title: Handley Page Hampden

text: On 22 February 1940, the first Preston-built Hampden, "P2062", conducted its maiden flight. English Electric would go on to manufacture a total of 770 Hampdens, more than any other company, prior to delivering its final aircraft on 15 March 1942. In July 1940, Handley-Page terminated its own production line for the Hampden upon the completion of its 500th aircraft. On 9 August 1940, the first Canadian-built Hampden, "P5298", made its first flight; by October 1940, Canadian production had risen to 15 aircraft per month. A total of 160 Hampdens were completed by Canadian Associated Aircraft, many of which were ferried to the United Kingdom for wartime service. The final Canadian-built aircraft was delivered in late 1941.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden Mk I had a pilot, navigator/bomb aimer, radio operator and rear gunner. Conceived as a fast, manoeuvrable "fighting bomber", the Hampden had a fixed forward-firing .303 in (7.7 mm) Browning machine gun in the upper part of the fuselage nose. To avoid the weight penalties of powered turrets, the Hampden had a curved Perspex nose fitted with a manual .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K machine gun and a .303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers K installation in the rear upper and lower positions. The layout was similar to the all-guns-forward cockpits introduced about the same time in "Luftwaffe" medium bombers, notably the Dornier Do 17. During the Norwegian Campaign, these guns proved to be thoroughly inadequate for self-defence in daylight; the single guns were replaced by twin Vickers K guns, a process led by Air Vice Marshal Arthur Harris of No. 5 Group RAF in 1940.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden had a flush-rivetted stressed skin, reinforced with a mixture of bent and extruded sections in an all-metal monocoque design. A split-assembly construction technique was employed: sections were prefabricated and then joined, to enable rapid and economic manufacture. The fuselage was in three big sections – front, centre and rear – that were built using jigs. The centre and rear sections were made of two halves, which meant that the sections could be fitted out in part under better working conditions prior to assembly. All possible assembly work was performed at the benches prior to installation upon each aircraft.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The wings were made up of three large units: centre section, port outer wing and starboard outer wing, which were also subdivided. Each section was built around a main girder spar, leading edge section and trailing edge section. The wing made use of wingtip slots and hydraulically-actuated trailing edge flaps; the flaps and ailerons had stress-bearing "D"-spars. According to Moyes, the configuration of the wing was a key feature of Hampden, being highly tapered and designed to exert low levels of drag; these attributes were responsible for the aircraft's high top speed for the era of while retaining a reasonably low landing speed of .


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden's flying qualities were typically described as being favourable; Moyes described it as being "extraordinarily mobile on the controls". Pilots were provided with a high level of external visibility, assisting the execution of steep turns and other manoeuvres. The control layout required some familiarisation, as some elements such as the hydraulic controls were unobtrusive and unintuitive. Upon introduction, the Hampden exhibited greater speeds and initial climb rates than any of its contemporaries while still retaining favourable handling qualities.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The slim and compact fuselage of the aircraft was quite cramped, being wide enough only for a single person. The navigator sat behind the pilot and access in the cockpit required folding down the seats. Once in place, the crew had almost no room to move and were typically uncomfortable during long missions. Aircrews referred to the Hampden by various nicknames due to this, such as "Flying Suitcase", "Panhandle", and "Flying Tadpole".


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The newest of the three medium bombers, the Hampden was often referred to by aircrews as the "Flying Suitcase" because of its cramped crew conditions, or more plausibly, because of the unusually thin, deep, slab-sided and rectangular shape of the fuselage was reminiscent of that of a suitcase.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: In September 1938, No. 49 Squadron received the first Hampdens; by the end of the year, both 49 and 83 Squadrons at RAF Scampton had re-equipped with the type. A total of 226 Hampdens were in service with ten squadrons by the start of the Second World War, with six forming the operational strength of 5 Group of Bomber Command based in Lincolnshire.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: With the outbreak of war in 1939, Hampdens were initially used to perform armed aerial reconnaissance missions, observing German naval activity during daylight. However, despite its speed and manoeuvrability, the Hampden proved to be no match for "Luftwaffe" fighters; in December 1939, Bomber Command is claimed to have discarded the belief that aircraft such as the Hampden could realistically operate by day and instead chose to predominantly employ them under the cover of darkness during nighttime operations. During 1940, Hampdens of 5 Group conducted 123 nighttime airborne leaflet propaganda missions, losing only a single aircraft in the process.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: On 13 April 1940, days after Germany's invasion of Norway, a large number of Hampdens were dispatched on night-time mine-laying (code-named "gardening") flights in the North Sea in areas deemed unapproachable by British shipping. According to Moyes, this activity proved highly effective, experiencing a low casualty rate of less than 1.9 aircraft per mission. The Hampden also saw a return to its use as a daytime bomber during the Norwegian Campaign, but quickly proved to be under-gunned in the face of German fighters.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: On 19 March 1940, Hampdens took part in the first deliberate bombing of German soil in a nighttime raid upon the seaplane hangars and slipways in Hörnum, Sylt. The type continued to operate at night on bombing raids over Germany. Flight Lieutenant Rod Learoyd of 49 Squadron was awarded the Victoria Cross for a low-level attack on the Dortmund-Ems canal on 12 August 1940 where two of five aircraft failed to return. On 25 August 1940, Hampdens from various squadrons participated in the RAF's first bombing raid on Berlin. Sergeant John Hannah was the wireless operator/air gunner of an 83 Squadron Hampden and was awarded the Victoria Cross on 15 September 1940, when he fought the flames of the burning aircraft, allowing the pilot to return it to base.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: In April 1942, the Hampden-equipped 144 Squadron and 455 Squadron RAAF were transferred from Bomber Command to Coastal Command to perform the torpedo bomber role. Later that year, detachments from both squadrons were dispatched to Vaenga airfield, Murmansk, Russia, to help safeguard the Arctic convoys in the vicinity. A total of four squadrons assigned to Coastal Command would be equipped with Hampdens. These squadrons continued to use the type into late 1943; the last Coastal Command squadron transitioned from the type on 10 December 1943.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: Almost half of the Hampdens built, 714, were lost on operations, with 1,077 crew killed and 739 reported as missing. German "Flak" accounted for 108, one hit a German barrage balloon, 263 Hampdens crashed because of "a variety of causes" and 214 others were classed as "missing". "Luftwaffe" pilots claimed 128 Hampdens, shooting down 92 at night.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The last Bomber Command sorties by Hampdens were flown on the night of 14/15 September 1942 by 408 Squadron, RCAF against Wilhelmshaven. After being withdrawn from Bomber Command in 1942, it operated with RAF Coastal Command through 1943 as a long-range torpedo bomber (the Hampden TB Mk I with a Mk XII torpedo in an open bomb bay and a bomb under each wing) and as a maritime reconnaissance aircraft.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden was also used by the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF), Royal New Zealand Air Force (RNZAF), "Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota" (AV-MF: Maritime Military Fleet Aviation) of the Soviet Union and the Swedish "Flygvapnet" (Air Force).


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden in RCAF service included the 160 examples manufactured in Canada by the Canadian Associated Aircraft consortium. Of the total built, 84 were shipped by sea to Great Britain, while the remainder came to Patricia Bay (Victoria Airport) B.C., to set up No. 32 OTU (RAF) used for bombing and gunnery training. Typical exercises at 32 OTU consisted of patrolling up the West Coast of Vancouver Island at night or flying out into the Pacific to a navigational map co-ordinate, often in adverse and un-forecast inclement weather. Due to attrition from accidents, about 200 "war weary" Hampdens were later flown from the U.K. to Patricia Bay as replacements.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: In Operation Orator, during September 1942, the crews of 32 Hampden TB.1 torpedo bombers from No. 144 Squadron RAF and No. 455 Squadron RAAF flew to Northwest Russia, to protect arctic convoy PQ 18 from German surface vessels, such the battleship "Tirpitz". The Hampden crews flew from Sumburgh in the Shetland Islands to Vaenga (Vayenga; later known as Severomorsk) in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. This was a hazardous route, often subject to poor weather and spanning more than , partly over enemy-occupied territory in Norway and Finland. Eight Hampdens were lost or damaged beyond repair en route. 144 and 455 Squadrons flew a small number of sorties from Vaenga. While it was originally intended that the Hampdens would be flown back to Scotland, the prevailing west-east headwinds on such a flight might have pushed the Hampdens beyond their maximum endurance and it was decided to transport the wing's personnel back to Britain by sea and gift the Hampdens to the Soviet Navy.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: Aircrews and mechanics from Maritime Military Fleet Aviation ("Aviatsiya Voenno-Morskogo Flota"; VMF) were trained by members of 144 and 455 Squadrons, before their return to Britain in October. The 3rd Squadron, 24th Mine-Torpedo Aviation Regiment (24 Минно-торпедный авиаполк; "24 MTAP") operated the "balalaika" – the Russian nickname for the Hampden, in reference to its unusual shape – until mid-1943, when losses, a lack of replacements and a shortage of spares forced its retirement. "24 MTAP" then reverted to the Ilyushin DB-3/Ilyushin Il-4.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: In Sweden, the "Flygvapnet" assigned an HP.52 to Reconnaissance Wing F 11 at Nyköping for evaluation, under the designation P5. After the war, the aircraft was sold to SAAB where it was used as an avionics testbed.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The Hampden was powered by two Bristol Pegasus XVIII nine-cylinder radial engines. A Mk II variant, designated the HP.62, was developed by converting two Hampdens to use the Wright Cyclone engine in 1940, but no further work was done on that project.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: Interest in the HP.52 by the Swedish Air Force led to the creation of the HP.53 prototype, which was subsequently used as a testbed for a pair of Napier Dagger VIII 24-cylinder H-block air-cooled inline engines.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: In August 1936, the Air Ministry placed an order for 100 Hampdens equipped with the Dagger engine. Those aircraft subsequently received the designation "HP.53", along with the name "Hereford". Manufactured by Short & Harland in Belfast, their performance was almost identical to that of their Hampden cousins, but there were problems with the engines. From the outset, the Dagger engine proved to be problematic, being both noisy and unreliable. In particular, cooling problems plagued the engine while being run on the ground, resulting in distortions and premature failures. The problems were not satisfactorily resolved, with the result that most of the Herefords on order were converted to Hampdens instead, while those that were constructed were often re-engined to become Hampdens. A limited number of Herefords did enter squadron service, but were only used as crew trainers by training units.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: No Hampdens remain in flying condition today, although examples do remain on display or undergoing restoration:


