text: Novlan revealed he had secured the role back in March 2020 but had to keep it quiet due to the coronavirus shutdown. He explains that he "wasn't able to speak about it or tell anyone about it because we didn't know how long the shutdown was going to be." Novlan felt that he was in bit in a pickle due to the fact, that "my family, my mom especially, has been a life- long B&B fan. I mean, she loves the show. Our family dog's name was Thorne — with an e — so I remember ever since I was young hearing the theme song, hearing the storylines, so it was so exciting, and a real honor to be welcomed into that family." When speaking about the shooting method, Novlan, express that "I don't know their old way of filming, so this is my new normal," but "it's been such a unique process but it's been amazing how all the producers have come together to figure this out and put forth these groundbreaking guidelines, making things safe and efficient and being able to work around all of this and keep everything alive."


title: John Finnegan (The Bold and the Beautiful)

text: Novlan is married to Kayla Ewell, who previously portrayed Caitlin Ramirez. She returned to play an intimacy double or a stand-in (from September 2020 to March 2021) for Wood as a result of the onset protocols. Due to social distancing on set slowly coming to an end in the filming process, since May 2021, Novlan and Wood, began filming their own intimate scenes.


text: In April 2022, after nearly two years on canvas, it was announced Novlan had exited, after the show had decided to subsequently kill off Finn. He revealed to "Soap Opera Digest" that he, himself and alongside the entire cast, were "pretty surprised" in regards to his character's direction and most predominantly, co-star, Wood, who he described as rendered "speechless" due to the magnitude of the 'Sinn' fanbase.


text: Novlan re-appeared on the series in the episode dated May 23, when Finn was revealed to be alive, in a coma, to the viewers. Novlan disclosed on that same day during a segment episode of "The Talk", that he had never departed the series in the first place and had to keep the secret of Finn's resurrection under wraps.


text: On the conceptualization and significance of the character's name, particularly of "Finnegan", Bradley Bell reveals in "TV Soap" Australia, that the name was an inspiration taken from past cast members such as Finnegan George, who portrayed Will Spencer from 2018 to 2019 and Jennifer Finnigan, who had played the role of Bridget Forrester from 2000 to 2004. He also denotes that it honors "all the great 'Finnegans' we've been in touch with over the years" and that Bell admitted that he has "friends with the name Finn." He adds on that "it seemed to fit [Novlan] and its unique."


text: Bell describes Finn as a "young, accomplished, kind, handsome doctor." Bell continues in explaining that "he's a fresh new presence. Finn has some mystery to him." Novlan notes that Finn "is a helper. it's in his nature. He's a doctor. I think he can't help but fall for a girl like Steffy. He's got a big heart. Maybe too big. And I think sometimes that gets him into trouble." Carly Silver from "Daytime Confidential" called Finn a "good doctor" and a "good seed." Meanwhile, "Soap Central" described Finn as a "hot new doc" and "Mr. Wonderful." "TV Source Magazine" described Finn as a "strapping young doctor" who instilled "a breath of fresh air" to the canvas.


text: Novlan emphasizes that Finn "really does have other people's best interests in mind, although that can sometimes get cloudy." Alternatively, Novlan indicates that "being a doctor, Finn is obviously very patient. He's pretty black and white and analytical." Novlan accentuates and underlines that Finn "has been able to kind of change the perspective of a lot of the other characters that have been in these storylines for a while now and there's a fresh face to deal with. Maybe he doesn't have all the knowledge of the past but sees the situation for what it is in the moment and I think that's really refreshing for the B&B fans." Janet Di Lauro from "Soap Hub" characterizes Finn as "kind and caring, smart and savvy; the type of man worthy of the Forrester fashion heiress."


text: "Entertainment Weekly" exclusively reported on June 21, 2021, that "Charmed", "General Hospital" actor and soap veteran Ted King and actress Naomi Matsuda had been cast as Finn's parents, Jack and Li Finnegan, respectively, in what will be the part of the development of Finn's "very dramatic backstory." King first aired on July 30, while Matsuda followed on August 2, 2021. It was later revealed onscreen that Jack and Li, were Finn's adoptive parents who had taken him in as a newborn. Li is likewise a physician, surgeon, specifically, and it was revealed that Finn opt to follow in his mother's footsteps. On August 2, 2021, "Soap Opera Digest" broke the exclusive announcement that Kimberlin Brown, who is well-known, for playing the notorious villainess Sheila Carter will return to the role on August 6, 2021, with the accompanying revelation that Sheila is Finn's biological mother.


text: It is later divulged that Jack, is in fact, Finn's biological father and he conceived Finn with Sheila, while married to Li. Both Li and Finn were unaware of this information in the entirety of Finn's life, as Jack arranged this secret adoption and took on this deceptive route in order to hide his affair with Sheila.


text: Previewing Finn's introduction as the romantic interest for the established character of Steffy Forrester (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood) in the summer of 2020, Bradley Bell expresses that Steffy "is an accomplished mother, businesswoman, and fashion icon. She's an independent woman. Finn is a doctor and has his own life and his own desires and goals separate to hers. They're two complete individuals who can hopefully find a special love with one another."


text: Finn enters the canvas as the emergency physician who treated Steffy after she gets involved in a motorbike accident. When Steffy wakes up at the hospital, the pair immediately locks eyes with one another, highly suggesting a love at first sight experience between the two. After she gets discharged from the hospital, Finn prescribes Steffy, pain pills, most specifically, opioids for her hip pains and backaches. Due to his realization that he resides in close proximity to her, Finn also soon began visiting Steffy and provided her with medical care, psychological counselling and friendship. Steffy began feeling vulnerable, and the pair open up and bond, to one another about their past emotional burdens, simultaneously burgeoning an attraction for each other. On Finn's attraction to Steffy, Novlan notes that "I think he's slowly learning more and more about her, because, at first, he is very professional and very clinical. But as he sees the dynamics of the [Forrester] family, and he's able to observe the relationships that are around her, and he learns how amazing she is, and of course, how beautiful and intriguing and interesting a woman she is, how could you not get sucked in?"


text: Finn had accepted to prescribe Steffy an extra set of a bottle of pain pills at a moment of time but refused to continue thereafter due to their addictive nature. Bell, indicates, "it's fertile ground for the building of a new romance" when referring to Finn becoming Steffy's confidant as she deals with both her physical and emotional pain and growing dependency on her pain pills. He later reveals to Steffy that in order to maintain his professionalism and ethics, that it would be more plausible, that he no longer acts as her medical doctor and that he will refer her to another physician. Finn precisely confesses that he has developed romantic feelings for her. Steffy admits that she shares those sentiments and the duo passionately kiss for the first time.


text: Later, Finn alongside, Steffy's father Ridge Forrester (Thorsten Kaye) and ex-husband Liam Spencer (Scott Clifton), set an intervention for Steffy, after she is found passed out on her couch after taking unprescribed pain pills. Finn agrees to place Steffy in rehabilitation facility and vows to help her every step of the way. Subsequent to her stay at the facility, the pair express love for another and agree to begin an intimate relationship. On their relationship, Novlan declares that "it's time that Steffy meets a man with a new set of values, and a new version of what passion and love can bring. She just had her daughter and I think she's ready. Finn seems to have her best interests in mind, and I think that's a good thing for Steffy."


text: Months later, Steffy finds out she is pregnant. However, due to a drunken stupor that culminates into a one-night stand with Liam, she is unsure of her unborn child's paternity. In spite of the betrayal, Novlan asserts that "Finn loves Steffy very much and he's really praying this goes his way," Novlan continues to emphasize that "[Finn] hopes in his heart that the baby is his. There's a lot riding on this test!" Finn alongside Steffy's brother, Thomas Forrester (Matthew Atkinson), later learn together that he indeed was the biological father of Steffy's unborn after a paternity switch orchestrated by Vinny Walker (Joe LoCicero) had originally and falsy claimed Liam as the father of the child.


text: Finn rushes to Steffy and attempts to stop her from leaving town for Paris to reveal the celebratory news, as she, herself, opted not to burden Finn, by letting him raise another man's child. Novlan underlines that "Steffy was running away and here's a guy who has put his life on the line and said, 'I'm going to stick by you,' and trying to get through to her. She's going to try to say, 'Oh, you don't have to do that.' She feels that 'if you love them, let them go,' kind of thing." With such a happy-filled revelation, Finn then proposes to Steffy, and she quickly accepts. Later, with the accompanied assistance of a midwife, the pair welcome their biological son, Hayes Finnegan (Samantha Worden), at home, via water birth.


text: The duo later exchange vows and marry at the Forrester family mansion, which was billed as the "Wedding of the Year" in front, of their family and friends. At their wedding reception, notorious villainess Sheila Carter reveals herself to be Finn's biological mother. Sheila's desire to contact Finn developed into an uncontrollable obsession, and anybody condemning contact attempts, were subjected to Sheila's attacks, leading to Finn stepping in front of Steffy (one of Sheila's strongest opposers) and taking the bullet, and was reported to have succumbed to his injuries. Unbeknownst to Steffy, Finn was later to be revealed alive and being taken care by his adoptive mother Li, in her apartment. Steffy was whisked away to Monaco, checking herself in a mental health care facility, unable to cope with Finn's presumed death.


text: Later, Finn escapes from Sheila's clutches, who had found him alive in the apartment, attacked Li and held him hostage for weeks. Finn arrives in Monaco, where he and Steffy reunite, in front of the French Riviera located church. The ringing of church's bells directed both Finn and Steffy towards the church. On the cinematic details of the reunion, Novlan reveals that "the church bells were used as a calling to each other, it had a real emotional impact on both characters" specifically "on a spirit and subconscious level", indicating the couple's soulmate connection. Novlan continues to declare that their "love is so deep and so connected" and classifies the pairing as a "mature relationship."


