title: Morley Safer

text: Some ex-Marines who saw Safer's story on television during the war shared President Johnson's opinion. They claim that Safer never had time to be properly briefed on the operation, and was therefore not aware that four Marines had already been killed there and twenty-seven wounded. Ex-Marine Larry Engelmann, author of a story on the Vietnam War, claimed Safer's story was "highly sensational". Justifying collective punishment, he alleged: "The fact is that this village had been a pretty tough village and these people had been warned repeatedly that the village would be torched if they continued to shoot at Marines... But there was none of that in Morley Safer's story."


title: Morley Safer

text: In the PBS series, "Reporting America At War", Safer himself said, "...the denials themselves were absurd. [Officials claimed] I had gone on a practice operation in a model village — a village the Marines had built to train guys how to move into a village. Or the whole thing was a kind of "Potemkin" story that I had concocted. There are still people who believe that."


title: Morley Safer

text: While reporting another story from Vietnam, Safer and two CBS cameramen were shot down in a helicopter by Vietcong ground fire, although they all escaped serious injury. Brig. Gen. Joe Stringham, who commanded a Green Beret unit with Safer reporting, commented that Safer "was all business and he reported what he saw. ...We looked at eternity right in the face a couple of times...and he was as cool as a hog on ice."


title: Morley Safer

text: Safer received an Emmy Award in 1971 for his investigation and reporting of the Gulf of Tonkin incident. Although the war reports were consistently broadcast on television, Safer said it was the country's inability to clearly explain to the public why they were at war that became the main source of people's "disillusionment":


title: Morley Safer

text: During his career as a war correspondent, Safer covered over nine wars. He authored the bestselling book, "Flashbacks: On Returning to Vietnam". It describes his 1989 return to Vietnam and features his interviews with known and less-well-known Vietnamese people, most of them veterans of the war. His trip was the basis of a "60 Minutes" show in 1989, which Safer said got a reaction of annoyance from some veterans, and a positive reaction from others.


title: Morley Safer

text: In 1970, CBS producer Don Hewitt asked Safer to replace Harry Reasoner on "60 Minutes", as Reasoner had just left to anchor the "ABC Evening News". Hewitt had created "60 Minutes", and he was, according to Diane Sawyer, the program's "guiding, self-renewing, revitalizing genius." Safer, who had been covering the funeral of Charles de Gaulle in Paris, accepted the new position and joined "60 Minutes".


title: Morley Safer

text: The show had by then aired for only two seasons, and Safer, who had until that time reported and traveled alone, recalled that he accepted the new position on condition that if the show failed, he would be given his old job back: "I was the new kid, with a lot of pressure, because we were trying something new. We were utterly unheard of. I was utterly a stranger to working in a head office." Until that new position, says Safer, "my staff, when I was abroad, consisted of only me."


title: Morley Safer

text: Over the subsequent decades, along with Safer, the other veteran reporters for the program included Dan Rather, Mike Wallace, Walter Cronkite, Ed Bradley, Charles Kuralt, Diane Sawyer and Bob Simon. Reasoner had also returned to do some "60 Minutes" segments before he retired. "60 Minutes" eventually became the most-watched and most profitable program in television history.


title: Morley Safer

text: Safer's style of interviewing was consistently done in a friendly and gentlemanly manner, which gave him the ability to ask penetrating questions that average viewers might ask. He was persistent in the pursuit of facts needed to support the accuracy of his stories. While he often added his own point of view to reports, Safer always maintained high professional standards, a style that helped establish the tone of "60 Minutes" shows. He typed stories on his manual typewriter even after computers were in common use. To investigate and write his "60 Minutes" stories, Safer often traveled as much as 200,000 miles a year.


title: Morley Safer

text: Hewitt credited Safer with having a "great eye for stories", whether they were sympathetic or tough. He could write about offbeat subjects to give the show flavor, such as a piece he did in Finland about the Finns' obsession with the tango dance. Or he could write a hardcore report, such as one which helped save the life of a black man imprisoned in Texas. For that 1983 story, about Lenell Geter, a 25-year-old black aerospace engineer serving a life sentence for robbery, Safer sifted through details of the case and found factual inconsistencies and implied racial biases. After Safer's report was broadcast, Geter was released in 1984.


title: Morley Safer

text: In addition to the Emmy he was awarded for the Gulf of Tonkin report, he also won Emmys for other "60 Minutes" stories: "Pops" (1979); "Teddy Kollek's Jerusalem" (1979); "Air Force Surgeon" (Investigative Journalism, 1982); and "It Didn't Have to Happen" (Correspondent, 1982). In 1994 he hosted a CBS News Special, "One for the Road: A Conversation with Charles Kuralt and Morley Safer", which marked Kuralt's retirement from CBS.


title: Morley Safer

text: Safer's remarks at the time of President Ronald Reagan's death brought charges of liberal bias. Safer said about Reagan: "I don't think history has any reason to be kind to him."


title: Morley Safer

text: He retired after 46 years with CBS, a week before his death; by then Safer had set the record for the show's longest-serving correspondent. A few days after he retired, CBS broadcast an hour-long special, "Morley Safer: A Reporter's Life".


title: Morley Safer

text: During his 60-year career as a broadcast journalist, Safer received numerous awards, including twelve Emmys, and a Lifetime Achievement Emmy from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences in 1966 when he was only 35; this was remarkable because the award is usually given after a lifetime of work. Including his three Overseas Press Awards, three Peabody Awards, two Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Awards, and the Paul White Award from the Radio-Television News Directors Association, Safer won every major award given in broadcast journalism.


title: Morley Safer

text: Safer narrated several documentaries, including Exodus 1947 (1997), American Experience (1997), American Masters (1996), Bicentennial Minutes (1975), and Saigon (1957).


title: Morley Safer

text: In January 2019, the Morley Safer Award was created and sent out its inaugural call for entries. A program of The University of Texas at Austin's Briscoe Center for American History, where Safer's archival papers are preserved, the Safer Award seeks to recognize a story or series of stories of creativity, vision and integrity. The award is presented at a luncheon in Manhattan each fall.


title: Morley Safer

text: He married Jane Fearer, an anthropology student, in 1968 in London, where he was serving as bureau chief for CBS News. Their daughter, Sarah Alice Anne Safer, is a 1992 graduate of Brown University and a freelance journalist.


title: Morley Safer

text: Safer died at his New York home from pneumonia on May 19, 2016, just eight days after announcing his retirement from "60 Minutes" following 46 seasons with the show. Four days prior to his death, CBS aired a special "60 Minutes" episode covering Safer's 61-year journalism career. Safer was laid to rest at Roselawn Avenue Cemetery in Toronto.


title: Rocky (2008 film)

text: Rocky is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by S. K. Nagendra Urs and written by Vijay Chendoor. The film stars Yash and newcomer Bianca Desai along with Jai Jagadish, Ramesh Bhat and Santhosh in other pivotal roles.


title: Rocky (2008 film)

text: The film featured original score and soundtrack composed by Venkat-Narayan. Although an excellent original film, "Rocky" met with negative response with most critics who tried to compare it to films from other languages.


title: Rocky (2008 film)

text: Rocky (Yash) is a young college student raised in an unloving home. Usha (Bianca Desai) comes from a loving home but lost her mother in death. They meet on her first day of college and it is love at first sight for Rocky. Usha agrees to be friends and Rocky hides his feelings for her. One day he is dismayed to find that Usha has an overwhelming fan crush on a classical guitarist named Vishwas (Aryan). Thinking that he is helping Usha, Rocky tries to arrange for them to meet. Vishwas makes this difficult for Rocky because he believes that he is being sent by the enemies of his don brother (Raju) to harass him. Finally Rocky sees them together and is happy with his work until he realizes that Vishwas is starting to believe that he is in love with Usha. The competition between the two increases until Usha herself realizes that she herself is actually in love with one of them.


title: Rocky (2008 film)

text: R G Vijayasarathy of "Rediff.com" scored the film at 1 out of 5 stars and wrote "Music director Venkat and Narayan score two strong numbers like Valla Vallare and the title song. Dialogue writer Vijay Chendur has written crisp dialogues. But the senseless story makes the film a failure.  Cameraman Sudhakar comes off good with his camera work". A critic from Bangalore Mirror wrote  "Yash gets a better film to work on next time. If it is a khichidi of other films Nagendra wants to direct, he better stick to his forte of editing. And please Nagendra, do not play those silly cameo roles".


title: Sharon Angela

text: Sharon Angela is an American film and television actress, screenwriter, and film director. Angela is known for her portrayal of Rosalie Aprile on the HBO series "The Sopranos".


title: Sharon Angela

text: Angela has appeared in several films such as "Cabaret Maxinef", "The Hungry Ghosts", "", "On the Run", and "Two Family House". Her television credits include guest appearances on "Law & Order" and "". During the sixth season of "The Sopranos", Angela was elevated from guest star to series regular for her character Rosalie Aprile, the widow of Jackie Aprile Sr., and is also a close friend of Carmela Soprano.


title: Sharon Angela

text: She co-wrote the 2005 film, "The Collection" and co-directed the 2007 film, "Made in Brooklyn". She also voiced Angie Pegorino in the 2008 video game "Grand Theft Auto IV".


