title: Schistocyte

text: Schistocytes are fragmented red blood cells that can take on different shapes. They can be found as triangular, helmet shaped, or comma shaped with pointed edges. Schistocytes are most often found to be microcytic with no area of central pallor. There is usually no change in deformability, but their lifespan is lower than that of a normal red blood cell (120 days). This is due to their abnormal shape which can cause them to undergo hemolysis or be removed by macrophages in the spleen.


title: Schistocyte

text: Schistocyte formation occurs as a result of mechanical destruction (fragmentation hemolysis) of a normal red blood cell. This occurs when there is damage to the blood vessel and a clot begins to form. The formation of the fibrin strands in the vessels occurs as part of the clot formation process. The red blood cells get trapped in the fibrin strands and the shear force of the blood flow causes the red blood cell to break. The resulting fragmented cell is called the schistocyte.


title: Schistocyte

text: A normal schistocyte count for a healthy individual is <0.5% although usual values are found to be <0.2%. A schistocyte count of >1% is most often found in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, although they are more often seen within the range of 3–10% for this condition. A schistocyte count of <1% but greater than the normal value is suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation, but is not an absolute diagnosis. The standard for a schistocyte count is a microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear.


title: Schistocyte

text: Schistocytes on the peripheral blood smear is a characteristic feature of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). The causes of MAHA can be disseminated intravascular coagulation, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic-uremic syndrome, HELLP syndrome, malfunctioning cardiac valves etc.


title: Schistocyte

text: In most of the conditions, schistocytes are formed by fibrin formation and entrapment of red blood cells leading to fragmentation due to the force of blood flow in the vessels.


title: Schistocyte

text: Disseminated intravascular coagulation or DIC is caused by a systemic response to a specific condition including sepsis and severe infection, malignancy, obstetric complications, massive tissue injury, or systemic diseases. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is an activation of the coagulation cascade which is usually a result of an increased exposure to tissue factor. The activation of the cascade leads to thrombi formation which causes an accumulation of excess fibrin formation in the intravascular circulation. The excess fibrin strands cause mechanical damage to the red blood cells resulting in schistocyte formation and also thrombocytopenia and consumption of clotting factors. Schistocyte values between .5% and 1% are usually suggestive of DIC.


title: Schistocyte

text: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or TTP is caused by primary platelet activation. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura leads to increased amounts of large von Willebrand factor which then attach to activated platelets and mediate further platelet aggregation. Platelets end up being removed and the resulting fibrin strand formation remains. These fibrin strands along with the stress from the blood flow cause fragmentation of the red blood cells, leading to schistocyte formation. In TTP, a schistocyte count between 3–10% is common, but >1% is suggestive of the disease.


title: Schistocyte

text: Hemolytic-uremic syndrome or HUS is hemolytic anaemia, acute kidney failure (uremia), and thrombocytopenia. HUS is caused by E. coli bloody diarrhea and specific strains of shiga toxin. The bacteria in HUS cause damage to the endothelium which results in platelet activation and formation of microthrombi. Red cells get trapped in the fibrin strands of the microthrombi and become sheared by the force of blood flow leading to schistocyte formation.


title: Schistocyte

text: Leaky prosthetic heart valves and other cardiac assisted devices can lead to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (with schistocyte formation) and thrombocytopenia. The force from the blood flow over the high pressure gradient from the prosthesis leads to fragmentation of red cells, and schistocyte formation. This is rare and only occurs in about 3% of patients.


title: Duff's device

text: In the C programming language, Duff's device is a way of manually implementing loop unrolling by interleaving two syntactic constructs of C: the - loop and a switch statement. Its discovery is credited to Tom Duff in November 1983, when Duff was working for Lucasfilm and used it to speed up a real-time animation program.


title: Duff's device

text: Loop unrolling attempts to reduce the overhead of conditional branching needed to check whether a loop is done, by executing a batch of loop bodies per iteration. To handle cases where the number of iterations is not divisible by the unrolled-loop increments, a common technique among assembly language programmers is to jump directly into the middle of the unrolled loop body to handle the remainder.


title: Duff's device

text: Duff implemented this technique in C by using C's case label fall-through feature to jump into the unrolled body.


title: Duff's device

text: Duff's problem was to copy 16-bit unsigned integers ("shorts" in most C implementations) from an array into a memory-mapped output register, denoted in C by a pointer. His original code, in C, looked as follows:


title: Duff's device

text: This code assumes that initial . Since the output location is a memory-mapped register, the pointer is not incremented as would be required for a memory-to-memory copy.


title: Duff's device

text: Duff realized that to handle cases where is not divisible by eight, the assembly programmer's technique of jumping into the loop body could be implemented by interlacing the structures of a switch statement and a loop, putting the switch's labels at the points of the loop body that correspond to the remainder of :


title: Duff's device

text: Duff's device can similarly be applied with any other size for the unrolled loop, not just eight as in the example above.


title: Duff's device

text: Based on an algorithm used widely by programmers coding in assembly for minimizing the number of tests and branches during a copy, Duff's device appears out of place when implemented in C. The device is valid C by virtue of two attributes in C:


title: Duff's device

text: This leads to what the "Jargon File" calls "the most dramatic use yet seen of fall through in C". C's default fall-through in case statements has long been one of its most controversial features; Duff himself said that "This code forms some sort of argument in that debate, but I'm not sure whether it's for or against."


title: Duff's device

text: Although valid in C, Duff's device goes against common C guidelines, such as the MISRA guidelines. Some compilers (e.g. CompCert) are restricted to such guidelines and thus might reject Duff's device.


title: Duff's device

text: The basic idea of loop unrolling is that the number of instructions executed in a loop can be reduced by reducing the number of loop tests, sometimes reducing the amount of time spent in the loop. For example, in the case of a loop with only a single instruction in the block code, the loop test will typically be performed for every iteration of the loop, that is every time the instruction is executed. If, instead, eight copies of the same instruction are placed in the loop, then the test will be performed only every eight iterations, and this may gain time by avoiding seven tests. However, this only handles a multiple of eight iterations, requiring something else to handle any remainder of iterations.


title: Duff's device

text: Duff's device provides a solution by first performing the remainder of iterations, followed by iterating as many times as necessary the multiple of eight similar instructions. To determine the number of remainder iterations, the code first calculates the total number of iterations modulo eight. According to this remainder, the program execution will then "jump" to a codice_1 statement followed by "exactly the number of iterations needed". Once this is done, everything is straightforward the code continues by doing iterations of groups of eight instructions, this has become possible since the remaining number of iterations is a multiple of eight.


title: Duff's device

text: Duff's device provides a compact loop unrolling by using the case keyword "both inside and outside the loop". This is unusual because the contents of a case statement are traditionally thought of as a block of code nested inside the case statement, and a reader would typically expect it to end before the next case statement. According to the specifications of C language, this is not necessary; indeed, case statements can appear anywhere inside the switch code block, and at any depth; the program execution will simply jump to the next statement, wherever it may be.


title: Duff's device

text: Many compilers will optimize the switch into a branch table just as would be done in an assembly implementation.


title: Duff's device

text: The primary increase in speed versus a simple, straightforward loop, comes from loop unwinding that reduces the number of performed branches, which are computationally expensive due to the need to flushand hence stallthe instruction pipeline. The codice_2 statement is used to handle the remainder of the data not evenly divisible by the number of operations unrolled (in this example, eight short moves are unrolled, so the codice_2 handles an extra 1–7 shorts automatically).


title: Duff's device

text: This automatic handling of the remainder may not be the best solution on all systems and compilers in some cases two loops may actually be faster (one loop, unrolled, to do the main copy, and a second loop to handle the remainder). The problem appears to come down to the ability of the compiler to correctly optimize the device; it may also interfere with pipelining and branch prediction on some architectures. When numerous instances of Duff's device were removed from the XFree86 Server in version 4.0, there was an improvement in performance and a noticeable reduction in size of the executable.<ref name="lkml-0008.2/0171"></ref> Therefore, when considering this code as a program optimization, it may be worth running a few benchmarks to verify that it actually is the fastest code on the target architecture, at the target optimization level, with the target compiler, as well as weighing the risk that the optimized code will later be used on different platforms where it is not the fastest code.


title: Duff's device

text: For the purpose of memory-to-memory copies (which, as mentioned above, was not the original use of Duff's device), the standard C library provides the function codice_4; it will not perform worse than a memory-to-memory copy version of this code, and may contain architecture-specific optimizations that make it significantly faster.


title: Tsukimi

text: The tradition dates to the Heian era, and is now so popular in Japan that some people repeat the activities for several evenings following the appearance of the full moon during the eighth lunisolar month.


title: Tsukimi

text: Tsukimi traditions include displaying decorations made from Japanese pampas grass ("susuki") and eating rice dumplings called "Tsukimi dango" in order to celebrate the beauty of the Moon. Seasonal produce are also displayed as offerings to the Moon. Sweet potatoes are offered to the full moon, while beans or chestnuts are offered to the waxing moon the following month. The alternate names of the celebrations, "Imomeigetsu" (meaning "potato harvest moon") and "Mamemeigetsu" (meaning "bean harvest moon") or "Kurimeigetsu" (meaning "chestnut harvest moon") are derived from these offerings.


title: Tsukimi

text: Tsukimi refers to the Japanese tradition of holding parties to view the harvest moon. The custom is thought to have originated with Japanese aristocrats during the Heian period; influenced by the Chinese custom of Mid-Autumn Festival, they would gather to recite poetry under the full moon of the eighth month of the solar calendar, known as the . On the evening of the full moon, it is traditional to gather in a place where the Moon can be seen clearly, decorate the scene with Japanese pampas grass, and to serve white rice dumplings (known as "Tsukimi dango"), taro, edamame, chestnuts and other seasonal foods, plus sake as offerings to the Moon in order to pray for an abundant harvest. These dishes are known collectively as . Due to the ubiquity of sweet potato or taro among these dishes, the tradition is known as or "Potato harvest moon" in some parts of Japan.