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: The HP Hampden had a featured role in "The Big Blockade", a 1941 Second World War propaganda film showing "blockade" bombing and its effects on the German war industry, with Michael Rennie and John Mills as two of its four-man crew. The trials of flying Hampdens in the early years of the Second World War are also described in the 2002 novel "Damned Good Show" by Derek Robinson. There is also an issue of the comic "Combat" about a Hampden and its crew.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: Guy Gibson's autobiography, "Enemy Coast Ahead" (1946), details his early RAF flying career in a Hampden squadron in text and photographs.


title: Handley Page Hampden

text: Robert Kee's war memoir, "A Crowd Is Not Company", begins by describing the mission in which he was shot down in a Hampden while trying to drop a sea mine off the coast of the Netherlands.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: Star Wars: Empire at War is a 2006 real-time strategy video game developed by Petroglyph Games and published by LucasArts. Set between "" and "Episode IV", it focuses on the fledgling struggle between the Empire and the Rebels. It uses Petroglyph's game engine Alamo. In October 2006, an expansion titled "" was released. On May 31, 2014, online functionality, including network multiplayer and wireless chat, was discontinued after Glu Mobile's purchase of GameSpy and the subsequent shutdown of all game servers. As of September 1, 2017, the multiplayer has been re-enabled on the Steam version as well as workshop support being added.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: There are three game modes: storyline-based Campaign, Galactic Conquest and Skirmish. Battles can take place on a planet (land battle) or above the planet (space battle). Land battles are fought with infantry and ground vehicle units, while space battles are fought with starfighter squadrons and large spacecraft.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: Galactic Conquest is the sandbox campaign, in which the player controls either the Rebel Alliance or the Empire. A weaker, neutral faction of Pirates exists, but makes no attempt to battle the Rebels or Empire unless attacked. Each faction has at least one of three broad objectives for Galactic Conquest, which vary depending on which scenario is being played: kill the enemy leader (Mon Mothma or Emperor Palpatine), protect or destroy the Death Star, or completely remove the other faction from the campaign map. Grand strategy, production, and resource management are facilitated through a three-dimensional galactic map. The player receives funds from planets they control and from mining facilities. Credits are used to research technology, build defenses and vehicles, and train troops. Each planet confers different advantages to its owner, even though some bonuses are specific to each faction (for example, controlling Kuat reduces the price of Imperial Star Destroyers by 25 percent).


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: When enemy forces meet (either fleets in space or ground forces landing an enemy planet) a battle ensues. The player(s) can use only the equipment they brought to the battle (be it an X-wing squadron or an AT-AT). Factions must battle across both space and land maps. The defender may also use any buildings (land) or their space station (space) if they have constructed them. In each battle, each side may only have a certain number of units on the field at a time; the rest are retained as Reinforcements, which can be called in any time to designated areas when allowed. In land battles, a player can field more units at a time if they capture Reinforcement Points.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: The storyline campaign follows a semi-open linear path, where the given side must complete sequential mission objectives (such as stealing X-wing prototypes). Campaign missions build up to the plot of "Star Wars" and eventually, the Battle of Yavin. The campaign is very similar to Galactic Conquest, although the Galactic Map is gradually opened for play as the player completes scripted events and completes missions.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: Skirmish mode is the familiar, classic RTS mode. Skirmishes come in two types: land and space. In land skirmishes, all players start with bases and must research upgrades and capture reinforcement points while fighting to destroy the enemy's base or command center. In space skirmish mode, all players have a space station that can be upgraded. The player buys land or space units to attack the enemy with until the enemy base/space station is destroyed or the enemy forces are destroyed. The player can advance in technology levels to access more powerful ships as the player gains more money. The player can build more buildings and defenses, and the space station can also be upgraded to better defend itself without requiring the player to leave ships behind to defend it. Skirmish battles require the least time investment, so it is better suited toward casual players. Maps can support two, three, or four players, and the difficulty can be switched between easy, medium or hard.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: All modes are played in real time. Days on the galactic map pass continually. When a battle occurs, galactic time is paused while the battle is waged. After the battle, the galactic day timer resumes. When playing against the computer, the player can accelerate time or pause time on both the galactic and skirmish maps.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: All modes also make use of important Star Wars characters, such as Darth Vader, as Heroes. Each Hero is a single, moderately powerful unit with special abilities. For example, Obi-Wan Kenobi, Emperor Palpatine, and Darth Vader can use the Force. Some characters can be used in both land and space battles, (e.g. Darth Vader becomes a special TIE fighter unit in space), while others can be used only on land or only in space (a land-only Hero will remain on board a landing craft or command ship during space battles and have no use of their special abilities).


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: The game's plot is that of the Galactic Civil War and the construction of the Death Star. It occurs during the events leading up to "A New Hope".


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: In the Rebel campaign, the fledgling Rebel Alliance begin with an attack on the shipyards at Kuat introducing the player to basic space combat before infiltrating the planet of Wayland on a basic ground combat mission. The campaign explores how the X-wing fighter is pressed into the service of the Rebel Alliance, the liberation of Kashyyyk, the first whisperings of a brand new Imperial superweapon and ultimately the "Battle of Yavin".


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: The Imperial campaign features Darth Vader and his search for the fledgling Rebel Alliance, interspersed with missions to help complete construction of the Death Star. It then transpires that the plans for the Death Star have been stolen so the player has to seek out the traitor who has passed the plans to the Rebels, intercept Princess Leia and then use the Death Star to crush the Alliance once and for all.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: "Star Wars: Empire at War" was first mentioned in 2004, by then-president of LucasArts Jim Ward. He discussed the possibility of a RTS video game set in the "Star Wars" universe, stating "...there's a bright future there for games based on these new properties as well as original Star Wars games like a new real-time strategy PC game that Petroglyph is developing for next year". Ward described the game as taking the real-time strategy genre in a new direction and outlined plans to balance the gameplay between hardcore games and audiences familiar with the "Star Wars" franchise. The game was unveiled by LucasArts on January 21, 2005 with an original release date set for the end of 2005. LucasArts said that the newly formed Petroglyph Games would be developing an original 3-D game engine, titled Alamo, for "Star Wars: Empire at War" and that the game would support online battles for up to eight players.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: Lead designer Joe Bostic outlined the gameplay for "Star Wars: Empire at War", stating the developer's priorities were for players to have easy control of ships during space combat because of difficulties with the structure of the space aspect of the game. He said that the scaling of the various units in the game was another difficulty that the developers had to overcome to balance the gameplay. In 2006, Chris Rubyor, a former employee of Westwood Studios, discussed the galactic conquest mode of the game, stating that the initial mode had to be overhauled several times because Petroglyph was unhappy with the original mode. Rubyor said the game's skirmish mode incorporated a variety of new and traditional strategy mechanics found throughout RTS genre. He also said the game's focus was primarily combat and unit tactics, while allowing units and new technologies to be purchased during skirmish combat, a feature that was not put in the main single-player campaign or galactic conquest. The game's musical score was composed by Frank Klepacki. Klepacki said surround sound was an important aspect for the game because he said he believed many past RTS games did not take advantage of the features of surround sound. The game's audio took elements from the "Star Wars" films, as well as adding new elements to add variety to the game. Much of the sound effects were created by Klepacki, including all sounds in the interface and structure.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: A stage demo and trailer were on display at E3 2005. On July 15, 2005 LucasArts released a new trailer and announced a release date of February 7, 2006. A playable build of "Star Wars: Empire at War" was well received at the 2005 Games Convention in Leipzig, Germany.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: The official demo of "Star Wars: Empire at War" was available for download on January 18, 2006, for Microsoft Windows systems. It featured five introduction tutorials to the game, and one galactic conquest mission with the player assuming the role of the Rebel Alliance. The full Windows version was released on February 16. On November 3, 2006, Aspyr Media Inc. announced "Empire at War" would be coming to the Mac OS X platform in April 2007. The Mac demo was released in March 2007.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: "Star Wars: Empire at War" received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: "Star Wars: Empire at War" received "generally favorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. GameSpot said, ""Empire at War" delivers a true Star Wars experience". IGN said, ""Star Wars: Empire at War" definitely scores big in terms of style... If you're hoping to enjoy this game because you really like "Star Wars", you'll probably be satisfied for quite a while, but if your interest in the "Star Wars" property takes a back seat to your desire for a solid strategy experience, the few innovations aren't going to be enough to overcome the repetitive nature of the fights."


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: "The A.V. Club" gave it a B and stated that "you could find a deeper or better-tuned strategy game—but this one has AT-ATs." "Detroit Free Press" gave it three stars out of four, saying, "The day-to-day ground conflicts that make up most of the game are not particularly inspiring. The full-on space wars are a real thrill to behold." However, "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave it three stars out of five and said that it "hits all the right notes if you're a "Star Wars" fan, but be prepared to grind out your victories."