text: Finn comes upon his patient, Steffy Forrester (Wood), at the hospital after she collided with the vehicle of Bill Spencer, Jr. (Don Diamont) while she was out riding her motorcycle. Finn later visits Steffy at her home, as she had forgotten her discharge paperwork, and he reveals to her that he lived nearby and that he opted to bring them in person. Suffering from her injuries and excruciating pain, Steffy pleaded to him that she needed more pain pills, and Finn was reluctant to do so due to their addictive nature. Steffy reveals to Finn the past emotional burdens that have been affecting her, including the dissolution of her marriage to ex-husband and father of her daughter Kelly, Liam Spencer (Scott Clifton), the death of her twin sister Phoebe Forrester (MacKenzie Mauzy), the loss of the adoptive child that she named in honor of said twin sister as well as the missing presence of her mother Taylor Hayes (Hunter Tylo, later Krista Allen).


text: Liam visits Finn at his office in the hospital, to get some insight into Steffy's current condition and state of mind, and through this conversation, Liam finds out that Finn has been visiting Steffy at her home, reminiscent of house calls. This revelation prompts Liam to begin questioning Finn's motives and objectivity and he ponders if Finn has a romantic interest in Steffy. Finn assures Liam that his primary concern is Steffy's recovery and her health. Thereafter, Finn goes to Steffy's home and expresses to her that while it has been wonderful getting to know her, that since he has begun developing romantic sentiments for her, it would not be wise for him to continue to be her personal physician and he would refer her to another professional. Steffy refuses and expresses to Finn that she always feels good when she is around him and that she would like him to continue to treat her. Steffy confesses that she herself begun developing romantic feelings for him and plants a kiss on him. The two agree to explore how things could go.


text: Steffy later takes a pill from an illegal bottle of the set provided by Vinny Walker (Joe LoCicero), which causes her to pass out while taking care of her daughter Kelly. Liam enlists the help of Finn and Steffy's father, Ridge Forrester (Thorsten Kaye) to stage an intervention and convince her to admit she has a problem and agree to enter drug rehabilitation facility. Finn agrees to place Steffy in an institution that would best fit her needs. He began visiting Steffy routinely at the facility. With the assistance of Steffy's caseworker, Michael Tanner (Jarvis George), Finn excitedly tells Steffy that her treatment has been completed. He opts to drive Steffy home and surprises her with her daughter at home by contacting Steffy's nanny. Liam finds out and is infuriated that Finn bypassed him and his wife Hope Logan (Annika Noelle), to have Kelly arranged back at Steffy's home. Liam confronts Finn, and accuses him of attempting to circumvent him out of Steffy's life, and attempts to discourage Steffy to date Finn. Finn and Steffy thereafter professed their love for one another and agree to begin an intimate relationship.


text: At a visit to Steffy's workplace, Forrester Creations, Finn encounters Steffy's brother, Thomas Forrester (Matthew Atkinson), who has a history of mental illness and also had a strong rivalry with Liam over Hope's affections. Thomas reveals to Finn, his contempt for Liam and to be wary of Liam, due to his tendency of flip-flopping between Steffy and Hope. Finn begins to suspect Thomas' odd behavior. Thomas assures both Steffy and Finn, that he is genuinely has let go of his obsession with Hope. Later, Finn pays Thomas a visit to his apartment to see how he is doing and concludes that Thomas may be unwell. Finn then reveals it to Hope, that it may beneficial if she goes to see how Thomas how he is doing. Hope notices that Thomas has been talking to a mannequin that is a replica of Hope, and began deluded to himself that it was a real-life person. Thomas then collapses, and Hope calls Finn. Finn procures the help of first responders, reveals to the Forresters, including, Steffy, that Thomas has suffered a brain injury. Finn takes part in a surgical operation and saves Thomas' life. As a showiness of gratitude, Steffy spends an intimate night with Finn.


text: Steffy emotionally confesses to Finn that she had a drunken one-night stand with Liam prior and that she is pregnant, and isn't sure who fathered her baby. Finn confronts Liam and accuses him of having no integrity and using Steffy and attempting to ruin their relationship. Finn then tells Steffy that he isn't at the stage of forgiveness but that he is willing to work with her on their relationship and hopes the baby she is carrying is his. Steffy expresses that she intuitively felt that the baby was Finn's. Steffy and Finn take a paternity test and to their dismay, the results came claiming that Liam fathered the baby. An inconsolable Steffy pleads to Finn to not leave her and to give their relationship another shot. Finn apprehensively agrees due to his love for her.


text: Finn walks in on Vinny and Thomas, in the hospital laboratory, and overhears Thomas accusing Vinny of altering the paternity test. Finn confronts the pair and engages in a physical altercation. Vinny confesses the truth, that he indeed switched the results and Finn is the biological father of Steffy's baby. Vinny escapes the custody of both men and is later arrested after an investigation opened at the hospital found evidence of his tamperings. Finn rushes to Forrester Creations, hoping to tell Steffy the good news. Upon arrival, he learns from Ridge, that Steffy opted to leave to Paris with her daughter Kelly, in order to let Finn go and not have him endure the responsibility of raising a child that isn't his. Finn catches up to Steffy and reveals to her the celebratory news: he was in fact the biological father of their child and Vinny tampered with the results. Finn proposes to Steffy, which she accepts.


text: Steffy still opts to leave town with her daughter up the coast, however, due to scheduling conflicts, Finn is unable and has to remain in Los Angeles. He checks in with co-worker Dr. Ricks (Vasthy Mompoint) at the morgue, due to the fact both had to attend a conference together. Much to Finn's shock, the body that Dr. Ricks was examining, was that of Vinny, who the night he had been let go out of on bail, had been the victim of a hit-and-run (it was later revealed that Vinny had died by suicide as he jumped in front of Liam's car). Finn calls Thomas to identify Vinny's body, and later joins Steffy on her trip out of town. Upon their return to Los Angeles, Finn and Steffy reveal to Ridge they spent months camping with Kelly at Joshua Tree before the arrival of their child. At a check-up appointment, the duo also happily learns the sex of their baby; a boy. Thereafter, they welcome their son, Hayes Forrester Finnegan (Samatha Worden), via waterbirth, who is named after his maternal grandmother, Taylor Hayes.


text: Not long after the birth of Hayes, Finn and Steffy tie the knot at the Forrester mansion. Prior to the wedding, Finn explains to Steffy that he was adopted, and Steffy meets his parents Jack Finnegan (Ted King) and Li Finnegan (Naomi Matsuda). During the reception, Finn goes to the guest house to check on a message from work. When he gets off the phone, Sheila Carter (Kimberlin Brown) appears from the shadows. She congratulates him and reveals to him that she is his biological mother. Finn is excited to finally meet his birth mother, and wants everyone to meet her. Though unbeknownst to him, she already knows them. Everyone is shocked to see her, and believe she is lying and scamming them. Jack confirms the truth, and confesses he had known for years about Sheila and had not told Finn or Li.


text: During a visit where Jack attempts to warn Sheila off from Finn, Steffy, and Hayes, it is revealed that Jack was, in reality, Finn's biological father. Jack and Sheila had engaged in a past sexual relationship that often took place in the same hospital in which Sheila, a nurse, and Li, a surgeon, were working, and after impregnating Sheila, Jack arranged for Sheila to give up Finn as a newborn, with the objective of having him and Li raised Finn and simultaneously keeping his affair hidden.


text: Sheila's desire to contact her son developed into an obsession and anybody interrupting or disapproving contact attempts - particularly those who blatantly deny her access to Finn and/or Hayes - would become enemies of Sheila and targets of manipulation, schemes or attacks. It was ultimately a slew of Sheila's crazed attacks that led to Finn being accidentally shot by Sheila herself. Finn had stepped in front of Steffy and took a bullet as Sheila was pointing her gun towards Steffy. Finn later "died" in Steffy's arms.


text: In late May 2022, Finn was later revealed to have survived the shooting and thus alive, however in a state of comatose, being taken care of, by his mother, Li. Li kept Finn hidden unbeknownst by his wife, Steffy and the rest of the Forresters, his father, Jack, and his birth mother, Sheila Carter.


text: Finn woke up several weeks later, disorientated and confused, inside Li's apartment. At his bedside was Sheila Carter, who had escaped from prison and had attacked Li and drove her off the road, after she tried to alert the police of Sheila's whereabouts to save herself and her son from Sheila's clutches. He soon recalls that Sheila had shot him and becomes furious and pleads with Sheila to tell him about Steffy, Hayes and Li’s whereabouts. Sheila tells him that Steffy and Hayes are on vacation and that everyone believes he’s dead. Finn soon realizes that he’s in a hostage situation as Sheila refuses to let him out or bring him to a hospital. Sheila eventually confesses that Li had died, which Finn harshly reacts and begins to choke Sheila, which leads her to sedate Finn.


text: Later, Finn wakes up and vows to enact revenge to Sheila for the crimes she had committed against him, his wife and his mother.


text: Meanwhile, Li who has survived the car explosion, was discovered, disheveled, traumatized and mute by Bill Spencer, in alley, and brings her to his mansion, whom he believes, is a complete to stranger to him. Days later, Li's memory returns to her and she confesses that Finn is alive and quickly recognizes that her son is at Sheila's mercy. Bill brings Li to the apartment where she was taking care Finn. On his way to escape his captor, Finn emotionally reunites with Li and quickly embraces her. Finn learns from Li and Bill the extent of Sheila's attacks to Li and that Sheila had also shot Steffy, angering Finn further, who lounges her at once again. Bill and Finn overpower her and tie Sheila to the bed before the police arrives, leaving Li with her.


text: Finn learns that Steffy is in Monaco and has been checked into a mental health care facility due to her inability to cope with him being gone, rendering Finn more determined to find Steffy. Bill whisked Finn into his private jet to meet with Steffy. Finn attempts to leave Steffy several messages, but no response. As Finn arrives into Monaco, he reunites first, with his in-laws, Taylor and Ridge, his step-daughter Kelly, and his son Hayes. They are also unaware of Steffy's whereabouts and are told that Steffy often takes lonely stroll. Determined to find Steffy, Finn sets of to find her in the various streets of Monaco. The ringing of church's bells drew both Finn and Steffy towards the church. While inside the church, Steffy tearfully lights a candle of remembrance of Finn. As she leaves the house of worship, Steffy and Finn laid eyes on one another, call on each other's name and run into each other's arms. Steffy, in pure shock, felt she was hallucinating and could not believe her husband was alive. Finn, Steffy, Hayes and Kelly had completed their reunion back to the hotel, before jetting back to home, in Los Angeles.