title: Tsukimi

text: From 862 until 1683, the Japanese calendar was arranged so that the full moon fell on the 13th day of each month. In 1684, however, the calendar was altered so that the new moon fell on the first day of each month, moving the full moon two days later, to the 15th day of the month. While some people in Edo (present-day Tokyo) shifted their Tsukimi activities to the 15th day of the month, others continued to observe the festival on the 13th day. Furthermore, there were various regional observances in some parts of Japan on the 17th day of the month, as well as Buddhist observances on the 23rd or the 26th day, all of which were used as pretexts for often late-night parties during the autumn throughout the Edo period. This custom was brought to a swift end during the Meiji period.


title: Tsukimi

text: Festivals dedicated to the Moon have a long history in Japan. During the Heian period elements of the Chinese Mid-Autumn Festival were introduced to Japan. Members of the aristocratic class would hold moon-viewing events aboard boats in order to view the Moon's reflection on the surface of the water. The writing of waka poetry was also an element of such mid-autumn Moon viewing festivities.


title: Tsukimi

text: There are specific terms in Japanese to refer to occasions when the Moon is not visible on the traditional mid-autumn evening, including and . Even when the Moon is not visible, however, Tsukimi parties are held. A Unicode emoji exists for Tsukimi, featuring pampas grass, dango and the Moon.


title: Tsukimi

text: It is traditional to serve Tsukimi dango and seasonal produce offerings during Tsukimi, as described above. In addition, there are several other dishes associated with Tsukimi.


title: Tsukimi

text: Boiled soba or udon noodles topped with nori and raw egg, then covered with broth are known as "Tsukimi soba" or "Tsukimi udon". In Kitakyushu an egg served atop yaki udon is known as "Tenmado", another name for Tsukimi in the local dialect. Similarly when a raw quail egg is used to top sushi, like battleship sushi gunkanzushi or a handroll temaki it is referred to as tsukimi style.


title: Tsukimi

text: At some fast food restaurants in Japan a special Fall Menu is offered during September and October featuring fried egg sandwiches known as "Tsukimi burgers".


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Julio Cesar Martinez Aguilar (born 27 January 1995) is a Mexican professional boxer, who has held the WBC flyweight title since 2019.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: As of November 2022, Martinez is ranked as the best active flyweight boxer in the world by ESPN, second by The Ring and TBRB, and tenth by BoxRec.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez made his professional debut against Joaquin Cruz on October 16, 2015. He lost the fight by a split decision. He would go on to amass a 13-1 record over the course of his next 13 fights.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez was scheduled to fight Andrew Selby on March 23, 2019, in a WBC Flyweight title eliminator to determine the next mandatory challenger. Martinez won the fight by a fifth-round knockout, handing Selby the first loss of his professional career. Selby had a great start to the fight, before a clash of heads in the third round cut him along his left eyebrow, for which Martinez was deducted a point. Martinez enjoyed more success from the third round onward, knocking Selby down with a liver shot 57 seconds into the fifth round.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: As Martinez had secured his position as the mandatory WBC flyweight title challenger with the fifth-round knockout of Andrew Selby, WBC ordered the reigning flyweight world champion Charlie Edwards to defend his title against Martinez. They were later given a weeklong extension from the sanctioning body to come to terms as regards the purse and venue. The two parties avoided going to a purse bid, agreeing to fight at The O2 Arena in London, on the Lomachenko vs Campbell undercard, on August 31, 2019.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: In the third round of the fight, Martinez landed a combination of punches which staggered the champion, forcing him to take a knee. As he did so, Martinez landed a heavy body shot that completely took Edwards out of the fight. Referee Mark Lyson stopped the bout, while WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman reviewed the fight ending sequence. Sulaiman found the fight ending shot to have landed egregiously late, officially overturning the fight to a no-contest.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: During the post-fight interview, Edwards stated: "This is the right decision. I took a knee for a purpose...We get in this ring to abide by the rules". WBC president Mauricio Sulaiman said he had ordered a rematch, to which Edwards acquiesced. Edwards' manager Eddie Hearn was elusive as to the rematch, however, claiming that they planned to move up to super flyweight. Edwards officially vacated his WBC Flyweight title on October 6, 2019.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Following former WBC flyweight champion Charlie Edwards’ decision to vacate the title and move to super flyweight, WBC scheduled the #1 ranked Martinez to fight the #2 ranked Cristofer Rosales for the vacant WBC Flyweight championship. Martinez was scheduled to fight the former WBC flyweight titlist on December 20, 2019, on the undercard of the Super-Middleweight fight between Daniel Jacobs and Julio Cesar Chavez Jr. In November 2019, it was revealed that Martinez had tested positive Clenbuterol, a banned substance. WBC decided not to punish him, as the amount of the muscle-forming drug found in his system wasn't deemed sufficient to register any in-competition benefit. Martinez won the fight with Rosales by a ninth-round technical knockout. Martinez took over the fight in the third round, after two competitive back-and-forth rounds, battering the exhausted former champion until referee Raul Caiz stopped the fight.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez was scheduled to make his first title defense against Jay Harris, on February 29, 2020. It was scheduled for the undercard of the Mikey Garcia-Jessie Vargas welterweight fight. Martinez was the favorite heading into the bout, with Harris being a 7/1 underdog. Martinez pressured throughout the first half of the fight, with his pace slowing from the eight round onward. Harris suffered a cut above his left eye in the second round, and was knocked down in the tenth round. Martinez won the fight by unanimous decision, with varied scorecards of 118-109, 116-111, and 115-112.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez was scheduled to make his second title defense against Maximino Flores on October 23, 2020. Four days before the fight, Flores announced his withdrawal from the bout due to a positive COVID-19 test. Accordingly, Martinez was rescheduled to defend his title against Moisés Calleros. Calleros accepted the fight on less than one week’s notice. Due to the short notice, he was unable to cut weight properly, and weighed in at 117.4 pounds, 5.4 pounds over the title limit. Martinez won the fight by a second-round technical knockdown. He staggered Calleros with a left hook-right straight combination, before unloading with numerous power punches, which forced the referee Cesar Castanon to stop the fight at the 2:42 minute mark. During the post fight interview, Martinez stated his desire to fight fellow titleholder Artem Dalakian and Moruti Mthalane in a title unification bouts, before moving up to super flyweight.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez was scheduled to defend his title for the third time against the former unified minimumweight world champion Francisco Rodríguez Jr. on December 19, 2020, on the Canelo Álvarez and Callum Smith undercard. Rodríguez Jr. later withdrew from the bout, due to a non-COVID related illness. Martinez was expected to defend his title against McWilliams Arroyo on February 27, 2021. The fight was scheduled as the co-main event to Canelo Álvarez's super middleweight fight with Avni Yıldırım. Martinez withdrew from the fight the day before, due to a hand injury. He suffered a small fracture in his right hand during a sparring session, which was aggravated during the week preceding the fight, causing his hand to swell. Martinez was scheduled to make his third title defense against Joel Cordova on June 26, 2021. Cordova was ranked #15 by the WBC. He won the fight by a sixth-round technical knockout. Marzinez first knocked Cordova down with a left hook and piled on strikes which forced the referee to stop the fight.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: On October 4, 2021, it was revealed that Martinez would face the WBC interim flyweight titleholder McWilliams Arroyo on November 19, 2021, on the undercard of the Demetrius Andrade and Jason Quigley middleweight title fight. The bout would be streamed by DAZN from the SNHU Arena in Manchester, New Hampshire. The pair was originally scheduled to face each other on February 27, 2021, before Martinez withdrew due to a hand injury. The fight was ruled a no-contest at the end of the second round, due to an accidental clash of heads which caused cut above Arroyo's right. The fight was stopped after Arroyo told the ringside physician that he was unable to see out of the damaged eye.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez faced the former four-weight world champion Román González in the main event of a DAZN broadcast card on March 5, 2022 at junior bantamweight. Gonzalez was ranked #1 by the WBA and #2 by the WBC, as well as #2 by The Ring. Martinez stepped in with less than six weeks notice as replacement for Juan Francisco Estrada, who was forced to withdraw from the fight due to a positive COVID-19 test. He was defeated by Gonzalez by unanimous decision, with the judges scoring the fight 118–110, 117–111 and 116–112 all in favor of Gonzalez.


title: Julio Cesar Martinez

text: Martinez was expected to face the WBC interim flyweight champion McWilliams Arroyo in a rematch on June 25, 2022, after their first fight ended in a no-contest following an accidental head clash in the third round. On June 22, three days before the bout was supposed to take place, Martinez withdrew with an illness. This marked the third time that he had withdrawn from this specific match up, having withdraw once in each of the two previous calendar years. The pair reached an agreement to pursue separate bouts on July 12, which allowed Martinez to enter into negotiations for a title unification bout with the reigning IBF flyweight titlist Sunny Edwards. As these negotiations fell through, Martinez was once again booked to face the WBC interim champion McWilliams Arroyo. The bout was expected to take place at the Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona on December 3, 2022. Arroyo withdrew from the bout on November 8, with a neck injury. Martinez was re-scheduled to face Samuel Carmona at the same date and venue. He won the fight by majority decision, with two judges awarding him a 117–111 and 116–112 scorecard, while the third judge scored the bout as an even 114–114 draw.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: Kwon Soon-young (; born June 15, 1996), professionally known by his stage name Hoshi (), is a South Korean singer, dancer and choreographer under Pledis Entertainment. He is a member of the boy group Seventeen and the leader of the Performance Team. He is also part of the special unit BSS. Hoshi released his first solo mixtape, "Spider", on April 2, 2021.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: Kwon Soon-young was born in Namyangju, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. Hoshi attended Maseok High School and then enrolled in Hanyang University.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: He joined Pledis Entertainment in late 2011, where he received training for the next 4 years. In 2013, he appeared on "Seventeen TV", an online reality show that introduced Pledis' trainees and showed potential members of the boy group Seventeen before their official debut. The show was broadcast periodically on Ustream, where the trainees showed themselves training, singing, creating choreographies and playing games. The online show also included participation in concerts, titled "Like Seventeen".


