title: Last Resort (song)

text: The music video was directed by Marcos Siega. In the music video, the band performs on a floor surrounded by fans. Throughout the video, the camera zooms in on some fans near the stage and shows them in places that appear to be their rooms. In their rooms, they appear to be possibly depressed. Though it had apparently been claimed that this is meant to show how people might not look depressed but still are, the purpose was more so to show the people being taken from where they did not want to be to where they didfrom lonely despair to the rock show where they could have fun with their friends. There are many posters for radio station 98 Rock. This is the rock station out of Sacramento, California, that the band credits for jump starting their career. Inside the "Infest" album booklet are thanks to DJs of the radio station. About five hundred people, including local fans, came to the shooting of the music video for "Last Resort".


title: Last Resort (song)

text: On the MuchMusic versionwhich utilizes the radio editthe word "fuck" is completely removed with no replacement. On the MTV and Vevo version, the words "cut", "bleeding", "die", "life" (from the line "if I took my life tonight"), and "suicide" were also muted. After original airings of the video on television, some networks went so far as to additionally censor words such as "suffocation", and even the title of the song itself.


title: Roscoe Orman

text: Roscoe Hunter Orman (born June 11, 1944) is an American actor, writer, artist and child advocate, best known for playing Gordon Robinson, one of the central human characters on "Sesame Street".


title: Roscoe Orman

text: While a student at New York City's High School of Art and Design, Orman made his theatrical debut in the 1962 topical revue "If We Grow Up." He was an early member of the Free Southern Theater in New Orleans for two years in the mid-1960s and a founding member of Robert Macbeth's New Lafayette Theatre in Harlem, NY, where he both acted in and directed several plays by NLT's playwright-in-residence, Ed Bullins. His many other stage appearances have included roles in "Julius Caesar" and "Coriolanus" at Joseph Papp's Public Theater, the Broadway production of August Wilson's Pulitzer Prize-winning play "Fences", Manhattan Theatre Club's stagings of Richard Wesley's "The Sirens", "The Last Street Play", and "The Talented Tenth", and Matt Robinson's one-man play "The Confessions of Stepin Fetchit" at the American Place Theatre. Orman is the recipient of two Audelco Theatre Awards and a five-time nominee.


title: Roscoe Orman

text: He made his feature film debut in the title role of Universal Studios' 1974 drama "Willie Dynamite" and has since appeared in "F/X", "Striking Distance", "New Jersey Drive", "", "Twilight's Last Gleaming", "The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland", "Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life", "Holiday Rush", and "You Can't Take My Daughter". His television credits include work on "All My Children", "Kojak", "Sanford and Son", "Cosby", "Sex and the City", "The Wire", "Law & Order", and . He appeared in the Garry Trudeau/Amazon streaming production "Alpha House" and the HBO mini-series "The Night Of".


title: Roscoe Orman

text: Orman joined the "Sesame Street" cast in 1974, becoming the third actor to play Gordon (after Matt Robinson, 1969–72, and Hal Miller, 1972–74).


title: Roscoe Orman

text: In June 2006, Orman's memoir, "Sesame Street Dad: Evolution of An Actor," was released. In September 2007, his children's book "Ricky and Mobo" was released.


title: Roscoe Orman

text: On October 8, 2008, he became the Chief Storyteller of AudibleKids.com (a service of Audible.com), a website for parents, teachers, and children to connect with one another and download and listen to audiobooks on iPods, MP3 players, and computers. In this role, Orman narrates audiobooks and communicates with children, parents and teachers online and at community, literacy and library events, lectures and conferences, and via other media to encourage the use of audiobooks to help build an interest in reading and develop literacy skills. He has said, “When "Sesame Street" began, television was a new and even controversial medium. But we showed how that technology, if used correctly, could become a powerful learning tool...I see the same kind of opportunity emerging today as parents and educators increasingly view iPods with skepticism. With AudibleKids.com, I believe we can help turn these players into magnificent storytellers, tools for learning, and a way to promote a lifelong love of stories and language.”


title: Roscoe Orman

text: His new role was announced at a community event at The Educational Alliance Boys & Girls Club in New York City, where Mayor Michael Bloomberg's office commended Orman's life work and willingness to embrace new technology to help encourage children to read books, by naming October 8, 2008, AudibleKids Day in New York City.


title: Roscoe Orman

text: In 2016, his contract with "Sesame Street" was not renewed, as part of Sesame's Workshop's retooling of the series, but the organization said that Orman would continue to represent it at public events. He returned to play Gordon in "Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration" as well as a couple of YouTube videos released in 2018, a 2019 CNN town hall, "Coming Together: Standing Up To Racism" alongside former Sesame Street cast member Sonia Manzano, and a TV special released the same year, "The Power of We", also about racism.


title: Roscoe Orman

text: Orman has five children with his former partner Sharon Orman, and is the grandfather of eight. His son Miles Orman played Gordon and Susan's adopted son Miles Robinson on "Sesame Street" from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. He and his wife, Kimberley LaMarque Orman, reside in New Jersey.


title: Bamboléo

text: "Bamboléo" is a 1987 Spanish language song by Gitano-French band Gipsy Kings, from their eponymous album. The song was written by band members Tonino Baliardo, Chico Bouchikhi (J. Bouchikhi) and Nicolas Reyes. It was arranged by Dominique Perrier. "Bamboleo" could be translated as "wobble" "swing" or "dangle" in Spanish.


title: Bamboléo

text: The now iconic song has been a worldwide hit for the Gipsy Kings and has since been covered by many artists, both in Spanish and in other languages.


title: Bamboléo

text: The word "bamboleo" means "wobble" "sway" or "dangle" in Spanish. The song's refrain says: ""bamboleo, bambolea, porque mi vida yo la prefier* vivir así"", which translates to: "Swaying, swaying, because I prefer to live my life this way."


title: Bamboléo

text: Part of the song is an adaptation of the 1980 Venezuelan folk song "Caballo Viejo" by Simón Díaz. The refrain is based on Bamboleô by André Filho, recorded by Carmen Miranda in 1931.


title: Bamboléo

text: The same 1994 album also includes a last track (track #18) that uses the song in a medley of hits as "Bamboléo – Volare – Djobi Djoba – Pida Me La – Baila Me".


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Lillian Randolph (December 14, 1898 – September 12, 1980) was an American actress and singer, a veteran of radio, film, and television. She worked in entertainment from the 1930s until shortly before her death. She appeared in hundreds of radio shows, motion pictures, short subjects, and television shows.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph is most recognized for appearing in "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946), "Magic" (1978), and her final onscreen project, "The Onion Field" (1979). She prominently contributed her voice to the character Mammy Two Shoes in nineteen "Tom and Jerry" cartoons released between 1940 and 1952.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Born Castello Randolph in Knoxville, Tennessee, she was the younger sister of actress Amanda Randolph. The daughter of a Methodist minister and a teacher, she began her professional career singing on local radio in Cleveland and Detroit.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: At Detroit's WXYZ, she was noticed by George W. Trendle, station owner and developer of "The Lone Ranger". He got her into radio training courses, which paid off in roles for local radio shows.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph was tutored by a Euro-American actor for three months on "racial dialect" before getting any radio roles. She moved on to Los Angeles in 1936 to work on Al Jolson's radio show, on "Big Town", on the Al Pearce show, and to sing at the Club Alabam there.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Lillian and her sister Amanda were continually looking for roles to make ends meet. In 1938, she opened her home to Lena Horne, who was in California for her first movie role in "The Duke Is Tops" (1938); the film was so tightly budgeted, Horne had no money for a hotel.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph opened her home during World War II with weekly dinners and entertainment for service people in the Los Angeles area through American Women's Voluntary Services.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph is best known as the maid Birdie Lee Coggins from "The Great Gildersleeve" radio comedy and subsequent films, and as Madame Queen on the "Amos 'n' Andy" radio show and television show from 1937 to 1953. She was cast in the "Gildersleeve" job on the basis of her wonderful laugh. Upon hearing the Gildersleeve program was beginning, Randolph made a dash to NBC. She tore down the halls; when she opened the door for the program, she fell on her face. Randolph was not hurt and she laughed—this got her the job. She also portrayed Birdie in the television version of "The Great Gildersleeve".


title: Lillian Randolph

text: In 1955, Lillian was asked to perform the Gospel song, "Were You There" on the television version of the Gildersleeve show. The positive response from viewers resulted in a Gospel album by Randolph on Dootone Records. She found the time for the role of Mrs. Watson on "The Baby Snooks Show" and Daisy on "The Billie Burke Show"


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Her best known film roles were those of Annie in "It's a Wonderful Life" (1946) and Bessie in "The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer" (1947).