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: The editors of "Computer Games Magazine" named "Empire at War" the tenth-best computer game of 2006, and called it "one of the most inventive games in years".


title: Star Wars: Empire at War

text: This version of the game bundled the base game and the Forces of Corruption expansion. It was released on Steam and on CD-ROM.


title: Nikita (song)

text: "Nikita" is a love song by English musician Elton John from his 19th studio album, "Ice on Fire" (1985). It was released as the album's lead single on 4 October 1985, charting at number three on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number seven in the United States, and reaching the top 10 worldwide, topping the charts of eight countries. The song features George Michael on backing vocals and Nik Kershaw on guitar.


title: Nikita (song)

text: In the song, John describes his crush on a person called Nikita, a border guard whom he cannot meet because he is not allowed into the country. Though the name Nikita can refer to women in other languages, it is a male name in Russian. In interviews, John has said that he was aware that Nikita was a male name in Russian.


title: Nikita (song)

text: The song is composed in the key of G major in 4/4 time. The song employs a verse-chorus-verse format, with the second chorus being shorter than the first, plus a instrumental bridge mechanically-themed breakdown halfway through the second chorus.


title: Nikita (song)

text: "Cash Box" said the "tune is as sensitive as the subject matter" and that the song has "a mesmerizing tempo, well textured production and John’s inimitable vocal style." "Billboard" called it a "lilting tune."


title: Nikita (song)

text: The video for the song was directed by Ken Russell. John accepted the proposed script written by Russell which was a male–female love interpretation of the song, depicting his attempted romance of a blonde female East German border guard with short hair. Scenes showed the two together in various happy situations, including wearing the colours of Watford FC, of whom John is a supporter and former chairman. The video also features a red Bentley Continental Convertible, which was owned by John from 1985 to 2000.


title: Nikita (song)

text: John played "Nikita" during the album's tour in 1985 to 1986 and again in the 1988–1989 Reg Strikes Back Tour plus the 1998 leg of The Big Picture Tour. John continued to perform the song in mid-2000s, however the song was only played on his solo concerts ever since.


title: Nikita (song)

text: Elton John, Bernie Taupin and Big Pig Music were accused of plagiarism by South African photographer and songwriter Guy Hobbs. Hobbs wrote a song in 1982 entitled "Natasha", about a Russian waitress on a cruise ship, who was never allowed to leave it. The song was copyrighted in 1983, and sent to Big Pig Music (John's publisher) for a possible publishing deal, but Hobbs never heard back from the publisher. In 2001, Hobbs came across the lyric book to "Nikita" and noticed similarities with his song. Despite repeated attempts by Hobbs to contact John over the issue, he never heard from him and so commenced legal action in 2012.


title: Nikita (song)

text: On 31 October 2012, a US federal judge granted John and Taupin's motion to dismiss, finding that the song did not infringe Hobbs' copyright because the only similar elements were generic images and themes that are not protected under copyright law.


title: Jamshid

text: Jamshid () (, "Jamshīd"; Middle- and New Persian: جم, "Jam") also known as Yima (Avestan: 𐬫𐬌𐬨𐬀 "Yima"; Pashto/Dari: یما "Yama") is the fourth Shah of the mythological Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to "Shahnameh".


title: Jamshid

text: In Persian mythology and folklore, Jamshid is described as the fourth and greatest king of the epigraphically unattested Pishdadian Dynasty (before the Kayanian dynasty). This role is already alluded to in Zoroastrian scripture (e.g. "Yasht" 19, "Vendidad" 2), where the figure appears as "Yima kshaeta" "radiant Yima" () and from which the name 'Jamshid' is derived.


title: Jamshid

text: Both "Jam" and "Jamshid" remain common Iranian and Zoroastrian male names that are also popular in surrounding areas of Iran such as Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Edward FitzGerald transliterated the name as "Jamshyd". In the eastern regions of Greater Iran, and by the Zoroastrians of the Indian subcontinent it is rendered as "Jamshed".


title: Jamshid

text: The name "Jamshid" is originally a compound of two parts, "Jam" and "shid", corresponding to the Avestan names "Yima" and "Xšaēta", derived from the proto-Iranian "*Yamah Xšaitah" ('Yama, the brilliant/majestic'). "Yamah" and the related Sanskrit "Yama" are interpreted as "the twin", perhaps reflecting an Indo-Iranian belief in a primordial Yama and Yami pair. By regular sound changes (y → j, and the loss of the final syllable) an Old Persian form equivalent to Avestan "Yima" became Middle Persian "Jam", which was subsequently continued into New Persian.


title: Jamshid

text: There are also a few functional parallels between Avestan Yima and Sanskrit Yama; for instance, "Yima" was the son of "Vivaŋhat", who in turn corresponds to the Vedic "Vivasvat", "he who shines out", a name for the sun-god Surya. Both Yamas in Iranian and Indian myth guard Hell with the help of two four-eyed dogs.


title: Jamshid

text: Oettinger, when talking about how the story of Yima was originally a flood myth, and how original Sanskrit flood myths had their protagonist as yama, mentions that even the Norse had their own cognate of Yima and Yama, named Ymir, who was a primordial giant whose death caused a great flood and was a basis behind the formation of the world. Ymir was still associated with a flood, as Snorri Sturluson recorded that they believed that the death of Ymir caused a great flood, killing all of the Frost Giants except one named Bergelmir, who floated on some wooden object with his wife and from him the Frost Giants come. The Bergelmir aspect may be due to Christianization. However, the myth still has Ymir connected to a flood. Oettinger's main argument was on how the Indic "Yama" and the Iranic "Yima", both cognates of the Norse "Ymir", also related to the flood.


title: Jamshid

text: "*Xšaitah" meant "bright, shining" or "radiant". By regular sound changes (initial xš → š (sh); ai → ē; t → d between vowels; and dropping of the final syllable) "*xšaitah" became Persian "shēd". In Iranian Persian, the vowel /ē/ is pronounced as /i/. Consequently, "Jamshēd" (as it is still pronounced in Afghanistan and Tajikistan) is now pronounced "Jamshid" in Iran. The suffix "-shid" is the same as that found in other names such as "khorshid" ("the Sun" from Avestan "hvarə-xšaēta" "radiant Sun").


title: Jamshid

text: One contributor has posited that Persian "jam" is the root of Arabic "ajam", assuming that this Arabic word for the Persian-speaking population was derived from a Persian endonym, meaning the people of Jam. However, this is incorrect. ʿAjam comes from the Arabic root ʿ(ʿayn) ج (jim) م (mim), meaning to speak incomprehensibly, and was used among Arabs, initially, for all peoples who spoke languages that were incomprehensible to Arabic speakers, whether they spoke Persian, Fulani, or a Turkic language. Later, Arabs used this word as a derogatory term for Persian speakers to distinguish them from Arabic speakers. The word ʿajam or ʿajami is still used in other parts of the Islamic world to denote languages other than Arabic, particularly in the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions.


title: Jamshid

text: In the second chapter of the "Vendidad" of the Avesta, the omniscient Creator Ahura Mazda asks Yima, a good shepherd, to receive his law and bring it to men. However, Yima refuses, and so Ahura Mazda charges him with a different mission: to rule over and nourish the earth, to see that the living things prosper. This Yima accepts, and Ahura Mazda presents him with a golden seal and a dagger inlaid with gold.


title: Jamshid

text: Yima rules as king for three hundred years, and soon the earth was full of men, flocks of birds and herds of animals. He deprived the "daevas", who were demonic servants of the evil Ahriman, of wealth, herds and reputation during his reign. Good men, however, lived lives of plenty, and were neither sick nor aged. Father and son walked together, each appearing no older than fifteen. Ahura Mazda visits him once more, warning him of this overpopulation. Yima, shining with light, faced southwards and pressed the golden seal against the earth and boring into it with the poniard, says "O Spenta Armaiti, kindly open asunder and stretch thyself afar, to bear flocks and herds and men."


title: Jamshid

text: The earth swells and Yima rules for another six hundred years before the same problem occurred once more. Once again he pressed the seal and dagger to the earth and asked the ground to swell up to bear more men and beasts, and the earth swells again. Nine hundred years later, the earth was full again. The same solution is employed, the earth swelling again.


title: Jamshid

text: The next part of the story tells of a meeting of Ahura Mazda and the Yazatas in "Airyanem Vaejah", the first of the "perfect lands". Yima attends with a group of "the best of mortals", where Ahura Mazda warns him of an upcoming catastrophe: "O fair Yima, son of Vivaŋhat! Upon the material world the evil winters are about to fall, that shall bring the fierce, deadly frost; upon the material world the evil winters are about to fall, that shall make snow-flakes fall thick, even an arədvi deep on the highest tops of mountains."


title: Jamshid

text: The Vedivdad mentions that Ahura Mazda warns Yima that there will come a harsh winter storm followed by melted snow. Ahura Mazda advises Yima to construct a "Vara" (Avestan: enclosure) in the form of a multi-level cavern, two miles (3 km) long and two miles (3 km) wide. This he is to populate with the fittest of men and women; and with two of every animal, bird and plant; and supply with food and water gathered the previous summer. Yima creates the Vara by crushing the earth with a stamp of his foot, and kneading it into shape as a potter does clay. He creates streets and buildings, and brings nearly two thousand people to live therein. He creates artificial light, and finally seals the Vara with a golden ring.


title: Jamshid

text: Henry Corbin interprets this story as a spiritual event and describes it as follows: Yima "received the order to build the enclosure, the Var, where were gathered together the elect from among all beings, the fairest, the most gracious, that they might be preserved from the mortal winter unleashed by the demonic Powers, and some day repopulate a transfigured world. Indeed, the Var of Yima is, as it were, a city, including houses, storehouses, and ramparts. It has luminescent doors and windows that themselves secrete the light within, for it is illuminated both by uncreated and created lights."


title: Jamshid

text: Norbert Oettinger argues that the story of Yima and the Vara was originally a flood myth, and the harsh winter was added in due to the dry nature of Eastern Iran, as flood myths didn't have as much of an effect as harsh winters. He has argued that the Videvdad 2.24's mention of melted water flowing is a remnant of the flood myth.


title: Jamshid

text: Over time, the Avestan hero "Yima Xšaēta" became the world-ruling Shāh "Jamshid" of Persian legend and mythology.


title: Jamshid

text: According to the "Shāhnāma" of the poet Firdausī, Jamshid was the fourth king of the world. He had command over all the angels and demons of the world, and was both king and high priest of Hormozd (middle Persian for Ahura Mazda). He was responsible for a great many inventions that made life more secure for his people: the manufacture of armor and weapons, the weaving and dyeing of clothes of linen, silk and wool, the building of houses of brick, the mining of jewels and precious metals, the making of perfumes and wine, the art of medicine, the navigation of the waters of the world in sailing ships. The "sudreh" and "kushti" of the Zoroastrianism are also attributed to Jamshid. Traditional mythology also credits him with the invention of music. From the skin-clad followers of Keyumars, humanity had risen to a great civilization in Jamshid's time.