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Tobias Beecher is a main character on the television show "Oz", played by Lee Tergesen. He is one of only eight regular characters (both prisoners and guards) to survive the entire run of the show. The others are Bob Rebadow, Ryan O'Reily, Miguel Alvarez, Arnold "Poet" Jackson, Sister Peter Marie Reimondo, Tim McManus and Dr. Gloria Nathan.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher, a successful attorney and family man, is an alcoholic who hits and kills a nine-year-old girl while driving drunk. He is offered a plea bargain that would have allowed him to serve his sentence in a minimum security prison, but Beecher, not wanting to do any time at all, instead goes to trial seeking an acquittal. The effort fails and the judge, a family friend of the Beechers, decides to make an example of him and sentences him to 15 years in the Oswald Maximum Security Penitentiary ("Oz") with a chance for parole after four.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher's personal transformation forms a major part of the show's drama. Arriving in Oz without any street skills and having a naturally timid personality, he becomes an easy target for abuse and is hardened by his experiences. He later remarks that, in Oz, he "became the man he always was and never knew". Despite having done terrible things while in Oz, Beecher often tries to atone.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher quickly learns that he is out of his element when he witnesses fellow arrival Miguel Alvarez (Kirk Acevedo) getting shanked right before entering Cell Block E, or "Emerald City." He is roomed with monstrous inmate Simon Adebisi (Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje) during his first week in the titular facility. Approaching him in friendship, inmate Vernon Schillinger (J.K. Simmons) offers to be his new cellmate. Beecher, completely unaware that Schillinger is the leader of the Aryan Brotherhood, naively accepts the offer, only to be "initiated" into prison life when Schillinger rapes him and burns a swastika onto his right buttock. Beecher is routinely abused as the Brotherhood's sex slave, or "prag". In attempting to deal with the trauma, Beecher starts using heroin and develops an addiction. This is quickly noticed by prison psychologist Sister Peter Marie Reimondo (Rita Moreno), who arranges for Beecher to attend group drug counseling.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: In preparation for a prison talent show, Schillinger has Beecher get a "makeover" from one of Em City's drag queens. At the show, Beecher sings a rendition of "I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)" while dressed in women's clothing and makeup. Among other tortures, Schillinger makes Beecher beg to have sex with his wife before a conjugal visit, forces him to eat pages of a law book, polish Schillinger's boots with his tongue, and orders him to tear up pictures of his family. In an attempt to reach him, Sister Pete arranges for Beecher to meet with the mother of his DUI victim. Beecher is too ashamed to speak, however, and the girl's mother angrily lashes out at him.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Eventually, Schillinger tires of Beecher and forces him to leave the cell wearing a Confederate Flag t-shirt. Beecher, fearing he will be killed by a black inmate, goes to Irish-American inmate Ryan O'Reily (Dean Winters), who provides him with PCP. Beecher then seeks out Schillinger, smashes the acrylic glass wall of his cell, and sends a broken shard flying into his eye. Beecher almost commits suicide immediately afterward, but is restrained by guards and put in solitary confinement. After being released, he confronts Schillinger in the prison gym's basketball court. He assaults Schillinger, ties him down, then defecates upon him in front of other inmates. This earns him respect from inmates such as O'Reily, Alvarez, and even Adebisi. When a riot erupts in Em City, Beecher sides with O'Reily in the chaos, defending him from an attack by the Muslims, as neither belongs to any strong gangs.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher shares a cell with James Robson (R.E. Rodgers), an Aryan who tries to make Beecher perform oral sex on him. Beecher bites off the tip of Robson's penis, landing him in solitary. There, he is interviewed by Alvah Case (Charles S. Dutton), who is investigating the riot. Upon his release from isolation, Beecher threatens to manipulate Sister Pete's psychiatric reports to ruin Schillinger's chances at parole. Frightened, Schillinger tries to put a hit on Beecher. He resorts to blackmailing corrections officer Diane Whittlesey (Edie Falco) with knowledge that she had shot prisoner Scott Ross (Steven Gavedon) during the riot. Whittlesey reluctantly agrees to the hit if Schillinger will keep quiet. Beecher disappears and Schillinger subsequently meets with Whittlesey to see his dead body. Whittlesey reveals that she recorded their conversation. Schillinger is arrested for conspiracy to commit murder, lengthening his sentence.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Despite Beecher's celebratory mood, his new cellmate, Augustus Hill (Harold Perrineau), warns him that Schillinger will be out for revenge. Unit Manager Tim McManus (Terry Kinney) also forces Beecher to confront the judge who sentenced him; she expresses remorse for her ruling and apologizes to him. Beecher responds that she was right in her ruling, but adds that he can't forgive her. After Hill is transferred to a different cell, Beecher is paired with Chris Keller (Chris Meloni), a charming sociopath. Later, Beecher receives word that his wife has killed herself; Schillinger brags that the Aryans actually killed her and staged the death as a suicide. Beecher gradually finds he is attracted to Keller, only to learn that Keller is working with Schillinger. After driving Beecher to start drinking again, the two corner him with the help of an Aryan guard, Karl Metzger (Bill Fagerbakke), and break his arms and legs.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: A vengeful Beecher is released from the infirmary at the start of the season. Keller, who had genuinely fallen in love with Beecher, tries to win back his trust, but Beecher refuses to forgive him. Beecher soon gets to work enacting his revenge. He kills Metzger by slashing his throat with his sharpened fingernails, and he probably stabs Keller non-lethally (although we don't clearly see the man stabbing him). When Schillinger's son Andy (Frederick Koehler) is sent to Oz, Beecher befriends the young man and arranges to share a cell with him. While Beecher does not mistreat Andy, he leads Schillinger to believe that he is going to sleep with him. Moved by Beecher's kindness, Andy renounces his father and his white supremacist ideology. Schillinger arranges to have his own son killed, having him thrown in solitary and getting a prison guard to deliver heroin on which he overdoses. Beecher feels guilty for his part in Andy's death and, following advice from Muslim leader Kareem Saïd (Eamonn Walker), resolves to ask forgiveness from Keller and Schillinger. Beecher finally forgives Keller after Keller saved him from Schillinger's attack, and the two reunite as lovers.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher tries to bury the hatchet with Schillinger further by having a private investigator at his father's law firm search for his younger son Hank (Andrew Barchilon). However, Schillinger thinks Beecher is trying to turn Hank against him and orders his son to kidnap Beecher's children. Hank kills Beecher's son, then severs his hand and mails it to him in Oz. However, he ultimately releases his daughter on Schillinger's orders. Schillinger also pays prisoner Eli Zabitz (David Johansen) to tell Beecher that Keller is responsible for the kidnapping. An enraged Beecher tries to kill Keller; he is remorseful upon learning the truth, but an angry Keller casts him aside. Upon learning that Hank has been acquitted due to a legal technicality, he approaches Chucky Pancamo (Chuck Zito) in order to commission a hit. Beecher has second thoughts and tries to cancel the hit, only to learn that he is too late: Hank is already dead.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: When Schillinger learns of Hank's death, he plots revenge. However, Keller falsely confesses to having hired the hitman to protect Beecher, and is transferred to another prison in Massachusetts shortly afterwards. Beecher and Schillinger then are involved in a victim-attacker interaction program led by Sister Pete. The two make significant progress, but are ultimately unable to overcome their mutual grudge.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Keller's confession results in Beecher being up for parole, and he falls in love with his attorney, Katherine McClain (Sandra Purpuro). However, Beecher is denied parole and succumbs to despair. Later that day in the library, Schillinger and Robson come by to taunt Beecher. Before they can harm him, Saïd appears and stabs them both.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Fearing a war between the Aryans and Muslims, Sister Pete suggests Beecher act as a mediator between Schillinger and Saïd. In the first mediation, Beecher says that Saïd and Schillinger are very alike despite drastic differences in beliefs. Pancamo informs Beecher that Agent Pierce Taylor (Robert John Burke) has implicated him in Hank's murder, and will likely inform Schillinger that Pancamo arranged the hit of his son. Shortly after, Keller is transferred back to Oz and, now suspected of a series of murders, is isolated from the general population and Beecher. During another mediation in which homosexuality is discussed, Beecher attacks Schillinger when he denies ever raping him. Afterwards, convicted rapists Franklin Winthrop (Andy Powers) and Adam Guenzel (Mike Doyle) arrive in Oz, the latter being a friend of Beecher's family. Beecher, fearing for Guenzel's safety, recruits the Italians to protect him. Schillinger forces Winthrop, now a sex slave for the Aryans, to tell the homophobic Guenzel about Beecher's past relationships with men and spread false rumors about the pair.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Schillinger offers to let Beecher reunite with Keller if he convinces McManus to transfer Guenzel to a cell block where the Italians won't protect him. Beecher initially refuses, but gives in when Guenzel assaults and humiliates Beecher. Beecher later finds a bloodied Guenzel in the gym following his gang rape by the Aryans. Saïd counsels a guilt-stricken Beecher to give up his relationship with Keller and help Guenzel any way he can. Beecher asks Sister Pete to talk to Guenzel and Schillinger; afraid that Guenzel will eventually inform on the Aryans, Schillinger arranges for Guenzel to die during a staged escape attempt. Beecher tells the authorities about Schillinger's rapes of Winthrop and Guenzel and his involvement with Guenzel's death. Warden Leo Glynn (Ernie Hudson) moves Schillinger to solitary. Beecher sees Keller, who has just been found guilty of murder, and the two share an intimate kiss.


title: Tobias Beecher

text: Beecher is transferred to a safer unit, as McManus sees that he is being targeted by the Aryans for testifying against Schillinger. Beecher's father, Harrison (Edward Herrmann), appeals Keller's death sentence until Winthrop kills him to join the Aryans. Beecher is paroled, inherits his father's law firm, and gets Keller's sentence overturned. However, Beecher is sent back to prison after a lonely Keller arranges for him to get caught buying drugs. Upon returning to Oz, Beecher severs ties with Keller. In an attempt to make Beecher forgive him, Keller switches a prop knife for a real one before a prison production of "Macbeth", resulting in Schillinger's death when Beecher stabs him. When Beecher rejects Keller for the final time, Keller throws himself backwards over a railing.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: TV9 Telugu (formerly TV9) is an Indian Telugu-language 24-hour news channel focusing on the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It formally launched on 1 February 2004 with a 15-day trial run before the formal launch. It is headquartered in Hyderabad. Along with its rival ETV2 (now ETV Andhra Pradesh), it is the oldest 24-hour news channel in Telugu.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: The founding CEO was Ravi Prakash who served in the role till May 2019. The channel was founded with seed capital from serial entrepreneur Srini Raju’s iLabs Ventures. Srini Raju exited the company in August 2018 by selling his 80% stake to a group of investors including promoters of My Home Group and Megha Engineering & Infrastructure Limited (MEIL).