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: In 2015, Hoshi debuted as a member of the South Korean boy group Seventeen with the extended play "17 Carat" on May 29. Alongside members Seungkwan and DK, Hoshi also joined a special unit called 'BSS' or "BooSeokSoon", a common nickname for the three members together. The group released their debut single "Just Do It" on March 21, 2018.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: On April 2, 2021, Hoshi released his first solo mixtape, "Spider". Hoshi participated in the overall production process of the song, including lyrics and performance. Spider reached the top 10 in 48 regions on iTunes song charts.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: In March 2020, it was known that Hoshi personally donated ₩50 million (US$42,694) through the Hope Bridge National Disaster Relief Association. The donation will be used to purchase quarantine supplies for the underprivileged affected by COVID-19 and to support medical staff and volunteers.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: In April 2020, on behalf of Hoshi, his father Kwon Hyuk-doo visited the Administrative Welfare Center in Hwado-dong, Namyangju, and delivered ₩1.54 million worth of eco-friendly sterilized water to the Gyeonggi Community Chest of Korea. On October 29, 2020, Maseok High School in Gyeonggi Province announced that Hoshi donated ₩23.1 million in scholarships for enrolled students in need. According to officials, Hoshi's parents expressed extraordinary gratitude to Maseok High School and its faculty.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: According to the Gyeonggi Northern Social Welfare Community Chest, Hoshi donated ₩100 million to the Namyangju Welfare Foundation on June 10, 2021, and joined the Honor Society, a club of high-value donors of love. Hoshi's donation was held to commemorate his 26th birthday and he joined the sponsorship activities after hearing that more and more neighbors were in need of help in the community. The amount will be used for underprivileged such as abused children, single-parent families, disabled and more, through care centers in Namyangju.


title: Hoshi (South Korean singer)

text: In December 2021, Namyangju City announced that it delivered a plaque of appreciation to Hoshi, for his contribution to revitalizing the donation culture. "I sincerely thank Hoshi, a donation angel who does not forget the community and spreads good influence through various methods and continuous donations," said Choi Dae-jip, head of the Hwado Sudong Administrative Welfare Center, who delivered a plaque of appreciation on behalf of Namyangju Mayor Cho Kwang-han.


title: Bowling ball

text: Balls used in ten-pin bowling and American nine-pin bowling traditionally have holes for two fingers and the thumb. Balls used in five-pin bowling, candlepin bowling, duckpin bowling, and European nine-pin bowling have no holes, and are small enough to be held in the palm of the hand.


title: Bowling ball

text: The USBC and World Bowling promulgate bowling ball specifications. USBC specifications include physical requirements for weight (≤), diameter (—), surface hardness, surface roughness, hole drilling limitations (example: a single balance hole "including" the thumb hole for "two-handed" bowlers), balance, plug limitations, and exterior markings (structural and commercial), as well as requirements for dynamic performance characteristics such as radius of gyration (RG; 2.46—2.80), RG differential (≤0.06), and coefficient of friction (≤0.32). The USBC banned weight holes (balance holes) in competition, effective August 1, 2020, to prevent their changing ball dynamics. The USBC permits three ounces (85 grams) of static side weight and three ounces (85 grams) of top weight. These figures are up from one ounce (28 grams) following the August 1, 2020 rule change.


title: Bowling ball

text: Bowling balls were made of lignum vitae (hardwood) until the 1905 introduction of rubber balls. Polyester ("plastic") balls were introduced in 1959 and, despite developing less hook-generating lane friction than rubber balls, by the 1970s plastic dominated over rubber balls which then became obsolete with the early-1980s development of polyurethane ("urethane") balls. Urethane balls developed more friction with the newly developed polyurethane lane finishes of the day, sparking the evolution of coverstock technology to pursue ever-stronger hooks with correspondingly higher entry angles.


title: Bowling ball

text: The early 1990s brought development of reactive resin ("reactive") balls by introducing additives in urethane surface materials to create microscopic oil-absorbing pores that increase the "tackiness" that enhances traction. In the "particle-enhanced" balls developed in the late 1990s, microscopic particles embedded in reactive coverstocks reach through oil lane coatings to provide even greater traction. Ball manufacturers developed closely guarded proprietary blends including ground-up material such as glass, ceramic or rubber, to enhance friction.


title: Bowling ball

text: Within the reactive category are "solid" reactive coverstocks (having the greatest amount of microscopic pores), "pearl" reactive coverstocks (including mica additives that enhance reaction on dry lane surfaces), "hybrid" reactive coverstocks (combining the mid-lane reaction of solid coverstocks and the back-end reaction of pearl coverstocks), and "particle" coverstocks (including microscopic silica particles, favored for use on heavy oil volumes).


title: Bowling ball

text: Hook potential has increased so much that dry lane conditions or certain spare shots sometimes cause bowlers to use plastic or urethane balls, to purposely avoid the larger hook provided by reactive technology.


title: Bowling ball

text: A ball's "drilling layout" refers to how and where holes are drilled, in relation to the ball's locator pin and mass bias (MB) marker. Layout is determined with reference to each bowler's "positive axis point" (PAP; the pocket end of the ball's initial axis of rotation). "Pin down" layouts place the pin between the finger holes and the thumb hole, while "pin up" layouts place the pin further from thumb hole than the finger holes (see photos). Bowling ball motion is influenced by how far the pin and the mass bias (MB) are from the PAP, the distances determining "track flare." Track flare—the sequence of oil rings showing migration of the ball's axis on successive revolutions through the oil pattern—is popularly thought to influence entry angle, but Freeman & Hatfield (2018) discount its contribution to ball motion.


title: Bowling ball

text: Holes may be drilled for a "conventional" grip (fingers inserted to the second knuckle as with "house balls"), a "fingertip" grip (fingers inserted only to the first knuckle, enabling greater rev-generating torque), or less standard grips such as the "Sarge Easter" grip (ring finger inserted to the second knuckle but middle finger inserted only to the first knuckle). Many bowlers using the so-called "two-handed delivery" (which is still a "one"-handed "release") do not insert their thumbs, thus allowing their fingers to impart even more torque than the fingertip grip.


title: Bowling ball

text: Finger inserts and thumb slugs are custom-fit urethane tubes inserted into the drilled holes, generally for balls with a fingertip grip. Finger inserts enhance the torque provided by the fingers after the thumb exits the ball.


title: Bowling ball

text: A complex interaction of a variety of factors influences ball motion and its effect on scoring results. The factors may be categorized as the bowler's delivery, the bowling ball's design, and the condition of the lane.


title: Bowling ball

text: Bowling ball motion is commonly broken down into sequential skid, hook, and roll phases. As the ball travels down the lane in the skid and hook phases, frictional contact with the lane causes the ball's forward ("translational") speed to continually decrease, but to continually increase its rev rate ("rotational" speed). Especially as the ball encounters greater friction in the last ≈20 feet (approximate) of the lane, the ball's axis rotation (side rotation) causes the ball to hook away from its original direction. Concurrently, lane friction continually decreases the angle of axis rotation until it exactly matches the direction of the ball's forward motion, and rev rate (rotational speed) increases until it exactly matches the ball's forward speed: full traction is achieved and the ball enters the roll phase in which forward speed continues to decrease.


title: Bowling ball

text: "Release ratio" denotes the ratio of the ball's forward (translational) speed to its rev rate (rotational speed) at time of release. This ratio continually decreases throughout the ball's travel until it reaches exactly 1.0 when full traction is achieved upon entering the roll phase. A too-"high" release ratio (a "speed-dominant" release) causes the ball to reach the pins while still in the hook phase (resulting in a shallow angle of entry that permits ball deflection and resultant leaves of the 10-pin), and a too-"low" release ratio (a "rev-dominant" release) causes the ball to enter the roll phase before reaching the pins (sacrificing power to friction that would ideally be delivered to the pins to enhance pin scatter). Ball speed and rev rate are said to be "matched" if the ball enters the roll phase immediately before impacting the pins, maximizing power imparted to the pins yet helping to provide an entry angle that minimizes ball deflection.


title: Bowling ball

text: Various characteristics of ball delivery affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. The particular way in which energy is imparted to a ball—with varying proportions of that energy divided among ball speed, axis control and rev rate—determines the ball's motion. The following discussion considers delivery characteristics separately, with the understanding that ball motion is determined by a complex interaction of a variety of factors.


title: Bowling ball

text: Greater ball speeds give the ball "less time" to hook, thus reducing observed hook though imparting more kinetic energy to the pins; conversely, slower speeds allow more time for greater hook though reducing kinetic energy.


title: Bowling ball

text: Greater rev rates cause the ball to experience more frictional lane contact per revolution and thus (assuming non-zero axis rotation) greater and earlier hook (less "length"— which is the distance from the foul line to the breakpoint at which hooking is maximum); conversely, smaller rev rates cause less frictional engagement and allow the ball to hook less and later (more "length").


title: Bowling ball

text: Analysis of the influence of "axis rotation" (sometimes called "side rotation") is more complex: There is a degree of axis rotation—generally 25° to 35° and varying with ball speed and rev rate—that may be considered optimal in that hook is maximized; however, this optimum axis rotation also causes minimal length. Specifically, Freeman & Hatfield (2018) report optimal axis rotation to be arcsin(ωr/v) where "ω" is rev rate (radians/sec), "r" is ball radius (m), and "v" is ball speed (m/s). Below and above optimal axis rotation, more length and less hook are encountered, with greater-than-optimal axis rotation causing a sharper hook.


title: Bowling ball

text: Greater degrees of initial (at-the-foul-line) axis tilt cause the ball to rotate on smaller-circumference "tracks" (rings on the ball at which it contacts the lane on each revolution), thus reducing the amount of frictional contact to provide greater length and less hook; conversely, smaller degrees of axis tilt involve larger-circumference tracks with more frictional contact per revolution, thus providing less length and more hook.