title: Jamshid

text: Jamshid had now become the greatest monarch the world had ever known. He was endowed with the royal "farr" (Avestan: "khvarena"), a radiant splendor that burned about him by divine favor. One day he sat upon a jewel-studded throne and the "div"s who served him raised his throne up into the air and he flew through the sky. His subjects, all the peoples of the world, marvelled and praised him. On this day, which was the first of the month of Farvardin, they first celebrated the holiday of "Nawrōz" ("new day"). In the variant of the Zoroastrian calendar followed by the Zoroastrians of India, the first day of the month of Farvardin is still called "Jamshēd-i Nawrōz".


title: Jamshid

text: Jamshid was said to have had a magical seven-ringed cup, the "Jām-e Jam" which was filled with the elixir of immortality and allowed him to observe the universe.


title: Jamshid

text: Jamshid's capital was erroneously believed to be at the site of the ruins of Persepolis, which for centuries (down to 1620 CE) was called "Takht-i Jamshēd", the "Throne of Jamshid".


title: Jamshid

text: However, Persepolis was actually the capital of the Achaemenid kings and was destroyed by Alexander. Similarly, the sculptured tombs of the Achaemenids and Sāsānians near Persepolis were believed to be images of the legendary hero Rostam, and so were called "Naqsh-e Rustam".


title: Jamshid

text: Jamshid ruled well for three hundred years. During this time longevity increased, sicknesses were banished, and peace and prosperity reigned. But Jamshid's pride grew with his power, and he began to forget that all the blessings of his reign were due to God. He boasted to his people that all of the good things they had come from him alone, and demanded that he should be accorded divine honors, as if he were the Creator.


title: Jamshid

text: From this time the "farr" departed from Jamshid, and the people began to murmur and rebel against him. Jamshid repented in his heart, but his glory never returned to him. The vassal ruler of Arabia, Zahhāk, under the influence of Ahriman, made war upon Jamshid, and he was welcomed by many of Jamshid's dissatisfied subjects. Jamshid fled from his capital halfway across the world, but he was finally trapped by Zahhāk and brutally murdered. After a reign of seven hundred years, humanity descended from the heights of civilization back into a Dark Age.


title: Jamshid

text: King Jamshid is featured prominently in one apocryphal tale associated with the history of wine and its discovery. According to Persian legend, the king banished one of his harem ladies from his kingdom, causing her to become despondent and wishing to commit suicide. Going to the king's warehouse, the girl sought out a jar marked "poison" which contained the remnants of grapes that had spoiled and were deemed undrinkable. Unbeknownst to her, the "spoilage" was actually the result of fermentation caused by the breakdown of the grapes by yeast into alcohol. After drinking the so-called poison, the harem girl discovered its effects to be pleasant and her spirits were lifted. She took her discovery to the king, who became so enamored with this new "wine" beverage that he not only accepted the girl back into his harem but also decreed that all grapes grown in Persepolis would be devoted to winemaking. While most wine historians view this story as pure legend, there is archaeological evidence that wine was known and extensively traded by the early Persian kings.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Chionoecetes opilio, a species of snow crab, also known as opilio crab or opies, is a predominantly epifaunal crustacean native to shelf depths in the northwest Atlantic Ocean and north Pacific Ocean. It is a well-known commercial species of "Chionoecetes", often caught with traps or by trawling. Seven species are in the genus "Chionoecetes", all of which bear the name "snow crab". "C. opilio" is related to "C. bairdi", commonly known as the tanner crab, and other crab species found in the cold, northern oceans.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Snow crabs have equally long and wide carapaces, or protective shell-coverings, over their bodies. Their tubercles, or the bodily projections on their shells, are moderately enclosed in calcium deposits, and they boast hooked setae, which are rigid, yet springy, hair-like organs on their claws. Snow crabs have a horizontal rostrum at the front of the carapace; the rostrum is basically just an extension of the hard, shell covering of the carapace and it boasts two flat horns separated by a gap. They have triangular spines and well-defined gastric and branchial regions internally. Snow crabs also have little granules along the border of their bodies, except their intestinal region. Concerning their walking legs, their first three are compressed; their chelipeds, or pincers, are usually smaller, shorter, or equal to their walking legs. Snow crabs are iridescent and range in color from brown to light red on top and from yellow to white on the bottom, and are bright white on the sides of their feet.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Snow crabs are native to the Northwest Atlantic and the North Pacific. In the Northwest Atlantic, they are found in the areas near Greenland, Newfoundland, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on the Scotian Shelf. In the North Pacific, this crab is found in areas ranging from Alaska to northern Siberia, and through the Bering Strait to the Aleutian Islands, Japan, and Korea.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: In 1996, they were recorded in the Barents Sea for the first time. They are considered an invasive species there, but how they arrived there is unclear. Another commercially important species, introduced deliberately to the same region, the red king crab, already has established itself in Barents Sea. Similarly, snow crabs likely will have an adverse effect on the native species of the Barents Sea.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Snow crabs are found in the ocean's shelf and upper slope, on sandy and muddy bottoms. They are found at depths from , but average is about . In Atlantic waters, most snow crabs are found at depths of . Where male and female snow crabs are found in the ocean, depths may vary. Small adult and senescent adult males occur mainly at intermediate depths over much of the year, while large and hardy adult males are found mostly at depths greater than . Adult females are gregarious and congregate at depths of . Snow crabs mainly reside in very cold waters, between , but can be found at temperatures up to .


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: "Chionoecetes opilio" crabs eat other invertebrates in the benthic shelf, such as crustaceans, bivalves, brittle stars, polychaetes, and even phytobenthos and foraminiferans. Snow crabs also are scavengers, and aside from preying on other benthic shelf invertebrates, they prey on annelid worms and mollusks. Males typically prove to be better predators than mature females, and prey type depends upon predator size, with the smallest crabs feeding mainly on amphipods and ophiuroids, while the largest crabs feed mainly on annelids, crustacean decapods, and fish. Cannibalism is practised at times among snow crabs, most frequently by intermediate-sized females.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: The snow crab grows slowly and is structured according to its size. At least 11 stages of growth for male crabs are recognized. Usually, the male crabs are almost twice the size of the female crabs. Males can grow up to in carapace width, while females can grow up to . Male carapaces are usually about in width and length, with the female carapace usually close to in width and length. Males caught in commercial fisheries generally weigh and females generally about .


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Off the coast of Newfoundland, two amphipod species – "Ischyrocerus commensalis" and "Gammaropsis inaequistylis" – have been found to live on the carapace of the snow crab.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Snow crabs have a very high reproductive potential; each year, every female carries eggs. Females are fertilised internally and can carry up to 150,000 eggs under their abdomens after mating. Females usually lay their eggs in very deep areas of the ocean, such as in deposits of phytodetritus. Males also are capable of mating at both immature and mature stages of their lives.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Snow crabs have an average lifespan of 14 to 16 years. Before their deaths, they usually moult, mate a final time, and die. New snow crab offspring hatch along with the late spring phytoplankton bloom, so they have an ample food source to take advantage of upon hatching. When they hatch, they are in the zoeal stage, meaning that they are developing into larvae that can swim on their own. Then, they metamorphose into the megalopa stage and settle to the ocean floor among the phytodetritus.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: This species of crab was commonly caught by trappers in the 1980s, but trapping has decreased since then. Much of the trapping has been in Canada for commercial use. The first commercial fishing for the species in the Barents Sea (where it is an invasive species) began in 2013, and the stock of this region likely will reach levels similar to eastern Canada in the future.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Since 2016, the snow crab is at the center of a dispute over fishing rights between Norway and the EU. The EU is of the view that the crab can be freely caught by EU fishers in the international waters in the Barents Sea. Norway, for its part, argues that the crab is not a fish but a sedentary species, and therefore subject to the jurisdiction Norway exercises over the continental shelf. The Norwegian Supreme Court adopted this view in a 2019 decision.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: In 2022, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G) banned commercial fishing of snow crabs in the Bering Sea for the first time for the 2022/23 season. The reason for this was the sharp decline in the population. It shrank from about eight billion in 2018 to one billion animals in 2021. The causes are overfishing as well as increased water temperatures as a result of man-made climate change. Cancellation of the crab fishery has significant implications for fishermen, industry, and communities.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: The species was first described by Otto Fabricius in 1780, under the name "Cancer phalangium", a name that was invalid due to Johan Christian Fabricius having used it previously for the species now known as "Inachus phalangium". The first valid scientific name was provided by Otto Fabricius in 1788, when he redescribed the species as "Cancer opilio". The type locality is Greenland.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: As the genus "Cancer" was divided up, the species "C. opilio" was transferred to a new genus, "Chionoecetes" by Henrik Nikolai Krøyer in 1838. "C. opilio" was the only species in the genus at first, so it is the type species.


title: Chionoecetes opilio

text: Mary J. Rathbun described a subspecies, "C. o. elongatus", in 1924. This is now generally recognised as a full species, "Chionoecetes elongatus".


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: The Miss Hong Kong Pageant (), or Miss HK () for short, is an annual beauty pageant organised by local Hong Kong television station, TVB. The pageant was established in 1946, and acquired by TVB in 1973.


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: The current Miss Hong Kong is Denice Lam (林鈺洧) who was crowned at the 50th Miss Hong Kong 2022 Pageant on 25 September 2022. This year 2022 marks the 50th edition of the Miss Hong Kong Pageant under its acquisition by TVB in 1973.


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: All participants have to have a Hong Kong ID or be born in Hong Kong (with a valid birth certificate). The age requirement is 17–27 as of 2011, though the upper age was previously up to 25. While there has been other Miss Hong Kong pageants in prior years producing notable titleholders such as Judy Dan (1952), Virginia June Lee (1954), Michelle Mok (1958), Laura da Costa (1967), Mabel Hawkett (1970) and Shirley Yu (1974, contest organized by Miss Pearl of the Orient Company and overlapping with TVB's), the current annual TVB pageant began in 1973. Apart from the top prize winner, first runner-up and second runner-up prizes, the pageant also has other consolation prizes that vary slightly from year to year. Many Miss Hong Kong contestants have gone on to have movie careers as it is quite typical for the top contestants to garner television contracts from TVB.


