title: Mickaël Landreau

text: On 11 October 2003, Landreau had an operation on his articular disk which was a serious injury in his football career. On 22 November 2003, Landreau made his return in a 3–1 win over his (first match in his career) against Bastia. In the semi-final of the 2004 French Cup, Landreau produced several saves, but to no avail as the team could not score and were eliminated from the competition. In the final of Coupe de la Ligue against Sochaux-Montbéliard, the match was 1–1 and played until the penalty shootout. Landreau shot the seventh penalty in a panenka style, only to be saved by Teddy Richert. Nantes were about to lose the game when Pascal Delhommeau missed, allowing Benoît Pedretti to score the winning penalty. After the match, Landreau said he had "no regrets" on missing the penalty in that manner.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: At the end of the 2005–06 Ligue 1 season, Landreau's contract with Nantes was set to expire but Nantes was set to offer Landreau a new contract along with Mauro Cetto and Jérémy Toulalan. He gave a press conference and announced that after thirteen years, he would leave FC Nantes to meet new challenges in a more important team. He announced his intention to leave his first club just before the end of the 2005–2006 season. As his contract expired, Arsenal and A.C. Milan were among interested signing him. During his last match at Stade de la Beaujoire on 6 May 2006, he received a tribute from the fans who saluted his dedication and loyalty to the club for thirteen years. The season following his departure, Nantes was relegated to Ligue 2 for the first time since 1963.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: Landreau then joined Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer, signing a four-years contract on 15 May 2006. After his move to Paris, Landreau says moving to Paris could earn him a call up from France.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: At Paris Saint-Germain, Landreau established himself as a first choice goalkeeper beating Jérôme Alonzo and youngster Nicolas Cousin He also became a fan favorite. On 5 August 2006, Landreau made his debut for PSG in a 3–2 loss against Lorient. In the 2006–07, the 2007–08 and the 2008–09 season, Landreau played all 38 appearance in his PSG Career. At his last appearance at PSG in a match against AS Monaco which resulted in a 0–0 draw and his last clean sheet, he thanked the fans for his time at the club and they passed him with a rare standing ovation. After the 2007–08 season ended, Landreau had been linked with a move away from the club after Grégory Coupet remained keen to play abroad at PSG, who could replaced him as a first choice goalkeeper. However, Charles Villeneuve said he had not confirmed Landreau's place in the squad for next season and had hinted at an interest in Coupet but Sebastien Bazin (the chairman of PSG's majority shareholders Colony Capital) insisted Landreau will not be leaving the club. Reports claims Landreau could be set to move to Real Madrid in order to become Iker Casillas’ understudy. Coupet eventually move to Paris Saint-Germain putting Landreau’s future in doubt.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: After the 2009–10 season, Lille OSC made a €2 million (£1.7 million) offer for Landreau who wanted him to replace the veteran goalkeeper Grégory Malicki who left Lille to join Dijon on a free transfer and was the first choice goalkeeper for Lille in the 2008–09 season. The move was agreed and was completed. Five days after signing for Lille, he suffered a massive blow by damaging cruciate ligaments during a training session which kept him out of action for around six months. During his absence due to injury, Ludovic Butelle got more playing time and played about 10 matches until Landreau returned and he later became the first choice-goalkeeper ever since. On 22 October 2009, Landreau was back on the bench in Europa League during the match against Genoa (3–0) and made his league debut for Lille in a 2–0 win over Grenoble on 30 October 2009.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: In the 2010–11 season, Landreau was involved in the Lille squad that won the Ligue 1 for the third time in club history and the first time since 1954. He made history by becoming the first player ever to compete in the Trophée des Champions with three clubs.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: On 7 November 2012, he allowed six goals from Bayern Munich during a Champions League match. In December 2012 as a remaining first choice goalkeeper, Landreau left Lille by mutual consent after a strained relationship with general manager Frederic Paquet. In the press conference, Landreau said ""The most important thing is to blossom on the pitch. I could not anymore. And a year and a half is a long way to go when you have hard days."" and left the club both sportingly and psychologically.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: On 23 December 2012, Landreau signed a six-month contract with the Corsican club SC Bastia. Upon moving to Bastia, he revealed that he had turned down a move to Italian side Inter Milan. On 4 December 2013, Landreau broke the record for the most appearances by any player in Ligue 1 or Division 1 - the top flight in French football - when he started in the match against AC Ajaccio. It was Landreau's 603rd Ligue 1 match. Three days earlier, he had equalled the previous record of 602 Ligue 1 or Division 1 matches held by former AS Monaco goalkeeper Jean-Luc Ettori when he appeared in the SC Bastia-Evian TG match.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: In August 2016, Landreau was appointed assistant manager to Réginald Ray at Championnat National club Paris FC. In May 2017, he was given a four-year contract at Lorient, newly relegated to Ligue 2. He quit that job halfway through the deal in May 2019, having finished sixth and therefore missed out on the objective of promotion.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: Landreau was part of the France squad that won the 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Korea and Japan. He made his debut in his only appearance of the tournament, a 4–0 win over Mexico in the final group game on 3 June. He did not play again until the 2003 edition that the team won again on home soil, taking part in a 5–0 win over New Zealand at the exact same stage at the Stade de France.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: At UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Landreau wore France's number one jersey despite being the third-choice goalkeeper behind Fabien Barthez and Grégory Coupet and unused in both tournaments as a result. He played half of the 12 matches in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying, but was overlooked for the final tournament in Austria and Switzerland, where Sébastien Frey and Steve Mandanda backed up Coupet.


title: Mickaël Landreau

text: Landreau was recalled to the French national team in September 2012 by newly appointed manager Didier Deschamps for upcoming 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches against Finland on 7 September and Belarus on 11 September. It was his first national call-up since November 2007. He went to the finals in Brazil, as third choice behind Hugo Lloris and Stéphane Ruffier. After the tournament, he retired from club and international football at the age of 35, to spend more time with his family.


title: Cheek to Cheek

text: "Cheek to Cheek" is a song written by Irving Berlin in 1934–35, specifically for the star of his new musical, Fred Astaire. The movie was "Top Hat", co-starring Ginger Rogers. In the movie, Astaire sings the song to Rogers as they dance. The song was nominated for the Best Song Oscar for 1936, which it lost to "Lullaby of Broadway". The song spent five weeks at #1 on Your Hit Parade and was named the #1 song of 1935. Astaire's 1935 recording with the Leo Reisman Orchestra was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2000. In 2004, Astaire's version finished at No. 15 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of top tunes in American cinema.


title: Cheek to Cheek

text: On June 26, 1935, Fred and Leo Reisman, along with his Orchestra, got to work at ARC (parent company of Brunswick Records at the time) Studios in New York City. They recorded two Irving Berlin compositions, "Cheek To Cheek" and "No Strings (I'm Fancy Free)". The next day, with Johnny Greene's Orchestra, "Isn't This a Lovely Day?" and "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails" were completed. Both singles were released in August, and then at the end of the month, "Top Hat" premiered. The timing must have been perfect, because "Cheek to Cheek" headed straight to #1, where it stayed for eleven weeks, and finished the #1 hit of 1935. Fred topped his career high of ten weeks for "Night And Day".


title: Cheek to Cheek

text: According to the database of secondhandsongs.com, "Cheek to Cheek" has been recorded by 438 different artists as of July 2021.


title: Quantum information science

text: Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to understand the analysis, processing, and transmission of information using quantum mechanics principles. It combines the study of Information science with quantum effects in physics. It includes theoretical issues in computational models and more experimental topics in quantum physics, including what can and cannot be done with quantum information. The term quantum information theory is also used, but it fails to encompass experimental research, and can be confused with a subfield of quantum information science that addresses the processing of quantum information.


title: Quantum information science

text: To understand quantum teleportation, quantum entanglement and the manufacturing of quantum computer hardware requires a thorough understanding of quantum physics and engineering. Since 2010s, there has been remarkable progress in manufacturing quantum computers, with companies like Google and IBM investing heavily in quantum computer hardware research. Today, it is possible to build a quantum computer with more than 100 qubits. However, the error rate is very large due to the lack of material suitable for the manufacture of quantum computers. Majorana fermions may be one of the key materials lacking.


title: Quantum information science

text: Devices for quantum cryptography have already been commercialized. There is an old cipher called a one time pad widely used among spies in the Cold War era. It uses a long sequence of random keys. If two people exchanged the same random keys safely, it is possible to decrypt a one time pad only by accident. However, key exchanging problems can be solved by using quantum entangled particle pairs in the exchange. Quantum mechanical laws such as the no-cloning theorem and wave function collapse provide the basis for secure exchange of random keys. Therefore the manufacturing of devices that can transport quantum entangled particles is an important scientific and engineering goal.


title: Quantum information science

text: Programming languages for quantum computers are also needed. Qiskit, Cirq and Q Sharp are popular quantum programming languages.


title: Quantum information science

text: Quantum algorithm and quantum complexity theory are two of the subjects in algorithms and computational complexity theory. In 1994, mathematician Peter Shor published his prime factorization algorithm. If one has a 4,000 logical qubits quantum computer, one can threaten most widely used ciphers such as RSA and ECC by using Shor's algorithm. It can result in serious security problems for many countries. Therefore, his paper triggered a lot of investment in quantum computing research. Many mathematicians and cryptologists are preparing to enter the quantum computing era. See post quantum cryptography.


title: Andrei Kolesnikov (general)

text: Andrei Borisovich Kolesnikov (; born 6 February 1977) is a Russian major-general (one-star rank) who according to Ukraine was killed in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Kolesnikov's death has not been confirmed by the Russian Federation.


title: Andrei Kolesnikov (general)

text: Born in Oktyabrskoye, Voronezh Oblast, on 6 February 1977, Kolesnikov graduated from a tank college in Kazan (1999), the Combined Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (2008), and the Military Academy of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Russia (2020). In 2010, Kolesnikov was a lieutenant colonel and serving as chief of staff of the 4th Guards Tank Division. He was promoted to the rank of major-general and appointed, in December 2021, the former commander of the 29th Combined Arms Army of the Eastern Military District in the Zabaykalsky Krai.


