title: Atmospheric methane

text: In addition to medicine, specific manure management techniques have been developed to counteract emissions from livestock manure. Educational resources have begun to be provided for small farms. Management techniques include daily pickup and storage of manure in a completely closed off storage facility that will prevent runoff from making it into bodies of water. The manure can then be kept in storage until it is either reused for fertilizer or taken away and stored in an offsite compost. Nutrient levels of various animal manures are provided for optimal use as compost for gardens and agriculture.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: In order to reduce effects on methane oxidation in soil, several steps can be taken. Controlling the usage of nitrogen enhancing fertilizer and reducing the amount of nitrogen pollution into the air can both lower inhibition of methane oxidation. Additionally, using drier growing conditions for crops such as rice and selecting strains of crops that produce more food per unit area can reduce the amount of land with ideal conditions for methanogenesis. Careful selection of areas of land conversion (for example, plowing down forests to create agricultural fields) can also reduce the destruction of major areas of methane oxidation.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: To counteract methane emissions from landfills, on March 12, 1996, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) added the "Landfill Rule" to the Clean Air Act. This rule requires large landfills that have ever accepted municipal solid waste, have been used as of November 8, 1987, can hold at least 2.5 million metric tons of waste with a volume greater than 2.5 million cubic meters, and/or have nonmethane organic compound (NMOC) emissions of at least 50 metric tons per year to collect and combust emitted landfill gas. This set of requirements excludes 96% of the landfills in the USA. While the direct result of this is landfills reducing emission of non-methane compounds that form smog, the indirect result is reduction of methane emissions as well.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: Furthermore, in an attempt to absorb the methane that is already being produced from landfills, experiments in which nutrients were added to the soil to allow methanotrophs to thrive have been conducted. These nutrient supplemented landfills have been shown to act as a small scale methane sink, allowing the abundance of methanotrophs to sponge the methane from the air to use as energy, effectively reducing the landfill's emissions.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: To reduce emissions from the natural gas industries, the EPA developed the Natural Gas STAR Program, also known as Gas STAR.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: Another program was also developed by the EPA to reduce emissions from coal mining. The Coalbed Methane Outreach Program (CMOP) helps and encourages the mining industry to find ways to use or sell methane that would otherwise be released from the coal mine into the atmosphere.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: A portable methane detector has been developed which, mounted in a vehicle, can detect excess levels of methane in the ambient atmosphere and differentiate between natural methane from rotting vegetation or manure and gas leaks. As of 2013 the technology was being deployed by Pacific Gas & Electric.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: The Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument aboard the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P spacecraft launched in October 2017 provides the most detailed methane emissions monitoring which is publicly available. It has a resolution of about 50 square kilometres.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: MethaneSat is under development by the Environmental Defense Fund in partnership with researchers at Harvard University, to monitor methane emissions with an improved resolution of 1 kilometer. MethaneSAT is designed to monitor 50 major oil and gas facilities, and could also be used for monitoring of landfills and agriculture. It receives funding from Audacious Project (a collaboration of TED and the Gates Foundation), and is projected to launch as soon as 2020.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: Methane is typically measured using gas chromatography. Gas chromatography is a type of chromatography used for separating or analyzing chemical compounds. It is less expensive in general, compared to more advanced methods, but it is more time and labor-intensive.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: Spectroscopic methods are the preferred method for atmospheric gas measurements due to its sensitivity and precision. Also, spectroscopic methods are the only way of remotely sensing the atmospheric gases. Infrared spectroscopy covers a large spectrum of techniques, one of which detects gases based on absorption spectroscopy. There are various methods for spectroscopic methods, including Differential optical absorption spectroscopy, Laser-induced fluorescence, and Fourier Transform Infrared.