title: TV9 Telugu

text: TV9 was launched as a 24-hour news channel in Telugu with its headquarters in Hyderabad. It formally launched on 1 February 2004 with a 15-day trial run before the formal launch. It is promoted by Associated Broadcasting Company Pvt. Ltd (ABCL). ABCL was backed by serial investor Srini Raju’s iLabs Ventures with seed capital. It was reported that TV9 received 15 crore funding from Srini Raju‘s iLabs and Chennai-based Unify Wealth Management.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: The founding CEO Ravi Prakash mentioned that they launched TV9 as a news channel targeting the youth and women. By June 2014, TV9 had 125 reporters across India. The 2004 Andhra Pradesh Assembly elections and the Indian general elections helped TV9 and its rival ETV2 to become established in the market.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: As of December 2011, Srini Raju’s iLabs and other investors held 80 percent stake in ABCL, while CEO Ravi Prakash and other management team held 20 percent stake. In September 2016, it was reported that Zee Group would likely buy a majority stake in ABCL.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: Over a period of time, the parent company launched news channels in other Indian languages. Its sister channels include TV9 Kannada (in the state of Karnataka), TV9 Marathi (in the state of Maharashtra), TV9 Gujarati (in the state of Gujarat), TV9 Bharatvarsh (Hindi news channel), TV9 Bangla (in the state of West Bengal). After the launch of other language channels, TV9 was renamed as TV9 Telugu.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: In August 2018, a group of investors including promoters of My Home Group and Megha Engineering & Infrastructure Limited (MEIL) picked up the nearly 80% stake held by Srini Raju in Associated Broadcasting Company Ltd (ABCL) which owns TV9 Telugu and its sister channels. From 2004 till 2018, the investor had pumped in close to 200 crore in tranches into the company. The company was valued at 456 crore for the transaction. It marked the exit of Srini Raju from the company.


title: TV9 Telugu

text: In April 2019, Srini Raju agreed to pay 65 crore to SAIF Partners (now Elevation Capital), who were also the investors in the company (ABCL). It was also reported that film actor Sivaji who had previously bought around 9% of ABCL from founder CEO Ravi Prakash had raised objections to the sale of 80% equity to My Home Group and Megha Engineering & Infrastructure Limited (MEIL).


title: TV9 Telugu

text: Ravi Prakash served as its CEO from founding till May 2019 when he was sacked due to accusations of forgery. Ravi Prakash later alleged that after the company's takeover its editorial and operational independence had been compromised. He also noted that he was kept in the dark about the involvement of Jupally Rameswar Rao of My Home Group among the investor group, to whom he would have never sold his company to. Ravi Prakash alleged that the closeness of Rameswar Rao to Telangana Chief Minister K. Chandrasekhar Rao has eroded the unbiasedness of TV9 and that the channel is now being used to further the agenda of Telangana Rashtra Samiti government and Chandrasekhar Rao.


title: Serb Democratic Party (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

text: The Serb Democratic Party ( or СДС/SDS) is a Serb political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its current acting president is Milan Miličević.


text: In the parliamentary elections of October 2006, the SDS lost its status as the leading party in Republika Srpska and the main Serb party in Bosnia and Herzegovina to the Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (SNSD), led by the president of Republika Srpska Milorad Dodik. Despite making minor gains in the 2010 and 2014 elections, by 2018 the party had fallen to below 20% of the parliament, the lowest seat standing in its history.


text: The party is under sanctions from the United States for "failing to arrest and turn over war crimes suspects to an international tribunal." The sanctions prohibit any transfer of funds and material from the United States to the SDS and vice versa. The party is on the list of "Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons" by the Office of Foreign Assets Control U.S. agency.


text: Radovan Karadžić founded the Serb Democratic Party in 1990. The party aimed at unifying the Bosnian Serb community, as Jovan Rašković's Serb Democratic Party did with the Serbs in Croatia, and staying part of Yugoslavia (as the "Third Yugoslavia" with Serbia and Montenegro) in the event of secession by those two republics from the federation.


text: Throughout September 1991, the SDS began to establish various "Serb Autonomous Regions" throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the Bosnian parliament voted on sovereignty on 15 October 1991, a separate Serb Assembly was founded on 24 October 1991 in Banja Luka, in order to exclusively represent the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The following month, Bosnian Serbs held a referendum which resulted in an overwhelming vote in favor of staying in a federal state with Serbia and Montenegro, as part of Yugoslavia. In December 1991, a top-secret document entitled ‘For the organization and activity of organs of the Serbs people in Bosnia-Herzegovina in extraordinary circumstances’ was drawn up by the SDS leadership. This was a centralized program for the takeover of each municipality in the country, through the creation of shadow governments and para-governmental structures through various "crisis headquarters", and by preparing loyal Serbs for the takeover in co-ordination with the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA).


text: Historically, the party had a strong ultranationalist, separatist and Islamophobic ideology. Recently, the party switched from far-right and adopted more moderate conservative views, with some of those views even going in favor of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole, and not just the Republic of Srpska. Perhaps one of the greatest promoters of that approach is Dragan Mektić, one of the party's high-ranking officials.


title: Direct download link

text: Direct download link (DDL), or simply "direct download", is a term used within the Internet-based file sharing community. It is used to describe a hyperlink that points to a location within the Internet where the user can download a file. When used in conversation, DDL distinguishes itself from other forms of peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading architectures in that it uses a client–server architecture, where 100-percent of the file is stored on a single file server or in parallel across multiple file servers in a server farm.


title: Direct download link

text: Originally, P2P was used to distribute large sized files without requiring much bandwidth on the part of any one node. However, because of sharing issues, such as the lack of seeding of torrents, throttling of a node's file sharing ports by an Internet service provider, or lawsuits because of uploading copyrighted material, direct downloads has become a popular and legal alternative among Leechers. There is also an increase in businesses offering gigabytes of free bandwidth and storage space.


title: Direct download link

text: DDL has also taken on a meaning of providing direct links within a site where the original site's maintainers impede a user from accessing a file directly. Typical impediments include:


title: Direct download link

text: However, many users see this as quite unnecessary, because they generally know what they need and do not want to go through the site's mechanics (such as filling out forms over and over) to get said file. Also, there may be bugs in the site's detection or download methods (or both), thus forcing the user to obtain the file directly. Another example is when the site maintainer tries to identify the user's platform, and the user is simply using something other than the target platform to download the file (for example, using a Microsoft Windows system to download a Linux program, where the same program is built and offered for both platforms).


title: Direct download link

text: Therefore, some users may collaborate on sites other than the one offering the desired files, and post URLs which they have identified as being for the desired file. Thus a user wanting the same file does not have to endure the impediments encountered from the original site's maintainers, and simply obtains the file directly.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: The Sally–Anne test is a psychological test, used in developmental psychology to measure a person's social cognitive ability to attribute false beliefs to others. The flagship implementation of the Sally–Anne test was by Simon Baron-Cohen, Alan M. Leslie, and Uta Frith (1985); in 1988, Leslie and Frith repeated the experiment with human actors (rather than dolls) and found similar results.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: To develop an efficacious test, Baron-Cohen "et al." modified the puppet play paradigm of Wimmer and (1983), in which puppets represent tangible characters in a story, rather than hypothetical characters of pure storytelling. In the Baron-Cohen, Leslie, and Frith study of theory of mind in autism, 61 children—20 of whom were diagnosed autistic under established criteria, 14 with Down syndrome and 27 of whom were determined as clinically unimpaired—were tested with "Sally" and "Anne".


title: Sally–Anne test

text: In the test process, after introducing the dolls, the child is asked the control question of recalling their names (the "Naming Question"). A short skit is then enacted; Sally takes a marble and hides it in her basket. She then "leaves" the room and goes for a walk. While she is away, Anne takes the marble out of Sally's basket and puts it in her own box. Sally is then reintroduced and the child is asked the key question, the "Belief Question": "Where will Sally look for her marble?"


title: Sally–Anne test

text: For a participant to pass this test, they must answer the "Belief Question" correctly by indicating that Sally believes that the marble is in her own basket. This answer is continuous with Sally's perspective, but not with the participant's own. If the participant cannot take an alternative perspective, they will indicate that Sally has cause to believe, as the participant does, that the marble has moved. Passing the test is thus seen as the manifestation of a participant understanding that Sally has her own beliefs that may not correlate with reality; this is the core requirement of theory of mind.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: In the Baron-Cohen "et al." (1985) study, 23 of the 27 clinically unimpaired children (85%) and 12 of the 14 children with Down Syndrome (86%) answered the "Belief Question" correctly. However, only four of the 20 children with Autism (20%) answered correctly. Overall, children under the age of four, along with most autistic children (of older ages), answered the "Belief Question" with "Anne's box", seemingly unaware that Sally does not know her marble has been moved.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: The test is by no means fully conclusive; however, its application is telling about social development trends in autism.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: While Baron-Cohen et al.'s data have been purported to indicate a lack of theory of mind in autistic children, there are other possible factors affecting them. For instance, autistic individuals may pass the cognitively simpler recall task, but language issues in both autistic children and deaf controls tend to confound results.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: Ruffman, Garnham, and Rideout (2001) further investigated links between the Sally–Anne test and autism in terms of eye gaze as a social communicative function. They added a third possible location for the marble: the pocket of the investigator. When autistic children and children with moderate learning disabilities were tested in this format, they found that both groups answered the Belief Question equally well; however, participants with moderate learning disabilities reliably looked at the correct location of the marble, while autistic participants did not, "even if" the autistic participant answered the question correctly. These results may be an expression of the social deficits relevant to autism.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: Tager-Flusberg (2007) states that in spite of the empirical findings with the Sally–Anne task, there is a growing uncertainty among scientists about the importance of the underlying theory-of-mind hypothesis of autism. In all studies that have been done, some children with autism pass false-belief tasks such as Sally–Anne.


title: Sally–Anne test

text: Eye tracking of chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans suggests that all three anticipate the false beliefs of a subject in a King Kong suit, and pass the Sally–Anne test.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Gerald Irving Ratner (born 1 November 1949) is a British businessman. He was formerly chief executive officer of the major British jewellery company Ratners Group (now the Signet Group). He achieved notoriety after making a speech in which he jokingly denigrated two of the company's products.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Gerald Ratner was born in London to a Jewish family and based his philosophy of business on his experiences as a boy in Petticoat Lane Market. He observed that "the people who shouted the loudest and appeared to give the best offers sold the most."


