title: Dave Goelz

text: In addition to the starring role of Gonzo, during the first season of "The Muppet Show", Goelz also had the slightly less challenging but still time-consuming supporting roles of Zoot and another new creation, scientist Dr. Bunsen Honeydew.


title: Dave Goelz

text: In later seasons, a new Goelz character was added, the well-meaning but slow-witted janitor, Beauregard:


title: Dave Goelz

text: With the debut of "Fraggle Rock", Goelz was cast as one of the five leads, the depressed, pessimistic Boober Fraggle. Boober stemmed from something Goelz had said while working on the first season of "The Muppet Show", that he was so busy on the show that the only things he had time to worry about were death and laundry. At Muppetfest, Goelz related the process of character creation for the show: "They looked at the performers, and picked out our flaws, and made characters out of them. They denied it... So that's how I ended up with Boober, the superstitious, paranoid character." In the "" interviews, Goelz also mentioned that "I was cast with Boober, who was sort of grumpy and inflexible, just like I could be a lot of the time." Demonstrating his versatility, he also played the pompous Uncle Traveling Matt, the rat-like Philo, and the cantankerous World's Oldest Fraggle, as well as a variety of guest characters and memorable incidentals, such as Wrench, Cotterpin Doozer's best friend, the obese Large Marvin and Sidebottom, Boober's more jovial alter-ego from his dreams. In the "" interviews, Goelz talked about how he developed Traveling Matt's character, from the starting point as Matt being simply a misinterpreting chronicler of human life, to determining that Matt was also inherently clumsy and inept, which led to Matt covering up his blunders in his postcards and developing a comedic air of ostentation. Goelz reprised his roles as the voices of Boober and Travelling Matt in the 2020 Apple TV+ spin-off series "Fraggle Rock: Rock On!"; the two characters were puppeteered by John Tartaglia, who also puppeteered Wembley (to Frankie Cordero's vocals) and performs Gobo (a role he inherited from Jerry Nelson).


title: Dave Goelz

text: Goelz continued to reprise his roles as Gonzo and Bunsen in feature films, slowly adding more aspects to "the weirdo," and also worked on Henson's forays into "realistic" fantasy, "The Dark Crystal" (performing the Garthim Master SkekUng and the dog-like Fizzgig), and "Labyrinth" (playing a variety of roles, notably Sir Didymus).


title: Dave Goelz

text: As the 1980s progressed, in addition to switching between the manic Gonzo and the phlegmatic Boober (a variety which Goelz recalled as "stimulating"), Goelz played occasional new roles in specials, notably Rugby Tiger in "The Christmas Toy": Another new character was Digit in "The Jim Henson Hour".


title: Dave Goelz

text: Following Jim Henson's sudden death in 1990, and with Frank Oz continuing to focus heavily on directing, Gonzo the character and Goelz the performer gained increased significance, starting with the first new feature, "The Muppet Christmas Carol". By performing Gonzo as Charles Dickens as narrator, Goelz (accompanied by Steve Whitmire as Rizzo the Rat, a pairing which would be repeated in subsequent productions) largely dominated the Muppet side of the film, and received top billing as "Muppet Performer" (a distinction which would continue through "Muppet Treasure Island" and "Muppets from Space") "...when we did "The Muppet Christmas Carol", he [Gonzo] developed a soulful side. He played the part of Dickens, and I just loved doing that. It just paralleled my own growth. Jerry Juhl wrote it as a way of getting Dickensian prose into the movie. But the fact that he chose Gonzo was very satisfying to me. And I think it was because he saw me changing and I think he felt that Gonzo could change too" (Film Threat). Goelz also took over the part of Waldorf from Henson. "Muppets From Space" was both Gonzo the character and Goelz the performer's first leading role in a Muppet production.


title: Dave Goelz

text: Apart from a brief stint operating the face of Earl Sinclair and performing hand-puppet guest characters on "Dinosaurs", and reprising Rugby in "The Secret Life of Toys", Goelz' most notable new television character was Stinky the Skunk in "Jim Henson's Animal Show". Otherwise, the puppeteer remained mostly occupied with Gonzo in movies, videos, and the 1996 series "Muppets Tonight", the latter introducing a few new characters such as Randy Pig and Bill the Bubble Guy. Goelz also performed a handful of minor "Sesame Street" characters and appeared in "The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland" as Humongous Chicken. His most recent credits include "The Muppets' Wizard of Oz" and the first few installments of the online series "". In 2011 and 2014, he reprised his performance as Gonzo, Dr. Bunsen Honeydew, Zoot, Waldorf, Beauregard and other signature roles in "The Muppets" and "Muppets Most Wanted". In 2015, Goelz voiced Subconscious Guard Frank in the Disney·Pixar film "Inside Out". He also voiced Baffi the Fizzgig in the 2019 Netflix original series "".


title: Dave Goelz

text: Over the years, Goelz has suffered a number of injuries due to the way Muppet performers must hold up their arms for extended periods and contort into small spaces. These include four shoulder surgeries and a hip replacement.


title: Dave Goelz

text: At 46, he married his wife Debra, who was formerly a Jim Henson Productions VP of Finance, and subsequently had two children. They live on a forested 20-acre space in Northern California.


title: PBR322

text: pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used "E. coli" cloning vectors. Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California, San Francisco, it was named after Francisco Bolivar Zapata, the postdoctoral researcher and Raymond L. Rodriguez. The p stands for "plasmid," and BR for "Bolivar" and "Rodriguez."


title: PBR322

text: pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes – the gene "bla" encoding the ampicillin resistance (Amp) protein, and the gene "tetA" encoding the tetracycline resistance (Tet) protein. It contains the origin of replication of pMB1, and the "rop" gene, which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number. The plasmid has unique restriction sites for more than forty restriction enzymes. Eleven of these forty sites lie within the Tet gene. There are two sites for restriction enzymes HindIII and ClaI within the promoter of the Tet gene. There are six key restriction sites inside the Amp gene.The source of these antibiotic resistance genes are from pSC101 for Tetracycline and RSF2124 for Ampicillin.


title: PBR322

text: The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the Tet gene.If we have to remove ampicillin for instance, we must have to use restriction endonuclease or molecular scissors against PstI and then pBR322 will become anti- resistance to ampicillin .The same process of Insertional Inactivation can be applied to Tetracycline. The Amp gene is penicillin beta-lactamase. Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta-lactamase gene. P3 is the natural promoter, and P1 is artificially created by the ligation of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322. P2 is in the same region as P1, but it is on the opposite strand and initiates transcription in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene.


title: PBR322

text: Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the ColE1 and pSC101. Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages. For example, the ColE1 plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for chloramphenicol amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid, however screening for immunity to colicin E1 is not technically simple. The plasmid pSC101, a natural plasmid from "Salmonella panama", confers tetracycline resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection, but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid. Another plasmid, RSF 2124, which is a derivative of ColE1, confers ampicillin resistance but is larger.


title: PBR322

text: Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose, and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used. It has two antibiotic resistance genes, as selectable markers, and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a cloning vector. The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources – the tetracycline resistance gene of pSC101, the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124, and the replication elements of pMB1, a close relative of the ColE1 plasmid.


title: PBR322

text: A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes. Examples include the pUC series of plasmids. Most expression vectors for extrachromosomal protein expression and shuttle vectors contain the pBR322 origin of replication, and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome.


title: Antonov A-40

text: The Antonov A-40 "Krylya Tanka" (, meaning "tank wings") was a Soviet attempt to allow a tank to glide onto a battlefield after being towed aloft by an airplane, to support airborne forces or partisans. A prototype was built and tested in 1942, but was found to be unworkable. This vehicle is sometimes called the "A-40T" or "KT".


title: Antonov A-40

text: Instead of loading light tanks onto gliders, as other nations had done, Soviet airborne forces had strapped T-27 tankettes underneath heavy bombers and landed them on airfields. In the 1930s, there were experimental efforts to parachute tanks or simply drop them into water. During the 1940 occupation of Bessarabia, light tanks may have been dropped from a few meters up by TB-3 bombers, which, as long as the gearbox was in neutral, would allow them to roll to a stop.


title: Antonov A-40

text: The biggest problem with air-dropping vehicles is if their crews are dropped separately, they may be delayed or prevented from bringing them into action. Gliders allow crews to arrive at the drop/landing zone along with their vehicles. They also minimize exposure of the valuable towing aircraft, which need not appear over the battlefield. So the Soviet Air Force ordered Oleg Antonov to design a glider for landing tanks.


title: Antonov A-40

text: Antonov was more ambitious. Instead of building a glider, he added a detachable cradle to a T-60 light tank bearing large wood and fabric biplane wings and a twin tail. Such a tank could glide into the battlefield, drop its wings, and be ready to fight within minutes.


title: Antonov A-40

text: One T-60 was converted into a glider in 1942, intended to be towed by a Petlyakov Pe-8 or a Tupolev TB-3. The tank was lightened for air use by removing its armament, ammunition and headlights, and leaving a very limited amount of fuel. Even with these modifications, the TB-3 bomber had to ditch the glider during its only flight, on September 2, 1942, to avoid crashing, due to the T-60's extreme drag (although the tank reportedly glided smoothly). The A-40 was piloted by the famous Soviet experimental glider pilot Sergei Anokhin. The T-60 landed in a field near the airport, and after dropping the glider wings and tail, the driver returned it to its base. Due to the lack of a sufficiently powerful aircraft to tow it at the required , the project was abandoned.


title: Trey Quinn

text: David Lee "Trey" Quinn III (born December 7, 1995) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at LSU and SMU. Quinn was selected by the Washington Redskins with the final pick of the 2018 NFL Draft, making him that year's Mr. Irrelevant. He has also been a member of the Jacksonville Jaguars and Las Vegas Raiders.


title: Trey Quinn

text: As a child Quinn played baseball for the Southwest region, representing the state of Louisiana at the 2008 Little League World Series, where he threw a no-hitter in the opening round. The team finished in fourth place, losing the U.S. Championship to Hawaii and the consolation game to Japan.