title: Atmospheric methane

text: Cavity ring-down spectroscopy is most widely used IR absorption technique of detecting methane. It is a form of laser absorption spectroscopy which determines the mole fraction to the order of parts per trillion.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Ellis Genge (born 16 February 1995) is an English professional rugby union player who plays as a prop for Premiership Rugby club Bristol Bears. He made his international debut for in 2016. Genge played 26 times for Bristol in a first spell between 2013 and 2016, before joining Leicester Tigers where he played 111 times between 2016 and 2022. He was Leicester captain as they won the 2021-22 Premiership Rugby title. He is known for his aggressive ball carrying and gain line success.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Born in Bristol Genge grew up on the Knowle West council estate, and was educated at John Cabot Academy. He started playing rugby aged twelve at Old Redcliffians playing in the back row. At sixteen, Genge moved to Hartpury College and captained their rugby team to victory in the AASE league. Genge represented England at youth level from U17 up to U20. According to Genge, he was first introduced to the front row by former England youth coach Bobby Walsh originally to have as an additional option but this eventually resulted in a permanent career change.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge joined Bristol at the age of eighteen and was convinced to change position from back row to prop by the offer of a two-year contract if he made the positional change. He went on loan to Clifton to play loosehead prop in National 2 South during the 2014–2015 season starting thirteen games and coming on as a substitute in one other match.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge made his professional debut for Bristol on 8 December 2013 in the British and Irish Cup against Scottish side Gala, scoring a try in a 62–7 win. His first league game in the RFU Championship came against London Scottish on 26 September 2014. Genge represented England at under-17 level. He was a member of the England Under-20 squad that won the 2015 Six Nations Under 20s Championship. Later that year he started for the side that lost to New Zealand in the final of the 2015 World Rugby Under 20 Championship to finish runners up.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge gained the attention of Richard Cockerill, moving to Leicester Tigers on loan in February 2016. The move was, in part, due to off-field issues, including being arrested after an away game against Ulster in 2015. He made his Leicester debut as substitute against Wasps on 12 March 2016, replacing Marcos Ayerza, and his first start came on 7 May 2016 against Bath at the Rec. The move to Leicester was made permanent on 26 May 2016. In May 2016 Genge received his first call-up to the senior England squad by coach Eddie Jones after only one start for Leicester. On 29 May 2016 he made his international debut as a second-half substitute during a 27–13 win against at Twickenham. Genge was included on the 2016 England rugby union tour of Australia but was not used in any of the matches.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge became a regular for Leicester in the 2016–17 season playing a club-leading 31 matches in the season. It was during this campaign he started for the side that defeated Exeter Chiefs in the final of the 2016–17 Anglo-Welsh Cup. The season ended with him named the club's young player of the year and winning the Premiership Discovery of the Season Award. At the end of the season with Joe Marler and Mako Vunipola selected for the 2017 British & Irish Lions tour to New Zealand, Genge made his first start for England on their tour of Argentina.


title: Ellis Genge

text: On 2 December 2017 Genge suffered a shoulder injury in a league match against Wasps. After four months injured he returned to the starting line up on 7 April 2018 against Bath in a match at Twickenham.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge scored his first international try in a warm-up game for the 2019 Rugby World Cup against Italy at St James' Park. He was selected for his first world cup and made two substitute appearances at the tournament both during the pool stage against and USA. He did not participate in the knockout phase as England finished runners up to .


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge scored the winning try against Scotland during the 2020 Six Nations Championship. After the delay caused by the COVID Pandemic lockdown he came off the bench in the final round of the competition as England beat Italy to win the tournament. Genge started for England as they defeated France in extra time to win the Autumn Nations Cup. For Leicester, Genge scored a try against Ulster in the semi-final of the 2021 EPCR Challenge Cup as Leicester came back from an 11-point half-time deficit to win. He then started in the final as they finished runners up to Montpellier by a single point. In July 2021 Genge scored a try against Canada.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge captained Leicester for the first time in September 2020, a 54–7 defeat away to Wasps, and was appointed as the club's permanent captain, replacing Tom Youngs, before the 2021-22 Premiership Rugby season. Genge lead Leicester to their first league title for nine seasons as they beat Saracens 15–12 in the 2022 Premiership Final.


title: Ellis Genge

text: On 15 December 2021 it was confirmed that Genge would leave Leicester in the summer of 2022 to re-join Bristol. The signing was announced with a video that caused controversy. Genge revealed that closeness to family and the ability to see them regularly played a key part in his decision, with covid lockdowns having caused him to re-assess his priorities.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge was included in the squad for the 2022 tour of Australia and scored a try in the first test match, which England lost 30–28. He was prominent during the second test victory in Brisbane and then started again in the decisive final match as England defeated Australia at Sydney Cricket Ground to win the series.


title: Ellis Genge

text: Genge's scrummaging has benefited from the tutelage of veteran internationals Marcos Ayerza and Dan Cole. He is known for his very powerful ball-carrying skills, aggression and work-rate.