title: Lillian Randolph

text: The West Adams district of Los Angeles was once home to lawyers and tycoons, but during the 1930s, many residents were either forced to sell their homes or take in boarders because of the economic times. The bulk of the residents who were earlier members of the entertainment community had already moved to places such as Beverly Hills and Hollywood. In the 1940s, members of the African-American entertainment community discovered the charms of the district and began purchasing homes there, giving the area the nickname "Sugar Hill". Hattie McDaniel was one of the first African-American residents. In an attempt to discourage African Americans from making their homes in the area, some residents resorted to adding covenants to the contracts when their homes were sold, either restricting African-Americans from purchasing them or prohibiting them from occupying the houses after purchase. Lillian and her husband, boxer Jack Chase, were victims of this type of discrimination. In 1946, the couple purchased a home on West Adams Boulevard with a restrictive covenant that barred them from moving into it. The US Supreme Court declared the practice unconstitutional in 1948. After divorcing Chase, Randolph married railroad dining car server Edward Sanders, in August 1951. The couple divorced in December 1953.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Like her sister, Amanda, Lillian was also one of the actresses to play the part of "Beulah" on radio. Randolph assumed the role in 1952 when Hattie McDaniel became ill; that same year, she received an "Angel" award from the Caballeros, an African-American businessmen's association, for her work in radio and television for 1951. She played Beulah until 1953, when Amanda took over for her.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: In 1954, Randolph had her own daily radio show in Hollywood, where those involved in acting were featured. In the same year, she became the first African American on the board of directors for the Hollywood chapter of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: In William Hanna and Joseph Barbera's "Tom and Jerry" cartoons at the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer cartoon studio during the 1940s and early 1950s, she was uncredited for voicing the maid character, Mammy Two Shoes. The character's last appearance in the cartoons was in "Push-Button Kitty" in September 1952. MGM, Hanna-Barbera and Randolph had been under fire from the NAACP, which called the role a stereotype. Activists had been complaining about the maid character since 1949. The character was written out entirely. Many of these had a white actress (June Foray) redubbing the character in American TV broadcasts and in the DVD collections.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: This was not the only time Randolph received criticism. In 1946, "Ebony" published a story critical of her role of Birdie on "The Great Gildersleeve" radio show. Randolph and Sam Moore, a scriptwriter on the program, provided a rebuttal to them in the magazine. Lillian Randolph believed these roles were not harmful to the image or opportunities of African Americans. Her reasoning was that the roles themselves would not be discontinued, but the ethnicity of those in them would change.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: In 1956, Randolph and her choir, along with fellow "Amos 'n' Andy" television show cast members Tim Moore, Alvin Childress, and Spencer Williams set off on a tour of the US as "The TV Stars of "Amos 'n' Andy"". However, CBS claimed it was an infringement of its rights to the show and its characters. The tour soon came to an end.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Lillian was selected to play Bill Cosby's character's mother in his 1969 television series, "The Bill Cosby Show". She later appeared in several featured roles on "Sanford and Son" and "The Jeffersons" in the 1970s. She also taught acting, singing and public speaking.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph made a guest appearance on a 1972 episode of the sitcom "Sanford and Son", entitled "Here Comes the Bride, There Goes the Bride" as Aunt Hazel, an in-law of the Fred Sanford (Redd Foxx) character who humorously gets a cake thrown in her face, after which Fred replies "Hazel, you never looked sweeter!". Her "Amos 'n' Andy" co-star, Alvin Childress, also had a role in this episode. She played Mabel in "Jacqueline Susann's Once Is Not Enough" (1975) and also appeared in the television miniseries, "Roots" (1977), "Magic" (1978) and "The Onion Field" (1979).


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Lillian's daughter, Barbara, grew up watching her mother perform. At age eight, Barbara had already made her debut in "Bright Road" (1953) with Harry Belafonte and Dorothy Dandridge.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Choosing to adopt her mother's maiden name, Barbara Randolph appeared in her mother's nightclub acts (including that with Steve Gibson and the Red Caps) and had a role in "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" (1967). She decided to follow a singing career.


title: Lillian Randolph

text: Randolph died of cancer at Arcadia Methodist Hospital in Arcadia, California on September 12, 1980, at the age of 81. She is buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills). Her sister, Amanda, is buried beside her.


title: Test pilot

text: A test pilot is an aircraft pilot with additional training to fly and evaluate experimental, newly produced and modified aircraft with specific maneuvers, known as flight test techniques.


title: Test pilot

text: Test flying as a systematic activity started during the First World War, at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in the United Kingdom.


title: Test pilot

text: During the 1920s, test flying was further developed by the RAE in the UK, and by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in the United States. In the 1950s, NACA was transformed into the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA. During these years, as work was done into aircraft stability and handling qualities, test flying evolved towards a more qualitative scientific profession. In the 1950s, test pilots were being killed at the rate of about one a week, but the risks have shrunk to a fraction of that because of the maturation of aircraft technology, better ground-testing and simulation of aircraft performance, fly-by-wire technology and, lately, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles to test experimental aircraft features. Still, piloting experimental aircraft remains more dangerous than most other types of flying.


title: Test pilot

text: At the insistence of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, the first American astronauts, the Mercury Seven, were all military test pilots, as were some of the later astronauts.


title: Test pilot

text: The world's oldest test pilot school is what is now called the Empire Test Pilots' School (motto "Learn to Test – Test to Learn"), at RAF Boscombe Down in the UK. There are a number of similar establishments over the world. In America, the United States Air Force Test Pilot School is located at Edwards Air Force Base, the United States Naval Test Pilot School is located at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland and EPNER ("Ecole du Personnel Navigant d'Essai et de Reception" – "School for flight test and acceptance personnel"), the French test pilot school, is located in Istres, France. There are only two civilian schools; the International Test Pilots School in London, Ontario, and the National Test Pilot School, a not-for-profit educational institute is in Mojave, California. In Russia, there is a Russian aviation industry Fedotov Test Pilot School (founded 1947) located in Zhukovsky within the Gromov Flight Research Institute.


title: Test pilot

text: Test pilots can be experimental and engineering test pilots (investigating the characteristics of new types of aircraft during development) or production test pilots (the more mundane role of confirming the characteristics of new aircraft as they come off the production line). Many test pilots would perform both roles during their careers. Modern test pilots often receive formal training from highly-selective military test pilot schools, but other test pilots receive training and experience from civilian institutions and/or manufacturers' test pilot development programs.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: Bigg Boss 2 was the second season of the reality television series, "Bigg Boss", and was hosted by Kamal Haasan. The season had 17 housemates (including wildcard entries), and was filmed with 60 cameras. It ran for 15 weeks (from 17 June to 30 September 2018), and aired on Star Vijay weekdays from 9–10:30 am and 9–11:00 pm on weekends. Hotstar provided content not aired on television and provided "Fun Unlimited", a parallel weekly programme. Hosted by Rio Raj, it humorously described events in the house.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: The first season's lavish house set, on the outskirts of Chennai at EVP Film City in Chembarambakkam, was renovated just before the start of this season. The renovated house included a "jail room" to increase the severity of punishment for contestant mistakes.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: The winner of "Bigg Boss Tamil 2" was Riythvika, who won a trophy and a cash prize of 50 lakhs (5 million). Aishwarya Dutta was the runner-up, and the other finalists were Vijayalakshmi Agathiyan and Janani Iyer.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: This is also the first, and till date, the only season to have a female winner in the Bigg Boss Tamil franchise.


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: 1.Vijayalakshmi Feroz, actress, producer and daughter of director Agathiyan who starred in the films "Chennai 600028" (2007), "Anjathe" (2008) and "Chennai 600028 II" (2016) and the Sun TV series "Nayaki"


title: Bigg Boss (Tamil season 2)

text: According to BARC India, the season had a TRP of 9.7 overall and 12.8 in Chennai alone, in its opening week in urban areas with 3.7 Crore viewers.


title: Id Tech 6

text: id Tech 6 is a multiplatform game engine developed by id Software. It is the successor to id Tech 5 and was first used to create the 2016 video game "Doom". Internally, the development team also used the codename "id Tech 666" to refer to the engine. The PC version of the engine is based on Vulkan API and OpenGL API.


title: Id Tech 6

text: John Carmack started talking about his vision regarding the engine that would succeed id Tech 5 years before the latter debuted in "Rage", but following his departure from id Software in 2014, Tiago Sousa was hired to replace him as the lead renderer programmer at the company.


title: Id Tech 6

text: On June 24, 2009, id Software was acquired by ZeniMax Media. It was later announced in 2010 that id Software's technology would be available only to other companies also belonging to ZeniMax Media.


title: Id Tech 6

text: In 2008 and while id Tech 5 had yet to be fully formed, John Carmack said the next engine by id Software would be looking towards a direction where ray tracing and classic raster graphics would be mixed. The engine would work by raycasting the geometry represented by voxels (instead of triangles) stored in an octree. Carmack claimed that this format would also be a more efficient way to store the 2D data as well as the 3D geometry data, because of not having packing and bordering issues. The goal of the engine would be to virtualize geometry the same way that id Tech 5 virtualized textures. This would be a change from past engines which for the most part use mesh-based systems. However, he also explained during QuakeCon 08, that the hardware that would be capable of id Tech 6 did not yet exist at the time.


title: Id Tech 6

text: In July 2011, Carmack explained that id Software was beginning research for the development of id Tech 6. It's unknown if Carmack's vision of the engine at the time was still the same he described in 2008.


title: Id Tech 6

text: An early version of the fourth main "Doom" game was being built on id Tech 5 but id Software restarted development in late 2011 to early 2012, after Bethesda expressed concerns about its creative and technological direction. When development was restarted it was decided to begin with the id Tech 5-based "Rage" codebase but take "big leaps back in certain areas of tech" and "[merge] Doom features to Rage".


title: Id Tech 6

text: "Doom" was first shown to the public during QuakeCon 2014, where it was confirmed it was running on an early version of id Tech 6. The developers' goals when creating the engine were described as being able to drive good looking games running at 1080p on 60 fps but also reintroduce real-time dynamic lighting which was largely removed from id Tech 5. The engine still uses virtual textures (dubbed "MegaTextures" in id Tech 4 and 5) but they are of higher quality and no longer restrict the appearance of realtime lighting and shadows. Physically based rendering has also been confirmed. A technical analysis of "Doom" found that the engine supports motion blur, bokeh depth of field, HDR bloom, shadow mapping, lightmaps, irradiance volumes, image-based lighting, FXAA, volumetric lighting/smoke, destructible environments, Water Physics, Skin sub-surface scattering, SMAA and TSSAA anti-aliasing, directional occlusion, screen space reflections, normal maps, GPU accelerated particles which are correctly lit and shadowed, triple buffer v-sync which acts like fast sync, unified volumetric fog (every light, shadow, indirect lighting affects it, including water caustics / underwater light scattering), tessellated water surface (on the fly without GPU tessellation. Caustics are dynamically generated and derived from water surface), and chromatic aberration. On July 11, 2016, id Software released an update for the game that added support for Vulkan.


title: Id Tech 6

text: Following Carmack's departure from id Software, Tiago Sousa, who had worked as the lead R&D graphics engineer of several versions of the CryEngine at Crytek, was hired to lead development of the rendering. Bethesda's Pete Hines has commented that while id Tech 6 reuses code written by Carmack, most of the decisions made about the engine's direction were taken after he left.


title: Karel Čurda

text: Karel Čurda (10 October 1911 in Stará Hlína, today part of Třeboň – 29 April 1947 in Prague) was a Czech Nazi collaborator during World War II.


title: Karel Čurda

text: A soldier of the Czechoslovak army in exile, Čurda was parachuted into the protectorate in 1942 as a member of the sabotage group "Out Distance". Later that year, he betrayed the Czechoslovak army agents responsible for the assassination of top Nazi official Reinhard Heydrich in Prague. His reward was 100,000 Kronen and a new identity, "Karl Jerhot". He married a German woman and spent the rest of the war as a Gestapo collaborator.