text: "Soap Opera News" ranked Novlan at number-one on its list of the "Top 15 Soap Newcomers of 2020". Next, "Soap Opera Digest" recorded that Novlan was one of their "Soaps Hottest Newcomers." Charlie Mason, in Soaps.com's "Daytime Soap Operas Best and Worst of 2020," Novlan was bestowed as the "Best Hire" of the year and the site expressed how he was "fitting in nicely as Finn" on the series. Chanel S. Garner from Soapcentral.com praised Novlan's casting, and emphasizes that "the high point of the year was learning that Tanner Novlan had taken on the role of Dr. John Finnegan." The site named that the series' "Best moment of the year" was when "Finn walks into Steffy's life."


text: Michael Maloney, from "Soap Hub", honored Novlan in mid-January on their site with his first "Soap Hub Performer of the Week for The Bold and the Beautiful" and exclaimed that "as the story calls for Finn to stand up and be strong, we know that Novlan will deliver!" He later earned a second "Performer of the Week" honor from the website in March, for his performance during the paternity reveal and Finn's engagement proposal to Steffy. "Soap Hub" placed Novlan at number six on its list of the "Top 10 Soap Opera Newcomers of 2020 We Absolutely Love." The site noted that Novlan, who is "tall, dark, handsome" and whose "calm demeanor" truly "embodies the perfect guy."


text: "Michael Fairman TV" gave Novlan recognition for delivering his scenes opposite Brown, when Finn learns and meets, that the ruthless villainess, Sheila Carter, was his birth mother. Fairman wrote, "Finn is overcome, and Tanner Novlan turned in a very good performance as a son who has longed to know his real mother unaware of Sheila's history with the Forresters."


text: For the scenes in which Jack (King) confesses to Finn, that he is indeed, his biological father and has lied for thirty-plus years, Maloney from "Soap Hub" awarded Novlan, "Performer of the Week for B&B", exclaiming that the actor "not only brought Finn’s betrayal as a son to light in these recent scenes, but he also shined as a son, wanting to support his mother, Li." Maloney continued with "Bravo to Tanner Novlan, who brought new and powerful dimensions to Finn in this current development." In addition, "Soap Opera News" also praised Novlan for Finn's paternity revelation scenes, commending the actor for his "gold performance" and how those scenes amounted to "an Emmy reel" as he conveyed "Finn's anger, disgust and hurt so powerfully."


text: In July 2022, Novlan earned another "Performer of the Week for B&B" by "Soap Hub" for the scenes where Finn woke up from his three-month-long coma and subsequently recollected that Sheila was the one who pulled a trigger on him; the site stating that the actor "not only used his voice but he used his eyes to convey Finn’s feelings" which made for "compelling performances" and allowed him to portray "Finn’s determination and perseverance in a challenging storyline!" "Soap Opera News" selected the actor as their "Performer of the Week" for those same scenes, asserting that "Novlan's masterful performance captured Finn’s shock and fear" and that his "slow and stuttered speech pattern was spot on for someone who just awoke from a coma."


text: "Soap Opera Digest" acclaimed Novlan for his work in which Finn was kept hostage by Sheila, stating that the portrayer is "the real revelation in this story" and "has displayed new dimensions of his abilities as he brings Finn's strength in the face of overwhelming adversity to life." Adam-Michael James of "Soap Central" wrote that "Tanner Novlan has been turning in some killer performances in this arc" and "his scenes with Kimberlin Brown have been the main reason to watch." "Soap Hub"'s Garren Waldo wrote "kudos to Tanner Novlan for delivering a tour de force." "Michael Fairman TV" praised the dynamic between Novlan and Matsuda, when the mother and son were reunited subsequent the Sheila attacks they endured and expressed that it was "a hankie-inducing moment in the story played to the hilt by Tanner Novlan and Naomi Matsuda." The site also exclaimed that "a very touching performance by Novlan" occurred when Finn reunited with his son Hayes, step-daughter Kelly, as well with his in-laws, Taylor and Ridge. Fairman later emphasized that "throughout this story arc, kudos has to go to Tanner Novlan" as "without his emotional performances and the viewers investing in Finn’s freedom from the hands of Sheila, this would not have played the same."


text: In August 2022, "Soap Opera News" named Novlan as the Star of the Month for his work that aired during the month of July, depicting Finn's path to evade captivity and his later reunions with his family, including his mother and children. Adriana Grecco wrote, "Novlan did not disappoint as he delivered a powerful performance after a powerful performance" and successfully took "fans on Finn’s emotional journey." In December 2022, the aforementioned site placed Novlan at number-one, in their list, of "Top 10 Breakout Soap Stars of 2022", asserting that the portrayer "showed off himself during the storyline surrounding his character's "death" and fighting to get back to his wife and child."


text: Less than a year into his tenure, Novlan's Finn pairing with Steffy proved to be well-received with viewers and critics alike, calling them a "handsome coupling" and "dynamic duo." Finn's relationship with Steffy garnered quite a vocal fan base very quickly with the duo debuting on fan polls in both magazines and online sites, praising their spitfire chemistry both during social distancing protocols as well as post restrictions. Charlene Bazarian notes that "Finn is the first man" in a very long time "who has captured Steffy's heart and fans of [the show] are excited to see what's in the future for this couple." Meanwhile, journalist Jeevan Brar from "The TV Watercooler" argued that "usually, it takes a while for audiences to warm up to not only a new character, but a new pairing. B&B fans quickly jumped aboard for [Finn], and for Sinn" SoapCentral.com named "Steffy and Finn" to be the show's "Best New Couple" of the year 2020 and the subsequent year in 2021, the site declared the duo as "Best Couple". Meanwhile, "Soap Opera News" listed Steffy and Finn at number six on its list of the "Top 10 The Bold and the Beautiful Couples for 2020!" In "Soap Opera News"'s list of "Top 10 Soap Couples of 2021!", Steffy and Finn were ranked at number four meanwhile the following year in 2022, the pairing ascended at number-one, with the site declaring that the "couple proved to be the ultimate duo of the year."


text: When Steffy learns she is pregnant and is uncertain whether her ex-husband Liam or current mate Finn, fathered her baby; viewers were also left pondering the paternity. On numerous online publications and social media sites, fans, more often than not, highly preferred Finn to be the father. In response to an online poll by "Soap Opera Digest", that inquired "Who were you hoping would prove to be the father of Steffy's baby on B&B?", 95 per cent of readers hoped that Finn would be the father of Steffy's unborn child over Liam. Such lopsided results conveyed the positively strong support from the audience of the Steffy and Finn relationship. In July 2021, Steffy and Finn's welcoming of their son Hayes, via, waterbirth proved to be polarizing from audiences, however, earned much praise and acclaim due to the excellent intimacy factor. M. Skye from "TVSource Magazine" noted that the home birth displayed how "the chemistry between Jacqui [Wood] and Tanner [Novlan] was off the charts." Skye continued to write, "How could they take something like childbirth and make it sexy? Their natural chemistry oozed into all the moments, and they made giving birth look—erotic. They raised the bar, and I truly don't ever want to see a normal soap opera birth again."


text: In August 2022, "Soap Opera Digest" published the results of the poll where readers were asked to vote on the "Best Current Pairing", Finn and Steffy led the poll with 59 per cent of the total votes, defeating Quinn and Carter (18%), Brooke and Ridge (16%), Donna and Eric (5%), and Liam and Hope (2%). Finn and Steffy's reunion, which occurred on location in Monte Carlo, has garnered much positive reviews. The reunion received "Soap Opera Digest"'s "Editor's Choice" in an August 2022 issue, describing it as a "perfect, precious, poignant moment, all was well in the B&B world, and in the 'Sinn' fandom". In their collection of "Soaps’ Best and Worst of 2022… So Far", Soaps.com named it as the "Most Romantic Reunion", stating that "it was everything a soap fan could want… and more."


text: When Finn was killed off in April 2022 which would signify Novlan's exit from the soap, such a decision was met with severe backlash amongst viewers and critics. In response to an online poll by "Soap Opera Digest" which asked "How do you feel about "B&B" killing off Finn?," 84 percent of readers stated that they were devastated and enjoyed the Finn and Steffy romance, indicating major support for the character of Finn. Errol Lewis from "Soap Opera Network" asserted "fans are currently in an uproar following the recent twist which found Finn’s biological mother, Sheila, being the one to pull the trigger after he came upon her". Meanwhile, Richard Simms from Soaps.com affirmed that "whole lot of anger was being directed toward the show’s scribes" over Finn's exit on social media and jokingly explained that the outrage has illustrated that "perhaps the writers might want to seek shelter."


text: The hashtag #SaveFinn, as well as online petitions, began to circle across various social media platforms, including Twitter, in which fans, were notably advocating and campaigning for Novlan's return on the soap as Finn. The negative response was quite palpable, co-star Wood (Steffy) was inquired, by the series' supervisor producer, Casey Kasprzyk, during an episode of "BoldLive", who himself confessed the level of fan reaction towards the storyline and, essentially asked the actress if she "expect[ed] fans to be as sad as they were when Sheila put a slug in her son?" which Wood responded with "I expected this reaction 'cause I reacted the exact same way."


text: In May 2022, Soaps.com released their list of "The 35 Actors Soaps Need Back in Action", Novlan was amongst those actors included, and the author of the article stated, "when fans freak like they did over the death of Finn on "Bold & Beautiful", you know the actor’s someone who should get a new lease on life," noting that the adverse reaction over the character's death was conspicuous and the wish for his return is strongly yearned for by the audience as he is a fan favorite.


