title: Recopa Sudamericana

text: The current match ball for the Recopa Sudamericana, manufactured by Nike, is named the "Total 90 Omni CSF". It is one of the many balls produced by the American sports equipment maker for CONMEBOL, replacing the "Mercurial Veloci Hi-Vis" in 2009. The ball, approved by FIFA and weighing approximately 422 g, has a spherical shape that allows the ball to fly faster, farther, and more accurately. According to Nike, the ball's geometric precision distributes pressure evenly across panels and around the ball. The compressed polyethylene layer stores energy from impact and releases it at launch, and the 6-wing carbon-latex air chamber improves acceleration. Another feature of the ball is its rubber layer; it was designed to allow a better response while retaining the impact energy and releases it in the coup. Its support material of cross-linked nitrogen-expanded foam improves its retention and durability of its shape. Polyester support fabric enhances structure and stability. The asymmetrical high-contrast graphic around the ball creates an optimal flicker as the ball rotates for a more powerful visual signal, allowing the player to more easily identify and track the ball.


title: Recopa Sudamericana

text: Like the FIFA World Cup, the Recopa Sudamericana is sponsored by a group of multinational corporations. Unlike the premier football tournament forementioned, the competition uses a single, main sponsor; it is currently primarily sponsored by Banco Santander, one of the largest banks in the world. The deal running for a period of three years began with the 2012 edition. As the main sponsor of the tournament, the competition will carry the name of the bank. Thus, the competition is known officially as the '"Copa Santander Libertadores'". The first primary sponsor of the competition was Fox Sports Latinoamérica, a Latin American cable television network focusing on sports-related programming including live and pre-recorded event telecasts, sports talk shows, and other original programmings. The sponsorship was only for the 2005 edition of the competition, being known officially as '"Fox Sports Recopa Sudamericana"'. The second primary sponsor was Visa, an American multinational financial services corporation. The deal ran for a period of 3 years which began with the 2006 edition. As the main sponsor of the tournament, the competition carried the name of the corporation. Thus, the competition was known officially as '"Recopa Visa Sudamericana"'.


title: Recopa Sudamericana

text: However, the competition has had many secondary sponsors that invest in the tournament as well. Many of these sponsors are nationally based but have expanded to other nations. Nike supplies the official match ball, as they do for all other CONMEBOL competitions. Individual clubs may wear jerseys with advertising, even if such sponsors conflict with those of the Recopa Sudamericana.


title: Recopa Sudamericana

text: Argentines Leonardo Ponzio, Sebastián Battaglia, Neri Cardozo, Rodrigo Palacio, and Jesús Dátolo, Uruguayan Camilo Mayada and Paraguayan Claudio Morel Rodríguez are the only players to have won three Recopa Sudamericana winners' medals. The overall top goalscorer in Recopa Sudamericana history is Rodrigo Palacio, scorer of five goals. Leandro Damião is second with 3 goals. Rodrigo Palacio and Leandro Damião hold the record for the most goals scored in a single Recopa Sudamericana. Each of their three goals was scored in the 2006 and 2010 finals, respectively. Claudio Morel Rodríguez is the player with most appearances in the competition, 5 editions (winning three finals), all of them in Boca Juniors with the exception of 2003 (played for San Lorenzo). Paraguayan Julio César Cáceres, Argentine Jesús Dátolo and Brazilian André are the only players that won the Recopa Sudamericana with two teams. Cáceres won in 2003 with Olimpia and 2008 with Boca Juniors, Dátolo won in 2006 and 2008 with Boca and in 2014 with Atlético Mineiro, and André won in 2012 with Santos and 2014 with Atlético Mineiro.


title: Recopa Sudamericana

text: Argentinian Marcelo Gallardo is the only head coach to ever win three Recopa Sudamericana. Brazilians Telê Santana and Levir Culpi, Uruguayan Luis Cubilla, and Argentinian Alfio Basile are the only head coaches to ever win two Recopa Sudamericana. All Recopa Sudamericana winning head coaches were natives of the country they coached to victory except for Cubilla, Mirko Jozić, Jorge Fossati and Edgardo Bauza. Croatian Jozić, who won the 1992 edition with Chile's Colo-Colo, has the distinction and honor of being the only non-South American coach to win the tournament.


title: After Everything

text: After Everything (also known as Eternal Love (UK); originally titled Shotgun) is a 2018 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Hannah Marks and Joey Power. It stars Jeremy Allen White, Maika Monroe, DeRon Horton, Sasha Lane, Dean Winters, Gina Gershon and Marisa Tomei. When Elliot, a brash 23-year-old living carefree in New York City, meets the sensible Mia and receives a damning diagnosis all in the same week, his world is turned completely upside down. But as their love blossoms amidst the chaos of his treatment, they discover that Elliot's illness is not the real test of their relationship – it's everything else.


title: After Everything

text: It had its world premiere on South by Southwest on March 9, 2018. It was released on October 12, 2018, by Good Deed Entertainment, to positive critical reception.


title: After Everything

text: In March 2017, it was announced Jeremy Allen White and Maika Monroe, had been cast in the film, with Hannah Marks and Joey Power directing from a screenplay they wrote. Jordan Yale Levine, Jordan Beckerman, Michael J. Rothstein, Ash Christian, Sean Glover and Wei Wang are producing the project, under their Yale Productions and WYSJ Media banners, respectively. In April 2017, Sasha Lane joined the cast of the film.


title: After Everything

text: The film had its world premiere at South by Southwest on March 9, 2018. Shortly after, Good Deed Entertainment acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on October 12, 2018.


title: After Everything

text: "After Everything" received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has approval rating based on reviews, with an average rating of . On Metacritic, the film scored 67 out of 100, based on 11 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Phoebe Philo OBE (born 1 January 1973) is a British fashion designer. She was the creative director of fashion brands Céline from 2008 to 2018 and Chloé from 2001 to 2006.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo was born in Paris to British parents working there. Her father, Richard, is a surveyor and her mother, Celia, is an art dealer and graphic artist who had a hand in creating David Bowie's "Aladdin Sane" album cover. The family returned to Britain when she was two years old, and she was raised in Harrow, London, with her two younger siblings Louis and Frankie. In 1987, at the age of 14, she began customizing her clothes after receiving a sewing machine as a birthday present from her parents.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo studied at Central Saint Martins College of Art and Design in London, graduating in 1996. She graduated showing a final student collection that "The Guardian" would later describe as having a "Latino influence and huge gold jewellery". She quickly joined Chloé as Stella McCartney's first assistant for ready-to-wear collection in Paris.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo began working for Chloé in 1997 as Stella McCartney's design assistant, succeeding her as creative director in 2001. At Chloé, she was credited with ushering in the trend for babydoll dresses and heavy leather accessories, such as the Paddington bag. During that time, she also became the first designer at a major fashion brand to take an official extended maternity leave.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: In 2006 Philo left Chloé. She subsequently moved back to London to be with her family and had her second child. She later told "The Guardian" in 2009 that after stepping down from Chloé, she had explored launching her own line, but “the time wasn’t right”.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: In 2008, LVMH offered Philo a job as creative director and board member of the French Maison Céline. She agreed on the condition to continue working in London whilst showing in Paris, and devoted the first year to rebuilding the business by opening a design studio in a derelict Georgian town house on Cavendish Square in London. She presented her debut collection the next year to much critical acclaim.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo’s tenure at Céline was marked by a succession of “it” bags, among them the Trapeze and Luggage totes, and the slim Trio cross-body. In 2013, she also created a Birkenstock sandal composed of the brand’s Arizona and a mink covered footbed.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo’s first ad campaign for Céline notably did not include the heads of the models, ensuring the focus would be on the clothes and bags. For her 2015 ad campaign, Juergen Teller photographed writer Joan Didion. For Céline’s Spring/Summer 2017 collection, Philo worked with artist Dan Graham to create "Showing off the body" (2016), a glass S-shaped pavilion at the Tennis Club de Paris in which the runway show took place during Paris Fashion Week in 2016.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: According to "New York Times" fashion critic Vanessa Friedman, Philo “made Céline matter in a way it never had before”. Her work at Céline redefined what women aspire to wear, with her minimalist aesthetic, clean lines and tonal colour palette gaining traction with critics and consumers alike. Consistently name checked by fashion insiders as the label they want to wear, Philo successfully resuscitated a tired Parisian house and recast it as an imperative part of each season’s fashion dialogue.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: In 2017 after 10 years of working at Céline and much speculation in the media it was announced that Philo would step down as creative director after the Pre-Fall 2018 collection.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: In 2021, Philo announced she would launch a brand under her own name. LVMH is a minority stakeholder.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: In 2010, the inaugural issue of "The Gentlewoman" featured Philo on the cover. She was named by "Time Magazine" as amongst the world’s 100 most influential people in 2014.