title: Trey Quinn

text: Quinn attended Barbe High School in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Along with football, Quinn also played baseball and ran track. During his senior year at Barbe, he recorded 1,967 receiving yards and 23 touchdowns. He finished his high school career with 70 touchdowns and 6,566 receiving yards, making him the national all-time career leader in receiving yards. A 4-star recruit, Quinn committed to play football for LSU in August 2013, choosing the Tigers over offers from Auburn, California, Clemson, Notre Dame, Oklahoma State, and Texas, among others.


title: Trey Quinn

text: Quinn began his college football career at LSU in 2014. He played in 13 games for the Tigers as a true freshman, finishing the season with 17 receptions for 193 yards. As a sophomore in 2015, he played in all 12 of LSU's games. He caught five passes for 83 yards. He left the team after the season.


title: Trey Quinn

text: Quinn transferred to Southern Methodist University (SMU) prior to the 2016 season. Due to NCAA transfer rules, Quinn sat out the 2016 season and redshirted. As a redshirt junior in 2017, Quinn played in all 13 games for SMU, catching 114 passes for 1,236 yards and 13 touchdowns. After the season, Quinn declared for the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Trey Quinn

text: Quinn was drafted by the Washington Redskins in the 7th round (256th overall) of the 2018 NFL Draft, making him Mr. Irrelevant.


title: Trey Quinn

text: He suffered a high-ankle injury during the first game of the season and was subsequently placed on injured reserve a few days later. He was activated off injured reserve on November 14, 2018. He was placed back on injured reserve on December 5, 2018 after re-injuring his ankle. He finished his rookie year with 75 receiving yards and 1 touchdown on 9 receptions.


title: Trey Quinn

text: In Week 1 of the 2019 NFL season against the Philadelphia Eagles, Quinn caught 4 passes for 33 yards and a touchdown as the Redskins lost 27–32. In the Week 13 win against the Carolina Panthers, he was removed from the game sustaining a helmet to helmet hit on a punt return and was diagnosed with a concussion. After missing the next two games due to concussion symptoms, he was placed on injured reserve on December 17, 2019. Quinn was waived on September 5, 2020.


title: Trey Quinn

text: On September 6, 2020, Quinn signed to the practice squad of the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was placed on the practice squad/COVID-19 list by the team on October 17, 2020, and was activated back to the practice squad on October 22. He was elevated to the active roster on November 28 for the team's week 12 game against the Cleveland Browns, and reverted to the practice squad after the game. He was placed on the practice squad/injured list on November 30. His practice squad contract with the team expired after the season on January 11, 2021.


title: Trey Quinn

text: On January 12, 2021, Quinn signed a reserve/future contract with the Las Vegas Raiders. He was waived/injured on August 10, 2021 and placed on injured reserve. He was released on August 26.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The Throne () is a 2015 South Korean historical drama film directed by Lee Joon-ik, starring Song Kang-ho and Yoo Ah-in. Set during the reign of King Yeongjo, the film is about the life of Crown Prince Sado, the heir to the throne who was deemed unfit to rule and, at age 27, was condemned to death by his own father by being locked in a rice chest for eight days.


title: The Throne (film)

text: "The Throne" won three awards at the 35th Korean Association of Film Critics Awards, including Best Film. It was also selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The film opens with the crown prince, Sado, carrying out a plot to kill his father, the king. However, the assassination - for untold reasons - does not take place.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The next day, Sado's mother goes to the king to encourage him not to punish Sado's son when he punishes Sado. The king summons Sado and tells him to kill himself. Fearing for their own lives, Sado's supporters rush in and save him from suicide. Instead the king orders Sado into a large rice box, which he then nails shut since no one else will do it for him.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The movie proceeds to flip back and forth chronologically between the rice box in the courtyard and the history of how it got there.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The king is presented as a doting father very concerned with the educational attainments of his young son. Sado is presented as winsome and diplomatic even at a very early age. However, he does not take well to the rote memorization he is expected to perform. He fails to properly acquire a passage written by his father, and we find him preferring to socialize and paint. When asked how often he likes to study, all are shocked with his very frank answer of "once or twice a year." The king perceives his son is being rebellious.


title: The Throne (film)

text: Meanwhile, three days in the box Sado begins to hallucinate. He imagines he is covered by centipedes and breaks out of the box, washing himself in the pond. He is returned to the box, which is then fortified.


title: The Throne (film)

text: In another flashback, the king describes familial relations among royalty being different from commoners. "In the palace, parents think of their children as enemies." Sado's father goes on to tell how his father had his wife poisoned, and he himself has been accused of killing his own brother to secure the throne. Here and at other places during the movie he claims he does not want to be the king.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The king proposes his son be made a substitute king, a method by which the crown prince may exercise the office of king under the ongoing tutelage of the elderly king. In his new role, Sado is assertive and just, but some factions that have enjoyed special privilege under the corrupt elder king take issue with his rulings. The elder king jumps to the conclusion that his son is capitalizing on schisms within the kingdom to weaken the elder king's powers. He directs his son to make fewer decisions and allow the nobles to lead. However, when his son defers to them, the king is alarmed at the decisions of his nobles and countermands Sado's rulings. Then Sado begins to consult his father to make wiser decisions, but the old man ridicules his son for being unable to govern independently. Nothing Sado does is pleasing to the king, who proceeds to humiliate his son. However, the Royal Queen Dowager is overjoyed at Sado's wisdom and acts as his protector.


title: The Throne (film)

text: When the king refuses to call for celebrations for the queen's 60th birthday, the tension comes to a head. He storms into her chambers and insists that she support him or approve his stepping down. Much to his shock, she approves, thereby making Sado king.


title: The Throne (film)

text: Curiously, Sado refuses to ascend the throne. After the elderly king's departure, Sado remains kneeling in the courtyard where his subjects fear he will die of exposure. The queen is forced to revoke her approval, and in humiliation, she stops eating, bringing her life to an end. At her funeral, the elder king blames Sado for her death. Sado snaps.


title: The Throne (film)

text: Sado becomes a religious zealot and an alcoholic. He digs an underground grave complex for himself and refuses to pay his respects to the new queen. In a rage, he kills one of the palace eunuchs. He throws a celebration for his mother for her 60th birthday at which his actions imply madness. Meanwhile, the elder king takes on Sado's son as his new protege, but has his own son framed for plotting a conspiracy against the crown.


title: The Throne (film)

text: The scene from the beginning is replayed with a few additions, the important one being why he did not kill his father. At the critical moment, he found his son with his grandfather and overheard his son tell his grandfather that Sado had a good heart. Sado did not go through with the assassination.


title: The Throne (film)

text: Sado dies on the seventh day of his imprisonment and is buried on the eighth, but his father has all memory of him erased. He directs his grandson never to even speak his name. However, after the death of the elder king, Sado's son goes out of his way to honour his father, thereby vindicating Sado.


title: The Throne (film)

text: "The Throne" opened in South Korea on 16 September 2015. By October 25, it has grossed () from 6.23 million admissions.


title: Socialism in India

text: Socialism in India is a political movement founded early in the 20th century, as a part of the broader movement to gain Indian independence from colonial rule. The movement grew quickly in popularity as it espoused the causes of India's farmers and labourers against the "zamindars", princely class and landed gentry. Socialism shaped the principal economic and social policies of the Indian government but mostly followed Dirigisme after independence until the early 1990s, when India moved towards a more market-based economy.


title: Socialism in India

text: In 1871 a group in Calcutta had contacted Karl Marx with the purpose of organizing an Indian section of the First International. The first article in an Indian publication (in English) that mentions the names of Marx & Engels printed in the "Modern Review" in March 1912. The short biographical article titled "Karl Marx – a modern Rishi" was written by the German-based Indian revolutionary Lala Har Dayal. The first biography of Karl Marx in an Indian language was written by R. Rama Krishna Pillai in 1914.


title: Socialism in India

text: Marxism made a major impact in Indian media at the time of the Russian Revolution. Of particular interest to many Indian papers and magazines was the Bolshevik policy of right to self-determination of all nations. Bipin Chandra Pal and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were amongst the prominent Indians who expressed their admiration of Lenin and the new rulers in Russia. Abdul Sattar Khairi and Abdul Zabbar Khairi went to Moscow, immediately on hearing about the revolution. In Moscow, they met Lenin and conveyed their greetings to him. The Russian Revolution also affected émigré Indian revolutionaries, such as the Ghadar Party in North America.


title: Socialism in India

text: The Khilafat movement contributed to the emergence of early Indian communism. Many Indian Muslims left India to join the defense of the Caliphate. Several of them became communists whilst visiting Soviet territory. Some Hindus also joined the Muslim muhajirs in their travels to the Soviet areas.


title: Socialism in India

text: The colonial authorities were clearly disturbed by the growing influence of Bolshevik sympathies in India. A first counter-move was the issuing of a fatwa, urging Muslims to reject communism. The Home Department established a special branch to monitor the communist influence. Customs was ordered to check the imports of Marxist literature to India. A great number of anti-communist propaganda publications were published.


title: Socialism in India

text: The First World War was accompanied by a rapid increase of industries in India, resulting in a growth of an industrial proletariat. At the same time prices of essential commodities increased. These were factors that contributed to the buildup of the Indian trade union movement. Unions were formed in the urban centers across India, and strikes were organized. In 1920, the All India Trade Union Congress was founded.


title: Socialism in India

text: One Indian impressed with developments in Russia was S. A. Dange in Bombay. In 1921, he published a pamphlet titled "Gandhi Vs. Lenin", a comparative study of the approaches of both the leaders with Lenin coming out as better of the two. Together with Ranchoddas Bhavan Lotvala, a local mill-owner, a library of Marxist Literature was set up and publishing of translations of Marxist classics began. In 1922, with Lotvala's help, Dange launched the English weekly, "Socialist", the first Indian Marxist journal.


title: Socialism in India

text: Regarding the political situation in the colonised world, the 1920 second congress of the Communist International insisted that a united front should be formed between the proletariat, peasantry and national bourgeoisie in the colonised countries. Among the twenty-one conditions drafted by Lenin ahead of the congress was the 11th thesis, which stipulated that all communist parties must support the bourgeois-democratic liberation movements in the colonies. Some of the delegates opposed the idea of alliance with the bourgeoisie, and preferred support to communist movements of these countries instead. Their criticism was shared by the Indian revolutionary M.N. Roy, who attended as a delegate of the Communist Party of Mexico. The congress removed the term 'bourgeois-democratic' in what became the 8th condition.