text: As a shocking twist to the audience, Finn was revealed to be alive, in a coma, on the May 23 episode, which meant Novlan had not truly exited the series. As a guest on "The Talk", Novlan reaffirmed the intense reaction by the viewers when his character was thought to be dead but how he was sworn to secrecy in regards to his return, he stated; "I was blown away at the fans' reaction to this and 'Sinn' nation...I couldn't believe the support, but, in fact, I'm contractually obligated not to tell you guys and I felt awful about it."


text: In September 2022, Soaps.com listed Novlan's return and Finn's resurrection as "Best May Sweeps Reveal" in their repertoire of "Soaps’ Best and Worst of 2022… So Far". In December 2022, "Soap Opera Digest"'s named "Finn is alive" as the "Best Story" in their "The Best & Worst of 2022" list, stating that "resurrection tales are not super-common in the B&B universe, but by granting Steffy her miracle [being reunited with Finn], the show provided the romantic apex of the year."


title: Kate Lawler

text: Kate Lawler (born 7 May 1980) is an English television personality, presenter, model and DJ. She became the first female winner of "Big Brother UK" after winning the third series of the reality series in 2002. Since "Big Brother", she has presented various radio shows including Capital FM and Virgin Radio. She has also appeared in television series including "Celebrity Wrestling" and "Love Island".


title: Kate Lawler

text: In September 2002, Lawler became a DJ on Capital FM, a position she held until December 2003. She co-presented the Channel 4 breakfast TV show "" from February 2003 until it was axed in December of that year. In 2005, she was one of the competitors in the ITV show "Celebrity Wrestling", competing under the name The Brawler. She helped her team, The Warriors, win the team championship, but was eliminated in the semi-finals of the individual competition by fellow model Leilani Dowding.


title: Kate Lawler

text: Lawler wrote a twice-weekly "Big Brother 7" column for "The Sun" online for the duration of the series.


title: Kate Lawler

text: On 14 August 2006, Lawler entered "Love Island 2" as a new arrival. She was third-top female in the final.


title: Kate Lawler

text: In 2006, Lawler appeared on "", receiving an electric shock in an "electric chair". She was a presenter on "Playdate", a late-night dating programme on ITV2.


title: Kate Lawler

text: Lawler has appeared in various men's magazines, including "Loaded", "Front", "Nuts" and "Zoo". On 24 July 2006 Ann Summers announced that Lawler would be the company's new model in its lingerie advertisements.


title: Kate Lawler

text: On 1 October 2007 Lawler joined Kerrang! Radio, co-presenting the breakfast show, "The Morning After", alongside Tim Shaw from 7 a.m.–10 a.m. When Shaw was suspended from the station on 23 April 2008, Lawler temporarily helmed the breakfast show on her own until Shaw's dismissal was confirmed. At this point, on 12 May 2008, she moved to "Drive!", Kerrang's 4 p.m.–7 p.m. show, which she presented on her own until OJ Borg joined the show as her co-presenter on 27 October 2008. After the departure of Borg in October 2009, she became a solo presenter once again. Lawler was nominated for a Sony Radio Award for Best Entertainment in 2013. Kerrang stopped broadcasting on FM in the West Midlands, and was just broadcast digitally in the summer of 2013, and Lawler was made the breakfast host.


title: Kate Lawler

text: On 26 January 2008 Lawler returned to "Big Brother" as a hijacker for a day in the new show "Big Brother Celebrity Hijack". She ran the Flora London Marathon on 13 April 2008 wearing only Ann Summers lingerie, raising funds for the Cystic Fibrosis Trust.


title: Kate Lawler

text: She appeared on the BBC gameshow "Hole in the Wall" in autumn 2009 and won the £10,000, which she donated to a cystic fibrosis charity.


title: Kate Lawler

text: In 2013, Lawler joined Manchester-based Key 103; her show was networked on other northern stations such as Radio Aire, Viking FM and Rock FM, scheduled Monday–Thursday from 10p.m. to 1a.m. In summer 2014 Liverpool's Radio City 96.7 also began broadcasting the show. She also started to do the shows from Sunday through to Thursday. Lawler's last show with Key 103 was in May 2015. Lawler continued to host her "Kerrang Radio Breakfast" show each morning until February 2016, in which she joined Virgin Radio, which launched on 30 March, with Lawler hosting weekday afternoons from 1 p.m. to 4 p.m. In August 2019, Lawler moved to present "Drivetime" on Virgin Radio which runs from 4 p.m. to 7 p.m.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Hibbing is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 16,214 at the 2020 census. The city was built on mining the rich iron ore of the Mesabi Iron Range and still relies on that industrial activity today. At the edge of town is the world's largest open-pit iron mine, the Hull–Rust–Mahoning Open Pit Iron Mine. It is the hometown of famous singer Bob Dylan and former Governor of Minnesota Rudy Perpich.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The main routes in Hibbing are U.S. Highway 169, State Highway 37, State Highway 73, Howard Street, and 1st Avenue. It is about northwest of Duluth, Minnesota.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The town was founded in 1893 by Frank Hibbing, born in Walsrode, Germany on December 1, 1856, and christened Franz Dietrich von Ahlen. His mother died when he was still in infancy and it was her name, Hibbing, which he assumed when he set out to seek his fortune in the New World. He first settled in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, where he worked on a farm and in a shingle mill. Injured in a mill accident, he considered becoming a lawyer, but after deciding he was not familiar enough with the English language to make a legal career possible, he turned to timber cruising.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: In 1887, Hibbing settled in Duluth where he established a real estate business and began explorations on the Vermilion Range. In 1892, he headed a party of thirty men at Mountain Iron and cut a road through the wilderness to Section 22, 58–20. An expert iron ore prospector, he soon discovered the surface indication which led him to believe in the existence of extensive ore deposits.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: In July 1893, the townsite of Hibbing was laid out and named in honor of him. Feeling personally responsible, he took the deepest pride in its development and, by his generous aid, made its progress possible. He used his personal means to provide a water plant, electric light plant, the first roads, hotel, sawmill, and bank building. For the last ten years of his life, Hibbing made his home in Duluth, where many of his business interests were centered. He retained close contact with the community which bore his name, until he died of appendicitis on July 30, 1897, at age forty.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: In 1914, two men, Carl Wickman and Andrew "Bus Andy" Anderson, started a bus line between Hibbing and Alice, Minnesota, which would eventually become Greyhound Lines, the world's largest bus transportation company.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Hibbing Heights was platted in 1908 and annexed by Alice in 1910, when Alice incorporated as a city. Between 1919 and 1921, the Village of Hibbing was moved immediately south of Alice and then annexed Alice in 1920. Hibbing remained a village until 1979 when the Town of Stuntz was annexed. An Article of Incorporation was filed in July 1979 with the state and Hibbing became a city from that action in January 1980.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Hibbing is home to the world's largest iron ore mine, which was discovered by Leonidas Merritt. Hibbing grew rapidly in its early years as the huge iron ore mines such as the Mahoning, Hull, Rust, Sellers, and Burt provided the raw material for America's industrial revolution. In fact, the mines encroached on the village from the east, north, and west and it was determined that some of the ore body actually went under the town whose population had hit 20,000 by 1915.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Negotiations between the Oliver Mining Company and the village finally brought about a plan whereby the entire village would relocate to a site two miles south near Alice. The company, for its part, agreed to develop the downtown buildings with low interest loans that could be paid off over the years by the retailers. New civic structures such as Hibbing High School, the Androy Hotel, the Village Hall, and the Rood Hospital were also constructed with mining company money. In all, about 200 structures were moved down the First Avenue Highway, as it was called, to the new city. These included a store and even a couple of large hotels. Only one structure didn't make it: the Sellers Hotel tumbled off some rollers and crashed to the ground leaving, as one witness said, "an enormous pile of kindling". The move started in 1919 and the first phase was completed in 1921. Known today as "North Hibbing", this area remained as a business and residential center through the 1940s when the mining companies bought the remaining structures. The last house was moved in 1968.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: On July 25, 1979, Hibbing annexed the Town of Stuntz which comprised five townships. With this annexation, the following unincorporated communities were also annexed (community location by township, range and section indicated):


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: On December 1, 1993, Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 crashed near Hibbing, killing all 18 people on board.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and is water. McCarthy Beach State Park is nearby.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The Northern Divide intersects the St. Lawrence Divide near Hibbing, with waters draining to the Arctic Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Hibbing has a humid continental climate (Koppen: Dfb), experiencing all four seasons, but with long, drawn out winters. Summers are generally warm to hot, while winters are generally cold to severely cold. A freeze has been recorded for every month of the year.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: As of the census of 2020, the population was 16,214. The population density was . There were 8,302 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.3% White, 1.5% Black or African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 1.6% Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 16,361 people, 7,414 households, and 4,325 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 8,200 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 95.9% White, 0.6% African American, 0.9% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.3% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.1% of the population.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: There were 7,414 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.5% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.7% were non-families. 36.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.80.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The median age in the city was 42.5 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 8.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 29.4% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: As of the 2000 census, there were 17,071 people, 7,439 households, and 4,597 families living in the city. The population density was 94.0 people per square mile (36.3/km). There were 8,037 housing units at an average density of 44.2 per square mile (17.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 97.33% White, 0.46% Black, 0.73% Native American, 0.27% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.19% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.68% of the population. 17.1% were of German, 12.4% Finnish, 10.5% Norwegian, 9.4% Italian, 6.4% Irish and 5.9% Swedish ancestry.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: There were 7,439 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.2% were non-families. 33.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 19.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,346, and the median income for a family was $43,558. Males had a median income of $38,064 versus $22,183 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,561. About 8.1% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.3% of those under age 18 and 8.2% of those age 65 or over.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: The "Hibbing Daily Tribune" newspaper was founded in Hibbing in 1893 and serves readers in Saint Louis County. It is published daily, except Monday, with a circulation of 3,749 in 2019. The newspaper is currently owned by the Adams Publishing Group.


title: Hibbing, Minnesota

text: Hibbing is featured as a setting for two episodes of the fantasy horror television series, "Supernatural".