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours for services to fashion. Other honours include:


title: Phoebe Philo

text: Philo married English gallerist and art dealer Max Wigram (b. 1966) in July 2004. They live in Brondesbury, London and have three children; jewelry designer Solange Azagury-Partridge is godmother to Philo’s son.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: The Villa del Balbianello is a villa in the comune of Lenno (province of Como), a province in the north of the Lombardy region of Italy, overlooking Lake Como. It is located on the tip of the small wooded peninsula of Dosso d'Avedo on the western shore of the south-west branch of Lake Como, 1500 meters east from the Isola Comacina. The villa is famous for its elaborate terraced gardens.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: A Franciscan monastery had existed on the tip of the peninsula of Dosso d'Avedo since the 13th century. The two towers which remain on the property are the remnants of the campanili of the monastery's church.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: After failing in his attempts to buy the nearby Isola Comacina, Cardinal Angelo Maria Durini purchased this property in 1785. In 1787, he converted the monastery structure into a villa for use during the summer and added a loggia, which allowed viewers to obtain two different panoramas of the lake.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: After the cardinal’s death in 1796, the villa passed to his nephew, Luigi Porro Lambertenghi. During his ownership, the villa became a center for republican activity and meetings, where Italian patriots and Carbonari met. Among Lambertenghi's guests at the villa was the writer Silvio Pellico, who tutored Lambertenghi's sons. In 1820, Pellico was arrested by the Austrian government, and Lambertenghi was forced to move to Belgium, where he was supported by the Arconati-Visconti family. Lambertenghi subsequently sold the villa to his friend, Giuseppe Arconati


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: Visconti made improvements to its gardens and the loggia. To this day, the balustrade in front of the church bears the Visconti emblem of a serpent with a man in its mouth. During the period of Visconti ownership, the villa hosted politicians and writers Giovanni Berchet, Alessandro Manzoni, Giuseppe Giusti, as well as the artist Arnold Böcklin. The gradual decline of the family resulted in a neglect of the villa for more than 30 years.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: Just prior to World War I, American businessman Butler Ames saw the villa for the first time. He made an offer to purchase it from the Arconati Visconti family and was initially rejected. He kept returning with ever-larger cash offers, until in 1919 he was successful in obtaining ownership. Ames renovated the villa and its garden.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: In 1974, Ames's heirs sold the villa to businessman and explorer Count Guido Monzino (leader of the first Italian expedition to climb Mount Everest). While Monzino left the exterior essentially unchanged, he had the interior of the villa completely re-decorated, installing artifacts acquired on his expeditions as well as important pieces of English Georgian and French antique furniture from the 18th and 19th centuries, Beauvais tapestries, French boiseries and Oriental carpets. After the assassination of Aldo Moro in 1978 by the Red Brigade, Monzino became worried about his safety, and added a system of hidden passages, linking parts of the property.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: Monzino died in 1988 and left the villa along with most of the Dosso d'Avedo and an endowment to pay for maintenance, to the Fondo Ambiente Italiano (FAI), the National Trust of Italy. Its grounds now form part of the Grandi Giardini Italiani. Today, the Villa del Balbianello is the most visited among the 52 FAI properties with over 135,000 visitors in 2019.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: In 2016, the Fondo per l'Ambiente Italiano commenced a €413,000 project to restore and improve the villa’s jetty, install new signage, new security, emergency lighting and fire prevention systems. The villa's existing diesel fuel system will be replaced with a modern heating system, new visitors bathrooms and drainage systems, and improvements to the bookshop and ticket office space.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: In November 2018, Indian movie star and Bollywood's famous couple Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone's wedding took place at the villa.


title: Villa del Balbianello

text: A number of feature films have used the villa for location shooting, including "A Month by the Lake" (1995), "His Demise" starring Paul Zukowski (2016 disaster movie), "Casino Royale" (2006). The villa was also used for the lake retreat scenes in "" (2002), with computer-generated imagery used in place of the building's true exterior.


title: Right Down the Line

text: "Right Down the Line" is a song written and recorded by Scottish singer-songwriter Gerry Rafferty. Released as a single in July 1978, it reached #12 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and #8 on "Cash Box".<ref name="Cash Box Top 100 10/28/78"></ref> It was the third release from Rafferty's "City to City" LP as the follow-up to his first major hit as a solo artist, "Baker Street".


title: Right Down the Line

text: "Right Down the Line" was a bigger adult contemporary hit, spending four nonconsecutive weeks at number one in the U.S. In Canada, the song reached number five on both the pop singles and adult contemporary charts.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Born Yesterday is a 1950 American comedy-drama film directed by George Cukor, based on the 1946 stage play of the same name by Garson Kanin. The screenplay was credited to Albert Mannheimer. According to Kanin's autobiography, Cukor did not like Mannheimer's work, believing it lacked much of the play's value, so he approached Kanin about adapting a screenplay from his own play. Because of legal entanglements, Kanin did not receive screen credit.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: The film tells the story of an uneducated young woman, Billie Dawn (played by Judy Holliday, in an Oscar-winning performance) and an uncouth, older, wealthy junkyard tycoon, Harry Brock (Broderick Crawford) who comes to Washington to try to "buy" a congressman. When Billie embarrasses him socially, Harry hires journalist Paul Verrall (William Holden) to educate her. In the process, Billie learns how corrupt Harry is, and eventually falls in love with Paul.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: The film was produced and released by Columbia Pictures. Kanin frequently stated that Harry Brock was modeled on Columbia production chief Harry Cohn, with whom Kanin had a long and testy relationship. According to Cohn biographer Bob Thomas, Cohn knew of Kanin's attribution but didn't care about it.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: In 2012, "Born Yesterday" was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Bullying, uncouth junkyard tycoon Harry Brock goes to Washington, D.C., with his brassy girlfriend, Emma "Billie" Dawn, and his crooked lawyer, Jim Devery, to "influence" a politician or two. As a legal precaution, Devery presses Harry to marry Billie, as a wife cannot be forced to testify against her husband.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Harry becomes disgusted with Billie's ignorance and lack of manners, though his are much worse. He hires journalist Paul Verrall, who had come to interview him, to educate her and give her some culture. Blossoming under Paul's encouragement and her own hard work, Billie learns about literature, history, politics and the law, and turns out to be much smarter than anyone knew.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Billie starts thinking for herself and applying her learning to her situation. She also falls in love with Paul, who respects and appreciates her. When she stands up to Harry, he reacts violently, striking her and forcing her to sign the contracts related to his crooked deal.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Meanwhile, Devery has persuaded Harry to sign over many of his assets to Billie to hide them from the government. When Harry experiences Billie's new independence, he tries to intimidate her into signing his assets back to him. Billie and Paul use her leverage to escape from Harry's domination. She promises to give him back his property little by little as long as he leaves them alone. A brief final scene reveals that Billie and Paul have married.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Though all the major Hollywood studios wanted to film Garson Kanin's Broadway play "Born Yesterday", Columbia Studios purchased the rights for $1 million in 1948. However, the project was put on the shelf for months because of casting problems. In April 1950, Columbia head Harry Cohn assigned George Cukor to direct the film, though Cukor was not the studio's first choice.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Cukor's preparatory work for "Born Yesterday" was quite innovative. The actors rehearsed the screenplay for two weeks, then performed it before an audience drawn from studio employees. Cukor's idea was to give the actors a chance to develop “dimensional characters,” and clock laugh values from audience reaction before the cameras began rolling. Cukor held that if a scene is funny, there is no need to play about with it. When people complained, “that laugh overrode the line, I did not hear the next line,” Cukor's answer remained the same, “Go and see the movie again.” But he did make some changes – when the laughter was long and loud, he added some visual detail.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: According to a Hollywood Reporter news item, Holliday initially refused to reprise her popular Broadway role for the film. In September 1947, Rita Hayworth was reported to be in line for the role, but in late April 1949, it was reported that Gloria Grahame was to be borrowed from RKO for the lead, and that Jean Arthur and Lana Turner had also been considered for the part. An October 16, 1947 Hollywood Reporter news item stated that Columbia was negotiating with Paul Douglas to reprise his Broadway role.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: According to modern sources, Kanin convinced Cohn to cast Holliday by co-writing – with wife Ruth Gordon – a part specifically for her in the 1949 MGM film "Adam's Rib." Holliday's performance in the film garnered her critical acclaim and convinced Cohn of her comedic abilities. Larry Oliver and Frank Otto also reprised their Broadway roles. A September 20, 1950 article in the "Los Angeles Daily News" reported that before filming began, the cast perfected their comic timing during six performances in front of live audiences of studio employees.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Although the film was clearly written for a mature audience, Kanin and Cukor were forced to amend the film to appease censors. Cukor explained, "It seems ludicrous now, but twenty years ago you couldn't have a character say, 'I love that broad,' you couldn't even say 'broad.' And the nonsense that went on to get over the fact that Judy Holliday and Broderick Crawford lived together! It required the greatest skill and some new business that Garson invented, like Billie Dawn always creeping into the apartment the back way. We managed to keep it amusing, I think, but it was so unnecessary."