title: Andrei Kolesnikov (general)

text: Kolesnikov took part in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to Ukrainian officials, he was killed in Mariupol on 11 March 2022. NATO officials confirmed that a Russian commander from Russia's eastern military district became the third Russian general officer to be killed in the hostilities (after Andrei Sukhovetsky and Vitaly Gerasimov), but did not specify his name. However, the Ukrainian claim has not been verified by Western media and Russian sources have not confirmed this death.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts is a tactical shooter stealth video game developed and published by CI Games. It is the fifth entry of the "" series and is the sequel to "Sniper Ghost Warrior 3". The game was released worldwide on 22 November 2019 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It received fairly positive reviews from critics, with some reviewers calling it an improvement over its predecessors. A sequel, titled "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts 2", was released on 4 June 2021.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: Unlike its predecessor "Sniper Ghost Warrior 3", "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" uses mission-based gameplay, instead of focusing on open world format. The game offers five sizable maps, allowing players to complete a total of 25 missions with open-ended contracts.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: The game features a skill tree, redesigned from "Sniper Ghost Warrior 3", that contains four tiers, which can be unlocked tier-by-tier by spending money. It features new "contract tokens", that come from main objectives, "challenge tokens" that can be acquired by accomplishing extra challenges, and "intel tokens" are collectables or bounties, with all of them are a must in getting access to higher tier skills and great damage weapons and loadouts.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: Siberia has claimed its independence after a war with Russia and Mongolia. Nergui Kurchatov, Siberia's Prime Minister, is skeptical of the people's hope for a fair distribution of wealth, and soon becomes an autocratic ruler. In the face of corruption and abuse of power of the new government, an armed opposition is established, called the Siberian Wolves.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: A sniper, codenamed "Seeker", is sent on a series of dangerous missions by a mysterious sponsor, progressing eliminating members of Siberia's elite, including the CEO of an oil company, a scientist seeking to genetically modify the Siberian people, a duo of crime lords, and Nergui Kurchatov himself as the final hit.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" is developed by CI Games, which is the developer of the "" series. It focuses on several smaller sandboxes instead of an open world map, after the CEO of CI Games Marek Tymiński admitted "big mistake" in chasing AAA with "Sniper Ghost Warrior 3". The game was announced in August 2018, and received its first gameplay during E3 2019.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" uses the CryEngine video game engine by Crytek, which is the same engine of "" and "Sniper Ghost Warrior 3".


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 22 November 2019, when the game was only single-player mode available. A multiplayer mode was later added into the game in March 2020.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" received "mixed or average" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: David Jagneaux of "IGN" rated the game 7.3/10, praising the game's atmosphere and the number of gadgets available to use, but felt the size of the maps hindered the player. Daniel Weissenberger of "GameCritics.com" wrote the game "gets so much right" but thought its most notable flaw was the limited use of gadgets such as the mask and drone.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "GameStar" enjoyed the sniper simulation; they wrote it is neither too easy, nor too difficult. They complimented the sound design and array of gadgets. Also, they appreciated there are many possible solutions in the game. However, they criticized the plot as insignificant and the "all-powerful" artificial intelligence. They ultimately scored the game 70 out of 100.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Eurogamer" Italia gave a score of 7/10, commenting the game was good for players who wanted a sniping game, but thought that when it comes to being a full-fledged first-person shooter, there were better options available on the market. "GamerSky" recommended the game, writing it was the first time the series showed an "impressive sniper experience." However, they criticized the story as forgettable and a number of bugs.


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: "Jeux Video" praises "very gripping" atmosphere, making the player "often have the impression of believing to be in a good old spy movie", while noting that "this feeling is broken by artificial intelligence that would have deserved better treatment". A far as the graphics are concerned, according to JeuxVideo "without reaching heights, the title is doing pretty well". The sound effects and the music are also praised by "Jeux Video".


title: Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts

text: The PlayStation 4 version of "Sniper Ghost Warrior Contracts" was the thirteenth bestselling retail game during its first week of release in Japan, with 4,608 physical copies being sold. The game has sold 250,000 copies as of January 2020, with CI Games expected to see the sale number climb up to 600,000–700,000.


title: Argentine ant

text: The Argentine ant ("Linepithema humile"), formerly "Iridomyrmex humilis", is an ant native to northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and southern Brazil. It is an invasive species that has been established in many Mediterranean climate areas, inadvertently introduced by humans to many places, including South Africa, New Zealand, Japan, Easter Island, Australia, Europe, Hawaii, and the continental United States.


title: Argentine ant

text: The worker ants are long and can easily squeeze through cracks and holes as small as in size. Queens are long, much smaller than other species of ants. These ants will set up quarters in the ground, in cracks in concrete walls, in spaces between boards and timbers, even among belongings in human dwellings. In natural areas, they generally nest shallowly in loose leaf litter or beneath small stones, due to their poor ability to dig deeper nests. However, if a deeper nesting ant species abandons their nest, Argentine ant colonies will readily take over the space.


title: Argentine ant

text: Austrian entomologist Gustav L. Mayr identified the first specimens of "Hypoclinea humilis" in the vicinity of Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1866. This species was shortly transferred to the genus "Iridomyrmex", and finally to "Linepithema" in the early 1990s.


title: Argentine ant

text: The native range of Argentine ants is limited to around major waterways in the lowland areas of the Paraná River drainage. They have recently spread into parts of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. The species has become established in at least 15 countries throughout the world, on six continents, as well as many oceanic islands.


title: Argentine ant

text: The absence of aggression within Argentine ant colonies was first reported in 1913 by Newell & Barber, who noted "…there is no apparent antagonism between separate colonies of its own kind".


title: Argentine ant

text: Later studies showed that these "supercolonies" extend across hundreds or thousands of kilometers in different parts of the introduced range, first reported in California in 2000,


title: Argentine ant

text: Several subsequent studies used genetic, behavioral, and chemical analyses to show that introduced supercolonies on separate continents actually represent a single global supercolony.


title: Argentine ant

text: The researchers stated that the "enormous extent of this population is paralleled only by human society", and had probably been spread and maintained by human travel.


title: Argentine ant

text: They have been extraordinarily successful, in part, because different nests of the introduced Argentine ants seldom attack or compete with each other, unlike most other species of ant. In their introduced range, their genetic makeup is so uniform that individuals from one nest can mingle in a neighboring nest without being attacked. Thus, in most of their introduced range, they form 'super-colonies'. "Some ants have an extraordinary social organization, called unicoloniality, whereby individuals mix freely among physically separated nests. This type of social organization is not only a key attribute responsible for the ecological domination of these ants, but also an evolutionary paradox and a potential problem for kin selection theory because relatedness between nest mates is effectively zero."


title: Argentine ant

text: The 'Very Large Colony', which covers territory from San Diego to beyond San Francisco, may have a population of nearly one trillion individuals.


title: Argentine ant

text: Conflict does occur between members of different supercolonies. In 1997, UC San Diego researchers observed fighting between different Argentine ants kept in lab, and in 2004 scientists began to map out the boundaries of the different supercolonies that clashed in San Diego. On the border of the 'Very Large Colony' and the 'Lake Hodges Colony' thirty million ants die each year, on a battlefront that covers many miles. While the battles of other ant species generally constitute colony raids lasting a few hours, or skirmishes that occur periodically for a few weeks, Argentine ants clash ceaselessly; the borders of their territory are a site of constant violence and battles can be fought on top of hundreds of dead ants. Fights may be halted by adverse weather such as rain.


title: Argentine ant

text: In contrast, native populations are genetically more diverse and form colonies that are much smaller than the supercolonies that dominate the introduced range. Colonies living in close proximity are territorial and aggressive toward one another. Argentine ants in their native South America also co-exist with many other species of ants, and do not attain the high population densities that characterize introduced populations.


title: Argentine ant

text: In a series of experiments, ants of the same colony were isolated and fed different diets. The hydrocarbons from the diet were eventually incorporated into the cuticle of the subjects. Those that had the same diet appeared to recognize one another as kin. Those who had at least some overlap in dietary composition also appeared to react non-aggressively to one another. These interactions contrasts drastically with the groups that fed on completely different sources, such as those who lived off flies and those that fed on grasshoppers. The groups appeared to have incorporated hydrocarbons that were not similar to the others and created an unfamiliar identity cue. These groups reacted violently towards each other. This suggests that dietary factors affect the recognition cues for colony members.


title: Argentine ant

text: Like workers in many other ant species, Argentine ant workers are unable to lay reproductive eggs but can direct the development of eggs into reproductive females; the production of males appears to be controlled by the amount of food available to the larvae. Argentine ant colonies almost invariably have many reproductive queens, as many as eight for every 1,000 workers.


title: Argentine ant

text: The seasonal low occurs in mid-winter, when 90% of a representative colony consists of workers and the remainder of queens, and no reproductive activity and minimal birthing. Eggs are produced in late-winter, nearly all of which hatch into sexual forms by May. Mating occurs after the females emerge. Worker production increases steadily from mid-March to October, after which their numbers are not replenished; thus, their numbers drop steadily over the winter months.


title: Argentine ant

text: Colonies in the Argentine ant's native habitat are kept within a range of ten to one hundred meters by colonies of interspecific and intraspecific rivals. As the colonies expand, they appear to form fluctuating territory borders, which contract and expand on a seasonal and conditional basis. There is an expansive push outward in the summer months, with a retreating motion in the winter. This has to do with soil moisture and temperature conditions.


title: Argentine ant

text: At the edges of these borders are either rival "L. humile" colonies or other obstacles that prevent further expansion, such as an inhospitable environment for nests.


title: Argentine ant

text: In its introduced range, the Argentine ant often displaces most or all native ants and can threaten native invertebrates and even small vertebrates that are not accustomed to defending against the aggressive ants. This can, in turn, imperil other species in the ecosystem, such as native plants that depend on native ants for seed dispersal, or lizards that depend on native ants or invertebrates for food. For example, the recent severe decline in coastal horned lizards in southern California is closely tied to Argentine ants displacing native ant species on which the lizards feed.