title: Five Stairsteps

text: The Five Stairsteps, known as "The First Family of Soul" and later "The Invisible Man's Band", was an American Chicago soul group made up of five of Betty and Clarence Burke Sr.'s six children: Alohe Jean, Clarence Jr., James, Dennis, and Kenneth "Keni", and briefly, Cubie. They are best known for the 1970 song "O-o-h Child", listed at number 402 on "Rolling Stone"'s 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: The Chicago group was dubbed "First Family of Soul" because of their successful five-year chart run; the moniker was later passed on to the Jackson 5. Initially a teenage five-member brothers and sister vocal group made up of the children of Betty and Clarence Burke, the Five Stairsteps, named by Mrs. Burke who thought her children looked like stair steps when lined up according to their age, featured lead singer Clarence Jr. (May 25, 1949 – May 26, 2013), Alohe, James, Dennis, and 13-year-old Kenneth ("Keni"). Most of the members attended Harlan High School. Clarence Sr. was a detective for the Chicago Police Department. He backed the group on bass guitar, managed them, and co-wrote songs with Clarence Jr. and Gregory Fowler.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: After winning first prize in a talent contest at the Regal Theater, the Five Stairsteps received recording contract offers. A close neighbor and family friend was Fred Cash of the Impressions, who introduced the group to Curtis Mayfield. They signed to Mayfield's Windy City imprint, which was distributed by the Philadelphia-based Cameo Parkway record label, their first single was Fowler's ballad "You Waited Too Long" backed by "Don't Waste Your Time", a Mayfield penned song. "You Waited Too Long" peaked at number 16 on "Billboard"s R&B chart in early 1966. Around the end of 1967, Cameo Parkway folded and Windy City switched to Buddah Records through former Cameo Parkway executive Neil Bogart, who joined the new label as co-president. The group's second album, "Family Portrait" (complete with a montage of Burke family photos), was recorded and produced in Chicago by Clarence Jr. With the addition of their three-year-old brother, the group became the Five Stairsteps & Cubie. "Family Portrait" yielded two hit singles, "Something's Missing" and a cover of Jimmy Charles and the Revellettes' hit "A Million to One". The group often toured with the Impressions. After signing with Buddah, the group was once again known as the Five Stairsteps.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Clarence Burke appeared as himself on the September 26, 1967 episode of the game show "To Tell the Truth", receiving two of the four possible votes by the panel members. Following the round of questioning, the group performed for the audience, singing "Danger! She's a Stranger".


title: Five Stairsteps

text: In early 1970, the group released their biggest hit, "O-o-h Child" (written by Stan Vincent), which hit number 14 on the R&B chart and number 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The record sold over one million copies, and received a gold disc awarded by the Recording Industry Association of America in August 1970. The B-side of the single, a cover of Lennon–McCartney's "Dear Prudence", charted at number 49 R&B. Both songs were included on the group's 1970 album "Stairsteps". Later that year, the group's first compilation, "Step by Step by Step", was released. The Five Stairsteps appeared in the 1970 film "The Isley Brothers Live at Yankee Stadium", a documentary of a benefit concert filmed at the home of the New York Yankees featuring the Isley Brothers, the Brooklyn Bridge and other Buddah-affiliated artists. The following year, the group resurfaced as The Stairsteps with two charting singles: "Didn't It Look So Easy" and "I Love You-Stop". Both were featured on their 1971 album, which was also titled "Stairsteps". The group continued to be known as the Stairsteps throughout the early 1970s. Alohe left the group in 1972 to begin a spiritual journey, and went on to attend college, graduate and work at Emory University, where she was also a guest speaker.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Later in the 1970s, Billy Preston introduced the Stairsteps to the Beatles, and the group signed with George Harrison's Dark Horse label, distributed by A&M Records. Their album "Second Resurrection" was released in February 1976, produced by Preston, Robert Margouleff, and the Stairsteps. "From Us to You", written by Clarence Jr. and Keni Burke, was the group's biggest hit since "O-o-h Child", peaking at number 10 R&B in early 1976. The follow-up single, "Pasado", also covered by the group Pockets, received airplay in Chicago, New York, and other markets. Keni sang, played bass, and wrote both songs featured on the third single, "Tell Me Why" and "Salaam". in January 2014, the album was reissued on CD in Europe by the Solaris label, as was Keni Burke's eponymous Dark Horse album.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Cubie never really sang with the group, but would grow up to be a popular dancer with the Dance Theater of Harlem and other groups.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: After the Stairsteps disbanded, Keni remained with Dark Horse as a solo artist. His self-produced debut solo LP, "Keni Burke", was released in August 1977. The singles were "Keep on Singing" and "From Me to You", an instrumental answer to "From Us to You". Becoming an in-demand session bass player, he contributed to recordings by Sly & the Family Stone, Natalie Cole, Billy Preston, Les McCann, the Emotions, Raffi and The Four Tops to Redman, Terry Callier, Stargard, Curtis Mayfield, Bill Withers, Linda Clifford, Silk, Narada Michael Walden, Ramsey Lewis, Dusty Springfield, Diana Ross and Gladys Knight. He appeared as part of Bill Withers' band around this time and co-produced his album "Menagerie", which included the hit single "Lovely Day".


title: Five Stairsteps

text: In 1978, Clarence Jr. teamed up with New York-based producer Alex Masucci to form the group The Invisible Man's Band. Not interested in recording without his brothers, Clarence convinced Keni, James, and Dennis, along with keyboardist Dean Gant and former Average White Band drummer Steve Ferrone, to come to New York City's Brill building to record an album under the Invisible Man's Band moniker. The group's self-titled debut, produced by Masucci and Clarence Jr. and released in 1980 by Mango/Island Records, featured the heavily disco-styled hit "All Night Thing", which returned the Burke brothers to the top ten on the R&B chart. The tune also reached number 45 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: The following year, Clarence Jr. and Masucci formed Seduction Productions. As the new vehicle for the Invisible Man's Band, they signed a production deal with Boardwalk Records, Neil Bogart's successor label to Casablanca Records. The group released a follow-up album, "Really Wanna See You". The title track and "Rated X" were issued as singles, but neither track received much promotion, as shortly thereafter, Bogart died and the label was disbanded. The Invisible Man's Band released a final single, "Sunday Afternoon", on the Move 'N Groove record label, formed by Masucci and Clarence Jr. in 1983.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Later in 1981, Burke got a new solo album deal with RCA Records. The self-produced LP "You're the Best" included the singles "Let Somebody Love You" and "You're the Best". His next RCA album, 1982's "Changes", yielded his biggest solo hit, "Risin' to the Top". While the song only peaked at number 63 R&B in late summer 1982, it inspired the Mary Jane Girls' breakout hit the following year, "All Night Long". "Risin' to the Top" has since been sampled (often along with "All Night Long") by artists such as LL Cool J ("Around the Way Girl"), Doug E. Fresh ("Keep Risin' to the Top"), Mary J. Blige ("Love No Limit" and "Mary Jane (All Night Long)") and Ali ("Feelin' You").


title: Five Stairsteps

text: The second "Changes" single was "Shakin'". The album also included one of the last songs by Philadelphia songwriter Linda Creed (co-written with Thom Bell), the mid-tempo ballad "One Minute More". Burke worked as a writer/producer (frequently with his former Invisible Man's Band colleagues keyboardist Dean Gant and drummer Steve Ferrone) with the O'Jays, the Jones Girls, the Whispers, Keith Sweat, George Howard, Peabo Bryson, Bill Withers, and Perri, among others. After meeting Expansion Records executive Ralph Tee, Burke signed with the Sony distributed UK label. "Nothin' But Love" was his first album for the label and was released in March 1998. The first 12-inch single was "I Need Your Love", with vocals by Burke's son, Osaze "Ozzie" Burke.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Clarence Burke Jr. died on May 26, 2013, at his home in Marietta, Georgia. He was 64. The cause of his death was not disclosed. He was survived by his wife, Crystal, and five children.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Cubie Burke died May 14, 2014, in Smyrna, Georgia, at the age of 49. In addition to his parents and remaining siblings, he was survived by his daughter, DeCoda, and a granddaughter. Speculation was that his death was related to brain trauma, which, according to daughter DeCoda, he had suffered some six years prior.


title: Five Stairsteps

text: Clarence Burke Sr., died on July 16, 2020, the day before his 91st birthday, in an Atlanta area hospital.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: Ethiopian Airlines operates a fleet of Airbus A350, Boeing 737, Boeing 767, Boeing 777, Boeing 787 and Bombardier Dash Q-400 aircraft.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: Aside from the equipment shown above, the airline uses a number of DA40NGs for training purposes. Ethiopian Airlines had the largest dedicated cargo fleet in Africa, .


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: In , Ethiopian Airlines signed a preliminary agreement to buy up to ten Boeing 787 Dreamliners (five firm orders plus five options), becoming the first African carrier to order 787s. On , Boeing announced that Ethiopian had exercised its purchase rights and confirmed a firm order for ten aircraft. The carrier was the first African airline to order and to operate the Boeing 777-200LR. and took possession of its first (the 900th delivered 777 model) in .


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: The company ordered eight Bombardier Q400s for  million in and took options on four more. During the 2009 Dubai Air Show, Ethiopian placed an order for 12 Airbus A350-900s, initially scheduled for delivery between 2016 and 2019. At November 2011, this order was the largest placed by the airline, and it evidenced the company's dissatisfaction with Boeing for the delays in the delivery of the Dreamliners, initially scheduled to enter the fleet in . In , Ethiopian Airlines announced a firm order for ten Boeing 737-800 Next Generation aircraft in a deal worth US$767 million. The first 78-seater Q400 was acquired in ; in , Ethiopian and the Ex-Im Bank signed an agreement worth  billion for a loan to finance the acquisition of the ten Dreamliners (the first scheduled for delivery in mid-) and the five Boeing 777s already in the fleet.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: In , the company announced an order for four Boeing 777Fs in a deal worth  billion; Ethiopian Airlines is the first African carrier to order the aircraft. These four will join two others the airline will lease from GECAS. The first was received in mid .