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: However, the censors thought the scrutiny was necessary, and Cukor was urged to use caution when filming Holliday's dresses. At that time, it was mandatory for intimate body areas, especially breasts, to be completely covered. The censors also requested that Cukor avoid any suggestion that Billie was trying to get Paul in bed. Billie's line "Are you one of those talkers, or would you be interested in a little action?" was deemed offensive. However, Cukor stood his ground, and the line made it into the final cut.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: In the stage production, Holliday's character Billie Dawn wore only five costumes, but in the film, costume designer Jean Louis designed thirteen elaborate creations. Cukor asked Louis to “characterize” the clothes, with obviously expensive and ornate clothes at the beginning, when Billie is dumb and self-centered. However, as she acquires culture, her wardrobe becomes simpler and more elegant.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: To increase the film's authenticity, Cukor went to Washington, D.C. for locations, and the city became a dramatic personage in the story. Six named Washington, D.C. locations (Jefferson Memorial, Library of Congress, National Gallery of Art, Statler Hotel, United States Capitol and the Watergate Steps, where Dawn and Verrall attend a then-regular outdoor summer concert of the National Symphony Orchestra) were included in the shoot. Observing tourists at the Lincoln Memorial, Cukor noticed that sightseers would chew gum and give works of art a cursory glance, if any at all. But in Hollywood movies, sightseers invariably were shown standing in rapt attention. Avoiding these cliches, Cukor considered the outdoor scenes among his best efforts.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: The Hollywood premiere of "Born Yesterday" was attended by many celebrities and the film was met with enthusiastic applause. Jan Sterling and Paul Douglas, who had played the two leading roles on stage, attended the premiere.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: In a review published the day after the film's premiere, Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote, "Just in time to make itself evident as one of the best pictures of this fading year is Columbia's trenchant screen version of the stage play, 'Born Yesterday' ... On the strength of this one appearance, there is no doubt that Miss Holliday will leap into popularity as a leading American movie star." "Variety" stated, "Columbia has a promising box-office offering in its screen version of the Broadway hit play, 'Born Yesterday.' The bright, biting comedy of the Garson Kanin legit piece adapts easily to film and there is every indication that key-city audiences will give it a hearty ticket play." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it "an even more beguiling comedy than it was on the stage, and Judy Holliday's even funnier ... It's one of the few I'd like to see twice." A review in "Harrison's Reports" declared, "An excellent adult comedy ... What really puts the picture over is the brilliant performance of Judy Holliday as the beautiful but dizzy 'girl-friend' of an unscrupulous, uncouth multi-millionaire junk dealer, whose downfall is brought about when he makes the mistake of deciding that she needs an education. One has to see and hear Miss Holliday to fully appreciate the superb delivery of her lines and the fine shadings of her artful mannerisms." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" stated, "Garson Kanin's comedy is a pleasing lesson in the virtues of democracy, enlivened by smart, sometimes witty, dialogue and by characterisation which, if broad and simple, is always lively."


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Syndicated Catholic columnist William H. Mooring decried the film as "clever film satire strictly from [Karl] Marx." In 1951, the film was picketed by the Anti-Communist Committee of the Catholic War Veterans because Holliday and Kanin were affiliated with organizations on the U.S attorney general's list of subversive groups.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Supporters of the film included columnist Louella Parsons, reviewer William R. Weaver of the Motion Picture Herald and Kenneth Clark of the MPAA, who stated "we feel very deeply and sincerely the picture gives warmth and positive support to the democratic ideals, principles and institutions of America."


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: In late 1950 many critics predicted that the Academy Award for Best Actress would be given to Gloria Swanson for "Sunset Boulevard" or Bette Davis for "All About Eve" and were surprised that the recipient was newcomer Judy Holliday for this film. Bette Davis believed that her and Swanson's comparable characters effectively "cancelled each other out", allowing Holliday to win, a theory also invoked to explain Marisa Tomei's dark horse Best Supporting Actress win over Miranda Richardson and Vanessa Redgrave for the 1993 Joe Pesci vehicle, "My Cousin Vinny". Swanson recalled the press's reaction following Holliday's win: "It slowly dawned on me that they were asking for a larger-than-life scene, or better still, a mad scene. More accurately, they were trying to flush out Norma Desmond."


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: The British film magazine "Picturegoer" awarded the film its Seal of Merit, but warned its readers that Holliday's character is "from New York's East Side, and speaks in a baby Bronx voice that is like the tinkling of many tiny, tuneless cymbals." The magazine admired Holliday's performance and spoke of her in the same breath as Carole Lombard.


title: Born Yesterday (1950 film)

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Kanin reportedly pursued plans for an updated remake, possibly starring Bette Midler, Barbra Streisand or Whoopi Goldberg, as well as a musical version that might star Bernadette Peters or Dolly Parton, with Frank Sinatra as Harry Brock, but neither of these projects came to fruition. The remake was finally made in 1993, directed by Luis Mandoki and starring Melanie Griffith, Don Johnson and John Goodman.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: "More Than a Woman" is a song by the Bee Gees, written by Barry, Robin, and Maurice Gibb for the soundtrack to the film "Saturday Night Fever". It became a regular feature of the group's live sets from 1977 until Maurice Gibb's death in 2003 and was often coupled with "Night Fever".


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: The Bee Gees started to record it from February to March 1977 in the Château d'Hérouville, Hérouville in France, continued it in Criteria Studios in Miami in April, and later in September, the song was finished in Cherokee Studios, Los Angeles.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: The soundtrack includes two versions — one by the Bee Gees and the other by Tavares. Both versions are featured in the film as well. The song has been recorded and performed by various artists but in different forms. The song by the Bee Gees was not released as a single in the US and the UK, but only in some other territories like Italy and Australia. Despite that, it has remained a staple on radio, and is one of their best known songs. An abridged live version of the song, performed by the Bee Gees in 1997, is available on both the DVD and CD versions of "One Night Only".


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: The song has also been included on Bee Gees compilations such as "Tales from the Brothers Gibb" and "". The very first British pressings of "Their Greatest Hits: The Record" featured the song with a mastering fault, with the audio noticeably dipping to the right briefly during the first verse. This was corrected after several thousand copies had been distributed.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: A new remix of the song was done by British DJ SG Lewis, which was released in 2021, in response to the TikTok craze.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: "More Than a Woman" was also recorded by Tavares in 1977, and also appeared in "Saturday Night Fever" and on the soundtrack album. It also featured on their 1978 album "Future Bound". Their version charted at number 32 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: In 1998, British boy band 911 recorded "More Than a Woman" for their third studio album, "There It Is" (1999). Produced by Phil Harding and Ian Curnow, this version was released on 12 October 1998 as the album's lead single and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart while also charting in France and New Zealand.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: 911's version of "More Than a Woman" was added to BBC Radio 1's As Featured playlist on 7 September 1998; by the end of the month, it had been upgraded to the station's A-list. On 12 October 1998, Virgin Records released the song in the United Kingdom as two CD singles and a cassette single. Six days later, the song debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the band's highest-charting single in the UK until the follow up, a cover of Dr. Hook's "A Little Bit More, topped the UK chart in January 1999. For most of the week, "More Than a Woman" outsold Spacedust's "Gym and Tonic", but the latter song slipped ahead to become the number-one song of that week despite mediocre sales. "More Than a Woman" spent four weeks in the top 40 and 15 weeks in the top 100.


title: More Than a Woman (Bee Gees song)

text: On the Eurochart Hot 100, the cover reached number 18 on 31 October 1998 as that week's Sales Breaker. Elsewhere in Europe, the song charted in France in March 1999, when it appeared on the SNEP Singles Chart for a single week at number 94, becoming the band's only single to chart there. In New Zealand, the song became 911's third of four songs to reach the top 50 on the New Zealand Singles Chart. After debuting at number 20 on 14 March 1999, it rose to its peak of number eight the following week to become the band's highest-charting song in New Zealand. It spent a further seven nonconsecutive weeks in the top 50.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: The eighteenth season of the American reality television series "The Voice" ran from February 24 to May 19, 2020, on NBC. Blake Shelton, Kelly Clarkson and John Legend returned as coaches for their eighteenth, fifth, and third season, respectively. Nick Jonas joined the panel for his first season as a new coach, replacing Gwen Stefani. Meanwhile, Carson Daly returned for his eighteenth season as host.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: This is the third season in "The Voice" since seasons one and three where the team sizes was not 12, as it was reduced to ten. This is also the first season to have five artists compete in the finale, and the first time each coach would guarantee to have at least one artist representing in the finale since season two. For the first time since season two, artists are not awarded any multiplier bonuses for streams or iTunes downloads due to the performances being recorded away from the studios (except for the finals) as a measure against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: Todd Tilghman was named the winner of the season, marking Blake Shelton's seventh win as a coach, making him the oldest winner to date in the show's history – following Josh Kaufman in the 6th season. For the first time, the first artist in the Blind Auditions went on to win the entire season.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: During the finale, Daly foregoes the announcement of third place but instead proceeding to announce Tilghman winning the season, without revealing the final placements for Thunderstorm Artis or Toneisha Harris. However, through "The Voice" Twitter page, Harris was revealed to finish as runner-up, making her currently the highest-placed African American female singer in "Voice" history.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: In October 2019, it was announced that Nick Jonas would join the show as a coach for this season replacing Gwen Stefani who left the panel due to her Just a Girl Las Vegas Residency. This is his second appearance, as he was the Battle Advisor for the eighth season for Team Christina. Blake Shelton returned for his eighteenth season as a coach, John Legend for his third, and Kelly Clarkson for her fifth. This is the twelfth season to feature three male coaches on the panel.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: This season's advisors for the Battles are: Dua Lipa for Team Kelly, Joe and Kevin Jonas (Jonas Brothers) for Team Nick, Ella Mai for Team Legend, and Bebe Rexha (who was the coach for sixteenth season's Comeback Stage) for Team Blake.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: The Battle Rounds started on March 23. The advisors for this round were Dua Lipa for Team Kelly, Joe and Kevin Jonas for Team Nick, Ella Mai for Team Legend, and Bebe Rexha for Team Blake. The coaches can steal one losing artist from other coaches and save one losing artist on their team. However, the team coach may only hit their button to save an artist after it is clear that no other coach is going to steal the artist. Artists who win their battle or are stolen by another coach advance to the Knockout Rounds.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: In the Knockout Rounds, each coach can steal one losing artist from another team. Artists who win their knockout or are stolen by another coach advance to the Live Playoffs. James Taylor will be serving as a mega mentor for all teams in this round.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: New this season, each saved artist from the Battle Rounds will go head-to-head in the first-ever Four-Way Knockout. Results for the Four-Way Knockout are decided by a public vote, with the winner announced during the first week of Live Shows.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: This season, the number of weeks of live shows was reduced to three, consisting of the Live Playoffs, the Semifinals, and the Finale.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak in the United States, the live shows were changed to remote shows with performances aired pre-recorded performances at the contestants' and coaches' homes. The Instant Save is done via The Voice Official App in the playoffs and semifinals, continuing the shift from Twitter to the Official App that took place in Season 17.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: Additionally, the artists did not have available studio versions of their covers released on iTunes or Apple Music, meaning that for the first time since the introduction in season three, there were no streaming votes or bonuses awarded. However, the finalists did have studio versions of their original song and coach duet from the Finale released, although they did not contribute to the artists' vote tally.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: The Live Playoff round constituted episodes 12 and 13. For the first time there will be a Top 17. On Monday, James Taylor opened the show with a performance with the remaining Knockouts artists, followed by the announcement of the 4-Way Knockout Winner. The winner joined the Top 17, who all performed live from their homes using a production kit sent to them. Coaches mentored and gave feedback from their homes: Kelly from Montana, Blake from Oklahoma, and both John and Nick from Los Angeles.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: On Tuesday's live episode, one artist from each team advanced based on America's vote, and each coach got to save one of their own artists. The remaining artists from each team with the highest votes will have a chance to compete for the Wild Card as seen on season 17. These nine artists advanced to the Semifinals.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: The Semifinals comprised episodes 14 and 15. On Monday, the Top 9 artists performed to the theme of “Dedication Week” with the public vote results being announced on Tuesday. Four artists are eliminated in a new elimination format: one artist from a team with a higher vote will immediately advance to the Top 5, leaving the remaining five artists to compete for the final spot in the finals via Instant Save.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: With the advancement of Thunderstorm Artis to the finale, Nick Jonas became the fifth new coach to successfully coach an artist on his team to the finale on his first attempt as a coach, after Usher (Michelle Chamuel in season 4), Alicia Keys (Wé McDonald in season 11), Kelly Clarkson (Brynn Cartelli in season 14), and John Legend (Maelyn Jarmon in season 16).