title: Karel Čurda

text: After the war, Čurda was tracked down and arrested. When asked in court how he could betray his comrades, Čurda reportedly answered, "I think you would have done the same for 1 million marks." Čurda was found guilty of treason and hanged on 29 April 1947.


title: Karel Čurda

text: Modern Czech historian Jiří Plachý gave a different account of his personality and motives. According to research, Čurda stayed with his family in South Bohemia in the immediate aftermath of the assassination. That put him under huge pressure as he knew the Nazis could wipe out his whole family or village, just as they had wiped out Lidice and Ležáky. It is posited that this was the key factor in his actions.


title: Karel Čurda

text: In the film "Operation Daybreak" (1975), Čurda is portrayed by Martin Shaw. In "Anthropoid" (2016), he was portrayed by Jiří Šimek. In "The Man with the Iron Heart" (2017), he was portrayed by Adam Nagaitis.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Discounted cumulative gain (DCG) is a measure of ranking quality. In information retrieval, it is often used to measure effectiveness of web search engine algorithms or related applications. Using a graded relevance scale of documents in a search-engine result set, DCG measures the usefulness, or "gain", of a document based on its position in the result list. The gain is accumulated from the top of the result list to the bottom, with the gain of each result discounted at lower ranks.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Cumulative Gain (CG) is the sum of the graded relevance values of all results in a search result list. This predecessor of DCG does not include the rank (position) of a result in the result list into the consideration of the usefulness of a result set. The CG at a particular rank position formula_1 is defined as:


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The value computed with the CG function is unaffected by changes in the ordering of search results. That is, moving a highly relevant document formula_5 above a higher ranked, less relevant, document formula_6 does not change the computed value for CG (assuming formula_7). Based on the two assumptions made above about the usefulness of search results, (N)DCG is usually preferred over CG.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Cumulative Gain is sometimes called Graded Precision as it is identical to the Precision metric if the rating scale is binary.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The premise of DCG is that highly relevant documents appearing lower in a search result list should be penalized as the graded relevance value is reduced logarithmically proportional to the position of the result.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Previously there was no theoretically sound justification for using a logarithmic reduction factor other than the fact that it produces a smooth reduction. But Wang et al. (2013) gave theoretical guarantee for using the logarithmic reduction factor in Normalized DCG (NDCG). The authors show that for every pair of substantially different ranking functions, the NDCG can decide which one is better in a consistent manner.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The latter formula is commonly used in industry including major web search companies and data science competition platforms such as Kaggle.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: These two formulations of DCG are the same when the relevance values of documents are binary; formula_11.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Note that Croft et al. (2010) and Burges et al. (2005) present the second DCG with a log of base e, while both versions of DCG above use a log of base 2. When computing NDCG with the first formulation of DCG, the base of the log does not matter, but the base of the log does affect the value of NDCG for the second formulation. Clearly, the base of the log affects the value of DCG in both formulations.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Search result lists vary in length depending on the query. Comparing a search engine's performance from one query to the next cannot be consistently achieved using DCG alone, so the cumulative gain at each position for a chosen value of formula_1 should be normalized across queries. This is done by sorting all relevant documents in the corpus by their relative relevance, producing the maximum possible DCG through position formula_1, also called Ideal DCG (IDCG) through that position. For a query, the "normalized discounted cumulative gain", or nDCG, is computed as:


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: and formula_16 represents the list of relevant documents (ordered by their relevance) in the corpus up to position p.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The nDCG values for all queries can be averaged to obtain a measure of the average performance of a search engine's ranking algorithm. Note that in a perfect ranking algorithm, the formula_17 will be the same as the formula_18 producing an nDCG of 1.0. All nDCG calculations are then relative values on the interval 0.0 to 1.0 and so are cross-query comparable.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The main difficulty encountered in using nDCG is the unavailability of an ideal ordering of results when only partial relevance feedback is available.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Presented with a list of documents in response to a search query, an experiment participant is asked to judge the relevance of each document to the query. Each document is to be judged on a scale of 0-3 with 0 meaning not relevant, 3 meaning highly relevant, and 1 and 2 meaning "somewhere in between". For the documents ordered by the ranking algorithm as


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: That is: document 1 has a relevance of 3, document 2 has a relevance of 2, etc. The Cumulative Gain of this search result listing is:


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Changing the order of any two documents does not affect the CG measure. If formula_22 and formula_23 are switched, the CG remains the same, 11. DCG is used to emphasize highly relevant documents appearing early in the result list. Using the logarithmic scale for reduction, the DCG for each result in order is:


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: Now a switch of formula_22 and formula_23 results in a reduced DCG because a less relevant document is placed higher in the ranking; that is, a more relevant document is discounted more by being placed in a lower rank.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: The performance of this query to another is incomparable in this form since the other query may have more results, resulting in a larger overall DCG which may not necessarily be better. In order to compare, the DCG values must be normalized.


title: Discounted cumulative gain

text: To normalize DCG values, an ideal ordering for the given query is needed. For this example, that ordering would be the monotonically decreasing sort of all known relevance judgments. In addition to the six from this experiment, suppose we also know there is a document formula_28 with relevance grade 3 to the same query and a document formula_29 with relevance grade 2 to that query. Then the ideal ordering is:


title: Rick Barnes

text: Richard Barnes (born July 17, 1954) is a men's college basketball head coach for the Tennessee Volunteers of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). Barnes coached the Texas Longhorns from 1998 to 2015, taking the team to the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament in 16 of his 17 seasons, including 14 straight from 1999 to 2012, as well as a Final Four appearance led by T. J. Ford in 2003. Barnes previously coached at George Mason University, Providence College, and Clemson University. He has an overall record of 25–26 (.490) in the NCAA tournament (including 19–16 while at Texas).


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes was born on July 17, 1954 and grew up in Hickory, North Carolina. He is a 1977 graduate of Lenoir-Rhyne College where he was a member of the men's basketball team.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes served as an assistant under Eddie Biedenbach at Davidson for two seasons and one with Wimp Sanderson at Alabama.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Prior to coaching at Texas, Barnes coached at George Mason, Providence, and Clemson. Barnes advanced to three NCAA tournaments at Providence and three consecutive at Clemson before leaving for Texas in 1998. Barnes won his first post-season conference tournament championship in 1994, while at Providence. At Clemson, his Tigers spent one week of the 1996–97 season ranked second in the AP Poll, the highest ranking in school history.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes was hired by Texas in April 1998, and the basketball program immediately displayed his impact. Despite playing with just seven scholarship players for the majority of the 1998–99 season and opening the season with a 3–8 record, the Longhorns won 16 of their final 21 games, winning the regular season Big 12 conference championship by a two-game margin, and finishing the year at 19–13 and qualifying for the NCAA Tournament.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes' success at Texas, a traditional football powerhouse, sparked interest in college basketball at the university and throughout the state. At Texas, Barnes won a school-record 402 games and transformed the school into one of the top college basketball programs in the nation. He guided the Longhorns to 16 NCAA tournament appearances. They reached the Final Four in 2003, their first in over 50 years, and advanced to the Elite Eight in 2006 and 2008. He also led Texas to their first #1 ranking in 2010, and led the Longhorns to the first 30-win seasons in school history. He coached two national players of the year: T. J. Ford (2003) and Kevin Durant (2007). He also won four Big 12 Coach of the Year awards (1999, 2003, 2008, 2014) during his time in Austin, establishing himself as a nationally regarded coach. He was fired in 2015 after Texas failed to advance to the Sweet 16 for the seventh straight season.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes was hired by the Tennessee Volunteers in 2015. He was the Vols' third coach in as many seasons. Cuonzo Martin had left for California after the 2013–14 season; his successor, Donnie Tyndall, had been fired after just one season for lying about NCAA violations at his previous stop, Southern Mississippi.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes increased the Vols' win total in each of his first four seasons. In 2018, he was named Southeastern Conference Coach of the Year after leading the Volunteers to a share of their first regular-season SEC title in a decade and a spot in the conference championship game, earning his sixth-career conference coach of the year award.


title: Rick Barnes

text: In 2018–19, he was named the Naismith College Coach of the Year after the Vols finished 31–6 (tying a school record for wins in a season) and reached the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Tournament. They were ranked No. 1 for several weeks during the season, only the second time that the Vols have been ranked that high.


title: Rick Barnes

text: Barnes is a Christian. He has two children with his wife Candy. His son is a missionary overseas. His daughter Carley lives in Texas.


title: Rick Barnes

text: In 2007, Barnes made a cameo appearance in the NBC television series "Friday Night Lights" as a recruiter for the fictional school TMU.


title: Blood Order

text: The Blood Order (), officially known as the "Decoration in Memory (of the Munich putsch) of 9 November 1923" (), was one of the most prestigious decorations in the Nazi Party (NSDAP). During March 1934, Hitler authorized the Blood Order to commemorate the 9 November 1923 coup attempt of the Nazi Party. The medal is silver, with the obverse bearing a depiction of an eagle grasping an oak leaf wreath. Inside the wreath is the date and to the right is the inscription . The reverse shows the entrance of the Feldherrnhalle in relief (where the coup ended in defeat), and directly above is the angled swastika with sun rays in the background. Along the top edge is the inscription: ("And after all, you won").


title: Blood Order

text: The first issue of the decoration, struck in 99% pure silver, was awarded to 1,500 participants in the putsch who had also been members of the Nazi Party or one of its formations before January 1932 (continuous service), or had been cadets from the Munich Infantry School who marched in support of Ludendorff. All medals were numbered (except Hitler's and Göring's) and awarding was done very carefully. Unlike other medals, the ribbon was worn on the right breast of the uniform tunic in the form of a rosette and the medal sometimes was pinned on and suspended below.


title: Blood Order

text: In May 1938, to the dismay of the putsch participants, the award was extended to persons who had (a) served time in prison for Nazi activities before 1933, (b) received a death sentence which was later commuted to life imprisonment for Nazi activities before 1933, or (c) been severely wounded in the service of the Party before 1933; subsequently it was further extended to members of the Austrian Nazi Party who had participated in the 1934 February Uprising or July Putsch, or who had received significant prison time or injuries for Nazi activities. It could also be bestowed on certain other individuals at the discretion of Adolf Hitler, the last recipient being Reinhard Heydrich (posthumous). These subsequent medals were struck in 80% silver with serial numbers above 1500 and did not carry the maker's name (J. FUESS MÜNCHEN) as the Type I medals did.


title: Blood Order

text: In total 16 women received the award, two from the 'Altreich' (Eleonore Baur and Emma Schneider) and 14 from Austria. Given the number of original marchers in the putsch, the number of awards given under the 1938 extensions (436), and the awards for outstanding service under those same extensions, the total number of recipients numbered fewer than 6,000.


title: Blood Order

text: In November 1936, Hitler gave new "orders" for the "Orders and Awards" of Nazi Germany. The top NSDAP awards are listed in this order: 1. Coburg Badge; 2. Nürnberg Party Badge of 1929; 3. SA Treffen at Brunswick 1931; 4. Golden Party Badge; 5. Blood Order; followed by the Gau badges and the Golden HJ Badge.