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Ratner joined the family business in 1966 and built up an extremely successful chain of jewellers during the 1980s, of which he was CEO. The shops shocked the formerly staid jewellery industry by displaying fluorescent orange posters advertising cut-price bargains and by offering low price ranges. The Ratners Group consisted of Ratners, H. Samuel, Ernest Jones, Leslie Davis, Watches of Switzerland and over 1,000 shops in the United States, including Kay Jewelers.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Although widely regarded as "tacky", the shops and their wares were nevertheless extremely popular with the public, until Ratner made a speech addressing a conference of the Institute of Directors at the Royal Albert Hall on 23 April 1991. During the speech, he commented:


title: Gerald Ratner

text: He compounded this by going on to remark that one of the sets of earrings was "cheaper than a prawn sandwich from Marks and Spencer’s, but I have to say the sandwich will probably last longer than the earrings". Ratner made a guest appearance on UK television's BBC1 talk show Wogan, the following day after his speech, to apologise and explain his joking remark the previous day that some of his company's products were "total crap".


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Ratner's comments have become textbook examples of why CEOs should choose their words carefully. In the furore that ensued, customers stayed away from Ratner shops. After the speech, the value of the Ratner group plummeted by around £500 million, which very nearly resulted in the group's collapse. Ratner hired a chairman in an attempt to stabilise the situation, and was dismissed by the new company chairman in November 1992. The group changed its name to Signet Group in September 1993.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Ratner's speech is famous as an example of the value of branding and image over quality. Such gaffes are now sometimes called "doing a Ratner", and Ratner himself has acquired the sobriquet "The Sultan of Bling". Ratner has said that his remarks were not meant to be taken seriously. He blamed what he called aggressiveness and deliberate misinterpretation by several media outlets for the severe consumer reaction.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Following an unsuccessful attempt to become a jewellery consultant in France during the mid-1990s, he set up a health club in Henley-on-Thames in 1996, which was sold for £3.9m in 2001. Ratner then ran, from 2003, in collaboration with SB&T International Ltd, an export manufacturing company based in India and the online jewellery business Gerald Online, which ceased trading in 2014.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: In 2013, during a visit to India for the inaugural eTailing India Expo, Ratner announced that he would be entering the Indian market.


title: Gerald Ratner

text: Ratner has two daughters from his first marriage. According to Ratner, "my first wife left me because I was never at home."


title: Influenza B virus

text: Influenza B virus is the only species in the genus Betainfluenzavirus in the virus family "Orthomyxoviridae".


title: Influenza B virus

text: Influenza B virus is known only to infect humans and seals. This limited host range is apparently responsible for the lack of associated influenza pandemics in contrast with those caused by the morphologically similar influenza A virus as both mutate by both antigenic drift and reassortment. There are two known circulating lineages of Influenza B virus based on the antigenic properties of the surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin. The lineages are termed B/Yamagata/16/88-like and B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses. The quadrivalent influenza vaccine licensed by the CDC is currently designed to protect against both co-circulating lineages and has been shown to have greater effectiveness in prevention of influenza caused by Influenza B virus than the previous trivalent vaccine.


title: Influenza B virus

text: Further diminishing the impact of this virus, "in humans, influenza B viruses evolve slower than A viruses and faster than C viruses". Influenzavirus B mutates at a rate 2 to 3 times slower than type A. Nevertheless, it is accepted that Influenza B virus could cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and significantly impacts adolescents and schoolchildren.


title: Influenza B virus

text: The Influenza B virus capsid is enveloped while its virion consists of an envelope, a matrix protein, a nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and a polymerase complex. It is sometimes spherical and sometimes filamentous. Its 500 or so surface projections are made of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase.


title: Influenza B virus

text: The Influenza B virus genome is 14,548 nucleotides long and consists of eight segments of linear negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. The multipartite genome is encapsidated, each segment in a separate nucleocapsid, and the nucleocapsids are surrounded by one envelope.


title: Influenza B virus

text: The subtypes of influenza A virus are estimated to have diverged 2,000 years ago. Influenza viruses A and B are estimated to have diverged from a single ancestor around 4,000 years ago, while the ancestor of influenza viruses A and B and the ancestor of influenza virus C are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor around 8,000 years ago. Metatranscriptomics studies have also identified closely related "Influenza B-like" viruses such as the Wuhan spiny eel influenza virus and also "Influenza-B like" viruses in a number of vertebrate species such as salamanders and fish.


title: Influenza B virus

text: In 1936, Thomas Francis Jr. discovered the ferret influenza B virus. Also in 1936, Macfarlane Burnet made the discovery that influenza virus may be cultured in hen embryonated eggs. This prompted research into the properties of the virus and the creation and application of inactivated vaccines in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Inactivated vaccines' usefulness as a preventative measure was proven in the 1950s. Later, 2003 saw the approval of the first live, attenuated influenza vaccine. Looking into influenza B specifically, Thomas Francis Jr. isolated influenza B virus in 1936. However, it was not until 1940 when influenza B viruses were discovered.


title: Influenza B virus

text: In 1942, a new bivalent vaccine was developed that protected against both the H1N1 strain of influenza A and the newly discovered influenza B virus. In today’s current world, even while some technology has advanced and flu vaccines now cover both strains of influenza A and B, the science is still based on findings from almost a century ago. The viruses included in flu vaccines are changed each year to match the strains of flu that are most likely to make people sick that year since flu viruses can develop swiftly and new mutations have appeared each year, like H1N1.


title: Influenza B virus

text: Even though there are two different lineages of influenza B viruses that circulate during most seasons, flu vaccinations were long meant to protect against three different flu viruses: the influenza A(H1N1), influenza A(H3N2), and one influenza B virus. The second lineage of the B virus was since added to provide greater defense against circulating flu viruses. Two influenza A viruses and two influenza B viruses are among the four flu viruses that a quadrivalent vaccine is intended to protect against. All flu vaccines in the United States today are quadrivalent. The four main types of Type A and B influenza viruses that are most likely to spread and make people sick during the upcoming flu season are the targets of seasonal influenza (flu) vaccines. All of the available flu vaccinations in the United States offer protection against the influenza A(H1), A(H3), B/Yamagata, and B/Victoria lineage viruses. Each of these four vaccine virus components is chosen based on the following criteria: which flu viruses are infecting people ahead of the upcoming flu season, how widely they are spreading, how well the vaccines from the previous flu season may protect against those flu viruses, and the vaccine viruses' capacity to offer cross-protection.


title: Influenza B virus

text: For the 2022-2023 flu season, there are three flu vaccines that are preferentially recommended for people 65 years and older; various influenza (flu) vaccinations are authorized for use in people of various age groups. On March 3, 2022, the FDA's Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee (VRBPAC) convened in Silver Spring, Maryland, to choose the influenza viruses that will make up the influenza vaccine for the 2022–2023 influenza season in the United States. The committee proposed using A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and B/Austria/1359417/2021-like viruses for trivalent influenza vaccines to be utilized in the U.S. for the 2022–2023 influenza season.


title: Influenza B virus

text: In 1940, an acute respiratory illness outbreak in Northern America led to the discovery of influenza B virus (IBV), which was later discovered to not have any antigenic cross-reactivity with influenza A virus (IAV). Based on calculations of the rate of amino acid substitutions in HA proteins, it was estimated that IBV and IAV diverged from one another around 4000 years ago. However, the mechanisms of replication and transcription, as well as the functionality of the majority of viral proteins, appear to be largely conserved, with some unusual differences. Although IBV has occasionally been found in seals and pigs, its primary host species is the human. IBVs can also spread epidemics throughout the world, but they receive less attention than IAVs do due to their less prevalent nature, both in infecting hosts and in the symptoms that result from infection. IBVs used to be unclassified, but since the 1980s, they have been divided into the B/Yamagata and B/Victoria lineages. IBVs have further divisions known as clades and sub-clades, just like IAVs do.


title: Influenza B virus

text: Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two virus surface antigens that are constantly changing. Antigenic drift or antigenic shift are two possible influenza viral changes. Small changes in the HA and NA of influenza viruses caused by antigenic drift result in the creation of novel strains that the immune system of humans might not be able to identify. These emerging strains are the influenza virus's evolutionary responses to a potent immunological response across the population. The main cause of influenza recurrence is antigenic drift, which makes it essential to reevaluate and update the influenza vaccine's ingredient list every year. Annual influenza outbreaks are caused by antigenic drift and declining immunity, when the residual defenses from prior exposures to related viruses are incomplete. Antigenic drift occurs in Influenza A, B, and C.


title: Influenza B virus

text: Hemagglutination-inhibition experiments using ferret serum after infection allowed the identification of two very different antigenic influenza type B variants in the years 1988 – 1989. These viruses shared antigens with either B/Yamagata/16/88, a variation that was discovered in Japan in May 1988, or B/Victoria/2/87, the most recent reference strain. The B/Victoria/2/87 virus shared antigens with all influenza B viruses discovered in the United States during an outbreak in the winter of 1988 – 1989.