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: The final 5 performed on Monday, May 18, 2020, with the final results following on Tuesday, May 19, 2020. In the first episode of the Finale, each artist performed an original song and a cover. In the second episode, each artist performed a duet with their respective coach. For the first time this season, artists had studio versions of their performances released on iTunes and Apple Music, with each artist's original song and coach duet being released; However, unlike in previous seasons, a purchase or stream of these performances did not factor into voting.


title: The Voice (American season 18)

text: Todd Tilghman from Team Blake became the first and the only vocalist of the season to reach top 10 on iTunes. His original song's studio recording hit #1 on iTunes Overall Chart and iTunes Country Chart. With both Tilghman and Harris finishing in top two, this marked Shelton's second (of his seven) victory in which two of these artists have been finished in the top two since season three (Cassadee Pope and Terry McDermott).


title: Jake Atlas

text: Kenny Sanchez Marquez (born October 5, 1994), known by his ring name Jake Atlas, is an American professional wrestler known for his time in All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and WWE.


title: Jake Atlas

text: As a native resident of Los Angeles, Sanchez Marquez trained at the local Santino Bros. Wrestling Academy, making his in-ring debut on August 6, 2016, under the ring name Jake Atlas against Robby Phoenix, a match that he won via Disqualification. He went on to appear in numerous California promotions including Orange County Championship Wrestling, Empire Wrestling Federation, Baja Star's USA, All Pro Wrestling, Gold Rush Pro Wrestling and Championship Wrestling from Hollywood among several other promotions between 2016 and 2017. In some promotions, he competed in tag team matches with fellow wrestler Lucas Riley, calling themselves Aerial Instinct, due to their high-flying style of wrestling. During his career, Atlas won titles including Santino Bros. Wrestling's SBW Championship and All Pro Wrestling's Universal Heavyweight and Junior Heavyweight Championships.


title: Jake Atlas

text: Atlas' earliest association with WWE occurred as early as 2018, when he first appeared with Stephanie McMahon on an episode of "Celebrity Undercover Boss". Atlas reportedly received $25,000 as a down payment for a house and was hired as an ambassador for the WWE. During July of that year, Atlas worked a "Be A Star" program in the Boston, Massachusetts area. On October 23, 2019, Atlas officially signed with WWE. On the April 1, 2020 episode of "NXT", Atlas was defeated by Dexter Lumis in his debut. On April 12, Atlas was named a participant in the Interim NXT Cruiserweight Championship round-robin tournament. Atlas defeated Drake Maverick in his first match in the tournament and Tony Nese in his second match but lost to Kushida. After Maverick defeated Kushida on the May 20 episode of NXT, a Triple Threat match was set up between Maverick, Kushida and Atlas for the following week as all three men were tied at 2–1. Maverick won the match after pinning Atlas albeit in a controversial fashion. On the June 19 episode of 205 Live, Atlas made his debut on the brand defeating Gentleman Jack Gallagher. In October 2020 he would begin a feud with Santos Escobar over the Cruiserweight Championship but every time he was defeated. In January 2021, Atlas entered the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic tournament, where he was paired with Isaiah "Swerve" Scott, but the two were eliminated from the tournament by the eventual winner MSK (Nash Carter and Wes Lee) and following the match, argued with one another. On August 6, 2021, Atlas was released from his WWE contract.


title: Jake Atlas

text: On September 3, 2021, it was announced that Atlas would appear at Ring of Honor's Death Before Dishonor XVIII in a special showcase match against fellow recent WWE release Taylor Rust. At the event, Atlas was defeated by Rust. Not long after, Atlas announced his retirement from professional wrestling, citing mental health reasons. On the December 28, 2021 taping of AEW Dark, Atlas came out of retirement and made his in ring return and AEW debut defeating Serpentico. He had his televised debut on the January 7th edition of AEW Rampage, where he lost to Adam Cole. During the match he suffered a knee injury. Atlas contract with AEW ended on October 5th, 2022.


title: Jake Atlas

text: On May 23, 2022, Sanchez Marquez was arrested in Orange County, Florida and charged with domestic battery. The charges were dropped on June 28.


title: Barney and the Backyard Gang

text: Barney and the Backyard Gang is an American direct-to-video series produced by The Lyons Group and released in periodic installments from 29 August 1988 to 1 August 1991. The series led to the launch of the children's television show, "Barney & Friends", which in its original run aired on PBS from 6 April 1992 to 2 November 2010.


title: Barney and the Backyard Gang

text: The first three episodes from 1988 and 1989 include Sandy Duncan as Michael and Amy's mother. (At the time, Duncan was starring on the NBC sitcom "The Hogan Family".) Music for the "Barney & the Backyard Gang" videos was created by Stephen Bates Baltes and Phillip Parker (as with the television series), and Lory Lazarus wrote the first original song produced for Barney, "Friends Are Forever", sung by Duncan. In the first five videos, "I Love You" was sung at the beginning. Although "I Love You" was sung at the end of "Barney Goes to School" and "Barney in Concert", and later frequently sung at the end of all episodes of "Barney & Friends", it was not featured at the end of "Rock with Barney".


title: Barney and the Backyard Gang

text: The series was a regional success, but only a moderate success throughout the rest of the country. Then one day, in 1991, Larry Rifkin, then head of Connecticut Public Television, rented a Barney video for his daughter Leora. He liked the concept and talked to Leach about possibly putting Barney on television through the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). "Rock with Barney" was the final video in the series before the television show debuted. Also, only four of the kids from the videos (Michael, Derek, Tina, and Luci) were carried over to the television show.


title: Barney and the Backyard Gang

text: The first six videos of this series aired on The Disney Channel in November 1990 as a part of its "Lunch Box" program.


title: 2021–22 S.S.C. Napoli season

text: The 2021–22 season was the 76th season in the existence of S.S.C. Napoli and the club's 14th consecutive season in the top flight of Italian football. In addition to the domestic league, Napoli participated in this season's editions of the Coppa Italia and the UEFA Europa League.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (22 January 1971 – 25 July 2017), commonly known as Gurrumul and also referred to since his death as Dr G. Yunupingu, was an Aboriginal Australian musician of the Yolŋu peoples. A multi-instrumentalist, he played drums, keyboards, guitar (a right-hand-strung guitar played left-handed) and didgeridoo, but it was the clarity of his singing voice that attracted rave reviews. He sang stories of his land both in Yolŋu languages such as Gaalpu, Gumatj or Djambarrpuynu, a dialect related to Gumatj, and in English. Although his solo career brought him wider acclaim, he was also formerly a member of Yothu Yindi and later of Saltwater Band. He was the most commercially successful Aboriginal Australian musician at the time of his death. As of 2020, it is estimated that Yunupingu has sold half a million records globally.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The first of four sons born to Ganyinurra (Daisy), of the Gumal clan, and Nyambi "Terry" Yunupingu, a Gumatj clansman, Yunupingu was born blind in Galiwin'ku, Elcho Island, in 1971, situated off the coast of Arnhem Land in northern Australia, about east of Darwin. When he was four years old, he taught himself how to play a toy piano and an accordion. A year later he began to play a guitar; despite being a left-hander, he played a right-handed guitar, holding it upside down, which he would continue to do throughout his career. His friend, spokesperson, and collaborator Michael Hohnen described his early musical experiences as follows: "Gurrumul was educated by immersion, cultural immersion—from his aunties, parents and grandmothers, with love and lullabies; from his uncles, fathers and grandfathers through ceremony songs and storytelling, much of it through music. Throughout his childhood, he was built, given or bought tin cans, sticks, toy keyboards, piano accordions, nylon string guitars, and, later, clap sticks ("bilma") and didgeridoos ("yidaki"). He learned foot stomping calling and whooping, vocalisations of traditional songs and their different sounds, and so much more." He later sang hymns in the mission choir and also enjoyed Western pop music, particularly Dire Straits, Cliff Richard, and Stevie Wonder. An adventurous child, he was taught how to play basketball and ride a push-bike around his community. He left school at the age of 12, having attended his local school, Shepherdson College, along with a brief stint at an institute in the Victorian city of Geelong for instruction in Braille, which did not interest him.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In 1989, at the age of 18, Yunupingu joined Yothu Yindi as a multi-instrumentalist and backing vocalist, notably contributing to their 1991 album, "Tribal Voice". He left the group in 1995 to live full-time on Elcho Island and later co-founded and co-led the Saltwater Band, which was active from 1999 to 2009. His first solo album, "Gurrumul", was released in 2008, debuting at No. 69 on the ARIA Charts and No. 1 on the independent chart. "Gurrumul" peaked at No. 3 on the ARIA Charts. The album was certified triple platinum. Yunupingu's friend Michael Hohnen produced the album and was his translator, collaborator and confidant. Critics heaped praise on the singer, describing his voice as having "transcendental beauty". Elton John, Sting and Björk were among his fans. The money he made was largely shared with his family, following the Aboriginal tradition of sharing wealth. He did not generally give interviews, instead relying on Hohnen to speak for him, following a Yolŋu custom that dictated that Yunupingu's role was only to sing, while his elders spoke publicly. In a 2009 interview with him and Hohnen, Yunupingu said that he was generally shy but more comfortable playing music, and went on to say: "I don't have much to say to people when I talk. That is for other Yolŋu. But I can play and sing and tell people things through my songs. We have an encyclopedia of stories ready to tell people, if they want to listen."