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: Five Q400 NextGens were ordered in for  million at list prices, whereas in , an additional Boeing 777-200LR was ordered in a deal worth  million. In , the first Dreamliner was delivered to the airline, which became the third airline to operate the type on scheduled flights, preceded only by All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines. Also in , the first Q400 NexGen was delivered, and in the same year, the airline confirmed that three additional Dreamliners would be leased from ILFC, the first of them entering service in 2015. In , Air Lease Corporation and Ethiopian Airlines announced the lease of two Boeing 777-300ERs, with deliveries in and . In early the same year, Ex-Im Bank approved around  million for Boeing to support the development of GE90-equipped long-haul aircraft for Ethiopian Airlines. The airline took delivery of its first Boeing 777-300ER in . That month, during the Dubai Air Show, Palma Holding signed a letter of intent with Bombardier for Q400s to be leased to Ethiopian; the order was firmed up in . In the carrier announced a firm order for 20 Boeing 737 MAX 8s and commitments for 15 more. In , Ethiopian Airlines had the most numerous fleet in Africa. In 2015 the airline planned to buy 15 to 20 of Boeing's new 777X planes worth about $7.4 billion at list prices. Although the airline had initially planned to buy Airbus' A350-1000 jets, it switched to the 777X as it is more suitable for operations at their high-altitude hub in Addis Ababa. It was the first airline in Africa to acquire a Boeing 787 full-flight simulator.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: The airline received its first Airbus A350 XWB in . At the 2017 Paris Airshow, Ethiopian announced an additional firm order for 10 Airbus A350-900s, and committed to purchasing two Boeing 777 Freighter aircraft. The airline also exercised its options for 10 Boeing 737 MAX 8s they had from their original order in 2014, extending the largest 737 MAX order by an African carrier. In October 2017, the airline took delivery of its first Boeing 787-9 Dreamliner, making it the first airline in Africa to take delivery and operate the type. During the 2017 Dubai Airshow, Ethiopian Airlines placed a firm order for four Boeing 777 Freighters, valued at more than $1.3 billion at list prices; these aircraft will be powered with GE90-115B engines.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: In January 2018, Ethiopian Airlines' Cargo and Logistics Services signed an agreement with aircraft lessor GECAS to lease two Boeing 737-800SF freighters. With deliveries set for June 2018 and January 2019 respectively, these passenger aircraft will be converted into freighter aircraft by Miami, Florida-based Aeronautical Engineers Inc. (AEI). Later that year, Ethiopian Airlines placed a repeat order for the Bombardier Q400 turboprop aircraft. This additional purchase includes a firm order for 10 Q400s in a deal worth  million plus purchase rights for five additional aircraft of the type. In June, Ethiopian Airlines took delivery of its 100th aircraft, a Boeing 787-9; making history as the first airline in Africa to operate a total of 100 aeroplanes in its fleet as part of its fleet expansion and modernisation. The airline took delivery of its first Boeing 737 MAX 8 in July 2018.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: In May 2019, Ethiopian Airlines reached an agreement with the government of Ghana, foreshadowing the setup of a new national airline in Accra to rejuvenate its aviation sector. According to "The Reporter", the coming airline is supposed to be home-based, and Ghana, as well as its private sector, will have a minimum of 51 percent stake in the development.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: In March 2022, Ethiopian Airlines signed an MoU for five Boeing 777-8 freighters to complement its existing Boeing 777F fleet, becoming the second airline to order the next generation freighter jet. In July 2022, Ethiopian Airlines upsized four of its original Airbus A350-900 orders to the larger A350-1000.


title: Ethiopian Airlines fleet

text: Following is a list of equipment previously operated by Ethiopian. Helicopters and light aircraft were available for leasing to Government agencies as well as to be used on natural resources projects.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) are sensors located in the carotid sinus (at the bifurcation of external and internal carotids) and in the aortic arch. They sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors are a type of mechanoreceptor sensory neuron that are excited by a stretch of the blood vessel. Thus, increases in the pressure of blood vessel triggers increased action potential generation rates and provides information to the central nervous system. This sensory information is used primarily in autonomic reflexes that in turn influence the heart cardiac output and vascular smooth muscle to influence vascular resistance. Baroreceptors act immediately as part of a negative feedback system called the baroreflex, as soon as there is a change from the usual mean arterial blood pressure, returning the pressure toward a normal level. These reflexes help regulate short-term blood pressure. The solitary nucleus in the medulla oblongata of the brain recognizes changes in the firing rate of action potentials from the baroreceptors, and influences cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors can be divided into two categories based on the type of blood vessel in which they are located: high-pressure arterial baroreceptors and low-pressure baroreceptors (also known as cardiopulmonary or volume receptors).


title: Baroreceptor

text: Arterial baroreceptors are stretch receptors that are stimulated by distortion of the arterial wall when pressure changes. The baroreceptors can identify the changes in both the average blood pressure or the rate of change in pressure with each arterial pulse. Action potentials triggered in the baroreceptor ending are then directly conducted to the brainstem where central terminations (synapses) transmit this information to neurons within the solitary nucleus which lies in the medulla. Reflex responses from such baroreceptor activity can trigger increases or decreases in the heart rate. Arterial baroreceptor sensory endings are simple, splayed nerve endings that lie in the tunica adventitia of the artery. An increase in the mean arterial pressure increases depolarization of these sensory endings, which results in action potentials. These action potentials are conducted to the solitary nucleus in the central nervous system by axons and have a reflex effect on the cardiovascular system through autonomic neurons. Hormone secretions that target the heart and blood vessels are affected by the stimulation of baroreceptors.


title: Baroreceptor

text: At normal resting blood pressures, baroreceptors discharge with each heart beat. If blood pressure falls, such as on orthostatic hypotension or in hypovolaemic shock, baroreceptor firing rate decreases and baroreceptor reflexes act to help restore blood pressure by increasing heart rate. Signals from the carotid baroreceptors are sent via the glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX). Signals from the aortic baroreceptors travel through the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). Carotid sinus baroreceptors are responsive to both increases or decreases in arterial pressure, while aortic arch baroreceptors are only responsive to increases in arterial pressure. Arterial baroreceptors inform reflexes about arterial blood pressure but other stretch receptors in the large veins and right atrium convey information about the low pressure parts of the circulatory system.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors respond very quickly to maintain a stable blood pressure, but their responses diminish with time and thus are most effective for conveying short term changes in blood pressure. In people with essential hypertension the baroreceptors and their reflexes change and function to maintain the elevated blood pressure as if normal. The receptors then become less sensitive to change.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Electrical stimulation of baroreceptors has been found to activate the baroreflex, reducing sympathetic tone throughout the body and thereby reducing blood pressure in patients with resistant hypertension.


title: Baroreceptor

text: The low-pressure baroreceptors, are found in large systemic veins, in pulmonary vessels, and in the walls of the right atrium and ventricles of the heart (the atrial volume receptors). The low-pressure baroreceptors are involved with the regulation of blood volume. The blood volume determines the mean pressure throughout the system, in particular in the venous side where most of the blood is held.


title: Baroreceptor

text: The low-pressure baroreceptors have both circulatory and renal effects; they produce changes in hormone secretion, resulting in profound effects on the retention of salt and water; they also influence intake of salt and water. The renal effects allow the receptors to change the mean pressure in the system in the long term.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Denervating these receptors 'fools' the body into thinking that it has too low blood volume and initiates mechanisms that retain fluid and so push up the blood pressure to a higher level than it would otherwise have.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors are integral to the body's function: Pressure changes in the blood vessels would not be detected as quickly in the absence of baroreceptors. When baroreceptors are not working, blood pressure continues to increase, but, within an hour, the blood pressure returns to normal as other blood pressure regulatory systems take over.


title: Baroreceptor

text: Baroreceptors can also become oversensitive in some people (usually the carotid baroreceptors in older males). This can lead to bradycardia, dizziness and fainting (syncope) from touching the neck (often whilst shaving). This is an important cause to exclude in men having pre-syncope or syncope symptoms.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond District is a neighborhood in the northwest corner of San Francisco, California, developed initially in the late 19th century. It is sometimes confused with the city of Richmond, which is northeast of San Francisco.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond is in many ways defined by its relation to the parks; the district is bordered by Golden Gate Park on the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Lincoln Park, Land's End, Mountain Lake Park and the Presidio of San Francisco to the north, bisected by the Presidio Greenbelt.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond has many influences from the Chinese-American culture. One of its three commercial strips, Clement Street in the Inner Richmond segment, is sometimes called the second Chinatown due to the high concentration of Chinese establishments.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The neighborhood was given its name by Australian immigrant and art dealer George Turner Marsh, one of the neighborhood's earliest residents, who called his home "the Richmond House" after Richmond, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia. In 1917, the district was legally named "Park-Presidio District", chosen to avoid confusion between the district and the city of Richmond right across the bay. In spite of the official change, virtually every San Franciscan continued to use the old name.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Still, the name Park-Presidio remained on the books until January 2009, when newly elected Supervisor Eric Mar introduced legislation that officially renamed the area north of Golden Gate Park and west of Arguello Boulevard the Richmond District.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond District, originally an expanse of rolling sand dunes, was developed initially in the late 19th century. Before this development, the Yelamu Tribe of the Ohlone Nation frequented the coastal sites of the current day district and had a village where the development would take place. In the later 18th century, they were not able to use this land anymore after Spanish explorers arrived and began setting up missions with the intent of converting and displacing the Ohlone people. Adolph Sutro was one of the first large-scale developers of the area. After purchasing the Cliff House in the early 1880s, he built the Sutro Baths on the western end, near Ocean Beach.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: After the 1906 earthquake, development increased with the need to provide replacement housing. The last of the sand dunes and coastal scrub that once dominated the area were built over to create a streetcar suburb.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Russian Revolution and subsequent civil war brought many Anti-Communist White Russian, Orthodox Russian refugees and immigrants into the neighborhood. Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia briefly made its headquarters at Holy Virgin Cathedral on Geary Boulevard.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: In the 1950s, and especially after the lifting of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1965, Chinese immigrants began to replace the ethnic Jewish and Irish-Americans who had dominated the district before World War II. Chinese of birth or descent now make up nearly the half of residents in the Richmond.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Located directly north of Golden Gate Park, "the Richmond" is bounded roughly by Fulton Street to the south, Arguello Boulevard and Laurel Heights to the east, The Presidio, Lincoln Park, and Sea Cliff to the north, and Ocean Beach to the west. The western portion, "Outer Richmond", and the eastern portion, "Inner Richmond", are divided by a major thoroughfare, Park Presidio Boulevard (California State Route 1). Geary Boulevard is a major east–west thoroughfare that runs through the Richmond and to downtown. Technically, the Farallon Islands, about 30 miles to the west of mainland San Francisco, are also part of the Richmond District.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Lake Street is just south of Presidio of San Francisco and north of Inner Richmond. It is an affluent area characterized by its many Victorian/Edwardian mansions. Its boundaries are: the Presidio to the north, Arguello Blvd to the east, California St. to the south, and 25th Ave. to the west. Its name is derived from its proximity to Mountain Lake, one of the few remaining natural lakes in San Francisco, and Lake Street, the neighborhood's northernmost east–west artery. Spanish explorer Juan Bautista de Anza ended his second northward expedition at the lake, stopping for two days in 1776. While here he located a site for the Spanish presidio that was later built. A plaque was placed in September 1957 near the point where he stayed.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Inner Richmond sits south of Lake Street. Its boundaries are: California St. to the north, Arguello Blvd to the east, Fulton St. to the south, and Park Presidio Blvd. to the west. The hub of the Inner Richmond is Geary Blvd & Clement St, which are particularly known for Chinese, Cambodian, Korean, Burmese, and Russian cuisine. The Inner Richmond is a diverse area with sizable Chinese and Russian populations.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Central Richmond is between Inner Richmond (to the east) and Outer Richmond (to the west). It is bounded by Park Presidio Blvd to the east, California St. to the north, Fulton St. to the south, and 32nd Ave. to the west. Its hub is on Geary Blvd. (between Park Presidio Blvd. to 28th Avenue).