title: Influenza B virus

text: In Japan, influenza B virus reinfection was investigated virologically in 1985 – 1991 and epidemiologically in 1979 – 1991 in children. Four influenza B virus outbreaks that each included antigenic drift occurred during the course of this study. Between the epidemics in 1987 – 1988 and 1989 – 1990, there was a significant genetic and antigenic change in the viruses. Depending on the influenza seasons, the minimum rate of reinfection with influenza B virus for the entire period was between 2 and 25%. Haemagglutination inhibition assays were used to examine the antigens of the influenza B virus primary and reinfection strains that were isolated from 18 children between the years of 1985 and 1990, which encompassed three epidemic periods. The findings revealed that reinfection occurred with the viruses recovered during the 1984 – 1985 and 1987 – 1988 influenza seasons, which belonged to the same lineage and were antigenically close.


title: Influenza B virus

text: Today, reinfection continues as increased influenza activity was reported in the United States in November 2022 due to the winter weather.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: Interview is an American magazine founded in late 1969 by artist Andy Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock. The magazine, nicknamed "The Crystal Ball of Pop", features interviews with celebrities, artists, musicians, and creative thinkers. Interviews were usually unedited or edited in the eccentric fashion of Warhol's books and "The Philosophy of Andy Warhol: From A to B and Back Again".


title: Interview (magazine)

text: Bob Colacello was a film student at Columbia University in 1970 when he got a call from someone at "Interview" while he was having dinner at his parents’ house in suburban Long Island. Warhol had read a film review Colacello had written for "The Village Voice" and wanted to meet him. Colacello subsequently began writing film reviews and essays for "Interview". After about six months, Colacello was promoted to editor of the magazine, at a salary of $50 a week. (He also received course credits, as he was still working on his master’s degree at Columbia). Colacello brought in his friend and classmate Glenn O’Brien as an assistant. Colacello's first issue featured film 1940s-era stills of actress Rita Hayworth on the cover and on every page. The idea came from Warhol collaborator and filmmaker Paul Morrissey, who told Colacello, “Just put one on every page and it’ll be funny.”


title: Interview (magazine)

text: In the early days, complimentary copies of "Interview" were often given away to the "in-crowd"; this was the start of the magazine's circulation. Over time, Warhol withdrew from everyday oversight of "Interview" but he continued to act as ambassador for the magazine, distributing issues in the street to passersby and creating "ad hoc" signing events. From 1972 to 1989, the artist Richard Bernstein created covers of "Interview", giving the publication its signature style.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: The magazine's format has remained consistent at 60% features and 40% glossy advertising. It has been published by Brant Publications, Inc since shortly after Warhol's death in 1987. It was helmed for 18 years by Ingrid Sischy, until she and Peter Brant's ex-wife Sandra became lovers and left the magazine, selling Ms. Brant's half-ownership stake in the parent company Brant Publications. For a year and a half the magazine was in flux, edited by Christopher Bollen.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: "Interview" restarted under co-editorial directors Fabien Baron and Glenn O'Brien in September 2008, with a cover featuring Kate Moss. Stephen Mooallem and Christopher Bollen served as the working editor-in-chief and editor-at-large, respectively. The publication's content can be found online and via an app, Other Edition, available on iTunes.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: As of 2017, Fabien Baron was the editorial director; Karl Templer was creative director; Nick Haramis was editor-in-chief. In December 2013, Stephen Mooallem left Interview to join "Harper’s Bazaar" as its executive editor. Keith Pollock served as editor-in-chief from 2014 to 2016.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: It was announced on May 21, 2018 that the publication ‘folded’ and would end both its print and web publications by the end of 2018. The publication also filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy and liquidation.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: On September 6, 2018, Interview announced the launch of its 521st issue. The magazine was purchased by Kelly Brant and Jason Nikic, with some reports suggesting that the title's intellectual property will be returned to Peter Brant.


title: Interview (magazine)

text: The magazine is featured in The CW's television series "The Carrie Diaries", a prequel to HBO's "Sex and the City". The protagonist, played by actress AnnaSophia Robb, vicariously explores New York City through the fashion editor of "Interview", played by Freema Agyeman.


title: Diriliş: Ertuğrul (season 1)

text: The first season (2014–2015) of the Turkish TV series, Diriliş: Ertuğrul, created by Mehmet Bozdağ precedes the second season of the "" and the first season of the historical drama television series premiered on and concluded on .


title: Diriliş: Ertuğrul (season 1)

text: Süleyman Şah, Bey of the Kayı sends his son, Ertuğrul, to ask for land from the Emir of Aleppo. This is made almost impossible when the Kayı are put in a series of problems with the Templars after saving Şehzade Numan, Halime Sultan, and Şehzade Yiğit because of the traitor in the Emir's palace, Nasir, who works for the Templars but is later killed by Ertuğrul and the truth is shown to the Emir. A brand new problem also arises with Kurdoğlu, Süleyman Şah's brother, who seeks his brother's Beylik with the help of Selcan Hatun, Ertuğrul's sister-in-law and adoptive sister, who wants revenge from Süleyman Şah as he killed her treacherous father, Alptekin Bey. Ertuğrul, who loves Halime, marries her after much difficulty. Selcan's husband, Gündoğdu becomes jealous of his brother Ertuğrul as he is respected as the tribe hero but gradually calms down. Towards the end of the season, Kurdoğlu is beheaded, Ertuğrul successfully defeats the Templars and captures their castle, and Selcan repents. This is followed by Süleyman Şah's death and the tribe's migration to Erzurum as part of Süleyman Şah's will before he died.


title: Diriliş: Ertuğrul (season 1)

text: Preparations for season 1 began in February 2014. In five months, the stories and drawings were ready. Gambat from Mongolia had drawings made in three months. The teams started their work in May 2014. The decoration and art team consisted of sixty people and worked for 4 months for the first episode. 4000 square metres of fabric were used for costumes and decor. As for the choreography of the show, "Nomad", the special choreography crew of movies such as "The Expendables 2", "47 Ronin", and "Conan the Barbarian", from Kazakhstan, was invited to Turkey. The crew prepared special choreographies for actors, horses, and other scenes. The cast took riding, sword fighting, and archery lessons for 3 months. There were 25 horses on the set, attended by a veterinarian, who specially trained them. All are maintained on a horse farm in Riva. A special area similar to a zoo (but on a smaller scale) was created for all the animals which appear in the show, which include gazelles, sheep, goats, nightingales and partridges. The shooting time of the first episode was about a month.


title: Diriliş: Ertuğrul (season 1)

text: Season one was filmed around Beykoz and Riva in Istanbul. "Diriliş: Ertuğrul" set up two plateaus for Riva and Beykoz Kundura Factory for the first season. The plateau in Riva was erected on a total area of 40,000 m² with 35 tents built according to the original. In the Beykoz Kundura factory, Aleppo, Aleppo Palace, supply room, guest rooms, corridors, dungeons, Karatoygar room, Seljuk pavilion, temple halls, and rooms, lodges, and tent interiors were built on a closed area of 6,000 m². In the Kundura factory, the Aleppo Bazaar, the interior of the fortress, the interior of the tent by Süleyman Şah, the dungeon, the corridor, and the altar of the temple were built on an open area of 5,000 m².


title: Hidden camera

text: A hidden camera or spy camera is a camera used to photograph or record subjects, often people, without their knowledge. The camera may be considered "hidden" because it is not visible to the subject being filmed, or is disguised as another object. Hidden cameras are often considered a surveillance tool.


title: Hidden camera

text: The term “hidden camera” is commonly used when subjects are unaware that they are being recorded, usually lacking their knowledge and consent; the term “spy camera” is generally used when the subject would object to being recorded if they were aware of the camera's presence. In contrast, the phrase "security camera" refers to cameras that are visible and/or are accompanied by a warning notice of their presence, so the subject is aware of the camera's presence and knows they are being filmed.


title: Hidden camera

text: The use of hidden cameras raises personal privacy issues. There may be legal aspects to consider, depending on the jurisdiction in which they are used.


title: Hidden camera

text: A hidden camera can be wired or wireless. Hidden cameras connected, by cable or wirelessly, to a viewing or recording device, such as a television, computer, videocassette recorder, network video recorder, digital video recorder, memory card, or another data storage medium. They may also store their images or recordings online, such as through a livestream. Hidden video cameras may or may not have audio recording capabilities. Hidden cameras may be activated manually, remotely, or through motion detection.


title: Hidden camera

text: A hidden camera may not be visible to the subject, for example, because it is fitted with a long-focus lens and located beyond the view of the subject, or because it is obscured or hidden by an object, such as a one-way mirror. Hidden cameras can be built into a wide variety of items, ranging from electronics (television sets, smoke detectors, clocks, motion detectors, mobile phones, personal computers) to everyday objects where electronics are not expected to be found (stationery, plants, glasses, clothing, street lights).


title: Hidden camera

text: Common applications for hidden cameras are property security, personal surveillance, photography, or entertainment purposes, though they may also be used for espionage or surveillance by law enforcement, intelligence agencies, corporations, or other entities. They may also be used for illegal activity, such as criminal scope-outs, stalking, or voyeurism.


title: Hidden camera

text: Hidden cameras may be installed within common household objects for parents to monitor and record the activities of nannies and sometimes the children themselves. These hidden cameras are commonly referred to as "nanny cams". The use nanny cams can be a subject of controversy. For example, a 2003 criminal case in Florida, involving a nanny that was allegedly caught by a nanny cam violently shaking a baby, was thrown out in 2006 when the video was considered "worthless evidence"; however, this was due to issues regarding video quality, not legality, and several earlier cases used clearer nanny cam footage as evidence. Some hidden camera television shows have also led to lawsuits or the cancellation of episodes by the people who were trapped in set-ups that they found unpleasant.