title: Apollo 5

text: Apollo 5 (launched January 22, 1968), also known as AS-204, was the uncrewed first flight of the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) that would later carry astronauts to the surface of the Moon. The Saturn IB rocket bearing the LM lifted off from Cape Kennedy on January 22, 1968. The mission was successful, though due to programming problems an alternate mission to that originally planned was executed.


title: Apollo 5

text: Like Apollo 4, this flight was long delayed, due in part to setbacks in development of the LM, manufactured by Grumman Aircraft. The original Saturn IB rocket that was to take the first LM (LM-1) to space was taken down during the delays and replaced with the one that would have launched Apollo 1 if the spacecraft fire that killed three astronauts had not taken place. LM-1 arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in June 1967; the following months were occupied in testing and placing the LM atop the Saturn IB. After final delays due to equipment trouble, the countdown began on January 21, 1968, and the space vehicle was launched the following day.


title: Apollo 5

text: Once the craft reached orbit and the LM separated from the S-IVB booster, the program of orbital testing began, but a planned burn was aborted automatically when the Apollo Guidance Computer detected the craft was not going as fast as planned. Flight Director Gene Kranz and his team at Mission Control in Houston quickly decided on an alternate mission, during which the mission's goals of testing LM-1 were accomplished. The mission was successful enough that a contemplated second uncrewed mission to test the LM was cancelled, advancing NASA's plans to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the 1960s.


title: Apollo 5

text: In 1961, United States President John F. Kennedy challenged his nation to land an astronaut on the Moon by the end of the decade, with a safe return to Earth. After considerable debate, NASA (the US government's spaceflight agency) decided in late 1962 that lunar missions would use a lunar orbit rendezvous in which the complete Apollo spacecraft would be propelled towards lunar orbit by the Saturn V launch vehicle's third stage (called the S-IVB). Once in lunar orbit, those astronauts who would land on the Moon would enter what was then called the lunar excursion module (LEM) (later called the lunar module (LM)). This craft would separate from the Apollo's command and service module (CSM) and land on the Moon. When the astronauts were ready to return, they would enter the LM, take off, and re-dock with the CSM. Once the crew reentered the CSM, they would discard the lunar module and return to Earth in the CSM. In 1962, NASA invited eleven companies to bid for the contract to construct the LM. On November 7, 1962, NASA announced that it had awarded the contract to Grumman in Bethpage, New York.


title: Apollo 5

text: As with Apollo 4, there were significant delays for Apollo 5. The primary cause of the Apollo 5 delays was the LM, which was behind schedule. Apollo Program Manager Major General Samuel C. Phillips had originally hoped that the uncrewed test flight of LM-1, the first lunar module, would launch in April 1967. Anticipating six months for checkout and testing of the vehicle, NASA asked Grumman to have LM-1 delivered to Kennedy Space Center in Florida by September 1966, but due to difficulties in manufacturing LM-1, delivery was repeatedly delayed. The delivery date was still uncertain when AS-206, the Saturn IB launch vehicle planned to boost LM-1 to orbit, was erected at Launch Complex 37 in January 1967. After the fire that month that killed the Apollo 1 crew, the launch vehicle planned for Apollo 1, AS-204, was moved from Launch Complex 34 to Launch Complex 37 and replaced AS-206. This was done because AS-204 was the last Saturn IB with full research and development instrumentation, and, with crewed flight on hold, NASA wanted to use that booster for the first flight of the LM.


title: Apollo 5

text: With no LM yet available, Grumman built a plywood mockup of one at Launch Complex 37 to aid in facilities verification. On May 12, 1967, Apollo Program Spacecraft Manager George M. Low informed NASA headquarters that Grumman was committed to a June 28 delivery of LM-1, though Low noted that the goal would be hard to meet. On June 23, LM-1 arrived at Cape Kennedy on board Aero Spacelines' Super Guppy; the stages were mated to each other four days later. A 400-person team under John J. Williams, a veteran of launch operations for both Mercury and Gemini, checked to see that LM-1 met specifications, after which they supervised Grumman technicians, who tested and modified the vehicle. Due to leaks in the LM's ascent stage, the two stages were demated in August, and after these were fixed and the stages remated, another leak developed and the stages were demated again in September. During this time, several pieces of equipment were removed for repair by Grumman; the stages were remated again in October.