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In 2008 Yunupingu was nominated for four ARIA Awards, winning the awards for Best World Music Album and Best Independent Release. He also won three Deadlys, winning for Artist of the Year, Album of the Year for "Gurrumul" and Single of the Year for "Gurrumul History (I Was Born Blind)".


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In November 2009, Yunupingu was named Best New Independent Artist and his album, "Gurrumul", Best Independent Release and Best Independent Blues/Roots Release at the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Awards held at Melbourne's Corner Hotel. In 2009 a portrait of Yunupingu by Guy Maestri won Australia's major art prize, the Archibald Prize.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: He was again awarded the Australian Independent Record (AIR) Award for Best Independent Blues and Roots Album in 2011 for his album "Rrakala". At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011, he won Best World Music Album and performed "Warwu" featuring Missy Higgins on piano. In 2019, Double J's Dan Condon described it as one of "7 great performances from the history of the ARIA Awards."


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In 2012, Yunupingu was one of the contributing vocalists on Gary Barlow's commemorative single "Sing" for Queen Elizabeth II's diamond jubilee celebrations, which features artists from across the Commonwealth. He performed "Sing" live at the Diamond Jubilee Concert on 4 June 2012 together with many of the song's contributing artists. In 2012, Yunupingu was conferred with an Honorary Doctorate of Music by the University of Sydney.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In 2013, Yunupingu joined Delta Goodrem for a special performance of "Bayini" on "The Voice Australia". In December 2013, Yunupingu released a live album, titled "His Life and Music", which was recorded in the Sydney Opera House and released through ABC Music. It was nominated for Australian Independent Record Labels Association and ARIA awards. "Bayini" became the first track by an indigenous musician to reach the top five of the Australian charts.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In 2015, Yunupingu toured the US. He released his third studio album, "The Gospel Album", on 31 July 2015. It debuted at number 3 on the ARIA Charts. In October 2015, the album won Gurrumul's third ARIA Award for Best World Music Album.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: Yunupingu died at the Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory, at about 5:00 pm on 25 July 2017, aged 46. He had lived with liver and kidney damage for many years due to hepatitis B which he had contracted in childhood. On his death he was described as an important figure in fostering racial harmony and as a voice of Indigenous Australians. He received tributes from the Australian prime minister, Malcolm Turnbull, fellow musician Peter Garrett, and Anna Reid, the dean of the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In April 2018, Yunupingu's fourth studio album, "Djarimirri (Child of the Rainbow)", was released. It was an album four years in the making and was completed by producer and arranger Michael Hohnen. A documentary film titled "Gurrumul" was also released, which Luke Buckmaster reviewed, stating that "For Gurrumul fans, the film is obviously a must-see. For those unfamiliar, or vaguely familiar with his work, it's an even greater treat: they will be entertained, enthralled, perhaps in some small way changed." The album won four ARIA Music Awards at the 2018 ceremony; his daughter Jasmin accepted the award for Best Male Artist on his behalf.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In November 2020, Decca Records announced they had signed to the rights to Yunupingu's catalogue and future recordings, announcing forthcoming releases, including limited-edition vinyls, a box set and collaborations among a slate of projects. In December 2020, Yunupingu was listed at number 33 in "Rolling Stone Australia"s "50 Greatest Australian Artists of All Time" issue.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: In September 2021, Yunupingu's first anthology was released, entitled "The Gurrumul Story". In the same year, a species of frog from the Wessel Islands, Northern Territory, was named "Uperoleia gurrumuli" (Gurrumul's toadlet) in honour of Yunupingu.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The Australian Independent Record Awards (commonly known informally as AIR Awards) is an annual awards night to recognise, promote and celebrate the success of Australia's Independent Music sector.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters".


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. Gurrumul has won 9 awards from 21 nominations.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The Australian Music Prize (AMP) is an annual award of $30,000 given to an Australian band or solo artist in recognition of the merit of an album released during the year of award. The award commenced in 2005.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The J Awards are an annual series of Australian music awards that were established by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's youth-focused radio station Triple J. They commenced in 2005.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The Helpmann Awards is an awards show, celebrating live entertainment and performing arts in Australia, presented by industry group "Live Performance Australia" since 2001. Note: 2020 and 2021 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

text: The National Indigenous Music Awards recognise excellence, innovation and leadership among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander musicians from throughout Australia. It commenced in 2004.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Trichinella spiralis is a viviparous nematode parasite, occurring in rodents, pigs, bears, hyenas and humans, and is responsible for the disease trichinosis. It is sometimes referred to as the "pork worm" due to it being typically encountered in undercooked pork products. It should not be confused with the distantly related pork tapeworm.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: "Trichinella" species, the smallest nematode parasite of humans, has an unusual lifecycle, and are one of the most widespread and clinically important parasites in the world. The small adult worms mature in the small intestine of a definitive host, such as a pig. Each adult female produces batches of live larvae, which bore through the intestinal wall, enters the blood (to feed on it) and lymphatic system, and are carried to striated muscle. Once in the muscle, they encyst, or become enclosed in a capsule.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Humans can become infected by eating infected pork, horsemeat, or wild carnivores such as fox, cat, hyena or bear.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Males of "T. spiralis" measure between 1.4 and 1.6 mm long, and are more flat anteriorly than posteriorly. The anus can be found in the terminal end, and they have a large copulatory pseudobursa on each side. The females of "T. spiralis" are about twice the size of the males, and have an anus found terminally. The vulva is located near the esophagus. The single uterus of the female is filled with developing eggs in the posterior portion, while the anterior portion contains the fully developed juveniles.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: "Trichinella spiralis" can live the majority of its adult life in the intestines of humans. To begin its lifecycle, "T. spiralis" adults invade the intestinal wall of a pig, and produce larvae that invade the pig's muscles. The larval forms are encapsulated as a small cystic structure within a muscle cell of the infected host. When another animal (perhaps a human) eats the infected meat, the larvae are released from the nurse cells in the meat (due to stomach pH), and migrate to the intestine, where they burrow into the intestinal mucosa, mature, and reproduce. Juveniles within nurse cells have an anaerobic or facultative anaerobic metabolism, but when they become activated, they adopt the aerobic metabolism characteristics of the adult.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Female "Trichinella" worms live for about six weeks, and in that time can produce up to 1,500 larvae; when a spent female dies, she passes out of the host. The larvae gain access to the circulation and migrate around the body of the host, in search of a muscle cell in which to encyst. The migration and encystment of larvae can cause fever and pain, brought on by the host inflammatory response. In some cases, accidental migration to specific organ tissues can cause myocarditis and encephalitis that can result in death.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: This nematode is a multicellular parasite that lives within a single muscle cell, which it extensively modifies according to its own requirements.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Nurse cell formation in skeletal muscle tissue is mediated by the hypoxic environment surrounding the new vessel formation. The hypoxic environment stimulates muscle cells in the surrounding tissue to upregulate and secrete angiogenic cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This allows the migrating "T. spiralis" larva to enter the myocyte and induce the transformation into the nurse cell. VEGF expression is detected surrounding the nurse cell immediately after nurse cell formation, and the continued secretion of VEGF can maintain the constant state of hypoxia.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: The first symptoms may appear between 12 hours and two days after ingestion of infected meat. The migration of adult worms in the intestinal epithelium can cause traumatic damage to the host tissue, and the waste products they excrete can provoke an immunological reaction. The resulting inflammation can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, sweating, and diarrhea. Five to seven days after the appearance of these symptoms, facial edema and fever may occur. Ten days following ingestion, intense muscular pain, difficulty breathing, weakening of pulse and blood pressure, heart damage, and various nervous disorders may occur, eventually leading to death due to heart failure, respiratory complications, or kidney malfunction, all due to larval migration.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Muscle biopsy may be used for trichinosis detection. Several immunodiagnostic tests are also available. Typically, patients are treated with either mebendazole or albendazole, but efficacy of such products is uncertain. Symptoms can be relieved by use of analgesics and corticosteroids.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: In pigs, ELISA testing is possible as a method of diagnosis. Anthelmintics can treat and prevent "Trichinella" infections.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Trichinosis (trichinellosis) is a disease caused by tissue-dwelling roundworms of the species "Trichinella spiralis". In the United States, the national trichinellosis surveillance system has documented a steady decline in the reported incidence of this disease. During 1947 to 1951, a median of 393 human cases was reported annually, including 57 trichinellosis-related deaths. During 1997–2001, the incidence in the US decreased to a median of 12 cases annually, with no reported deaths. The decrease was largely due to improved compliance with standards and regulations by commercial pork producers.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: In the United States, Congress passed the Federal Swine Health Protection Act, restricting the use of uncooked garbage as feed stock for pigs, and creating a voluntary Trichinae Herd Certification Program. The Trichinae Herd Certification Program is a voluntary pre-slaughter pork safety program that provides documentation of swine management practices to minimize "Trichinella" exposure. The goal of the program is to establish a system under which pork production facilities that follow good production practices might be certified as Trichinella-safe.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: In addition to the reduction in "Trichinella" prevalence in commercial pork, processing methods also have contributed to the dramatic decline in human trichinellosis associated with pork products. Through the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, the USDA has created guidelines for specific cooking temperatures and times, freezing temperatures and times, and curing methods for processed pork products to reduce the risk of human infection from "Trichinella" contaminated meat. Pork products meeting these guidelines are designated certified pork.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: It was reported in 2005 that the prevalence of human infections from "Trichinella spiralis" was low in the United States, despite nonexistent meat inspection with respect to trichinella. This was due to strict enforcement of the regulations applying to large meat production facilities: most cases have been from raw or undercooked meat from game animals.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Also reported in 2005, the rate of infection from "Trichinella spiralis" was significantly higher in people living in parts of Europe, Asia, and Southeast Asia than in the United States. However, EU nations employ several strategies for detecting meat infected with "Trichinella spiralis". If tests are consistently negative, then a trichinella-free designation is applied to a given meat supply. Rare outbreaks still occur despite this rigorous system: France, Italy, and Poland have reported outbreaks due to eating raw horsemeat. At that time, the parasite was considered endemic in Japan and China, while Korea had recently reported its first human cases of trichinosis.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Post-slaughter human exposure is also preventable by educating consumers on simple steps that can be taken to kill any larvae that can potentially be in meat bought at the local supermarket. Freezing meat in an average household freezer for 20 days before consumption will kill some species of "Trichinella". Cooking pork products to a minimum internal temperature of 160 °F (72 °C) will kill most species, and is the best way to ensure the meat is safe to eat.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: It was reported in 2009 that political and economic changes had caused an increase in the prevalence and incidence rates of this parasite in many former eastern European countries due to weakened veterinary control on susceptible animals. This complicated the meat trade industry within European Union countries, and exportation of pork outside the EU. As a result, the European Union and some associated countries implemented a Trichinella monitoring program for pigs, horses, wild boar, and other wildlife species; while the European Commission implemented a new regulation to control Trichinella in meat in order to improve food safety for European consumers