title: Socialism in India

text: A Communist Group was founded in Tashkent on 17 October 1920, soon after the Second Congress of the Communist International by M.N. Roy. Roy made contacts with Anushilan and Jugantar groups in Bengal. Small communist groups were formed in Bengal (led by Muzaffar Ahmed), Bombay (led by S.A. Dange), Madras (led by Singaravelu Chettiar), United Provinces (led by Shaukat Usmani) and Punjab (led by Ghulam Hussain).


title: Socialism in India

text: On 1 May 1923 the Labour Kisan Party of Hindustan was founded in Madras, by Singaravelu Chettiar. The LKPH organised the first May Day celebration in India, and this was also the first time the red flag was used in India.


title: Socialism in India

text: On 25 December 1925, the Communist Party of India formed at the first Party Conference in Kanpur, then "Cawnpore".


title: Socialism in India

text: S.V. Ghate was the first General Secretary of CPI. The conference held on 1925 December 25 to 28. Colonial authorities estimated that 500 persons took part in the conference. The conference was convened by a man called Satyabhakta, of whom little is known. Satyabhakta is said to have argued for a ‘national communism’ and against subordination under Comintern. Being outvoted by the other delegates, Satyabhakta left both the conference venue in protest. The conference adopted the name ‘Communist Party of India’. Groups such as LKPH dissolved into the unified CPI. The émigré CPI, which probably had little organic character anyway, was effectively substituted by the organisation now operating inside India.


title: Socialism in India

text: There are many smaller Marxist parties, including the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist), Marxist Communist Party of India, Marxist Coordination Committee in Jharkhand, Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy, Communist Marxist Party and BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Vedi in Kerala, Mazdoor Mukti (Workers' Emancipation) and Party of Democratic Socialism in West Bengal, Janganotantrik Morcha in Tripura, the Ram Pasla group in Punjab, and the Orissa Communist Party in Orissa.


title: Socialism in India

text: At the 1931 Karachi session of the Indian National Congress, socialist pattern of development was set as the goal for India. Through the 1955 Avadi Resolution of the Indian National Congress, a socialistic pattern of development was presented as the goal of the party. A year later, the Indian parliament adopted 'socialistic pattern of development' as official policy, a policy that came to include land reforms and regulations of industries. The word socialist was added to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution by the 42nd amendment act of 1976, during the Emergency. It implies social and economic equality. Social equality in this context means the absence of discrimination on the grounds only of caste, colour, creed, sex, religion, or language. Under social equality, everyone has equal status and opportunities. Economic equality in this context means that the government will endeavour to make the distribution of wealth more equal and provide a decent standard of living for all.


title: Socialism in India

text: Communists were also active in the Indian independence movement and have played a significant role in India's political life, although they are fragmented into a multitude of different parties. Communist parties represented in parliament are: (statistics from 2019 General Elections) Communist Party of India (Marxist) (3 seats in the Lok Sabha), the Communist Party of India (2 seats), the Revolutionary Socialist Party (1 seat).


title: Socialism in India

text: Aside from the Congress and the Left Front, there are other socialist parties active in India, notably the Samajwadi Party, which emerged from the Janata Dal, formed by Mulayam Singh Yadav, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and Union Defence Minister and now led by his son Akhilesh Yadav, also a former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. It has 5 seats in the 16th Lok Sabha.


title: Nammavar

text: Nammavar () is a 1994 Indian Tamil-language drama film directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan and produced by B. Venkatarama Reddy. The film stars Kamal Haasan and Gautami, while Nagesh, Senthil, Kovai Sarala, Srividya and Karan play supporting roles. It follows a history lecturer of a college and how he tries to reform the downtrodden college by his initiatives and its consequences.


title: Nammavar

text: The story and screenplay were written by Haasan, and the dialogues by Kanmani Subbu. The music was composed by debutant Mahesh Mahadevan with cinematography by Madhu Ambat, and editing by N. P. Satish. The film was inspired by various English-language films about universities and professors including "To Sir, with Love" (1967), "Class of 1984" (1982) and "The Principal" (1987).


title: Nammavar

text: "Nammavar" was released on 2 November 1994, Diwali day. It won three National Film Awards: Best Feature Film in Tamil, Best Supporting Actor (Nagesh), and Special Mention (Mahesh); and two Tamil Nadu State Film Awards: Second Best Film and Special Prize (Nagesh).


title: Nammavar

text: V. C. Selvam, a history professor, is appointed as the vice principal of Sakthivel Arts College, which is riddled with students' unrest and conflicts. Ramesh, son of a major donor to the college, is a spoiled brat and campus bully who influences other students by his vulgar display of money and power. Sparks fly between Selvam, who tries to bring in some order in the college, and Ramesh, who tries to spoil it from their first interaction.


title: Nammavar

text: Selvam brings in changes. Students join together to paint the campus and bring in a clean look, introduces discipline in reporting time for professors and students, closes the canteen during lectures and opens a cultural centre for students. By adopting a different teaching technique, Selvam helps students to gain more focus.


title: Nammavar

text: Vasanthi, a professor in the same college, initially disapproves of Selvam's methods, but finally finds them beneficial for the students and falls in love with him despite his initial resistance. Ramesh becomes displeased with the changes and is vexed at losing control over the students who are moving to Selvam's side.


title: Nammavar

text: Ramesh tries to provoke Selvam, who does not respond. Ramesh injures himself and frames Selvam, which instigates the students to call for a strike. Despite many students supporting him, Selvam apologises for the sake of peace in the college. When Ramesh tries to derail the students' plan of participating in an inter-college cultural competition by destroying their musical instruments, Selvam uses the students' skills to create a cappella music and wins the competition.


title: Nammavar

text: After a student is hospitalised and needs blood urgently, Selvam chooses not to donate his blood, instead organising a donor. Vasanthi is disappointed at Selvam's decision and learns through his aide Perumal that Selvam has blood cancer; his days are numbered. Shocked, she resolves to marry Selvam soon. Though Selvam does not initially reciprocate, she manages to convince him. She also learns of Selvam's desire to seek answers to fight his inner demons by doing good to the college.


title: Nammavar

text: Ramesh is suspended from college for drug dealing. He kidnaps his former friend Vijay's (who started supporting Selvam) girlfriend Nirmala, daughter of professor Prabhakar Rao, and implicates her in a brothel case, leading to her arrest. Though Selvam bails Nirmala out, she commits suicide out of disgrace. This provokes Vijay into trying to kill Ramesh.


title: Nammavar

text: During the fight against Ramesh, Vijay is stabbed and Selvam comes to his rescue. Selvam is also stabbed, and people start throwing stones at Ramesh, but Selvam rescues him. Ramesh soon realises he is alone in the conflict; everyone in the college has deserted him. Selvam asks the students to forgive Ramesh and give him a second chance, which makes Ramesh repentant. Afterwards, Selvam and Vasanthi decide to leave to the United States seeking a cure for the cancer, hopeful that the college will be truly reformed when they return.


title: Nammavar

text: The uncredited cast includes Ramji as Ramesh's friend Vijay, Santhana Bharathi as Sakthivel, and Sethu Vinayagam as Ramesh's father.


title: Nammavar

text: "Nammavar" was directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan and produced by B. Venkatarama Reddy under Chandamama Vijaya Combines. While the story and screenplay were written by Kamal Haasan (who also played the lead role of Selvam), the dialogues were written by Kanmani Subbu. The film's title was chosen by Ananthu. Cinematography was handled by Madhu Ambat, editing by N. P. Satish, and art direction by B. Chalam. The film was inspired by various English-language films about universities and professors including "To Sir, with Love" (1967), "Class of 1984" (1982), and "The Principal" (1987). It was the final Tamil film directed by Sethumadhavan.


title: Nammavar

text: Gautami was Sethumadhavan and Haasan's first choice for playing Vasanthi, and got the role. Though Nagesh, primarily a comedian, was initially hesitant to accept the role of Prabhakar Rao, he was nonetheless cast as Haasan was adamant on him acting in the film. Brinda was chosen to portray Rao's daughter Nirmala, and "Nammavar" was the only film she ever acted in. According to Sethumadhavan, casting Brinda was Haasan's idea. Abhishek Shankar, who later gained fame for the TV series "Kolangal", was initially approached to play the antagonist Ramesh, but could not accept the offer as he was committed to another film; the role went to Karan, upon Haasan's recommendation. Vijay Sethupathi, then aged 16, had auditioned for a role, but was rejected because of his then short height, lean physique and inability to grow facial hair.


title: Nammavar

text: Principal photography began on 20 May 1994. The first day shoot was at held at Vijaya Vauhini Studios, with Karan and Haasan in a classroom scenario. The scene where Rao reacts to his daughter's death was filmed in one take, and Sethumadhavan chose not to say "cut" at the time.


title: Nammavar

text: The soundtrack was composed by Mahesh Mahadevan, while the lyrics were written by Pulamaipithan and Vairamuthu. It was released under the label Music Master. "Nammavar" is the feature film debut for Mahesh, who previously composed advertising jingles. The song "Sorgam Enbathu Namakku" marked the debut of playback singer Srinivas.


title: Nammavar

text: "Nammavar" was released on 2 November 1994, Diwali day. Made on a budget of 3.7 crore, the film grossed 9.75 crore. It was later dubbed in Telugu as "Professor Viswam".


title: Nammavar

text: Malini Mannath of "The Indian Express" wrote on 11 November, "The filmmaker tries to be little different, at times moving away from cliches and conclusions. But he couldn't entirely do without them either." On 14 November, K. Vijiyin of "New Straits Times" wrote, "With its realistic dialogue and quiet humour, "Nammavar" looks like a winner for Kamalhassan." Balaji T.K. of "INDOlink" wrote "Kamal's taut and flawless Screenplay handled with aplomb by Sethumadhavan separates "Nammavar" from the run on the mill stuff churned out in the name of Tamil cinema from the mills in Kodambakkam. The story is nothing new, and is similar to "Thalaivasal" [...] but the manner in which its been handled makes this one of the most enjoyable movie going experiences in recent times, with the right measure of drama, action, pathos and humor supported by excellent acting and pleasing background music and good cinematography". Thulasi of "Kalki" appreciated the film for various aspects, including Sethumadhavan's direction, the cast performances and the music. On 27 November, "Ananda Vikatan" wrote, "Overall, with superb dialogues, beautiful camera work, impressive background score and Kamal's interesting acting enable the film to score".