title: Bowling ball

text: Loft—the distance past the foul line at which the ball first contacts the lane—determines the "effective" length of the lane as experienced by the ball: greater loft distances effectively shorten the lane and provide greater length, while smaller loft distances engage the lane earlier and cause an earlier hook.


title: Bowling ball

text: Various characteristics of ball core structure and coverstock composition affect a ball's motion throughout its skid, hook and roll phases. Such motion is largely (about 75%) governed by the lane's frictional interaction with the ball, which exhibits both "chemical" friction characteristics and "physical" friction characteristics. Also, the ball's internal structure—especially the density, shape (symmetric vs. asymmetric), and orientation of its core (also called "weight block") relative to the ball's axis of rotation—substantially affect ball motion.


title: Bowling ball

text: A "dull" (rough) ball surface, having spikes and pores, provides greater friction in the oil-covered front end of the lane but reduced frictional contact in the dry back end of the lane, and thus enables an earlier hook. In contrast, a "gloss" (smooth) ball surface tends to glide atop oil on the front end but establishes "greater" frictional contact in the dry back end, thus promoting a sharper hook downlane. Accordingly, because different lane conditions and bowler styles favor different hook profiles, there is no single "best" surface.


title: Bowling ball

text: A 2005-2008 USBC Ball Motion Study found that the ball design factors that most contributed to ball motion were the microscopic "spikes" and pores on the ball's surface (considered part of chemical frictional characteristics), the respective coefficients of friction between ball and lane in the oiled and dry parts of the lane, and the ball's oil absorption rate, followed in dominance by certain characteristics of the ball's core (mainly radius of gyration, and total differential). Freeman and Hatfield (2018) explain that in most circumstances it is chemical friction—controlled by the manufacturer's proprietary coverstock formulation governing its "stickiness"—that primarily determines ball motion. Further, surface finish—modifiable by sandpaper, polish and the like—is also a material factor.


title: Bowling ball

text: Though manufacturer literature often specifies "track flare"—exhibited by successive tracks of oil in a "bowtie" pattern and caused by RG differential—the USBC ball motion study showed flare's influence to be small, assuming that a minimal threshold of flare exists to present a "dry" surface for successive ball revolutions. Similarly, though manufacturer literature often describes specific core shapes, differently-shaped cores can make exactly the same contribution to ball motion if they have the same overall RG characteristics.


title: Bowling ball

text: "Weak" layouts ("pin down": pin between finger and thumb holes) hook sooner but have milder backend reaction, while "strong" layouts ("pin up": pin further from thumb hole than finger holes) enable greater skid lengths and more angular backend reaction.


title: Bowling ball

text: Manufacturers commonly cite specifications relating to a bowling ball's core, include "radius of gyration" (RG), "differential of RG" (commonly abbreviated "differential"), and "intermediate differential" (also called "mass bias").


title: Bowling ball

text: Analytically, the United States Bowling Congress defines RG as "the distance from the axis of rotation at which the total mass of a body


title: Bowling ball

text: might be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia". In practice, a higher RG indicates that a ball's mass is distributed more toward its cover—making it "cover heavy"—which tends to make the ball enter the roll phase later (further down the lane). Conversely, a lower RG indicates the ball's mass is distributed more towards its center—making it "center heavy"—which tends to make it enter the roll phase sooner.


title: Bowling ball

text: Differential of RG is the difference between maximum and minimum RGs measured with respect to different axes. Differential indicates the ball's track "flare potential," and contributes to how sharply a ball can hook. A higher differential indicates greater track flare potential—more angular motion from the break point to the pocket—and a lower differential indicates lower flare potential and a smoother arc to the hook.


title: Bowling ball

text: The lesser-used "intermediate differential" rating (sometimes termed "mass bias" rating) quantifies the degree to which a bowling ball core is "symmetrical" or "asymmetrical." Analytically, ID is defined by the USBC as the "difference in radius of gyration between the Y (high RG) and Z (intermediate RG) axes". In practice, a higher ID indicates greater asymmetry, which causes more area to be created at the break point to cause the ball to respond more quickly to friction than symmetrical balls.


title: Bowling ball

text: Informally, a low-differential ball has been likened to one whose core is a spherical object (whose height and width are the same); a high-differential ball has been likened to a tall drinking glass (whose height and width are different); and a high-mass-bias ball has been likened to a tall drinking mug with a handle on the side (which has different widths in different directions).


title: Bowling ball

text: Higher-friction surfaces (lower grit numbers) cause balls to hook earlier, and lower-friction surfaces (higher grit numbers) cause balls to skid longer before reacting (hooking).


title: Bowling ball

text: Reactive cover stocks finishes include "matte" (aggressive reaction), "shiny" (longer skid distance than matte finish), "pearl" (greatest skid distance among reactive cover stocks), and "hybrid" (combination of skid distance and back end reaction).


title: Bowling ball

text: The phenomenon of "lane transition" occurs when balls remove oil from the lane as they pass, and deposit some of that oil on originally dry parts of the lane. The process of oil removal, commonly called "breakdown," forms dry paths that subsequently cause balls to experience increased friction and to hook sooner. Conversely, the process of oil deposition, commonly called "carry down," occurs when balls form oil tracks in formerly dry areas, tracks that subsequently cause balls to experience less friction and delayed hook. Balls tend to "roll out" (hook sooner but hook less) in response to breakdown, and, conversely, tend to skid longer (and hook later) in response to carry down—both resulting in light hits. Breakdown is influenced by the oil absorption characteristics and rev rates of the balls that were previously rolled, and carry down is mitigated by modern balls having substantial track flare.


title: Bowling ball

text: Lane materials with softer surfaces such as wood engage the ball with more friction and thus provide more hook potential, while harder surfaces like synthetic compositions provide less friction and thus provide less hook potential.


title: Bowling ball

text: Higher-viscosity lane oils (those with thicker consistency) engage balls with more friction and thus cause slower speeds and shorter length but provide more hook potential and reduced lane transition; conversely, lane oils of lower viscosity (thinner consistency) are more slippery and thus support greater speeds and length but offer less hook potential and allow faster lane transition. Various factors influence an oil's native viscosity, including temperature (with higher temperatures causing the oil to be thinner) and humidity (variations of which can cause crowning and cupping of the lane surface). Also, high humidity increases friction that reduces skid distance so the ball tends to hook sooner.


title: Bowling ball

text: The lanes' physical topography—hills and valleys that diverge from an ideal planar surface—can substantially and unpredictably affect ball motion, even if the lane is within permissible tolerances.


title: Bowling ball

text: The USBC maintains a list, said to be updated weekly, of about 100 bowling ball manufacturers and their approved bowling balls.


title: Bowling ball

text: Duckpin bowling balls are regulated to be from in diameter and to weigh between and . They lack finger holes. Though duckpin balls are slightly larger than candlepin balls, they have less than 60% the diameter of ten-pin balls, to match the smaller size of duckpins. Duckpin balls are sometimes used for scaled-down ten-pin bowling lanes installed in arcades and other amusement facilities.


title: Bowling ball

text: The basic specifications of five-pin balls are the same a duckpin balls: diameters from , weights from to ; the balls have no finger holes.


title: Bowling ball

text: Candlepin bowling balls have a weight of between and , and a diameter of —much smaller than the balls in ten-pin bowling, and even smaller than the balls in duckpin bowling . Candlepin balls deflect significantly upon impact, being even lighter than the candlepins themselves.


title: Bowling ball

text: American nine-pin bowling uses the same ball (and pins) as in ten-pin bowling. European nine-pin bowling balls (such as those used in German kegel) are smaller, sized between ten-pin and duckpin balls, and have no holes. The ball is in diameter and weighs approximately . There are also special balls for novice players, which is in diameter and weigh , often with two finger holes.


title: Feodor Lark

text: Feodor Lark (born June 20, 1997) is a Russian-born former television actor, known for his role as Bridgette DuBois in the NBC/CBS television series "Medium".


title: Feodor Lark

text: Lark was born Maria Lark in Siberia, Russia on June 20, 1997. He was adopted by an American woman named Peggy Lark.


title: Feodor Lark

text: Between 2005 and 2011, beginning at age 8, Lark played Bridgette DuBois, the middle child of the DuBois family, on the NBC/CBS television drama "Medium", starring Patricia Arquette. On September 3, 2006, Lark became the youngest person ever to co-host ABC's "The View".


title: Feodor Lark

text: In 2007, Lark made two appearances on "The View". He appeared in a music video for the Norah Jones song, "Sunrise". "Access Hollywood" also chose Lark as their correspondent as well.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Richard Leo Simon (March 6, 1899 – July 29, 1960) was an American book publisher. He was a Columbia University graduate, co-founder of the publishing house Simon & Schuster, and father of singer-songwriter Carly Simon.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Richard Leo Simon was born on March 6, 1899, to a Jewish family in New York City. His father, Leo Simon, was a wealthy feather-and-silk manufacturer and milliner of German Jewish origin, and his mother, Anna (Meier), was a German Jewish immigrant. He was the eldest of five siblings (Henry, Alfred, George, and Elizabeth) who were all named after British monarchs. His brother George T. Simon was a jazz drummer with Glenn Miller for a time, and then a critic, magazine editor and author of books on jazz, particularly big bands and the swing era. His brother Henry W. Simon was a professor of English at Teachers College, Columbia University, then classical music critic for the newspaper "PM", and the author of many books on opera. Eventually he became an editor and vice-president at Simon & Schuster. His brother Alfred was a rehearsal pianist for the Gershwins, the programmer for light opera and show music for WQXR, and the author of a number of books about musical theatre. His sister Elizabeth Seligman was married to Arthur Seligmann, a physician. Simon's parents joined the Ethical Culture movement, which emphasized universal morality, and sent Simon to the Ethical Cultural School and then Columbia University.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon served in World War I and upon his return to the United States, being a talented piano player, worked as a piano salesman before beginning his career as a book publisher.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon began his career as a sugar importer and then became a piano salesperson. It was while selling pianos that he met Max Schuster.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon then became a salesperson for the publisher Boni & Liveright where he quickly rose to sales manager.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon pooled $8,000 together with Max Schuster to publish the first book of crossword puzzles in 1924.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon was a pioneer in emphasizing marketing, merchandising, promotion and advertising for booksellers. Simon wrote a weekly column and advertorial in "Publishers Weekly" called the Inner Sanctum. His partner Max Schuster wrote a column of the same name for "The New York Times". The title was also the name of the editorial room between their offices.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Michael Korda said that when he arrived to work as an editor at Simon and Schuster in 1958, he found a bronze plaque on his desk designed by Richard Simon that said, "Give the reader a break." This was a reminder to every editor that their job was to make things as easy and clear for the reader as possible.