title: Apollo 5

text: As of September 6, 1967, Apollo 5 was running about 39 days behind the plan established on July 18, but all known issues were being dealt with, with the exception of some leaks from the propulsion system. Most mission documents were ready by late 1967; Mission Director William C. Schneider issued mission rules on November 18, 1967. The following day, LM-1 was mated to its launch vehicle, and the space vehicle readiness test was completed in December. In early January 1968, the office of NASA Administrator James E. Webb announced that Apollo 5 would be launched no earlier than January 18, 1968. Minor faults such as clogged filters led to some additional delays. The countdown demonstration test concluded on January 19 and an abbreviated 22-hour countdown began on January 21.


title: Apollo 5

text: Apollo 5 was intended to verify the operation of the subsystems of the LM. During the flight, the ascent and descent engines would be fired. A "fire in the hole" test would be conducted to verify that the ascent stage could still fire while attached to the descent stage, a procedure that would be used on the lunar surface and in the event of an aborted lunar landing. It involved shutting down the descent stage, switching control and power to the ascent stage, and starting the ascent engine while the two stages were still mated. The term "fire in the hole" derived from a term used in mining when explosives are about to be used. Additional testing was to check that the LM engines could be restarted after initial use. In addition to testing LM systems, Apollo 5 was to test the Instrument Unit in its Saturn V configuration.


title: Apollo 5

text: It was expected that the ascent stage of LM-1 would remain in orbit for about two years before re-entering the atmosphere and disintegrating, and the descent stage for about three weeks.


title: Apollo 5

text: Apollo 5 was launched into orbit by the Saturn IB, designated SA-204R, which had been assigned to Apollo 1. Originally brought to Cape Kennedy in August 1966, it had survived the fire unscathed, having been inspected after the fire for corrosion or other damage. Ignition weight for the launch vehicle, including the spacecraft and propellant, was .


title: Apollo 5

text: The space vehicle for this mission was tall, but had a stubby appearance since it had neither a CSM nor a launch escape system. Instead, the LM was housed within the spacecraft-lunar module adapter (SLA) at the top of the vehicle stack. The SLA, numbered as SLA-7, was just below the nose cap in the stack, and had four panels that would open once the nose cap was jettisoned in orbit, allowing the LM room to separate and move away.


title: Apollo 5

text: The LM, designated as LM-1, was the first flight-ready Apollo lunar module. To save weight, and because they would not be necessary during the test mission, LM-1 had no landing legs.


title: Apollo 5

text: After one of the windows of LM-5 (which would fly on Apollo 11) broke during testing in December 1967, NASA officials decided to replace the windows of LM-1 with aluminum plates out of concern a window might fail in flight. Since there would be no astronauts aboard, LM-1 had a mission programmer installed, which could control the craft remotely. Not all LM-1 systems were fully activated nor was it given a full load of consumables: for example, its primary batteries were partially discharged to avoid over-voltage complications, and the oxygen tanks for the environmental control systems were only partially full.


title: Apollo 5

text: On January 22, 1968, Apollo 5 lifted off from Launch Complex 37B at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station at 17:48:08 Eastern Standard Time (22:48:08 UTC). The Saturn IB worked perfectly, inserting the second stage and LM into an orbit. The nose cone was jettisoned, and after a coast of 43 minutes 52 seconds, the LM separated from its adapter, in a orbit.


title: Apollo 5

text: After two orbits, the first planned 39-second descent-engine burn was started, but this was aborted after only four seconds by the Apollo Guidance Computer, which detected that the spacecraft was not going as fast as expected. This happened because one of the engine's valves was suspected of being leaky and was not armed until it was time to ignite the engine, in orbit, which meant that the propellant took longer to reach the engine, leading to the lag. Programmers could have adjusted the software to account for this, but were not told. In addition, the tanks were only half full, and this contributed to the slowness of the ship. Had this occurred on a crewed mission, the astronauts would have been able to analyze the situation and decide whether the engine should be restarted.


title: Apollo 5

text: Gene Kranz was the flight director for Apollo 5. Mission Control, under Kranz's command, decided on a plan to conduct the engine and "fire-in-the-hole" tests under manual control. There were communication problems with the spacecraft, and omitting these tests would have meant the mission was a failure. Despite this, Kranz's team accomplished every burn. The ascent stage spun out of control eight hours into the mission, after completion of the engine burns, due to a problem with the guidance system.


