foreign firms. Government economic priorities are for further strengthening of the tourist and international financial sectors.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The major Bermuda industry since the 1800s was the export by sea of early vegetables and flowers to New York: Bermuda had three crops per year. The Bermuda Botanic Gardens (now with 38 acres) had been established in 1898.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 1922, complete, concise and clear acts dealing with agriculture were placed on the Bermuda statute book; inspection of produce was initiated; and seed testing began. Local seedsmen were registered in 1923. Mr McCallan, the Agricultural Director, reorganised the Agricultural Exhibition for 1923. Seed potatoes were gradually improved after much investigation with US experts. A local farmers' market started in 1923.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: For a year in 1921–23, Professor H H Whetzel of Cornell University advised remedies for the cash crop diseases of potato blight, onion thrips, celery leaf spot, lily "Botritis", melon mildew etc. He suggested that the colony should appoint a full-time plant pathologist. During this time, exports of agricultural products to the United States contributed the most to Bermuda's economy.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Lawrence Ogilvie from Scotland was the Government's plant pathologist from September 1923 to April 1928. He introduced regulations in 1924 governing the control of local diseases and pests, and the import of plants – so vital for an island. Import embargoes applied for banana plants, lily bulbs, sweet potatoes, citrus fruits from the West Indies, and certain Irish potatoes. In 1924 a concrete fumigation chamber was built to fumigate infected imports. Good crops of celery were achieved in the 1920s. Citrus cultivation was affected by the Mediterranean fruit fly and only really developed in 1944.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The early Easter-lily bulb exports to New York and the Isle of Man — high-value and vital financially to Bermuda — became badly diseased from the late 19th century to the mid-1920s. In 1924 Lawrence Ogilvie (age 25) saved the industry by identifying the problem as a virus (not aphid damage as previously thought) and instituting controls in the fields and packing houses. There was a marked improvement in exporting 23 cases of lily bulbs in 1918 to 6043 cases in 1927 from the then 204 lily fields. Still in his 20s, Ogilvie was professionally honoured by an article in "Nature". The lily export trade continued to flourish until the 1940s when the Japanese captured much of the market.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Bermuda has had steady economic prosperity since the end of World War II, although the island has experienced recessions, including during the early 1990s, when the contraction of the economy led to a population reduction of 2,000 people (with work permits of many long-term residents not being renewed), and a mild recession in 2001–02, both paralleling recessions in the United States. Its economy is based primarily upon international business (especially re-insurance, for which it is now a world centre) and tourism, with those two sectors accounting for more than 70% of the total balance of payments current account foreign exchange receipts. However, the role of international business in the economy is expanding, whereas that of tourism is contracting.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) is an independent regulator of Bermuda's financial services sector, including the Bermuda Stock Exchange. The BMA is not a central bank, and does not provide lender of last resort facilities. The BMA has licensed two local banks: Butterfield Bank and the HSBC Bank Bermuda. In 2009, Butterfield had 51% of local deposits and HSBC had 41%. Bermuda's currency is the Bermudian dollar, which is pegged to the US dollar on a one-to-one basis. Both currencies circulate in Bermuda on an equal basis, but the Bermudian dollar is not normally traded outside the territory. In May 2020 the Bermuda Government's debt stood at $2.68 billion and the debt limit was increased to $2.9 billion in response to COVID-19 related expenditures. The BMA implemented Basel II in Bermuda from 1 January 2009 and Basel III from 1 January 2015, combined becoming the final rules for the enhancement of capital adequacy and liquidity in Bermuda's banking sector.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 2000, 19% of the population lived below the poverty line. The inflation rate (consumer prices) in 2005 was 2.8%. In 2004, 19% of the total labour force of 38,360 was in clerical occupations, 22% services, 3% labourers, 17% professional and technical, 15% administrative and managerial, 19% sales, and 3% agriculture and fishing; there was an unemployment rate of 2.1%.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 2006, Bermuda's exports (mostly reexports of pharmaceuticals) were valued at $783m; export partners included Spain (13.8%), Germany (11.7%), Switzerland (8.8%), Denmark (6.6%), and the UK (6%).


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 2007, imports (of clothing, fuels, machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food, and live animals) were valued at $1.162bn; import partners included South Korea (36.4%), the US (15.7%), Germany (13.2%) and Italy (11.8%).