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Outer Richmond is to the west of the Central Richmond. It is bounded by Clement St. to the north, 32nd Ave. to the east, Fulton St. to the south, and Ocean Beach to the west. It borders the Ocean Beach and the Cliff House, currently operating as a restaurant. Lincoln Manor is a small enclave of larger homes within the Outer Richmond. It includes a vibrant merchant corridor on the western portion of Balboa St. from approximately 32nd Ave. to 42nd Ave. called Balboa Village.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond District and the neighboring Sunset District (on the south side of Golden Gate Park) are often collectively known as "The Avenues", because a majority of both neighborhoods are spanned by numbered north–south avenues. When the city was originally laid out, the avenues were numbered from 1st to 49th and the east–west streets were lettered A to X. In 1909, to reduce confusion for mail carriers, the east–west streets and 1st Avenue and 49th Avenue were renamed. The east–west streets were named after Spanish explorers in ascending alphabetical order in a southward direction. First Avenue was renamed Arguello Boulevard and 49th Avenue was renamed La Playa Street.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Today, the first numbered avenue is 2nd Avenue, starting one block west of Arguello Boulevard, and the last is 48th Avenue near Ocean Beach. The avenue numbers increase incrementally, with the exception that what would be 13th Avenue is called Funston Avenue named for Frederick Funston, a U.S. Army general, famous for his exploits during the Spanish–American War, the Philippine–American War, and the 1906 earthquake.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Many of the east–west streets are still named after the Spanish Conquistadors, but there are exceptions. The creation of Golden Gate Park took out the streets previously lettered E through G. The former D Street became Fulton, which is the northern boundary of most of the Park.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The "Marina Style" houses are popular in Central and Outer Richmond. The Marina style uniquely consists of a sun room (a room with windows on three sides), that can only be accessed through a bedroom - essentially a bedroom inside of a bedroom; and the split bathroom where the bathtub and sink is in a separate room from the toilet, which has its own room.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: To lure home buyers with promises of large houses while keeping prices low, homes were built with large basements (basements are an unusual feature in California because its weather permits shallower foundations) with the intention that the buyers could convert the basements into living space at their own volition. This essentially marketed a house as two stories, with the first story (basement) unfinished. This decision would prove to be ingenious as the 20th century evolved, as many basements were converted to garages. Some were converted with garages in the front and in-law units in the back.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond is home to San Francisco Unified School District elementary, middle and high schools. Elementary schools have distinct attendance zones.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: Additionally, Katherine Delmar Burke School, an independent girls' school for kindergarten through eighth grade, as well as Kittredge School, a small, independent private elementary school serve the district.


title: Richmond District, San Francisco

text: The Richmond/Senator Milton Marks Branch and the Anza Branch of the San Francisco Public Library serve the Richmond District. In 1930 voters approved a city charter amendment that would increase funding to the library system so a new library could be built. John Reid, Jr., the architect, designed and landscaped the $57,117.29 new library, which was placed on the site of the former Lafayette School. On April 10, 1932, the Anza Library, the 17th municipal library branch, was dedicated. In May 2009 the library system closed the Anza Branch for repairs. A rebuilt library opened on June 18, 2011. Jing Mo Athletic Association lion dancers provided entertainment at the ceremony.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: On January 31, 2001, Japan Airlines Flight 907, a Boeing 747-400 en route from Haneda Airport, Japan, to Naha Airport, Okinawa, narrowly avoided a mid-air collision with Japan Airlines Flight 958, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40 en route from Gimhae International Airport, South Korea, to Narita International Airport, Japan. The event became known in Japan as the .


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The incident was attributed to errors made by Air Traffic Controller (ATC) trainee and trainee supervisor . The incident caused Japanese authorities to call upon the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to take measures to prevent similar incidents from occurring.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The Boeing 747-446 Domestic, registration JA8904, was operating Flight 907 from Tokyo Haneda International Airport to Naha Airport with 411 passengers and 16 crew. The flight departed Haneda airport at 15:36 local time. Flight 907 was commanded by 40-year-old pilot .


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40, registration JA8546, was operating Flight 958 from Gimhae International Airport to Narita International Airport with 237 passengers and 13 crew. Flight 958 was commanded by 45-year-old pilot .


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The mid-air incident occurred as flight attendants began to serve drinks onboard Flight 907. JA8904's 'Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)' sounded 20 minutes after its departure as the jet climbed towards . The DC-10, JA8546, cruised at . The TCAS on both aircraft functioned correctly, a "CLIMB" instruction was annunciated for Flight 907; however, the flight crew received contradicting instructions from the flight controller at the Tokyo Area Control Center in Tokorozawa, Saitama Prefecture. Flight 907 followed an order to descend issued by the flight controller while Flight 958 descended as instructed by the TCAS, meaning that the planes remained on a collision course.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The trainee for the aerospace sector, 26-year-old , handled ten other flights at the time of the near miss. Hachitani intended to tell Flight 958 to descend. Instead, at 15:54, he told Flight 907 to descend. When the trainee noticed that JAL 958 cruised at a level altitude instead of descending, the trainee asked JAL 958 to turn right; the message did not get through to the JAL 958 pilot. The trainee's supervisor, , ordered "JAL 957" to climb, intending to tell JAL 907 to climb. There was not a JAL flight 957 in the sky at the moment of the incident, but it can be inferred that by "957" she meant flight 907.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The aircraft avoided collision using evasive maneuvers once they were in visual proximity, and passed within about of each other. An unidentified passenger told NHK, "I have never seen a plane fly so close. I thought we were going to crash." Alex Turner, a passenger on Flight 907 and a student at Kadena High School, estimated that the avoidance maneuver lasted for two seconds.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: Seven passengers and two crew members of the 747 sustained serious injuries; additionally, 81 passengers and 10 crew members reported minor injuries. Some unbelted passengers, flight attendants, and drink carts hit the ceiling, dislodging some ceiling tiles. The maneuver threw one boy across four rows of seats. Most of the injuries to occupants consisted of bruising. The maneuvers broke the leg of a 54-year-old woman. In addition, a drink cart spilled, scalding some passengers. No passengers on the DC-10 sustained injuries. Flight 907, with the 747's cabin bearing minor damage, returned to Haneda, landing at 16:45.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: By 18:00 on February 1, eight Flight 907 passengers remained hospitalized, while 22 injured passengers had been released. Two passengers remained hospitalized at , while two other passengers remained hospitalized at . In addition, the following hospitals each had one passenger remaining: , Kitasato University, , and . All injured passengers recovered.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: JAL sent apology letters to the passengers on the 747; injured passengers directly received messages, and uninjured passengers received messages via the mail.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: In its report on the accident, published in July 2002, the Aircraft and Railway Accidents Investigation Commission called on the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to make it clear that TCAS advisories should always take precedence over ATC instructions. A similar recommendation was made three months later by Germany's accident investigation body (the BFU) in light of the Überlingen mid-air collision. ICAO accepted these recommendations and amended its regulations in November 2003.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: Flight numbers 907 and 958 are still used by Japan Airlines for the same respective routes today, but are operated with a Boeing 777 and Boeing 737, respectively.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport investigated the incident.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: In May 2003, Tokyo police filed an investigative report concerning Hideki Hachitani (ATC trainee), Yasuko Momii (ATC Supervisor), and Makoto Watanabe (pilot of flight 907), suspecting them of professional negligence. In March 2004, prosecutors indicted Hachitani and Momii for professional negligence.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: Hachitani, then 30 years old, and Momii, then 35 years old, pleaded not guilty to the charges at Tokyo District Court in 2004. During the same year, the lawyer for Hachitani and Momii said that the pilots of the aircraft bore the responsibility for the near miss.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: By November 16, 2005, 12 trials had been held since the initial hearing on September 9, 2004. The prosecution argued that the two defendants neglected to provide proper separation for the two aircraft, the instructions issued were inappropriate, and that the supervisor failed to correct the trainee. The defense argued that the lack of separation would not immediately have led to a near miss, that the instructions issued were appropriate, that the TCAS procedure was not proper, and that the Computer Navigation Fix (CNF) had faulty data.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: In 2006, prosecutors asked for Hachitani, then 31, to be sentenced to ten years in prison and for Momii, then 37, to be sentenced to 15 years in prison. On March 20, 2006, the court ruled that Hachitani and Momii were not guilty of the charge. The court stated that Hachitani could not have foreseen the accident and that the mixup of the flight numbers did not have a causal relationship with the accident. Hisaharu Yasui, the presiding judge, said that prosecuting controllers and pilots would be "unsuitable" in this case. The Tokyo District Public Prosecutor's Office filed an appeal with the Tokyo High Court on March 31. During the same year, the Japanese government agreed to pay Japan Airlines and Tokio Marine & Nichido Fire Insurance a total of ¥82.4 million to compensate for the near miss (equivalent to ¥ million in ).