title: Hidden camera

text: Hidden cameras are sometimes used in reality television, where they are used to catch participants in unusual or absurd situations. Participants will either know they will be filmed, but not always exactly when or where; or they will not know they have been filmed until later, at which point they may sign a release or give consent to the footage being produced for a show. This latter subgenre of unwitting participants began in the 1940s with Allen Funt's "Candid Microphone" theatrical short films. In 1996 the genre was given an overhaul by Travis Draft who introduced the glasses cam with his show "Buzzkill". The show took a hidden camera to a whole new level where the performer was the focal point.


title: Hidden camera

text: In South Korea, hidden cameras (abbreviated to "Molka" in Korean) proliferated in the 2010s and enabled the spread of voyeuristic images and videos. The term "Molka" can refer to both the actual cameras as well as the footage posted online.


title: Hidden camera

text: The use of hidden cameras is generally permitted under UK law, if used in a legal manner and towards legitimate ends. Individuals may use covert surveillance in their own home to spy on others, in the workplace for employee monitoring, outside of a domestic or commercial property for security purposes, and in most security situations where there is a just need to do so. There are a number of laws under the Data Protection Act and Human Rights Acts that may affect the use of hidden cameras.


title: Hidden camera

text: In any type of covert surveillance, footage should only be used for the purpose for which it has been taken, which must be a legitimate security reason. The person in possession of the footage is responsible for its use, and must only retain footage for as long as it is reasonably needed. It is not permitted to release the footage to third parties except when there is a legal necessity.


title: Hidden camera

text: It is illegal under UK law to deploy covert cameras in areas where individuals would have an expectation of privacy, such as bathrooms, changing rooms, and locker rooms. It is also illegal to place hidden cameras in someone else's home or on someone else's property.


title: Hidden camera

text: In the United States, the purchase, ownership, and use of hidden cameras and nanny cams is generally considered legal in all 50 states. However, U.S. Code Title 18, Chapter 119, Section 2512 prohibits the interception of oral communication by "surreptitious manner" such as a hidden recording device, and so most hidden video cameras are not available with audio recording. Additionally, it is illegal in 13 states to record audio without express or written consent of the nanny being recorded. Despite this, some hidden cameras are still sold in the United States with audio recording capabilities, though their use is illegal and their recordings cannot legally be used as evidence.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World is the ninth studio album by the Caretaker, an ambient music project of English musician Leyland Kirby, released on 1 June 2011 through History Always Favours the Winners.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: The record is based on a study regarding people with Alzheimer's disease being able to remember music they listened to when they were younger, as well as where they were and how they felt listening to it. The album samples pre-World War II ballroom records Kirby bought in Brooklyn in December 2010. This theme of Alzheimer's in music would be greatly expanded upon through 2016 to 2019 through Kirby's final series of albums as The Caretaker, "Everywhere at the End of Time".


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" was the Caretaker's breakthrough album, garnering critical acclaim upon its release and earning several year-end accolades. "Pitchfork" has called it the 75th best album of the first half of the 2010s as well as the 14th best ambient album of all time.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" reflects, with broken sounds, the mind of an Alzheimer's patient who struggles to remember parts of their life. The record was based on a 2010 study about the ability of people with the disease to remember music from their time, as well as their context within the patient's life. The Caretaker project was inspired by the ballroom music in films such as "Carnival of Souls" (1962), "The Shining" (1980), and the television series "Pennies from Heaven" (1978), which drew Kirby to themes of memory loss: "Famously, people as they got older have started seeing dead people, people from the past, and that's their reality because the brain's misfiring. I'm very interested in these kinds of stories. Music's probably the last thing to go for a lot of people with advanced Alzheimer's."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: Critic Rowan Savage compared the album to Mark Z. Danielewski's novel "House of Leaves" (2000) due to its "endless and fearfully cavernous space (the ballroom) existing concealed by the deceptive limitations of familiar domesticity" represented with a deep resonant sound. Some tracks on "An Empty Bliss" appear twice but are sampled differently, such as the title track and "Mental Caverns Without Sunshine." Kirby explained this was done to give it a déjà vu vibe: "Immediately upon first listen, you’re already questioning where you have heard this song before." The second version of "Mental Caverns Without Sunshine" is only half as long as the first. According to Savage, the repetitive aspects of the album question the listener if "[their] sense of familiarity spring[s] from the loop[s] [themselves] or from the very patina that inheres in the scratchy turntable record as such".


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss" has retrofuturistic themes of disputes between the distant past and the envisioned future similar to "Into Outer Space with Lucia Pamela" (1969). Savage labeled the album a commentary on modern music that "coloni[zes]" and "dehistoricize[s]" works from the past. He compared the album to when Gary Numan sang "I'm Vera Lynn" on the track "War Songs." Describing "War Songs" as a "peculiar evocation of the 30s and 50s as vocodered through eerie 80s electro," Savage explained:


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: Initially, Kirby did not plan out making "An Empty Bliss". Its making started when he shopped at a Brooklyn store in December 2010 and bought a ten-dollar collection of numerous ballroom records. The records would be left unused for a while until he was in a Berlin flat, where he spent around a month tracking them by playing them on a broken turntable. He then transferred the recordings to a digital recorder he obtained while vacationing in Spain during the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull. By the time he moved to another flat, he edited and mixed the recordings. The artwork, named "Happy In Spite", was painted in 2010 by Kirby's long-time friend Ivan Seal.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" uses snippets of several 78-rpm ballroom records. It drew comparisons to William Basinski's album series "The Disintegration Loops" (2002) and the music for the "BioShock" series, as well as the works of Philip Jeck, Ekkehard Ehlers and Gavin Bryars. The first tracks in "An Empty Bliss" feature the most prominent samples. Surrounding these samples are vinyl scratches, as well as click and pop sounds; these, in Savage's opinion, are "steampunk glitches." The sounds become more filtered in echo as each track goes on. It is unknown if Kirby added these echo filters or if they are a part of the original recordings, which Savage interpreted as giving the album an "affective" vibe. As the album progresses, the samples become more fragmented and unnoticeable, the sounds stop staying at both stereo channels, and the tracks become shorter. This is all until "Camaraderie at Arms Length," which ends the album with a clear repeat of the samples heard in the first tracks.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: The focus of the album is how the audio sources are altered and edited. As Powell wrote, "An Empty Bliss" has a "mindless" method of editing audio sources to represent "the fragmented and inconclusive ways our memories work." The tracks "never feel filled-in from start to finish, and they tend to linger on moments that feel especially comforting or conclusive." The album also has a "jump cut" method of transitioning between each track and noticeable skipping through melodic samples; some songs end abruptly in what feels like their mid-way point. The album slowly develops changes in reverb, echo, and noise. The echo was noted by some critics to give the album a ghost-like ominous feel, while Powell wrote that the crooked editing is what gave the album its eerie feel: "The source material is music designed not only to comfort, but to sound like it existed before you: hymns, love songs, lullabies. "Bliss" is eerie because it takes the seduction of those forms and turns it slightly askew." Bussolini analysed that the samples have a timeless feel to them, which is also what gives the album its ghostly vibe: "The music allows for just enough change to hold our interest, but after the party's over...well, the party's never over and it's never quite present. [...] the album ends, but whatever it conjured can't."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: While Andrew Ryce of "Resident Advisor" felt "An Empty Bliss" as "overbearingly depressive," others described the album in a brighter tone. Savage said the record differs from the Caretaker's past "dissonant and reverberated" releases in that it has a tone more "subtle and disconcertingly reassuring — as if the shades of the Overlook Hotel, in imploring the caretaker to join them, were to ask that he should do so through the medium of suicide rather than murder." This was similarly remarked in Powell's review of the album, in which he wrote that "there's something at least metaphorically beautiful-- even slightly funny-- about living inside a locked groove, dancing with nobody." "PopMatters" critic D. M. Edwards opined, opined that while some tracks, such as "All You're Going to Want to Do Is Get Back There" and "Mental Caverns Without Sunshine," are "sublime rather than weird or unnerving," others are "uncomfortable as being ten years old and required to kiss your grandmother on her overly lipsticked mouth." In addition to its bright feel, "An Empty Bliss" also differs from past Caretaker works in that, whereas samples were obscured via extensive pitch-shifting and reverb, samples are much clearer here. While most of the tracks on the album end suddenly, the album's closer fades out, representing, in Savage's opinion, a "memento mori that must go hand-in-hand with the resurrection of sounds as temporally distant as these, with the re-giving of the name and hence finitude, the entry (or, rather, re-entry) into mercilessly linear history."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" was the Caretaker's breakthrough album. Nick Butler of Sputnikmusic called it one of the most "beguiling" albums of 2011. He highlighted the album's mixture of two different vibes, that the samples used are "often jolly and very dated to the point of arguably being irrelevant to modern ears," and the overall music is "very modern [...] and very depressing." He analysed that these two tones "don't match at all, and it sends [the listener's] brain into overdrive trying to figure it all out, trying to work out where the link is between those two extremes is." James Knapman of "Igloo" magazine labeled it Kirby's most "endearing" work due to its combination of light and haunting tones: "What it asks of the listener is a sense of humour and the ability to actively enjoy the aged source material that Kirby has spliced and looped together. It’s a truly haunting experience that is buoyed up by a heady dose of nostalgia and affection that bestows upon it an oddly lilting quality."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: Simon Reynolds labeled "An Empty Bliss" an "excellent" example of a record using hauntology themes. Michael Lovino, writing for "No Ripcord", analysed, "there’s a mysterious sense that what we're listening to is pure fantasy, designed to perplex our constant perception of our reality, of the moment, now, as we experience it, right now. This may just be the first record that emits such a strange feeling with such sublime ghostliness." He highlighted the album's ability to achieve a "perplexing and strenuous" task of inducing many emotions into the listener, writing that "Kirby does it with a special kind of grace." Ryce called "An Empty Bliss" "evocative, heart-tugging stuff," stating that "when knowledge of Kirby's intent lurks underneath the damaged acetate grooves, it becomes something else entirely: A poignant interrogation of memory loss and aging." He opined it was far superior to most other ambient albums that "get lost in their own delusions of grandeur vis a vis elaborate concepts," describing the edits done to the samples as "simplistic" but "so horrifyingly effective it's hard to feel anything but awestruck."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: Andrew Hall of "Coke Machine Glow" described "An Empty Bliss" as "a remarkably cohesive listen and one that achieves its goals, but whether or not it, in and of itself, is an entirely creative work is another question entirely." He praised the album's unique sampling style and "careful" sequencing. However, he also felt it was "like a glorified mix with a handful of treatments made to emphasize specific elements of the music being manipulated," writing that "it already has prompted difficult to address questions over ownership, credit, and just how much work actually goes into creating a finished product when working through a method like Kirby's." In an October 2014 "BDCwire" article, Tyler Cumella labeled "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" one of the most "fascinating" records of the 2010s. He stated that the album "has the overall quality of something slipping through your fingers, like a memory that you are struggling to cling onto. Rarely has an album created such a haunting, insular look at the life of the mind." He compared the record to "The Shining", the film that helped inspire the album, in that they "perfectly capture the sense of a faltering mind, with past and present blurring together into a beautifully eerie whole."