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: Joshua Andrew Dolezal (; also spelled Doležal; born September 1975) is an American academic and writer. He was a full professor of English studies at Central College, focusing on American literature, creative nonfiction, medical humanities, sustainability and social justice issues. He is the brother of Rachel Dolezal and wrote a book about their upbringing in "a strict, cult-like Pentecostal family."


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: Dolezal received a B.A. in English from King College in 1997, an M.A. in American literature from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 1999 and a Ph.D. in American literature at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in 2005. He joined Central College as an assistant professor of English in 2005, was later promoted to associate professor, and was promoted to full professor in 2016. In 2022 he left this job as part of the "Big Quit".


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: Dolezal is the author of a number of essays, poems, and academic papers e.g. on literary and social justice activism.


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: He is also the author of a 2014 memoir, "Down from the Mountaintop: From Belief to Belonging", which details his upbringing in "a strict, cult-like Christian family" and which received widespread attention in connection with the 2015 controversy surrounding his sister, Rachel Dolezal. The book was described by Kim Barnes as an "intimate and lyrical story of fallen faith, found love, and the way we must sometimes circle back to find what we have lost."


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: Joshua Dolezal received media attention in connection with the controversy surrounding his sister Rachel Dolezal in 2015, including for his earlier book about the siblings' childhood.


title: Joshua Dolezal

text: The Rachel Dolezal case started when Rachel Dolezal reported numerous "hate crimes" against her that a police investigation failed to substantiate. Rachel Dolezal also accused her brother of sexual abuse and her parents of violence, which the Dolezal family disputed. An allegation against Joshua Dolezal over alleged sexual abuse 13–14 years earlier was dismissed as unsubstantiated and incredible in 2015. The allegations were discussed in the 2018 Netflix documentary "The Rachel Divide". Their brother Ezra Dolezal said "Rachel is not always honest." In the film, Rachel said that Joshua had hired a private investigator to look into Rachel, and it was this investigator who revealed Rachel's racial identity to the local media in Spokane, a claim that KXLY-TV reporter Jeff Humphrey, who first questioned Dolezal on her racial identity in June 2015, corroborated. They suggested that this was an attempt to weaken Rachel's credibility in her claims of sexual abuse against Joshua Dolezal. The charges were subsequently dropped. In a written response to Rachel Dolezal's allegations, Joshua Dolezal said that "the lies my sister tells about me and my family are obscene. But they should be understood as part of a con game she is still playing. Masquerading as black helped her gain celebrity until that deception was exposed. Celebrity is still her goal, not social justice."


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari are a fictional alien race appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. They are famous as the people whose star system was destroyed by Phoenix during the Dark Phoenix Saga (1980).


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari appeared in the 2019 film "Dark Phoenix" with their leader Vuk portrayed by Jessica Chastain.


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari first appeared in "Avengers" #4 (March 1964), the same issue in which Captain America was formally introduced to the Marvel Universe, and were created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. The race suffered an Extinction Event in "The Uncanny X-Men" #135 (July 1980).


title: D'Bari

text: Since that time, the D'Bari have been shown in flashback in "Classic X-Men" #43 (January 1990), and later writers have asserted that a small number of D'Bari, not on their homeworld at the time of its destruction, survived, including stories in "She-Hulk" #43-46 (September–December 1992), "Nova" (vol. 2) #1 (November 1994) and #15 (March 1995), "Wolverine" (vol. 2) #136-138 (March–May 1999), "Wolverine" (vol. 2) Annual 2000, and "The Uncanny X-Men" #387 (December 2000).


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari were a humanoid plant species that lived on the fourth planet of the D'Bari system, located within the sphere of influence of the Shi'ar Empire. One D'Bari originally appeared using a device that turned the Avengers into stone. His name was later revealed to be Vuk, and he did this at the behest of Namor who had a vendetta against the Avengers at the time and promised to free the D'Bari's spaceship (which had become trapped under the sea), if he incapacitated the Avengers. The newly revived Captain America promised to free the alien's ship in return for restoring the Avengers. This done, he helped them defeat the Sub-Mariner and his army, and freed the D'Bari's spaceship. After repairing the ship, Vuk left the planet.


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari are perhaps most well known for the last moment of their existence, as the Dark Phoenix replenished itself by destroying their sun. Approximately five billion D'Bari died when their star went nova.


title: D'Bari

text: After killing herself on the moon, Phoenix found herself with Death, who made her relive the life of a D'Bari woman named Gvyn just before the planet was destroyed. As Gvyn, Phoenix found herself walking with two other D'Bari women who were trying to fix her up with a boy Gvyn had met at school, and she protested that she didn't need a matchmaker. A moment later, they all see the sun go nova, surrounded by the Phoenix effect.


title: D'Bari

text: Not all D'Bari were on their homeworld at the time of its destruction, and one survivor was Vuk because he had not reached D'Bari IV when the Phoenix consumed their sun. Instead he encountered a group of Xartans on the way, and they invited him into their midst on Dandesh IV, in the outer regions of the Coal Sack nebula. However, news about the destruction of his planet reached him. The Xartans eventually adopted Vuk's form, pretending to be a D'Bari outpost, hoping to elude the wrath of the Skrulls, who sought vengeance on them for infringing on their "franchise" (the ability to shape-shift). Meanwhile, Rocket Raccoon had landed on the outpost, and after he saw one of the false "D'Bari" relax his form for a second, Vuk and the Xartans knew they had to stop him.


title: D'Bari

text: Following a distress signal to the outpost, Razorback and Taryn O'Connell arrive just in time to see Rocket Raccoon get petrified. Razorback and Taryn tried to rescue Rocket but they were captured. She-Hulk allowed herself to be captured by the "D'Bari", and as intended, she was brought to the same cell as Razorback and Taryn. As She-Hulk and Razorback compared notes, Razorback was about to reveal that the "D'Bari" were imposters, but the real D'Bari turned him to stone before he could get words out. Vuk intended to intimidate She-Hulk and Taryn into explaining why they were there, but She-Hulk tried to use an Ovoid mind-transfer technique to contact her ally Weezi Mason aboard an orbiting Skrull ship. This, however, backfired, swapping instead the build and powers of the two women. Eventually, the Skrulls recognized the Xartans' ruse and beamed down to the outpost, where Weezi freed She-Hulk and her allies. Unwilling to see his replacement family destroyed again, Vuk overloaded his petrifactor which turned the whole planet and everything within 100,000 miles to stone for 100 hours; however, She-Hulk and her allies were able to escape the petrifaction effect, only returning after it had subsided to recover Razorback and Rocket Raccoon, who were restored by the petrifaction wave as they were already petrified. The Skrulls, the Xartans and Vuk were all petrified.


title: D'Bari

text: Another D'Bari to escape the destruction of the D'Bari planet was Tas'wzta, who become a Centurion in the Nova Corps. However, he was one of the Nova Corps members to be slaughtered by the Luphomoid Kraa.


title: D'Bari

text: After being cured of the petrifaction, Vuk found the Collector's "Prisonworld" which served as a hideout, cloaked from Galactus. Noticing Vuk's presence and due to his species' destruction, the Collector took him to "Prisonworld" to add to his collection. As time passed, Vuk sought companionship and eventually budded off a "son" whom he named Bzztl. Vuk recognized Wolverine, who had just arrived on "Prisonworld", as one of the X-Men, and in his rage over Phoenix destroying their planet, attacked him, but Wolverine easily threw him to the side and explained that he was there to help them break out. The cell where Vuk and Bzztl were residing was eventually inspected by some of the Collector's agents while searching for Wolverine. The planet was eventually found and consumed by Galactus due to the interference of Wolverine, and while Bzztl was among the escapees, Vuk went missing during Galactus' consumption of "Prisonworld".


title: D'Bari

text: During the events of "Maximum Security", Vuk, now wearing a suit of armor and calling himself Starhammer, arrived on Earth and joined a few expatriate Imperial Guardsmen and Borderers in ambushing the X-Men. Vuk personally assaulted Jean Grey to avenge the D'Bari population. He recognized that she was different from the one that destroyed his planet, though he blamed her nonetheless as she had summoned the Phoenix Force and her personality had shaped its form as Phoenix. In desperation, Jean was able to telepathically convince Vuk he had actually slain her, at which point he went into an inert state after being overwhelmed by his apparent success.


title: D'Bari

text: It was later revealed that the few D'Bari survivors had since settled down on a new planet with Starhammer as their hero. However, his heroic status is eventually torn down when Jean's tampering eventually faded away and the truth is revealed. Exiled and shunned by his own family, a disgraced Starhammer could only think of one thing...revenge. So he travels to Earth, but strangely enough, he fiercely believes that the humiliation he suffered was caused by Rachel Grey, who was used to be a psychic, living host for the Phoenix Force. He arrives at the moment where Rachel (who didn't known him), Kitty Pryde and Nightcrawler were with Captain Britain and Meggan, to celebrate the birth of their baby daughter, Maggie, a healthy 3-month-old baby, whose mental faculties have developed so fast that she is capable of fluent speech and intelligent enough to carry a philosophical debate about the illusion of choice. Maggie is the one who actually manages to stop Starhammer's ambush without resorting to violent means and leads to a solution that helps Starhammer abandon his quest for revenge. She reveals at least one dimension where the D'Bari didn't suffer an extinction event and to where Starhammer and his society can travel and have a chance to rebuild their lost civilization.