title: Apollo 5

text: The stages were left in a low enough orbit that atmospheric drag would soon cause their orbits to decay and re-enter the atmosphere. The ascent stage re-entered on January 24 and burned up; the descent stage re-entered on February 12, falling into the Pacific several hundred miles southwest of Guam. Simulations showed that the S-IVB stage of the launch vehicle (1968-007B) re-entered about 15.5 hours into the flight.


title: Apollo 5

text: Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager George M. Low said that Apollo 5's success "was due to the fact that we had a good piece of hardware; it was due to the fact that we had outstanding flight control teams under Gene Kranz' able leadership." Despite the trouble during the descent-engine burn, NASA deemed the mission a success in demonstrating the LM systems, and a second uncrewed flight test using LM-2 was cancelled. The first crewed LM flight took place on Apollo 9 in March 1969.


title: French passport

text: A French passport () is an identity document issued to French citizens. Besides enabling the bearer to travel internationally and serving as indication of French citizenship (but not proof; the possession of a French passport only establishes the presumption of French citizenship according to French law), the passport facilitates the process of securing assistance from French consular officials abroad or other European Union member states in case a French consular is absent, if needed.


title: French passport

text: Every French citizen is also a citizen of the European Union. The passport, along with the national identity card allows for rights of free movement and residence in any of the states of the European Union, European Economic Area and Switzerland.


title: French passport

text: Passports are valid for 10 years for applicants aged 18 or over and 5 years for applicants under the age of 18. Optical passports (older) have no sign under the word "Passeport" on the front page. Electronic passport contains an embedded chip and has the chip logo under the word "Passeport". Biometric passeports are the most recent ones and are decorated as the electronic passports but the word "Passeport" is underlined.


title: French passport

text: Unlike those from most other EU countries which are burgundy, ordinary passports have a Bordeaux-red front cover, with the diplomatic emblem of France emblazoned in the centre of the front cover. The word "PASSEPORT" (Passport) is inscribed below the emblem and "Union européenne" (European Union), "République française" (French Republic) above. The "e-passport" cover has a microchip symbol at the bottom. On the biometric variant of e-passports, the word "PASSEPORT" is underlined. French passports use the standard EU design, with the standard passport containing 32 pages.


title: French passport

text: The data page is printed in French and English with translation of the fields on the bearer's page in the other languages of the European Union elsewhere in the document.


title: French passport

text: Visa requirements for French citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of France. As of 21 September 2022, French citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 187 countries and territories, ranking the French passport 6th in the world in terms of travel freedom (tied with the passports of Ireland, Portugal, and the United Kingdom) according to the Henley Passport Index.


title: French passport

text: French citizens can live and work in any country within the EU as a result of the right of free movement and residence granted in Article 21 of the EU Treaty.


title: Zona (streaming video software)

text: Zona is a BitTorrent client for watching streaming video content. Described as a "Popcorn Time beater", the application provides a free alternative to subscription-based video streaming services (such as Netflix). In addition to on-demand movies and television series, Zona offers streaming music, live television channels, news, live sports, and games. Zona has been criticized for being closed-source as well as having an installer that has been implicated as malware.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Charlene Robinson (also Mitchell) is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera "Neighbours" played by Kylie Minogue. Charlene was introduced to the show along with several new characters, as part of a revamp by Network Ten to increase ratings. Minogue auditioned for the role in 1985, shortly after finishing her high school exams. She attended the audition dressed as the character and casting director Jan Russ cast her in the role. Minogue was initially contracted for a week, but this was later extended through to mid-1988. She made her first screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 17 April 1986.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Charlene was portrayed as a feisty, quick-tempered and outspoken tomboy. She had a difficult relationship with her mother and did not like being patronised. Minogue thought viewers liked the character as she was an average Australian teenager. Reinforcing her tomboyish image, Charlene trained as a mechanic and she often wore khaki overalls and baggy sweatshirts. Her relationship with Scott Robinson (Jason Donovan) was central to many of her storylines. They became a popular couple with viewers and the relationship helped boost ratings for "Neighbours". Despite breaking up several times during their first 12 months together, the couple stayed together and their relationship eventually culminated in a wedding during "Episode 523", which was first broadcast on 1 July 1987.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: During her time as Charlene, Minogue also started singing and released two successful pop singles during 1987 followed by her debut album the following year. In mid-1988, Minogue decided to leave "Neighbours" to concentrate on her music career. She filmed her final scenes in June 1988 and Charlene made her final screen appearance on 26 July. Minogue won four Logie Awards for her portrayal of Charlene, including the Gold Logie, becoming the youngest person to do so. Critical reaction to the character has been positive. "Soap Opera" author Dorothy Hobson said Charlene broke stereotypes when it came to careers for women in the 1980s. In 2022, Minogue agreed to return to the role, alongside Donovan, as part of "Neighbours"' .