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: Retrospectively reviewing the album for AllMusic, Paul Simpson awarded it five stars and summarised that it "quickly became a cult classic, and has since been regarded as one of the defining works of hauntology, a concept evoking cultural memory, which has also been present in discussions of other British artists such as Burial and the Ghost Box label." Simpson also called it "a profoundly beautiful, thought-provoking work of art." The concept of "An Empty Bliss" would eventually be expanded to six albums on "Everywhere at the End of Time", a series exploring the mental deterioration of dementia through six stages.


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" landed at number 22 on "Pitchfork"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s list of the "Top 50 Albums of 2011". It later made its way to number 75 on the publication's list of the best albums of the first half of the 2010s decade (2010 to 2014) and number 14 on their list of the greatest ambient albums of all time. "Gorilla vs. Bear" ranked it 14th on their list of the best albums of 2011, with writer Chris calling it "some of the loveliest, most heartbreaking anonymous music we never knew we needed," while "Uncut" magazine placed it at number 47 on their year-end list. In 2013, the album was ranked 79th on a list of "The Top 130 Albums" of the previous five years by "Beats per Minute".


title: An Empty Bliss Beyond This World

text: "An Empty Bliss Beyond This World" was ranked fourth on a year-end list by "Tiny Mix Tapes" of 2011's best releases, with journalist Embling describing the LP as "relevant and necessary" due to the year's rise in the number of films that were "antique revisions, early 20th-century histories made conveniently, divertingly neat" and "tinsel-toned recreations of a world that never actually was, much as we sometimes wish it had been." These films included "", "Midnight in Paris", "The Artist", and "Hugo". Embling wrote that with the album, "Leyland Kirby presented pre-war 78s in their current, decaying condition, as a testament to the things that cannot be restored, those people, moments, and memories lost to time, out of reach and forever unrecoverable."


title: Peter Law (actor)

text: Peter Robert Law (born 1943) is a British actor and educator. He is the father of artist Natasha Law and actor Jude Law.


title: Peter Law (actor)

text: Law was born Peter Robert Tagg, the son of Emily Florence Ethel Tagg, a domestic servant, and Eric Phillip Law, an accountant.


title: Jordan Addison

text: Jordan Addison (born January 27, 2002) is a college football wide receiver for the USC Trojans. He previously played for the Pittsburgh Panthers, where he won the 2021 Fred Biletnikoff Award.


title: Jordan Addison

text: Addison attended Tuscarora High School in Frederick, Maryland. He played wide receiver, quarterback and defensive back in high school. He committed to the University of Pittsburgh to play college football.


title: Jordan Addison

text: Addison played in 10 games and started eight as a true freshman at Pittsburgh in 2020. He led the team with 60 receptions for 666 yards and four touchdowns. He returned to Pittsburgh as a starter in 2021. In 2021, he went on to lead college football in touchdown receptions with 17 in the 2021 regular season while catching 100 passes for 1,593 yards. He earned consensus All-American honors and won the 2021 Fred Biletnikoff Award.


title: Jordan Addison

text: In May 2022, Addison announced that he would be transferring to the University of Southern California to play for the USC Trojans football team. He chose to wear #3 for the Trojans, which was previously retired in honor of Carson Palmer, the 2002 Heisman Trophy winner.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Ancient Indian architecture ranges from the Indian Bronze Age to around 800 CE. By this endpoint Buddhism in India had greatly declined, and Hinduism was predominant, and religious and secular building styles had taken on forms, with great regional variation, which they largely retain even after some forceful changes brought about by the arrival of first Islam, and then Europeans.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Much early Indian architecture was in wood, which has almost always decayed or burnt, or brick, which has often been taken away for re-use. The large amount of Indian rock-cut architecture, essentially beginning around 250 BCE, is therefore especially important, as much of it clearly adapts forms from contemporary constructed buildings of which no examples remain. There are also a number of important sites where the floor-plan has survived to be excavated, but the upper parts of structures have vanished.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: In the Bronze Age, the first cities emerged in the Indus Valley civilization. The urbanization in the Gangetic plains began as early as 1200 BC with the emergence of fortified cities and appearance of Northern Black Polished Ware. The Mahajanapada period was characterized by Indian coins and use of stone in the Indian architecture. The Mauryan period is considered as the beginning of the classical period of Indian architecture. Nagara and Dravidian architectural styles developed in the early medieval period with the rise of Hindu revivalism and predominant role of Hindu temple architecture in the Indian Subcontinent.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: A strongly probable shrine from Upper Paleolithic period dated (9000–8000 BCE) dedicated to worshipping of Goddess (Shakti) made of stone has been discovered at Baghor in the Sidhi district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Although the urban phase of Harappa has been dated back to 2600 BCE, excavation at Kalibangan from the early or proto-Harappan period already shows an urban development with fortification, grid layout of the city and drain system. The settlement consisted of a fortified city mostly made of mud-brick architecture but characterized by an appearance of fired bricks around 3000 BCE which was used to line the drains of the city. Planned settlements from an early Harappan era with structures parallel to the streets which run perpendicular to each other with public drainage system has been uncovered at the site of Rakhigarhi, one of the biggest urbanized areas of the Indus valley civilization dating back to 4000–3200 BCE. Even earlier phase dated 4400–4200 BCE has marked the appearance of wedge-shaped mud bricks with rectangular houses.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: While in contemporary Bronze Age cultures outside India sun-dried mud bricks were the dominant building material, the Indus Valley civilization preferred to use fired "terracotta" brick instead. A prominent feature of Harappan architecture was also the first use anywhere in the world of English bond in building with bricks. This type of bonding utilized alternate headers and stretchers which is a stronger method of construction. Clay was usually used as cementing material but where better strength was needed, such as for the drains, lime and gypsum mortar was preferred instead. In architecture such as the Great Bath, bitumen was used for waterproofing. The bricks were produced in a standardized ratio of 4:2:1, found throughout the Indus Valley civilization.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The excavation at Banawali in present-day Haryana has also yielded an Apsidal plan which has been interpreted as a temple.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: At Dholavira, possible funerary architecture was found surrounding a dried up lake and consists of tumuli, sometimes resembling hemispherical domes, constructed using mud bricks or stone slabs.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The domestic houses were made of bricks and usually flat roofed, the wooden doors were provided with hangings and a lock at the bottom. The houses were single or double storied. The windows were provided with lattice shutters for airflow and privacy and ledge to stop rainwater from entering the house. The houses were usually provided with bathing platform which were connected to the public drain through in house drain. Latrines were generally simple commode had a small drain leading outside to a second sump pot. The latrines and bathing platforms were located in a room attached to the outer wall. Kitchen were open air situated in a courtyard as well as closed rooms, hearths oval, circular and rectangular in shape were also used in the house, keyhole ovens with central pillars were used for roasting meat or baking breads.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: After the collapse of the mature Harappan urban period, some cities still remained urban and inhabited.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Balathal defense architecture, stone and mud brick residential structures of Ahar Banas, defensive wall is characterised by mud based core having stone revetments with rectangular bastion dated c. 2400–1800 BCE, Sanghol and Rupar of Bara culture are some of the non Harappan chalcolithic urban developments that took place in India as well.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: With the appearance of towns in the middle Gangatic basin in the sixth century BCE, a second urbanization began in India.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Archaeological excavations at Kausambi have revealed fortifications from the end of second millennium BC.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: A stone palace predating the Mauryan period has been discovered from the ruins of Kausambi. The dressed stones of the palace were set in fine lime and coated with a thick layer of plaster, the entire architecture resembled a fortress with its own walls and towers. The palace had few rooms, each room was provided with three shelves and a central hall with steps leading to the tower. The architecture was constructed in three phases and is dated from 8th century BCE to 2nd century BCE. Discovery of this stone palace discredits the theory of foreign influence behind the rise of Indian stone architecture during Ashokan or mauryan period.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: A technique of architecture applied here was using dressed stones as facing for a wall made of rubble core, this represents the apogee of Indian architecture in this ancient period.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Ghoshitaram monastery in Kosambi dating back to 6th-century BCE. Buddhist scripture attributes this very old monastic site to the time of the Buddha which has been backed by archaeology, founded by a banker named Ghosita.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: From the time of the Mahajanapadas (600 BCE–320 BCE), walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which consistently used arched windows and doors and made intense use of wooden architecture, are important features of the architecture during this period. The reliefs of Sanchi, dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, show cities such as Kushinagar or Rajagriha as splendid walled cities during the time of the Buddha (6th century BCE). Archaeologically, this period corresponds in part to the Northern Black Polished Ware culture.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Various types of individual housing of the time of the Buddha (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), resembling huts with chaitya-decorated doors, are also described in the reliefs of Sanchi. Although the reliefs of Sanchi are dated to the 1st centuries BCE–CE, portraying scene taking place during the time of the Buddha, four centuries before, they are considered an important indication of building traditions in these early times.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: During the time of the Buddha (c. 563/480 or c. 483/400 BCE), Buddhist monks were also in the habit of using natural caves, such as the Saptaparni Cave, southwest from Rajgir, Bihar. Many believe it to be the site in which Buddha spent some time before his death, and where the first Buddhist council was held after the Buddha died (paranirvana). The Buddha himself had also used the Indrasala Cave for meditation, starting a tradition of using caves, natural or man-made, as religious retreats, that would last for over a millennium.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The first monasteries, such as the Jivakarama vihara and Ghositarama monastery in Rajgir and Kausambi respectively, were built from the time of the Buddha, in the 6th or 5th centuries BCE. The initial Jivakarama monastery was formed of two long parallel and oblong halls, large dormitories where the monks could eat and sleep, in conformity with the original regulations of the samgha, without any private cells. Other halls were then constructed, mostly long, oblong building as well, which remind of the construction of several of the Barabar caves.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Religious buildings in the form of the Buddhist stupa, a dome-shaped monument, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The next wave of building, appears with the start of the Classical period (320 BCE–550 CE) and the rise of the Mauryan Empire. The capital city of Pataliputra was an urban marvel described by the Greek ambassador Megasthenes. Remains of monumental stone architecture can be seen through numerous artifacts recovered from Pataliputra, such as the Pataliputra capital. This cross-fertilization between different art streams converging on the subcontinent produced new forms that, while retaining the essence of the past, succeeded in integrating selected elements of the new influences.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The Indian emperor Ashoka (rule: 273–232 BCE) established the Pillars of Ashoka throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas. According to Buddhist tradition, Ashoka recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the Ramagrama stupa), and erected 84.000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as Sanchi or Kesariya, where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly Bharhut, Amaravati or Dharmarajika in Gandhara.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Ashoka also built the initial Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya around the Bodhi tree, including masterpieces such as the Diamond throne ("Vajrasana"). He is also said to have established a chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire by 230 BCE. One of the edicts of Ashoka reads: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Ashoka) erected two kinds of hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted." Indian art and culture has absorbed extraneous impacts by varying degrees and is much richer for this exposure.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Fortified cities with stūpas, "viharas", and temples were constructed during the Maurya empire (c. 321–185 BCE). Architectural creations of the Mauryan period, such as the city of Pataliputra, the Pillars of Ashoka, are outstanding in their achievements, and often compare favourably with the rest of the world at that time. Commenting on Mauryan sculpture, John Marshall once wrote about the "extraordinary precision and accuracy which characterizes all Mauryan works, and which has never, we venture to say, been surpassed even by the finest workmanship on Athenian buildings".