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: Illegal pork importation from places with low safety standards allows the spread of the parasite from endemic to nonendemic countries. Illegal importation and new food practices and dishes including raw meat have resulted in human trichinosis outbreaks in many European countries, including Denmark, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: The economic cost of detecting trichinosis can be another cost burden. In 1998, a rough global cost estimate was $3.00 per pig to detect the parasite. At the same time, in the 15 countries comprising the European Union in 1998, about 190 million pigs were killed in slaughterhouses annually, leading to an estimated economic impact of testing of about $570 million per year. However, depending on the size of the specific slaughterhouse, the actual costs could be more than an order of magnitude smaller (i.e. less than $0.30 per pig).


title: Trichinella spiralis

text: The "Trichinella spiralis" draft genome became available in March, 2011. The genome size was 58.55 Mbp with an estimated 16,549 genes. The "T. spiralis" genome is the only known nematode genome to be subject to DNA methylation, an epigenetic mechanism that was not previously thought to exist in nematodes.


title: James Pitaro

text: James Pitaro is an American media executive and attorney. On March 5, 2018, The Walt Disney Company announced he would become president of ESPN Inc. Pitaro graduated in 1987 from Edgemont High School in Scarsdale, New York. In 1991, Pitaro graduated from Cornell's College of Human Ecology with a Bachelor of Science degree in Consumer Economics And Housing. He was a player on the Cornell Big Red football team. He earned his Juris Doctor from St. John's University Law School in 1994. He previously worked for Yahoo's Media division, Wilson Elser Moskowitz Edelman & Dicker and Disney Interactive. Since 1997, he has been married to actress Jean Louisa Kelly. On October 12, 2020, his position changed to Chairman, ESPN and Sports Content.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The rolling stock of the Washington Metro system consists of 1,318 cars that were acquired across seven orders. All cars operate as married pairs (consecutively numbered even-odd), with systems shared across the pair. The 7000-series cars, the system's newest, have an operator's cab in only one of each married pair's cars and operate in groups of four.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The system's track gauge is narrower than . Also, at above top of rail, the floor height of the cars is lower than that of most other East Coast mass transit systems, including New York City, Boston and Philadelphia.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: "In the "Active railcars" table, font in bold represents the railcars that are currently in service while the regular font in the other tables represent cars that are retired or on order."


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: There are nine Metrorail storage and overhaul facilities totaling more than 1.3 million square feet of workspace. One is currently under construction and another is under development.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The second order, of 76 cars, was through Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie, with delivery in 1982. These cars are numbered 2000–2075, and were rehabilitated in 2002 to 2004 by Alstom in Hornell, New York.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: These cars were the first cars to feature a single flip-dot sign above a window next to the center doors, instead of two rollsigns originally found on the 1000-series cars before rehabilitation. In place of the second rollsign, these cars were also the first to feature an exterior loudspeaker, as the 1000-series cars lacked loudspeakers until they were rehabbed in 1993. The bulkhead on these cars were slightly higher than the 1000-series cars and also have the flip-dot destination signs. Unlike the 1000 Series, there is less seating in the 2000 Series, by having 14 fewer seats, although retaining the same amount of standing area capacity. In 2002, as part of the rehabilitation project, the 2000-series cars received new three-phase AC propulsion systems with IGBT technology, replacing the original cam-controlled DC propulsion systems. Also included were railcar monitoring systems, advanced ATC/ATS control systems, exterior LED destination signs, interior LED next stop signs and, improved emergency exit signage. The refurbished railcars also received the red, white and blue interior found on the 5000-series cars.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Cars 2016–2017 were removed from service with their seats and carpet removed and were converted into money train pairs, which replaced the 1000 series running the route.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Beginning in 2020, these cars were gradually placed into long term cold storage due to the COVID-19 pandemic. They were never often in service since then due to reduced service. However, some were brought out when the 6000 series were sidelined but then once again stored. When the 7000 series were sidelined from service, these cars began to gradually return to service once again to fill in the shortage gap.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The third order consisted of 290 cars, also from Breda, with delivery in 1987. These cars are numbered 3000–3289 as delivered and were also rehabilitated in 2004 to 2009 by Alstom in Hornell, New York.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: These cars were the next to feature a single flip-dot sign like the 2000-series cars, along with an exterior loudspeaker. As part of this rehabilitation project in 2004, they received AC propulsion systems with IGBT technology, replacing the chopper-controlled DC propulsion system. Also included in the rehabilitation was the addition of railcar monitoring systems, advanced ATC/ATS control systems, exterior LED destination signs, interior LED next stop signs, and improved emergency exit signage. The refurbished 3000-series cars also received the red, white and blue interior found on the 5000-series cars.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On January 6, 1996, a revenue train collided with an out-of-service train, both consisting entirely of Breda 3000-series cars, at the station, fatally injuring the operator of the revenue train. Car 3252, the lead car of the revenue train, collided with 3191, the car at the inbound end of the out-of-service train. The mates of these two cars, 3253 and 3190 respectively, were later mated together. 3190 reentered revenue service as 3290, and 3253 reentered service as 3291. However, 3252 and 3191 were retained by WMATA for training purposes.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On November 29, 2009, a collision occurred between two out-of-service trains at the Falls Church rail yard in Fairfax County, Virginia. Car 3216, the lead car of one of the trains, was damaged beyond repair. Three Metro employees with minor injuries were taken to a local hospital. The NTSB planned to launch an investigation of the incident. As a result, car 3217 is stored out of service.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On May 21, 2019, WMATA temporarily removed all 3000-series railcars from service following reports of door malfunctions.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On October 7, 2019, at 12:54 am, two out-of-service 3000-series trains collided between Foggy Bottom and Farragut West, injuring two operators. Train 755 (the stationary train) consisted of cars 3141, 3140, 3121, 3120, 3206 and 3207, and Train 700 (the striking train) consisted of cars 3008, 3009, 3010, 3011, 3019 and 3018. Car 3008, the lead car of the striking train, struck car 3207 from the stationary train. Both cars suffered damage as of a result. Cars 3140 and 3120 also suffered broken couplers during the collision as well. Cars 3008, 3009, 3120, 3121, 3206, and 3207 were damaged beyond repair.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Beginning in 2005, a number of 3000-series cars that had not yet undergone rehabilitation were modified as part of a pilot program to study passenger movements to improve the seating arrangement for future rail cars. Sixteen cars received a new seating arrangement that included modified handholds and seat positions, including some longitudinal seating. These cars, as well as other cars being used as control cars in the experiment, received on-board cameras in order for planners to observe passenger movements.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Around August 2008, Metrorail tested new overhead handles of different styles on 3034, 3035, 3094, 3095 as well as some 1000-series cars to gauge public opinion.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Select 3000-series cars were fitted with a vinyl wrap as a pilot program in 2017. This wrap is also found on cars 6180–6181.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Subsequently, Metro ordered 184 rail cars from Alstom, the same company that rehabilitated the Breda 2000 and 3000-series cars. Delivery began in late 2005 and continued through 2008.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The 6000-series look similar to the 5000-series cars built by CAF but feature revised styling. The bulkhead doors have rounded windows compared to squared and a revised operator window design that eliminates the top horizontal bar. These stylistic features are similar to what is found on the Rohr 1000-series cars. A major change that occurred for the first time since the Breda 2000-series cars was the reduction of seating. The 6000-series cars seat 64 instead of 68.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The interior was completely redesigned to allow for additional standing room (mostly around the center doors) and easier access to all portions of the car. New to the 6000-series cars is the addition of two interior LED next stop indicators located at the center of the car, which brings the total to four interior displays per car (two facing each direction). Also new is an intercom located next to the center doors; previous rail cars only have them at the front and back of each car.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Another new feature is that they are the first series of cars manufactured with the flashing brake indicators on the far ends of each car. These are similar to what was used on the Rohr cars, and the current rehabilitated Bredas, indicating when the train is in the final stages of stopping. Mechanically, the 6000-series cars features the same cast trucks as the CAF cars, and use the same propulsion systems and advanced cab signaling systems found in the Breda 2000/3000-series rehabilitation from Alstom.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The body shells of the 6000-series were built in Barcelona, Spain, with assembly completed in Hornell, New York.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The first 6000-series set was placed into service on Friday, October 6, 2006, at 11:30 am on its inaugural trip from to .