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari are featured in the "Avengers Assemble" episode "Guardians and Space Knights." To prevent Galactus from consuming Earth, Iron Man takes Galactus to another location. The planet that Iron Man (who was empowered by the Power Cosmic) led Galactus to turns out to be the D'Bari's planet which Galactus starts consuming. While the D'Bari evacuate the planet as part of the "Galactus Contingency Plan," the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy work to prevent Galactus from consuming the planet. It later turns out that the D'Bari's planet was becoming unstable before Galactus' arrival and its explosion knocked out Galactus. Star-Lord mentioned that the D'Bari settled on another planet.


title: D'Bari

text: The D'Bari appear as the main antagonists in the 2019 film "Dark Phoenix". The featured D'Bari are Vuk (under the alias "Margaret Smith" and portrayed by Jessica Chastain) and "Jones" (portrayed by Ato Essandoh). In this version, the D'Bari are a race of shape-shifting aliens whose planet was destroyed by the cosmic entity known as the Phoenix Force. Vuk is the leader of the D'Bari and attempts to manipulate Jean Grey, who is possessed by the Phoenix Force following an X-Men mission to rescue the crew of the space shuttle "Endeavour". Vuk and her followers assume human forms and infiltrate Earth, intending to take it over. She tracks down and befriends Jean, intending to drain the Phoenix Force from her. However, she is stopped by Professor X and Cyclops. After the X-Men and Magneto's followers are captured by the U.S. government, Vuk and her D'Bari forces attack the train transporting the mutants, with the soldiers mistaking the aliens for mutants. During the battle where most of the D'Bari are either dead or incarcerated by the X-Men, Magneto and the surviving government soldiers, Vuk makes a second attempt to drain Jean of the Phoenix Force. Jean unleashes her full powers and Vuk is consumed by the Phoenix Force then Jean herself becomes pure energy and disappears in a brilliant release of energy.


title: Peri

text: In Persian mythology, peris (singular: peri; from , , plural , ; borrowed in European languages through ) are exquisite, winged spirits renowned for their beauty. Peris were later adopted by other cultures. They are described as mischievous beings that have been denied entry to paradise until they have completed penance for atonement. Under Islamic influence, Peris became benevolent spirits, in contrast to the mischievous jinn and evil "divs" (demons). Scholar indicates an Indo-Iranian origin for the character, who was later integrated into the Arab houri tale tradition.


title: Peri

text: The word has been borrowed in Azerbaijani as "pəri", in Hindustani as "parī" (Urdu: پری / Hindi: परी) and in Turkish as "peri".


title: Peri

text: Peris are detailed in Persianate folklore and poetry, appearing in romances and epics. Furthermore, later poets use the term to designate a beautiful woman and to illustrate her qualities.


title: Peri

text: At the start of Ferdowsi's epic poem "Shahnameh", "The Book of Kings", the divinity Sorush appears in the form of a peri to warn Keyumars (the mythological first man and shah of the world) and his son Siamak of the threats posed by the destructive Ahriman. Peris also form part of the mythological army that Keyumars eventually draws up to defeat Ahriman and his demonic son. In the Rostam and Sohrab section of the poem, Rostam's paramour, the princess Tahmina, is referred to as "peri-faced" (since she is wearing a veil, the term "peri" may include a secondary meaning of disguise or being hidden).


title: Peri

text: Peris were the target of a lower level of evil beings called دیوسان divs (دَيۋَ daeva), who persecuted them by locking them in iron cages. This persecution was brought about by, as the divs perceived it, the peris' lack of sufficient self-esteem to join the rebellion against perversion.


title: Peri

text: With the spread of Islam through Persia, the "peri" was integrated into Islamic folklore. Early Persian translations of the Quran, identified some good jinn as peris, and evil ones with divs. According to the Persian exegesis of the Qurʼan "Tafsir al-Tabari", the peris are beautiful female spirits created by God after the vicious divs. They mostly believe in God and are benevolent to mankind.


title: Peri

text: They are still part of some folklore and accordingly they appear to humans, sometimes punishing hunters in the mountains who are disrespectful or waste resources, or even abducting young humans for their social events. Encounters with peris are held to be physical as well as psychological.


title: Peri

text: The existence of peris is accepted by many Turkish Muslims among other (Islamic or central Asian) creatures, such as jinn, ifrit ("ghosts" or "demons of hell"), nakir, "div" ("demons" or "titans") and devils ("shayatin"). Uyghur shamans are reported to use the aid of peris to heal women from miscarriage, and protect from evil jinn.


title: Peri

text: The belief in peri still persist among Muslims in India as a type of spiritual creature besides the jinn, devils ("shayatin") and the ghosts of the wicked ("ifrit").


title: Peri

text: Among Kho people, peri are believed to cast love spells, used by a spiritual master referred to as "peri-khan" (master of faries). They would live far from urban regions, having mastered the art of working with peris.


title: Peri

text: Marriage, although possible, is considered undue in Islamic lore. Because of humans impatience and distrust, relationship between humans and peris will break up. Bilqis is, according to one narrative, the daughter of such a failed relationship between a peri and a human.


title: Peri

text: Although peris are usually regarded as benevolent creatures, according to the book "people of the air", they are credited with being morally ambivalent creatures, who could be either muslims or infidels.


title: Peri

text: The character of the Peri, as a supernatural wife, shares similar traits with the swan maiden, in that the human male hides the Peri's wings and marries her. After some time, the Peri woman regains her wings and leaves her mortal husband.


title: Peri

text: The term "peri" appears in the early Oriental tale "Vathek", by William Thomas Beckford, written in French in 1782.


title: Peri

text: In Thomas Moore's poem "Paradise and the Peri", part of his Lalla-Rookh, a peri gains entrance to heaven after three attempts at giving an angel the gift most dear to God. The first attempt is "The last libation Liberty draws/From the heart that bleeds and breaks in her cause", to wit, a drop of blood from a young soldier killed for an attempt on the life of Mahmud of Ghazni. Next is a "Precious sigh/of pure, self-sacrificing love": a sigh stolen from the dying lips of a maiden who died with her lover of plague in the Mountains of the Moon (Ruwenzori) rather than surviving in exile from the disease and the lover. The third gift, the one that gets the peri into heaven, is a "Tear that, warm and meek/Dew'd that repentant sinner's cheek": the tear of an evil old man who repented upon seeing a child praying in the ruins of the Temple of the Sun at Balbec, Syria. Robert Schumann set Moore's tale to music as an oratorio, "Paradise and the Peri", using an abridged German translation.


title: Peri

text: French composer Paul Dukas's last major work was the sumptuous ballet "La Péri" (1912). Described by the composer as a "poème dansé", it depicts a young Persian prince who travels to the ends of the Earth in a quest to find the lotus flower of immortality, finally encountering its guardian, the Peri.


title: Peri

text: Gilbert and Sullivan's 1882 operetta "Iolanthe" is subtitled "The Peer and the Peri." The "peris" in this work are also referred to as "fairies".


title: Peri

text: A peri, whose power is in her hair, appears in Elizabeth Ann Scarborough's 1984 novel "The Harem of Aman Akbar".


title: Peri

text: In Lotte Reiniger's The Adventures of Prince Achmed, the titular character falls in love with a fairy queen named Pari Banu.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: The Suzuki GS500 is an entry level motorcycle manufactured and marketed by the Suzuki Motor Corporation. Suzuki produced the GS500 and GS500E from 1989 on and the fully faired model, GS500F from 2004 on. The GS500 is currently being produced and sold in South America. The GS500 has been described in the motorcycle literature as a best buy and an excellent first bike, with adequate if not exciting power for more experienced riders (approximately 40 HP at the rear wheel).


title: Suzuki GS500

text: The unfaired version of the GS500 was first sold in the UK in 1988 (model code GS500EJ) and the following year's model (code GS500EK) was released for sale in Europe and North America. It was equipped with an air-cooled parallel twin-cylinder engine derived from the earlier GS450. In the motorcycle market, the GS500 occupied the low end of Suzuki's mid-sized range for over twenty years.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: Suzuki also produced GS500 models, identified by a 'U' suffix, with engines restricted to satisfy the maximum power-to-weight ratio for use in countries where restrictive motorcycle licenses were issued (the GS500 meets current EU and UK licence level A2 conditions without restricting the engine) or for countries with a Learner Approved Motorcycle program (such as Australia and New Zealand) enhancing its worldwide popularity.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: GS500 engineering lineage descends directly from Suzuki's first modern 4-stroke motorcycles. With the 1976 debut of the GS750 air-cooled inline-four, as well as the GS400 parallel-twin, Suzuki was building 4-stroke engines despite having produced only 2-stroke motors for 20 years. The Suzuki GS series soon expanded into larger and smaller four-cylinder bikes, the GS1000 and GS550 respectively, while the twin-cylinder engine was bored-out to become the GS425 twin. All of these models preserved the earliest GS engine layout: double overhead cams, 2 shim-adjusted valves per cylinder and a roller-bearing crankshaft.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: The GS500E motorcycle appeared in 1979, powered by a sleeved-down version of the GS550 engine (with smaller carburetors). The GS500E four was manufactured for markets where its smaller displacement was suited to insurance or license regulations.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: Suzuki modified the original GS series engine layout to produce a successor to the GS425, the GS450 twin, which had a new bottom-end design that used a one-piece 180° crankshaft running on plain bearings. A counterbalance shaft controlled engine vibrations. The displacement of this twin grew to in 1988 by means of a 3 mm larger bore, when it became the engine for the new GS500E.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: Although the GS500E twin was developed from an existing design, for the 1988 GS500EJ model Suzuki came up with a brand new frame, running gear and bodywork aimed at urban riders, novice motorcyclists and those on a budget. Additionally, the GS500EJ debuted with carburetors from the Mikuni ‘Slingshot’ series, a design which was simultaneously being used on the Suzuki GSX-R750 racer-replica. Although it did not produce as much horsepower as comparable multivalve engines, the two-valve GS500 engine had proportionally more torque at low speeds.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: As introduced in 1988 for the UK, and the GS500EK model in 1989 for Europe and North America, the bike came with a black painted engine mounted in a light grey frame and white wheels. These first GS500 bikes had low two-piece handlebars, giving the impression of clip-ons but were in fact mounted to the upper triple tree. In 1990 the handlebars were raised to a more standard height. A California-specific model for 1990 had a reduced fuel capacity, instead of 17 liters, to allow room under the tank for an evaporation canister.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: The GS500EN (1992) front suspension was improved by fitting spring preload adjusters to the forks. The painted wheels were changed in 1996 from the original white color to dark grey, and the frame on some models. The engine was no longer painted black.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: New front brake calipers for the GS500EV in 1997 had two large pistons, replacing the previous unequally-sized pistons. Starting in 1998 (GS500EW) French models were fitted with Mikuni BSR 34mm carburetors with a three-circuit design (pilot jet, mid-main jet, main jet) for precise fuel metering throughout the rev range.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: In 2001 the GS500 was given new bodywork and a 20-liter fuel tank. Wheel rims were painted light gray. All markets got the Mikuni BSR 34mm carburetors that had been used only on French models. Pulsed secondary air injection was used to reduce emissions. In addition to dropping the 'E' designation for the GS500, all Suzuki motorcycles went from using a single letter code for the model year (e.g., 'X' for 1999) to a letter-and-number code: K1 for 2001, K2 for 2002, L0 for 2010 and so on. In 2002 the wheel color became black, and from 2004 the frame was also painted black.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: After 2002 Suzuki stopped producing the GS500E for the US market and did not release a GS500 for 2003. In 2007, Suzuki dropped the GS500 from its lineup in the UK and Spain, but it continued to be sold in some other countries.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: As of 2016, Suzuki Motor Corporation is producing the GS500 at its Latin American manufacturing subsidiary Suzuki Motor de Colombia S.A. for sale in Colombia and for export to Chile (where it is marketed as a "retro" model) as well as to Ecuador.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: In 2004, after a year hiatus, Suzuki came out with the GS500F to fill the void left (in the US market) by the GS500. In other countries the two models were sold side by side. This bike was very similar to the previous model, but came with a fully enclosed fairing, and the engine could be restricted for use in countries where restrictive motorcycle licenses are issued. The fairing offered a sportier, aggressive look and improved rider comfort by providing wind protection and better aerodynamics. An engine oil cooler was also added to improve reliability, and European models used a catalytic converter as well as pulsed secondary air injection to control emissions. The GS500F was dropped from the UK Suzuki range in 2007 and from the US range after 2009 model year, but was still available in Australia and Denmark.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: In March 1992, "Motorcyclist" magazine, in an article titled "Budget Bullets," compared the Kawasaki EX500, the Yamaha Seca II, the Honda Nighthawk CB750, and the Suzuki GS500. The Seca II came in first, with the CB750, and the GS500 following in that order.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: In a February 1992 article titled "Bargain Blasters," "Cycle World" compared the GS500E to the Kawasaki EX500, the Seca II and the Suzuki Bandit GSF400. The GS500E finished last because it was relatively underpowered, but the testers praised its handling. In April 1994, in a follow-up article titled "Bargain Hunters," "Cycle World" compared the Kawasaki Ninja 500R (the EX500 renamed), the Yamaha FZR600 and Seca II, in addition to the Suzuki Katana 600 and GS500E, choosing the Ninja as the best deal overall.