title: Argentine ant

text: sometimes relocating the parasites to unaffected plants, and their protection of these plant pests from predators and parasitoids can cause problems in agricultural areas.


title: Argentine ant

text: In return for this protection, the ants benefit by feeding off an excretion known as "honeydew". Thus, when Argentine ants invade an agricultural area, the population densities of these plant parasites can increase followed by an increase in damage to crops.


title: Argentine ant

text: There is also evidence that the presence of Argentine ant may decrease the number of pollinators that visit natural flowering plants via predation on the larvae of the pollinators.


title: Argentine ant

text: Argentine ants are a common household pest, often entering structures in search of food or water (particularly during dry or hot weather), or to escape flooded nests during periods of heavy rainfall. When they invade a kitchen, it is not uncommon to see two or three queens foraging along with the workers. Due to the large number of queens, eliminating a single queen does not stop the colony's ability to breed.


title: Argentine ant

text: Borate-sucrose water baits are toxic to Argentine ants, when the bait is 25% water, with 0.5–1.0% boric acid or borate salts.


title: Argentine ant

text: In spring, during a colony's growth phase, protein based baits may be more effective due to much higher demand from the egg-laying queens.


title: Argentine ant

text: Due to their nesting behavior and presence of numerous queens in each colony, it is generally impractical to spray Argentine ants with pesticides or to use boiling water as with mound building ants. Spraying with pesticides has occasionally stimulated increased egg-laying by the queens, compounding the problem. Pest control usually requires exploiting their omnivorous dietary habits, through use of slow-acting poison bait (e.g. fipronil, hydramethylnon, sulfluramid), which will be carried back to the nest by the workers, eventually killing all the individuals, including the queens. It may take four to five days to eradicate a colony in this manner.


title: Argentine ant

text: Researchers from the University of California, Irvine, have developed a way to use the scent of Argentine ants against them. The exoskeletons of the ants are covered with a hydrocarbon-laced secretion. They made a compound that is different, but similar, to the one that coats the ants. If the chemical is applied to an ant, the other members of the colony will kill it. The chemical method may be effective in combination with other methods.


title: Argentine ant

text: Another approach for a large scale control of the Argentine ant has been proposed by researchers from Japan, who showed that it is possible to disrupt its trails with synthetic pheromones. This has been confirmed in various later trials by a New Zealand-led team in Hawaii and by researchers from Victoria University of Wellington who showed that this approach is beneficial for other local ant species.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala was the No. 2-ranked ITF junior on 6 October 2020. She has a career-high singles ranking by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) of 214, achieved on 31 October 2022. Eala is the highest-ranked Filipino female singles player in WTA Tour history, surpassing Maricris Gentz, who peaked at No. 284 on 18 October 1999. Eala won her first junior singles title at the 2022 US Open, making her the first Filipino player to win a junior Grand Slam singles title.


title: Alex Eala

text: Her mother Rosemarie "Rizza" Maniego-Eala is a 1985 Southeast Asian Games bronze medalist in the 100-meter backstroke and currently serves as the chief financial officer of Globe Telecom. She is the niece of Philippine Sports Commission chairperson and former Philippine Basketball Association commissioner Noli Eala. Her brother, Michael (Miko), plays tennis for the Pennsylvania State University.


title: Alex Eala

text: She has been a student of the Rafa Nadal Academy by Movistar in Manacor (Mallorca, Spain), since she was 12 years old.


title: Alex Eala

text: At the age of 12, Eala won the 2018 Les Petit As 14-and-under tournament, beating Linda Nosková in the finals. She made her junior Grand Slam debut at the 2019 US Open. She was named the 2019 Milo Junior Athlete of the Year.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala won the 2020 Australian girls' doubles event, partnering Priska Madelyn Nugroho. They defeated Živa Falkner and Matilda Mutavdzic in the final.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala peaked in the junior rankings at No. 2, after reaching the semifinals at the 2020 French Open girls' singles competition.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala paid tribute to her roots on Independence Day following another major triumph, this time on the clay court in Paris. Eala and her Russian partner Oksana Selekhmeteva captured the French Open girls' doubles title Saturday. They were the top seeds in the tournament, won after knocking out Maria Bondarenko of Russia and Amarissa Kiara Tóth of Hungary, 6–0, 7–5, in the final.


title: Alex Eala

text: On September 11, 2022, Eala became the first Filipino to win a junior Grand Slam singles championship and the only Filipino with multiple junior Grand Slam titles. She defeated the No. 2 seed, Lucie Havlickova of the Czech Republic, 6–2, 6–4, at the girls' singles final of the 2022 US Open at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala made her debut on the ITF Women's Circuit on 4 March 2020, as she played in the $15k event at Monastir, where she won her first professional match.


title: Alex Eala

text: She leaped to the top 1000 in the WTA rankings, after winning the title at the first leg of the $15k Manacor event in Spain in January 2021.


title: Alex Eala

text: Eala made her first ITF doubles final at the $25k Platja d’Aro in Spain, playing with Oksana Selekhmeteva. They lost to Lithuania’s Justina Mikulskyte and Romanian Oana Georgeta Simion, 3-6, 5-7.


title: Alex Eala

text: "Only main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win–loss records."


title: Efrim Menuck

text: Efrim Manuel Menuck (; born November 4, 1970) is a Canadian musician involved with a number of Montreal-based bands, most notably Godspeed You! Black Emperor and Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra. Menuck is also a frequent record producer and engineer, working with musicians from Montreal and abroad.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: Menuck was born in Montreal but grew up primarily in Toronto. He moved back to Montreal when he was in his early 20s. His father was a doctor and his mother was a nurse. He attended Hebrew day school from first to ninth grade. After dropping out of high school in 11th grade, Menuck was homeless and jobless and had a nervous breakdown at age 20. Menuck has mentioned that as a teenager he once lived in a flooded basement with "two other lost kids" and "a litter of feral kittens, and that all were unfed". In 1994, Mauro Pezzente, Mike Moya, and Menuck founded Godspeed You! Black Emperor, an influential instrumental rock ensemble. Their first album, "All Lights Fucked on the Hairy Amp Drooling", is the earliest recorded document of Godspeed You! Black Emperor. Self-released in December 1994, the cassette was dubbed only 33 times. It was not until the release of their official debut album, "F♯ A♯ ∞", that they began receiving recognition for their work.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: Menuck is also responsible for the creation of Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band, along with fellow Godspeed You! Black Emperor alumni Sophie Trudeau and Thierry Amar. Originally conceived as an aid to Menuck in learning how to score music, the group has since blossomed into a regular collaboration.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: When "He Has Left Us Alone but Shafts of Light Sometimes Grace the Corner of Our Rooms..." debuted, it was notable in that it included vocals by Menuck and his band mates; this was in contrast with the taciturn Godspeed You! Black Emperor. However, Constellation states on the biography for Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band that Menuck did in fact sing vocals before the creation of the group on a "rare 1996 GYBE cassette release".


title: Efrim Menuck

text: While the music of Godspeed You! Black Emperor was marked by its sampling and symphonic development, Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band more regularly incorporated lyrics as well. Menuck confessed to being at odds with the role of the singer in bands, noting that lyricists are often featured as the main attraction at the expense of their bands. He also felt uncomfortable with his own singing, but has since overcome that feeling. Menuck often shares vocal duty with all the other members of A Silver Mt. Zion.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: The lyrical style of Menuck is best described as poetic. The topics of his lyrics range from the fear and loneliness experienced while driving alone on an American highway at night to urban decay, and even a tribute to a deceased pet dog. Indeed, ""This Is Our Punk-Rock," Thee Rusted Satellites Gather + Sing," the third album by Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band, was essentially created as a requiem for open and abandoned spaces in Montreal, as well as for similar loss and decay around the world, due to either urban development or military action. Menuck is also known for integrating politics into song titles, lyrics, and album cover art for A Silver Mt. Zion. As such, references to anarchism and anti-war viewpoints are often expressed. (In an April 2014 interview with "The Rumpus", Menuck identified as an anarchist.)


title: Efrim Menuck

text: While Menuck sometimes utilizes religious imagery in the lyrics and albums of Thee Silver Mt. Zion Memorial Orchestra & Tra-La-La Band, and described the recording sessions of "He Has Left Us Alone but Shafts of Light Sometimes Grace the Corner of Our Rooms..." a "Jewish experience", he does not consider himself an adherent of the Jewish faith, quoted in one source as saying "I don't go to synagogue, I don't believe that there's a God in heaven, I don't believe in any of that stuff". With the title of "Born into Trouble as the Sparks Fly Upward", the band references the Book of Job Ch. 5:7. Menuck has been an outspoken critic of the Israeli government; the liner notes for "Yanqui U.X.O." criticize Ariel Sharon's 2000 visit to the Temple Mount.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: Along with Howard Bilerman, Radwan Moumneh and Thierry Amar, Menuck owns and operates the Hotel2Tango, a loft space that acts as a practice area, recording studio, and one of the very few non-commercial venues in Montreal capable of accommodating live concerts. The studio was originally confined to the recordings of friends and the bands of the people who own it, but has of late opened its doors to a multitude of other bands.


title: Efrim Menuck

text: In 2006, Menuck, with Sophie Trudeau and Thierry Amar, assisted in the recording of Carla Bozulich's first release for Constellation Records, "Evangelista".


title: Efrim Menuck

text: On August 5, 2009, Silver Mt. Zion violinist Jessica Moss gave birth to her and Menuck's baby. The couple took him on tour with Vic Chesnutt. Menuck's first official solo project was released via Constellation Records on May 24, 2011. The album is entitled "Plays "High Gospel"". His second solo album titled Pissing Stars was released on February 2, 2018. Pissing Stars was also released on Constellation Records.


title: Simon Shelton

text: Shelton was best known for his children's television work, most notably as Dark Knight on "Incredible Games" from 1994 to 1995 and Tinky-Winky on "Teletubbies" from 1997 to 2001.