title: Richard L. Simon

text: On August 3, 1934, Simon married Andrea Heinemann who worked as a switchboard operator at Simon & Schuster. Raised in Philadelphia, Andrea was the daughter of a Cuban-born, Roman Catholic mother, Asuncion Maria del Rio, and a German-speaking Swiss father who had abandoned the family. (Andrea also asserted she was of partial "Moorish" origin based on her mother's exotic looks, but was in fact of Afro-Cuban descent).


title: Richard L. Simon

text: Simon died in 1960 after suffering a heart attack. Simon was a resident of Fieldston, an area within Riverdale in the Bronx.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The Stono Rebellion (also known as Cato's Conspiracy or Cato's Rebellion) was a slave revolt that began on 9 September 1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave rebellion in the Southern Colonies, with 25 colonists and 35 to 50 Africans killed. The uprising was led by native Africans who were likely from the Central African Kingdom of Kongo, as the rebels were Catholic and some spoke Portuguese.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The leader of the rebellion, Jemmy, was a literate slave. In some reports, however, he is referred to as "Cato", and likely was held by the Cato, or Cater, family who lived near the Ashley River and north of the Stono River. He led 20 other enslaved Kongolese, who may have been former soldiers, in an armed march south from the Stono River. They were bound for Spanish Florida, where successive proclamations had promised freedom for fugitive slaves from British North America.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Jemmy and his group recruited nearly 60 other slaves and killed more than 20 whites before being intercepted and defeated by the South Carolina militia near the Edisto River. Survivors traveled another before the militia finally defeated them a week later. Most of the captured slaves were executed; the surviving few were sold to markets in the West Indies. In response to the rebellion, the General Assembly passed the Negro Act of 1740, which restricted slaves' freedoms but improved working conditions and placed a moratorium on importing new slaves.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Since 1708, the majority of the population of the South Carolina colony were enslaved Africans, as importation of laborers from Africa had increased in recent decades with labor demand for the expansion of cotton and rice cultivation as commodity export crops. Historian Ira Berlin has called this the Plantation Generation, noting that South Carolina had become a "slave society," with slavery central to its economy. Planters bought slaves taken from Africa to satisfy the increased demand for labor. Most slaves were Black Africans. Many in South Carolina were from the Kingdom of Kongo, which had converted to Catholicism in the 15th century. Numerous slaves had first been sold into slavery in the West Indies (in particular, Barbados) before being sold to South Carolina.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: With the increase in slaves, colonists tried to regulate their relations, but there was always negotiation in this process. Slaves resisted by running away or initiating work slowdowns and revolts. At the time, Georgia was still an all-white colony, without slavery. South Carolina worked with Georgia to strengthen patrols on land and in coastal areas to prevent fugitives from reaching Spanish Florida. In the Stono case, the slaves may have been inspired by several factors to mount their rebellion. Spanish Florida offered freedom to fugitive slaves from the Southern Colonies; successive governors in the colony had issued proclamations offering freedom for fugitive slaves in Florida in exchange for converting to Catholicism and serving for a period in the colonial militia. As a line of defense for Spanish Florida's largest settlement of St. Augustine, the settlement of Fort Mose was established by the colonial government to house fugitive slaves which had reached the colony. Stono was from the Florida line.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: A malaria epidemic had recently killed many whites in Charleston, weakening the power of slaveholders. Lastly, historians have suggested the slaves organized their revolt to take place on Sunday, when planters would be occupied in church and might be unarmed. The Security Act of 1739 (which required all white males to carry arms even to church on Sundays) had been passed in August of that year in response to earlier runaways and minor rebellions, but it had not fully taken effect. Local officials were authorized to mount penalties against white men who did not carry arms after 29 September.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Jemmy, the leader of the revolt, was a literate slave described in an eyewitness account as "Angolan". Historian John K. Thornton has noted that he was more likely from the Kingdom of Kongo, as were the cohort of 20 slaves that joined him. The slaves were Catholic and some spoke Portuguese, both of which point to Kongo. A lengthy trade relationship with the Portuguese had led to the adoption of Catholicism and learning of the Portuguese language in the kingdom. The leaders of the Kingdom of Kongo had voluntarily converted in 1491, followed by their people; by the 18th century, the religion was a fundamental part of its citizens' identity. The nation had independent relations with Rome. Slavery was present in the region and it was regulated by Kongo.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Portuguese was the language of trade as well as one of the languages of educated people in Kongo. The Portuguese-speaking slaves in South Carolina were more likely to have learned about offers of freedom by Spanish agents. They would also have been attracted to the Catholicism of Spanish Florida. In the early 18th century, Kongo had been undergoing civil wars, leading to more people being captured and sold into slavery, including trained soldiers. It is likely that Jemmy and his rebel cohort were such military men, as they fought hard against the militia when they were caught, and were able to kill 20 men.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: On Sunday, 9 September 1739, Jemmy gathered 22 enslaved Africans near the Stono River, southwest of Charleston. Mark M. Smith argues that taking action on the day after the Feast of the Nativity of Mary connected their Catholic past with present purpose, as did the religious symbols they used. The Africans marched down the roadway with a banner that read "Liberty!", and chanted the same word in unison. They attacked Hutchinson's store at the Stono River Bridge, killing two storekeepers and seizing weapons and ammunition.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Raising a flag, the slaves proceeded south toward Spanish Florida, a well-known refuge for escapees. On the way, they gathered more recruits, sometimes reluctant ones, for a total of 81. They burned six plantations and killed 23 to 28 whites along the way. While on horseback, South Carolina's Lieutenant Governor William Bull and five of his friends came across the group; they quickly went off to warn other slaveholders. Rallying a militia of planters and minor slaveholders, the colonists traveled to confront Jemmy and his followers.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The next day, the well-armed and mounted militia, numbering 19–99 men, caught up with the group of 76 slaves at the Edisto River. In the ensuing confrontation, 23 whites and 47 slaves were killed. While the slaves lost, they killed proportionately more whites than was the case in later rebellions. The colonists mounted the severed heads of the rebels on stakes along major roadways to serve as warning for other slaves who might consider revolt. The lieutenant governor hired Chickasaw and Catawba Indians and other slaves to track down and capture the Africans who had escaped from the battle. A group of the slaves who escaped fought a pitched battle with a militia a week later approximately from the site of the first conflict. The colonists executed most of the rebels; they sold others to the markets of the West Indies.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Over the next two years, slave uprisings occurred independently in Georgia and South Carolina. Colonial officials believed these were inspired by the Stono Rebellion, but historians think the increasingly harsh conditions of slavery since the beginning of the 18th century under the rice and cotton cultures were sufficient cause.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: Planters decided to develop a slave population who were native-born, believing the workers were more content if they grew up enslaved. Attributing the rebellion to the recently imported Africans, planters decided to cut off the supply. They enacted a 10-year moratorium on slave importation through Charleston. When, a decade later, they opened the port to the international slave trade again, planters imported slaves from areas other than the Congo-Angolan region.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: In addition, the legislature passed the Negro Act of 1740 to tighten controls: it required a ratio of one white to ten blacks on any plantation. It prohibited slaves from growing their own food, assembling in groups, earning money, or learning to read. In the uncertain world of the colony, several of the law's provisions were based on the assumption that whites could effectively judge black character; for instance, whites were empowered to examine blacks who were traveling outside a plantation without passes, and to take action.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The legislature also worked to improve conditions in slavery in order to avoid problems; it established penalties for masters who demanded excessive work or who brutally punished slaves. These provisions were difficult to enforce, as the law did not allow slave testimony against whites. They also started a school to teach slaves Christian doctrine. At the same time, the legislature tried to prevent slaves from being manumitted, as the representatives thought that the presence of free blacks in the colony made slaves restless. It required slaveholders to apply to the legislature for permission for each case of manumission; formerly, manumissions could be arranged privately. South Carolina kept these restrictions against manumission until slavery was abolished after the American Civil War.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The Hutchinson's warehouse site, where the revolt began, was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. A South Carolina Historical Marker has also been erected at the site.