title: Charlene Robinson

text: After the Seven Network dropped "Neighbours" in 1985, rival channel Network Ten picked the series up. It initially attracted low ratings and Ten began working hard to publicise the series. They revamped the show and added several new cast members. Kylie Minogue had had a fairly successful career as a child actress, having appeared in various television dramas, including "Skyways" and "The Henderson Kids", but she was considering giving up acting after failing to find further work. After finishing her school exams in 1985, Minogue then auditioned for the role of Charlene. She attended the audition dressed as the character and won the role. Of hiring Minogue, "Neighbours" casting director Jan Russ commented Minogue "had done a couple of things before I saw her, but she was only 18 and as shy as a mouse. She really hadn't evolved into anything at that stage, but the camera loved her and I knew I had my Charlene." Minogue initially signed up to play Charlene for one week, this was then extended to 13 weeks and then through to mid-1988. She made her debut screen appearance in the episode broadcast on 17 April 1986.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In her fictional backstory, Charlene was born in Coffs Harbour on 21 October 1969. She is the youngest child of Fred (Nick Waters) and Madge Mitchell (Anne Charleston), and sister of Henry (Craig McLachlan). When she was a teenager, Charlene drank alcohol, fell pregnant with her first boyfriend and had an abortion. In their 1989 book "The Neighbours Factfile"', Neil Wallis and Dave Hogan described Charlene's life as "one long series of scrapes and scraps". After her parents divorced, Charlene remained living with her father, but when he felt he was incapable of looking after her, Charlene followed her mother to Erinsborough. Hilary Kingsley, author of "Soap Box", observed that Charlene left behind her "life as Lolita" upon moving to the suburb.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Charlene was a self-described tomboy, who preferred to be known by her nickname "Lenny". She was known for her quick temper and her "heart of gold". She always stuck up for those who were considered the underdog. In her book "Neighbours: The First 10 Years", Josephine Monroe wrote that Charlene did not like to be patronised and had a sharp tongue. Monroe observed that Charlene's feisty side helped endear her to viewers. In keeping with her tomboyish nature, Charlene trained as a mechanic after leaving school and got an apprenticeship with Rob Lewis (Ernie Bourne). The character's style often consisted of khaki overalls, baggy sweatshirts and her hair set in a perm.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Minogue thought people liked Charlene because she was portrayed as an average Australian teenager, experiencing a difficult relationship with her mother. She continued, "She is a bit of a rebel and they probably relate to that, and while she has her problems she will always come out on top." Minogue shared some similarities with her character, but thought Charlene was far more outspoken and tomboyish than she was. Minogue liked that Charlene often said what she thought, but joked that if she were in trouble and tried to punch someone as Charlene did, she would probably get "flattened". Minogue also said Charlene was sensitive, but she was unlikely to show it and would "rather die than be caught crying."