title: Nammavar

text: Following the film's release, "Nammavar" became a popular nickname for Haasan among his fans. Karan's performance was considered his "tour-de-force" by critics, and he regards the film as a breakthrough in his career. Film historian S. Theodore Baskaran felt that "Oru Thalai Ragam" (1980) and "Nammavar" were the "two most representative Tamil films about students". In the 2021 film "Master", JD (Vijay) is referred to as the student of Professor Selvam, who he considers as his inspiration and becomes alcoholic after his death.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Kartar Singh Sarabha (24 May 1896 — 16 November 1915) was an Indian revolutionary. He was 15-years old when he became a member of Ghadar Party; he then became a leading luminary member and started fighting for the independence movement. He was one of the most active members of the movement. In November 1915 at Central Jail, Lahore, he was executed for his role in the movement when he was 19 years old.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Kartar Singh was born into a Grewal Jat Sikh family in Sarabha, a village near Ludhiana in Punjab. His father was Mangal Singh Grewal and his mother was Sahib Kaur. He was very young when his father died and his grandfather brought him up. After receiving his initial education in his village, Singh entered the Malwa Khalsa high school in Ludhiana; he studied there until 8th standard. Then he went to his uncle (father's brother) in Odisha and stayed there for over a year.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: After coming back to his grandfather, his family decided to board him to the United States for higher education. He sailed to San Francisco in July 1912. He was supposed to get enrolled in University of Berkeley but the evidence that he did study there varies. A historical note by Baba Jwala Singh mentions that when he went to Astoria, Oregon in December 1912, he found Kartar Singh working in a mill factory. Some say that he studied in the Berkeley, but the college did not find any record of enrollment with his name.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: His association with Nalanda club of Indian students at Berkeley aroused his patriotic sentiments and he felt agitated about the treatment of immigrants from India, especially manual, worker received in the United States.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Sohan Singh Bhakna, the founder of the Ghadar Party, inspired Singh to campaign against British colonial rule for the sake of an independent country. Sohan Singh Bhakna called Kartar Singh "Baba Gernal". He learnt from Americans how to shoot a gun, and how to make detonating devices. Kartar Singh also took lessons for flying aeroplanes. He frequently spoke with other Indians, many of whom supported colonial rule, on the need for India to become independent from British rule.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: When the Ghadar party was founded in mid-1913 with Sohan Singh, a Sikh from Bhakna village in the Amritsar district, as president and Lala Hardyal as secretary, Kartar Singh stopped his university work, moved in with Lala Hardyal and became his helpmate in running the revolutionary newspaper Ghadar (revolt). He undertook the responsibility for printing of the Gurmukhi edition of the paper. He composed patriotic poetry for it and wrote articles.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: On 15 July 1913, the Punjabi Indians of California assembled and formed the Ghadar Party (Revolution Party). The aim of the Ghadar Party was to get rid of British rule in India by means of an armed struggle. On 1 November 1913, the Ghadar Party started printing a paper named "Ghadar", which was published in Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati and Pushto languages. Kartar Singh was quite heavily involved in the publishing of that paper.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: This paper was sent to Indians living in all countries throughout the world. Its purpose was to convince both Indians and the Indian diaspora to support the freedom movement.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Within a short time, the Ghadar Party became famous through "The Ghadar". It drew Indians from all walks of life.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: With the start of World War I in 1914, British India became thoroughly engrossed in the Allied war effort. Thinking it to be a good opportunity, the leaders of the Ghadar Party published the "Decision of Declaration of War" against the British in issue of 'The Ghadar' dated 5 August 1914. Thousands of copies of the paper were distributed among army cantonments, villages and cities. Kartar Singh reached Calcutta via Colombo on board SS Salamin in October 1914: he accompanied two other Ghadar leaders, Satyen Sen and Vishnu Ganesh Pingle, along with a large number of Gadhar freedom fighters. With a letter of introduction from Jatin Mukherjee, the Jugantar leader, Singh and Pingle met Rash Behari Bose at Banaras to inform him that 20,000 more Ghadar members were expected very soon. A large number of leaders of the Ghadar Party were arrested by the government at the ports. In spite of these arrests, a meeting was held by members of the Ghadar Party at Ladhouwal near Ludhiana in which it was decided to commit robberies in the houses of the rich to meet requirements of finance for armed action. Two Ghadris, Waryam Singh and Bhai Ram Rakha, were killed in a bomb blast in one such raid.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: After the arrival of Rash Behari Bose at Amritsar on 25 January 1915, it was decided in a meeting on 12 February that the uprising should be started on 21 February. It was planned that after capturing the cantonments of Mian Mir and Ferozepur, mutiny was to be engineered near Ambala and Delhi.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Kirpal Singh, a police informer in the ranks of the Ghadar Party, had a large number of members arrested on 19 February and informed the government of the planned revolt. The government disarmed the native soldiers and the revolt failed.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: After the failure of the revolution, the members who had escaped arrest decided to leave India. Kartar, Harnam Singh Tundilat, Jagat Singh, and others were asked to go to Afghanistan and made a move towards that area. But Kartar's conscience did not permit him to run away when his comrades had been held. On 2 March 1915, he came back with two friends and went over to Chak No. 5 in Sargodha where there was a military stud and started propagating rebellion amongst the army men. Risaldar Ganda Singh had Kartar, Harnam Singh Tundilat, and Jagat Singh arrested from Chak No. 5, Lyallpur district.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: All of these accused in the Conspiracy Case, for India's freedom who had worked long years and suffered privations and sacrificed everything that man runs after, were executed in the Lahore Central Jail on 17 November 1915. In the Court room, as also standing before the gallows the condemned men refused to accept their endeavour to be termed a 'conspiracy'. They contended that it was an open challenge to the foreigners who charged the patriots, those who were sacrificing everything for the freedom of their Motherland with the offence of sedition, of waging war against the King. Kartar was not at all sorry for what he had done; rather he felt proud for enjoying the privilege of throwing out the challenge at the face of a lot of usurpers. He was really sorry over the outcome of their efforts. He averred that every 'slave' had a right to revolt and it could never be a crime to rise in defence of the primary rights of the sons of the very soil. When he was being tried on the charge of sedition, he took the entire blame upon himself. The Judge was astounded to see such a young boy behaving in such a non-chalant manner. In view of his tender age, he advised the young revolutionary to modify his statement, but the result was the very opposite of what was desired by him. When asked to appeal he retorted, "Why should I? If I had more lives than one, it would have been a great honour to me to sacrifice each of them for my country."


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: He was later sentenced to death and hanged in 1915. During the period of his detention in Lahore Central Jail, Kartar managed to get hold of some instruments. With their help, he wanted to cut the iron-bars of his window and escape in company with some other revolutionaries. The authorities who learnt about his designs well in time and seized the instruments from underneath an earthen pitcher in his room, But the plan was rendered abortive by the jail authorities. At the time of his execution Kartar was hardly nineteen years old. But such was his courage that in the course of his detention he gained 14 pounds of fresh weight.


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: Bhagat Singh was inspired by him. "On Bhagat Singh's arrest, a photo of Sarabha was recovered from him. He always carried this photo in his pocket. Very often, Bhagat Singh would show me that photograph and say, 'Dear mother, this is my hero, friend and companion.' "


title: Kartar Singh Sarabha

text: "Shaheed Kartar Singh Sarabha", an Indian Punjabi-language biographical film on the revolutionary was released in 1977.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Nicholas Heyward (born 20 May 1961) is an English singer-songwriter and guitarist. He came to international attention in the early 1980s as the lead singer and songwriter for Haircut One Hundred. He and the band parted ways after their first album, after which he continued as a solo artist.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Born in Beckenham, Heyward spent his early years in and around south London. He attended Kelsey Park School for Boys where he studied art and photography. He left school at 16 to work as a commercial artist.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Heyward and school friends Graham Jones and Les Nemes, the core of Haircut One Hundred, started bands together as far back as 1977. They were first known as Rugby, then the Boat Party, Captain Pennyworth and Moving England, before settling on Haircut One Hundred. The band signed with Arista Records in 1981 and had four UK top 10 singles between 1981 and 1982. Their debut album, "Pelican West" (1982), written by Heyward, reached No. 2. It was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Work on the band's second album commenced in October 1982 but, in January 1983, a statement was issued confirming that Heyward had left the band, and percussionist Marc Fox had taken over on vocals. At the time of the announcement, Heyward told "Smash Hits" magazine that he had been contemplating going solo for a while and had already recorded some tracks with session musicians. However, many years later, Heyward stated that he had been struggling with stress and depression at the time after a year of constant work and pressure which led to him being, in effect, sacked by the other members of the band.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Over the years, the band has reformed several times. Though not performing together as of 2017, Heyward described a "deep love" for the band and remarked that "the door is always open". In an interview with "Lorraine", he said he was "ever hopeful" that the band would one day play a reunion show at the Roundhouse where "Pelican West" was recorded.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Heyward's solo career began in March 1983 with the single "Whistle Down the Wind", which reached No. 13 on the UK Singles Chart. Two further top 20 hits followed: "Take That Situation" (No. 11) and "Blue Hat for a Blue Day" (No. 14). His debut solo album, "North of a Miracle", was released in October 1983 and peaked at No. 10 in the UK. The successive non-album singles, "Love All Day" and "Warning Sign" both went top 40 although a subsequent single "Laura" failed to do so.


title: Nick Heyward

text: "Postcards from Home", Heyward's second solo album, was released in 1986, and featured the singles "Over the Weekend" and "Goodbye Yesterday". By 1988, he had moved to Warner Bros. Records and released his third album, "I Love You Avenue", which included the single "You're My World".