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The Stono Rebellion, the largest slave insurrection in British North America, began nearby on September 9, 1739. About 20 Africans raided a store near Wallace Creek, a branch of the Stono River. Taking guns and other weapons, they killed two shopkeepers. The rebels marched south toward promised freedom in Spanish Florida, waving flags, beating drums, and shouting "Liberty!"


title: Stono Rebellion

text: The rebels were joined by 40 to 60 more during their 15-mile march. They killed at least 20 whites, but spared others. The rebellion ended late that afternoon when the militia caught the rebels, killing at least 54 of them. Most who escaped were captured and executed; any forced to join the rebels were released. The S.C. assembly [sic] soon enacted a harsh slave code, in force until 1865.


title: Danny McCray

text: Danny DeWayne McCray (born March 10, 1988) is a former American football free safety and special teamer. He was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2010. He played college football at Louisiana State University. He also played for the Chicago Bears. In 2021, he competed as a contestant on season 41 of "Survivor", where he placed sixth overall.


title: Danny McCray

text: McCray attended Westfield High School and in 2004 helped the football team to a second-place finish at the Class 5A state championship. He earned first-team all-district honors as a senior in 2005.


title: Danny McCray

text: He went on to play at Louisiana State University (LSU) contributing mostly in special teams and as a backup both at safety and linebacker. For his career, he played in 52 games with 13 starts and recorded 196 tackles, including seven tackles for losses and three sacks.


title: Danny McCray

text: McCray was signed by the Dallas Cowboys in 2010 as an undrafted free agent, based on the recommendation of special teams coach Joe DeCamillis. The team assigned him uniform #40, previously worn by special teams star Bill Bates. As a rookie, he had 28 special teams tackles, the third-most in team history since 1988 and the most by any Cowboys player since Jim Schwantz's team-record 32 in 1996.


title: Danny McCray

text: The next year, he led the team again in special teams tackles (19), becoming the first Cowboys player to do it consecutively since Bates did it in 1989–1990. He also emerged as the unit leader, becoming a team captain by his third year.


title: Danny McCray

text: After two seasons of playing in defensive packages as a hybrid linebacker and safety, in 2012 he got his first career start at strong safety against the Chicago Bears, replacing Barry Church who suffered a season-ending Achilles tendon injury. Although he started ten games and finished second on the team in tackles (87), as the season wore on, he struggled in pass coverage and his special teams play suffered dropping to second in tackles (18), eventually losing his starting position and playing time in the last two games of the season.


title: Danny McCray

text: In 2013, after the Cowboys improved their depth at safety, he accepted a reduced salary to remain with the team and avoid being waived. McCray didn’t see as much time on the defense as he did in the previous year, with the intention of focusing on special teams. New special teams coordinator Rich Bisaccia changed his role, which affected his tackle production, finishing sixth on the team with eight.


title: Danny McCray

text: On March 18, 2014, McCray signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Bears, reuniting with special teams assistant Joe DeCamillis. He ranked fourth on the team with ten special teams tackles and his best game came against the New York Jets, registering ten tackles on defense.


title: Danny McCray

text: On May 14, 2015, McCray was re-signed by the Cowboys. In the second game against the Philadelphia Eagles, he blocked a punt that was returned for a touchdown. He posted four special teams tackles but wasn't retained after the season.


title: Danny McCray

text: In 2020, McCray was cast on the 41st season of the American reality competition series "Survivor". Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, production of the season was delayed until 2021. When production resumed, McCray and 17 other contestants were flown to Fiji to participate in season 41 of the show.


title: Danny McCray

text: Initially, McCray was placed on the Luvu tribe. After the merge, he formed an alliance with fellow Luvu alum Deshawn Radden, former Ua tribe member Shan Smith, and former Yase tribe member Liana Wallace. The alliance was tight at first, but on Day 19, McCray and Radden decided to vote Smith out of the game. The next day, McCray began reflecting on the auto-accident death of his father exactly 25 years earlier. According to McCray, his time in Fiji being on "Survivor" is what enabled him to finally let go of all the negativity he had suffered as a result of his father's passing.


title: Danny McCray

text: On Day 21, the three remaining in McCray's alliance wanted to target Ricard Foyé, but the rest of the tribe decided to eliminate Wallace. After Foyé won immunity on Day 23, McCray and Radden suddenly became the targets. That night, the first vote ended in a tie between the two. Upon the second vote, McCray was unanimously voted out, making him the sixth member of the jury.


title: Danny McCray

text: At the final Tribal Council on Day 26, McCray voted for Radden to win the game, but he was the only juror to do so, as Erika Casupanan earned the other seven jury votes to win Sole Survivor.


title: Danny McCray

text: In 2022, McCray competed on the CBS series "" where he finished as the male winner of the season, taking home $245,500. As a result of winning, McCray also qualified for the upcoming series "The Challenge: Global Championship" on Paramount+.


title: Arabian riff

text: "Arabian riff", also known as "The Streets of Cairo", "The Poor Little Country Maid", and "the snake charmer song", is a well-known melody, published in various forms in the nineteenth century. Alternate titles for children's songs using this melody include "The Girls in France" and "The Southern Part of France". This song is often associated with the hoochie coochie belly dance.


title: Arabian riff

text: There is a clear resemblance between the riff and the French song "Colin prend sa hotte" (published by in 1719), whose first five notes are identical. "Colin prend sa hotte" appears to derive from the lost "Kradoudja", an Algerian folk song of the seventeenth century.


title: Arabian riff

text: A version of the riff was published in 1845 by Franz Hünten as "Melodie Arabe". The melody was described as an "Arabian Song" in the "La grande méthode complète de cornet à piston et de saxhorn par Arban", first published in the 1850s.


title: Arabian riff

text: Sol Bloom, a showman (and later a U.S. congressman), published the song as the entertainment director of the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. It included an attraction called "A Street in Cairo" produced by Gaston Akoun, which featured snake charmers, camel rides and a scandalous dancer known as Little Egypt. Songwriter James Thornton penned the words and music to his own version of this melody, "Streets Of Cairo or The Poor Little Country Maid". Copyrighted in 1895, it was made popular by his wife Lizzie Cox, who used the stage name Bonnie Thornton. The oldest known recording of the song is from 1895, performed by Dan Quinn (Berliner Discs 171-Z).


title: Arabian riff

text: The melody is often heard when something that is connected with Arabia, Persia ("Iran"), India, Egypt, deserts, belly dancing or snake charming is being shown.


title: Arabian riff

text: The song was also recorded as "They Don't Wear Pants in the Southern Part of France" by John Bartles, the version sometimes played by radio host Dr. Demento.


title: Arabian riff

text: In France, there is a popular song which pieds-noirs from Algeria brought back in the 1960s called "Travadja La Moukère" (from "trabaja la mujer", which means "the woman works" in Spanish), which uses the same Hoochy Coochy tune. Its original tune, said to have been based on an original Arab song, was created around 1850 and subsequently adopted by the Foreign Legion.


title: Arabian riff

text: Since the piece is not copyrighted, it has been used as a basis for numerous songs, especially in the early 20th century:


title: Arabian riff

text: From cartoons the song has been adapted to video games. It appears on following computer and video games:


title: Arabian riff

text: The tune is used for a 20th-century American children's song with – like many unpublished songs of child folk culture – countless variations as the song is passed from child to child over considerable lengths of time and geography, the one constant being that the versions are almost always smutty. One variation, for example, is:


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Point-of-care testing (POCT or bedside testing) is defined as medical diagnostic testing at or near the point of care—that is, at the time and place of patient care. This contrasts with the historical pattern in which testing was wholly or mostly confined to the medical laboratory, which entailed sending off specimens away from the point of care and then waiting hours or days to learn the results, during which time care must continue without the desired information.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Point-of-care tests are simple medical tests that can be performed at the bedside. In many cases, the simplicity was not achievable until technology developed not only to make a test possible at all but then also to mask its complexity. For example, various kinds of urine test strips have been available for decades, but portable ultrasonography did not reach the stage of being advanced, affordable, and widespread until the 2000s and 2010s. Today, portable ultrasonography is often viewed as a "simple" test, but there was nothing simple about it until the more complex technology was available. Similarly, pulse oximetry can test arterial oxygen saturation in a quick, simple, noninvasive, affordable way today, but in earlier eras this required an intra-arterial needle puncture and a laboratory test; and rapid diagnostic tests such as malaria antigen detection tests or COVID-19 rapid tests that rely on a state of the art in immunology that did not exist until recent decades. Thus, over decades, testing continues to move toward the point of care more than it formerly had been. A recent survey in five countries (Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, the UK and the US) indicates that general practitioners / family doctors would like to use more POCTs.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: The driving notion behind POCT is to bring the test conveniently and immediately to the patient. This increases the likelihood that the patient, physician, and care team will receive the results quicker, which allows for better immediate clinical management decisions to be made. POCT includes: blood glucose testing, blood gas and electrolytes analysis, rapid coagulation testing, rapid cardiac markers diagnostics, drugs of abuse screening, urine strips testing, pregnancy testing, fecal occult blood analysis, food pathogens screening, hemoglobin diagnostics, infectious disease testing (such as COVID-19 rapid tests) and cholesterol screening.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Lab-on-a-chip technologies are one of the main drivers of point-of-care testing, especially in the field of infectious disease diagnosis. These technologies enable different bioassays such as microbiological culture, PCR, ELISA to be used at the point of care.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: POCT is often accomplished through the use of transportable, portable, and handheld instruments (e.g., blood glucose meter, nerve conduction study device) and test kits (e.g., CRP, HBA1C, Homocystein, HIV salivary assay, etc.). Small bench analyzers or fixed equipment can also be used when a handheld device is not available—the goal is to collect the specimen and obtain the results in a very short period of time at or near the location of the patient so that the treatment plan can be adjusted as necessary before the patient leaves. Cheaper, faster, and smarter POCT devices have increased the use of POCT approaches by making it cost-effective for many diseases, such as diabetes, carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and acute coronary syndrome. Additionally, it is very desirable to measure various analytes simultaneously in the same specimen, allowing a rapid, low-cost, and reliable quantification. Therefore, multiplexed point-of-care testing (xPOCT) has become more important for medical diagnostics in the last decade.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Many point-of-care test systems are realized as easy-to-use membrane-based test strips, often enclosed by a plastic test cassette. This concept often is realized in test systems for detecting pathogens, the most common being COVID-19 rapid tests. Very recently such test systems for rheumatology diagnostics have been developed, too. These tests require only a single drop of whole blood, urine or saliva, and they can be performed and interpreted by any general physician within minutes. Recently, a portable medical diagnostic device called “BioPoC” has been reported which employs free-standing enzyme-modified responsive polymer membrane-based biosensors and a newly devised low-cost transduction principle for the detection of H. Pylori and urea.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid development of POCT occurred, aiming to improve the turnaround time and ease of use compared to the gold standard lab-based PCR test. These have included rapid antigen tests, alternate nucleic acid amplification methods, and novel sensors. A range of test have been developed including smartphone based platforms, and tests targeting blood, saliva, faecal matter, urine, and tears have been proposed. Saliva in particular may offer sufficiently high detection rates in tandem with a non-invasive and user friendly procedure, although reliability requires improvement.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: The coupling of POCT devices and electronic medical records enable test results to be shared instantly with care providers. The use of mobile devices in the health care setting also enable the health care provider to quickly access patient test results sent from a POCT device. A reduction in morbidity and mortality has been associated with such rapid turn around times from a study using the i-STAT to analyze blood lactate levels after congenital heart surgery.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: POCT has become established worldwide and finds vital roles in public health. Many monographs in the Thai and Indonesian languages emphasize POCT as the normal standard of care in disaster situation.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Potential operational benefits include more rapid decision making and triage, reduced operating times, high-dependency, postoperative care time, emergency room time, number of outpatient clinic visits, number of hospital beds required, ensuring optimal use of professional time and reduced of antimicrobial medication.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: At home or POCT tests, providing results within minutes of being administered, would allow for appropriate measures and rapid decisions about dental patients' care process. Characteristics and detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in alternative sites and specimens related to dentistry has been extensively reviewed.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) regulate any laboratory testing and require laboratories to obtain certificates to do any testing on human specimens for health assessment or to diagnose, prevent, or treat disease. Three federal agencies partner together to cover the responsibilities put forward in the regulations: the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Center for Medicaid Services (CMS), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).