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: The pageant is traditionally televised into two events, although this is not always necessarily the case in recent years. First, a preliminary event is held where 12 finalists are selected from a group of candidates, the number of which is usually around 20–25 (with 30 being the maximum). Then a final event is held, culminating in the announcement of the winner and the first and second runners-up from the 12 finalists. In some years, the field is narrowed down to a final 5, from which the runners-up and winner are chosen. Often several contestants dropped out of the pageant before the televised preliminary, thus there would be a candidate with #30 assigned to her, but only 25 or so contestants.


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: Starting from 1991, the Miss Hong Kong pageant greets delegates from overseas. They include Toronto, Vancouver, New York, Los Angeles, Seattle, and San Francisco. Local contestants coming from Malaysia, Australia, New Zealand, London, and more enter at Hong Kong. The overseas delegates wait for the notification of their regional sponsors of TVB and if they are chosen, they fly to Hong Kong to compete. The following is a record of overseas delegates' performance at Miss Hong Kong.


title: Miss Hong Kong Pageant

text: Notice that Vancouver has the most Miss Hong Kong winners from the overseas. They had a record of four consecutive winners from 1997 to 2000, and three consecutive winners from 2012 to 2014. In 2012, the top 3 delegates were all from Vancouver. Even though the 2007 pageant had the top 3 all from the US and Canada but Grace Wong and Lorretta Chow travelled to Hong Kong to compete in the pageant, so they are recognised by TVB to be local delegates not overseas delegates. They did however come from the overseas.


title: Flagler College

text: Flagler College is a private liberal arts college in St. Augustine, Florida. It was founded in 1968 and offers 33 undergraduate majors and one master's program. It also has a campus in Tallahassee.


title: Flagler College

text: Founded in 1968, the campus comprises , the centerpiece of which is the Ponce de León Hotel, built in 1888 as a luxury hotel. The architects were John Carrere and Thomas Hastings, working for Henry Morrison Flagler, the industrialist, oil magnate and railroad pioneer. It is now listed as a National Historic Landmark, the highest designation possible.


title: Flagler College

text: Lawrence Lewis Jr., was the driving force behind Flagler's development. It was his vision to create a small, private liberal arts college on the old hotel grounds. Lewis was Chairman of Flagler's board of trustees for more than 20 years, guiding the college through a reorganization in 1971. He directed millions of dollars through foundations, family and personal funds into new construction, restoration projects, endowment and various other programs to ensure Flager's continued success. Lewis was related to Henry Flagler through his mother, Louise Wise Lewis Francis, who was the niece of Mary Lily Kenan Flagler, who married Henry Flagler in 1901 making him Lewis' great uncle.


title: Flagler College

text: In 2014, Flagler College was ranked eighth among regional colleges in the South according to the "U.S. News & World Report" college survey.


title: Flagler College

text: In February 2014, the college's vice president of enrollment management resigned after it was determined that he had been altering student test scores, GPAs, and student rankings to enhance the college's image, standing, and reputation. The college hired a Jacksonville law firm to investigate. The report indicated that the college had been reporting false information since 2004 to various organizations, including the U.S. Department of Education and various ranking organizations.


title: Flagler College

text: The Proctor Library, located at 44 Sevilla Street in the northwest corner of campus, is Flagler's sole library facility. It is named after William L. Proctor, Flagler's chancellor, who was president of the college from 1971 until 2001. Like many of the historic buildings on campus, the Proctor Library's architectural design reflects the Gilded Age style popular during the time of Henry Flagler's construction of the Ponce de León Hotel in 1888. The Proctor Library was built in 1996, replacing the demolished home of artist Felix de Crano, which had been the last classic Shingle Style house in St. Augustine.


title: Flagler College

text: The library's collection contains approximately 102,047 printed volumes, 212,689 electronic books, 4,180 audiovisual items, 630 periodicals, and 5 newspapers, as well as almost 44,000 full-text electronic periodicals and 50 online databases. Proctor Library also contains three collections: Digital Collections, Flagler College Archives, and Special Collections. Access to, and the use of, the Proctor Library is limited to Flagler College students, faculty, and staff, and is not open to the general public without a written request. Proctor Library Digital Collections, however, is accessible to anyone with an Internet connection.


title: Flagler College

text: Flagler offers membership in 11 honor societies, including Alpha Chi, Alpha Psi Omega, Alpha Phi Sigma, Sigma Beta Delta, Pi Sigma Alpha, Kappa Delta Pi, Omicron Delta Kappa, Phi Alpha Theta, Psi Chi, Alpha Kappa Delta, and Sigma Tau Delta. In addition, there are 3 student organizations, 30 campus clubs, and 9 academic organizations. Flagler also has 6 sports clubs, including club hockey, dance club, men's lacrosse club, men's soccer club, winter guard, and a Quidditch team.


title: Flagler College

text: "The Gargoyle" is the college's student-run newspaper. In 2010, it went online-only. At the 2012 Society of Professional Journalists' Mark of Excellence Region 3 awards, "The Gargoyle" took first place for best independent online publication and first places for editor Michael Newberger in online opinion writing and sports editor Mari Pothier in online sports reporting.


title: Flagler College

text: Since becoming online-only, "The Gargoyle" has won nine Regional Mark of Excellence awards and published three more from Flagler Communication Department classes. Before 2010, the publication had only won two SPJ awards in its history. In 2007, the publication was a finalist in the Associated Collegiate Press Pacemaker Awards.


title: Flagler College

text: In 2006 and 2007, there were several allegations of censorship or alteration of articles in the "Gargoyle" by the college administration. In 2006, one issue of the newspaper was removed from circulation due to an alleged error in its headlines about rising tuition. In April 2007, the college administration again exercised editorial control over the paper due to alleged factual errors. Students rallied and organized a protest against any type of censorship of the newspaper, calling for a free and independent student press.


title: Flagler College

text: After September 2007, working on "The Gargoyle" was no longer required of communication majors. An advisory board and operating guidelines were set up for "The Gargoyle".


title: Flagler College

text: The Flagler athletic teams are called the Saints. The college is a member of the NCAA Division II ranks, primarily competing in the Peach Belt Conference (PBC) since the 2009–10 academic year. The Saints previously competed as an NCAA D-II Independent from 2006–07 to 2008–09; and in the Florida Sun Conference (FSC; now currently known as the Sun Conference since the 2008–09 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1990–91 to 2005–06.


title: Flagler College

text: Flagler competes in 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis and track & field (indoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor) and volleyball. There are also two spirit squad teams: cheerleading and pep band.


title: Flagler College

text: In 2009 the Flagler College Lady Saints volleyball team made it to the national championship, and finished in the top four of Division II volleyball teams in the nation. In 2010, the Lady Saints made it to the regional finals, finishing top 16 in the nation.


title: Escalope

text: An escalope is traditionally a piece of boneless meat that has been thinned out using a mallet or rolling pin or beaten with the handle of a knife, or merely butterflied. The mallet breaks down the fibres in the meat, making it more tender. The meat is then coated and fried. The thinner meat cooks faster with more moisture loss.


title: Escalope

text: The term escalope is also applied to meat free products such as Quorn (Mycoprotein) Escalopes which have a cheese & broccoli sauce encased in breadcrumbs. In Australia the term escalope is also applied to potatoes that have been thinly sliced. Potatoes that are thinly sliced, battered then fried are often called "scallops".


title: Escalope

text: "Paillard" is an older French culinary term referring to a quick-cooking, thinly sliced or pounded piece of meat. In France, it has been largely replaced by the word "escalope".


title: Escalope

text: The term "escalope" originated in France. It first appeared in cookery terminology late in the 17th century as a dialectal expression in the northeast of rural France originally meaning a shelled nut or mollusk: "veau à l'escalope" (veal cooked in the style of an escalope). In those days, an "escalope" was undoubtedly always veal.


title: Traveloka

text: Traveloka is an Indonesian technology company focused on travel and ticketing. Operating a services website of the same name and based out of Jakarta, Indonesia, Traveloka is active in six countries, and in 2022 remained the largest online travel app in Southeast Asia. Founded in 2012 as a travel search engine, it now also offers services such as attraction tickets, activities, transportation rentals, and restaurant vouchers. It also provides financial services such as credit and insurance. Classified as a unicorn company and regarded as functionally similar to Expedia, in 2022 it was valued approximately at US$3 billion.


title: Traveloka

text: Traveloka was established in February 2012 by three Indonesian software engineers: Ferry Unardi, Albert, and Derianto Kusuma. Unardi and Albert had met while studying computer science in the United States, while Unardi met Kusuma while both were interning at Microsoft. All three ultimately worked in Silicon Valley. Unardi, frequently encountering travel difficulties when visiting his hometown of Padang, came upon the idea of a website to ease travel logistics in Indonesia. As he had no business experience, he began an MBA program at Harvard Business School. However, in early 2012, the Indonesian tech market was attracting international investors and e-ticketing was becoming more popular, so Unardi dropped out early and the three founders moved to Jakarta and established Traveloka.


title: Traveloka

text: After an early iteration was completed in February 2012, Traveloka launched in September 2012 as a travel metasearch site, serving as both an aggregator and search engine for flights in Indonesia. In November 2012, the company raised an undisclosed amount of seed funding from East Ventures. With Unardi serving as CEO and Kusuma as chief technology officer (CTO), the company founders were joined in 2013 by the creator of KawalPemilu.org, Ainun Najib. They also implemented 24-hour customer service in multiple languages and moved from a metasearch model to a full online travel agency (OTA) and ticket reservation website. Also in September 2013, the company announced a series investment by Global Founders Capital. Redesigning the portal and relaunching in September 2013, Traveloka began allowing users to purchase flights using various payment methods, taking between a 10 to 15% commission on bookings.


title: Traveloka

text: Traveloka introduced hotel bookings in July 2014. It then launched apps for iOS and Android in August 2014, and by the end of the year, had 10 million visitors each month. In May 2015, comScore ranked Traveloka as Indonesia’s number one flight search and booking service. Traveloka first entered Thailand in 2015, and by September, it had partnerships in Southeast Asia with 33 hotels and airlines. The company expanded rapidly in 2016, opening regional offices in Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. Train tickets and food features were added that year, as well as ticketing for Indonesian tourist attractions. In Traveloka's first public funding round since 2013, in July 2017 Traveloka raised $350 million from Global Founders Capital, GIC, the Qatar Investment Authority, and Expedia, which also became a minority investor. The investment valued Traveloka at over US$1 billion, making Traveloka a unicorn company. Funds were earmarked for developing machine learning and artificial intelligence, investments, and hiring more staff. At that time, Traveloka was already operating in six countries and expanding its reach in Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.