title: Nick Heyward

text: Heyward's 1993 album, "From Monday to Sunday", on Epic Records, featured a more classic rock style, and brought him his first hits of the 1990s. The first single, "Kite", reached No. 44 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 4 on "Billboard"s Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.


title: Nick Heyward

text: In 1995, Heyward released his second Epic Records album, "Tangled", providing him with the UK top 40 single "Rollerblade".


title: Nick Heyward

text: In 1998, Creation Records released "The Apple Bed", Heyward's most recent major label release. It featured three singles, "Today", "The Man You Used to Be" and "Stars in Her Eyes".


title: Nick Heyward

text: Since 1998, Heyward has released two independent albums: "Open Sesame Seed" (2001), a collaboration with British actor/singer Greg Ellis, and featuring Ellis reading Heyward's poetry to the accompaniment of Heyward's musical backing; and "The Mermaid and the Lighthouse Keeper" (2006), an album of songs recorded with singer/actress India Dupre.


title: Nick Heyward

text: In November 2013, Heyward announced on his website that he was in the process of recording a new album with his son, Oliver. A preview of the album was made available on the site in October 2015. A PledgeMusic campaign to support the album was announced on Heyward's website, on 4 April 2017 and the album title, "Woodland Echoes", was released the following day.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Heyward married Glaswegian Marion Killen in 1987. They had two children, Oliver and Katie, before divorcing in 2000. In 1998, he had a spiritual awakening that he described as a feeling of complete contentment and a deep connection with nature.


title: Nick Heyward

text: Heyward lives in Stoke Row, South Oxfordshire, and in February 2016 announced his engagement to Sara, his American girlfriend.


title: Movado

text: Movado is an American luxury watchmaker. It is best known for its Museum Watch. Movado means "movement" in Esperanto. The watches are known for their signature metallic dot at 12 o'clock and minimalist style. Movado traces its origins to La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland.


title: Movado

text: The company was founded by Achille Ditesheim in 1881 in the watch-making town of La Chaux-de-Fonds. The Ditesheim family, a Jewish watchmaker family, owned several companies in the area.


title: Movado

text: In 1892, the brothers Leopold, Achille, and Isidore combined their separate businesses to create "L.A. & I. Ditesheim, Fabricants". This was one of the first modern factories in the area following the watchmaking crisis of the 1870s. Having arrived over the course of the century, many Jewish traders, craftsmen and entrepreneurs were less attached to traditional working models, and thus played a major role in innovating the Swiss watch industry.


title: Movado

text: Within 20 years, the company had more than 80 employees and was internationally known for its wide variety of pocket watches. Movado began to produce wristwatches, and the company expanded again in 1905, now employing more than 150 workers. It was at this time that it was renamed Movado, which means "always in motion" in Esperanto.


title: Movado

text: In 1983, the company was purchased by North American Watch Corp, founded by Gedalio Grinberg, a Cuban-born Jew, who fled Fidel Castro's Marxist Revolution in 1960 with his family.


title: Movado

text: His son, Efraim Grinberg, is the chairman and chief executive officer of Movado Group, Inc. The North American President of Movado is Alan Chinich.


title: Movado

text: On February 23, 1999, Movado Group, Inc. completed the sale of Piaget business to VLG North America, Inc., for approximately $30 million. In August 2018, Movado acquired watch startup MVMT, which was founded in 2013, for more than $100 million.


title: Movado

text: The company markets the Museum Watch, designed by the American designer Nathan George Horwitt in 1947.


title: Movado

text: Influenced by Bauhaus, the watch dial has a very simple design defined by a solitary dot at 12, symbolizing the sun at high noon. It was first made by an American importer of Swiss watches called "Vacheron & Constantin-LeCoultre Watches Inc." (not the Swiss watchmaker Vacheron Constantin), and later produced by Movado. Horwitt's dial was selected for the permanent design collection of the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in 1960, the first watch dial awarded this distinction. Movado finally settled with Horwitt in 1975 with a payment of $29,000 ($128,000 in 2015 dollars). Following Horwitt's death, Movado started heavy promotion of Horwitt and the design of the Museum Watch. Photographer Edward Steichen called Horwitt's design "the only truly original and beautiful one for such an object". The single dot dial now appears in many of Movado's timepieces.


title: Movado

text: Some Movado watch models have names in Esperanto, a constructed language, such as Bela ("beautiful"), Belamodo ("beautiful fashion"), Fiero ("pride"), Brila ("brilliant"), Linio ("line"), and Verto ("head top").


title: Movado

text: In November 2015, Movado announced the release of the Movado Motion collection of fine Swiss-made watches, powered by the Manufacture Modules Technologies (MMT) MotionX technology platform. The collection includes the women's Bellina and the men's Museum Sport models.


title: Movado

text: Movado Group's brands include Movado, Concord, EBEL and MVMT, plus licensed brands Olivia Burton, Coach, Hugo Boss, Lacoste, Tommy Hilfiger, Scuderia Ferrari, Rebecca Minkoff, and Uri Minkoff. Movado previously manufactured other licensed brands, plus previously owned Piaget.


title: Movado

text: Movado commissioned "Time Sculpture" by architect Philip Johnson. The bronze sculpture with granite base, located outside Lincoln Center in New York City, was dedicated on May 19, 1999.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Banasthali Vidyapith (Banasthali University) is a university located in the Tonk district of the Rajasthan state in India. It is a deemed university offering programs at the secondary, senior secondary, undergraduate, and postgraduate degree levels.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Banasthali Vidyapith was founded on 6 October 1935 by freedom fighters and educationists Hiralal Shastri and Ratan Shastri. The institution was declared as a 'Deemed University' in 1983. While NAAC has re-accredited Banasthali Vidyapith at the highest possible ‘Grade A’ level in 2011, the Review Committee (Tandon Committee) of Ministry of HRD also appreciated the overall efforts of Vidyapith in the areas of Institutional Governance, Academic Achievements, Research, Student Progression, Infrastructure etc. and categorized Banasthali Vidyapith under ‘Category A’ list of ‘Institutions Deemed to be University’ in 2010. The university is featured in NIRF, QS I Gauge, and Times Higher Education rankings. In 2020, NAAC accredited this university with A++ grading.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The Vidyapith has had virtual autonomy for its school programmes since the beginning and was affiliated to an outside agency for its university programmes in 1983. In 1983, the government of India, on the advice of the University Grants Commission, notified the Vidyapith as an institution deemed to be university.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: After attaining university status, The Vidyapith restructured its undergraduate programme. At the postgraduate level, it introduced courses in Computer Science, Operational Research, Electronics and Biotechnology. Teacher Education and Management have been started. New courses include M.Sc. (Bio-Informatics), M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and M.Sc. (Applied Microbiology).


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Along with professional programmes such as MBA and MCA, all postgraduate courses in the Faculty of Science have a semester system. From 2004, all Social Science, Humanities and Home Science Post-graduate programmes have been run as semester courses.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The campus is a sprawling 850 acres, located about 80 kilometres from the capital city of Jaipur, in the Tonk district of Rajasthan, India. The campus has been broadly divided into the school division, the University division and the residential blocks. The residential blocks feature 29 hostels each with the capacity of housing up to 438 students.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The Laxmi Bai maidan(field) which is approximately 2660 square km. is used for parades and annual fairs, whereas the Vidula maidan (4195 sq. km. approx.) has fields for games such as hockey, volleyball, tennis, yoga, martial arts and mass physical display activities. The Veer Bala maidan is used for horse riding and the Shakuntlam playground is the cricket ground of the campus. The campus also features a swimming pool.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The campus also features a licensed airstrip of 50,191,418 sq. metres, which is used to train the students in flying and guiding.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Banasthali Vidyapith also features its own hospital called Apaji Arogya Mandir, a guest house for parents and official guests, and a community radio station called Radio Banasthali.<ref name=":2"


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Banasthali Vidyapith provides school education from elementary to senior secondary. At the senior secondary level, student can opt for Science, Commerce or Humanities as their stream.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The university offers 18 undergraduate programs in the disciplines of Mathematics, Science, Management, Commerce, Arts, Engineering, Aviation, Education, Design, Law, and Journalism. All the programs are of three years duration except for the Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) which is of 2 years, BA LLB which is of 5 years and the Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) which is of 4 years.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The university offers 61 masters programs and 32 Doctorates in the disciplines of Humanities, Social Sciences, Sciences, Law, Education, Commerce and Management.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) accredited Banasthali University with ‘A++' grade. The Ministry of HRD has listed the university under the top 'MHRD A Category.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: Banasthali Vidyapith has partnered with Atal Innovation Mission, NITI Aayog to establish first of its kind all women Atal Incubation Centre.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: MHRD has set up Center of Excellence in Management at Banasthali Vidyapith for developing Annual Refresher Program in Teaching. The online modules are hosted by SWAYAM Portal.