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On November 17, 2008, Metro completed the installation of new stainless steel-grab bars to all 184 6000-series cars.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In 2007, Metro began testing new resilient flooring on four 6000-series cars (6104+6105, 6142+6143) and announced in November 2013 that within two years, all 6000-series cars would feature the new flooring.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Metro tested new fabric seating on cars 6026–6027. This type of seating was also installed on cars 6014–6015.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Metro is planning to add automated announcements on all 6000-series railcars once refurbishment is complete, which will meet up with 7000-series standards.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Cars 6180–6181 were fitted with a vinyl wrap, which replaces the brown painting on the sides of the cars. On the inside, new resilient flooring and new blue seats were installed to match the new 7000-series cars. A dozen 6000-series and 3000-series cars received these features. If the pilot program goes well, the remaining cars will be given the new look. WMATA says repainting would cost $14,055 per car, while implementing a vinyl wrap costs only $4,776. Metro's Richard Jordan also claims this method is more environmentally friendly compared to painting. The aluminum surface requires harsh chemicals which have to be treated before put down the sewer.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In March 2022, Metro tested an updated floor pattern on car 6043 which features the blue handicap sign, the Metro logo on the floor, and white stripes.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: 6050–6051 suffered major body damage in a derailment at New Carrollton Yard in January 2013. 6050 was sent to Upstate New York to be repaired at the Alstom Plant. 6051 is currently stored at Greenbelt Yard. As of October 2021, 6050 has since been re-coupled back with 6051 and are awaiting re-entry into service.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: 6038–6039 separated from each other while operating on the Silver Line between McLean and East Falls Church station. The set was repaired and returned to service in late 2018.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On November 24, 2020, all 6000-series railcars were removed from service following two train-separation incidents on the Red Line in a one-month span. The first incident happened on October 9, 2020, when cars 6075 and 6079 separated from each other between NoMa and Union station, causing service to be suspended between Gallery Place and Rhode Island Avenue stations. The second incident happened on November 24, 2020, when cars 6150 and 6177 pulled apart from each other while departing Glenmont station, causing rail service to be suspended between Glenmont and Forest Glen stations. Both incidents caused no injuries. On May 18, 2021, WMATA announced that all 6000 series would remain sidelined indefinitely. The cars gradually returned to service starting on the Red Line on September 23, 2021, with more trains coming into service throughout the following weeks.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: 6182–6183 were removed from passenger service and now serve as "money train" cars in a yellow vinyl wrap. These cars replaced cars 8000–8001 (formerly 1010–1011), one of three 1000-series pairs that originally served on the money train.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In April 2013, WMATA moved forward with plans to order 528 railcars from Kawasaki, called the 7000-series, to replace the 1000 and 4000-series cars, and to provide service for the Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project, otherwise known as the Silver Line.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In a February 8, 2007, press release, Metro stated that the new 7000-series cars would have a similar appearance to the 6000-series cars manufactured by Alstom. However, in a January 2008 press release, Metro indicated that the design for the 7000-series cars would have a completely different appearance from that of the current rail cars. The exterior would feature a stainless steel body rather than the aluminum of earlier designs. Inside, seats would be taller and more ergonomically designed, carpeting would be replaced with a resilient floor covering, the grab bars along the ceiling would contain spring-loaded handles, and the cars would contain security cameras, automated announcements, as well as LCD displays to provide train information.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Like previous cars, 7000-series cars are configured as semi-permanently coupled married pairs. However, unlike previous cars, the 7000-series cars do not have an operator's cab in every car: even-numbered "A" cars have operator's cabs, while odd-numbered "B" cars do not. However, the "B" cars can be operated as necessary using smaller hostler controls instead. The married pairs are composed of one of each type. This arrangement favors four- and eight-car trains in A–B–B–A and A–B–B–A–A–B–B–A configurations, but six-car trains in A–B–B–A–B–A and trains in any configuration are also possible. The following diagram depicts an eight-car train, with couplers represented by crosses and semi-permanent link bars represented by dashes.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The 7000-series cars are so technologically advanced as to render them incompatible with the existing fleet. Presented with that issue, Metro's board members recognized the seriousness of the decision, but former Metro general manager John B. Catoe indicated that the board needed to decide "in months" on whether to go ahead with the rail car order, regardless of whether or not the Dulles extension was approved.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The bidding process began in December 2008. WMATA issued a notice to proceed to Kawasaki on July 27, 2010, after receiving funding from the Federal Transit Administration, although delivery was delayed due to issues with suppliers following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Under the contract, Metro originally agreed to purchase 428 7000-series railcars, both to replace its 1000-series cars and provide service for the new Silver Line. In April 2013, Metro elected to exercise an option in the contract to purchase an additional one hundred cars to replace its one hundred 4000-series cars, which it decided do not warrant being overhauled in light of chronic mechanical issues. In September 2013, Metro announced it exercised another option under the contract to purchase an additional 220 railcars, bringing the total order to 748 railcars. In total, the new 7000-series railcars currently make up more than half of Metro's rolling stock as of 2020. In November 2013, it was reported that the first four cars would arrive before the end of 2013 and that they would then be tested for 30 weeks, allowing Metro to troubleshoot any issues before full production begins.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Metro unveiled the first 7000-series quad set at Greenbelt on January 6, 2014. The set underwent acceptance testing for at least eight months in order to finalize design specs and work out any problems. In September 2014, Metro reported that it was about one month away from finishing tests on the 7000-series test train, and it stated that it expected an eight-car train made up of 7000-series cars would start carrying passengers in early 2015, and Metro would have 56 railcars by June 2015. During that time, Metro revealed that during testing, a software issue was discovered that it was still addressing, although Metro was confident that the hardware itself was solid. Metro had indicated that the mass production schedule called for 56 new cars to be delivered by June 2015. Combined with the eight cars in the test group, that would give Metro 64 new cars, meaning eight 7000-series trains of eight cars each would be in service the next summer. After that, 300 more cars would arrive by February 2017, followed by an additional 100, for a total of 528 new cars at an overall cost of $1.46 billion.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Metro warned its funding partners – VA, MD and DC – that its option to purchase an additional 220 7000-series cars expired in June 2015 and required a funding commitment of $614 million for rolling stock, and $856 million for related infrastructure upgrades. Subsequently, in June 2015, the Federal Transit Administration cleared a major obstacle that was preventing Metro from purchasing the additional 220 railcars by approving an early retirement for the 192 5000-series railcars in order to avoid expenses and to upgrade rail service. Metro's funding partners, VA, MD and DC, agreed to fund the additional purchase of 220 7000-series cars, bringing the total purchase up to 748 railcars.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The first 7000-series train debuted on the Blue Line on April 14, 2015. 7000-series trains subsequently entered service on the Red line on June 8, 2015, the Orange Line in July, and the Green and Yellow Lines on August 17, 2015. On March 8, 2018, WMATA accepted delivery of its 500th 7000-series car. On February 26, 2020, WMATA accepted delivery of the final 7000-series railcars (7746–7747), completing the order.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In June 2016, the 7000-series was taken out of service on the Blue, Orange, and Silver Lines after Metro discovered that trains could lose contact with the third rail on a steep curve, which caused the train to shut down outside .


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On December 31, 2016, a "Washington Post" article reported that some residents in DC's Petworth neighborhood were noticing increased noise and vibration levels attributed to the heavier, steel-bodied 7000-series trains. According to the article, Metro engineers conducted initial field tests and noted only "negligible vibration levels." Metro spokesman Richard L. Jordan stated: "Metro is in the process of bringing in third-party engineers to conduct additional tests before we make a final determination." A March 3, 2017, report from WAMU noted that some residents in North Michigan Park and Southwest Waterfront were also experiencing increased noise and vibrations since the 7000-series trains entered service on the Green Line. The same WAMU report stated that Metro has hired the California-based company Wilson Ihrig to conduct "field testing in selected homes."