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 2018, Bermuda had a GDP of $7.263bn, and the GDP per capita was $111,540, with a real growth rate of 1.7%. In 2018 (est.), agriculture contributed 0.3% to GDP, industry 5%, and services 94.2%. In 2018/19 actual government revenues were $1,090 million with a deficit of $77.8 million after $58.6 million capital expenditure The major sources of Government revenue were: $467 million payroll tax and $226 million customs duties. Between 2008 and 2014 debt rose by 20% or more every year. By 2020 net borrowings were $2.586 billion. In September 2020 it was reported that "Bermuda faces a fiscal cliff if its debt-to-revenue ratio, currently at 340 per cent, continues to rise." Annual debt interest is $127.1 million. $354 million of debt matures in January 2023. A further $402 million of debt matures in February 2024.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Bermuda is considered an offshore financial centre. According to the Foot report, Bermuda is the second largest captive insurance domicile, and is the third largest reinsurance centre in the world. It is the domicile of 6% of offshore funds (at 2010) and has a presence in aircraft registration and maintains an open ship registry.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: An October 2000 KPMG report titled "Review of Financial Regulation in the Caribbean Overseas Territories and Bermuda" stated that the island's legislative framework was not compliant with international standards, which led critics to conclude that Bermuda is committed to the facilitation of money laundering and other financial crimes. The Bermuda Government has since signed tax transparency and compliance agreements with the United States and Seychelles.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In response to the KPMG October 2000 report, Bermuda enacted the "Trust (Regulation of Trust Business) Act 2001" to transfer the finance minister's responsibilities to the BMA, with respect to granting and revoking trust company licences. It also requires all individuals or companies operating trust companies to have a licence unless they are exempt. Previously, only trust companies needed a licence. Additionally, the legislation gives the BMA more comprehensive intervention powers. It will be able to request more detailed documentation and, in the event of a problem, restrict a trust operator's licence. Information should be kept confidential, except in the event of a criminal investigation.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Comprehensive new legislation will be introduced in the upcoming parliamentary session to further streamline the incorporation process, facilitate registration of foreign names and address conflicts in law for registered securities, again consistent with the KPMG report. Amendments are being proposed to the BMA (Collective Investment Scheme Classification) Regulations 1998, part of a strategic plan for the development of financial services in Bermuda.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Most foreign companies in Bermuda are incorporated under the "Companies Act of 1981". Bermuda-registered companies need only one director and one shareholder, who can be the same person, and neither needs to be resident in Bermuda. Most companies do not need to file financial accounts or annual returns. Business records can be maintained outside the territory. A company need only file an annual declaration, which lists the authorized share capital, which is the basis for determining the annual fee. (See Taxation in Bermuda#Licence fees.) Foreign companies require a local secretary and agent, which charges a fee. Foreign companies that wish to establish a place of business in Bermuda require a permit, but a permit is not required for offshore activities. There are no taxes on profits, income, dividends, capital gains, estate, or death duties.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: There are more than 12,500 foreign companies registered in Bermuda, many US-owned, which are an important source of foreign exchange for the island. Offshore companies spent US$967m in Bermuda in 2000. Total income, including secondary effects, was US$1.3bn. Many large international companies are based in Bermuda, including Bacardi Ltd., Bunge Limited, Jardine Matheson Holdings Ltd., Global Crossing Ltd. and Royall Lyme Bermuda Ltd. Some companies, however, are considering or planning a move to Ireland in search of "a more stable environment", including Willis Group.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The growing importance of international business is reflected in its increased share of GDP, which grew from 12.6% in 1996 to 13.8% in 2000. In 2000, foreign companies directly employed 3,224 Bermudians and non-Bermudians. Foreign companies directly and indirectly supported 9,450 jobs in Bermuda and strongly influenced a further 4,670.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The Bermuda Department of Maritime Administration maintains an open ship registry, enabling foreign-owned ships to be registered in Bermuda, fly its flag, and be subject to its maritime and taxation laws. It is considered a flag of convenience state. In 2012, 139 vessels were registered in Bermuda of which 105 were foreign-owned (76%). 160 ships were registered in 2017, including 18 oil tankers, 10 bulk carriers, 8 container ships, and one general cargo ship. Thirteen of the 17 ships of the Princess Cruises line are registered in Bermuda, as are seven of the eight ships of the P&O Cruises line. In 2011, the Cunard Line registered all its ships in Bermuda to enable its ship captains to marry couples at sea, weddings at sea being described as a lucrative market. The move brought in additional hundreds of thousands in annual fees to a registry that already takes in about $3 million a year.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Tourism is Bermuda's third most important industry. That it is an industry in trouble is evident from the statistical comparison. In 1996, Bermuda had 571,700 visitors. By 2000, that figure has dropped to 538,059 visitors, and further decreased to 454,444 visitors in 2001. Bed nights sold declined from over 2.4 million in 1995 to 1.9 million in 2001. Visitors contributed an estimated $475 million to the economy in 1996, but that figure declined to $431 million in 2000. Direct employment in the tourism industry (5,700 jobs in 2000) and related industry is dropping in tandem with declining visitor numbers.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, a number of new re-insurance companies located to the island, contributing to an already robust international business sector. On the other hand, Bermuda's already weakening tourism industry was hit hard, as American tourists chose not to travel.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Total arrivals in 2014 were 584,702 out of which air arrivals were 224,329 (down by 5.1%), cruise arrivals were 356,093 (up by 4.7%), and yacht arrivals were 4,280 (up by 24.6%).


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: In 2018, Bermuda experienced its most visitor arrivals ever with a record number of 770,683 visitor arrivals. With 203,697 leisure air arrivals in 2018, Bermuda experienced its best performance since 2002, a year which recorded 218,248 leisure travellers by air. Total leisure spending between air and cruise was $411 million in 2018, up from $320 million in 2017. Cruise arrivals were also up by 34% in 2018 for non-summer months (September through May).


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: The population of Bermuda on census night, 20 May 2010, was 71,328 persons (an increase of 7% over 2000), comprising 59,014 civilians, 822 persons in institutions and 11,492 visitors and transients (an increase of 38%), including those on board cruise ships and yachts. There were 64,319 persons usually resident in Bermuda (i.e., including those temporarily out of the territory), an increase of 4% or 2,178 persons. About 79% of Bermuda's 2010 resident population has Bermudian status and 21% does not. Bermudian status arises by birth, grant or marriage. There were three cruise ships in Bermuda on census night compared to one at the 2000 census. According to the 1991 census, about 73% of Bermuda's 1991 resident population was born in Bermuda and 27% was foreign-born. UK immigrants constituted 30.6% of the immigrant population; U.S., 19.9%; Canada, 10.5%; and Portugal and the Azores, 13.5%. In 2016 Bermuda had a resident population of 65,331.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Total filled jobs in 2000 were 38,017, but preliminary estimates for 2001 revealed a 1.1% decline in employment. Nevertheless, unemployment remained in the 4% range, and many Bermudians held more than one job. In 2000, about 25% of workers were union members. There are three primary unions in Bermuda: the blue-collar Bermuda Industrial Union, Bermuda's largest labour organisation; the professional Bermuda Public Services Association, with a steadily increasing membership; and the Bermuda Union of Teachers, which is affiliated with the Caribbean Union of Teachers.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Organised labour enjoys a high profile in Bermuda. Union action, however, was moderate in recent years. The average days lost per worker involved dropped from a high of 65 in 1991 to a low of 0.8 in 1999. Although still active, unions have tempered their demands, partly as a result of new labour legislation and partly in recognition that Bermuda's economy, in line with that of the United States, entered a recessionary phase in 2001. The island's tourism industry, in which many Bermudians have historically been employed, continues to experience tough times, made even worse by 11 September. Past industrial action in the tourism sector hurt that industry, which was already suffering a chronic downturn without the additional blow of tourist displeasure and displacement due to work stoppages.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Bermuda has little in the way of exports or manufacturing, and almost all manufactured goods and foodstuffs must be imported. The value of imports continues to rise, up from US$551m in 1994 to US$712m in 1999. The U.S. is Bermuda's primary trading partner; from a value of US$400m in 1994, U.S. imports expanded to US$533m in 2000. The United Kingdom, Canada, Seychelles and the Caribbean countries (mainly the Netherlands Antilles) also are important trading partners. Exports from Bermuda, including imports into the small free port, which are subsequently re-exported, increased from US$35m in 1993 to almost US$51m in 1999.


title: Economy of Bermuda

text: Duty on imports is a major source of revenue for the Government of Bermuda. In fiscal year 1998–99, the government obtained slightly more than $166 million, or about 30% of its revenue base from imports. Heavy importation duties are reflected in retail prices. Although Bermuda imposes no income, sales, or profit taxes, it does levy a real estate tax and a payroll tax.


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Jacob "Jack" Kruschen (March 20, 1922 – April 2, 2002) was a Canadian character actor who worked primarily in American film, television and radio. Kruschen was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Dr. Dreyfuss in the 1960 comedy-drama "The Apartment".