title: Banasthali Vidyapith

text: The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked Banasthali Vidyapith 79th overall in India in 2020, 55th among universities and 20 in the pharmacy ranking.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The State Duma, also known as the Imperial Duma, was the lower house of the Governing Senate in the Russian Empire, while the upper house was the State Council. It held its meetings in the Taurida Palace in St. Petersburg. It convened four times between 27 April 1906 and the collapse of the Empire in February 1917. The first and the second dumas were more democratic and represented a greater number of national types than their successors. The third duma was dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. The fourth duma held five sessions; it existed until 2 March 1917, and was formally dissolved on 6 October 1917.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: Coming under pressure from the Russian Revolution of 1905, on August 6, 1905 (O.S.), Sergei Witte (appointed by Nicholas II to manage peace negotiations with Japan after the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905) issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be a purely advisory body, the so-called Bulygin-Duma. In the subsequent October Manifesto, the Tsar promised to introduce further civil liberties, provide for broad participation in a new "State Duma", and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. The State Duma was to be the lower house of a parliament, and the State Council of Imperial Russia the upper house.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power (in which he succeeded). On April 23, 1906 (O.S.), the Tsar issued the Fundamental Laws, which gave him the title of "supreme autocrat". Although no law could be made without the Duma's assent, neither could the Duma pass laws without the approval of the noble-dominated State Council (half of which was to be appointed directly by the Tsar), and the Tsar himself retained a veto. The laws stipulated that ministers could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying responsible government at the executive level. Furthermore, the Tsar had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished; article 87 allowed him to pass temporary (emergency) laws by decrees. All these powers and prerogatives assured that, in practice, the Government of Russia continued to be a non-official absolute monarchy. It was in this context that the first Duma opened four days later, on April 27, 1906.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The first Duma was established with around 500 deputies; most radical left parties, such as the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party had boycotted the election, leaving the moderate Constitutional Democrats (Kadets) with the most deputies (around 184). Second came an alliance of slightly more radical leftists, the Trudoviks (Laborites) with around 100 deputies. To the right of both were a number of smaller parties, including the Octobrists. Together, they had around 45 deputies. Other deputies, mainly from peasant groups, were unaffiliated.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Kadets were among the only political parties capable of consistently drawing voters due to their relatively moderate political stance. The Kadets drew from an especially urban population, often failing to draw the attention of rural communities who were instead committed to other parties.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Duma ran for 73 days until 8 July 1906, with little success. The Tsar and his loyal Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin were keen to keep it in check, and reluctant to share power; the Duma, on the other hand, wanted continuing reform, including electoral reform, and, most prominently, land reform. Sergei Muromtsev, Professor of Law at Moscow University, was elected Chairman. Lev Urusov held a famous speech. Scared by this liberalism, the Tsar dissolved the Duma, reportedly saying "curse the Duma. It is all Witte's doing". The same day, Pyotr Stolypin was named as the new Prime Minister who promoted a coalition cabinet, as did Vasily Maklakov, Alexander Izvolsky, Dmitri Trepov and the Tsar.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: In frustration, Paul Miliukov, who regarded the Russian Constitution of 1906 as a mock-constitution, and approximately 200 deputies mostly from the liberal Kadets party decamped to Vyborg, then part of Russian Finland, to discuss the way forward. From there, they issued the Vyborg Appeal, which called for civil disobedience and a revolution. Largely ignored, it ended in their arrest and the closure of Kadet Party offices. This, among other things, helped pave the way for an alternative makeup for the second Duma.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Second Duma (from 20 February 1907 to 3 June 1907) lasted 103 days. One of the new members was Vladimir Purishkevich, strongly opposed to the October Manifesto. The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks (that is, both factions of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party) and the Socialist Revolutionaries all abandoned their policies of boycotting elections to the Duma, and consequently won a number of seats. The election was an overall success for Russian left-wing parties: the Trudoviks won 104 seats, the Social Democrats 65 (47 Mensheviks and 18 Bolsheviks), the Socialist Revolutionaries 37 and the Popular Socialists 16.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Kadets (by this point the most moderate and centrist party), found themselves outnumbered two-to-one by their more radical counterparts. Even so, Stolypin and the Duma could not build a working relationship, being divided on the issues of land confiscation (which the socialists and, to a lesser extent, the Kadets, supported but the Tsar and Stolypin vehemently opposed) and Stolypin's brutal attitude towards law and order.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: On 1 June 1907, prime minister Pyotr Stolypin accused Social Democrats of preparing an armed uprising and demanded that the Duma exclude 55 Social Democrats from Duma sessions and strip 16 of their parliamentary immunity. When this ultimatum was rejected by Duma, it was dissolved on 3 June by an ukase (imperial decree) in what became known as the Coup of June 1907.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Tsar was unwilling to be rid of the State Duma, despite these problems. Instead, using emergency powers, Stolypin and the Tsar changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of landowners and owners of city properties, and less value to the votes of the peasantry, whom he accused of being "misled", and, in the process, breaking his own Fundamental Laws.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: This ensured the third Duma (7 November 1907 – 3 June 1912) would be dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. The number of deputies from non-Russian regions was greatly reduced. The system facilitated better, if hardly ideal, cooperation between the Government and the Duma; consequently, the Duma lasted a full five-year term, and succeeded in 200 pieces of legislation and voting on some 2500 bills. Due to its more noble, and Great Russian composition, the third Duma, like the first, was also given a nickname, "The Duma of the Lords and Lackeys" or "The Master's Duma". The Octobrist party were the largest, with around one-third of all the deputies. This Duma, less radical and more conservative, left clear that the new electoral system would always generate a landowners-controlled Duma in which the tsar would have vast amounts of influence over, which in turn would be under complete submission to the Tsar, unlike the first two Dumas.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: In terms of legislation, the Duma supported an improvement in Russia's military capabilities, Stolypin's plans for land reform and basic social welfare measures. The power of Nicholas' hated land captains was consistently reduced. It also supported more regressive laws, however, such as on the question of Finnish autonomy and Russification, with a fear of the Empire breaking up being prevalent. Since the dissolution of the Second Duma a very large proportion of the Empire was either under martial law, or one of the milder forms of the state of siege. It was forbidden, for instance, at various times and in various places, to refer to the dissolution of the Second Duma, to the funeral of the Speaker of the First Duma, Muromtsev, and the funeral of Leo Tolstoy, to the fanatical [right-wing] monk Iliodor, or to the notorious "agent provocateur", Yevno Azef. Stolypin was assassinated in September 1911 and replaced by his Finance Minister Vladimir Kokovtsov. It enabled Count Kokovtsov to balance the budget regularly and even to spend on productive purposes.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Fourth Duma of 15 November 1912 – 6 October 1917, elected in September/October, was also of limited political influence. The first session was held from 15 November 1912 to 25 June 1913, and the second session from 15 October 1913 to 14 June 1914. On 1 July 1914 the Tsar suggested that the Duma should be reduced to merely a consultative body, but an extraordinary session was held on 26 July 1914 during the July Crisis. The third session gathered from 27 to 29 January 1915, the fourth from 19 July 1915 to 3 September, the fifth from 9 February to 20 June 1916, and the sixth from 1 November to 16 December 1916. No one exactly knew when they would resume their deliberations. It seems the last session was never opened (on 14 February), but kept closed on 27 February 1917.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: There was one promising new member in Alexander Kerensky, a Trudovik, but also Roman Malinovsky, a Bolshevik who was a double agent for the secret police. In March 1913 the Octobrists, led by Alexander Guchkov, President of the Duma, commissioned an investigation on Grigori Rasputin to research the allegations being a Khlyst. The leading party of the Octobrists divided itself into three different sections.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Duma "met on 8 August for three hours to pass emergency war credits, [and] it was not asked to remain in session because it would only be in the way." The Duma volunteered its own dissolution until 14 February 1915. A serious conflict arose in January as the government kept information on the battlefield (in April at Gorlice) secret to the Duma. In May Guchkov initiated the War Industries Committees in order to unite industrialists who were supplying the army with ammunition and military equipment, to mobilize industry for war needs and prolonged military action, to put political pressure on the tsarist government. On 17 July 1915 the Duma reconvened for six weeks. Its former members became increasingly displeased with Tsarist control of military and governmental affairs and demanded its own reinstatement. When the Tsar refused its call for the replacement of his cabinet on 21 August with a "Ministry of National Confidence", roughly half of the deputies formed a "Progressive Bloc", which in 1917 became a focal point of political resistance. On 3 September 1915 the Duma prorogued.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: On the eve of the war the government and the Duma were hovering round one another like indecisive wrestlers, neither side able to make a definite move. The war made the political parties more cooperative and practically formed into one party. When the Tsar announced he would leave for the front at Mogilev, the Progressive Bloc was formed, fearing Rasputin's influence over Tsarina Alexandra would increase.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The Duma gathered on 9 February 1916 after the 76-year-old Ivan Goremykin had been replaced by Boris Stürmer as prime minister and on the condition not to mention Rasputin. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer held his speech. Because of the war, he said, it was not the time for constitutional reforms. For the first time in his life, the Tsar made a visit to the Taurida Palace, which made it practically impossible to hiss at the new prime minister.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: On 1 November 1916 (Old Style) the Duma reconvened and the government under Boris Stürmer was attacked by Pavel Milyukov in the State Duma, not gathering since February. In his speech he spoke of "Dark Forces", and highlighted numerous governmental failures with the famous question "Is this stupidity or treason?" Kerensky called the ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards" and said they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka Rasputin!" Stürmer and Protopopov asked in vain for the dissolution of the Duma. Stürmer's resignation looked like a concession to the Duma.Ivan Grigorovich and Dmitry Shuvayev declared in the Duma that they had confidence in the Russian people, the navy, and the army; the war could be won.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: For the Octobrists and the Kadets, who were the liberals in the parliament, Rasputin, and his support of autocracy and absolute monarchy, was one of their main obstacles. The politicians tried to bring the government under control of the Duma. "To the Okhrana it was obvious by the end of 1916 that the liberal Duma project was superfluous, and that the only two options left were repression or a social revolution."


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: On 19 November Vladimir Purishkevich, one of the founders of the Black Hundreds, gave a speech in the Duma. He declared the monarchy had become discredited because of what he called the "ministerial leapfrog".