title: Traveloka

text: By August 2017, according to Reuters, Traveloka had incorporated "100,000 hotels, apartments and other forms of accommodation" in Southeast Asia into its booking options, and had partnerships with around 100 airlines. It added online check-ins in December 2017, as well as airport transportation services via a taxi company. In December 2018, the company acquired three online travel agencies: Pegipegi from Indonesia, Mytour from Vietnam, and Travelbook from the Philippines, all previously subsidiaries of Recruit Holdings in Japan – for $67 million. In May 2018, Traveloka launched the mobile app feature Traveloka Eats, which offered dining information. 2018 also oversaw the resignation of Kusuma from his role as Traveloka's chief technology officer, citing a "clash of aspirations".


title: Traveloka

text: By 2019, Traveloka was one of four unicorns in Indonesia, as well as the largest online travel startup in Southeast Asia. Traveloka opened a research & development (R&D) center in Bangalore, India in January 2019. In March 2019, AirAsia permanently withdrew sales of its flights from Traveloka, citing Traveloka's lack of explanation for several AirAsia Indonesia flights that had been unlisted the month prior. By 2019, Traveloka had ventured into financial services for the first time. In 2019, it started a credit card scheme with Bank Rakyat Indonesia, marking the company's move into financial services.


title: Traveloka

text: In June 2019, Traveloka introduced a new lifestyle business division, branding the feature Traveloka Xperience. Initially available in Thailand, it allowed for searching and booking travel-related activities and lifestyle products. It also launched a home protection insurance plan as well as visa insurance coverage in Indonesia in 2019. Traveloka began listing villas and apartments to book in September 2019. By October 2019, it had launched its PayLater card with Bank Rakyat Indonesia. Traveloka also developed a shariah-compliant health insurance program called Bebas Handal for Muslim customers alongside Hong Kong-based FWD Group. Movie-booking in Thailand was also added in November 2019 through Major Cineplex. Also in 2019, Traveloka partnered with the Indonesian Tourism Ministry on the Wonderful Indonesia tourist marketing campaign, also collaborating with the Singapore Tourism Board to open trip kiosks in Singapore. Traveloka in 2019 had 2,500 staff members and 20 products, with around 50 million downloads of its app. That year, a survey of 1,204 Indonesian "millennials" showed that 79% used Traveloka regularly.


title: Traveloka

text: During the early months of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, Traveloka began experiencing surges in refund and rescheduling requests. With flight bookings dropping to essentially zero, in April 2020, Traveloka laid off 100 staff members, then 10% of its workforce, and over the next half year, refunded around 150,000 flight tickets equating to $100 million. In response, the company began adding features such as its "Buy Now, Stay Later" feature to allow for flexible booking. To help restore its cash flow during the pandemic, its Xperience sub-brand was also used to host online activities like cooking classes with professional chefs. Traveloka also began advertising other online experiences and "flash sale livestreams," and began bundling flights with COVID-19 tests.


title: Traveloka

text: Through Traveloka Xperience, in June 2020, Traveloka began listing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and rapid testing in Indonesia, booking around 600,000 people for vaccinations over the next year and a half. Also in June 2020, Traveloka started its Traveloka Clean Partners campaign to align with government health measures. A new funding round was completed in 2020 with the Qatar Investment Authority (QIA) as a lead investor. Demand for travel accommodation was recovering by October 2020, according to Traveloka, and by the end of 2020, Traveloka's travel business had returned to profitability. After reports that Traveloka was considering a SPAC merger in the United States, Traveloka halted discussions over a SPAC IPO with Bridgetown Holdings in September 2021. In January 2022, Traveloka remained the largest online travel start-up in Southeast Asia, and was valued at $3 billion. After Traveloka appointed Michelle Chong and Diana Danielle as brand ambassadors, in April 2022, Accor properties in 13 countries were added to Traveloka's booking platform, and Traveloka also partnered with Bank Jago to disburse loans through Traveloka's PayLater feature in Indonesia.


title: Traveloka

text: Traveloka is a services and e-commerce site available in multiple languages. Classifying its products and services in the categories of travel, local services, and financial services, the app has been downloaded over 100 million times and has around 40 million monthly active users. It is claimed that the website lists around 150 airlines covering a total of 200,000 domestic and international flight routes. More than 2,500,000 hotels, villas, and guesthouses in 100 countries are also listed. According to Traveloka, it allows for searching and booking in areas such as transportation and lodging, and also provides lifestyle products and services, for example attraction tickets, activities, car rental, and restaurant vouchers.  Customer services are provided 24-7 in local languages. The platform allowed four methods of communication in 2017: a desktop portal, a mobile portal, iOS and Android applications, and direct calls.


title: Traveloka

text: Traveloka Eats serves as an ordering and delivery app, while its e-grocery service Mart, like Traveloka Eats, has free delivery fees and no minimum transaction amount. In relation to financial services, it offers wealth management services, insurance, financing and credit. Other features in the Traveloka platform include the prebooking service Buy Now Stay Later, the live-streaming service LIVEstyle, the blogging platform Kampoeng Traveloka, and the multiplayer game Sodaloka.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) is a relative measure of the explosiveness of volcanic eruptions. It was devised by Christopher G. Newhall of the United States Geological Survey and Stephen Self at the University of Hawaii in 1982.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: Volume of products, eruption cloud height, and qualitative observations (using terms ranging from "gentle" to "mega-colossal") are used to determine the explosivity value. The scale is open-ended with the largest eruptions in history given a magnitude of 8. A value of 0 is given for non-explosive eruptions, defined as less than of tephra ejected; and 8 representing a mega-colossal explosive eruption that can eject (240 cubic miles) of tephra and have a cloud column height of over . The scale is logarithmic, with each interval on the scale representing a tenfold increase in observed ejecta criteria, with the exception of between VEI-0, VEI-1 and VEI-2.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: With indices running from 0 to 8, the VEI associated with an eruption is dependent on how much volcanic material is thrown out, to what height, and how long the eruption lasts. The scale is logarithmic from VEI-2 and up; an increase of 1 index indicates an eruption that is 10 times as powerful. As such, there is a discontinuity in the definition of the VEI between indices 1 and 2. The lower border of the volume of ejecta jumps by a factor of one hundred, from , while the factor is ten between all higher indices. In the following table, the frequency of each VEI indicates the approximate frequency of new eruptions of that VEI or higher.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: About 40 eruptions of VEI-8 magnitude within the last 132 million years (Mya) have been identified, of which 30 occurred in the past 36 million years. Considering the estimated frequency is on the order of once in 50,000 years, there are likely many such eruptions in the last 132 Mya that are not yet known. Based on incomplete statistics, other authors assume that at least 60 VEI-8 eruptions have been identified. The most recent is Lake Taupō's Oruanui eruption, more than 27,000 years ago, which means that there have not been any Holocene eruptions with a VEI of 8.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: There have been at least 10 eruptions of VEI-7 in the last 11,700 years. There are also 58 Plinian eruptions, and 13 caldera-forming eruptions, of large, but unknown magnitudes. By 2010, the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution had cataloged the assignment of a VEI for 7,742 volcanic eruptions that occurred during the Holocene (the last 11,700 years) which account for about 75% of the total known eruptions during the Holocene. Of these 7,742 eruptions, about 49% have a VEI of 2 or less, and 90% have a VEI of 3 or less.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: Under the VEI, ash, lava, lava bombs, and ignimbrite are all treated alike. Density and vesicularity (gas bubbling) of the volcanic products in question is not taken into account. In contrast, the DRE (dense-rock equivalent) is sometimes calculated to give the actual amount of magma erupted. Another weakness of the VEI is that it does not take into account the power output of an eruption, which makes the VEI extremely difficult to determine with prehistoric or unobserved eruptions.


title: Volcanic explosivity index

text: Although VEI is quite suitable for classifying the explosive magnitude of eruptions, the index is not as significant as sulfur dioxide emissions in quantifying their atmospheric and climatic impact.


title: Opel Speedster

text: The Opel Speedster is a mid-engined, targa-topped, two-seat sports car sold by German automaker Opel and introduced in July 2000. It was built in both RHD and LHD versions at the Lotus Cars plant in Hethel, Norfolk, England. It was presented at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1999 and went into full production the following year.


title: Opel Speedster

text: It was sold by Vauxhall as the VX220 in the United Kingdom and shared much in common with the Lotus Elise, although Opel claimed few parts were interchangeable.


title: Opel Speedster

text: Due to changes in European crash safety regulations for the 2000 model year, Lotus needed to replace the original Elise. In October 1999, a deal was made between Lotus and General Motors in order for the former to gain sufficient funds to develop a new Elise. As part of the deal, Lotus agreed to develop and produce the Opel Speedster and Vauxhall VX220 on its new Series 2 Elise chassis. The first Speedster concept car was shown at the 1999 Geneva Motor Show.


title: Opel Speedster

text: Whilst the new Elise would use a Toyota ZZ engine, similar to that found in the Toyota Celica, the Speedster was designed to use a GM Ecotec engine from the Opel Astra. Neither engine had been used in the original Elise, which was fitted with a 1.8-litre Rover K-Series engine.


title: Opel Speedster

text: In order to accommodate the production of the new cars, Lotus expanded its Hethel factory to a capacity of 10,000 cars, with around 3,500 slots allocated towards the Speedster. Production of the Speedster commenced in March 2001.


title: Opel Speedster

text: The Speedster utilized an aluminium frame that weighed only , and bodywork made entirely of fibreglass. The entire car weighed , making it roughly lighter than the similarly sized Toyota MR2. The Speedster's all-aluminium alloy 2.2 L Z22SE engine produced , making the Speedster considerably more powerful than the Series 2 Elise was at launch.