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as Jacob Kruschen, to Moses (aka Maurice and Morris) Kruschen and Sophie (née Bogushevsky) Kruschen, both of Russian Jewish descent, Kruschen and his family migrated to New York City in the early 1920s, and then to California. His sister, Miriam, was born in New York City in 1927. His acting in an operetta produced at Hollywood High School brought him to the attention of CBS.


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen began working at a radio station in Los Angeles when he was 16 and still in high school. During the 1940s, he became a staple of American West Coast radio drama. During World War II, he served in the Army, assigned to the Armed Forces Radio Service (AFRS). Following the war, he resumed working on network programs, including "Broadway Is My Beat" (as Mugovin, a detective), and "Pete Kelly's Blues" (as club owner George Lupo), as well as frequent episodic roles on anthology series, westerns and crime dramas.


title: Jack Kruschen

text: He also performed on "Escape", "Dragnet", "Gunsmoke" (usually as law-abiding locals), "Full House", "Crime Classics", "Frontier Gentleman", "Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar", "Nightbeat" and "Suspense."


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Dr. Dreyfuss in Billy Wilder's "The Apartment".


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen's film debut came in "Red, Hot, and Blue". His other films included George Pal's "The War of the Worlds" (as Salvatore, one of the first three victims, a role he reprised on the "Lux Radio Theater" adaptation), in Cecil B. DeMille's final film, "The Buccaneer", as astronaut Sam Jacobs in the 1959 cult classic "The Angry Red Planet", "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" (as saloon owner Christmas Morgan), "Abbott and Costello Go to Mars", "Lover Come Back", "McLintock!" (with John Wayne and Maureen O'Hara), "Follow That Dream" (with Elvis Presley), "Cape Fear", starring Gregory Peck and Robert Mitchum, and "Money to Burn" with Eve McVeagh.


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen appeared as Maurice Pulvermacher in the original 1962 Broadway production of "I Can Get It for You Wholesale". In 1969, he co-starred in the London staging of the musical drama "Promises, Promises", reprising his film role in this show based on "The Apartment".


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen was performing on television as early as 1939, appearing in dramas on Don Lee's experimental television station in Los Angeles, where he was seen on some two hundred television sets with three-inch screens. Thereafter, Kruschen's television career included guest villain Eivol Ekdol, a villainous magicians' craftsman on "Batman" (episodes 9 and 10). He was seen in twelve episodes of NBC's "Dragnet" (portraying a pedophile in one infamous episode) as well as the ABC/Desilu series, "Zorro". He also appeared in a color episode of "Adventures of Superman". He had a recurring role across three seasons on "Bonanza" (Italian grapegrower Giorgio Rossi). He also played Clyde Bailey in "The Retired Gun" (episode 17) and Sammy in "One Went to Denver" (episode 25).


title: Jack Kruschen

text: In 1969, Kruschen co-starred with Stefanie Powers in an unsold ABC sitcom pilot, "Holly Golighty", adapted from Truman Capote's "Breakfast at Tiffany's". The husky, mustachioed Kruschen seemed to specialize in playing benevolent ethnic paternal figures. His roles included Sam Markowitz on "Busting Loose", fireman Mike Woiski on "Emergency!", Morris Sheinfeld on "E/R", Tully on "Hong Kong", and Jay Burrage on "The Rifleman". He also appeared on "Columbo (The Most Dangerous Match, 1973)", "Barney Miller", Odd Couple (TV series), "The Incredible Hulk", and, in later years, "Murphy Brown", "".


title: Jack Kruschen

text: He appeared in the recurring role of "Grandpa Papadopolis" on "Webster" series (1985–87), and in the early 1990s, as another Greek grandfather and as Pam and Jesse's grandfather, Iorgos "Papouli" Katsopolis on "Full House", appearing in only two episodes before his character is killed off in the episode, "The Last Dance".


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen was married to Marjorie Ullman from January 1947 to 1961, to Violet Rafaella Mooring from 1962 to 1978 (her death), and to Mary Pender from July 23, 1979, until his death.


title: Jack Kruschen

text: Kruschen died on April 2, 2002, in Chandler, Arizona, while vacationing. He had been in ill health for some time. He was 80. Though he died on April 2, his death was not widely reported to the media until mid-late May.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad (), popularly known as Lijjat, is an Indian women's worker cooperative involved in manufacturing of various fast-moving consumer goods. The organisation's main objective is empowering women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in 1959 by seven gujarati women in Mumbai with a seed capital of only Rs.80 (Rs.6,800 adjusting for inflation ) ($80 in today's money), it had an annual turnover of more than Rs.1600 crore (over $224 million) in 2019. It provides employment to 45,000 (in 2021) women across the country.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat started out as a cottage industry in an urban area, but spread to the rural areas. It is considered one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that is identified with female empowerment in India. Due to standardization in the Papad, 4.8 Billion Papads made by 45,000 Lijjat sisters all over India with similar tastes.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat was started by seven Gujarati women from Bombay (now Mumbai). The women lived in Lohana Niwas, a group of five buildings in Girgaum. They wanted to start a venture to create a sustainable livelihood using the only skill they had i.e. cooking. The seven women were Jaswantiben Jamnadas Popat, Parvatiben Ramdas Thodani, Ujamben Narandas Kundalia, Banuben. N. Tanna, Laguben Amritlal Gokani, Jayaben V. Vithalani, and Diwaliben Lukka.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The women borrowed Rs 80 from Chhaganlal Karamsi Parekh, a member of the Servants of India Society and a social worker. They took over a loss-making papad making venture by one Laxmidas bhai, and bought the necessary ingredients and the basic infrastructure required to manufacture papads. On 15 March 1959, they gathered on the terrace of their building and started with the production of 4 packets of papads. They started selling the papads to a known merchant in Bhuleshwar. From the beginning, the women had decided that they would not approach anyone for donations or help, even if the organisation incurred losses.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Chhaganlal Parekh, popularly known as Chaganbapa, became their guide. Initially, the women were making two different qualities of papads, to sell the inferior one at a cheaper rate. Chaganbapa advised them to make a standard papad and asked them never to compromise on quality. He emphasised to them the importance of running it as a business enterprise and maintaining proper accounts.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat expanded as a cooperative system. Initially, even younger girls could join, but later eighteen was fixed as the minimum age of entry. Within three months there were about 25 women making papads. Soon the women bought some equipment for the business, like utensils, cupboards, stoves, etc. In the first year, the organisation's annual sales were Rs. 6196. The broken papads were distributed among neighbours.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: During the first year, the women had to stop production for four months during the rainy season as the rains would prevent the drying of the papads. The next year, they solved the problem by buying a cot and a stove. The papads were kept on the cot and the stove below the cot so that the process of drying could take place in spite of the rains.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The group got considerable publicity through word of mouth and articles in vernacular newspapers. This publicity helped it increase its membership. By the second year of its formation, 100 to 150 women had joined the group, and by the end of the third year it had more than 300 members. By this time, the terrace of seven founders could no longer accommodate the members and the ingredients, so the kneaded flour was distributed among the members who would take it to their homes and make papads. The papads were brought back for weighing and packaging.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: An attempt to start a branch in Malad suburb of Mumbai, in 1961, was unsuccessful. In 1962, the name "Lijjat" (Gujarati for "tasty") was chosen by the group for its products. The name, suggested by Dhirajben Ruparel, was chosen in a contest held for the purpose, with prize money of Rs. 5. The organisation was named Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad. In many Indian languages, "Mahila" means women, "Griha" means home, "Udyog" means industry. By 1962–63, its annual sales of papads touched 182,000.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In July 1966, Lijjat registered itself as a society under the Societies Registration Act 1860. In the same month, on Chaganbapa's recommendation, U N Dhebar, the chairman of KVIC personally inspected the Lijjat. KVIC or Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission is a statutory body set up by the Government of India for development of rural industries. In September 1966, KVIC formally recognised Lijjat as a unit belonging to the "processing of cereals and pulses industry group" under the Khadi and Village Industries Act. It was also recognised as a "village industry". In 1966, KVIC granted it a working capital of Rs. 800,000 (0.8 million) and was allowed certain tax exemptions.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: An attempt to start a branch in Sangli town, in 1966, was unsuccessful. The first branch outside Maharashtra was established at Valod, Gujarat in 1968. After tasting tremendous success with their papads, Lijjat began producing other products like khakhra (1974), masala (1976), vadi, wheat atta, and bakery products (1979). In the 1970s, Lijjat set up flour mills (1975), printing division (1977) and polypropylene packing division (1978). The group also initiated some unsuccessful ventures such as cottage leather (1979), matches (1979), and "agarbatti"s (incense sticks).