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In August 2018, "The Washington Post" reported that all delivered cars came with defective wiring that had to be replaced. In addition, WMATA began playing the announcement "This is a 7000-series train" whenever the train doors opened. This was intended as a temporary measure to aid the disabled because the types of barriers that separated the 7000-series cars posed safety risks for the blind. The FTA ordered WMATA to fix the barriers before the end of 2018, but WMATA could not meet that deadline. However, the barriers began appearing on 7000-series railcars in October 2018.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In late June 2019, WMATA announced that all 7000-series railcars were fitted with the new safety chains and phased out the "This is a 7000-series train" announcement.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On October 17, 2021, WMATA announced they would temporarily remove all 7000-series railcars on October 18, 2021, due to potential defects on their axles. This was due to a 7000 series derailing on the Blue Line on October 12, 2021, after one axle of the derailed train was found to be out of compliance with the specification of the wheel assembly. The result of the cars being pulled caused severe service reduction on all Metro lines. During the inspections, it was revealed that 20 axles were out of alignment. In December 2021, Metro presented early plans at a board meeting for gradual reintegration of the unaffected 7000-series railcars, pending NTSB approval. Also in December, four U.S. senators wrote to Metro requesting full details of actions taken regarding the wheel alignment issues and the cost incurred.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On December 14, 2021, WMATA announced they would return at most, 336 7000-series railcars back into service. They would then pause for 90 days without further release of additional cars until all aspects of the new inspection cycles are fully established and any needed adjustments are made under the Washington Metrorail Safety Commission oversight. Two 8-car 7000-series trains then re-entered service (one on the Blue line and one on the Silver) on December 17, 2021. About 72 railcars returned to service before WMATA announced on December 23, 2021, they would suspend returning additional 7000-series railcars to service and inspect them on a daily basis. The cars that already returned to service remained so until December 29, 2021, when WMATA discovered an issue in at least five of the returned railcars.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On January 12, 2022, WMATA announced 7000-series trains would remain out of passenger service for about 90 days (estimated April 2022) to allow engineering and mechanical experts time to focus on the root cause of the derailment and acquire new technology to measure 7000-series wheelsets. On March 24, 2022, WMATA CEO Paul Wiedefeld announced 7000-series trains would remain out of passenger service again until summer, 2022. However, WMATA announced a new safety plan to have the 7000-series railcars inspected daily. Metro installed the first of the automated inspection devices in May, and reaffirmed that the 7000-series would return to service in summer 2022.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On May 24, 2022, WMATA announced they would be putting eight 7000-series trains in service in the following weeks. A plan to return the 7000-series was announced on May 19, 2022 to be conducted in three phases. On June 15, 2022, WMATA announced they would return eight 7000-series train sets beginning on June 16, 2022, resulting in 64 active railcars, which would be in the 7500-7747 range. On September 2, 2022, WMATA announced they would return at least 20 7000-series trains back into service after updating its return-to-service plan over the summer.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Following the replacement of the 1000, 4000 and 5000-series cars with the new 7000-series between 2016 and 2018, Metro proposed that all 366 2000-series and 3000-series cars be replaced by the 8000-series cars. Metro considered using an open gangway married pair- or quad-configuration design concept for the 8000-series railcars, but decided against advancing those designs. These railcars would have a similar appearance to the 7000-series.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Early plans for the 8000 series procurement had delivery of the cars to begin in 2023. In September 2018, Metro issued a request for proposals from manufacturers for 256 railcars with options for a total of up to 800. The agency originally planned to award the contract in 2019 and receive the first railcars in 2024. On October 6, 2020, Metro selected Hitachi Rail to construct the new railcars. The first order would replace the 2000 and 3000-series equipment, while the options, if selected, would allow the agency to increase capacity and retire the 6000-series.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The new 8000-series railcars will be built at a factory in Hagerstown, Maryland. In October 2022, Hitachi released its final design of the railcar manufacturing plant and test track, all of which are expected to be operational by early 2024.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The original order of 300 Metro cars was manufactured by Rohr Industries, with delivery in 1976. These cars were numbered 1000–1299, and rehabilitated in the mid-1990s by Breda Costruzioni Ferroviarie and WMATA at their Brentwood Shop in northeast Washington, D.C.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Two major characteristics distinguished the 1000-series from the later series cars. On their sides, the cars had two mylar curtain rollsigns, one above a window next to the doors on each end (while the other car classes have a single flip-dot or LED sign above a window next to the center doors). Second, the bulkheads on each end of the 1000-series cars featured windows that extended to the top of the bulkhead frame, whereas other car classes' bulkhead windows only extend slightly higher than the side windows. These cars were the only cars to have curtain rollsigns until about late 1984 as the system grew and they became a liability. During rehabilitation of these cars in 1993, an exterior loudspeaker was added in place of where one of the rollsigns used to be. The cars also received General Electric three-phase AC propulsion (same as that of the Breda A650 railcar used on LA Metro Rail), replacing the original Westinghouse cam-control DC propulsion systems, making them the first cars on the system to use such propulsion systems.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The 1000-series were the only cars to have more seating capacity than the other cars, with 82 seats. The original interiors had a white grained appearance with orange and brown seats. These cars had the standing capacity of 175 passengers, the same amount as their successors, until the arrival of the 7000-series cars, which increased the standing capacity.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Around August 2008, Metrorail tested new overhead handles of different styles on 1122, 1123, 1126, 1127, as well as some 3000-series cars to gauge public opinion.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Car 1076 was taken out of service after its mate was destroyed in the 2004 accident at the station. Car 1028, separated from its mate after it was destroyed during the derailment in 1982, became the feeler car (a car that checks system clearances) and was retired in April 2016. No. 1079 was the lead car on the second train involved in the June 22, 2009, Washington Metro train collision.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: Following the June 22, 2009, collision, Metro implemented a policy of no longer placing 1000-series railcar pairs at the ends of trains in order to prevent telescoping in a collision, as they were the weakest rolling stock, structurally. The new policy placed 1000-series cars in the center of six and eight-car trains, with rail cars of other series in the end positions.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The 7000-series cars started replacing these cars in 2016. In July 2015, Metro released a request for proposals seeking a contractor to pick-up and dispose of Metro's entire remaining fleet of 1000-series railcars. Metro announced on June 7, 2017, that the 1000-series cars would be fully retired and removed from service on July 1, 2017, after running for 41 years. On October 27, 2017, WMATA announced that the last of the cars had been sent off property.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The fourth order consisted of 100 cars from Breda, numbered 4000–4099. These cars were delivered in 1991.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: There were some minor differences between these and the earlier Breda cars prior to rehabilitation. First, the bulkhead windows were rounded as compared to being squared, and like the 1000-series before refurbishment, these cars did not have exterior speakers.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: These cars used the original flip-dot exterior destination signs, chopper-controlled DC propulsion system, and the original cream, orange and yellow interior all the way up to their retirement.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On July 4, 2010, Metro took all 100 4000-series cars out of service to repair the door motors to prevent them from unintentionally opening while the train is in motion, a situation that Metro engineers were able to duplicate in a rail yard. On July 20, the cars were returned to service after the repair was completed.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: These cars were to be rehabilitated starting 2014 onward based on design specifications that were partially drafted in 2010; however, WMATA indicated in subsequent budgets that it wished to replace these rail cars with an additional 100 7000-series cars instead of overhauling them. This resulted in an increase of new cars being delivered. According to an April 2013 "Washington Post" news story, the transit agency said that it would forgo updating the 4000-series rail cars, and Metro had exercised an option with Kawasaki to purchase an additional one hundred 7000-series cars to replace its 4000-series cars, costing an additional $215 million under the contract. In June 2015 Metro pulled all 4000-series railcars from service, following reports that doors were opening during travel; although no systemic problem was located, Metro kept the series out of service for more than a month to address door components that were below acceptable tolerance levels.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In July 2015, Metro released a request for proposals seeking a contractor to pick-up and then dispose of all 1000-series and 4000-series cars, as part of its plan to replace those cars with the new 7000-series cars. On November 17, 2016, Metro discovered a glitch in which a 4000-series car would display an incorrect speed limit to a train operator while in manual mode. All 4000-series cars were taken out of service in the afternoon, but were returned to service in the middle of trainsets. Metro announced that they would discontinue using 4000-series railcars in lead positions and considered accelerating the retirement of the cars to late 2017 or possibly earlier.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: On February 6, 2017, Metro confirmed the accelerated retirement of the 4000-series cars due to their many reliability concerns. According to WMATA, "The 4000-series rail cars were by far Metro's least reliable, traveling an average of only between delays. By contrast, the best performing cars, the 6000-series, are nearly four times more reliable, traveling more than between delays." On June 7, 2017, Metro announced that the 4000-series cars would be fully retired and removed from service on July 1, 2017, and by that date, all cars were taken out of service. The last of the cars left for scrapping on February 13, 2018.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: The Loudoun County Fire and Rescue Department acquired pair 4044–4045 for its Metrorail Training Simulator, which was dedicated on June 28, 2017.


title: Washington Metro rolling stock

text: In April 2017, car 4089 was sliced into seven sections and turned into vendor kiosks at the Grosvenor-Strathmore Metro Station as part of the pop up vendors plaza, which opened from May to June 30.