title: Suzuki GS500

text: The GS500E fared better as part of a 2002 "Cycle World" comparison of ten mid-sized streetbikes, which included the Royal Enfield Bullet Silver Classic 500 ES, Buell Blast, Suzuki LS650 Savage, Kawasaki KLR650 and MZ Skorpion Tour single-cylinder bikes, as well as the , Honda VLX, Yamaha V-Star Custom and Kawasaki Ninja 500R twins. The GS500E narrowly beat the Ninja 500R for top honors "on the grounds of its $700 lower price tag."


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria is a hatchback automobile produced by Malaysian manufacturer Proton from 1994 to 2005 in the first generation model and from 2006 to 2015 in the Satria Replacement Model (SRM), known as the Proton Satria Neo.


title: Proton Satria

text: The name "Satria" which means "knight" in Sanskrit was chosen for Proton's 3-door hatchback to reflect the sportiness of the car.


title: Proton Satria

text: The first generation Proton Satria, also marketed as the Proton Compact in the United Kingdom, and the Proton 300 Series in various continental European markets is a 3-door hatchback based on the fourth generation Mitsubishi Mirage / Colt. It was unveiled on 24 November 1994 as the result of a joint venture between Proton and Diversified Resources Bhd. (DRB), and was first imported to Europe during 1995. The Proton Satria was produced at Automotive Manufacturers Malaysia's (AMM) plant in Pekan, Pahang and was initially distributed by Usahasama Proton-DRB (USPD), a company in which Proton held a 30% stake in late 1994.


title: Proton Satria

text: In Australia, the Satria was launched in 1997 with 3 variants originally on offer: 1.5 GL, 1.5 GLi and 1.6 XLi. All three variants was fuel injected. The car appeared as a regular prize on the Australian television game show Sale of the Century.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria was initially available in three variants at launch with two engine options, namely the old 12-valve carbureted 1.3-litre 4G13P unit from the Proton Saga and a newer 16-valve multipoint fuel injected 1.6-litre 4G92P unit. The old 12-valve carbureted 1.5-litre 4G15P, also from the Proton Saga was added to the range later in the Satria's production cycle. The 1.5 and 1.6-litre engines were fitted with either a 3-speed or 4-speed automatic transmission, and a 5-speed manual transmission was offered with all three engine configurations. On the exterior, the Proton Satria shared the vast majority of its front-end styling and interior parts and components with the Proton Wira, but the rear-end was left largely unchanged over the Mirage / Colt it was based on. The Proton Satria had a development cost of RM150 million in late 1994, and it was priced between RM38,000 and RM54,000 at launch.


title: Proton Satria

text: Trim levels were LSi, GLi, GLSi and SEi. The base-specification LSi had the 1.3-litre 12-valve engine only: GLi versions got the 1.5-litre 12-valve engine in addition to the 1.3-litre: whilst GLSi and SEi versions got the 1.6 16v engine as well as the 1.5 12v.


title: Proton Satria

text: A later facelift version featured a redesigned rear end, different from that of the original Mirage. These were launched in 1996 in Malaysia and later in other countries, and new XLi, S XLi and GTi trim levels were available. New 1.3 12v, 1.5 12v, and 1.6 16v petrol engines were available.


title: Proton Satria

text: In 2004 in Malaysia, the Satria Special Edition was launched. Three variants were offered: 1.3 GL M/T, 1.5 GL M/T and 1.5 GL A/T. No mechanical change compared to regular Satria's. Rather changes were mostly cosmetic that included the headlights internal casing painted black, an addition of an engine cover, hollow race style headrests for the front seats, revised metre graphics, gunmetal finish for the dashboard centre cluster, aluminum pedal, and a yellow gear shifter base.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria GTi was launched in 1998 with a 1.8-litre Mitsubishi-sourced 4G93P engine ("P" for Proton), originally found in the Mitsubishi Lancer GSR, but here without the turbo and with an increase in compression to compensate. The Satria GTi was developed and re-engineered as a traditional hot hatch by Lotus in Hethel, England. The Satria GTi could sprint from 0 to 60 mph in 8.5 seconds, making it among the fastest Proton production models ever produced. A new body kit was also adopted for better aerodynamics. The Satria GTi also wore a 'Handling by Lotus' badge on the rear hatch.


title: Proton Satria

text: The engine and handling of the Satria GTi were progressively updated and revised between 1998 and 2005. The Mitsubishi version was produced from 1998 until mid-2002. The VDO (Siemens) version had been in production from mid-2002 until 2005 when Proton ceased production.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria GTi launched in the United Kingdom in November 1999 with a £14,500 price tag. It was equipped with air-conditioning, ABS, dual front power windows, electric mirrors and Recaro seats. Proton sold 160 units of the Satria GTi within its first six months in the U.K.


title: Proton Satria

text: Richard Hammond had reviewed the Proton Satria GTi alongside the more established Peugeot 206 GTi. The Satria GTi received more praise and approval as a traditional hot hatch, despite costing £500 more than the 206 GTi.


title: Proton Satria

text: A concept Proton Cabriolet was shown at the 1997 Frankfurt International Motor Show, with ambitions for sales in the UK from 1999 but this did not happen.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria R3 is a limited edition Satria sold in Malaysia. It was officially soft-launched on 4 October 2004, then made available for booking on 17 October 2004. The term R3 stands for Race, Rally, Research. R3 is a redefined version of the Satria GTi by Proton's Racing development team in collaboration with Lotus. It houses the same 1800 cc Mitsubishi 4G93P engine but has undergone some minor adjustments by Lotus handling. The body shell has been improved with double stitch welded monocoque chassis with front and rear strut tower brace bars. Body weight has been lightened as well. It comes with Recaro SR4 semi-bucket seats, both Momo steering wheel and gear knob.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Proton Satria Neo was introduced in June 2006 as a replacement for the first generation Satria. Based on a new platform developed in-house by Proton (with some parts borrowed from the bigger Gen-2 and Waja), the car was only available in a three-door hatchback guise. The car was developed at a cost of RM500 million and four years, and was expected by Proton to generate a monthly sales volume of 2,000 - 2,500 units. The car was also intended to target those who are "youthful and sporty". The Satria Neo was launched by former Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. The Satria Neo was also the first and only Malaysian car to be sold in Japan.


title: Proton Satria

text: The entry-level Satria Neo, the 1.3 B-line, is powered by a 1.3-liter, inline-four twin-cam CamPro engine, producing at 6,000 rpm and 120 Nm of torque at 4,000 rpm. The 1.6 M-line and top-of-the-range H-line models have 1.6 liter versions of the same engine, with an output of at 6,000 rpm and 148 Nm of torque at 4,000 rpm. Both the M-line and H-line models have active system antennae which actively search for signals in areas with poor reception. All cars have the option of either 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic gearboxes supplied by Mitsubishi that are carried over from the previous Satria, with the H-line benefiting from safety features such as twin airbags, ABS with EBD and seatbelt pre-tensioners. All versions of the car come with an integrated Blaupunkt CD player.


title: Proton Satria

text: In February 2009, Proton launched a CPS version of the Satria Neo, replacing the high-end H-Line version of the Satria Neo. It comes with an aggressively styled body kit and spoiler that pays homage to the Satria GTi, most notably with the addition of bolt-on wheel arches. It is powered by a 1.6-litre CamPro CPS engine with and of torque which reportedly does not suffer from the torque dip of older CamPro engines; however, the timing of the cam profile switching mechanism is slightly modified for aggressive driving – the CPS mechanism in the Satria Neo CPS changes from low cam to high cam at 4,400 rpm rather than at 3,800 rpm as in the other CPS-equipped models such as the Proton Waja and Proton Gen-2, as well as the Proton Exora. The Satria Neo CPS H-Line has a narrower front track of 1,467mm and a wider rear track of 1,483mm (compared to the base Proton Satria Neo, which had a front and rear track of 1,470mm). A member of Proton's Race Rally Research (R3) team claims that the change was made to induce slight understeer, as Proton had noticed that the base Satria Neo suffered from mild oversteering.