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In July 1979, the general secretary of a trade union tried to interfere in Lijjat's affairs, making certain demands on behalf of a few member-sisters. L. C. Joshi, Labour Advocate of Bombay and a well-known industrial relations expert, was called for consultations. In his observations on "Who owns Lijjat?", he clarified that member-sisters were competent to take a decision for their own and it was not open for an outside agency to interfere with the internal working of Lijjat.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In 1985, the Lijjat branch at Jabalpur was taken over by one Shantilal Shah as his own unit, which he ran with the help of a "Sanchalika" (branch head), who was wife of his employee. Lijjat went through tremendous pressures and court stay orders to retrieve the situation.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In 1987, Lijjat purchased new premises at Kamal Apartments in Bandra, a suburb of Mumbai. The registered office shifted to the Bandra with effect from July 1988. In 1988, Lijjat entered the soap market with Sasa detergent and soap. Sasa had annual sales of Rs 500 million, accounting for 17 percent of Lijjat's total turnover in 1998. In March 1996, the 50th branch of Lijjat was inaugurated in Mumbai.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In the 1980s, Lijjat also started taking part in several trade fairs and exhibitions, which improved its sales and made the brand name "Lijjat" well known among the people. The advertising was undertaken through the vernacular newspapers, television and radio. The institution sponsored programs and gave away gifts for the winners of specific shows in the television. The money for advertisements was spent by the Polypropylene Division, which recovered the same by adding it to the price of the bags that it supplied to all the branches and divisions throughout India.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, Lijjat started attracting attention of foreign visitors and officials. The Vice-President of Uganda, Dr. Speciosa Wandira-Kazibwe, visited Lijjat's central office in January 1996, since she wanted to start a similar institution in Uganda. Lijjat started exporting its products with the help of merchant importers in the United Kingdom, the United States, the Middle East, Singapore, the Netherlands Thailand, and other countries. Its annual exports accounted for more than US$2.4 million in 2001. As its popularity grew, Lijjat started facing the problem of fake Lijjat papads being introduced in the market. In June 2001, three persons were arrested in this connection, in Bihar. Lijjat's website explains the identification features of original Lijjat papads.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat received the "Best Village Industries Institution" award from KVIC for the period 1998–99 to 2000–01. In 2002, the "Businesswoman of the Year" award was given to "The Women Behind Lijjat Papad" at The Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence. At the awards ceremony, the President of Lijjat urged the State Governments of Maharashtra and Punjab to reconsider their decision of withdrawing the tax exemption on Lijjat's Sasa Detergent.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In 2002, Lijjat had a turnover of Rs 3 billion and exports worth Rs. 100 million. It employed 42,000 people in 62 divisions all over the country.(2002) The 62nd branch became operational at Jammu and Kashmir in 2002, enrolling over 150 members.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In 2003, Lijjat received the "Best Village Industry Institution". It also received the PHDCCI Brand Equity Award 2005. Lijjat marked its 50th year of existence on 15 March 2009.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat Papad Business is spread in 82 branches in 17 states of India. Lijjat Papad currently exports its products with the help of Merchant Exporters. They export their products to 25+ countries including United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Middle Eastern countries, Thailand, Singapore, Hongkong (China), Netherlands, Japan, Canada, Australia, South Africa and many other Countries.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat believes in the philosophy of "sarvodaya" and collective ownership. It accepts all its working members as the owners and an equal partaker in both profit and loss. The members are co-owners and fondly referred to as "sisters". All the decisions are based on consensus and any member-sister has the right to veto a decision. Men can only be salaried employees (accountants, drivers or security guards), and not the members of the organisation (i.e. they are not the owners).


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The running of the organisation is entrusted to a managing committee of twenty-one members, including the President, the Vice-President, two secretaries, and two treasurers. "Sanchalika"s are in-charge of various branches and divisions. The office bearers of the managing committee and the "sanchalika"s are chosen from among the member-sisters on the basis of consensus every three years