title: Simon Shelton

text: Shelton was married to Emma Robbins. They had three children and lived in Ampthill, Bedfordshire. Shelton's niece is actress Emily Atack.


title: Simon Shelton

text: Shelton had a history of alcoholism. On 17 January 2018, four days after his 52nd birthday, he was found dead in a well near the Port of Liverpool Building in Liverpool. His cause of death was hypothermia and he had a high concentration of alcohol in his system.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) is a pine species native to the Southeastern United States, found along the coastal plain from East Texas to southern Virginia, extending into northern and central Florida. In this area it is also known as "yellow pine" or "long leaf yellow pine", although it is properly just one out of a number of species termed yellow pine. It reaches a height of and a diameter of . In the past, before extensive logging, they reportedly grew to with a diameter of . The tree is a cultural symbol of the Southern United States, being the official state tree of Alabama. Contrary to popular belief, this particular species of pine is not officially the state tree of North Carolina.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The bark is thick, reddish-brown, and scaly. The leaves are dark green and needle-like, and occur in bundles of mainly three, sometimes two or four, especially in seedlings. They often are twisted and in length. A local race of "P. palustris" in a cove near Rockingham, North Carolina, have needles up to 24 inches (61 centimeters ) in length. It is one of the two Southeastern U.S. pines with long needles, the other being slash pine.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The cones, both female seed cones (ovulate strobili) and male pollen cones (staminate strobili), are initiated during the growing season before buds emerge. Pollen cones begin forming in their buds in July, while seed conelets are formed during a relatively short period of time in August. Pollination occurs early the following spring, with the male cones long. The female (seed) cones mature in about 20 months from pollination; when mature, they are yellow-brown in color, long, and broad, opening to , and have a small, but sharp, downward-pointing spine on the middle of each scale. The seeds are long, with a wing.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Longleaf pine takes 100 to 150 years to become full size and may live to be 500 years old. When young, they grow a long taproot, which usually is long; by maturity, they have a wide spreading lateral root system with several deep 'sinker' roots. They grow on well-drained, usually sandy soil, characteristically in pure stands.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Longleaf pine also is known as being one of several species grouped as a southern yellow pine or longleaf yellow pine, and in the past as pitch pine (a name dropped as it caused confusion with pitch pine, "Pinus rigida").


title: Longleaf pine

text: The species epithet "palustris" is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat. The scientific name meaning "of marshes" is a misunderstanding on the part of Philip Miller, who described the species, after seeing longleaf pine forests with temporary winter flooding.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Longleaf pine is highly pyrophytic (resistant to wildfire) and dependent on fire. Their thick bark and growth habits help to provide a tolerance to fire. Periodic natural wildfire and anthropogenic fires select for this species by removing competition and exposing bare soil for successful germination of seeds. The lack of medium-tall trees (called a midstory canopy) leads to open longleaf pine forests or savannas. New seedlings do not appear at all tree-like and resemble a dark-green fountain of needles. This form is called the grass stage. During this stage, which lasts for 5–12 years, vertical growth is very slow, and the tree may take a number of years simply to grow ankle high. After that, it has a growth spurt, especially if it is in a gap or no tree canopy is above it. In the grass stage, it is very resistant to low intensity fires because the terminal bud is protected from lethal heating by the tightly packed needles. While relatively immune to fire at this stage, the plant is quite appealing to feral pigs; the early settlers' habit of releasing swine into the woodlands to feed may have been partly responsible for the decline of the species.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Longleaf pine forests are rich in biodiversity. They are well-documented for their high levels of plant diversity, in groups including sedges, grasses, carnivorous plants, and orchids. These forests also provide habitat for gopher tortoises, which as keystone species, dig burrows that provide habitat for hundreds of other species of animals. The red-cockaded woodpecker is dependent on mature pine forests and is now endangered as a result of this decline. Longleaf pine seeds are large and nutritious, forming a significant food source for birds (notably the brown-headed nuthatch) and other wildlife. Nine salamander species and 26 frog species are characteristic of pine savannas, along with 56 species of reptiles, 13 of which could be considered specialists on this habitat.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The Red Hills Region of Florida and Georgia is home to some of the best-preserved stands of longleaf pines. These forests have been burned regularly for many decades to encourage bobwhite quail habitat in private hunting plantations.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Before European settlement, longleaf pine forest dominated as much as stretching from Virginia south to Florida and west to East Texas. Its range was defined by the frequent widespread fires that were lit by humans and occurred naturally throughout the southeast. In the late 19th century, these virgin timber stands were "among the most sought-after timber trees in the country." This rich ecosystem now has been relegated to less than 5% of its presettlement range due to fire suppression and clear-cutting practices:


title: Longleaf pine

text: As they stripped the woods of their trees, loggers left mounds of flammable debris that frequently fueled catastrophic fires, destroying both the remaining trees and seedlings. The exposed earth left behind by clear-cutting operations was highly susceptible to erosion, and nutrients were washed from the already porous soils. This further destroyed the natural seeding process. At the peak of the timber cutting in the 1890s and first decade of the new century, the longleaf pine forests of the Sandhills were providing millions of board feet of timber each year. The timber cutters gradually moved across the South; by the 1920s, most of the "limitless" virgin longleaf pine forests were gone.


title: Longleaf pine

text: In "pine barrens" most of the day. Low, level, sandy tracts; the pines wide apart; the sunny spaces between full of beautiful abounding grasses, liatris, long, wand-like solidago, saw palmettos, etc., covering the ground in garden style. Here I sauntered in delightful freedom, meeting none of the cat-clawed vines, or shrubs, of the alluvial bottoms.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Efforts are being made to restore longleaf pine ecosystems within its natural range. Some groups such as the Longleaf Alliance are actively promoting research, education, and management of the longleaf pine.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The USDA offers cost-sharing and technical assistance to private landowners for longleaf restoration through the NRCS Longleaf Pine Initiative. Similar programs are available through most state forestry agencies in the longleaf's native range. In August 2009, the Alabama Forestry Commission received $1.757 million in stimulus money to restore longleaf pines in state forests.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Four large core areas within the range of the species provide the opportunity to protect the biological diversity of the coastal plain and to restore wilderness areas east of the Mississippi River. Each of these four (Eglin Air Force Base: 187,000+ ha; Apalachicola National Forest: 228,000+ ha; Okefenokee-Osceola: 289,000+ ha; De Soto National Forest: 200,000+ ha) have nearby lands that offer the potential to expand the total protected territory for each area to well beyond 500,000 ha. These areas would provide the opportunity not only to restore forest stands, but also to restore populations of native plants and animals threatened by landscape fragmentation.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Notable eccentric populations exist within the Uwharrie National Forest in the central Piedmont region of North Carolina. These have survived owing to relative inaccessibility, and in one instance, intentional protection in the 20th century by a private landowner (a property now owned and conserved by the LandTrust for Central North Carolina).


title: Longleaf pine

text: The United States Forest Service is conducting prescribed burning programs in the 258,864-acre Francis Marion National Forest, located outside of Charleston, South Carolina. They are hoping to increase the longleaf pine forest type to by 2017 and in the long term. In addition to longleaf restoration, prescribed burning will enhance the endangered red-cockaded woodpeckers' preferred habitat of open, park-like stands, provide habitat for wildlife dependent on grass-shrub habitat, which is very limited, and reduce the risk of damaging wildfires.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Since the 1960s, longleaf restoration has been ongoing on almost 95,000 acres of state and federal land in the sandhills region of South Carolina, between the piedmont and coastal plain. The region is characterized by deep, infertile sands deposited by a prehistoric sea, with generally arid conditions. By the 1930s, most of the native longleaf had been logged, and the land was heavily eroded. Between 1935 and 1939, the federal government purchased large portions of this area from local landowners as a relief measure under the Resettlement Administration. These landowners were resettled on more fertile land elsewhere. Today, the South Carolina Sand Hills State Forest comprises about half of the acreage, and half is owned by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as the adjacent Carolina Sandhills National Wildlife Refuge. At first, restoration of forest cover was the goal. Fire suppression was practiced until the 1960s, when prescribed fire was introduced on both the state forest and the Sandhills NWR as part of the restoration of the longleaf/wiregrass ecosystem.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Nokuse Plantation is a 53,000-acre private nature preserve located around 100 miles east of Pensacola, Florida. The preserve was established by M.C. Davis, a wealthy philanthropist who made his fortune buying and selling land and mineral rights, and who has spent $90 million purchasing land for the preserve, primarily from timber companies. One of its main goals is the restoration of longleaf pine forest, to which end he has had 8 million longleaf pine seedlings planted on the land.


title: Longleaf pine

text: A 2009 study by the National Wildlife Federation says that longleaf pine forests will be particularly well adapted to environmental changes caused by climate disruption.


title: Longleaf pine

text: Vast forests of longleaf pine once were present along the southeastern Atlantic coast and Gulf Coast of North America, as part of the eastern savannas. These forests were the source of naval storesresin, turpentine, and timberneeded by merchants and the navy for their ships. They have been cutover since for timber and usually replaced with faster-growing loblolly pine and slash pine, for agriculture, and for urban and suburban development. Due to this deforestation and overharvesting, only about 3% of the original longleaf pine forest remains, and little new is planted. Longleaf pine is available, however, at many nurseries within its range; the southernmost known point of sale is in Lake Worth Beach, Florida.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The yellow, resinous wood is used for lumber and pulp. Boards cut years ago from virgin timber were very wide, up to , and a thriving salvage business obtains these boards from demolition projects to be reused as flooring in upscale homes.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The stumps and taproots of old trees become saturated with resin and will not rot. Farmers sometimes find old buried stumps in fields, even in some that were cleared a century ago, and these usually are dug up and sold as fatwood, "fat lighter", or "lighter wood", which is in demand as kindling for fireplaces, wood stoves, and barbecue pits. In old-growth pine, the heartwood of the bole is often saturated in the same way. When boards are cut from the fat lighter wood, they are very heavy and will not rot, but buildings constructed of them are quite flammable and make extremely hot fires.


title: Longleaf pine

text: The Longleaf pine is the official state tree of Alabama. It is commonly but incorrectly believed to be the official state tree of North Carolina, probably because it is referenced by name in the first line of the official North Carolina State Toast. Also, the state's highest honor is named the "Order of the Long Leaf Pine". However, the state tree of North Carolina is officially designated as simply "pine," not any particular species of pine.


title: ER (season 2)

text: The second season of the American fictional drama television series "ER" first aired on September 21, 1995, and concluded on May 16, 1996. The second season consists of 22 episodes.


title: ER (season 2)

text: Greene's attempts at balancing his work and family after moving to Milwaukee comes to an abrupt end when his wife is caught cheating on him with a colleague, the divorce becomes final and he starts dating again. At work, he is promoted, becoming an attending physician. He locks horns with close friend Dr. Doug Ross, whose reckless professional behavior is called into question by the hospital authorities, and new Chief Resident, Dr. Kerry Weaver. Ross breaks protocol to treat an HIV-positive child and is about to be fired. He has already accepted a job at another medical facility when he heroically saves a child, trapped in a sewer in the landmark episode "Hell and High Water". His heroism creates a media sensation and the hospital reconsiders its decision when Dr. Ross receives an award for outstanding community service. Later in the season, his father returns, and while attempting to bond his father again walks out on him. While tracking him down Doug becomes embroiled in a relationship with his father's girlfriend.


title: ER (season 2)

text: Lewis is left holding the baby when her sister, Chloe, skips town, leaving daughter Suzie in Susan's care. She struggles to find time to care for the child and complete her residency. She considers having Suzie adopted, but at the last minute decides to keep her. Just as Susan starts to become attached to the baby, Chloe returns, a changed woman, and a short custody battle ensues. Eventually, Susan hands Suzie over to Chloe and is left devastated when her sister and her new husband move to Phoenix, taking the baby with them.


title: ER (season 2)

text: Carter, now a fourth-year medical student, starts a relationship with medical student Harper Tracy. He becomes involved in the treatment of an elderly patient and her husband (played by comic Red Buttons) in order to secure his place in developing a new heart procedure study and a spot in the surgical program. After the surgery is complete, the woman's condition deteriorates and Carter is overwhelmed by the husband's constant needs. The woman's subsequent death results in tremendous personal guilt, but Carter still manages to win a place as a surgical intern despite the fierce competition. Hathaway becomes involved with paramedic Ray "Shep" Shepard. Their relationship develops quickly and they move in together. However, things go wrong when Shep's partner, Raul, suffers third degree burns to over 85% of his body during a fire rescue and dies shortly afterward, resulting in emotional crisis and guilt for Shep. Shep grows volatile and violent, and after he refuses Carol's recommendation that he see a psychiatrist, the couple separates.


title: ER (season 2)

text: At the start of the season, Dr. Benton is in a relationship with Jeanie Boulet. She ends the relationship in a bid to save her marriage, but soon starts working as a physician assistant at County General. Benton is frosty towards her and is angry when he finds out about her divorce from her husband. At the end of the season, Jeanie finds out that she may be HIV-positive after her ex-husband, Al, is diagnosed. She informs a dismayed Peter and suggests that he too be tested. Benton also struggles to decide whether to lodge a formal complaint against his mentor Dr. Vucelich, when he discovers irregularities in his research method.


title: ER (season 2)

text: First season executive producers John Wells and Michael Crichton reprised their roles. Wells continued to serve as the series head writer and showrunner. Lydia Woodward and Mimi Leder returned as co-executive producers. New producer Carol Flint filled the third co-executive producer position following the departure of Robert Nathan. Christopher Chulack continued to act as the episodic producer. Paul Manning and Wendy Spence Rosato also continued in their first season roles as producer and associate producer respectively. Several changes occurred with the production team mid-season - Leder left the crew, Manning was promoted to supervising producer, and Spence Rosato was promoted to co-producer.


title: ER (season 2)

text: Wells, Woodward, Flint, and Manning continued to regularly write episodes, with each contributing to four episodes this season. First season regular writers Neal Baer and Lance Gentile became story editors for the second season and continued to write episodes. Baer contributed to two episodes while Gentile continued to act as the series medical consultant and wrote a further episode. Both were promoted to executive story editors by the close of the season. First season writer Tracey Stern also returned and contributed a further episode. First season technical adviser Joe Sachs reprised his role and also made his television writing debut on the second season. The series other new writers were Belinda Casas Wells and Anne Kenney; Casas Wells contributed to the story of an episode and Kenney wrote a single episode.


title: ER (season 2)

text: Leder and Chulack continued to regularly direct episodes. Returning first season directors Félix Enríquez Alcalá and Donna Deitch each directed further episodes in the second season. New directors Thomas Schlamme and Lesli Linka Glatter each contributed two episodes this season. Crew members Lance Gentile and Director of Photography Richard Thorpe both made their episode directing debuts this season. Cast member Anthony Edwards also directed his first episode. Other directors new to the series include Eric Laneuville, Dean Parisot, Whitney Ransick, and Barnet Kellman.


title: ER (season 2)

text: "ER" second season proved to be very popular and it became the number 1 show in the US. Nielsen Viewer ratings and viewers were also exceedingly high, especially for "Hell and High Water".


title: ER (season 2)

text: British magazine "Empire" found the best "ER" episode was the seventh titled "Hell And High Water" where "Doug Ross (George Clooney) saves a young boy from drowning during a flood."


title: ER (season 2)

text: Audio commentaries are available for episodes 1 and 16, with Mimi Leder, editor Randy Jon Morgan, and Laura Innes).


title: Paul Baloff

text: Paul Baloff (April 25, 1960 – February 2, 2002) was an American singer, best known as the original lead vocalist of the thrash metal band Exodus. He was shortly fired from Exodus after the release of the band's 1985 debut album "Bonded by Blood".


title: Paul Baloff

text: Exodus guitarist Kirk Hammett and Baloff met at a North Berkeley house party in 1981 and became fast friends due to their shared admiration for punk rock and the new wave of British heavy metal. Baloff joined Exodus in 1982 as lead vocalist to complete the lineup, which included Hammett, guitarist Gary Holt, drummer Tom Hunting and bassist Geoff Andrews.


title: Paul Baloff

text: Exodus recorded their first album "Bonded by Blood" in the summer of 1984. Audio engineering college student Mark Whitaker, who had attended high school with Baloff, oversaw management and record production for the band at the time. 1984 concert photos from Exodus shows at Aquatic Park's Eastern Front Metal Festival (with Slayer and Suicidal Tendencies) and Ruthie's Inn (with Megadeth and Slayer) were included on the album sleeve inserts. Originally titled "A Lesson in Violence", the album was not released until April 1985 amidst creative and business setbacks.


title: Paul Baloff

text: Shortly after touring for Bonded by Blood, Baloff was fired from the band for "personal and musical differences", although he still had writer credits on their next album, "Pleasures of the Flesh". He was replaced by Steve "Zetro" Souza, who had previously been the lead vocalist for Legacy, an early incarnation of Testament. Baloff went on to form the band Piranha. He sang in several bands in the San Francisco Bay area like Piranha, Hirax, and Heathen.


title: Paul Baloff

text: After a few dormant years of Exodus' extended hiatus, Baloff briefly reunited with Holt and Hunolt to reform Exodus. They released a live album in 1997 titled "Another Lesson in Violence". The group disbanded again shortly after, in part due to a falling out with record label Century Media over the way the live album was promoted, and over an aborted attempt at a live concert video that was filmed but never released due to a financial dispute.


title: Paul Baloff

text: In 2001, Exodus reformed once again. There was talk of recording a new studio album and the band continued to play local shows in and around the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: Paul Baloff

text: In February 2002, Baloff had a stroke that left him in a coma, and he died of heart failure while still on life support. He was 41 years old. Former vocalist Steve Souza was recruited back into the band to finish the rest of their concert commitments. Although it appeared to outsiders that with Baloff's death, Exodus would cease to exist, guitarist Gary Holt was determined to release a new studio record. The result was 2004's "Tempo of the Damned", which is dedicated to Baloff's memory.


title: Paul Baloff

text: In October 2008, Exodus released a re-recording of their 1985 debut album "Bonded by Blood" entitled "Let There Be Blood". Gary Holt released the following statement about the band's decision to revisit their debut album: "After many years in the planning and discussion stage, we have finally completed the re-recording of 'Bonded By Blood'. We have decided to call it 'Let There Be Blood' and it is our way of paying homage to [late singer] Paul Baloff by showing how relevant these songs we had written together still are. We aren't trying to replace the original; that's impossible anyway. We are just giving these songs the benefit of modern production. It's something we talked about before Paul's death and it's always been important to us to do. We were super excited about entering the studio once again to record these classics, and now it's back to writing the next studio record!"


title: Paul Baloff

text: On February 4, 2012, a Paul Baloff Memorial Reunion Concert was held at the Oakland Metro Opera House. Former and current members included Kirk Hammett, Rick Hunolt, Gary Holt, Geoff Andrews, Lee Altus, Rob Dukes, Tom Hunting and Jack Gibson. It was the first time they have all played together since 1983.


title: Necker cube

text: The Necker cube is an optical illusion that was first published as a Rhomboid in 1832 by Swiss crystallographer Louis Albert Necker. It is a simple wire-frame, two dimensional drawing of a cube with no visual cues as to its orientation, so it can be interpreted to have either the lower-left or the upper-right square as its front side.


title: Necker cube

text: Each part of the picture is ambiguous by itself, yet the human visual system picks an interpretation of each part that makes the whole consistent. The Necker cube is sometimes used to test computer models of the human visual system to see whether they can arrive at consistent interpretations of the image the same way humans do.


title: Necker cube

text: Humans do not usually see an inconsistent interpretation of the cube. A cube whose edges cross in an inconsistent way is an example of an impossible object, specifically an impossible cube (compare Penrose triangle).


title: Necker cube

text: With the cube on the left, most people see the lower-left face as being in front most of the time. This is possibly because people view objects from above, with the top side visible, far more often than from below, with the bottom visible, so the brain "prefers" the interpretation that the cube is viewed from above.


title: Necker cube

text: There is evidence that by focusing on different parts of the figure, one can force a more stable perception of the cube. The intersection of the two faces that are parallel to the observer forms a rectangle, and the lines that converge on the square form a "y-junction" at the two diagonally opposite sides. If an observer focuses on the upper "y-junction" the lower left face will appear to be in front. The upper right face will appear to be in front if the eyes focus on the lower junction. Blinking while being on the second perception will probably cause you to switch to the first one.


title: Necker cube

text: It is possible to cause the switch to occur by focusing on different parts of the cube. If one sees the first interpretation on the right it is possible to cause a switch to the second by focusing on the base of the cube until the switch occurs to the second interpretation. Similarly, if one is viewing the second interpretation, focusing on the left side of the cube may cause a switch to the first.


title: Necker cube

text: The Necker cube has shed light on the human visual system. The phenomenon has served as evidence of the human brain being a neural network with two distinct equally possible interchangeable stable states. Sidney Bradford, blind from the age of ten months but regaining his sight following an operation at age 52, did not perceive the ambiguity that normal-sighted observers do, but rather perceived only a flat image.


title: Necker cube

text: During the 1970s, undergraduates in the Psychology Department of City University, London, were provided with assignments to measure their Introversion-Extroversion orientations by the time it took for them to switch between the Front and Back perceptions of the Necker Cube.


title: Necker cube

text: The orientation of the Necker cube can also be altered by shifting the observer's point of view. When seen from apparent above, one face tends to be seen closer; and in contrast, when seen from a subjective viewpoint that is below, a different face comes to the fore.


title: Necker cube

text: The Necker cube is discussed to such extent in Robert J. Sawyer's 1998 science fiction novel "Factoring Humanity" that "Necker" becomes a verb, meaning to impel one's brain to switch from one perspective or perception to another.


title: Necker cube

text: The Necker cube is used to illustrate how vampires in Peter Watts' science fiction novels "Blindsight" (2006) and "Echopraxia" (2014) have superior pattern recognition skills. One of the pieces of evidence is that vampires can see both interpretations of the Necker Cube simultaneously which sets them apart from baseline humanity.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Fender Mustang is a solid body electric guitar produced by the Fender Musical Instruments Corporation. It was introduced in 1964 as the basis of a major redesign of Fender's student models, the Musicmaster and Duo-Sonic. It was produced until 1982 and reissued in 1990.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In the 1990s, the Mustang attained cult status largely as a result of its use by a number of alternative rock bands, in particular grunge bands, most notably played by Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Mustang features two single-coil pickups, an unusual pickup switching configuration, and a unique vibrato system. It was originally available in two scale lengths: and .


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Mustang has an offset waist, reminiscent of the Jazzmaster, but its overall styling closely followed the existing student models the Musicmaster and Duo-Sonic, the slight waist offset being the main change. After the release of the Mustang, the Musicmaster and Duo-Sonic were redesigned using the Mustang body. The new versions were branded the Musicmaster II and Duo-Sonic II, but the decals were not consistently applied.


title: Fender Mustang

text: All three Mustang-bodied models (Mustang, Musicmaster II and Duo-Sonic II) were offered with the option of two necks: a 21 fret, 22.5-inch (or 3/4 scale) neck, or a 22 fret, 24-inch neck. The 24-inch version was overwhelmingly more popular, and the 22.5-inch scale examples are rare. A 24-inch scale is still relatively short, used in the Fender Jaguar but a full inch and a half shorter than the Stratocaster and three-quarters of an inch shorter than the Gibson Les Paul. The short scale may make playing easier for people with small hands, and also lowers string tension for a given pitch, making string bending easier.


title: Fender Mustang

text: Its short scale, combined with a relatively low cost and extremely direct vibrato arm, made the Mustang a cult guitar in the 1990s. Before that, its low cost and marketing as a student guitar made it an obvious candidate for aftermarket upgrades, particularly pickup changes and also amateur finishes. Its wiring with the original pickups also lent itself to custom modifications.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 1966, Fender issued the Fender Mustang Bass. A new bass body was designed with a offset body style similar to that of the Mustang guitar, and a short (30-inch) scale was used.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 1969, Fender released the "Competition" Mustang with a "racing stripe" paint job and painted headstocks. Body contours were also added at this time. The Competition Mustangs came in Competition Red, Competition Blue (known as Competition Burgundy in the Fender catalog) and Competition Orange. This paint scheme was heavily influenced by the Shelby Mustang cars of the late 1960s.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 1982, Fender discontinued both the Mustang and the Musicmaster II. These were the last of the offset student models to be made. Fender replaced the Mustang line with the short-lived Fender Bullet line of guitars and basses before relegating production of their student guitars to their Squier division.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 1990, Fender reissued the Mustang, largely as a result of the vintage movement prevalent at the time. Among grunge and punk rock guitarists, Fender's discontinued models (budget models such as the Duo-Sonic and high-end models such as the Jazzmaster and Jaguar) had become extremely popular. Such models had Fender quality, but were less expensive secondhand than vintage Stratocasters and Telecasters.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The reissued Mustang is made in Japan and available in only the 24-inch scale. While the original Mustangs used mostly poplar wood for the body (with some rarely documented cases of mahogany), MG-72 Mustang reissues are made of the similar basswood, and the newer MG-65 reissues revert to the original poplar. The natural-finished MG-77 reissue is made of ash.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2011, Fender released a new Mustang model in the Pawn Shop series, called the Mustang Special. The model features an offset Mustang body shape and a 24-inch scale neck, but with humbucking pickups and a hard-tail Stratocaster bridge.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2012, Fender announced a Kurt Cobain Signature Mustang. This model is based on Cobain's modified Mustangs that he played during the In Utero Tour. Instead of having two single-coil pickups, it had a Seymour Duncan JB humbucker in the bridge and a normal Mustang single coil in the neck. It also had an angled Fender adjusto-matic bridge instead of the standard Mustang bridge. Originally, finish colors included Fiesta Red, Sonic Blue and Dark Lake Placid Blue with Competition Stripe, however, by 2015, the Kurt Cobain Mustang was produced only in Sonic Blue. It is the first Mustang model to be sold in Europe in both right-handed and left-handed versions.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2012, Squier released a new Mustang in the Vintage Modified series, with similar specifications to those of the original version, but using more modern materials. There was also a double-humbucker version introduced as a Bullet model.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2013, Fender released the Modern Player Mustang, a newer take on the old student model. It featured two Fender MP-90 pickups, which are similar to the P-90. It has a modern 9.5" neck radius, and was offered in Daphne Blue and Honeyburst.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2013, Fender introduced the American Special Mustang, the first production Mustang made in the United States since the original run was discontinued. The American Special Mustang is significantly different from vintage models, and eliminated many unconventional features of the original Mustang. It retains the traditional Mustang shape and scale length, but has two Fender Atomic Humbuckers with conventional three-way wiring, a more conventional Adjusto-matic bridge and a fixed tailpiece.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2016, Fender released two versions of the Mustang: the Mustang (with two single coil pickups in Olympic White, Black and Olive) and the Mustang 90 (with two MP90 pickups in Olympic White, Torino Red and Silver), both in a 24" scale. They have a string-through-body hardtail 'Strat' bridge (no vibrato system as was found on previous Mustangs), with vintage-like bent-steel saddles. These guitars, and a re-introduced Duo-Sonic range, form the 'Offset Series' and are made in Mexico. The bodies are alder while the necks are maple, with maple or rosewood fretboards. The rosewood fretboards were replaced by pau ferro in 2017, in response to new CITES restrictions on the trading of rosewood. Two colors were also introduced: Shell Pink for the Mustang and 2-Color Sunburst for the Mustang 90.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2018, Fender introduced an American Performer variant of the Mustang with an updated version of the original style vibrato system, Tim Shaw designed Yosemite pickups, and a three way selector switch instead of the original’s on-off and phase switches above the pickups.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 2021, Fender announced the Ben Gibbard Mustang as part of their Artist Signature series, designed to Death Cab for Cutie frontman Gibbard's specifications and inspired by the 1970s Mustangs he uses on tour. The guitar features several unique features including a chambered ash body, custom pickups, modified hardtail bridge, and simplified controls.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Mustang has two angled single-coil pickups, each with an adjacent on-off-on switch, and a master tone and volume control.


title: Fender Mustang

text: Many Mustangs have neither a pickup selector nor a circuit selector switch, instead just using the two pickup switches to allow the pickups to be used either singly or in parallel. The second "on" position reverses the phase of the selected pickup, allowing the pickups to be either in or out of phase when in parallel. This phasing option was also unusual for 1964.


title: Fender Mustang

text: It also meant that, as both pickups were floating with respect to ground, it was possible to modify the wiring to put the pickups into series either in or out of phase without excessive noise. The unusual switching could also be replaced with a conventional 3 way pickup selector switch, such as found on the early Fender Duo-Sonic models. However this usually requires modification of the pickguard and routing of the body. Installing an alternative pickup selector switch on the Mustang, like seen on early Duo-Sonics, can thus free up the two, eight-terminal, pickup switches for other uses. Some players choose and prefer this option. As with many student guitars, aftermarket pickup additions and changes are commonly found in many vintage examples.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Mustang introduced the "Fender Dynamic Vibrato" tailpiece, which together with a floating bridge forms the Mustang vibrato system. The floating bridge concept is common to the Fender floating vibrato developed for the Jazzmaster, but on the Mustang the saddles have only a single string slot, while on other Fender guitars there are multiple slots to allow limited adjustment of the string spacing.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The tailpiece was unique when introduced and remains the most unusual feature of the Mustang; Only the Jag-Stang and Fender Custom (Maverick) share this particular mechanism. While not nearly as popular as the Stratocaster "synchronized tremolo", some guitarists prefer it over all other vibrato mechanisms. However, some guitarists also claim that the vibrato is too sensitive. Most notably, Fender incorporated it in the custom design which became the Jag-Stang.


title: Fender Mustang

text: No previous Fender student guitar had a vibrato system at all, and the subsequent Fender Bronco used a completely different mechanism, without a floating bridge.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Mustang was the last of the Fender floating bridge models to be withdrawn, and the first to be reissued. Mustangs have maintained a popular following in Japan.


title: Fender Mustang

text: The Fender Mustang was originally produced in what Fender simply referred to as Blue, White, and Red from 1964–1968. Some now erroneously label these colors as Daphne Blue, Olympic White, and Dakota/Fiesta Red (actually two distinct custom red colors available from Fender) due to their similarity with these custom colors. However, Fender further notes in sales literature of the time that custom colors were not available on Mustangs or other student models of guitar. As such, Daphne Blue, Olympic White, and Dakota or Fiesta Red were never officially offered as Mustang colors. These would have been custom order only colors at the time of the Mustang's initial release, and thus the Mustang was not eligible to receive these finishes according to Fender. Speculation continues that these paint colors may have very well been the same exact custom paint formulations offered on other eligible Fender guitars, but it is not known with 100% certainty, although it is certainly probable.


title: Fender Mustang

text: In 1969, Fender made several significant changes to the manufacture of the Mustang. Body and arm contours were added, and the guitars were now offered in several "Competition Colors” for the first time.


title: Fender Mustang

text: Competition Burgundy with light blue stripes. The main body color is similar to Lake Placid Blue, and it remains a mystery as to why Fender called this color Burgundy. Some erroneously claim that guitars finished in this color scheme came with a purple burst around the guitar's outline. As observed on some vintage examples, this is due to heavier build up on the body and headstock edges of clear coat and the subsequent yellowing of this clear finish coat over many decades. This differential yellow over blue effect presents as a purple hue over these areas of the body and headstock. When new, these guitars simply did not exhibit this "faux" sunburst effect.


title: Fender Mustang

text: These were the first three original competition finishes offered. As stated, each were also fitted with a set of “racing stripes” across the arm contour. Competition Mustangs are the only original Fender guitars to be produced with these "racing stripes" which make them very collectible. The competition Mustangs produced from 1969 to mid 1970 came with a matching headstock; from then until the retirement of competition color schemes, an unpainted headstock was standard. The matching headstock models seem to be more desirable with collectors than the non matching models.


title: Fender Mustang

text: Mid-to-late 1970s US Mustangs were produced in sunburst and natural finishes as well as blonde, walnut, and black (with a standard black pickguard, updated from the earlier white pearloid or tortoise shell) and the unique Antigua burst scheme. Later Japanese reissues have been made available in a wide variety of color schemes, many with matching headstocks or in variations never seen in the US. These include competition Mustangs in Vintage White (with dark blue stripe), Capri Orange (with Fiesta Red stripe), and Ocean Turquoise Metallic (with light blue stripe), and non-stripe matching headstock Mustangs in Dakota Red, Fiesta Red and Old Lake Placid Blue. The 2012 Fender Mustang (Kurt Cobain Artist Edition) comes in Fiesta Red, Sonic Blue and Dark Lake Placid Blue with competition stripes. The 2016 Offset Series instruments come in Black, Olive, Olympic White, Torino Red and Silver, with Shell Pink and 2-Color Sunburst being released the following year.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: The Whole Truth () is a 2021 Thai supernatural mystery thriller film directed by Wisit Sasanatieng, written by Abishek J. Bajaj and starring Sompob Benjathikul, Sadanont Durongkaweroj and Steven Isarapong. It was released on Netflix on December 2, 2021.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Pim and Putt are teenage siblings. Pim is a popular cheerleader while Putt is a bit of a social outcast with a leg brace for unknown reasons. Their mother, Mai, is a working single mom, recently promoted to a higher paid job. One day, Pim comes home from school to find Putt and his friend Fame playing video games. Fame follows her upstairs and tries to force his way into her room while she’s changing. Putt is unable to climb the stairs to help her due to his brace. A spurned Fame reminds Putt that he possessed a mysterious video, apparently enough to blackmail Putt into doing what he wants. Pim calls her mother to ask when she’ll be home and tell her about Fame, but Mai informs her she has to stay late for a meeting. It starts to rain heavily, and on Mai’s drive she gets into a car accident. Back at home, Pim answers the door to a man who says he’s her grandfather, Phong, and informs her about her mother’s accident. At the hospital they see their mother in a coma in the ICU, and meet their grandmother, Wan, who, after mistakenly calling Putt “Krit”, insists the teens stay at their house in their mother’s old room. She asserts that Pim and Putt lived there as children, though neither remember their time there.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Their grandfather informs them that their grandmother has dementia and might behave strangely He asks they help look after her during their stay and not to take anything upsetting she does to heart. After retrieving their cat Latte from home, Putt discovers a hole in their grandparent’s wall. Peering through, he sees a house similar to their grandparents but decaying, along with a dark haired figure. He tells Pim, who dismisses it. At dinner, Pim asks where Latte is and Wan tells her she let the cat outside, which greatly upsets Putt. Pim tells her grandfather about the hole, but when she goes to show him, he cannot see it, nor can Wan. They assume the children are lying, and get irate, particularly Phong who storms off. Wan looks at a blank spot on the wall where a clock used to be and informs Pim and Putt it’s time for bed. In their room, Pim and Putt discuss whether their grandparents are lying to them or if the house itself is causing it. Putt asks Pim if she really believes their grandparents are who they say they are, since their mother never mentioned them.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: The next morning Pim notices the catfood is still untouched. Putt notices that the hole in the wall is gone. Wan asks them both to try not to upset their grandfather, and lectures Putt about drinking his milk. At school, Fame confronts Putt with the video once again, and invites himself over, despite Putt’s protests. Pim sees the confrontation and tells Fame off, even as he tries to flirt with her. Back at their grandparents house, Fames threats of showing Pim the video are interrupted by Putt hearing a scraping noise coming from the hole, which has reappeared on the wall. Fame can neither hear the noise nor see the hole. Putt looks through it and sees a young child with a black, hugely swollen face, with dark liquid dripping from their mouth and nose. Fame attempts to look through the hole and gets a bloody nose, accusing Putt of pushing him and almost coming to blows before Pim gets home and breaks it up. Fame storms off and leaves his phone behind. Pim demands to know what Fame meant, and Putt reveals that he’d secretly filmed Pim taking a shower in the gym and had been blackmailing him to helping Fame get a date with Pim. Wan returns home and sees the blood on the floor, panicking and calling Pim “Mai” and telling her to get rid of it, before calling Putt “Krit” and blaming him for the mess and telling Pim to get him out. She then seems to snap out of it and apologizes, staring at the same place on the wall where a clock used to be and announcing she needs her medicine. That night they’re woken by a banging noise. Their grandfather goes to investigate, finding Wan sobbing and banging on the floor. The next morning at breakfast, Wan talks about how well she slept, seeming oblivious to last night’s event.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Phong visits an old employee from his days in law enforcement to talk about his daughter’s case. In his office there’s a photograph of Phong in uniform on the wall labeled “Lt.Gen. Somphong Chaiyawan. Head of Crime Suppression Division 2007-2011”. He asks to see his daughter’s case file, inquiring after the owner of the car, a teenager named Chaiyut, whose father is a real estate tycoon named Apiwat. Chaiyut claims his friend was driving, as he and his girlfriend had high blood alcohol content. Phong gets irate and asserts that Chaiyut could have used his wealth to pay his friend to take the fall, and demands justice. He swears that if the system doesn’t work he will do it himself. Back at home Pim discovers Fame’s phone where he left it on the couch. She is elated and begins to look for the blackmail video, but is interrupted by a scraping sound coming from the hole. Putt tells her he’s looked through it before, and can see the house next door as well as a “creepy girl”. Pim tells him to keep a lookout for their grandparents while she looks through the hole. She sees the decayed looking house, with the closet door open and a small figure crawling out of it leaving a trail of dark fluid behind her before vomiting the same dark fluid. She tells Putt who looks and sees the girl with the black face standing in the room, now with a hole directly through her head. Pim tries to convince Putt to go next door to help her but he refuses, adamant that the girl is a ghost. Pim looks again and sees the girl with the black face holding an infant in her arms that she then vomits black onto. She pulls back and tells Putt to stay away, now convinced that whatever they’re seeing isn’t real.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: That evening, Latte reappears and Pim finds the video of herself showering on Fame’s phone. Later, Putt wakes up in the middle of the night to a scraping noise. He sees a girl in a nightgown sitting on Pim’s bed, stroking her face. He screams, waking Pim, and they argue over what he saw. A pair of bare feet in a nightgown are shown outside their door. Putt wakes up with a nosebleed, feeling sick. Pim gets their grandmother against Putt’s wishes. A newspaper headline reveals that Chaiyut, the tycoon’s son, has “walked free” after his friend confessed to being the driver during the hit and run. Phong breaks down by his daughter’s hospital bed and swears he’ll hunt him down. At home Wan brings Putt some milk and he asks her about what his mother was like as a child. Wan says she was a popular, perfect girl, just like Pim. Wan implies something happened that drove Mai apart from them, but refuses to say what, instead asking to see Putt’s sketchbook. Inside she sees a drawing of a girl with a spiral hole in her head and gets angry, while Putt denies he drew it. She has a moment of vagueness before telling Putt to drink the milk she brought and leaving. When Putt looks at the sketchbook again the drawing is gone. He knocks over the glass of milk in the process, and Latte drinks it from the floor.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: It’s announced that Pim was chosen to be head cheerleader again, despite two other girls being nominated. She confronts her friend Paew, who was also one of the ones nominated, having discovered text messages on Fame’s phone that revealed Paew was the one who took the video and tried to get Fame to spread it around after having sex with him. Paew says that everyone hates her for being “perfect” and stuck up, and that she sent out the video earlier that day. The coach reveals she knew about the video and has proof enough to get Paew in serious trouble. When Pim gets home she finds Putt is getting sicker, and coughing up blood. She calls her grandfather who is shown to be crashing a party for Chaiyut. More banging from the hole wakes them up that night. Pim looks through it as Putt is too sick, and sees the black faced girl crawling through blood. A normal looking man is shown to be asleep on the couch next to empty bottles. They start to theorize that the black faced girl is trying to tell them how she died. Putt observes that the house looks exactly like their grandparents’, pointing out the place on the wall where a clock used to be. In the house across the hall, a clock is hung in the same place. Putt tells Pim about wormholes, theorizing that the hole in the wall is showing them a different time or dimension. Their grandfather gets home, and they ask him about the house next door, and if a girl died there. He gets angry and says the house has been abandoned for a long time, and that there was never any dead girl. He moves a bookcase to hide the spot where they say the hole is.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Phong goes upstairs and retrieves his old uniform and service revolver from his closet. The bookshelf in front of the hole falls over, summoning Pim, Putt, and their grandmother. Meanwhile Chiayut is shown drinking and driving once more, bragging to his friend about his father owning the police. In a tunnel he almost collides with a parked car. Phong gets out and approaches, in uniform. Chiayut attempts to bribe him, then pulls a gun before being slammed into the steering wheel and beaten by Phong, who then pours the remains of the liquor over him and lights him on fire. At the hospital, Mai wakes up and asks for her children. The doctors attempt to call Phong but cannot get through. Mai panics when she’s told her children are with their grandparents. Pim and Putt tell their grandmother to go back to bed while they finish cleaning up. The scratching noise from the hole stops her, revealing she has heard it for 15 years though she has never looked through the hole. She reveals she lied to keep their grandfather from getting angry with her, and that he’s been making her take the pills to keep her complacent. She begs Pim not to look, but is ignored. Pim sees the house, no longer decayed but fully furnished, and sees a young mother holding her infant child, and a man asleep on the couch. The mother wakes up the man, who she calls Krit, and asks him where Pinya is. A younger version of Wan and Phong, who is in his uniform, come into view, talking to the woman who is revealed to be Mai.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Pim tells the others what she saw and asks who Pinya is. Putt looks through the hole and sees Phong holding the bloody body of a young girl as Mai sobs. Wan pulls him away from the hole as he demands to know if the man on the couch is his father. A gunshot is heard.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Phong arrives at the hospital to find Mai missing from her bed. Wan explains that Phong and her had gone out with Mai, leaving Pinya with her father, Krit, resulting in Pinya’s death. A flashback shows Krit painting and drinking heavily, as Pinya shown to have a heavily swollen face, asks to play a hide and seek. She gets into the closet, accidentally locking herself inside where she found and drank a bottle of rat poison. Wan claimed Pinya was never “right in the head”, and must’ve thought the poison was syrup. Another flashback shows Krit dead on the floor from a gunshot wound to the head, which Phong says was suicide from guilt.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: In the present day, Putt vomits blood onto the table. Pim wants to take him to a doctor but Wan says she’s overreacting and takes Putt to bed.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Mai arrives in a taxi at the house, and discovers a dead Latte in the garbage. Inside, Wan tries to force Putt to drink milk, calling him “Pinya” as she does. Mai’s arrival stops her.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: She is overjoyed to see Mai, who spurns her and tries to take her kids and run, but is stopped by Phong, brandishing his gun. Mai confronts him, claiming he had something to do with Krit’s death, which he reacts to guiltily, but puts the gun away.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Putt continues to get sick, prompting Pim to tell Mai about the milk, connecting his illness to what she saw of Pinya. She goes to drink the milk herself, as Wan screams at her to stop, but it is launched out of her hand by an unseen force.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Flashbacks show Wan treating Pinya cruelly due to her different face, before cooing over Pim for being a pretty baby.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Mai confronts her mother about poisoning Putt and Pinya. Phong argues that she would never do such a thing and blames everything on Krit, which Mai refutes.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Wan finally snaps, blaming Mai for marrying a lowlife like Krit and calling Pinya and Putt freaks, and that she was doing Mai a favor by “cleansing” things.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: She takes her kids and leaves. Pim looks back to see the hole still there, and as Wan collapses, sobbing, Pinya is shown to be on the other side.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Back at their real home, Mai tells Putt and Pim about Pinya, and their father who was an artist like Putt. She told Pim that Pinya would sing her to sleep, a tune that Pim still knows.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Pim then asks if Mai is sure they know the whole truth. Putt agrees and asks Mai to be honest with them about their father. They mention the hole, which Mai can also see. It showed up after Krit died, and never went away, even when their grandfather tried to cover it. Mai never looked through it.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Wan wakes up in the night from the scratching noise. She yells, waking up Phong who still cannot hear it.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Phong receives a phone call from his old employee who tells him about Chaiyut, and asks his whereabouts. He then informs Phong that they retrieved evidence proving Chaiyut wasn’t driving after all, making his murder meaningless.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Downstairs, Wan opens the closet to find Pinya’s ghost, who hugs her and vomits blood. Phong comes downstairs to find Wan thrashing on the floor, and sees a bottle of rat poison in her hand. As Wan continues to convulse, Phong sees the burning ghost of Chaiyut. He shoots at the ghost in fear, hitting Wan instead and killing her. He then turns the gun on himself and fires through his mouth, creating the very hole in the wall that he could never see.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: A flashback shows Mai looking through the hole, watching as Pinya hides in the closet, and Wan from the past, noticing the door is left ajar, closes and bolts it.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: Another flashback reveals Mai was the one to shoot Krit, furious at him for letting their child die. Phong helps her cover up the murder as a suicide.


title: The Whole Truth (2021 film)

text: We see present day Mai putting on lipstick and smiling. In her room, Pim lays on her bed, with the black ghost of Pinya laying next to her, holding her hand.


title: Jaddanbai

text: Jaddanbai Hussain (Hindi: जद्दनबाई हुसैन, Punjabi: ਜੱਦਨਬਾਈ ਹੁਸੈਨ, Urdu: ; 1892 – April 8, 1949; known professionally as Jaddanbai) was an Indian singer, music composer, dancer, actress, filmmaker, and one of the pioneers of Indian cinema. She along with Saraswati Devi was one of the first female music composers in Indian cinema. She was the mother of Akhtar Hussain, Anwar Hussain, and the well-known Hindi actress Nargis, and maternal grandmother of Priya Dutt and Sanjay Dutt.


title: Jaddanbai

text: Jaddanbai Hussain was born around 1892 to Miajaan and Daleepabai, one of chilbila, Meja Allahabad's most renowned dancers. Her mother Daleepabai used to be known as Dilipa Devi and was from a Hindu Brahmin family before being abducted as a child by a wandering group of people who trained and managed dancers. She was thoroughly groomed and went on to be very successful in this profession, working as a singer and dancer. Her managers then arranged her into a marriage with a Sarangi player employed by the troupe whom her mother only knew as Miyan Jaan. Miyan Jaan died when she was five. Jaddanbai moved to the city and became a singer but had difficulty due to her lack of formal training. She later approached Shrimant Ganpat Rao (Bhaiya Saheb Scindia) of Calcutta and became his student. Shrimant Ganpat Rao died in 1920 while she was still a student, so she completed her training under Ustad Moinuddin Khan. Later she also trained with Ustad Chaddu Khan Saheb and Ustad Laab Khan Saheb.


title: Jaddanbai

text: Her music became popular and she became an even more famous courtesan than her mother. She began recording ghazals with the Columbia Gramophone Company. She started participating in music sessions and was invited by the rulers of many princely states such as Rampur, Bikaner, Gwalior, Jammu and Kashmir, Indore, and Jodhpur to perform mehfils. She had also rendered songs and ghazals at various radio stations nationwide.


title: Jaddanbai

text: She later began acting when the Play Art Photo Tone Company of Lahore approached her for a role in their movie "Raja Gopichand" in 1933. She played the role of the mother of the title character. Later she worked for a Karachi based film company, in "Insaan ya Shaitan".


title: Jaddanbai

text: She worked in two more movies, "Prem Pariksha" and "Seva Sadan", before starting her own production company called Sangeet Films. The company produced "Talashe Haq" in 1935, in which she acted and composed the music. She also introduced her daughter Nargis as a child artist. In 1936 she acted in, directed, and wrote the music for "Madam Fashion".


title: Jaddanbai

text: Her first marriage was with a wealthy Gujarati Hindu businessman Narottamdas ("Bachhubhai" or "Bachi Babu") Khatri. Khatri converted to Islam upon marriage and together they had a son, Akhtar Hussain. Her second marriage was with harmonium master Ustaad Irshad Meer Khan, a frequent collaborator, who sired her second son, actor Anwar Hussain. Her third marriage was to Mohanchand Uttamchand ("Mohan Babu") Tyagi, a wealthy Punjabi Mohyal Brahmin Hindu heir who converted to Islam and adopted the name Abdul Rashid. Film actress Nargis (née Fatima Rashid) was their daughter.


title: Jaddanbai

text: Despite being a nominal Muslim and her husband formally converting to Islam, Jaddanbai and her family practiced aspects of Hinduism, fluctuating between a Hindu and Muslim identity. Jaddanbai was sometimes known by the alias "Jayadevi Tyagi," a Hindu name, even in some official documents. She is the mother-in-law of Sunil Dutt and grandmother of Priya and Sanjay Dutt.


title: Pandavar Illam

text: Pandavar Illam () is a 2019 Indian-Tamil language Family drama television series, which premiered on 15 July 2019 in Sun TV and digitally streams on Sun NXT. It stars Papri Ghosh, Aarthi Subhash, Krithika Annamalai, Naresh Eswar, Guhan Shanmugam, Nesan Nepolean, Surendar Raaj, Mohammad Absar, Anisha and Anu Sulash. The show is produced by VSAGA Pictures Pvt Ltd and directed by O.N. Rathnam.