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Charlene's first scenes were with Scott Robinson (played by Jason Donovan). He thought she was trying to break into the Ramsay house and confronted her, which resulted in Charlene punching him. Minogue ended up punching Donovan for real during the take. Producers soon created a story arc for the characters that saw them enter into a romantic relationship. Scott and Charlene's relationship helped boost ratings for "Neighbours" and the show's publicist, Brian Walsh, capitalised on Minogue and Donovan's increasing popularity with viewers and rumoured off-screen romance. Of Scott and Charlene, Minogue commented "People like Scott and Charlene being a couple. It's probably the most normal relationship in the show." Kelly Bourne from "TV Week" observed that Scott and Charlene struck a chord with fans, who could identify with them.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Scott and Charlene had problems during their first 12 months together and they broke up several times. One such break-up occurred after Charlene's mother thought she should date other boys, while Scott had to repeat his final year of school without her. Scott was initially unsure how to win Charlene back, but after speaking with his grandmother, Helen (Anne Haddy), who mentioned that her husband gave her a friendship ring, Scott went out and bought one for Charlene. While they were enjoying a barbecue at Charlene's caravan by Lassiter's lake, the couple argued about Charlene spending time with Warren Murphy (Ben Mendelsohn) and Scott decided to leave. When Charlene started to go after Scott, she found herself trapped by a fire that had been accidentally started by Greg Davis (Alex Papps). Greg had been storing petrol under the caravan and spilled it as he was removing the cans, causing the petrol to head towards the still burning barbecue. Scott rescued "a terrified" Charlene from the flames, but an explosion threw them both to the ground and Charlene was knocked unconscious.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Donovan commented that Scott loved Charlene, so when he saw she was in danger, he forgot to think about himself and he just went in to rescue her. Donovan added that Scott was "devastated" when he saw Charlene had been injured. At the hospital, Scott gave Charlene the friendship ring and declared that they would live together. Minogue told Bourne that Charlene was flattered by the gift, while Donovan stated that it proved that they loved each other and were not going to break up again. Minogue agreed with Donovan, saying "There is that underlying love whether they are together or not." After learning about the couple's plans to move in together, their friends and neighbours expressed their shock at how serious the couple had become. When Charlene showed the ring to Daphne Clarke (Elaine Smith) and told her how she and Scott wanted to live together, Daphne was taken back. Scott's friend Mike Young (Guy Pearce) also voiced his opposition, but Scott was determined that no one would stop them from moving in together. Bourne noted that Daphne's shock at the couple's plans was "the start of a major controversy, splitting apart the inhabitants of Ramsay Street."


title: Charlene Robinson

text: When older "Neighbours" viewers expressed their concern about a young unwed couple moving in together, producers decided to have them marry instead. On-screen, neither family approved of Scott and Charlene's plan to move in together, but when Scott learned his father was only 18 when he got married, Scott found the solution to their problem and asked Charlene to marry him. Minogue said Charlene was shocked at first, but she became "very excited" about the idea of getting married. She continued, "She knows they want to live together and they have had so much trouble getting their parents' approval that I suppose getting married seems the logical thing to do. They will be together anyway, so they may as well finalise it." After getting over her initial shock, Madge gave the couple her blessing to get married. Minogue and Donovan both agreed that they would not get married so young, and Donovan thought that younger couples should live together first. He also believed that Scott was rushing into things. Scott and Charlene were married during "Episode 523", which was first broadcast on 1 July 1987 to two million Australian viewers. The episode became "a TV phenomenon" and Minogue said it was what Scott and Charlene's romance had been building up to.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: After returning from their honeymoon, Scott and Charlene moved in with Madge and Henry, and they struggled financially. Just three months after their wedding, producers decided to throw temptation at the couple to keep their relationship interesting. Andrew Mercado, author of "Super Aussie Soaps", quipped that "a happy soap couple is considered the kiss of death". Scott was the first to cheat when he kissed Jane Harris (Annie Jones), while she helped him study for his HSC. After Jane confessed to Charlene, she threw Scott out and refused to talk to him. In a bid to reunite the couple, Jane told Charlene that she would steal Scott away from her unless she did something about it. The couple soon reunited. The following year, Charlene had a brief affair with her driving instructor Steve Fisher (Michael Pope).