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The central office at Mumbai previously coordinated the activities of various branches. But, as the organisation grew, the authority was decentralised in terms of work and sharing of profits at the branch level. However, the "sanchalika"s still need the managing committee's approval before they undertake any new project or activity.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: All the branches follow the same set of instructions and have similar accounting system. To co-ordinate various branches in a region or state, there are branch co-ordination committees and area meetings of the various branches in a state. The annual general meeting is attended by member-sisters representing branches and divisions from all over India.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Currently, Lijjat has branches in seventeen Indian states – Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Account books are easily accessible to all the member-sisters, ensuring transparency. Lijjat follows its own financial accountability principle. There is no credit method for running operations in the organisation. Every payment is done on a daily basis, except for the outside supply of raw material. Profits and losses are shared equally among the members of a given branch. In the initial days of Lijjat, the profits of the first six months were shared equally among all sisters in the form of gold. This sharing practice is still in effect, but now the decision whether to share the profits in gold or in cash is made at the branch level. The cost of national-level advertising is borne by all branches and divisions, depending on their individual production abilities.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The quality of "papad"s can vary due to quality of water used in various parts of India. To avoid any inconsistencies, the final products are tested in the Lijjat's laboratory in Mumbai. In the monthly meetings, the quality issue and modifications are tested. The central office purchases and distributes all ingredients to maintain the quality of the final product. For example, the urad dal is imported from Myanmar, asafetida is imported from Afghanistan, and black pepper comes from Kerala.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The committee often makes surprise visits to various branches to assure that production conditions are hygienic. When a new branch of Lijjat opens, a neighbouring Lijjat branch helps it by guiding and training new members.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: On successive failures of a branch to abide by the organisation's philosophy of consistent quality and production of papads, the central committee reduces the daily wages of its members by 1 rupee. The member-sisters are also rewarded for extra effort. For instance, in 2002, the member-sisters at the Rajkot branch received Rs 4,000 each as bonus, while the member sisters at Mumbai and Thane branches received a 5-gram gold coin as an incentive. Several issues of Lijjat Patrika enumerate the names of the names/numbers of the member-sisters, who were rewarded with the cash or gold, for their extra efforts.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: "Lijjat Patrika", the in-house magazine, is published and circulated for a nominal rate to those interested in the activities of Lijjat. It is published in many languages Hindi, English, Marathi, Gujarati. It has emerged as a strong mode of communication for information related to significant events and initiatives at Lijjat, in addition to presenting articles on women.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Member sisters across all branches of Lijjat recite an all-religion prayer before beginning their daily activities. The sisters are free to choose their activities and each activity is given equal importance.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Leaving the organisation is voluntary. No member sister can be asked to leave unless or until she goes against the organizational principles. There is no fixed retirement age at Lijjat. Once, when the president Jyoti Naik was questioned about this anomaly, she said that there was no need to make provision for a retirement age, as the emphasis obviously was on earning one's bread through daily work, all through one's life.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The growth of the Lijjat is often seen in the larger canvas of women and their empowerment. The organisation has undertaken various efforts to promote literacy and computer education for member-sisters and their families. A literacy campaign for sisters began through literacy classes at Girgaum on 18 June 1999. Later, the managing committee decided to start such classes in all its branches. From 1980 onwards, Lijjat started giving Chhaganbapa Smruti Scholarships to the daughters of the member-sisters.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: The member-sisters used their organisation as a medium to promote their and their families' welfare. In the Valod centre, they set up an educational and hobby centre for the rural women. Orientation courses in typing, cooking, sewing, knitting and toy making as well as other courses like child welfare, first aid and hygiene were taught. The first ever pucca (tarred) road in Valod to be built and inaugurated in 1979 was with the help of the Lijjat, Valod branch.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: In 1979, Lijjat teamed up with UNICEF to organise a seminar in Mumbai on "Child Care and Mother Welfare", as part of the International Year of the Child celebrations. In October 1984, Bhadraben Bhatt represented Lijjat at the UNESCO sponsored international workshop on "The role of women in the assimilation and spread of technological innovation" held at NITIE, Powai. Alkaben Kalia represented Lijjat at the national level meeting on women convened by the National Commission on Self Employed Women.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: At the behest of Mother Teresa, the member-sisters also took part in some activities of Asha Dhan, an institution to care for destitute women.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat member-sisters also tried to start a co-operative bank, but the effort was not very successful.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: On several occasions, the Lijjat member-sisters have undertaken social service activities such as distributing nutritious food for poor children, donating money for conducting community marriage, instituting prize-money for spread of primary education, undertaking blood donation drive, organising health camps, plantation drives and even making donations to Government bodies. In 1999, the Mumbai City felicitated Rukminiben B. Pawar, Lijjat President, as an outstanding woman in the field of social work.


title: Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad

text: Lijjat undertook the rehabilitation of Chincholi (Jogan), the earthquake affected village in the Latur district of Maharashtra. The institution provided the finance and supervised the work of construction of fifty-eight houses for the people of the village. Member-sisters donated money from their daily "vanai" (wage). After the 2001 Gujarat earthquake, all the branches of Lijjat gave a total donation of more than 4.8 million, including Rs 1 million from the central office. Lijjat built forty houses for the rehabilitation of the people of Bhujpur (Bhachau) in Kutch District.


title: Andi Osho

text: Yewande "Andi" Osho (born 27 January 1973) is a British stand-up comedian, actress and television presenter.


title: Andi Osho

text: After working in television production, Osho turned to acting in 2003. By 2006, she decided to go into stand-up comedy. Osho spent a number of years working as a receptionist by day, while perfecting her stand-up comedy routine in the evenings.


title: Andi Osho

text: In 2006, Osho starred as Alma in American playwright Dael Orlandersmith's drama "Yellowman" at Liverpool's Everyman Theatre. Other theatre work includes a performance in the title role of "Medea" (Barons Court Theatre, 2005), Amanda in "Cigarettes, Coffee and Paranoia" (King's Head Theatre, 2005) and Zimbabwean exile Faith in the devised piece "Qabuka" (Oval House Theatre, 2005).


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho's television roles include Lin Colvin in "Casualty", Adeola Brooker in "Doctors", Dr Rogers in "" and Angela Parker in "Sea of Souls". She has also appeared in "Waking the Dead", "EastEnders", Comedy Central's "@midnight", "Night and Day", "Kiri", and "Russell Brand and Friends" for Channel 4. In 2020 she appeared in "Death in Paradise".


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho is also a playwright and one of the founding members of the London writers' group, Vowel Movement. She has contributed to "News Review" at London's Canal Cafe Theatre and in 2008, she co-devised a scratch performance of the stage play "Up the Café de Paris" for the Pulse Fringe Festival. In 2007, Osho wrote the comedy "CSI: Nigeria", in production for BBC Three.


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho has performed at various comedy clubs and festivals across Britain, including Jongleurs, the Comedy Store, the Reading Festival, the Pleasance Dome, the Chuckle Club, the Leicester Festival (Summer Sundae), the Comedy Café, the Shoreditch Comedy Festival, Comedy Camp and the Hackney Empire.


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho co-hosted "Tonightly" on Channel 4 and appeared in an E4 pilot, "The Andi O Show". She has also appeared on "Mock the Week", "Ask Rhod Gilbert", and is a regular performer on "Stand Up for the Week".


title: Andi Osho

text: On 26 February 2011, Osho participated in "Let's Dance for Comic Relief", performing a dance routine to Michael Jackson's "Bad". Despite positive comments from the judges, she did not progress to the final round after a public vote.