title: Point-of-care testing

text: In vitro diagnostic (IVD) products use the same categorization as medical devices (Class I, II, and III) to assure safety and effectiveness. Regulatory controls and premarket approval process are determined by this classification, with Class I being the lowest risk (least regulated) and Class III being the highest risk (most regulated).


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Under the CLIA, it is the role of the FDA to assess the complexity of the in vitro laboratory diagnostic tests. Tests are only scored after the FDA has cleared or approved a premarketing request, or upon request. Manufacturers can apply for CLIA waivers during this premarket approval/clearance process. Tests that are already cleared or approved for home use or are waived by 42 CRF 293.15(c), are classified as waived. Otherwise, the tests are either classified as moderate or high complexity based on seven categorization criteria listed in 42 CFR 493.17. If the test is classified as moderate, the manufacturer may request the test be waived through the CLIA Waiver by Application. The application must show that the test meets the criteria in 42 U.S.C. § 263a(d)(3), that the test is simple and will not cause harm to the patient if performed incorrectly.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: These test classifications determine the certifications needed for laboratories to perform said tests. Waived tests require the least regulation, while moderate to high complexity tests require higher regulation and standards within the laboratory.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: Under CLIA, it is the role of CMS to issue laboratory certificates and monitor, inspect, and enforce laboratory regulatory compliance based on the tests being performed. In total, CMS covers 260,000 laboratories.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: The CDC focuses on the analysis, research, and technical assistance within the CLIA partnership. In particular, the CDC establishes technical standards and guidelines, conducting studies, monitoring practices, and developing resources. In addition, the CDC manages the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Advisory Committee (CLIAC). CLIAC is made up of experts in many specialties throughout clinical and anatomic pathology that provide guidance and advice on general issues within laboratory science.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: The CDC specifically acknowledges that point-of-care testing simply describes the location at which the testing is performed and not the complexity of the test itself. With technological innovation, more complex tests will be able to be performed at the bedside that may not be CLIA-waived like some other at-home point of care tests that the FDA has waived such as urine dipsticks.


title: Point-of-care testing

text: In the United Kingdom the GP contract leaves the cost of point-of-care testing, which may be substantial, with the individual GP practice, which the cost of medication is met by the


title: Point-of-care testing

text: clinical commissioning group, which, as the House of Commons Health and Social Care Committee noted in October 2018, creates perverse incentives.


title: Scrambling

text: Scrambling is a mountaineering term for ascending steep terrain using one's hands to assist in holds and balance. It is also used to describe terrain that falls between hiking and rock climbing (as a “scramble”).


title: Scrambling

text: Sure-footedness and a head for heights are essential. Canyoning and stream climbing are other types of scrambling.


title: Scrambling

text: Scrambling is ascending or traversing a grade without technical apparatus. Unroped ascent in exposed situations is potentially one of the most dangerous of mountaineering activities. As soon as an ascent involves a rope, going up or down, it is no longer a scramble.


title: Scrambling

text: Alpine scrambling is scrambling in high mountains and may not follow a defined or waymarked path. The Seattle Mountaineers climbing organization defines alpine scrambling as follows:


title: Scrambling

text: Alpine Scrambles are off-trail trips, often on snow or rock, with a 'non-technical' summit as a destination. A non-technical summit is one that is reached without the need for certain types of climbing equipment (body harness, rope, protection hardware, etc), and not involving travel on extremely steep slopes or on glaciers. However, this can mean negotiating lower angle rock, traveling through ... scree, crossing streams, fighting one's way through dense brush, and walking on snow-covered slopes.


title: Scrambling

text: Many easy scrambles become serious climbs in bad weather. Black ice or verglas is a particular problem in cold weather, and mist or fog can disorient scramblers very quickly.


title: Scrambling

text: Hypothermia is a danger to all hikers, particularly the inexperienced. Any combination of cool temperatures, wind, moisture, and an absence of sunlight can create the condition.


title: Scrambling

text: By climbing grade, the U.S. generally defines scrambling as Class 2 or 3 in the Yosemite Decimal System of climbing difficulties. In the British climbing system, it is "Easy" with some of the harder scrambles incorporating moves of "Moderate" or even "Difficult" standard.


title: Scrambling

text: In Britain, scrambles are usually rated using Ashton's system of either Grade 1, 2, 3 or 3S (S for serious), with the grade being based around technical difficulty and exposure. The North Ridge of Tryfan in Snowdonia, or Striding Edge on Helvellyn in the Lake District, are classic Grade 1 scrambles. At the other end of the scale, Broad Stand on Scafell is usually considered Grade 3 or 3S. Some of the older Scottish guidebooks used a system of grades 1 to 5, leading to considerable confusion and variation over grades 1, 2 and 3 in Scotland, however most well-known scrambles now have a standardised rating.


title: Scrambling

text: A guide to 175 scrambling routes in the Canadian Rockies can be found in "Scrambles in the Canadian Rockies" by Alan Kane. "Backpacker" magazine has twice featured the book as an expedition guide. The "Canadian Alpine Journal" referred to it as a "scree gospel".


title: Scrambling

text: Via ferrata is "a mountain route equipped with fixed ladders, cables, and bridges in order to be accessible to climbers and walkers" common in the Dolomites of Italy. This form of scrambling has climbing aids built in on the route that help make it safe. The essence of a modern via ferrata is a steel cable which runs along the route and is periodically (every ) fixed to the rock. Using a via ferrata kit, climbers can secure themselves to the cable, limiting any fall. The cable can also be used as an aid to climbing, and additional climbing aids, such as iron rungs (stemples), pegs, carved steps and even ladders and bridges are often provided. Thus, via ferratas allow otherwise dangerous routes to be undertaken without the risks associated with unprotected scrambling and climbing or the need for climbing equipment such as ropes. Such routes allow the relatively inexperienced a means of enjoying dramatic positions and accessing difficult peaks, normally the preserve of the serious mountaineer; although, as there is a need for some equipment, a good head for heights and basic technique, the via ferrata can be seen as a distinct step up from ordinary mountain walking.


title: Scrambling

text: Scrambling has become an increasingly popular form of mountaineering in Britain; the English Lake District, the Scottish Highlands, and the north of Snowdonia in Wales being the chief regions of interest. Popular Scrambling guidebooks exist for these areas, outlining a wide spectrum of routes in terms of both difficulty and style. UK scrambles come in many forms: the ascents, descents and traverses of ridges, gully and ghyll scrambles, rakes (lines of weakness that penetrate large, and often sheer, rock faces), and the ascents of buttresses and faces. UK scrambles vary enormously in length; from as little height gain as 30 metres, as with many crag rock climbs, up to the 700+ metres of vertical height gain encountered on Tower Ridge, a famous 3S grade scramble that ascends Ben Nevis via its north face (Tower Ridge is also graded as a 'difficult' rock climb - arguably Britain's longest.). Scrambles in Snowdonia typically feature between 60 (e.g. Milestone Gully, Tryfan.) and 500 metres (e.g. Bryant's Gully, Glyder Fawr) of height gain.


title: Scrambling

text: Ridge routes that involve some scrambling are especially popular in Britain, including Crib Goch on Snowdon, Bristly Ridge on Glyder Fach, Striding Edge on Helvellyn, and Sharp Edge on Blencathra, both in the English Lake District, as well as numerous routes in Scotland, such as the Aonach Eagach ridge in Glencoe. Many of these routes include a "bad step", where the scrambling suddenly becomes much more serious. The bad step on Crib Goch for example, involves only or so of climbing, but the position is exposed. The rock face here is well polished by countless boots, but there are many holds which offer firm support. By contrast, the traverse of the Cuillin Ridge on Skye demands use of a rope at one point at least. The ridge routes of Liathach and Beinn Eighe in Wester Ross are easier to traverse but are extremely exposed. Descent from such ridges is very limited, so once committed, the scrambler must continue to the end. An Teallach to the north offers scrambling, as does Stac Pollaidh further north in Sutherland, which includes a bad step.


title: Scrambling

text: One resource for scramblers in Britain are the guides by W A Poucher (1891–1988), though these are now dated and more recent guide books exist.


title: Scrambling

text: A community project consisting of a comprehensive list of scrambles in the United Kingdom is available at UKscrambles.com.


title: Scrambling

text: Scrambling has grown ever so popular in recent years with more experienced mountain hikers in Tatras, the highest mountain range within the 1500 km-long chain of Carpathians, located on the border between Poland and Slovakia. A hiker who has scaled all possible marked tourist trails will in time typically start looking for more ambitious goals, namely those peaks that by law are only accessible via hiring a licensed mountain guide (for a fee). More adventurous individuals, however, or those on a tight budget (often college/university students) endeavour to climb those harder accessible summits without assistance, especially since very accurate descriptions of (typically "normal", i.e. the easiest) routes are readily available on the Internet. Apart from dedicated websites, guidebooks for rock climbers by or (Poland) and (Slovakia) are particularly popular. There is an informal peak bagging challenge called / Velka Korona Tatier (or Great Crown of Tatras), involving climbing Tatras' all fourteen 8-thousanders (in feet), only 3 of which are accessible by marked hiking trails. Typically, they are graded at most I or II in Tatra climbing difficulty scale (equivalent to British Grade 3/3s).