title: Proton Satria

text: As a successor to the original Satria R3, Proton introduced a high performance version of the Satria Neo in 2008. It features a naturally aspired 1.6-litre engine producing or , which Proton says will deliver a "controlled yet exciting driving experience". Other upgrades include a sportier bodykit, 17-inch wheels, a lowered suspension setup derived from Lotus, an improved braking system, Recaro lightweight seats and a MOMO steering wheel. All of the 50 examples produced come in Incognito Black with a unique "Race, Rally Research" decal on the side.


title: Proton Satria

text: The 25 unit-only Satria Neo R3 Lotus Racing was introduced on the 30 March 2010. Sold at RM115,000 this special version of the Neo features some improvements over its sibling, the Satria Neo CPS. The look is similar to that of the Satria Neo R3, but includes some exclusive equipment. The engine is R3-tuned with R3 Engine Management System, R3 Camshafts with adjustable alloy cams and R3 tuned exhaust system. R3 Division also used an R3 Carbon Fibre Air Intake with K&N Air Filter System.


title: Proton Satria

text: The engine now produces , approximately 13.8 percent more power than a normal CamPro CPS. with an improved torque of . Top speed reaches and the century run is achieved in 12.2 seconds.


title: Proton Satria

text: The chassis and handling were improved with the use of Ohlins Adjustable coilovers. The wheels are 16-inch Advantis with Bridgestone Adrenalin tyres. The brakes are from AP Racing consisting of AP Racing calipers and pads.


title: Proton Satria

text: Interior-wise, the dash remains the same but it is now painted in a greenish accent to match Lotus' green Trademark. Few enhancements were put in place such as the engine start button, dark green Nappa leather and an alloy pedal set and gear knob.


title: Proton Satria

text: In continuation of the legacy of the Satria Neo R3 Lotus Racing, Proton introduced the 2011 R3 Satria Neo (also known as Satria Neo R3 RS) on 8 February 2011. Available only 150 units in bright red with a black roof, it costed RM79,797.00 and featured a metal plaque with its individual number, built-in 2-DIN navigation system, the first in Proton's history. It was fitted with the old Satria Neo CPS bodykit mated to new R3 Design 16-inch alloy rims, R3 front splitter and R3 rear spoilers and side mouldings in addition to leather upholstery, red-coloured dashboard trims and various other R3 extras on the interior. Its handling and performance attributes remained unchanged over its Lotus Racing sibling.


title: Proton Satria

text: Prior to its launch, the concept model for the 2011 Proton Satria Neo R3 was debuted during the Tokyo Auto Salon 2011.


title: Proton Satria

text: It is technically identical performance-wise to the Satria Neo CPS, but features the 2011 Satria Neo R3 bodykit and a significantly reduced price tag, costing between RM60,800 and RM64,250.


title: Proton Satria

text: The roof of the 2013 Satria Neo R3 is painted according to the body colour. This differentiates it from the 2011 Satria Neo R3 RS which had a black roof. Optional decals and performance equipment such as ECU upgrades and full exhaust systems were also made available by Proton.


title: Proton Satria

text: The 2013 Satria Neo R3 is fitted with dual airbags, ABS with EBD and is offered in manual and auto transmissions with a choice of 3 colours: silver, black and red.


title: Proton Satria

text: Proton Motorsports' British based partner Mellors Elliot Motorsports (MEM) has prepared a FIA Super 2000 compliant Proton Satria Neo based on the road car's chassis. It is powered by the same engine as found in the Proton Waja 1.8. The team's current drivers in 2011 on the Intercontinental Rally Challenge (IRC), starting with the Rally Monte Carlo is Chris Atkinson. He will contest on all six rounds of the 2011 Asia Pacific Rally Championship (APRC) and Per-Gunnar Andersson who drives the second car for the Proton team in the IRC events, while Alister McRae will continue to drive for Proton in the APRC. McRae took the car to its first drivers and constructors titles in the 2011 APRC.


title: Proton Satria

text: A pair of Proton Satria Neo S2000s were used in an episode of Top Gear, in a race between the British presenters and their Australian counterparts at Cornbury Park, a former Rally GB venue.


title: Proton Satria

text: Proton made its presence felt for the very first time in Japan when renowned Japanese automotive parts manufacturer Carrosser Co., Ltd. (CUSCO) officially unveiled at the Tokyo Auto Salon, a specially-developed Satria Neo rally car that will be sold in Japan. In January 2011, Proton announced that Japanese auto parts company CUSCO would be buying standard road-going Satria Neo body shells to engineer and homologate according to FIA Group N regulation competition use.


title: Proton Satria

text: The Group N Proton Satria Neo rally cars will be based on stock standard road-registered 1600cc showroom models acquired by CUSCO, homologated according to FIA regulations for competition use, and retrofitted with CUSCO-developed aftermarket performance and race components. With the Satria Neo, CUSCO is essentially Proton's customer – they buy the body shells, equip them with CUSCO-developed race components, and then sell the completed Group N rally-going Neos to customers who will compete in Junior Rally Championships in Japan and Asia Pacific.


title: Proton Satria

text: Veteran Malaysian rally driver, Karamjit Singh piloted a CUSCO-tuned Proton Satria Neo 2WD in which he crossed the line to finish first in the overall 2011 APRC 2WD category in May 2011 Rally of Queensland as well as first in the N2 category.


title: Proton Satria

text: Three Satria Neos were fielded in the 2011 Japan Rally Championship in JN-3, one unit for the CUSCO Team and two for the CUSCO Junior Rally Team respectively. The latter finished with a class win in Rally Hokkaido 2011. In the 2012 season, only the Junior Rally Team drove the Satria Neos, whereas the CUSCO Team had replaced their unit with a Toyota 86.


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: In Greek mythology, Amalthea or Amaltheia (Ancient Greek: Ἀμάλθεια) is the most-frequently mentioned foster-mother of Zeus.


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: The name "Amalthea", in Greek "tender goddess", is clearly an epithet, signifying the presence of an earlier nurturing goddess or maiden-goddess whom the Hellenes, whose myths we know, knew to be located in Crete, where Minoans may have called her a version of "Dikte".


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: There were different traditions regarding Amalthea. Amalthea is sometimes represented as the goat who suckled the infant-god in a cave in Cretan Mount Aigaion ("Goat Mountain"), sometimes as a goat-tending nymph of uncertain parentage (the daughter of Oceanus, Helios, Haemonius, or—according to Lactantius—Melisseus), who brought him up on the milk of her goat. The possession of multiple and uncertain mythological parents indicates wide worship of a deity in many cultures having varying local traditions. Other names, like Adrasteia, Ide, the nymph of Mount Ida, or Adamanthea, which appear in mythology handbooks, are simply duplicates of Amalthea.


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: In the tradition represented by Hesiod's "Theogony", Cronus swallowed all of his children immediately after birth. The mother goddess Rhea, Zeus' mother, deceived her brother-consort Cronus by giving him a stone wrapped to look like a baby instead of Zeus. Since she instead gave the infant Zeus to Adamanthea to nurse in a cave on a mountain in Crete, it is clear that Adamanthea is a doublet of Amalthea. In many literary references, the Greek tradition relates that in order that Cronus should not hear the wailing of the infant, Amalthea gathered about the cave the Kuretes or the Korybantes to dance, shout, and clash their spears against their shields.


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: Amalthea's skin, or that of her goat, taken by Zeus in honor of her when she died, became the protective aegis in some traditions.


title: Amalthea (mythology)

text: "Amaltheia was placed amongst the stars as the constellation Capra—the group of stars surrounding Capella on the arm ("ôlenê") of Auriga the Charioteer." "Capra" simply means "she-goat" and the star-name "Capella" is the "little goat", but some modern readers confuse her with the male sea-goat of the Zodiac, Capricorn, who bears no relation to Amalthea, no connection in a Greek or Latin literary source nor any ritual or inscription to join the two. Hyginus describes this catasterism in the "Poetic Astronomy", in speaking of Auriga, the Charioteer:


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The Mexican Football Federation (; abbreviated as Femexfut or FMF) is the governing body of association football in Mexico. It adm the Mexico national team, the Liga MX and all affiliated amateur sectors, and controls promoting, organizing, directing, expanding, and supervising competitive football in Mexico.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The Federación has three operational centres: the Central Office, the High Performance Centre (, CAR) and the Training Centre (, CECAP).