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho has won two episodes of "Celebrity Mastermind". In 2011, she won the Comic Relief episode with "The Matrix" trilogy as her specialist subject and then in 2012, she took part in a regular episode choosing host John Humphrys as her specialist subject. Osho also takes an occasional presenting role for the comedy club section on BBC Radio 4 Extra.


title: Andi Osho

text: On 19 June 2012, Osho made her debut in BBC television medical drama "Holby City" as medical student Barbara Alcock for three episodes. In July 2014, she appeared in "Finding Carter" as Susan Sherman. Between 2016 and 2018 she presented "Supershoppers" with Anna Richardson on Channel 4, being replaced with Sabrina Grant. She took part and won £7,000 for charity in a celebrity edition of "The Chase" on ITV.


title: Andi Osho

text: Osho appears in David F. Sandberg's "Lights Out" and "Shazam!" as the same character, a social worker named Emma Glover.


title: Andi Osho

text: In 2021, Osho appeared in the sixth series of the police procedural drama series "Line of Duty" as journalist and investigative reporter Gail Vella, a murder victim whose case is supervised by DCI Joanne Davidson (Kelly Macdonald).


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Josef von Sternberg (; born Jonas Sternberg; May 29, 1894 – December 22, 1969) was an Austrian-American filmmaker whose career successfully spanned the transition from the silent to the sound era, during which he worked with most of the major Hollywood studios. He is best known for his film collaboration with actress Marlene Dietrich in the 1930s, including the highly regarded Paramount/UFA production, "The Blue Angel" (1930).


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg's finest works are noteworthy for their striking pictorial compositions, dense décor, chiaroscuro illumination, and relentless camera motion, endowing the scenes with emotional intensity. He is also credited with having initiated the gangster film genre with his silent era movie "Underworld" (1927). Sternberg's themes typically offer the spectacle of an individual's desperate struggle to maintain their personal integrity as they sacrifice themselves for lust or love.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director for "Morocco" (1930) and "Shanghai Express" (1932).