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: 1,1-Difluoroethane, or DFE, is an organofluorine compound with the chemical formula CHF. This colorless gas is used as a refrigerant, where it is often listed as R-152a (refrigerant-152a) or HFC-152a (hydrofluorocarbon-152a). It is also used as a propellant for aerosol sprays and in gas duster products. As an alternative to chlorofluorocarbons, it has an ozone depletion potential of zero, a lower global warming potential (124) and a shorter atmospheric lifetime (1.4 years).


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: 1,1-Difluoroethane is a synthetic substance that is produced by the mercury-catalyzed addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene:


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: The intermediate in this process is vinyl fluoride (CHF), the monomeric precursor to polyvinyl fluoride.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: With a relatively low global warming potential (GWP) index of 124 and favorable thermophysical properties, 1,1-difluoroethane has been proposed as an environmentally friendly alternative to R134a. Despite its flammability, R152a also presents operating pressures and volumetric cooling capacity (VCC) similar to R134a so it can be used in large chillers or in more particular applications like heat pipe finned heat exchangers.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: Furthermore, 1,1-difluoroethane is also commonly used in gas dusters and numerous other retail aerosol products, particularly those subject to stringent volatile organic compound (VOC) requirements.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: The molecular weight of difluoroethane is 66, making it a useful and convenient tool for detecting vacuum leaks in GC-MS systems. The cheap and freely available gas has a molecular weight and fragmentation pattern (base peak 51 m/z in typical EI-MS, major peak at 65 m/z) distinct from anything in air. If mass peaks corresponding to 1,1-difluoroethane are observed immediately after spraying a suspect leak point, leaks may be identified.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: Difluoroethane is an extremely flammable gas, which decomposes rapidly on heating or burning, producing toxic and irritating fumes, including hydrogen fluoride and carbon monoxide.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: Difluoroethane is an intoxicant and precipitates fatal cardiac arrhythmia. Several reports of fatal car crashes have been linked to drivers huffing 1,1-difluoroethane. Actress Skye McCole Bartusiak died due to combined effects of difluoroethane and other drugs. Because of inhalant abuse, a bitterant is added to some brands; however this measure is not legally required and has not prevented widespread use of this product as a drug.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: In a DuPont study, rats were exposed to up to 25,000 ppm (67,485 mg/m) for six hours daily, five days a week for two years. This has become the no-observed-adverse-effect level for this substance. Prolonged exposure to 1,1-difluoroethane has been linked in humans to the development of coronary disease and angina.


title: 1,1-Difluoroethane

text: Most production, use, and emissions of HFC-152a have occurred within Earth's more industrialized and populated northern hemisphere following the substance's introduction in the 1990s. Its concentration in the northern troposphere reached an annual average of about 10 parts per trillion by year 2011. The concentration of HFC-152a in the southern troposphere is about 50% lower due to its removal rate (i.e. lifetime) of about 1.5 years being similar in magnitude to the global atmospheric mixing time of one to two years.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Alexander Paul Coe (born 4 September 1969), known professionally as Sasha, is a Welsh DJ and record producer. He is best known for his live events and electronic music as a solo artist, as well as his collaborations with British DJ John Digweed as Sasha & John Digweed. He was voted as World No. 1 DJ in 2000 in a poll conducted by "DJ Magazine". He is a four-time International Dance Music Awards winner, four-time DJ Awards winner and Grammy Award nominee.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Sasha began his career playing acid house music in the late 1980s. He partnered with John Digweed in 1993, touring internationally and producing a series of mix albums (compilations of other artists' work played in a continuous fashion).


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Sasha has remixed tracks for artists such as D-Ream, Madonna, Moby, The Chemical Brothers and Hot Chip. Sasha's remixing and production often combine electronic music genres, making it difficult for critics to pinpoint his musical style. As well as remixes and compilation albums, Sasha has produced three albums of original works: "The Qat Collection" in 1994, "Airdrawndagger" in 2002, and "Scene Delete" in 2016.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: After achieving success as a producer and DJ, Sasha worked with younger DJs and producers such as BT and James Zabiela. His use of live audio engineering equipment helped popularise technological innovations among DJs who formerly relied on records and turntables. In 2007, he formed a record label with Renaissance Records called emFire, which is the exclusive outlet for his new music.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Sasha was born in Bangor, Wales, on 4 September 1969. His early musical taste was primarily Top 40 pop music like The The and The Police. After what he described as an "idyllic childhood", Sasha passed the entrance exam for Hatfield College at age 17. However, he did not like Epsom and left before completing his A-Level examinations. Instead of continuing his schooling, Sasha moved to Bangor to live with his father and stepmother. Sasha's stepmother forced him to take piano lessons which, although he disliked them at the time, he ultimately found to be beneficial to his music career.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Sasha became aware of electronic dance music in 1988 at The Haçienda, a Manchester dance venue. Drawn to the rough sound of acid house music and the rebellious attitude he associated with it, he visited Manchester weekly and soon moved to nearby Disley. Sasha purchased records and began to teach himself how to mix. A local DJ at a club Sasha frequented announced that he was looking for other DJs to travel with him on a regional tour; Sasha volunteered and made his first live appearance in nearby Stockport. He recalled of his debut, "I'd never even touched a Technics: I thought the pitch control was the volume, I didn't even know where to plug my headphones in! I'm sure I was absolutely horrendous."


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Sasha soon found himself in debt due to low-paying performances and the many records he bought. To finance his record collection, he performed at illegal warehouse raves in the Blackburn and Blackpool areas. With the assistance of another local DJ, Jon DaSilva, Sasha secured work at The Haçienda, where he learned key mixing (matching melodic keys) from DaSilva and refined his ability to beatmatch (to synchronize the beats of two simultaneously playing records). Though he enjoyed playing at The Haçienda, in 1990 Sasha left for a club called Shelley's Laserdrome in Stoke-on-Trent. There, he established part of his signature sound by mixing euphoric acid house music with Italian piano house and emotional a cappellas. Because of his increased popularity and visibility at Shelley's, "Mixmag" featured Sasha on its first cover, under the headline "SASHA MANIA – THE FIRST DJ PINUP?". While continuing to DJ, Sasha began to produce several of his own dance tracks. This, he later noted, was contrary to the career paths of many successful DJs, for whom it was more common to start out as producers. Upon signing a recording contract, he also set up an entire recording studio at the same time, which led to a "painful learning curve" at the outset. He released his first single, "Appolonia", under the name "BM:Ex" (the name is short for The Barry Manilow Experience, a joke in reference to Sasha's love of the piano), with producer Tom Frederikse on Union City Recordings. After DJing at Shelley's for several years, Sasha left his position because of increasing gang violence in and around the club. As a result of his growing reputation, Sasha was offered work in several London and Australian clubs. He accepted, instead, a spot in the DJ rotation at Renaissance, a club night started by Geoff Oakes at Venue 44 in Mansfield, England.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: Later in 1993, Sasha, collaborating with Danny Campbell for Pete Tong's FFRR, produced "Together", his first single under the name "Sasha". "Together" peaked on the UK Singles Chart at #57. With this success, Sasha began a series of records for Deconstruction Records with the singles "Higher Ground" and "Magic" (for which Digweed produced a remix) and "The Qat Collection" with Frederikse and vocalist Sam Mollison.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: In early 1993, Sasha partnered with fellow Renaissance DJ John Digweed. Sasha and Digweed honed their DJing skills, often performing in tandem and focusing on track selection and technical mixing abilities. Renaissance was pleased with their performances, and had the duo compile the triple-CD mix album "", releasing it on the club's own Renaissance Records label. The album featured tracks from such artists as Leftfield, Fluke, and 2 Bad Mice, and original productions and remixes from Sasha and Digweed. "The Mix Collection" was released soon after Sasha's departure from Renaissance in April 1994. Following his success at Renaissance, Sasha was again featured on "Mixmag" with the tagline "SON OF GOD?", though he resented the accolade. After touring together for two years, the duo became "true superstars" with the release of their double CD "Northern Exposure" on mega-label Ministry of Sound. Around this time, Sasha began a recurring mentorship and partnership with fellow producer BT with the album "Ima". As well as providing guidance for BT, Sasha produced a "euphoric" and "introspective" 42-minute rendition of the album which formed the centrepiece of the UK release and appeared as a "bonus" second disc on the US release. He continued to advance his own production work by pairing with vocalist Maria Nayler to produce the single "Be as One", which reached #17 on the UK singles chart.


title: Sasha (DJ)

text: In 1997, Ministry of Sound released "Northern Exposure 2", Sasha and Digweed's next double-CD entry in their Northern Exposure series. To support the album, the duo toured internationally, and in the process helped to define the sound of trance music in the late 1990s. After extensive touring, Digweed and Sasha took up residency at New York City's famous Twilo nightclub, where they would DJ for the entire night. In 1998, the two released separate mix albums on the Boxed label, as part of the Global Underground series: Digweed's "", and Sasha's "", which drew from his experience touring on the West Coast of the United States. Both DJs formed their own record labels that year: Sasha created Excession Records and Digweed started Bedrock Records. Excession released fewer than ten records, the last in 1998; the experience, however, led Sasha to found the management agency Excession: The Agency LTD. Excession remains a booking agency for many DJs, including Hybrid, Nick Warren, and Steve Lawler.