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: FEMEXFUT is a member of the CONCACAF and FIFA, and is subject to policies, statutes, objectives and ideals of those international play football governing bodies.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The Federación was established on 23 August 1922 under the inaugural president Humberto Garza Ramos. In 1929, FIFA affiliation was established; CONCACAF affiliation was established in 1961.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The governing body of the Federación is the General Assembly that conforms with the participation of the Liga MX with 55% of the votes; Ascenso MX with 5%; Liga Premier, with 18%; Tercera División, with 13%, and the Amateur sector, with 9%. The executive and administrative body is the National Council, which comprises five members, one from each of the divisions mentioned, and are elected every four years.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The league is composed of four professional divisions: Liga MX, Liga de Expansión MX, Liga Premier, and Liga TDP. The Liga MX Femenil is the top-tier of women's football in Mexico.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The issue of multi-team ownership has been a highly debated one within the owners of the professional football clubs and the Femexfut. Of 36 clubs in the top two tiers, about a third of the teams are owned by three groups: Grupo Pachuca (Pachuca, León, Tlaxcala), Grupo Caliente (Tijuana, Dorados de Sinaloa, Querétaro) and Grupo Orlegi (Santos Laguna, Atlas). Of those groups that own more than one team, that ownership is usually split between the top two tiers of the league and act as a form of player development.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: In May 2013, the Liga MX club owners approved banning a person or company from owning more than one team. The issue came to fore when rumor was that Carlos Slim, whose telecommunications company América Móvil owns a 30% stake in Grupo Pachuca, sought to acquire Guadalajara; he would refute the speculation. The ban applied to future acquisitions, not the then current team ownership, and did not require the sale of teams in excess of the one team limitation.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The issue reemerged in November 2013 when TV Azteca, owner of Monarcas Morelia, paid out 124 shareholders of Club Atlas US$50 million to acquire the club, which for years had been struggling financially.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: In September 2012, former Federación President Justino Compeán confirmed plans to bid. On 4 March 2016, Federación President Decio De Maria announced continued interest after the new FIFA president Gianni Infantino was elected in the wake of the Garcia Report corruption scandal. In April 2017, the Federación, with Canada Soccer Association and the United States Soccer Federation, announced a joint bid to host the World Cup. It was awarded on 13 June 2018; 134 votes versus the Morocco bid by the Royal Moroccan Football Federation with 65 votes. Mexico will host 10 matches, Canada 3 matches, and the United States 60 matches in 10 cities including the final. The shortlist of match cities was selected in June 2022: Guadalajara, Mexico City, & Monterrey.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: Mexican Football fans are known for shouting out ""Puto!"", when the opposing team's goalkeeper is about to perform a goal kick, a custom that has repeatedly led to FIFA fining the Mexican Federation. In September 2019, the FMF launched a campaign to end the chant during matches, with Federation President Yon De Luisa and Liga MX President Enrique Bonilla announcing new league-wide protocols. The measures will allow officials to stop a match if the homophobic slur is chanted and play an announcement over the stadium loudspeakers as a warning to fans. In case of a second incident during a match, officials will have the option to order the teams back to their changing rooms for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. If the chant continues a third time, the local club will be sanctioned.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: The protocols were employed for the first time in the Liga MX on 26 October 2019 during the Apertura match between Atlas and visiting side Necaxa, in which the slur was heard up to six times. Referee Fernando Guerrero eventually ended the match before the completion of the six minutes of stoppage time. The protocols were used for the first time in the playoffs on 27 November, during the first-leg of the series between Club León and Monarcas Morelia.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: During the 2021 CONCACAF Nations League Finals, fans chanted out the homophobic chant during both the semifinal against Costa Rica and the final match against the United States. This has led CONCACAF to initiate their anti-discrimination protocol by stopping the match in order to warn fans of getting ejected for saying the chant.


title: Mexican Football Federation

text: FIFA later announced on 18 June 2021, that the Mexican Football Federation would be fined of up to $65,000 for the behaviour of fans at the 2020 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship and that two of the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification matches with Jamaica on 2 September and Canada on 7 October would be held behind closed doors. The FIFA Appeals Committee later cut the punishment in half, allowing fans to attend the Canada match.


title: Solly March

text: Solomon Benjamin March (born 20 July 1994) is an English professional footballer who predominantly plays as a left wing-back for club Brighton & Hove Albion. March can also operate further forward as a winger.


title: Solly March

text: March was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex. His father, Steve, had been an apprentice footballer at Brighton & Hove Albion in the late 1980s. March attended secondary school at Ringmer Community College and St Bede's School, Hailsham. Between 2008 and 2012 March played cricket for Hellingly C.C.


title: Solly March

text: March played at Crystal Palace between the ages of 11 and 13 and then switched from Eastbourne Borough to fellow East Sussex club Lewes as a youth player. Lewes were playing in the Isthmian League Premier Division, and the 17-year-old March made his first-team debut on 10 September 2011, coming on in the 86th minute as a substitute in the 4–1 home victory over Aveley, when he was offered a scholarship by Brighton & Hove Albion.


title: Solly March

text: March signed a three-year contract with Brighton in December 2011. At the time of his transfer it was reported by the Brighton Argus that March had also been offered a contract with Millwall and a trial with Newcastle United. Lewes manager Steve King suggested that March had been attracted to Brighton because of the style of football they were playing under manager Gus Poyet and because the move to another East Sussex club would allow him to remain close to his family.


title: Solly March

text: While progressing through Brighton's youth squad, March quickly made an impact for the side and scored a hat–trick, in a 3–1 win over Stevenage's youth squad on 18 February 2012. While still a member of Brighton's development squad, 2013 saw the beginning of March's senior career. During the last half of the 2012–13 season, March made the bench for three senior Championship games but did not make an appearance. March impressed in Brighton's youth squad, earning himself the team's Young Player of the Year Award 2013 and a contract extension until 2015.


title: Solly March

text: He then performed well in pre-season friendlies with the first team prior to the start of the 2013–14 season; highlighted with a 'superb' goal against Norwich City. March was a named substitute in five of the first six games in the 2013–14 season and was substituted on in the 85th and 91st minutes against Derby County and Burnley respectively, thus creating his debut in Brighton's first team. Around November, March's first team opportunities became limited, leading to rumours that he's expected to be loaned out. However, the move never happened and he stayed at the club. Despite this, March scored his first senior goal for the Albion in an FA Cup fourth round tie at Port Vale on 25 January 2014. The game also saw Rohan Ince and Jon Obika score their first goals for the club in a 3–1 win. For the rest of the season, March was given a handful of first team opportunities, resulting him making 28 appearances in all competitions. Because of this, March signed a new four-year deal with the "Seagulls" in April 2014.


title: Solly March

text: To begin the 2014–15 season, March worked on improving his match fitness. However, his progress stalled as he suffered a lower back problem that would rule him out for several months. After returning to training from injury, March made his first appearance of the season, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–1 loss against Fulham on 29 November 2014. In the club's second meeting against Fulham thirty days later, on 29 December 2014, he scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–0 win. This was followed up by setting up a goal for Rohan Ince, who scored the only goal of the game, in a win over Charlton Athletic. March went on to have a handful of first team appearances until February when he suffered a calf injury during a 3–2 loss against Nottingham Forest on 7 February 2015, in what turned out to be his last appearance of the season. Initially out for weeks, March was eventually for the rest of the season. Despite this, he went on to make 13 appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Solly March

text: In the 2015–16 season, March returned to the first team from injury and started the season well when he set up a goal for Kazenga LuaLua, in a 1–0 win over Nottingham Forest. Since returning from injury, March regained his first team place at the club, mostly in the right–midfield position. He then scored his first goal of the season, in a 2–1 win over Leeds United on 17 October 2015. He went on to score two goals later in the season against MK Dons and Birmingham City. His performance throughout November earned him a nomination for November's Player of the Month but lost out to Daryl Murphy. However, on 12 December 2015, March suffered a season ending knee injury during a 2–2 draw against Derby County. Despite this, March made 17 appearances and scored three times for Brighton in the 2015–16 season.


title: Solly March

text: At the beginning of the 2016–17 season, March remained sidelined out of the first team since returning from a knee injury. He returned to action from injury in a reserve match against Aston Villa's U23 side on 22 August 2016. After playing in the reserve side for the first few months since returning from injury, March signed a contract extension with Brighton, keeping him at the club until 2020. March made his return to the first team on 5 November 2016, coming on as a second–half substitute in a 2–0 win over Bristol City. March then scored his first goal of the season, in a 3–3 draw against Brentford on 5 February 2017. This was followed up by setting up two goals in a 4–1 win over Burton Albion. March went on to score two more goals throughout the season, against Rotherham United and Wigan Athletic, with the Wigan goal on 17 April 2017 being the decider in Brighton's promotion. Since returning to the first team from injury, March began to regained his first team in the midfield position and played a key role in the side gaining promotion to the Premier League. At the end of the 2016–17 season, March went on to make 24 appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.


title: Solly March

text: In the 2017–18 season, March made his Premier League debut, where he started and played for 75 minutes before being substituted, in a 2–0 loss against Manchester City. March scored his first Premier League goal for Brighton on 15 September 2017, the opening goal in a 2–1 away defeat to AFC Bournemouth.


title: Solly March

text: On 16 December 2018 March scored his 10th goal for the Albion in a 2–1 home defeat to Chelsea in which was his first Premier League goal at Falmer Stadium. On 17 March 2019, Jürgen Locadia scored in the FA Cup quarter final away against Millwall. His goal gave Brighton a lifeline putting them just a goal behind at The Den. A few minutes later March scored a last gasp free kick making it 2–2 and to take it to extra time. The game stayed level throughout extra time and Brighton went to win on penalties 5–4 (in which Locadia and March both scored in) to take them to Wembley.


title: Solly March

text: March played in Brighton's opening match of the 2019–20 season in which they thrashed Watford 3–0 away from home. On 20 June 2020, March came on as a substitute in Brighton's first match after the league suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic in which they recorded a 2–1 home victory over Arsenal.


title: Solly March

text: After 21 months without a goal, March found the net on 26 September 2020 at home to Manchester United, taking it to 2–2 in the 5th minute of stoppage time. However, Bruno Fernandes scored a penalty after the final whistle awarded by VAR with United winning 3–2. He scored his second goal of the season on 21 November – first time he's ever hit more than one goal in a Premier League season – hitting in a winner from outside the box in a 2–1 away win against Aston Villa. March played in Brighton's 1–0 away victory over defending champions Liverpool on 3 February 2021 claiming their first league win at Anfield since 1982, going off injured in the second half. It was revealed that March would have to undergo knee surgery due to the injury and missed the remainder of the season. Despite this, he was in new contract talks with "The Seagulls."


title: Solly March

text: March returned to action after injury in the pre-season of the 2021–22 campaign playing in all three friendlies, a draw at Rangers, a win away at Luton Town where he set up "Albion" summer signing Enock Mwepu's goal and a home loss against Getafe. He made his first Premier League appearance since February on 14 August, playing the whole match helping "Albion" come from behind to win 2–1 away at Burnley in the opening game of the season. On 23 August, it was announced that March had signed a new contract committing his future with the club until June 2024, with Graham Potter being "really pleased to see Solly commit his future here." He made his 200th league appearance for the "Albion," playing the whole match of the 1–0 home defeat against Wolves on 15 December. On 5 February 2022, in a FA Cup fourth round away fixture at Tottenham, March conceded an own goal, deflecting Emerson Royal's cross and catching Robert Sánchez off guard, with Tottenham's second in an eventual 3–1 loss. He played in the 4–0 home thrashing of Manchester United on 7 May, with Brighton's biggest ever top flight victory ending "Uniteds"' 2022–23 UEFA Champions League hopes. March assisted Joël Veltman's equaliser against West Ham in the last game of the season, in the eventual 3–1 home victory, helping Brighton achieve their highest ever top flight finish, finishing ninth.