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Around the same time rock-cut architecture began to develop, starting with the already highly sophisticated and state-sponsored Barabar caves in Bihar, personally dedicated by Ashoka c. 250 BCE. These artificial caves exhibit an amazing level of technical proficiency, the extremely hard granite rock being cut in geometrical fashion and polished to a mirror-like finish.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Probably owing to the 2nd century BCE fall of the Mauryan Empire and the subsequent persecutions of Buddhism under Pushyamitra Sunga, it is thought that many Buddhists relocated to the Deccan under the protection of the Andhra dynasty, thus shifting the cave-building effort to western India: an enormous effort at creating religious caves (usually Buddhist or Jain) continued there until the 2nd century CE, culminating with the Karla Caves or the Pandavleni Caves.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at Sanchi Stupa No.2 (125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at Bharhut (115 BCE), Bodh Gaya (60 BCE), Mathura (125–60 BCE), again at Sanchi for the elevation of the toranas (1st century BCE/CE) and then Amaravati (1st–2nd century CE).


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Temples—built on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were initially constructed using brick and timber. Some temples of timber with wattle-and-daub may have preceded them, but none remain to this day.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Some of the earliest free-standing temples may have been of a circular type, as the Bairat Temple in Bairat, Rajasthan, formed of a central stupa surrounded by a circular colonnade and an enclosing wall. It was built during the time of Ashoka, and near it were found two of Ashoka's Minor Rock Edicts. Ashoka also built the Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya c. 250 BCE, also a circular structure, in order to protect the Bodhi tree under which the Buddha had found enlightenment.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Another early free-standing temple in India, this time apsidal in shape, appears to be at Sanchi, which is also dated to the 3rd century BCE. It was an apsidal temple built of timber on top of a high rectangular stone platform, 26.52x14x3.35 metres, with two flights of stairs to the east and the west. A freestanding apsidal temple remains to this day, although in a modified form, in the Trivikrama Temple in Ter, Maharashtra.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The Mahabodhi Temple in Bodh Gaya is one of the earliest examples of Truncated Pyramidal temples with niches containing Buddha images. The structure is crowned by the shape of an hemispherical stupa topped by finials, forming a logical elongation of the temple.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the aniconic stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the iconic temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. This design was very influential in the development of later Hindu temples.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The Gupta Empire later also built Buddhist stand-alone temples (following the great cave temples of Indian rock-cut architecture), such as Temple 17 at Sanchi, dating to the early Gupta period (5th century CE). It consists of a flat roofed square sanctum with a portico and four pillars. From an architectural perspective, this is a tetrastyle prostyle temple of Classical appearance. Pataini temple located near Unchehara, constructed during the reign of Gupta Empire, also features flat roofed square sanctum.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Archaeological excavation conducted by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) at Kausambi revealed a palace with its foundations going back to 8th century BCE until 2nd century CE; and built-in six phases. The last phase dated to 1st – 2nd century CE, featured an extensive structure which was divided into three blocks and enclosed two galleries. There was a central hall in the central block and presumably used as an audience hall surrounded by rooms which served as a residential place for the ruler. The entire structure was constructed using bricks and stones and two layers of lime were plastered on it. The palace had a vast network of underground chambers also called Suranga by Kautilya in his Arthashastra, and the superstructure and the galleries were made on the principle of true arch. The four-centered pointed arch was used to span narrow passageways and segmental arch for wider areas. The superstructure of the central and eastern block was examined to have formed part of a dome that adorned the building. The entire galleries and superstructure were found collapsed under 5 cm thick layer of ash which indicates destruction of the palace through conflagration.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Rulers would often use their palaces to symbolize their majesty and greatness. Aligning with the belief at the time the monarch had the divine right to rule. This idea is captured in the expression "the king becomes not only exempt from punishment but also the lord of the law"


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The early evidence of Shikhara type domical crowing structure has been noted in the palatial architecture of Kausambi dated to 1st-2nd century CE. The central hall was thought to be topped by a dome but analysis of the bricks indicate Shikara type structure was used instead. Evidence also indicates Shikhara was also used in crowing architecture such as Bhitargaon temple.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Satavahanas constructed a stadium and a theater at Nagarjunakonda in the 2nd century AD. The theater has a small quadrangular open area enclosed on all four sides by stepped stands which are made of bricks and cladded with limestone.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: An oblong-shaped stadium dating form the same era consisted of an arena which was enclosed on all four sides by flight of steps, with each step measuring two feet wide, and a pavilion which was situated on the west end. At the top of the arena, there was an eleven feet wide platform. The area of arena was 309 X 259 feet and 15 feet deep. The entire construction was done using burnt brick.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Nalrajar Garh fortification wall ruins dating back to 5th-century CE. are probably the only standing fortification ruins from Gupta period which are located in a dense jungle in North Bengal near Indo-Bhutan border. A prominent feature of its fortification walls are two parabolic arches. Many fortified cities like Nalrajar Garh, Bhitagarh had risen in Northeastern India owing to trade activities with southeastern China.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: This period ends with the destructive invasions of the Alchon Huns in the 6th century CE. During the rule of the Hunnic king Mihirakula, over a thousand Buddhist monasteries throughout Gandhara are said to have been destroyed. The Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang, writing in 630 CE, explained that Mihirakula ordered the destruction of Buddhism and the expulsion of monks. He reported that Buddhism had drastically declined, and that most of the monasteries were deserted and left in ruins.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Hindu temple architecture in the Indian subcontinent continued to develop in North India and South India. Nagara style developed in North India where a Hindu temple incorporated Shikhara as its predominant architectural element whereas in southern India Vimana was used instead. The Hindu temple architecture was characterized by the use of stone as the dominant building material compared to the earlier period in which the burnt bricks were used instead.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Regional styles include Architecture of Karnataka, Kalinga architecture, Dravidian architecture, Western Chalukya architecture, and Badami Chalukya Architecture.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: Corbel arches in India date from Indus Valley civilisation which used corbel arch to construct drains and have been evidenced at Mohenjo daro, Harappa, and Dholavira.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The oldest arches surviving in Indian architecture are the gavaksha or "chaitya arches" found in ancient rock-cut architecture, and agreed to be copied from versions in wood which have all perished. These often terminate a whole ceiling with a semi-circular top; wooden roofs made in this way can be seen in carved depictions of cities and palaces. A number of small early constructed temples have such roofs, using corbelled construction, as well as an apsidal plan; the Trivikrama Temple at Ter, Maharashtra is an example. The arch shape survived into constructed Indian architecture, not as an opening in a wall but as a blind niche projection from a wall, that bears only its own weight. In this form, it became a very common and important decorative motif on Hindu temples.


title: Ancient Indian architecture

text: The 19th-century archaeologist Alexander Cunningham, head of the Archaeological Survey of India, at first believed that – due to the total absence of arches in Hindu temples – they were alien to Indian architecture, but several pre-Islamic examples bear testimony to their existence, as explained by him in the following manner: