title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: Helicopter units of JRV were equipped with about 190 home-made Gazelle helicopters in utility, attack, rescue and scout versions, 90 Soviet-made Mil Mi-8T Hip-C cargo helicopters and 12 Soviet anti-submarine helicopters. Each Corps of AF and AD had a Special Helicopter Squad ("Specijalno Helikoptersko Odeljenje" - SHO) equipped with four Mi-8 helicopters unless the Special Helicopter Squad of the First Corps of AF and AD, which was equipped with two Aérospatiale Alouette III light utility helicopters and two Mi-8 transport helicopters. In the 138th Transport Aviation Brigade which was separate unit under direct command of JRViPVO HQ there was one transport helicopter squadron, 890.TRHE equipped with Mi-8 and Gazelle helicopters. The First Corps of AF and AD had the 107th Helicopter Regiment from Mostar (BiH), which consisted of two squadrons, 782.HE equipped with Gazelle helicopters in SA.341 and SA.342 Gama versions and Mi-8, and 783.HE equipped with Gazelle helicopters. Squadrons of the 107th Helicopter Regiment were used by the Marshal Tito Air Force Military Academy. Also there were three helicopter squadrons of the 97th Aviation Brigade at Divulje; 676.PPAE equipped with Gazelle helicopters and CL-215 firefighting aircraft, 784.PPHE equipped with 12 Mi-14, Ka-25 and Ka-28 anti-sub helicopters and 790.TRHE equipped with Mi-8 cargo helicopters. In the Third Corps of AF and AD there were three helicopter squadrons in 119. Aviation Brigade; 712.POHE equipped with Gazelle Gama attack helicopters, 714.POHE also equipped with Gazelle Gama helicopters and 787.TRHE equipped with Mi-8 transport helicopters. In Fifth Corps of AF and AD there were also three helicopter squadrons; 711.POHE equipped with Gazelle Gama, 713.POHE also equipped with Gazelle Gama attack helicopters and 780.TRHE equipped with Mi-8 cargo helicopters. There was also one mixed-aviation squadron, 333.AE from 105.LBAP which had few Gazelle helicopters used for training by the Marshal Tito Air Force Military Academy. The Army command regions also had their helicopter squadrons equipped with Gazelle Hera scout helicopters. EIV of 1st Army region was at Batajnica Airbase, EIV of 2nd Army region was at Skopski Petrovac, EIV of 3rd Army region at Pleso and EIV of Navy region was at Divulje.


title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: In 1991 the deep rooted grievances that had been threatening the unity of the Federal state for some time finally came to a head when Slovenia initiated moves towards independence. At the end of June 1991 the JRViPVO was tasked with transporting soldiers and federal police to Slovenia. The Slovenes resisted this re-imposition of central control, which rapidly escalated into an armed conflict. Two air force helicopters were shot down, while the JRViPVO launched air strikes on TV transmitters and Slovenian territorial defence positions. After a political agreement, the federal forces left Slovenia.


title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: Meanwhile, armed conflict had broken out between Croatian and Serbian forces in Croatia. The JRV flew several low passes in a show of force against Croatia and launched a number of strikes. In August 1991 Serbian dominated federal government began an open war campaign against the Croats. The JRV was active providing transport and close air support missions to ground forces, but was gradually forced to abandon air bases outside of ethnic Serbian held areas. The hostilities were ended by a truce on 3 January 1992. The JRV equipment in Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to the new Republika Srpska Air Force and used during the War in Bosnia. Between 1991 and 1992, the JRV lost a total of 46 airplanes and helicopters in Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. The bulk of the ex-SFRY's air force was inherited by the air force of the new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.


title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: In 1962 the Yugoslav Air Force introduced a new aircraft designation system to identify specific aircraft types. Prior to this time, the Air Force had been mainly equipped combat aircraft of US origin, such as the F-84G and T-33A, and the US designation was commonly used. However, aircraft locally modified to fulfill the reconnaissance role, such as the F-86D and T-33A, were referred to as the IF-86D and IT-33A. The selection of the MiG-21, which lacked similar designation, as the new front-line fighter led to the introduction of a formal aircraft designation system.


title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: The main designation consisted of a prefix letter signifying the principal role of the aircraft, and a two-digit individual type number, e.g.: J-22. The role prefixes are:


title: Yugoslav Air Force

text: In addition, various role modification prefix and suffix letters are used, to indicate trainer, reconnaissance etc. variants of the basic design. The role modification letters are:


title: Henry Goodman

text: Henry Goodman (born 23 April 1950) is a RADA trained British actor. He has appeared on television and radio, in film and in the theatre.


title: Henry Goodman

text: He attended the Central Foundation Boys' School and joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, London, in 1969.


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2003 Goodman guest starred in the ITV series "Foyle's War" as corrupt American industrialist Howard Paige in “Fifty Ships”, the opening episode of Season 2 of the British TV crime drama set in WWII. In 2013 he played the role of Sir Humphrey Appleby in the remake of "Yes, Prime Minister" which was launched on the Gold television channel.


title: Henry Goodman

text: Goodman appeared on Broadway in three shows. He briefly replaced Nathan Lane in "The Producers" in 2002, but was fired after one month due to creative differences with Mel Brooks. The following year he returned to Broadway in "Tartuffe".


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2010 he played the role of Sir Humphrey Appleby in the stage version of "Yes, Prime Minister" at the Chichester Festival Theatre and later at the Gielgud Theatre, in London's West End from 17 September 2010.


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2012 he played the title role in "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui" in Chichester and then in the West End to critical acclaim.


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2015 he played the title role in Ben Jonson's Jacobean comedy "Volpone" at the Royal Shakespeare Company, directed by Trevor Nunn and co-starring Matthew Kelly and Miles Richardson. His previous RSC appearance was in 2003 as Richard III.


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2017 he played Lucian Freud in "Looking at Lucian", written by Alan Franks, at the Ustinov Studio at Theatre Royal, Bath. Of this part, he said "I share an intense hunger to want theatre to be as meaningful as he wanted painting to be."


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 2022, he played Hercule Poirot in Ken Ludwig’s adaptation of Murder on the Orient Express at the Chichester Festival Theatre and the Theatre Royal, Bath. He was nominated for a UK Theatre Award for his performance.


title: Henry Goodman

text: In 1999 Goodman played a memorable cameo role as the Ritz concierge in "Notting Hill". He portrayed a HYDRA doctor in the 2014 film "", though he was not listed in the credits. He played the character again, now named Dr. List, on the second season of the TV show "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", and in the 2015 film "".


title: Henry Goodman

text: Goodman is also a respected radio actor. He portrayed Pierre Beaumarchais in the BBC Radio 4 series "Beaumarchais" in 1996, "Melvin" in "The Attractive Young Rabbi" (BBC Radio 4, 1999-2002) and Leopold Bloom in BBC Radio 4's all-day adaptation of James Joyce's "Ulysses" for 'Bloomsday' in 2012. He has also played author and chemist Primo Levi and a large number of other, often Jewish, characters on Radio 4.


title: Henry Goodman

text: His awards include the Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical playing Charles Guiteau in "Assassins" at the Donmar Warehouse directed by Sam Mendes in 1993, and the Olivier Award for Best Actor for Shylock in "The Merchant of Venice" at the National Theatre directed by Trevor Nunn in 2000. He has also been nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 1998 for "Chicago", London Critics Circle Theatre Award for Best Actor ("The Merchant of Venice"), and Theatre Awards UK for Best Performance in a Play in 2012 ("The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui").


title: Henry Goodman

text: In his autobiography, Antony Sher says Goodman's Shylock is "quite simply the best". He reprised his role for a television film which was released in 2004.


title: Henry Goodman

text: Goodman is Jewish. He has five siblings. He is married to Sue Parker, a choreographer and dance director.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kevin James Kisner (born February 15, 1984) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kisner was born in Aiken, South Carolina and attended South Aiken High School. He played college golf at the University of Georgia and was a member of their 2005 NCAA Division I Championship team along with Chris Kirk, Richard Scott, and Brendon Todd. After graduating in 2006, he turned professional.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kisner played on the mini-tours (NGA Hooters Tour and Tarheel Tour) from 2007 to 2009, winning three times. He also played in six Nationwide Tour events in 2009. He played the Nationwide Tour full-time in 2010, winning once at the Mylan Classic. He finished the year 11th on the money list and earned his 2011 PGA Tour card.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kisner failed to earn enough money on the PGA Tour in 2011 to retain his card (181st on money list), but finished T-11 at qualifying school to earn his card for 2012. He again failed to retain his card, finishing 167th on the money list, and missed earning a card in qualifying school by one stroke. He returned to (the now renamed) Web.com Tour in 2013 and won the Chile Classic in March. He finished 13th on the 2013 Web.com Tour regular season money list to earn his 2014 PGA Tour card.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: In 2014, Kisner finished sixth at the Wells Fargo Championship, eighth at the Wyndham Championship and ninth at the RBC Canadian Open.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: During the 2015 PGA Tour, Kisner finished runner-up three times, losing all three in sudden-death playoffs. He was defeated at the 2015 RBC Heritage after losing on the second hole of the playoff to Jim Furyk. Kisner would go on to finish tied with Sergio García and Rickie Fowler at The Players Championship event in May after 72 holes, losing to Fowler on the first hole of sudden-death after the two remained tied following a three-hole aggregate playoff. At the Greenbrier Classic he again tied for second after losing a sudden-death playoff, which was eventually won by Danny Lee. Kisner was eliminated on the first extra hole with birdie. Other notable results were finishes for fourth at the McGladrey Classic, fifth at the Crowne Plaza Invitational at Colonial, and eighth at the Memorial Tournament.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kisner finished as runner-up at the WGC-HSBC Champions event in Shanghai in November 2015, two strokes behind Russell Knox despite holding the 36-hole lead. This was Kisner's fourth runner-up finish of the 2015 calendar year.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: On November 22, 2015, after a number of near misses, Kisner earned his first PGA Tour victory by winning the RSM Classic, in his 109th PGA Tour start. He won by six strokes over Kevin Chappell as he dominated the tournament over the weekend. He began the final round with a three stroke advantage and shot a final round of 64 to storm to his first victory. The win moved him into the Top 20 in the world rankings and put him at the top of the early FedEx Cup standings moving into 2016.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: On May 28, 2017, Kisner won his second PGA Tour title at the Dean & DeLuca Invitational with a one-stroke victory over three other players.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: On March 25, 2018, Kisner finished runner-up in the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play in Austin, Texas. He lost to Bubba Watson in the final, 7 & 6. He also tied for second with a score of six-under-par at the 2018 Open Championship.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: On March 31, 2019, Kisner once again reached the championship round of the WGC-Dell Technologies Match Play. This time, he won the tournament (3 & 2) over fellow American Matt Kuchar.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: In August 2021, Kisner won the Wyndham Championship with a birdie on the second extra hole in a six-man sudden-death playoff.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: In September 2022, Kisner was selected for the U.S. team in the 2022 Presidents Cup; he tied one and lost two of the three matches he played.


title: Kevin Kisner

text: Kisner founded the Kisner Foundation with his wife, Brittany, to "support organizations that serve children in one or more of the following areas: child health, education, youth sports" in and around his hometown of Aiken, South Carolina.


title: 3rd century

text: The 3rd century was the period from 201 (CCI) to 300 (CCC) Anno Domini (AD) or Common Era (CE) in the Julian calendar..


title: 3rd century

text: In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor Severus Alexander in 235, plunging the empire into a period of economic troubles, barbarian incursions, political upheavals, civil wars, and the split of the Roman Empire through the Gallic Empire in the west and the Palmyrene Empire in the east, which all together threatened to destroy the Roman Empire in its entirety, but the reconquests of the seceded territories by Emperor Aurelian and the stabilization period under Emperor Diocletian due to the administrative strengthening of the empire caused an end to the crisis by 284. This crisis would also mark the beginning of Late Antiquity.


title: 3rd century

text: In Persia, the Parthian Empire was succeeded by the Sassanid Empire in 224 after Ardashir I defeated and killed Artabanus V during the Battle of Hormozdgan. The Sassanids then went on to subjugate many of the western portions of the declining Kushan Empire.


title: 3rd century

text: In China, the chaos that had been raging since 189 would ultimately continue to persist with the decisive defeat of Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs in 208, which would increasingly end the hopes of unification and lead to the tripartite division of China into three main empires; Shu, Wu, and Wei, colloquially known as the Three Kingdoms period, which started in 220 with the formal abdication of Emperor Xian of Han to Cao Cao's son, Cao Pi, thereby founding Wei, which would go on to conquer Shu in 263, but would ultimately be united again under the Jin dynasty, headed by the Sima clan, who would usurp Wei in 266, and conquer Wu in 280.


title: 3rd century

text: In other parts of the world, Korea was ruled by the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Japan entered the Kofun period. The Xiongnu formed the Tiefu state under Liu Qubei. The Southeast Asian mainland was mostly dominated by Funan; the first kingdom of the Khmer people. In India, the Gupta Empire was on the rise towards the end of the century. In Pre-Columbian America, the Adena culture of the Ohio River valley declined in favor of the Hopewell culture. The Maya civilization entered its Classic Era.


title: 3rd century

text: After the death of Commodus in the late previous century the Roman Empire was plunged into a civil war. When the dust settled, Septimius Severus emerged as emperor, establishing the Severan dynasty. Unlike previous emperors, he openly used the army to back his authority, and paid them well to do so. The regime he created is known as the Military Monarchy as a result. The system fell apart in the 230s, giving way to a fifty-year period known as the Military Anarchy or the Crisis of the Third Century, following the assassination of the 28-year-old emperor Severus Alexander (the last emperor of the Severan dynasty), where no fewer than twenty emperors held the reins of power, most for only a few months. The majority of these men were assassinated, or killed in battle, and the empire almost collapsed under the weight of the political upheaval, as well as the growing Persian threat in the east. Under its new Sassanid rulers, Persia had grown into a rival superpower, and the Romans would have to make drastic reforms in order to better prepare their state for a confrontation. These reforms were finally realized late in the century under the reign of Diocletian, one of them being to divide the empire into an eastern and western half, and have a separate ruler for each.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Janaya Khan is a social activist from Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Khan is a co-founder of Black Lives Matter Toronto as well as an international ambassador for the Black Lives Matter Network. Khan identifies as black, queer, and gender-nonconforming. Much of their work analyzes intersectional topics including the Black Lives Matter movement, queer theory, Black feminism, and organized protest strategies.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Khan was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario to a Trinidadian father and a British Jamaican mother who emigrated to Canada. Khan received a Bachelor of Arts from York University, graduating with an honours degree in English language and literature. Khan currently resides in Los Angeles serving as program director for Color Of Change and as a speaker with Keppler Speakers Bureau. Khan is married to Black Lives Matter co-founder Patrisse Cullors. Khan is an author and competitive amateur boxer.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Khan believes that the sole responsibility of the police is to manufacture criminals and that the police do not keep people safe. They (Khan) would rather have "rapid response justice teams" in the place of police.


title: Janaya Khan

text: In a 2016 interview with Maclean's magazine, they recalled the difficulty of growing up with an intersectional identity in a society with limited resources and knowledge on intersectionality and transfeminism. Khan states that actions like carding (a Canadian police policy where people are stopped and questioned not in relation to a specific offence) made them realize how normalized their community had been to a heavy police presence accompanied by biased questioning. Incidences like this initiated their path into activism and the ultimate inception of Black Lives Matter Toronto.


title: Janaya Khan

text: In October 2014, Khan and fellow Black Lives Matter Toronto co-founder Sandy Hudson organized an action of solidarity following the death of 33-year-old Jermaine Carby, who was shot and killed during a routine traffic stop in Brampton, Ontario, on September 24, 2014. This incident occurred a month after the August 9 shooting of Michael Brown in the United States. After announcing the protest, around 4,000 people gathered to demonstrate in solidarity outside the US Consulate. Wanting to build on this momentum, they decided to meet with Los Angeles-based Patrisse Cullors, one of the founders of the Black Lives Matter movement in the United States. This meeting launched the foundations for Black Lives Matter to become an international movement rather than one based only in the United States.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Khan has led a number of demonstrations and events in Toronto, mainly based on instances of police brutality in the United States and Canada. In July 2016, they helped organize a sit-in during Pride Toronto, where protesters came prepared with a list of demands including more representation of minority groups and no uniformed police presence during Pride.


title: Janaya Khan

text: The "New York Post" reported on January 29, 2022, that the Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation transferred millions to a Canadian charity run by Janaya Khan to purchase a sprawling mansion that had once served as the headquarters of the Communist Party. M4BJ, a Toronto-based non-profit set up by Khan and other Canadian activists, purchased the 10,000-square foot historic property for the equivalent of $6.3 million in cash in July 2021, according to Toronto property records viewed by the "Post". Khan resigned from the group in 2021, a month after The Post revealed that they had spent $3.2 million on homes in Georgia and Los Angeles. Khan vigorously denied that BLM donations were used to buy the homes.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Khan has presented across Canada at a number of institutions, including the University of Toronto and York University. They have also given talks at many campuses in the United States, including Bryn Mawr College and Emerson College. In 2016, they were joined by Black Lives Matter co-founder Opal Tometi to speak at Smith College's "When and Where I Enter" symposium.


title: Janaya Khan

text: Khan is the recipient of multiple awards, including the 2015 Bromley Armstrong Human Rights Award from the Toronto & York Region Labour Council, and was named one of "Toronto's Most Influential" by "Toronto Life" in 2016. Their work has been featured on sites such as "The Root", Al Jazeera, and the "Huffington Post".


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Karl Franz Gebhardt (23 November 1897 – 2 June 1948) was a German medical doctor and a war criminal during World War II. He served as Medical Superintendent of the Hohenlychen Sanatorium, Consulting Surgeon of the "Waffen-SS", Chief Surgeon in the Staff of the Reich Physician SS and Police, and personal physician to Heinrich Himmler.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Gebhardt was the main coordinator of a series of surgical experiments performed on inmates of the concentration camps at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. These experiments were an attempt to defend his approach to the surgical management of grossly contaminated traumatic wounds, against the then-new innovations of antibiotic treatment of injuries acquired on the battlefield.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: During the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, Gebhardt stood trial in the Doctors' trial (American Military Tribunal No. I). He was convicted of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death on 20 August 1947. He was hanged on 2 June 1948, in Landsberg Prison in Bavaria.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: In his student days Gebhardt had been a supporter of the national counter-revolutionary movement and was active among other things in the Volunteer Corps "the Upland Alliance." Gebhardt studied medicine in Munich beginning in 1919. In 1924, after two years as an unpaid assistant physician he received a post as an intern at the Surgical Clinic of the University of Munich. Gebhardt trained under the tutelage of Ferdinand Sauerbruch and later under Erich Lexer, finally gaining his habilitation in 1932. Gebhardt had a distinguished career prior to World War II, contributing a great deal to the development of the field of sports medicine. He wrote articles on physical medicine and rehabilitation, a textbook on sports rehabilitation and he disseminated his ideas in Germany and throughout the rest of Europe.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Gebhardt's Nazi career began with his joining the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" (NSDAP, more commonly known as the Nazi Party) on 1 May 1933. In 1935, he moved to Berlin, where he was appointed associate professor. That year, Gebhardt joined the "Schutzstaffel" (SS) and was also appointed Medical Superintendent of Hohenlychen Sanatorium in the Uckermark, which he changed from a sanatorium for tuberculosis patients into an orthopedic clinic. At Hohenlychen Sanatorium, Gebhardt started the first sports medicine clinic in Germany and developed sports programs for amputees and other disabled people. Gebhardt was also appointed to the "Deutsche Hochschule für Leibesübungen" (German College for Physical Education) in 1935, where he became the first professor of sports medicine in Berlin.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: In 1936 he distinguished himself in his post as a head of the Medical Department of the "Akademie für Sport und Leibeserziehung" (Academy for Exercise and Physical Training) as senior physician of the 1936 Summer Olympics. Hohenlychen Sanatorium became the sports sanatorium for the Third Reich and served as the central hospital for the athletes who participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics. In 1937 he became chair holder for orthopedic surgery at the University of Berlin. In 1938, Gebhardt was appointed as Heinrich Himmler's personal physician.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Gebhardt served as Chief Surgeon of the Staff of the "Reich" during World War II, and under his direction the Hohenlychen Sanatorium became a military hospital for the "Waffen-SS".


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: On 27 May 1942, Himmler ordered Gebhardt dispatched to Prague in order to attend to Reinhard Heydrich, who was wounded by an anti-tank grenade during Operation Anthropoid earlier that day. Heydrich was SS-"Obergruppenführer" and "General der Polizei", and the acting "Reichsprotektor" of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. When Heydrich developed a fever after surgery for his extensive wounds, Theodor Morell, personal physician to Adolf Hitler, suggested to Gebhardt that he should treat Heydrich with sulfonamide (an early antibiotic). Gebhardt refused Morell's advice, expecting Heydrich to recover without antibiotic therapy. Heydrich died of sepsis on 4 June 1942, eight days after the attack. Gebhardt's refusal to prescribe sulfonamide contributed to Heydrich's death and had many unfortunate implications for concentration camp prisoners, upon whom he later conducted medical experiments.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: In early 1944, Gebhardt treated Albert Speer for fatigue and a swollen knee. He nearly killed Speer until he was replaced by another doctor, Dr. Friedrich Koch, who intervened on Speer's behalf. Gebhardt eventually rose to the rank of "Gruppenführer" in the "Allgemeine SS" and a "Generalleutnant" in the "Waffen-SS".


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: By 22 April 1945, the day before the Red Army entered the outskirts of Berlin, Joseph Goebbels brought his wife and children into the "Vorbunker" to stay. Adolf Hitler and a few loyal personnel were present in the adjoining "Führerbunker" to direct the final defence of Berlin. Gebhardt, in his capacity as leader of the German Red Cross, approached Goebbels about taking the children out of the city with him, but he was dismissed by Goebbels.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: During the war, Gebhardt conducted medical and surgical experiments on prisoners in the concentration camps at Ravensbrück (which was close to Hohenlychen Sanatorium) and Auschwitz. At Ravensbruck he had initially faced opposition from camp commandant Fritz Suhren, who feared future legal problems given the status of most camp inmates as political prisoners, but the SS leadership backed Gebhardt and Suhren was forced to cooperate.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: In order to absolve Gebhardt for his failure to prescribe sulfonamide for Heydrich, Himmler suggested to Gebhardt that he should conduct experiments proving that sulfonamide was useless in the treatment of gangrene and sepsis. In order to vindicate his decision to not administer sulfa drugs in treating Heydrich’s wounds, he carried out a series of experiments on Ravensbrück concentration camp prisoners, breaking their legs and infecting them with various organisms in order to prove the worthlessness of the drugs in treating gas gangrene. He also attempted to transplant the limbs from camp victims to German soldiers wounded on the Eastern front. The Ravensbrück experiments were slanted in Gebhardt’s favor; women in the sulfonamide-treated experimental group received little or no nursing care, while those in the untreated control group received better care. Not surprisingly, those in the control group were more likely to survive the experiments.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: During the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials, Gebhardt stood trial in the Doctors' Trial (9 December 194620 August 1947), along with 22 other doctors. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and sentenced to death on 20 August 1947. He was hanged on 2 June 1948, in Landsberg Prison in Bavaria.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Two of Gebhardt's assistants were also tried and convicted at Nuremberg. Fritz Fischer worked in the hospital of the Ravensbrück concentration camp as a surgical assistant to Gebhardt, and participated in the surgical experiments carried out on the inmates. He was initially condemned to life imprisonment, but his sentence was reduced to 15 years in 1951 and he was released in March 1954. Fischer subsequently regained his medical license and resumed his career at the chemical company Boehringer Ingelheim, where he remained employed until his retirement. He died in 2003 at the age of 90.


title: Karl Gebhardt

text: Herta Oberheuser was another of Gebhardt's assistants at the Ravensbrück concentration camp. She was the only female defendant in the Doctors' Trial, where she was sentenced to 20 years in prison. She was released in April 1952 and became a family doctor in Stocksee, Germany. She lost her position in 1956 after a Ravensbrück survivor recognized her, and her medical license was revoked in 1958. She died on 24 January 1978 at the age of 66.


title: Leonard Skinner

text: Forby Leonard Skinner (January 11, 1933 – September 20, 2010) was an American high school gym teacher, basketball coach, and businessman from Jacksonville, Florida. He is known in popular culture as the eponym of the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd; Skinner was the band members' teacher.


title: Leonard Skinner

text: Skinner was born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1933 and graduated from Robert E. Lee High School in 1951. He attended Jacksonville Junior College on a basketball scholarship before being drafted into the U.S. Army. After his discharge from the Army, Skinner attended Florida State University, where he graduated in 1957.


title: Leonard Skinner

text: For many years, Skinner was a gym teacher at his alma mater, Robert E. Lee High School. Before coaching at Robert E. Lee, he taught at Glynn Academy in Glynn County, Georgia. He was also a basketball coach at Stillwell Jr. High in Jacksonville. Several members of the band Lynyrd Skynyrd, including Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington, and Bob Burns, were students at Robert E. Lee in the 1960s. Skinner's strict enforcement of a policy against long hair inspired the members to name their band after him. Skinner maintained that he was merely enforcing the school policy. Several members of the band would try to slick their hair down with Vaseline, as students were required to shower after gym. At that point, it was readily revealed that their hair was longer than regulation. The group reportedly changed their name after Skinner sent Rossington and others to the principal's office for wearing their hair too long. Over time, Burns, Rossington, and other band members developed a series of running in-jokes about Skinner and ultimately decided to pay "tongue-in-cheek homage" to him by renaming themselves "Lynyrd Skynyrd". In 1977, an Associated Press article described the band's connection to their gym teacher as follows:


title: Leonard Skinner

text: Interviewed in January 2009, Skinner said he was just following the rules about hair length. It bothered him that the legend had grown that he was particularly tough on the band members or that he had them kicked out of school. He said, "It was against the school rules. I don't particularly like long hair on men, but again, it wasn't my rule." At the same time, Skinner told "The Times-Union" of Jacksonville, "They were good, talented, hard-working boys. They worked hard, lived hard and boozed hard." Skinner's son said, "I think he kind of ate it up. He didn't like it at first, he had mixed emotions later, but I think he kind of liked it eventually."


title: Leonard Skinner

text: Skinner later taught at Jacksonville Technical High School and retired from coaching in 1970. He worked in the real estate business during the 1970s, and in 1975, he allowed the band to use a photo of his "Leonard Skinner Realty" sign for the inside of their third album, "Nuthin' Fancy". After the album was released, Skinner began receiving late-night calls from around the country from fans who had seen the sign (and phone number) in the album artwork. Skinner recalled, "They'd say, 'Who's speaking', and I'd say Leonard Skinner, and they'd say 'Far out!' which it really wasn't at four in the morning."


title: Leonard Skinner

text: Skinner became friends with some members of the band, and they played at a bar that Skinner opened in Jacksonville called "The Still". Skinner also named a couple of bars after himself, capitalizing on the fame of the name.


title: Leonard Skinner

text: In January 2009, the people of Jacksonville held an event called "A Tribute to Coach Leonard Skinner & Southern Rock" at the National Guard Armory. At the time, the Jacksonville newspaper wrote, "He was just a regular Westside guy, a coach and businessman with a strong code of honor, a disciplinarian at home and at school."


title: Leonard Skinner

text: On September 20, 2010, Skinner died at age 77 in a nursing home in Jacksonville, having suffered from Alzheimer's disease for several years. At the time of his death, "The New York Times" called him "arguably the most influential high school gym teacher in American popular culture." The "Florida Times-Union" called him "the no-nonsense, flattopped basketball coach and gym teacher whose name is forever linked with Jacksonville's legendary Lynyrd Skynyrd."


title: Isoleucine

text: Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH form under biological conditions), an α-carboxylic acid group (which is in the deprotonated −COO form under biological conditions), and a hydrocarbon side chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound to three other carbon atoms). It is classified as a non-polar, uncharged (at physiological pH), branched-chain, aliphatic amino acid. It is essential in humans, meaning the body cannot synthesize it, and must be ingested in our diet. Isoleucine is synthesized from pyruvate employing leucine biosynthesis enzymes in other organisms such as bacteria. It is encoded by the codons AUU, AUC, and AUA.


title: Isoleucine

text: As an essential nutrient, it is not synthesized in the body, hence it must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins. In plants and microorganisms,


title: Isoleucine

text: it is synthesized via several steps, starting from pyruvate and alpha-ketobutyrate. Enzymes involved in this biosynthesis include:


title: Isoleucine

text: Isoleucine is both a glucogenic and a ketogenic amino acid. After transamination with alpha-ketoglutarate the carbon skeleton is oxidised and split into propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is converted into succinyl-CoA, a TCA cycle intermediate which can be converted into oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis (hence glucogenic). In mammals acetyl-CoA cannot be converted to carbohydrate but can be either fed into the TCA cycle by condensing with oxaloacetate to form citrate or used in the synthesis of ketone bodies (hence ketogenic) or fatty acids.


title: Isoleucine

text: Isoleucine, like other branched-chain amino acids, is associated with insulin resistance: higher levels of isoleucine are observed in the blood of diabetic mice, rats, and humans. Mice fed an isoleucine deprivation diet for one day have improved insulin sensitivity, and feeding of an isoleucine deprivation diet for one week significantly decreases blood glucose levels. In diet-induced obese and insulin resistant mice, a diet with decreased levels of isoleucine (with or without the other branched-chain amino acids) results in reduced adiposity and improved insulin sensitivity. Reduced dietary levels of isoleucine are required for the beneficial metabolic effects of a low protein diet. In humans, a protein restricted diet lowers blood levels of isoleucine and decreases fasting blood glucose levels. In humans, higher dietary levels of isoleucine are associated with greater body mass index.


title: Isoleucine

text: The Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) of the U.S. Institute of Medicine has set Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for essential amino acids in 2002. For isoleucine, for adults 19 years and older, 19 mg/kg body weight/day is required.


title: Isoleucine

text: Beside its biological role as a nutrient, Isoleucine also has been shown to participate in regulation of glucose metabolism.


title: Isoleucine

text: Even though this amino acid is not produced in animals, it is stored in high quantities. Foods that have high amounts of isoleucine include eggs, soy protein, seaweed, turkey, chicken, lamb, cheese, and fish.


title: Isoleucine

text: Isoleucine can be synthesized in a multistep procedure starting from 2-bromobutane and diethylmalonate. Synthetic isoleucine was originally reported in 1905 by French chemist Louis Bouveault.


title: Rhiannon Fish

text: Rhiannon Marie Fish (born 14 March 1991) is a Canadian-Australian actress. Her first screen acting role was Lisa Jeffries in the television soap opera "Neighbours". She starred as Rocky in the Disney Channel show "As the Bell Rings" and as Laura in "Playing for Charlie". From 2010 until 2013, she played April Scott on "Home and Away". Fish took part in season 13 of "Dancing with the Stars", and she joined the recurring cast of "The 100" as Ontari in 2016.


title: Rhiannon Fish

text: Fish was born in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Her family relocated to Melbourne when she was four years old. Her father was transferred to Russia for work when she was 12, but decided to keep the family in Australia. Fish attended the Camberwell Girls Grammar School and the Children's Performing Company of Australia, which she graduated from in 2008. Fish decided to pursue an acting career when she was eleven years old. Her older sister, Corinne, died in July 2014.


title: Rhiannon Fish

text: Fish first appeared on television at the age of eleven when she starred in "Neighbours" as Lisa Jeffries. She was later cast as Rocky in the Australian Disney Channel show "As the Bell Rings". Fish had a guest role in "Satisfaction" and starred in the feature film "Playing for Charlie" in 2008. Fish received the role of April Scott in "Home and Away" in 2010. For her portrayal of April, Fish was included on the long list for the Most Popular New Talent Logie Award in 2011.


title: Rhiannon Fish

text: In 2012, Fish appeared in the music video for Mastin's single "Shout It Out". After departing "Home and Away" in 2013, Fish participated in the 13th series of "Dancing with the Stars", reaching second place behind Cosentino. In November 2015, Fish joined the cast of "The 100" in the recurring role of Ontari. Fish appears in the 2018 sci-fi action film "Occupation", alongside her former "Home and Away" co-star Dan Ewing. Fish appears in the 2021 Hallmark television film "Signed, Sealed, Delivered: The Vows We Have Made", alongside Eric Mabius and Kristin Booth.


title: Rhiannon Fish

text: In 2022, Fish filmed the lead role in Adrian Powers and Caera Bradshaw's "A Royal In Paradise", in which she plays a struggling romance writer who meets and falls in love with a prince (played by Mitchell Bourke) during a tropical getaway. The film was shot in Queensland. Fish also signed on to star in Jo-Anne Brechin's romantic film "When Love Springs", alongside James O'Halloran.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: The 2017 FIM MotoGP World Championship was the premier class of the 69th F.I.M. Road Racing World Championship season.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: The 2017 season saw the début of the KTM RC16, which was previously used by Red Bull KTM Factory Racing at the 2016 Valencian Grand Prix ahead of a full season début.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: Marc Márquez started the season as defending World Champion, having secured his fifth overall title at the 2016 Japanese motorcycle Grand Prix with three races remaining.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: Whilst Yamaha's new rider Maverick Viñales started the season off with two consecutive victories, the following spring season proved to be unpredictable with four different winners in as many races, following the trend from 2016. Ducati rider Andrea Dovizioso then took his first dry-track MotoGP win at Mugello before repeating the feat the following week in Barcelona. With Viñales not finishing the race at Assen, this allowed Dovizioso to lead the championship by four points after eight races, becoming the first Ducati rider to lead the championship since Casey Stoner in . Márquez took the championship lead after winning the German Grand Prix. He held the championship lead until the British Grand Prix, where Dovizioso regained the lead after Márquez's engine blew up late in the race. Márquez bounced back immediately to take consecutive victories in the next two rounds to reestablish himself as championship leader. Over the following three races, Dovizioso claimed two more wins to Márquez's one, but a poor result in Australia for the Ducati rider meant that Márquez's points lead remained intact.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: Going into the final round in Valencia Márquez topped the standings, 21 points ahead of Dovizioso, with both riders winning six races apiece. Viñales was third, 56 points behind Márquez. Therefore, Márquez needed to finish 11th or higher to guarantee a championship, whereas Dovizioso was forced under all circumstances to win in Valencia.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: Márquez was on pole in Valencia, and Dovizioso started 9th. After Márquez saved a high-speed potential crash into turn 1, he dropped back behind Dovizioso. The title chances of Dovizioso ended when he crashed with five laps of the race remaining, losing the hope in taking the championship. Meanwhile, Márquez finished third behind Dani Pedrosa and the season's top rookie and independent rider Johann Zarco. Márquez won his sixth title and fourth MotoGP title overall.


title: 2017 MotoGP World Championship

text: The teams' standings were based on results obtained by regular and substitute riders; wild-card entries were ineligible.


title: It Never Rains in Southern California

text: "It Never Rains in Southern California" is a 1972 song jointly written and composed by Albert Hammond and Mike Hazlewood and sung by Hammond, a British-born singer-songwriter.


title: It Never Rains in Southern California

text: The lyrics of "It Never Rains In Southern California" tell a first-person story of a showbiz aspirant whose attempts to break into entertainment were failures, but who wants to hide that fact from those he had left behind to pursue his dreams.


title: It Never Rains in Southern California

text: Though Hammond's and Hazlewood's lyrics do not actually specify the narrator's living conditions, it can be inferred that he was found homeless and penniless, a humiliation he would naturally be unwilling to reveal to those he had left behind.


title: It Never Rains in Southern California

text: Instrumental backing was provided by L.A. session musicians from the Wrecking Crew. The song appears on Hammond's debut album of the same name and peaked at number five on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It is Hammond's only top 10 hit to date (although he would have one other top 40 hit in 1974 with "I'm a Train").


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The four sons of Horus were a group of four gods in ancient Egyptian religion, who were essentially the personifications of the four canopic jars, which accompanied mummified bodies. Since the heart was thought to embody the soul, it was left inside the body. The brain was thought only to be the origin of mucus, so it was reduced to liquid, removed with metal hooks, and discarded. This left the stomach (and small intestines), liver, large intestines, and lungs, which were removed, embalmed and stored, each organ in its own jar. There were times when embalmers deviated from this scheme: during the 21st Dynasty they embalmed and wrapped the viscera and returned them to the body, while the canopic jars remained empty symbols.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The earliest reference to the sons of Horus the Elder is found in the Pyramid Texts where they are described as friends of the king, as they assist the king in his ascension to heaven in the eastern sky by means of ladders.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Isis was often seen as the mother of the four sons of Horus though in the details of the funerary ritual each son, and therefore each canopic jar, was protected by a particular goddess. Others say their mother was Serket, the goddess of medicine and magic. Just as the sons of Horus protected the contents of a canopic jar, the king's organs, so they in turn were protected. As they were male in accordance with the principles of male/female duality their protectors were female.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The classic depiction of the four sons of Horus on Middle Kingdom coffins show Imsety and Duamutef on the eastern side of the coffin and Hapi and Qebehsenuef on the western side. The eastern side is decorated with a pair of eyes and the mummy was turned on its side to face the east and the rising sun; therefore, this side is sometimes referred to as the front. The sons of Horus also became associated with the cardinal compass points, so that Hapi was the north, Imsety the south, Duamutef the east and Qebehsenuef the west. Their typical assignment to the intercardinal (or ordinal) points was: Hapi to the north-west, Imsety to the north-east, Duamutef to the south-east, and Qebehsenuef to the south-west.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Until the end of the 18th Dynasty the canopic jars had the head of the king, but later they were shown with animal heads.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Hapi (Ḥpj) the baboon headed son of Horus protected the lungs of the deceased and was in turn protected by the goddess Nephthys. The spelling of his name includes a hieroglyph which is thought to be connected with steering a boat, although its exact nature is not known. For this reason he was sometimes connected with navigation, although early references call him the great runner: "You are the great runner; come, that you may join up my father N and not be far in this your name of Hapi, for you are the greatest of my children – so says Horus"


title: Four sons of Horus

text: In Spell 151 of the Book of the Dead Hapi is given the following words to say: "I have come to be your protection. I have bound your head and your limbs for you. I have smitten your enemies beneath you for you, and given you your head, eternally."


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Spell 148 in the Book of the Dead directly associates all four of Horus's sons, described as the four pillars of Shu and one of the four rudders of heaven, with the four cardinal points of the compass. Hapi was associated with the north.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Imsety (Jmstj) the human headed son of Horus, protected the liver of the deceased and was in turn protected by the goddess Isis. His role was to make sure that the dead would make it to the afterlife, as he is asked to lift them up by Horus: "You have come to N; betake yourself beneath him and lift him up, do not be far from him, (even) N, in your name of Imsety."


title: Four sons of Horus

text: To stand up meant to be active and thus alive while to be prone signified death. In Spell 151 of the Book of the Dead Imsety is given the following words to say: "I am your son, Osiris, I have come to be your protection. I have strengthened your house enduringly. As Ptah decreed in accordance with what Ra himself decrees." Again the theme of making alive and revivifying is alluded to through the metaphor of making his house flourish. He does this with the authority of two creator gods Ptah and Ra (or Re).


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Spell 148 in the Book of the Dead directly associates all four of Horus's sons to the four cardinal points. Imsety was associated with the south.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Duamutef (Dwꜣ-mw.t⸗f), the jackal-headed son of Horus, protected the stomach of the deceased and was in turn protected by the goddess Neith. It seems that his role was to worship the dead person, and his name means literally "he who worships his mother". In the Coffin Texts Horus calls upon him, "Come and worship my father N for me, just as you went that you might worship my mother Isis in your name Duamutef."


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Isis had a dual role. Not only was she the wife of Osiris and the mother of Horus, but she was also the consort of Horus the Elder and thus the mother of the sons of Horus. This ambiguity is added to when Duamutef calls Osiris, rather than Horus his father, although kinship terms were used very loosely, and "father" can be used as "ancestor" and "son" as "descendant". In Spell 151 of the Book of the Dead Duamutef is given the following words to say: "I have come to rescue my father Osiris from his assailant


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The text does not make it clear who might assail Osiris, although there are two major candidates. The obvious one is Set, the murderer of Osiris. Somehow the son who worships his mother Isis is able to assist in overcoming Set. The other possibility is Apophis, the serpent demon who prevents the Sun's passage and thus the resurrection of Osiris. Either way, Duamutef through his worship of Isis has the power to protect the deceased from harm.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Duamutef was also considered one of the four pillars of Shu, a rudder of heaven, and was associated with the east.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Qebehsenuef (Qbḥ-sn.w⸗f) was the falcon-headed son of Horus, and protected the intestines of the deceased. He was in turn protected by the goddess Serket. It appears that his role was to refresh the dead person, and his name means literally "he who libates his siblings". Horus commands him, "Come refresh my father; betake yourself to him in your name of Qebehsenuef. You have come that you may make coolness for him after you ... "


title: Four sons of Horus

text: Libation or showering with cool water was a traditional form of worship in Ancient Egypt. There are many images of the pharaoh presenting libation to the gods. There is a sense of a dual function of cleansing and refreshing them.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: After Set murdered Osiris he cut the body into pieces and scattered them around the Delta. This was anathema to the Egyptians and the service that Qebehsenuef gives to the dead is to reassemble their parts so they can be properly preserved. In Spell 151 of the Book of the Dead he is given the following words to say: "I am your son, Osiris, I have come to be your protection. I have united your bones for you, I have assembled your limbs for you. have brought you your heart, and placed it for you at its place in your body."


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The reasons for attributing these four animals to the sons of Horus is not known, although we may point to other associations which these animals have in Egyptian mythology. The baboon is associated with the moon and Thoth, the god of wisdom and knowledge, and also the baboons which chatter when the sun rises raising their hands as if in worship. The jackal (or possibly dog) is linked to Anubis and the act of embalming and also Wepwawet the "opener of the ways" who seeks out the paths of the dead. The hawk is associated with Horus himself and also Seker the mummified necropolis god. Imseti, the human, may be linked to Osiris himself or Onuris the hunter.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The Egyptians themselves linked them with the ancient kings of Lower and Upper Egypt, the Souls of Pe and Nekhen. In Spells 112 and 113 of the Book of the Dead which have their origins in the earlier Coffin Texts Spells 157 and 158, it is described how Horus has his eye injured, and because of this is given the sons of Horus:


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The injury of Horus's eye is part of the myth cycle known as the Contending of Horus and Set recounting how they fought over the crown of Egypt.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: In a unique illustration in the tomb of Ay the sons of Horus are shown wearing the red and white crowns as the Souls of Pe and Nekhen, the souls of the royal ancestors.


title: Four sons of Horus

text: The attributes of the sons of Horus are not limited to their role as the protectors of canopic jars. They appear as the four rudders of heaven in Spell 148 of the Book of the Dead, as four of the seven celestial spirits summoned by Anubis in Spell 17 of the Book of the Dead and through this are linked to the circumpolar stars of the Great Bear (or Plough): "The tribunal around Osiris is Imset, Hapi, Duamutef, Qebehsenuf, these are at the back of the Plough constellation of the northern sky."


title: Helmholtz coil

text: A Helmholtz coil is a device for producing a region of nearly uniform magnetic field, named after the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz. It consists of two electromagnets on the same axis, carrying an equal electric current in the same direction. Besides creating magnetic fields, Helmholtz coils are also used in scientific apparatus to cancel external magnetic fields, such as the Earth's magnetic field.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: When the pair of two electromagnetics of a Helmholtz coil carry an equal electric current in the opposite direction, it is known as anti-Helmholtz coil, which creates a region of nearly uniform magnetic field gradient, and is used for creating magnetic traps for atomic physics experiments.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: A Helmholtz pair consists of two identical circular magnetic coils that are placed symmetrically along a common axis, one on each side of the experimental area, and separated by a distance formula_1 equal to the radius formula_2 of the coil. Each coil carries an equal electric current in the same direction.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: Setting formula_3, which is what defines a Helmholtz pair, minimizes the nonuniformity of the field at the center of the coils, in the sense of setting formula_4 (meaning that the first nonzero derivative is formula_5 as explained below), but leaves about 7% variation in field strength between the center and the planes of the coils.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: A slightly larger value of formula_1 reduces the difference in field between the center and the planes of the coils, at the expense of worsening the field's uniformity in the region near the center, as measured by formula_7.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: When a Helmholtz pair of coils carry an equal electric current in the opposite direction, they create a region of nearly uniform magnetic field gradient. This is known as anti-Helmholtz coil, and is used for creating magnetic traps for atomic physics experiments.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: In some applications, a Helmholtz coil is used to cancel out the Earth's magnetic field, producing a region with a magnetic field intensity much closer to zero.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: The calculation of the exact magnetic field at any point in space is mathematically complex and involves the study of Bessel functions. Things are simpler along the axis of the coil-pair, and it is convenient to think about the Taylor series expansion of the field strength as a function of formula_8, the distance from the central point of the coil-pair along the axis.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: By symmetry, the odd-order terms in the expansion are zero. By arranging the coils so that the origin formula_9 is an inflection point for the field strength due to each coil separately, one can guarantee that the order formula_10 term is also zero, and hence the leading non-constant term is of order formula_11. The inflection point for a simple coil is located along the coil axis at a distance formula_12 from its centre. Thus the locations for the two coils are formula_13.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: The calculation detailed below gives the exact value of the magnetic field at the center point. If the radius is "R", the number of turns in each coil is "n" and the current through the coils is "I", then the magnetic field B at the midpoint between the coils will be given by


title: Helmholtz coil

text: Start with the formula for the on-axis field due to a single wire loop which is itself derived from the Biot–Savart law:


title: Helmholtz coil

text: The Helmholtz coils consists of "n" turns of wire, so the equivalent current in a one-turn coil is "n" times the current "I" in the "n"-turn coil. Substituting "nI" for "I" in the above formula gives the field for an "n"-turn coil:


title: Helmholtz coil

text: For formula_24, the distance coefficient formula_22can be expanded in Taylor series as:formula_26In a Helmholtz pair, the two coils are located at formula_13, so the B-field strength at any formula_8 would be:


title: Helmholtz coil

text: The points near the center (halfway between the two coils) have formula_24, and the Taylor series of formula_31 is:formula_32.In an anti-Helmholtz pair, the B-field strength at any formula_8 would be:


title: Helmholtz coil

text: The points near the center (halfway between the two coils) have formula_24, and the Taylor series of formula_36 is:formula_37.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: Most Helmholtz coils use DC (direct) current to produce a static magnetic field. Many applications and experiments require a time-varying magnetic field. These applications include magnetic field susceptibility tests, scientific experiments, and biomedical studies (the interaction between magnetic field and living tissue). The required magnetic fields are usually either pulse or continuous sinewave. The magnetic field frequency range can be anywhere from near DC (0 Hz) to many kilohertz or even megahertz (MHz). An AC Helmholtz coil driver is needed to generate the required time-varying magnetic field. The waveform amplifier driver must be able to output high AC current to produce the magnetic field.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: Use the above equation in the mathematics section to calculate the coil current for a desired magnetic field, .


title: Helmholtz coil

text: Generating a static magnetic field is relatively easy; the strength of the field is proportional to the current. Generating a high-frequency magnetic field is more challenging. The coils are inductors, and their impedance increases proportionally with frequency. To provide the same field intensity at twice the frequency requires twice the voltage across the coil. Instead of directly driving the coil with a high voltage, a series resonant circuit may be used to provide the high voltage. A series capacitor is added in series with the coils. The capacitance is chosen to resonate the coil at the desired frequency. Only the coils parasitic resistance remains. This method only works at frequencies close to the resonant frequency; to generate the field at other frequencies requires different capacitors. The Helmholtz coil resonant frequency, formula_44, and capacitor value, C, are given below.


title: Helmholtz coil

text: To improve the uniformity of the field in the space inside the coils, additional coils can be added around the outside. James Clerk Maxwell showed in 1873 that a third larger-diameter coil located midway between the two Helmholtz coils with the coil distance increased from coil radius formula_2 to formula_48 can reduce the variance of the field on the axis to zero up to the sixth derivative of position. This is sometimes called a Maxwell coil.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: Hoffman Estates is a village in Illinois, United States. The village is located primarily in Cook County, with a small section in Kane County. It is a suburb of Chicago. Per the 2020 census, the population was 52,530.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The village now serves as the headquarters for Sears and the American headquarters for Mori Seiki. The village owns Now Arena, home of the Windy City Bulls of the NBA G League.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In 2009, the village hosted the Heartland International Tattoo, one of the largest music and dance festivals of its kind in the Midwest.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: Prior to the 1940s, German settlers moved into the area west of Roselle Road and north of Golf Road, then known as Wildcat Grove. The area was sparsely populated until gentleman farmers purchased land in the area in the 1940s.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In 1954, Sam and Jack Hoffman, owners of a father-son owned construction company, bought 160 acres of land in the area. The pair constructed homes and began the development the region which now bears their name. As residents moved in, they voted to incorporate the area, and the Village of Hoffman Estates was incorporated on September 23, 1959. In 1973, six former town officials, including mayors Edward F. Pinger (1959−1965) and Roy L. Jenkins (1965−1969) were indicted on bribery and tax charges.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: Once the Northwest Tollway opened, Schaumburg Township became more attractive to Chicago commuters. In the early 1960s, land annexations north of the tollway and in other neighboring regions more than doubled Hoffman Estates's land area.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The opening of the Woodfield Mall in Schaumburg to the east in 1971 made the area a major business center. An attempt to change the name of the village to East Barrington, among other names, was made in the early 1980s but failed upon a residential vote.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In the 1990s, the Prairie Stone Business Park began development. This planned multi-purpose business park is bounded by Illinois Route 59 on the east, Interstate 90 on the south, Illinois Route 72 on the north, and Beverly Road on the west. The business park came to fruition in 1993 when Sears, Roebuck and Company relocated from the Sears Tower in Chicago to a sprawling headquarters in the northwest part of Prairie Stone. That was followed in by Indramat and Quest International, which in 1995 also opened facilities in the park. Throughout the 1990s, a health and wellness center and child care facility were developed, as well as other smaller office buildings, and a branch of Northern Illinois University. Development of the business park is still ongoing, and recent additions in the 2000s include the 11,000-seat Now Arena; office buildings for Serta, WT Engineering, I-CAR, and Mary Kay; a Cabela's outdoor outfitters store; a 295-room Marriott hotel; and the Poplar Creek Crossing Retail Center, which is anchored by Target and numerous other big-box retailers. Future development will include further office buildings and retail development, Sun Island Hotel and Water Park, an amphitheater, and restaurants.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In 2011, the Village of Hoffman Estates took over ownership of the Now Arena. On June 23, 2020, the Village of Hoffman Estates approved an $11.5 million deal to rename the Sears Centre Arena to the "NOW Arena".


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In the fall of 2016, papers and artifacts from President Barack Obama's administration began to arrive in town, where they are being stored in a building on Golf Road. The site is their temporary home while construction takes place on the Barack Obama Presidential Center in Jackson Park, Chicago, and is not open to the public.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: In January 2020, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed the second U.S. case of COVID-19 in a Hoffman Estates resident. The patient, a woman in her 60s returning from Wuhan, China, was treated at St. Alexius Medical Center. Her husband was later infected in the first case of human-to-human transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the United States.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Hoffman Estates has a total area of , of which (or 99.15%) is land and (or 0.85%) is water.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: As of the 2020 census there were 52,530 people, 18,110 households, and 14,048 families residing in the village. The population density was . There were 19,160 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 52.08% White, 26.26% Asian, 4.87% African American, 0.60% Native American, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 7.51% from other races, and 8.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.14% of the population.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: There were 18,110 households, out of which 61.17% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.71% were married couples living together, 11.97% had a female householder with no husband present, and 22.43% were non-families. 18.07% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.43% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.16 and the average family size was 2.77.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The village's age distribution consisted of 23.1% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 28.3% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the village was $92,423, and the median income for a family was $103,641. Males had a median income of $56,210 versus $42,288 for females. The per capita income for the village was $40,016. About 3.3% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.9% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: Many Japanese companies have their U.S. headquarters in Hoffman Estates and Schaumburg but the largest employers in Hoffman Estates as of 2020 are:


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The village is served by several public school districts. The majority of residents who live in Schaumburg Township attend:


title: Hoffman Estates, Illinois

text: The Xilin Northwest Chinese School (S: 希林西北中文学校, T: 希林西北中文學校, P: "Xīlín Xīběi Zhōngwén Xuéxiào") holds its classes at Conant High School in Hoffman Estates. It serves grades preschool through 12. The school predominately serves Mainland Chinese families. In 2003 the school held its classes in Palatine High School in Palatine. In 2000 the school had served around 300 students. This figure increased almost by 100%, to almost 600 students. This made it one of the largest of the Chinese schools in the Chicago area.


title: White cane

text: A white cane is a device used by many people who are blind or visually impaired. A white cane primarily allows its user to scan their surroundings for obstacles or orientation marks, but is also helpful for onlookers in identifying the user as blind or visually impaired and taking appropriate care. The latter is the reason for the cane's white colour, which in many jurisdictions is mandatory.


title: White cane

text: Mobility canes are often made from aluminium, graphite-reinforced plastic or other fibre-reinforced plastic, and can come with a wide variety of tips depending upon user preference.


title: White cane

text: White canes can be either collapsible or straight, with both versions having pros and cons. The National Federation of the Blind in the United States affirms that the lightness and greater length of the straight canes allows greater mobility and safety, though collapsible canes can be stored with more ease, giving them advantage in crowded areas such as classrooms and public events.


title: White cane

text: In 1921 James Biggs, a photographer from Bristol who became blind after an accident and was uncomfortable with the amount of traffic around his home, painted his walking stick white to be more easily visible.


title: White cane

text: In 1931 in France, Guilly d'Herbemont launched a national white stick movement for blind people. On February 7, 1931, Guilly d'Herbemont symbolically gave the first two white canes to blind people, in the presence of several French ministers. 5,000 more white canes were later sent to blind French veterans from World War I and blind civilians.


title: White cane

text: The first special white cane ordinance was passed in December 1930 in Peoria, Illinois, granting blind pedestrians protections and the right-of-way while carrying a white cane.


title: White cane

text: The long cane was improved upon by World War II veterans rehabilitation specialist, Richard E. Hoover, at Valley Forge Army Hospital. In 1944, he took the Lions Club white cane (originally made of wood) and went around the hospital blindfolded for a week. During this time he developed what is now the standard method of "long cane" training or the Hoover Method. He is now called the "Father of the Lightweight Long Cane Technique". The basic technique is to swing the cane from the center of the body back and forth before the feet. The cane should be swept before the rear foot as the person steps. Before he taught other rehabilitators, or "orientors", his new technique he had a special commission to have light weight, long white canes made for the veterans of the European fronts.


title: White cane

text: On October 6, 1964, a joint resolution of the Congress, HR 753, was signed into law authorizing the President of the United States to proclaim October 15 of each year as "White Cane Safety Day". President Lyndon Johnson was the first to make this proclamation.


title: White cane

text: While the white cane is commonly accepted as a "symbol of blindness", different countries still have different rules concerning what constitutes a "cane for the blind".


title: White cane

text: In the United Kingdom, the white cane indicates that the individual has a visual impairment but normal hearing; with red bands added, it indicates that the user is deafblind.


title: White cane

text: In the United States, laws vary from state to state, but in all cases, those carrying white canes are afforded the right-of-way when crossing a road. They are afforded the right to use their cane in any public place as well. In some cases, it is illegal for a non-blind person to use a white cane with the intent of being given right-of-way.


title: White cane

text: In November 2002, Argentina passed a law recognizing the use of green canes by people with low vision, stating that the nation would "adopt from this law, the use of a green cane in the whole of Argentina as a means of orientation and mobility for people with low vision. It will have the same characteristics in weight, length, elastic grip and fluorescent ring as do white canes used by the blind."


title: White cane

text: In Germany, people carrying a white cane are excepted from the "" (trust principle), therefore meaning that other traffic participants should not rely on them to adhere to all traffic regulations and practices. Although there is no general duty to mark oneself as blind or otherwise disabled, a blind or visually impaired person involved in a traffic accident without having marked themselves may be held responsible for damages unless they prove that their lack of marking was not causal or otherwise related to the accident.


title: White cane

text: In many countries, including the UK, a cane is not generally introduced to a child until they are between 7 and 10 years old. However, more recently canes have been started to be introduced as soon as a child learns to walk to aid development with great success.


title: White cane

text: Joseph Cutter and Lilli Nielsen, pioneers in research on the development of blind and disabled children, have begun to introduce new research on mobility in blind infants in children. Cutter's book, "Independent Movement and Travel in Blind Children", recommends a cane to be introduced as early as possible, so that the blind child learns to use it and move around naturally and organically, the same way a sighted child learns to walk. A longer cane, between nose and chin height, is recommended to compensate for a child's more immature grasp and tendency to hold the handle of the cane by the side instead of out in front. Mature cane technique should not be expected from a child, and style and technique can be refined as the child gets older.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Argentine Antarctica () is an area of Antarctica claimed by Argentina as part of its national territory. It consists of the Antarctic Peninsula and a triangular section extending to the South Pole, delimited by the 25° West and 74° West meridians and the 60° South parallel. This region overlaps the British and Chilean claims in Antarctica. Argentina's Antarctic claim is based on its continued presence in the region since 1904, and the area's proximity to the South American continent. Argentina's claim to this area is subject to the Antarctic Treaty.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Administratively, Argentine Antarctica is a department of the province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica, and South Atlantic Islands. The provincial authorities are based in Ushuaia. Despite the claim to this Antarctic area, Argentinean authority extends no further than the nation's bases.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The Argentine exploration of the continent started early in the 20th century. José María Sobral was the first Argentine to set foot on Antarctica, in 1902, where he spent two seasons with the Swedish Antarctic Expedition of Otto Nordenskiöld. Shortly afterward, in 1904, the Orcadas Permanent Base was already fully operational. Years later, other bases would be created, some permanent and others seasonal. The first Argentine expedition to reach the South Pole was the 1965 Operación 90.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Argentine activities in Antarctica are coordinated by the Instituto Antártico Argentino (IAA) and Argentine Antarctic Program.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The estimated area is , of which is land. The ice in the glacier shell has a thickness of 2 km on average. Temperatures range from 0 °C in summer and -60 °C in winter although in certain points it may drop to approximately -82 °C.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: According to the last Argentine national census, in October 2010, Argentine Antarctica has 230 inhabitants (including 9 families and 16 children) at six permanent bases: 75 at Marambio, 66 at Esperanza, 33 at Carlini, 20 at San Martín, 19 at Belgrano II and 17 at Orcadas. As an official Argentine district within Tierra del Fuego Province, residents take part in general elections.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1815, Guillermo Brown, an Irish-born Argentine Marine Commodore serving in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, launched a campaign to harass the Spanish fleet in the Pacific Ocean. When rounding Cape Horn aboard the "Hercules" and "Trinidad", strong winds pushed them to parallel 65 S. Some Argentine sources say that Brown had sighted Antarctic land on the expedition, saying that it is the reason why Argentine cartography often calls the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula "Tierra de la Trinidad".


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 10 June 1829 the government of the province of Buenos Aires issued a decree creating the "Political-Military Command of the Malvinas Islands" (see Louis Vernet) including the islands adjacent to Cape Horn, which plays in Argentina and that included the Antarctic islands.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The Argentine government decided to join the International Antarctic Expedition on,10 October 1900. This Argentine government received support, and in exchange, offered the services of the Argentine Navy to deliver scientific data and zoological collections. On the way through Buenos Aires, Lieutenant Jose Maria Sobral boarded the ship "Antarctic" on 21 December 1901. As no news of the expedition reached the Argentine government, it then fulfilled its commitment to support the expedition by renovating the corvette ARA Uruguay, which then set out on search on 8 October 1903, under the command of Lieutenant Julián Irizar, finding and rescuing members of the expedition who had been sheltering following the collapse of the "Antarctic".


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The expedition built a hut on Snow Hill Island in 1902. The Argentine Navy took possession of the hut in 1954 and named it Refugio Suecia. Currently, it is an Argentine historical monument and historical site as appointed by the Antarctic Treaty. The 1902 expedition built another hut in Hope Bay, which is also an Antarctic monument under the control of Esperanza Station.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 2 January 1904, Argentina acquired the weather station installed by Scotsman William Speirs Bruce, in Laurie Island in the South Orkneys, where there had been a crew of six men making scientific observations. In it was a meteorological observatory, where he also worked, a post office was installed. Civil (employee of the Argentine company official post and telegraph) Hugo Alberto Acuna accounted the hoisting for the first time in an official way the flag of Argentina on the Argentine Antarctic Sector, on 22 February 1904. Such an observatory became the Orcadas Base the oldest existing today across the Antarctic territory permanent human settlement.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The Argentine corvette ARA Uruguay returned to Antarctica in 1905 (sailed from the port of Buenos Aires on 10 December 1904) to relieve staffing of the South Orkney and refer to Deception Island and Wiencke Island in search of Jean-Baptiste Charcot, whose French Antarctic Expedition (1903–1905) was believed to be lost. Thanks to the Argentine collaboration with his expedition, Charcot named an insular group as Argentine Islands. One of these islands was named as Galindez Island in honor of the captain of the Corvette, Ismael Galíndez, and another was named Uruguay Island, in homage to the Argentine Corvette.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The Argentine Government decided to add two meteorological observatories, in the South Georgia Island and Wandel Island, who already had on the islands Laurie and Observatorio (near Isla de los Estados). Expeditions to Wandel Island failed in two attempts. In June 1905 the transport ARA "Guardia Nacional" under the command of the Lieutenant Alfredo P. Lamas carried forward the task of raising the Observatory in Grytviken in Cumberland Bay, renamed in Spanish "Bahía Guardia Nacional".


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 30 March 1927, the first radiotelegraph station in Antarctica was inaugurated in the South Orkney Islands. On 15 December 1927, the General Directorate of Post and Telegraph from Argentina informed the International Bureau of the Universal Postal Union about their Antarctic claims and other islands of the South Atlantic.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1939, Argentina created temporarily (to attend a Norwegian invitation) the National Commission of the Antarctic by Decree number 35821, but by the Decree number 61852 of 30 April 1940 became a permanent body in order to intensify research in the area. Explorations, scientific tasks, were gathering ground and marking.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In October 1941, the Instituto Geográfico Militar published maps showing the extent of the future Argentine claim between the 25° W and 75 ° W. In January 1942 the Argentine Government, according to the sector theory, said their Antarctic rights between the Meridian 25° and 68°24' West (of Punta Dúngeness).


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 8 November 1942 Argentina laid claim to Antarctic land when an expedition under the command of the captain Alberto J. Oddera placed a cylinder containing a report and a flag on Deception Island. In January 1943 the British ship HMS "Carnarvon Castle" crew destroyed the evidence of the Argentine inauguration and planted the British flag. On 5 March of the same year the Argentine vessel ARA "1° de Mayo" removed the British flag.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1946, the National Antarctic Commission set new limits for Argentine Antarctica between the Meridian 25° and 74° West (of the far east of the South Sandwich Islands). Chile and Argentina signed on 4 March 1948 a mutual agreement protecting and defending legal rights of the territorial Antarctic, mutually recognizing their claims.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 7 April 1948, Decree No. 9905 settled the administrative unit of the Argentine Antarctic Sector of the maritime Governor of the National Territory of Tierra del Fuego. By her Decree No. 17040 of 9 June the ""Antarctic and Malvinas Division"" was created under authority of the Argentine Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The first continental Argentine base in Antarctica, the Almirante Brown Naval detachment was opened in the year 1951. The following year opened the Esperanza Naval detachment (now Esperanza Station). While building this last base at hope Bay, occurred the first shooting war in Antarctica on 1 February 1952, when a team of coast Argentine, after a warning, fired over the heads of a burst of machine gun and forced to re-embark a civil team of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey unloading materials of the ship "John Biscoe" intending to restore the British base "D" burned down in 1948.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 17 January 1953, at Deception Island, the Refugio Teniente Lasala (a hut and a tent) was opened by the staff of the Argentine ship ARA "Chiriguano", becoming a Sergeant and a corporal of the Argentina Navy. On 15 February, in the incident of Deception Island, 32 Royal Marines of the British frigate HMS "Snipe" armed with Sten submachine guns, rifles, and tear gas captured two Argentine sailors. The Argentine refuge and a nearby uninhabited Chilean hut were destroyed and Argentine sailors were delivered to a vessel of that country on 18 February to South Georgia. A British detachment stayed three months on the island while the frigate patrolled the waters until April.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 4 May 1955, the United Kingdom filed two lawsuits against Argentina and Chile respectively, the International Court of Justice in The Hague so this declared the invalidity of claims of the sovereignty of the two countries on the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic areas. On 15 July 1955, the Chilean Government rejected the jurisdiction of the Court in that case, and on 1 August, the Argentine Government did the same, by what the demands on 16 March 1956 they were archived.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 1 December 1959, the Antarctic Treaty was signed by Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom and the United States, entering into force on 23 June 1961.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In the 1960s the State of Argentina, with its fleet, pioneered ecological tourist cruises to Antarctica. At the same time, the Argentine State-owned Aerolíneas Argentinas inaugurated passenger flights between Ushuaia and Sydney making scale in Marambio Base. Between the mid-1960s and the first half of the 1970s, Argentina launched rockets from its Antarctic bases. These rockets were designed and built entirely in Argentina and possessed meteorological instrumentation and radiation sensors.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Operación 90 was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole, conducted in 1965, by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard Leal. The operation was named for the target 90 degree South latitude point (the geographic South Pole).


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 8 April 1970, the Governor of Tierra del Fuego issued the Decree N ° 149 creating 4 departments, among them the Argentine Antarctic Sector Department.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1977, the Esperanza Base was elected as the place of filing of Argentine families that traveled at the end of that year to overwinter at the base. The first director of the Argentine Antarctic Institute, general Hernán Pujato, was the forerunner of the installation of the "Fortín Sargento Cabral" when on 13 August 1954 he proposed the Argentine Government create a farmhouse out Esperanza Base


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: to populate it with family groups. The idea had aimed to strengthen Argentine rights in that part of Antarctica. After finishing the construction of the houses, the "Fortín Sargento Cabral" was inaugurated on 17 February 1978. Having then 5 houses for families who wintered there that year.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The first human born in Antarctica was the Argentine Emilio Palma at Esperanza Station in 1978, within the territory claimed by Argentina. His baptism in the Catholic chapel on 7 January 1978 was the first on the continent.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: On 18 December 2012, the Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory (which included a portion of Argentine Antarctica) would be named "Queen Elizabeth Land" in honour of the Queen. Argentina "strongly rejected" Britain's right to rename the area.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 2013 the Argentine Defense Ministry announced that Petrel Base will become a permanent base by 2015. The base will have an airport and logistics for transfer of passengers and cargo.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The geographic structure of Argentine Antarctica continues some features of Patagonia, located to the north of it. The highest peaks are located at the south of the Antarctic Peninsula, which has islands and archipelagos nearby. The land is under an ice sheet.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The climate of the region ranges from a subpolar climate in the north to a polar climate in the south. The region has an extremely cold climate with mean temperatures below with frost and snowfall occurring throughout the year. In general, there are two different climatic zones found within the region: a glacial climate in the interior and an oceanic one in the Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent islands. The glacial climate found in the interior is dominated by continental ice sheets and glaciers while in the Antarctic Peninsula and its adjacent islands, the climate is characterized by very strong winds, particularly in winter. In particular, the Antarctic Peninsula experiences strong cold winds and blizzards. In the interior of the continent, the climate is colder and drier due to the higher latitude, altitude, and strong continental influences. Mean annual temperatures range from between in the Antarctic Peninsula to in the interior. Temperatures are always low in the region; during the polar night in winter, temperatures drop down to . In the warmest month, mean temperatures are usually below . Coastal areas have mean temperatures in the warmest month at around freezing. Precipitation mainly falls as snow. Due to the ice sheets and glaciers covering most of the region and the severity of the climate, the flora is sparse and limited only to coastal areas.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: The flag of Tierra del Fuego, which includes Argentine Antarctica, was adopted in 1999 as the result of a competition. It is a diagonal bicolor of sky blue and orange with a white albatross dividing the flag diagonally and the Southern Cross in the blue upper half. The orange represents the fire in the province's name, Tierra del Fuego, meaning "Land of Fire". The blue represents the sky and reflects the color of the national flag.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Esperanza and Marambio are the largest Argentine bases, together holding 70 buildings, with a combined occupancy rate ranging from roughly 110 in winter to 250 in summer. Orcadas Base, on the South Orkney Islands was the world's first Antarctic base, operating continuously since 1903. The southernmost Argentine permanent base is Belgrano II, at latitude around 77 degrees south. The southernmost summer base is Sobral, at from "Belgrano II".


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Argentina's claim to the Antarctic Peninsula overlaps with the Antarctic claims of Chile, 53°W to 90°W, and the UK claims, 20°W to 80°W.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: Currently, there are no attempts by Argentina or any other country to enforce territorial claims in Antarctica. See List of Antarctic territorial claims.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1978, the first Antarctic baby was born in the "Fortín Sargento Cabral" at the Esperanza Base under the name Emilio Palma. María de las Nieves Delgado was the first Antarctic girl, born on 27 March 1978 at Esperanza Base. For 1980 were over six children born in the base: Rubén Eduardo de Carli (21 September 1979), Francisco Javier Sosa (21 September 1979), Silvina Analía Arnouil (14 January 1980), José Manuel Valladares Solís (24 January 1980), Lucas Daniel Posse (4 February 1980) and María Sol Cosenza (3 May 1983). The base has an Argentine civil registry office where there have been aforementioned births and weddings.


title: Argentine Antarctica

text: In 1991, there were 142 "permanent residents" including 19 minors. "Residents" are families that live in Antarctica or scientists that have lived for more than two years. They were 121 men and 21 women that lived mostly in the colony of Esperanza and other bases. As of 1998–1999, Argentine Antarctica had a winter population of 165.


title: Subgroup

text: In group theory, a branch of mathematics, given a group "G" under a binary operation ∗, a subset "H" of "G" is called a subgroup of "G" if "H" also forms a group under the operation ∗. More precisely, "H" is a subgroup of "G" if the restriction of ∗ to is a group operation on "H". This is often denoted , read as ""H" is a subgroup of "G"".


title: Subgroup

text: A proper subgroup of a group "G" is a subgroup "H" which is a proper subset of "G" (that is, ). This is often represented notationally by , read as ""H" is a proper subgroup of "G"". Some authors also exclude the trivial group from being proper (that is, }).


title: Subgroup

text: The same definitions apply more generally when "G" is an arbitrary semigroup, but this article will only deal with subgroups of groups.


title: Subgroup

text: Suppose that "G" is a group, and "H" is a subset of "G". For now, assume that the group operation of "G" is written multiplicatively, denoted by juxtaposition.


title: Subgroup

text: If the group operation is instead denoted by addition, then "closed under products" should be replaced by the condition that for every "a" and "b" in "H", the sum "a"+"b" is in "H", and "closed under inverses" should be replaced by the condition that for every "a" in "H", the inverse −"a" is in "H".


title: Subgroup

text: Given a subgroup "H" and some "a" in G, we define the left coset "aH" = {"ah" : "h" in "H"}. Because "a" is invertible, the map φ : "H" → "aH" given by φ("h") = "ah" is a bijection. Furthermore, every element of "G" is contained in precisely one left coset of "H"; the left cosets are the equivalence classes corresponding to the equivalence relation "a" ~ "a" if and only if "a""a" is in "H". The number of left cosets of "H" is called the index of "H" in "G" and is denoted by .


title: Subgroup

text: where |"G"| and |"H"| denote the orders of "G" and "H", respectively. In particular, the order of every subgroup of "G" (and the order of every element of "G") must be a divisor of |"G"|.


title: Subgroup

text: Right cosets are defined analogously: "Ha" = {"ha" : "h" in "H"}. They are also the equivalence classes for a suitable equivalence relation and their number is equal to .


title: Subgroup

text: If "aH" = "Ha" for every "a" in "G", then "H" is said to be a normal subgroup. Every subgroup of index 2 is normal: the left cosets, and also the right cosets, are simply the subgroup and its complement. More generally, if "p" is the lowest prime dividing the order of a finite group "G," then any subgroup of index "p" (if such exists) is normal.


title: Subgroup

text: This group has two nontrivial subgroups: and , where "J" is also a subgroup of "H". The Cayley table for "H" is the top-left quadrant of the Cayley table for "G"; The Cayley table for "J" is the top-left quadrant of the Cayley table for "H". The group "G" is cyclic, and so are its subgroups. In general, subgroups of cyclic groups are also cyclic.


title: Subgroup

text: There are 9 such elements: the formula_3 transpositions (2-cycles) and the three elements (12)(34), (13)(24), (14)(23).


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: Carlo M. Cipolla (15 August 1922 – 5 September 2000) was an Italian economic historian. He was a member of both the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: As a young man, Cipolla wanted to teach history and philosophy in an Italian high school, and therefore enrolled at the political science faculty at the University of Pavia. While a student there, thanks to professor Franco Borlandi, a specialist in medieval economic history, he discovered his passion for economic history. He graduated from Pavia in 1944. Subsequently, he studied at the University of Paris and the London School of Economics.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: Cipolla obtained his first teaching post in economic history in Catania at the age of 27. This was to be the first stop in a long academic career in Italy (Venice, Turin, Pavia, Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Fiesole) and abroad. In 1953 Cipolla left for the United States as a Fulbright fellow and in 1957 became a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Two years later he obtained a full professorship.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: Cipolla produced two non-technical, popular essays that circulated in English among friends in 1973 and 1976, and then were published in 1988, first in Italian, under the title "Allegro, ma non troppo" ("Forward, but not too fast" or "Happy, but not too much", from the musical phrase meaning "Quickly, but not too quick").


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: The first essay, "The Role of Spices (and Black Pepper in Particular) in Medieval Economic Development" ("Il ruolo delle spezie (e del pepe nero in particolare) nello sviluppo economico del Medioevo", 1973), traces the curious correlations between spice import and population expansion in the late Middle Ages, postulating a causation due to a supposed aphrodisiac effect of black pepper.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: The second essay, "The Basic Laws of Human Stupidity" ("Le leggi fondamentali della stupidità umana", 1976), explores the controversial subject of stupidity. Stupid people are seen as a group, more powerful by far than major organizations such as the Mafia and the industrial complex, which without regulations, leaders, or manifesto nonetheless manages to operate to great effect and with incredible coordination.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: As is evident from the third law, Cipolla identifies two factors to consider when exploring human behavior:


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: Cipolla further refines his definition of "bandits" and "naïve people" by noting that members of these groups can either add to or detract from the general welfare, depending on the relative gains (or losses) that they cause themselves and society. A bandit may enrich himself more or less than he impoverishes society, and a naïve person may enrich society more or less than he impoverishes himself and/or allows himself to be impoverished.


title: Carlo M. Cipolla

text: Graphically, this idea is represented by a line of slope -1, which bisects the second and fourth quadrants and intersects the y-axis at the origin. The naive people to the left of this line are thus "semi-stupid" because their conduct creates/allows a net drain of societal welfare; some bandits may fit this description as well, although many bandits such as sociopaths, psychopaths, and non-pathological "jerks" and amoralists may act with full knowledge of the net negative consequences to a society that they neither identify with nor care about.


title: Amor dividido

text: Amor dividido (English title: "Split Heart") is a Mexican telenovela that aired on Las Estrellas from 17 January 2022 to 12 June 2022. The series is produced by Angelli Nesma Medina for TelevisaUnivision. It is an adaptation of the Colombian telenovela "Allá te espero". It stars Eva Cedeño, Gabriel Soto, Arturo Peniche, Irina Baeva, and Andrés Palacios.


title: Amor dividido

text: Abril (Eva Cedeño) and Max (Gabriel Soto) are two people who have nothing in common. For Abril, family is her priority, while for Max, being successful in the corporate world is the most important thing. She enjoys working in the fields and living in her hometown. He, despite being half Mexican, has completely forgotten his roots and is happy living in a first world country. For different reasons, both are forced to live in Mexico City and their lives begin to change radically until they are united in the midst of the loneliness and disappointment caused by the abandonment of their partners. Debra (Irina Baeva), Max's wife, decides to hide a pregnancy and resort to abortion without consulting her husband, who always had a strong desire to be a father. This fractures their marriage, and with Debra's unwillingness to adapt to the country her parents emigrated years ago, leads to divorce. Bruno (Andrés Palacios), Abril's husband, leaves her because his dream is to live in the United States, earning dollars to get ahead, following the example of his sister-in-law Julia (Elsa Ortiz), who a year ago decided to cross the border for the same reasons, leaving her two children, Lucero and Pancho, in charge of Abril, her sister, and mainly Cielo (Eugenia Cauduro), their mother.