title: Opel Speedster

text: As an answer to calls for a more powerful version of the Speedster, Opel introduced a new two-litre turbocharged version of the Ecotec engine, which produced , but also weighed slightly more at .


title: Opel Speedster

text: In 2004, a limited run of sixty track-focused Speedsters were produced for the United Kingdom. The Vauxhall VXR220 was equipped with larger brakes, upgraded tyres and lowered suspension, and tuned to produce . Other features included further performance-oriented seats and unique Speedline alloy wheels. The wheels were 16 inches at the front and 17 inches at the rear, the same as on the Elise. Calypso Red was the only available exterior colour.


title: Opel Speedster

text: In April 2001, comedian Griff Rhys Jones was dismissed by Vauxhall following an advert for the VX220 the previous year that drew negative attention, with Vauxhall stating that they wanted to move in a different direction. The advert was also voted “Worst of the Year” by an industry magazine.


title: Opel Speedster

text: Production ended on 22 July 2005, after five years, with no direct successor. It was not until February 2007, when GM Europe adopted the Pontiac Solstice/Saturn Sky into the Opel GT, that GM Europe had a replacement sector product, albeit with no RHD version for the United Kingdom. The final production number of the Speedster was only 7,207.


title: Opel Speedster

text: The Opel ECO Speedster is a concept car made by Opel in 2002. Related to the production Opel Speedster, it is a two-door coupe with two seats, gullwing doors, and no wing mirrors. It was displayed at the 2002 Paris Motor Show


title: Anya

text: Aanya, Anya or Anja is a given name. The names are feminine in most cultures especially Indian, and unisex in several African and European countries.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: Bad Boys Blue are the German pop group formed in Cologne in 1984. The group performed many international hits including "You're a Woman", "Pretty Young Girl", "I Wanna Hear Your Heartbeat", and "Come Back and Stay".


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: The group became massively popular in Eastern Europe, South America, and South Africa, with the band performing to sell-out crowds in Russia and Ukraine. In contrast, the group never charted in the UK, and their only charting U.S. singles were "Save Your Love" and "I Totally Miss You" (1993) which became successful chart hits.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: Bad Boys Blue was formed in the summer of 1984 by German producer Tony Hendrik and his lyricist wife Karin van Haaren. The original trio consisted of singers Trevor "Supa T" Taylor from Jamaica (the original lead vocalist), John McInerney from the UK, and Andrew Thomas from the US. Their debut single "L.O.V.E. in My Car" failed to make an impression in the pop charts but the follow-up "You're a Woman" was a success, reaching the top 10 in many European countries.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: The group has experienced numerous line-up changes. In 1988, Trevor Taylor left the group a year after being gradually demoted from his role of the lead singer. He was asked to rejoin the group the following year just for recording sessions for the "Hungry for Love" single that was to be featured on the group's first compilation album "Bad Boys Best". Trevor Taylor's departure permanently secured John McInerney's position as the band's new lead vocalist. Trevor Taylor was replaced by Trevor Bannister (born August 5, 1965, in Grimsby, England), whose function in the group was mainly to perform Trevor Taylor's hits in live gigs. It is during Bannister's tenure with the band that Bad Boys Blue began touring in Eastern Europe thus gaining much popularity there. Trevor Bannister left in 1993 and the remaining two members performed as a duo. During its entire South African tour, the duo was briefly joined by Owen Standing, who left the group shortly thereafter, and therefore was not considered to be a permanent band member. Multi-talented Irmo Russel (born March 15, 1956, in Aruba, Caribbean Sea) joined the group in 1995, who in addition to stepping into Bannister's shoes was instrumental in revitalizing the group's creative potential, by becoming a composer, video director, and occasionally assuming the role of lead singer on some of the tracks. At the end of 1999, Kevin McCoy (stage name JoJo Max) replaced Irmo Russel by joining Bad Boys Blue full-time after being the group's rapper since 1998, but left in early 2003 leaving Bad Boys Blue as a duo again. However, in 2005, Kevin McCoy rejoined Andrew Thomas' Bad Boys Blue line-up.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: In 2005, McInerney and Thomas split under less than amicable circumstances. Andrew Thomas went on to form an all-American version of Bad Boys Blue with former member Kevin McCoy and new lead singer (no relation), and they were said to be working on a new release, with Kevin McCoy being the trio's producer. Andrew Thomas' formation of the band was named "The Real Bad Boys Blue". Their shows were based on the full playback including original music produced by original producers, lead vocals by John McInerney and backing vocals by studio session singers.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: John McInerney kept performing as Bad Boys Blue; at first he performed solo with a live group and backing singers but in the following year he was joined by Carlos Ferreira (born April 11, 1969, in Mozambique), and this presently UK-based, duo set out to work on a new album, with the French producers MS Project.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: Trevor Taylor, the original lead singer of Bad Boys Blue, died of a heart attack in his home in Cologne on January 19, 2008, at the age of 50.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: Bad Boys Blue, in May 2008, released a brand new album called "Heart & Soul" with 13 new original songs. The album was supported by the release of two maxi-singles: "Still in Love" and "Queen of My Dreams". In May 2009 this formation resumed cooperation with its original label, Coconut Music, in addition to working with its current production team.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: The Real Bad Boys Blue, in June 2008, experienced significant changes in personnel. This formation was essentially split in two when Herb McCoy left the group to continue performing solo, but under his own name, using his own versions of some Bad Boys Blue songs. At the same time, Kevin McCoy became the new lead singer of the remaining duo, and a new member, Jeremy Cummins, was added to this group's line-up. This version of the group completed recording of several brand new tracks, all penned and sung by Kevin McCoy.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: On June 19, 2009, Coconut Music/Sony Music released a special remix album titled "Rarities Remixed". The album contained modern remixes of some hit singles and album tracks.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: On July 21, 2009, Andrew Thomas died in Cologne at the age of 63. John McInerney is now the only member alive from the original line-up of Bad Boys Blue.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: On October 30, 2009, Coconut Music/Sony BMG released a special compilation titled "Unforgettable". The item was dedicated to both original members of Bad Boys Blue who died, Trevor Taylor and Andrew Thomas.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: On August 13, 2010, Coconut Music/Modern Romantics Productions/Sony Music released the anniversary single titled "Come Back and Stay Re-Recorded 2010" including remixes produced by MS Project, Alex Twister, Spinnin Elements & Almighty. On August 27, 2010, the said labels released the anniversary album titled "25" including 25 re-recorded hits, 7 brand new remixes plus a bonus DVD.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: In October 2011, the group was joined by Kenny "Krayzee" Lewis, known from collaboration with C.C.Catch, Touché, and Mark 'Oh.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: In December 2013, Bad Boys Blue announced on their Facebook page that they are working on a new album. Some of the songs are already completed and the remainder will be complete by January/February 2014. Some of the songwriters will be: Pawel Marciniak, Mattias Canerstam and Johann Perrier.


title: Bad Boys Blue

text: In June 2015, Bad Boys Blue released a new album titled "30." It contains four new and four unreleased songs, along with some remixes of older songs.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: Brookfield Properties is a North American subsidiary of commercial real estate company Brookfield Property Partners, which itself is a subsidiary of alternative asset management company Brookfield Asset Management. It is responsible for the property management of the company's real estate portfolio, which includes facilities in the office, multi-family residential, retail, hospitality, and logistics industries.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: Brookfield Properties operates corporate offices in New York City, Toronto, London, Sydney, and São Paulo. Brookfield Properties acquired General Growth Properties, one of the largest mall operators in the U.S., and merged it into Brookfield Properties in 2018.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: The company's roots go back to the early 1900s in Montreal, Quebec. It was known then as the Canadian Arena Company and operated the Montreal Arena. In a partnership with Toronto investors, it built the Arena Gardens in Toronto. In the 1920s, it built the Montreal Forum to house the Montreal Maroons and Montreal Canadiens National Hockey League franchises; from 1935 to 1957, the company also owned the Canadiens. The company was acquired by Edper Investments in 1970. During the 1970s, when the company was known as Carena Properties, it expanded its business into commercial real estate. After the Montreal Forum closed, the Forum was sold to competitor Canderel Properties.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 1989, Carena acquired a 33% interest in Olympia & York Developments Ltd., developers of the World Financial Center in New York, and in 1990, Brookfield acquired a 50% interest in a portfolio of office properties in Toronto, Denver and Minneapolis from BCE Development Corporation. In 1994, this holding was increased to 100% and included BCE Place, now Brookfield Place, Brookfield Properties' flagship office complex in Toronto.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 1996, Carena acquired a 46% interest in World Financial Properties, a corporation formed from the bankruptcy of Olympia & York, which included three of the four towers of the World Financial Center, One Liberty Plaza, 245 Park Avenue in Manhattan. That year, Carena changed its name to Brookfield Properties Corporation.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 1997, Brookfield Properties purchased 45% of Gentra, Inc., owner of several commercial properties in Toronto.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2000, Brookfield Properties acquired a portfolio of Calgary office properties, including the Bankers Hall complex.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In April 2001, the company lost out to Silverstein Properties, Inc., on the lease of the World Trade Center in New York City before the complex was destroyed during the September 11 attacks.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2003, Brookfield Properties completed the spin-off of Brookfield Homes, now part of Brookfield Residential, Brookfield Asset Management's U.S.-based home building business.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2005, Brookfield Properties acquired a 25% interest in O&Y Properties Corporation and O&Y Real Estate Investment Trust, expanding the company's real estate portfolio in four Canadian cities.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2006, the company acquired Trizec Properties, which was founded in 1960 by William Zeckendorf, builder of Place Ville Marie.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2010, it entered into London and Australian markets by acquiring the 100 Bishopsgate development site in the City of London and 16 properties encompassing 8 million SF in three major Australian cities.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: On Earth Day on April 22, 2010, the company was listed as one of Canada's "The Green 30" Organizations Based On Eco-Friendly Programs and Practices based on an employee poll.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2011, Brookfield Properties divested its residential group consisting of Carma Developers and Brookfield Homes (Ontario) Ltd. to merge with Brookfield Homes Corporation to form Brookfield Residential Properties Inc. That same year, Brookfield Properties changed its name to Brookfield Office Properties to reflect its focus on commercial office properties.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In 2013, Brookfield Office Properties Inc. became the largest office landlord in Los Angeles after acquiring MPG Office Trust Inc.'s downtown portfolio. MPG had been one of Southern California's most prominent real estate developers and a longtime L.A. office tower owner. The MPG buildings they acquired include the Gas Company Tower, 777 Tower and the Wells Fargo Center on Bunker Hill.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In June 2014, Brookfield Property Partners (BPY) completed their acquisition of Brookfield Office Properties (BPO). BPO common shares were de-listed from the Toronto Stock Exchange as of June 10, 2014, and from the New York Stock Exchange on June 20, 2014. Brookfield Property Partners is now the sole owner of all of the issued and outstanding common shares of BPO.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: On August 28, 2018, Brookfield Property Partners acquired Chicago-based real estate investment trust and shopping mall operator GGP Inc. (General Growth Properties), and merged its assets into Brookfield Properties, for $9 billion. Brookfield immediately sold a 49% interest in each of three former GGP super-regional malls to CBRE Group, and a 49% interest in three other former GGP malls to TIAA subsidiary Nuveen, seeking additional joint ventures for its newly acquired malls. The acquisition added 162 shopping malls comprising approximately of gross leasable area to Brookfield's portfolio.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In December 2018, Brookfield Properties took over the management of Forest City Realty Trust's real estate portfolio after the company was acquired by a fund affiliated with Brookfield Asset Management.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: In September 2020, the company's retail group announced a layoff of 20% of its workforce of about 2,000 people.


title: Brookfield Properties

text: The company is the owner of Zuccotti Park, a publicly accessible park adjacent to one of its office buildings near Wall Street in the Manhattan borough of New York City, that in September 2011 became a site of protests by Occupy Wall Street. On October 11, 2011, Richard Clark, the company's CEO, sent a letter to NYC Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly requesting to "clear the park" as its use by Occupy Wall Street "violates the law, violates the rules of the Park, deprives the community of its rights of quiet enjoyment to the Park, and creates health and public safety issues." The request was later withdrawn. On November 15, 2011, at around 1:00 a.m., the NYPD went in and cleared the park citing alleged health and safety hazards caused by the protestors. Later that morning, Judge Lucy Billings issued a court order for the NYPD to allow the protesters back into the park. That injunction was subsequently lifted by the NY Supreme Court and the police were allowed to keep the park cleared of tents at the request of Brookfield Properties.


title: Tony Snow

text: Robert Anthony Snow (June 1, 1955 – July 12, 2008) was an American journalist, political commentator, anchor, columnist, musician, and the 25th White House Press Secretary under President George W. Bush, from May 2006 until his resignation in September 2007. Snow also worked for the President George H. W. Bush as chief speechwriter and Deputy Assistant of Media Affairs, from 1991 to 1993.


title: Tony Snow

text: Between his two White House stints, Snow was a broadcaster and newspaper columnist. After years of regular guest-hosting for "The Rush Limbaugh Show" and providing news commentary for National Public Radio, he launched his own talk radio program, "The Tony Snow Show", which went on to become nationally syndicated. He was also a regular personality on Fox News Channel beginning in 1996, hosting "Fox News Sunday" and "Weekend Live", and often substituting as host of "The O'Reilly Factor". In April 2008, Snow briefly joined CNN as a commentator. He also made several notable speeches, including keynote addresses at the Conservative Political Action Conference in 2007 and 2008.


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow was born in Berea, Kentucky, and raised in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father, Jim, was a social studies teacher, guidance counselor, and an assistant principal at Princeton High School. His mother was an inner-city nurse who died of colon cancer in 1973, when Snow was 17. Snow developed an early interest in journalism, public policy, and politics, and was editor of his high school newspaper.


title: Tony Snow

text: After graduating from Princeton High School in 1973, Snow obtained in 1977 a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from Davidson College in North Carolina. He then taught physics in high school. He attended graduate programs in philosophy and economics at the University of Chicago.


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow began his journalism career in 1979 as an editorial writer for "The Greensboro Record" in Greensboro, North Carolina, next working as an editorial writer at "The Virginian-Pilot" in Norfolk, Virginia (1981–82), editorial page editor of "The Daily Press" in Newport News (1982–84), deputy editorial page editor of "The Detroit News" (1984–87), and editorial page editor of "The Washington Times" (1987–91).


title: Tony Snow

text: In 1991, Snow took a sabbatical from journalism to work in the White House for President George H. W. Bush, first as chief speechwriter (Deputy Assistant to the President for Communications and Director of Speechwriting) and later as Deputy Assistant to the President for Media Affairs (1992–1993).


title: Tony Snow

text: From 1993 to 2000, "The Detroit News" published his commentaries, and from 1994 to 2000 he was a Counterpoint Columnist for "USA Today". Snow also wrote a syndicated column for Creators Syndicate between 1993 and 2000; his commentaries appeared in more than 200 newspapers nationwide. Snow won numerous awards during his print career, including those from the Virginia Press Association, the Detroit Press Club, the Society of Professional Journalists, the American Society of Newspaper Editors, The Associated Press, and Gannett.


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow appeared on radio and television programs worldwide including "The McLaughlin Group", "The MacNeil–Lehrer NewsHour", "Face the Nation", "Crossfire", and "Good Morning America". Until 1994, Snow was the writer, correspondent and host of the PBS news special "The New Militant Center".


title: Tony Snow

text: From 1996 to 2003, Snow was the first host of "FOX News Sunday", a Sunday morning interview and roundtable program produced by Fox News, airing on affiliates of the Fox Broadcasting Company and later in the day on Fox News Channel.


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow was the primary guest host of Rush Limbaugh's program beginning in the mid-1990s. He was also a frequent commentator on National Public Radio. Snow's own "Tony Snow Show" on Fox News Radio premiered in late 2003. It ended when he became White House Press Secretary in April 2006.


title: Tony Snow

text: In April 2006, Snow was named White House Press Secretary in the George W. Bush administration, replacing Scott McClellan. His appointment to the position was formally announced on April 26, 2006. His selection was initially criticized because of some of his past comments about Bush. Bush acknowledged Snow's criticisms during the announcement of Snow's appointment, saying that Snow was "not afraid to express his own opinions".


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow began his new press secretary duties on May 8, 2006. He decided to leave the position of press secretary after new White House Chief of Staff Josh Bolten asked all staff members to either commit to staying through the end of Bush's second term, in January 2009, or to leave by Labor Day of 2007. On September 13, 2007, Snow gave his final press briefing, saying that he would miss the duties of his position, and that "I love these briefings".


title: Tony Snow

text: Snow was an avid musician. He played the trombone, flute, piccolo, saxophone, and guitar, and belonged to a cover band, Beats Workin', which featured fellow Washington-area professionals. Beats Workin' played publicly with a number of rock bands, including Snow's friends Skunk Baxter (The Doobie Brothers, Steely Dan) and Ian Anderson of Jethro Tull. Snow was featured on an episode of VH1 Classic's "Rock 'n Roll Fantasy Camp".


title: Tony Snow

text: In February 2005, while still at Fox News, Snow was diagnosed with colon cancer. He returned to broadcasting in April 2005 after undergoing surgery. On March 23, 2007, after almost a year as press secretary, Snow once again took a leave of absence to seek treatment for recurrent cancer. Treatment for the spreading cancer in his final few months forced periodic absences from Snow's duties as press secretary, his subsequent position as a CNN commentator, and his public speaking engagements.


title: Tony Snow

text: On July 12, 2008, Snow died at Georgetown University Hospital as a result of colon cancer that had spread to his liver. He was 53 years old. Reacting to Snow's death, President George W. Bush praised Snow's ability to bring "a certain civility to this very contentious job."


title: Strawberry Letter 23

text: "Strawberry Letter 23" is a 1971 song written and composed by Shuggie Otis from his 1971 album "Freedom Flight". It is also widely known by the 1977 cover version recorded by the Brothers Johnson and produced by Quincy Jones.


title: Strawberry Letter 23

text: The song's chorus says "Strawberry Letter 22" instead of the actual title of the song. This is because the premise of the song is that a couple is exchanging love letters in musical form. The singer is creating "Strawberry Letter 23" as a reply to the song he has received from his lover, and he refers to her previous message as "Strawberry Letter 22" when replying.


title: Strawberry Letter 23

text: George Johnson, of the Brothers Johnson, was dating one of Otis's cousins when he came across the 1971 album "Freedom Flight". The group then recorded "Strawberry Letter 23" for their 1977 album "Right on Time," which was produced by Quincy Jones, and the album went platinum. Their rendition hit the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number five and reached number one on the Soul Singles chart in 1977. Studio guitar player Lee Ritenour recreated Otis' original guitar solo for the Brothers Johnson cover. The 12" single was pressed on red strawberry-scented vinyl. The 7" single was originally released in a strawberry-scented sleeve.


title: Strawberry Letter 23

text: Parts of the song, especially the distinctive, rhythmic melody of the song's verse, have also been imitated or interpolated in other songs:


title: Strawberry Letter 23

text: "Strawberry Letter 23" is the fifth single from R&B singer Tevin Campbell's 1992 debut studio album "T.E.V.I.N.". It peaked at #53 on the Hot 100 and #40 on the R&B charts. The Tevin Campbell version is more up-tempo, with a new jack swing beat, and includes a rap that mentions "the letter 23."


title: The Lost City of Z (book)

text: The Lost City of Z: A Tale of Deadly Obsession in the Amazon is the debut non-fiction book by American author David Grann. The book was published in 2009 and recounts the activities of the British explorer Percy Fawcett who, in 1925, disappeared with his son in the Amazon while looking for an ancient lost city. For decades explorers and scientists have tried to find evidence of his party and of the "Lost City of Z".


title: The Lost City of Z (book)

text: Grann also recounts his own journey into the Amazon, by which he discovered new evidence about how Fawcett may have died. He learned that Fawcett may have come upon "Z" without knowing it. The book claims as many as 100 people may have died or disappeared (and are presumed dead) searching for Fawcett over the years; however, the more historically accurate toll, according to John Hemming, is one. "The Lost City of Z" was the basis of a 2016 feature film of the same name, written and directed by James Gray.