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: On 2 December, Trepov ascended the tribune in the Duma to read the government programme. The deputies shouted "down with the Ministers! Down with Protopopov!" The Prime-Minister was not allowed to speak and had to leave the rostrum three times. Trepov threatened to shut the troublesome Duma completely in her attempt to control the Tsar. The Tsar, his cabinet, Alexandra, and Rasputin discussed when to open the Duma, on 12 or 19 January, 1 or 14 February, or never. Rasputin suggested to keep the Duma closed until February; Alexandra and Protopopov supported him. On Friday, 16 December Milyukov stated in the Duma: "maybe [we will be] dismissed to 9 January, maybe until February", but in the evening the Duma was closed until 12 January, by a decree prepared on the day before. A military guard had been on duty at the building.


title: State Duma (Russian Empire)

text: The February Revolution began on 22 February when the Tsar had left for the front, and strikes broke out in the Putilov workshops. On 23 February (International Women's Day), women in Saint Petersburg joined the strike, demanding woman suffrage, an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of World War I. Although all gathering on the streets were absolutely forbidden, on 25 February, some 250,000 people were on strike. The Tsar ordered Sergey Semyonovich Khabalov, an inexperienced and extremely indecisive commander of the Petrograd military district (and Nikolay Iudovich Ivanov) to suppress the rioting by force. On the 27th the Duma delegates received an order from his Majesty that he had decided to prorogue the Duma until April, leaving it with no legal authority to act. The Duma refused to obey, and gathered in a private meeting. According to Buchanan: "It was an act of madness to prorogue the Duma at a moment like the present." "The delegates decided to form a Provisional Committee of the State Duma. The Provisional Committee ordered the arrest of all the ex-ministers and senior officials." The Tauride Palace was occupied by the crowd and soldiers. "On the evening the Council of Ministers of Russia held its last meeting in the Marinsky Palace and formally submitted its resignation to the Tsar when they were cut off from the telephone. Soon a group of Duma members formed the Provisional Committee. Guchkov, along with Vasily Shulgin, came to the army headquarters near Pskov to persuade the Tsar to abdicate. The committee sent commissars to take over ministries and other government institutions, dismissing Tsar-appointed ministers and formed the Provisional Government under Georgi Lvov.


title: Joe Weisberg

text: Joseph Weisberg is an American television writer, producer, novelist, and school teacher. Weisberg is best known as the creator and showrunner of the FX TV series "The Americans".


title: Joe Weisberg

text: A 1987 graduate of Yale University, Weisberg became a CIA officer three years after graduation, and after a short career with the Agency, Weisberg taught at The Summit School, a private special education high school in Queens, New York until 2010 when he went on to pursue a career in television. One of his final projects at Summit School was helping students found the school newspaper, "The Summit Sun".


title: Joe Weisberg

text: Weisberg wrote episodes for TNT's alien invasion series "Falling Skies" and the DirecTV legal drama "Damages". He then created "The Americans", an FX series centering on two KGB sleeper agents, who pose as American citizens in Washington, D.C. during the 1980s. The Americans was executive-produced by Weisberg and "Justified" creator Graham Yost. In 2022, Weisberg co-created and showran the limited FX series "The Patient".


title: Joe Weisberg

text: Weisberg authored two novels: "10th Grade" and "An Ordinary Spy". "An Ordinary Spy" was nominated for the Believer Book Award.


title: Joe Weisberg

text: Weisberg is also the author of the non-fiction book "Russia Upside Down: An Exit Strategy for the Second Cold War."


title: Joe Weisberg

text: Weisberg grew up in a Jewish family in Chicago, the son of civil rights attorney Bernard Weisberg and former Commissioner of Cultural Affairs Lois Weisberg. He is the younger brother of "Slate Group" editor-in-chief Jacob Weisberg. Weisberg married Julia Rothwax, former press secretary to presidential candidates Bill Clinton and Bill Bradley, in 2005. The couple have a daughter.


title: Ramsey Nouah

text: Ramsey Nouah (born Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr.; 19 December 1970) is a Nigerian actor and director. He won the Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in 2010 for his performance in the movie "The Figurine". He made his directorial debut with the film "" in 2019 and also went on to direct Nollywood classic "" which is a remake of "Rattlesnake" (1995).


title: Ramsey Nouah

text: Ramsey Tokunbo Nouah Jr. was born in Lagos on December 19, 1970, to an Israeli Jewish father and a Yoruba mother who hails from Owo, Ondo State. He grew up in Surulere, Lagos, where he attended Atara Primary School and Community Grammar School. He received a diploma in Mass Communications at the University of Lagos, after which he pursued a career in acting.


title: Ramsey Nouah

text: Ramsey Nouah started acting in the early 1990s because he needed money for his General Certificate Education (GCE). His acting career kicked off when he starred as Jeff Akin-Thomas in the Nigerian TV soap opera "Fortunes". He has since appeared in numerous films starring as the lead role, and has been called "Lover-Boy" for his numerous roles in romantic films. He is also considered to be one of the most sought-after actors in Nigeria.


title: Ramsey Nouah

text: In 2015, Nouah secured the rights to the 1992 movie "Living in Bondage" for a possible remake. In 2018, he announced his remake had become a sequel titled "", which was released on November 8, 2019. Nouah, who played the new villain, made his directorial debut, and the film won 7 awards at the Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards.


title: Ramsey Nouah

text: Nouah is married to Emelia Philips-Nouah. The couple have two sons named Quincy Nouah and Joshua Nouah, and one daughter named Desiree Nouah.


title: Citizen Queen

text: Citizen Queen is an American girl group consisting of vocalists Kaedi Dalley, Cora Isabel, Nina Nelson, and Kaylah Sharve’. The group was formed in 2018 under the auspices of RCA Records, with mentorship from Pentatonix member Scott Hoying.


title: Citizen Queen

text: Pentatonix member Scott Hoying, along with arrangers and producers Ben Bram and Shams Ahmed, "hand-selected" the original five members of the group. The members of the band "come from different states and different ethnic backgrounds".


title: Citizen Queen

text: Singer and beatboxer Cora Isabel was the first member chosen, after sending audition videos to the arrangers. Bram first saw Hannah Mrozak on season 13 of "The Voice" "where she made it to the playoffs in 2017 as a member of Adam Levine's and Jennifer Hudson's teams". Bram "reached out to Mrozak" and "encouraged her to audition" for Citizen Queen. The members of the group were "complete strangers before the group's founding", except for SoCal VoCals members Nelson and Sharve’. Bram had been music director of the SoCal VoCals before participating in the formation of Pentatonix and Citizen Queen. Sharve’ had also previously released an album and performed in her home state of Texas.


title: Citizen Queen

text: The group has been identified as playing a part in the revival of girl groups in the United States. "Refinery29" stated that the group "kicks down the doors with their powerful official debut, and the perfectly placed harmonies, bass, and vocal percussion on the original song all but promise a top spot for the talented newbies. Forget what you heard — girl groups ain't dead, y'all". "Nylon" described the group as "Modern representation plus Danity Kane-levels of pop ear-worminess? This is the girl group we deserve!" The group has been described as "unique because they tend to rely more on their voices rather than singing along to a beat". "Cosmopolitan" compared the group to Fifth Harmony, and their origin to the movie, "Pitch Perfect", noting that "after going through a cappella boot camps and auditions, the girls joined forces to create pop anthems and covers". "Fringe" noted that the group had "received praise from the likes of everyone from Ariana Grande to Meghan Trainor".


title: Citizen Queen

text: The group reportedly first worked out of an Airbnb in Los Angeles, recording "four fully produced songs and music videos" in the course of a week. Their first popular video was "Evolution of Girl Groups", a six-minute medley of 25 songs, which was posted to YouTube in January 2019. It had received nearly 10 million views by June 2019, and over 18 million views by August 2020, passing 20 million views in December 2020.


title: Citizen Queen

text: In July 2019, the group opened for Pentatonix on a nine-week world tour, with the tour also featuring Rachel Platten. The group went on to record well-viewed videos for "No Tears Left to Cry" by Ariana Grande, "Lost in Japan" by Shawn Mendes, and "Never Enough" from "The Greatest Showman". In June 2020, the group performed an arrangement of "Free Your Mind" by En Vogue for the 2020 Pride Benefit Concert put on by RCA Records and the Human Rights Campaign. In December 2020, the group released their first original song, "Call Me Queen", written by Justin Tranter, Nova Wav, and Shawn Wasabi, and accompanied by a music video produced by Lauren Dunn. The group also performed that month at TheWrap's 2020 Power Women Summit. In January 2021, the group released an official remix of "Call Me Queen" by Armada Music artist Frank Pole.


title: Citizen Queen

text: The group's next original song was "No Ego", written by Justin Tranter and songwriting duo Nova Wav and released in March 2021. In April 2021, the group released the original ballad, "Y", reported by the group to have been inspired by a bad breakup experienced by Mrozak. Shortly after the posting of a video on TikTok introducing the song, it was reported that the video had received "almost four million views and over nine thousand comments".


title: Citizen Queen

text: In June 2022, the group released their original single, “XO”, written by Nova Wav, Kiana Ledé, Amiyah “AJ” Brown, Nina Nelson, Kaedi Dalley, Kaylah Sharve’, and Cora Isabel, and accompanied by a music video directed by Jadagrace. Two weeks later, they released another original, "Waste My Time", reviewed by "Billboard" as "effortlessly harmonizing and recalling the past eras of girl groups, with Dalley’s impossibly rich tone on full display".


title: Citizen Queen

text: Hannah Mrozak, an original member of the group, announced her departure on social media in May 2022. The group then announced that it would continue as a quartet, and thereafter released new material as a quartet.


title: Citizen Queen

text: In December 2020, Citizen Queen had three songs on the South African iTunes Pop 100, these being their covers of "No Tears Left to Cry" at #48, "Slow Burn" at #96, and "Lost in Japan" at #100.


title: Halo Legends

text: Halo Legends is a collection of 7 short films set in the "Halo" universe. Financed by the franchise's overseer 343 Industries, the stories were created by six Japanese anime production houses: Bee Train, Bones, Casio Entertainment, Production I.G., Studio 4°C, and Toei Animation. Shinji Aramaki, creator and director of "Appleseed" and "Appleseed Ex Machina", serves as the project's creative advisor. Warner Bros. released "Legends" on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on February 16, 2010.


title: Halo Legends

text: The idea for an anime compilation existed for years before there was momentum for the project. 343 creative director Frank O'Connor produced story outlines or finished scripts that the production houses animated in a variety of styles.


title: Halo Legends

text: To oversee development of the entire "Halo" franchise, Microsoft created an internal division, 343 Industries, to manage the "Halo" brand. Frank O'Connor, 343's creative director, said that such a move was vital: "If you look at how George Lucas held on to "Star Wars", not just to make money from action figures but to control the direction the universe went in, you can see why we think it's pretty vital."