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Josef von Sternberg was born Jonas Sternberg to an impoverished Orthodox Jewish family in Vienna, at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. When Sternberg was three years old, his father Moses Sternberg, a former soldier in the army of Austria-Hungary, moved to the United States to seek work. Sternberg's mother, Serafine ("née" Singer), a circus performer as a child joined Moses in America in 1901 with her five children when Sternberg was seven. On his emigration, von Sternberg is quoted as saying "On our arrival in the New World we were first detained on Ellis Island where the immigration officers inspected us like a herd of cattle." Jonas attended public school until the family, except Moses, returned to Vienna three years later. Throughout his life, Sternberg carried vivid memories of Vienna and nostalgia for some of his "happiest childhood moments."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The elder Sternberg insisted upon a rigorous study of the Hebrew language, limiting his son to religious studies on top of his regular schoolwork. Biographer Peter Baxter, citing Sternberg's memoirs, reports that "his parents' relationship was far from happy: his father was a domestic tyrant and his mother eventually fled her home in order to escape his abuse." Sternberg's early struggles, including these "childhood traumas" would inform the "unique subject matter of his films."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: In 1908, when Jonas was fourteen, he returned with his mother to Queens, New York, and settled in the United States. He acquired American citizenship in 1908. After a year, he stopped attending Jamaica High School and began working in various occupations, including millinery apprentice, door-to-door trinket salesman and stock clerk at a lace factory. At the Fifth Avenue lace outlet, he became familiar with the ornate textiles with which he would adorn his female stars and embellish his mise-en-scène.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: In 1911, when he turned seventeen, the now "Josef" Sternberg, became employed at the World Film Company in Fort Lee, New Jersey. There, he "cleaned, patched and coated motion picture stock" – and served evenings as a movie theatre projectionist. In 1914, when the company was purchased by actor and film producer William A. Brady, Sternberg rose to chief assistant, responsible for "writing [inter]titles and editing films to cover lapses in continuity" for which he received his first official film credits.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: When the United States entered World War I in 1917, he joined the US Army and was assigned to the Signal Corps headquartered in Washington, D.C., where he photographed training films for recruits.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Shortly after the war, Sternberg left Brady's Fort Lee operation and embarked on a peripatetic existence in America and Europe offering his skills "as cutter, editor, writer and assistant director" to various film studios.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg served his apprenticeship years with early silent filmmakers, including Hugo Ballin, Wallace Worsley, Lawrence C. Windom and Roy William Neill. In 1919, Sternberg worked with director Emile Chautard's on "The Mystery of the Yellow Room", for which he received official screen credit as assistant director. Sternberg honored Chautard in his memoirs, recalling the French director's invaluable lessons on photography, film composition and the importance of establishing "the spatial integrity of his images." This advice led Sternberg to develop his distinctive "framing" of each shot to become "the screen's greatest master of pictorial composition."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg's 1919 debut in filmmaking, though in a subordinate capacity, coincided with the filming and/or release of D. W. Griffith's "Broken Blossoms", Charlie Chaplin's "Sunnyside", Erich von Stroheim's "The Devil's Pass Key", Cecil B. DeMille's "Male and Female", Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari", Victor Sjöström's "Karin Daughter of Ingmar" and Abel Gance's "J'accuse".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg travelled widely in Europe between 1922 and 1924, where he participated in making a number of movies for the short-lived Alliance Film Corporation in London, including The Bohemian Girl (1922). When he returned to California in 1924, he began work on his first Hollywood movie as assistant to director Roy William Neill's Vanity's Price, produced by Film Booking Office (FBO). Sternberg's aptitude for effective directing was recognized in his handling of the operating room scene, singled out for special mention by "New York Times" critic Mordaunt Hall.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The 30-year-old Sternberg made his debut as a director with "The Salvation Hunters", an independent picture produced with actor George K. Arthur.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The picture, filmed on the minuscule budget of $4,800 – "a miracle of organization" – made a tremendous impression on actor-director-producer Charles Chaplin and co-producer Douglas Fairbanks Sr. of United Artists (UA). Influenced by the works of Erich von Stroheim, director of "Greed" (1924), the movie was lauded by cineastes for its "unglamorous realism", depicting three young drifters who struggle to survive in a dystopian landscape.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Despite its considerable defects, due in part to Sternberg's budgetary constraints, the picture was purchased by United Artists for $20,000 and given a brief distribution, but fared poorly at the box-office.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: On the strength of this picture alone, actor-producer Mary Pickford of UA engaged Sternberg to write and direct her next feature. His screenplay, entitled "Backwash", was deemed to be too experimental in concept and technique, and the Pickford-Sternberg project was cancelled.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg's "The Salvation Hunters" is "his most explicitly personal work", with the exception of his final picture "Anahatan" (1953). His distinctive style is already in evidence, both visually and dramatically: veils and nets filter our view of the actors, and "psychological conflict rather than physical action" has the effect of obscuring the motivations of his characters.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Released from his contract with United Artists, and regarded as a rising talent in Hollywood, Sternberg was sought after by the major movie studios.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Signing an eight-film agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1925, Sternberg entered into "the increasingly rigid studio system" at M-G-M, where films were subordinated to market considerations and judged on profitability. Sternberg would clash with Metro executives over his approach to filmmaking: the picture as a form of art and the director a visual poet. These conflicting priorities would "doom" their association, as Sternberg "had little interest in making a commercial success."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer first assigned Sternberg to adapt author Alden Brooks' novel "Escape", retitled "The Exquisite Sinner". A romance set in post-World War I Brittany, the movie was withheld from release for failing to clearly set forth its narrative, though M-G-M acknowledged its photographic beauty and artistic merit.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg was next tasked to direct film stars Mae Murray and Roy D'Arcy in "The Masked Bride", both of whom had played in Stroheim's highly acclaimed "The Merry Widow" (1925). Exasperated with his lack of control over any aspect of the production, Sternberg quit in two weeks – his final gesture turning the camera to the ceiling before walking off the set. Metro arranged a cancellation of his contract in August 1925. Frenchman Robert Florey, Sternberg's assistant director, reported that Sternberg's Stroheim-like histrionics emerged on the M-G-M sets to the consternation of production managers.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: When Sternberg returned from a sojourn in Europe following his disappointing tenure at M-G-M in 1925, Charles Chaplin approached him to direct a comeback vehicle for his erstwhile leading lady, Edna Purviance. Purviance had appeared in dozens of Chaplin's films, but had not had a serious leading role since the much admired picture "A Woman of Paris" (1923). This would mark the "only occasion that Chaplin entrusted another director with one of his own productions."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Chaplin had detected a Dickensian quality in Sternberg's representation of his characters and mise-en-scène in "The Salvation Hunters" and wished to see the young director expand on these elements in the film. The original title, "The Sea Gull", was retitled "A Woman of the Sea" to invoke the earlier "A Woman of Paris".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Chaplin was dismayed by the film Sternberg created with cameraman Paul Ivano, a "highly visual, almost Expressionistic" work, completely lacking in the humanism that he had anticipated. Though Sternberg reshot a number of scenes, Chaplin declined to distribute the picture and the prints were ultimately destroyed.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The failure of Sternberg's promising collaboration with Chaplin was a temporary blow to his professional reputation. In June 1926 he travelled to Berlin at the request of impresario Max Reinhardt to explore an offer to manage stage productions, but discovered he was not suited to the task. Sternberg went to England, where he rendezvoused with Riza Royce, a New York actress originally from Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who had served as an assistant on the ill-fated "A Woman of the Sea". They wedded on July 6, 1927. Sternberg and Royce would have a tempestuous marriage spanning three years. In August 1928, Riza von Sternberg obtained a divorce from her spouse that included charges of mental and physical abuse, in which Sternberg "seems to have acted a husband's role on the model his [abusive] father provided." The pair remarried in 1928, but the relationship continued to deteriorate, ending in a second and final divorce on June 5, 1931.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: In the summer of 1927, Paramount producer B. P. Schulberg offered, and Sternberg accepted, a position as "technical advisor for lighting and photography." Sternberg was tasked with salvaging director Frank Lloyd's "Children of Divorce", a movie that the studio executives had written off as "worthless". Working "three [consecutive] days of 20-hour shifts" Sternberg reconceived and reshot half the picture and presented Paramount with "a critical and box-office success." Impressed, Paramount arranged for Sternberg to film a major production based on journalist Ben Hecht's story about Chicago gangsters: "Underworld".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: This film is generally regarded as the first "gangster" movie, to the extent that it portrayed a criminal protagonist as tragic hero destined by fate to meet a violent death. In Sternberg's hands the "journalistic observations" provided by Hecht's narrative are abandoned and substituted with a fantasy gangsterland that sprang "solely from Sternberg's imagination." "Underworld", "clinical and Spartan" in its cinematic technique made a significant impression on French filmmakers: "Underworld" was surrealist filmmaker Luis Buñuel's favorite film.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: With "Underworld", Sternberg demonstrated his "commercial potential" to the studios, delivering an enormous box-office hit and Academy Award winner (for Best Original Story). Paramount provided Sternberg with lavish budgets for his next four films. Some historians point to "Underworld" as the first of Sternberg's accommodations to the studio profit system, whereas others note that the film marks the emergence of Sternberg's distinctive personal style.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The movies Sternberg created for Paramount over the next two years – "The Last Command" (1928), "The Drag Net" (1928), "The Docks of New York" (1929) and "The Case of Lena Smith" (1929), would mark "the most prolific period" of his career and establish him as one of the greatest filmmakers of the late silent era. Contrary to Paramount's expectations, none were very profitable in distribution.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: "The Last Command" earned high praise among critics and added luster to Paramount's prestige. The film had the added benefit of forging collaborative relations between the director and its Academy Award-winning star Emil Jannings and producer Erich Pommer, both temporarily on loan from Paramount's sister studio, UFA in Germany. Before embarking on his next feature, Sternberg, at the studio's behest, agreed to "cut down to manageable length" fellow director Erich von Stroheim's "The Wedding March". Sternberg's willingness to accept the assignment had the unhappy side effect of "destroying" his relationship with von Stroheim.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: "The Drag Net", a lost film, is believed to be a sequel to "Underworld". "The Docks of New York", "today the most popular of Sternberg's silent films", combines both spectacle and psychology in a romance set in sordid and brutal environs.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Of Sternberg's nine films he completed in the silent era, only four are known to exist today in any archive. That Sternberg's output suffers from "lost film syndrome" makes a comprehensive evaluation of his silent oeuvre impossible. Despite this, Sternberg stands as the great "Romantic artist" of this period in film history.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: A particularly unfortunate loss is that of "The Case of Lena Smith", his last silent movie, and described as "Sternberg's most successful attempt at combining a story of meaning and purpose with his very original style." The film fell victim to the emerging talkie enthusiasm and was largely ignored by American critics, but in Europe "its reputation is still high after decades of obscurity." The Austrian Film Museum has assembled archival material to reconstruct the film, including a 5-minute print fragment discovered in 2005.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Paramount moved quickly to adapt Sternberg's next feature, "Thunderbolt", for sound release in 1929. An underworld melodrama-musical, its soundtrack employs innovative asynchronous and contrapuntal aural effects, often for comic relief. "Thunderbolt" garnered leading man George Bancroft a Best Actor Award nomination, but Sternberg's future with Paramount was precarious due to the long string of commercial disappointments.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg was summoned to Berlin by Paramount's sister studio, UFA in 1929 to direct Emil Jannings in his first sound production, "The Blue Angel". It would be "the most important film" of Sternberg's career. Sternberg cast the then little-known Marlene Dietrich as Lola Lola, the female lead and nemesis of Jannings character Professor Immanuel Rath, whose passion for the young cabaret singer would reduce him to a "spectacular cuckold." Dietrich became an international star overnight and followed Sternberg to Hollywood to produce six more collaborations at Paramount. Film historian Andrew Sarris contends that "The Blue Angel" is Sternberg's "most brutal and least humorous" work of his oeuvre and yet the one film that the director's "most severe detractors will concede is beyond reproach or ridicule ... "The Blue Angel" stands up today as Sternberg's most efficient achievement ..."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg's romantic infatuation with his new star created difficulties on and off the set. Jannings strenuously objected to Sternberg's lavish attention to Dietrich's performance, at the elder actor's expense. Indeed, the "tragic irony of "The Blue Angel"" was "paralleled in real life by the rise of Dietrich and the fall of Jannings" in their respective careers.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Riza von Sternberg, who accompanied her spouse to Berlin, discerned that director and star were sexually involved. When Dietrich arrived in the United States in April 1930, Mrs. von Sternberg personally presented her with $100,000 libel lawsuits for public remarks made by the star that her marriage was failing, and a $500,000 suit for alienation of [Josef] Sternberg's affections. The Sternberg-Dietrich-Royce scandal was "in and out of the papers", but public awareness of the "ugly scenes" was largely concealed by Paramount executives. On June 5, 1931, the divorce was finalized providing $25,000 cash settlement to Mrs. Sternberg and a 5-year annual alimony of $1,200. In March 1932, the now divorced Riza Royce dropped her libel and alienation charges against Dietrich.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg and Dietrich would unite to make six brilliant and controversial films for Paramount: "Morocco" (1930), "Dishonored" (1931), "Shanghai Express" (1932), "Blonde Venus" (1932), "The Scarlet Empress" (1934), and "The Devil is a Woman" (1935).