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: On April 11, 2008, on appeal, a higher court overturned the decision and found Hachitani and Momii guilty. The presiding judge, , sentenced Hachitani, then 33, to 12 months imprisonment, and Momii, then 39, to 18 months imprisonment, with both sentences suspended for 3 years. The lawyers representing the controllers appealed, but the convictions were upheld on October 26, 2010, by the Supreme Court.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: The events of the incident are documented in the final season 3 episode of the Discovery Channel documentary "Aircrash Confidential". The episode was first aired on 20 August 2018.


title: 2001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident

text: It was also briefly mentioned in the "Air Crash Investigation" (also known as "Mayday" in other countries) episode, "Deadly Crossroads".


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Old Persian cuneiform is a semi-alphabetic cuneiform script that was the primary script for Old Persian. Texts written in this cuneiform have been found in Iran (Persepolis, Susa, Hamadan, Kharg Island), Armenia, Romania (Gherla), Turkey (Van Fortress), and along the Suez Canal. They were mostly inscriptions from the time period of Darius I, such as the DNa inscription, as well as his son, Xerxes I. Later kings down to Artaxerxes III used more recent forms of the language classified as "pre-Middle Persian".


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Old Persian cuneiform is loosely inspired by the Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform; however, only one glyph is directly derived from it – "l(a)" (), from "la" (). ("l" did not occur in native Old Persian words, but was found in Akkadian borrowings.)


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Scholars today mostly agree that the Old Persian script was invented by about 525 BC to provide monument inscriptions for the Achaemenid king Darius I, to be used at Behistun. While a few Old Persian texts seem to be inscribed during the reigns of Cyrus the Great (CMa, CMb, and CMc, all found at Pasargadae), the first Achaemenid emperor, or Arsames and Ariaramnes (AsH and AmH, both found at Hamadan), grandfather and great-grandfather of Darius I, all five, specially the later two, are generally agreed to have been later inscriptions.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Around the time period in which Old Persian was used, nearby languages included Elamite and Akkadian. One of the main differences between the writing systems of these languages is that Old Persian is a semi-alphabet while Elamite and Akkadian were syllabic. In addition, while Old Persian is written in a consistent semi-alphabetic system, Elamite and Akkadian used borrowings from other languages, creating mixed systems.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Old Persian cuneiform was only deciphered by a series of guesses, in the absence of bilingual documents connecting it to a known language. Various characteristics of sign series, such as length or recurrence of signs, allowed researchers to hypothesize about their meaning, and to discriminate between the various possible historically known kings, and then to create a correspondence between each cuneiform and a specific sound.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: The first mention of ancient inscriptions in the newly-discovered ruins of Persepolis was made by the Spain and Portugal ambassador to Persia, Antonio de Goueca in a 1611 publication. Various travelers then made attempts at illustrating these new inscription, which in 1700 Thomas Hyde first called "cuneiform", but deemed were no more than decorative friezes.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Proper attempts at deciphering Old Persian cuneiform started with faithful copies of cuneiform inscriptions, which first became available in 1711 when duplicatas of Darius's inscriptions were published by Jean Chardin. Around 1764, Carsten Niebuhr visited the ruins of Persepolis, and was able to make excellent copies of the inscriptions, identifying "three different alphabets". His faithful copies of the cuneiform inscriptions at Persepolis proved to be a key turning-point in the decipherment of cuneiform, and the birth of Assyriology.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: The set of characters that would later be known as Old Persian cuneiform, was soon perceived as being the simplest of the various types of cuneiform scripts that has been encountered, and because of this was understood as a prime candidate for decipherment. Niebuhr identified that there were only 42 characters in this category of inscriptions, which he named "Class I", and affirmed that this must therefore be an alphabetic script.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: In 1802, Friedrich Münter confirmed that "Class I" characters (today called "Old Persian cuneiform") were probably alphabetical, also because of the small number of different signs forming inscriptions. He proved that they belonged to the Achaemenid Empire, which led to the suggestion that the inscriptions were in the Old Persian language and probably mentioned Achaemenid kings. He identified a highly recurring group of characters in these inscriptions: . Because of its high recurrence and length, he guessed that this must be the word for "king" (which he guessed must be pronounced "kh-sha-a-ya-th-i-ya", now known to be pronounced in Old Persian "xšāyaθiya"). He guessed correctly, but that would only be known for sure several decades later. Münter also understood that each word was separated from the next by a backslash sign ().


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Grotefend extended this work by realizing, based on the known inscriptions of much later rulers (the Pahlavi inscriptions of the Sasanian emperors), that a king's name is often followed by "great king, king of kings" and the name of the king's father. This understanding of the structure of monumental inscriptions in Old Persian was based on the work of Anquetil-Duperron, who had studied Old Persian through the Zoroastrian Avestas in India, and Antoine Isaac Silvestre de Sacy, who had decrypted the monumental Pahlavi inscriptions of the Sasanian emperors.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Grotefend focused on two inscriptions from Persepolis, called the "Niebuhr inscriptions", which seemed to use the words "King" and "King of Kings" guessed by Münter, and which seemed to have broadly similar content except for what he thought must be the names of kings:


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Looking at similarities in character sequences, he made the hypothesis that the father of the ruler in one inscription would possibly appear as the first name in the other inscription: the first word in Niebuhr 1 () indeed corresponded to the 6th word in Niebuhr 2.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Looking at the length of the character sequences, and comparing with the names and genealogy of the Achaemenid kings as known from the Greeks, also taking into account the fact that the father of one of the rulers in the inscriptions didn't have the attribute "king", he made the correct guess that this could be no other than Darius the Great, his father Hystapes, who was not a king, and his son the famous Xerxes. The inscriptions were made around this time; there were only two instances where a ruler came to power without being a previous king's son. They were Darius the Great and Cyrus the Great, both of whom became emperor by revolt. The deciding factors between these two choices were the names of their fathers and sons. Darius's father was Hystaspes and his son was Xerxes, while Cyrus' father was Cambyses I and his son was Cambyses II. Within the text, the father and son of the king had different groups of symbols for names so Grotefend assumed that the king must have been Darius.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: These connections allowed Grotefend to figure out the cuneiform characters that are part of Darius, Darius's father Hystaspes, and Darius's son Xerxes. He equated the letters with the name "d-a-r-h-e-u-sh" for Darius, as known from the Greeks. This identification was correct, although the actual Persian spelling was "da-a-ra-ya-va-u-sha", but this was unknown at the time. Grotefend similarly equated the sequence with "kh-sh-h-e-r-sh-e" for "Xerxes", which again was right, but the actual Old Persian transcription was "kha-sha-ya-a-ra-sha-a". Finally, he matched the sequence of the father who was not a king with Hystaspes, but again with the supposed Persian reading of "g-o-sh-t-a-s-p", rather than the actual Old Persian "vi-i-sha-ta-a-sa-pa".


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: By this method, Grotefend had correctly identified each king in the inscriptions, but his identification of the phonetical value of individual letters was still quite defective, for want of a better understanding of the Old Persian language itself. Grotefend only identified correctly the phonetical value of eight letters among the thirty signs he had collated.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Grotefend made further guesses about the remaining words in the inscriptions, and endeavoured to rebuild probable sentences. Again relying on deductions only, and without knowing the actual script or language, Grotefend guessed a complete translation of the Xerxes inscription (Niebuhr inscription 2): "Xerxes the strong King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, ruler of the world" (""Xerxes Rex fortis, Rex regum, Darii Regis Filius, orbis rector""). In effect, he achieved a fairly close translation, as the modern translation is: "Xerxes the Great King, King of Kings, son of Darius the King, an Achaemenian".


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: Grotefend's contribution to Old Persian is unique in that he did not have comparisons between Old Persian and known languages, as opposed to the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Rosetta Stone. All his decipherments were done by comparing the texts with known history. However groundbreaking, this inductive method failed to convince academics, and the official recognition of his work was denied for nearly a generation. Grotefend published his deductions in 1802, but they were dismissed by the academic community.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: It was only in 1823 that Grotefend's discovery was confirmed, when the French archaeologist Champollion, who had just deciphered Egyptian hieroglyphs, was able to read the Egyptian dedication of a quadrilingual hieroglyph-cuneiform inscription on an alabaster vase in the Cabinet des Médailles, the "Caylus vase". The Egyptian inscription on the vase was in the name of King Xerxes I, and Champollion, together with the orientalist Antoine-Jean Saint-Martin, was able to confirm that the corresponding words in the cuneiform script were indeed the words which Grotefend had identified as meaning "king" and "Xerxes" through guesswork. The findings were published by Saint-Martin in "Extrait d'un mémoire relatif aux antiques inscriptions de Persépolis lu à l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres", thereby vindicating the pioneering work of Grotefend.


title: Old Persian cuneiform

text: More advances were made on Grotefend's work and by 1847, most of the symbols were correctly identified. A basis had now been laid for the interpretation of the Persian inscriptions. However, lacking knowledge of old Persian, Grotefend misconstrued several important characters. Significant work remained to be done to complete the decipherment. Building on Grotefend's insights, this task was performed by Eugène Burnouf, Christian Lassen and Sir Henry Rawlinson.