title: Halo Legends

text: "Halo Legends" had origins in the 2006 Marvel Comics tie-in, "The Halo Graphic Novel"; O'Connor said that the idea of an anime compilation existed for years before there was momentum for the project. Wanting to tell smaller stories in a different format than video games and novels and in different art styles, O'Connor said that anime was a natural fit. An additional consideration was that 343 Industries felt that the Japanese style of narrative fit the stories well. Most of the animation studios Microsoft approached were available for the project. Most studios were "afraid" of creating their own stories, even if they were familiar with the series, so O'Connor sent them possible story treatments. Microsoft was deeply involved in making sure story details were correct and writing the scripts for the stories—O'Connor estimated that 50% of the dialogue in the final products were verbatim from the original scripts. While all the stories save one are considered canon, O'Connor noted that some discrepancies were the cause of artistic interpretation.


title: Halo Legends

text: The animation studios were given wide latitude in their presentation. "We realized very early on [that "Halo"] could take interpretation," said O'Connor, saying that the look-and-feel of the universe persisted even through differing artistic styles. In developing their stories and styles, the anime studios were supplied with access to "Halo"s story bible and art assets.


title: Halo Legends

text: One of the artistic styles that is the most radical departure from traditional animation styles is in "The Duel", which employs a filter that makes every cell look as though it was hand painted by watercolors. His goal that he was aiming for in this project was, "to make audiences understand there should be other styles of animation beyond the existing two primary kinds of animation presented—precisely cel-drawing 2D style and CG 3D style. I wanted to show that creators are not limited, that they have many options for different (animation) styles to create stories."


title: Halo Legends

text: Several episodes were originally broadcast on Halo Waypoint on the specified date. The episodes range in length from ten to twenty minutes.


title: Halo Legends

text: "Halo Legends" was originally to be released on February 9, but launch was pushed back a week to February 16. The compilation comes in three different retail packages: a standard DVD release with all the episodes, a two-disc special-edition which contains additional commentary, and the Blu-ray Disc edition, featuring the special-edition features and a summary of the "Halo" storyline. The film's United States premiere was held at the AMC Metreon in San Francisco on February 10, with the companion soundtrack released by Sumthing Distribution the day previous.


title: Halo Legends

text: Reception to "Legends" was mostly positive. Orlando Parfit of IGN UK wrote that while the decision to merge "Halo" and Japanese anime seemed an odd choice, ""Halo Legends" proves a successful—if uneven—attempt to fuse these two universes, and will certainly prove essential viewing for those with more than a passing interest in Bungie's seminal shooters." IGN US reviewers Cindy White and Christopher Monfette said that the short films "prove surprisingly accessible to sci-fi fans in general," and that the collection was "well worth" the time. Matt Miller of "Game Informer" said that "Halo Legends" would appeal to story-interested fans of the franchise, not those who cared about multiplayer gameplay.


title: Halo Legends

text: Based on Rentrak and "Home Media Magazine" numbers, "Legends" ranked second and fourth in Blu-ray Disc and DVD sales, respectively, during its first week of sales in the United States. It also ranked seventh in Blu-ray Disc rankings in Japan. In its second week it dropped off the US Blu-ray Disc Top 20 charts, and slipped to tenth for DVD sales. According to The-Numbers.com, "Legends" sold $2.56 million worth of merchandise or 168,000 DVDs its first week. Sales later reached , selling almost 600,000 units. As of 2018, DVD sales have grossed in the United States.


title: Halo Legends

text: The soundtrack was composed by various artists, such as Tetsuya Takahashi and Yasuharu Takanashi. Although the soundtrack contains mostly remixes of original work by Martin O'Donnell and Michael Salvatori, it also has some original material of its own.


title: Nighthawk

text: The nighthawk is a nocturnal bird of the subfamily Chordeilinae, within the nightjar family, Caprimulgidae, native to the western hemisphere. The term "nighthawk", first recorded in the King James Bible of 1611, was originally a local name in England for the European nightjar. Its use in the Americas refers to members of the genus "Chordeiles" and related genera was first recorded in 1778.


title: Nighthawk

text: Nighthawks are medium-sized birds with long wings, short legs, and very short bills. They usually nest on the ground. They feed on flying insects. The least nighthawk, at and , is the smallest of all Caprimulgiformes.


title: Nighthawk

text: Nightjars are sometimes referred to as goatsuckers from the mistaken belief that they suck milk from goats (the Latin for goatsucker is "Caprimulgus").


title: Nighthawk

text: In October 2018, the University of Alberta published research on the common nighthawk revealing that it travels 20,000 kilometres every year during migration between the rainforests and savannas of Brazil and its breeding grounds in northern Alberta.


title: Nighthawk

text: Nighthawks have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is cryptically coloured to resemble bark or leaves. Some species perch facing along a branch, rather than across it as birds usually do. This helps to conceal them during the day. The female lays two patterned eggs directly onto bare ground.


title: Nighthawk

text: They are mostly active in the late evening and early morning or at night and feed on moths and other large flying insects. The bill opens very wide and has a slightly hooked upper tip.


title: Nighthawk

text: Nighthawks are similar in most respects to the nightjars, but have shorter bills and plumage that is less soft. Nighthawks are less strictly nocturnal than many nightjars and may be seen hunting when there is still light in the sky.


title: Roderic

text: Roderic (also spelled Ruderic, Roderik, Roderich, or Roderick; Spanish and , ; died 711) was the Visigothic king in Hispania between 710 and 711. He is well-known as "the last king of the Goths". He is actually an extremely obscure figure about whom little can be said with certainty. He was the last Goth to rule from Toledo, but not the last Gothic king, a distinction which belongs to Ardo.


title: Roderic

text: Roderic's election as king was disputed and he ruled only a part of Hispania with an opponent, Achila, ruling the rest. He faced a rebellion of the Basques and the Umayyad invasion. He was defeated and killed at the Battle of Guadalete. His widow Egilona is believed to have married Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa, the first Muslim governor of Hispania.


title: Roderic

text: According to the late "Chronicle of Alfonso III", Roderic was a son of Theodefred, himself a son of king Chindaswinth, and of a woman named Riccilo. Roderic's exact date of birth is unknown but probably was after 687, estimated from his father's marriage having taken place after his exile to Córdoba following the succession of King Egica in that year.


title: Roderic

text: According to the "Chronicle of 754", Roderic "tumultuously ["tumultuose"] invaded the kingdom ["regnum"] with the encouragement of [or at the exhortation of] the senate ["senatus"]." Historians have long debated the exact meaning of these words. What is generally recognised is that it was not a typical palace coup as had occurred on previous occasions, but rather a violent invasion of the palace which sharply divided the kingdom.


title: Roderic

text: It is probably that the "invasion" was not from outside the kingdom; because the word "regnum" can refer to the office of the king, it is likely that Roderic merely usurped the throne. Nonetheless, it is possible that Roderic was a regional commander ("dux" of Baetica in later, legendary sources) or even an exile when he staged his coup.


title: Roderic

text: The "tumult" which surrounded this usurpation was probably violent, though whether or not it involved the deposition or assassination of the legitimate king, Wittiza, or was a consequence of his recent natural death has divided scholars. Some scholars believe that the king Achila, who ruled in opposition to Roderic, was in fact Wittiza's son and successor and that Roderic had tried to usurp the throne from him.


title: Roderic

text: The senate with which Roderic accomplished his coup was probably composed of the "leading aristocrats and perhaps also some of the bishops." The participation of churchmen in the revolt is disputed, some arguing that the support of the bishops would not have led to the act being labelled a usurpation. The body of leading temporal and ecclesiastical lords had been the dominant body in determining the Visigothic succession since the reign of Reccared I. The palatine officials, however, had not been much affected by royal measures to decrease their influence in the final decades of the kingdom, as their effecting of a coup in 711 indicates.


title: Roderic

text: After the coup, the division of the kingdom into two factions, with the southwest (the provinces of Lusitania and western Carthaginiensis around the capital Toledo) in Roderic's hands and the northeast (Tarraconensis and Narbonensis) in the hands of Achila is confirmed by archaeological and numismatic evidence. Roderic's twelve surviving coins, all bearing the name Rvdericvs, were minted at Toledo, probably his capital, and "Egitania", probably Idanha-a-Velha. The regions in which the coins have been discovered do not overlap and it seems highly probable that the two rulers ruled in opposition from different regions. It is unknown to whom the provinces of Gallaecia and Baetica fell. That Roderic and Achila never appear to have come into military conflict is probably best explained by the preoccupation of Roderic with Arab raids and not to a formal division of the kingdom.


title: Roderic

text: A Visigothic regnal list mentions "Ruderigus" as having reigned seven years and six months, while two other continuations of the "Chronicon Regum Visigothorum" record Achila's reign of three years. In contrast to the regnal lists, which cannot be dated, the "Chronicle of 754", written at Toledo, says that "Rudericus" reigned for a year.


title: Roderic

text: According to the "Chronicle of 754", Roderic immediately upon securing his throne gathered a force to oppose the Arabs and Berbers ("Mauri", whence the word "Moors"), who were raiding in the south of the Iberian peninsula and had destroyed many towns under Tariq ibn Ziyad and other Muslim generals. While later Arabic sources make the conquest of Hispania a singular event undertaken at the orders of the governor Musa ibn Nosseyr of Ifriqiya, according to the "Chronicle", which was written much nearer in date to the actual events, the Arabs began disorganised raids and undertook to conquer the peninsula only with the fortuitous death of Roderic and the collapse of the Visigothic nobility.


title: Roderic

text: Paul the Deacon's "Historia Langobardorum" records that the Saracens invaded "all Hispania" from Septem (Ceuta).


title: Roderic

text: Roderic made several expeditions against the invaders before he was deserted by his troops and killed in battle in 711 or 712. The "Chronicle of 754" claims that some of the nobles who had accompanied Roderic on his last expedition did so out of "ambition for the kingdom", perhaps intending to allow him to die in battle so that they could secure the throne for one of themselves. Whatever their intentions, most of them seem to have died in the battle as well.


title: Roderic

text: Other historians have suggested that low morale amongst the soldiery because of Roderic's disputed succession was the cause of defeat. The majority of Roderic's soldiers may have been poorly trained and unwilling slave conscripts; there were probably few freemen left fighting for the Goths.


title: Roderic

text: The location of the battle is debatable. It probably occurred near the mouth of the Guadalete river, hence its name, the Battle of Guadalete. According to Paul the Deacon, the site was the otherwise unidentifiable "Transductine promontories".