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The stories are typically set in exotic locales including Saharan Africa, World War I Austria, revolutionary China, Imperial Russia, and fin-de-siècle Spain.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg's "outrageous aestheticism" is on full display in these richly stylized works, both in technique and scenario. The actors in various guises represent figures from Sternberg's "emotional biography", the wellspring for his poetic dreamscapes.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg, largely indifferent to the studio publicity or to his movies' commercial success, enjoyed a degree of control over these pictures that permitted him to conceive and execute these works with Dietrich.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Seeking to capitalize on the immense European success of "The Blue Angel", though not yet released to American audiences, Paramount launched the Hollywood production of "Morocco", an intrigue-romance starring Gary Cooper, Dietrich and Adolphe Menjou. The all-out promotional campaign declared Dietrich "the woman all "women" want to see", providing a fascinated public with salacious hints about her private life and adding to the star's glamor and notoriety. The fan press inserted an erotic component into her collaboration with Sternberg, encouraging Trilby-Svengali analogies. The publicity tended to distract critics from the genuine merits of the five movies that would follow and overshadowing the significance of Sternberg's lifetime cinematic output.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: "Morocco" serves as Sternberg's exploration of Dietrich's aptitude for conveying onscreen his own obsession with "feminine mystique", a mystique that allowed for a sexual interplay blurring the distinction between male and female gender stereotypes. Sternberg demonstrates his fluency in the visual vocabulary of love: Dietrich dresses in drag and kisses a pretty female; Cooper flourishes a ladies' fan and places a rose behind his ear. In terms of romantic complexity, "Morocco" "is Sternberg's Hollywood movie "par excellence"".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The box-office success of "Morocco" was such that both Sternberg and Dietrich were awarded with contracts for three more films and generous increases in salary. The film earned Academy Award nominations in four categories.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: "Dishonored", Sternberg's second Hollywood film, featuring Dietrich opposite Victor McLaglen, was completed before "Morocco" was released. A film of considerable levity but plot-wise one of his slightest works, this espionage-thriller is a sustained romp through the vicissitudes of spy-versus-spy deception and desire. The feature closes with the melodramatic military execution of Dietrich's Agent X-27 (based on Dutch spy Mata Hari), the love-struck femme fatale, a scene that balances "gallantry and ghoulishness."


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: "Dishonored" had not met with the studio's profit expectations at the box-office, and Paramount New York executives were struggling to find a vehicle to commercially exploit the "mystique and glamor" with which they had endowed the Sternberg-Dietrich productions. While Dietrich was visiting her husband, Rudolf Sieber and their daughter Maria Riva in Europe during the winter of 1930–31, Paramount enlisted Sternberg to film an adaption of novelist Theodore Dreiser's novel "An American Tragedy".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The production was initially under the direction of preeminent Soviet filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein. His socially deterministic filmic treatment of the novel was rejected by Paramount, and Eisenstein withdrew from the project. Already heavily invested financially in the production, the studio authorized a complete revision of the planned feature. While retaining Dreiser's basic plot and dialogue, Sternberg eliminated its contemporary sociological underpinnings to present a tale of a sexually obsessed middle-class youth (Phillips Holmes) whose deceptions lead to the death of a poor factory girl (Sylvia Sidney). Dreiser was outraged at Sternberg's failure to adhere to his themes in the adaptation and sued Paramount to stop distribution of the movie, but lost his case.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Images of water abound in the film and serve as a motif signaling Holmes' motivations and fate. The photography by Lee Garmes invested the scenes with a measure of intelligence and added visual polish to the overall production. Sternberg's role as replacement director curbed his artistic investment in the project. As such, the picture bears little resemblance to his other works of that decade. Sternberg expressed indifference to the mixed critical success it received and banished the picture from his oeuvre.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: When Dietrich returned to Hollywood in April 1931, Sternberg had emerged as a top-ranking director at Paramount and was poised to begin "the richest and most controversial phase of his career." In the next three years he would create four of his greatest films. The first of these was "Shanghai Express".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: The theme of the work, as in most of Sternberg's films, is "an examination of deception and desire" in a spectacle pitting Dietrich against Clive Brook, a romantic struggle in which neither can satisfactorily prevail. Sternberg strips the denizens of the train, one-by-one, of their carefully crafted masks to reveal their petty or sordid existences. Dietrich's notoriously enigmatic character, Shanghai Lily, transcends precise analysis but reflects Sternberg's own personal involvement with his star and lover. Scriptwriter Jules Furthman famously provided Dietrich with the poignant admission, "It took more than one man to change my name to Shanghai Lily.".


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: Sternberg honored the former filmmaker and early mentor Émile Chautard by casting him as the bemused Major Lenard.


title: Josef von Sternberg

text: With "Shanghai Express", Sternberg exhibits complete mastery over every element of his work: décor, photography, sound and acting. Lee Garmes, who would serve as cinematographer on this suite of films, won an Academy Award, and both Sternberg and the movie were nominated in their categories.