title: Charlene Robinson

text: One evening in July 1986, Charlene came home with a newborn baby and shocked her mother by claiming that he was her son. Charlene told Madge a story, so convincing that Madge believed she had become a grandmother. However, Charlene soon revealed that the baby was actually her half-brother Sam Cole (Thomas Hamston; Scott Wealands). She explained to Madge that she had been helping to care for him, after his mother Susan (Gloria Ajenstat), turned to Charlene for help. Susan had had an affair with Charlene's father Fred, until he threw her out. Charlene knew Madge would not be happy looking after another woman's child, so she claimed he was her son. "Soap Box" author Hilary Kinglesy noted the situation helped expose Charlene's "soft heart" and her sensitive side.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In the same year, Charlene acted as a backing singer for Scott and Mike Young's band. Scott and Mike entered a demo tape into a song competition, and the judges, Molly Meldrum and Brian Hanson (Jon Finlayson), sought out Charlene as they were impressed with her vocal ability. Molly and Brian invited Charlene to their music studio to record some tracks, but she soon realises that she is not interested in singing and wants to complete her HSC instead. Scott also apologised to Charlene for being jealous of her talent.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Minogue ventured into music during her time on the show and her cover of "The Loco-Motion" spent several weeks at the top of the Australian music chart. In late 1987, Minogue flew to England to record "I Should Be So Lucky", before returning home to continue with "Neighbours". The press speculated that she would soon have to decide between acting and singing. Shortly after, Minogue chose to concentrate on her burgeoning music career and decided to leave "Neighbours" after two and a half years. She filmed her final scenes in June 1988. Charlene's exit storyline saw her move to Brisbane, after her grandfather, Dan Ramsay (Syd Conabere), bought her and Scott a house there. Scott was initially unable to go with his wife, so she said goodbye to him, on the understanding that he would join her as soon as he could get a job transfer. All of the cast gathered in the street, while Charlene said goodbye to her brother, mother and friends. She then got into her green Mini and drove out of Ramsay Street.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In November 2004, Minogue was invited to film a cameo appearance for the show's 20th anniversary the following year. A report then emerged that Minogue was willing to film an appearance as Charlene while she was on tour in the UK, but the producers had refused the offer. However, in a statement from production company Grundy Television, the producers said that they "made every effort to accommodate Minogue", including filming the cameo anywhere in the world, but that their offer was turned down. In May 2010, Minogue pondered a return to "Neighbours" during an interview published in "The Sun". Minogue commented on how fun it would be to appear as Charlene again, after years of saying no, and added "I've decided how it would work. Charlene would screech up the drive in her souped-up Mini which she's been working on all the time".


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In 2014, Scott and Charlene's son, Daniel Robinson (Tim Phillipps), was introduced to "Neighbours". While Phillipps has yet to have any contact with Minogue, Daniel has been seen making several phone calls to Charlene on-screen. Phillipps also said Scott and Charlene were still together and had become "really loving, supportive parents" to Daniel and his sister, Madison (Sarah Ellen), who was introduced in 2016. In August 2014, a Network Ten spokeswoman told the Australian Associated Press that Minogue had been invited to return to "Neighbours" for the show's 30th anniversary celebrations in 2015, but she chose not to return. However, Minogue agreed to take part in the documentary special "", which aired in Australia and the UK in March 2015.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Following the cancellation of "Neighbours" in March 2022, Fiona Byrne of the "Herald Sun" reported on 1 May that both Minogue and Donovan were set to reprise their roles. Byrne believed Minogue and Donovan had filmed a guest appearance on Pin Oak Court, the outdoor location for Ramsay Street, during the previous week. Later on the same day, the return of Minogue and Donovan was confirmed on "Neighbours"' social media accounts. Executive producer Jason Herbison stated: "Scott and Charlene are the ultimate "Neighbours" couple and it would not feel right to end the show without them. We are thrilled that Jason and Kylie have come home to play a very special part in our series finale. It has been an emotional experience for them, for us and I'm sure it will be for our viewers." Minogue later told Jenny Paul of "Glamour" that her return was a thank you to the fans who watched and remembered the early days of "Neighbours". Minogue also said the experience led her to think about her past on the serial. She said: "I was just out of school and had just auditioned for "Neighbours". I got the job and I was happy to have a job as I'd actually signed up to the dole just a couple of weeks before, but because I got the job I never got dole check! I needed to make a living, I needed to do something. It was meant to be a stint on the show of between one and twelve weeks, I think, so if it didn't work I would have been out after a week or two. Two and a half years later I was still there and the mania had ensued." During an appearance on "Late Night with Seth Meyers", Minogue admitted that she felt "quite a bit of pressure" to return.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: For her portrayal of Charlene, Minogue won the Logie Award for Most Popular Actress at the 1987 ceremony. She was also nominated for Most Popular New Talent, but lost to her co-star Donovan. The following year, Minogue became the youngest person, at nineteen, to be awarded the Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television. She also won the Most Popular Personality on Victorian Television and Most Popular Actress Logie awards. At the Logie Awards of 1989, Minogue earned another nomination for Most Popular Actress and the Gold Logie Award for Most Popular Personality on Australian Television.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Reception for the character has been positive. The BBC's official "Neighbours" website stated that Charlene's most memorable moments were "her wedding to Scott and punching Scott in the face during their first meeting." "The Independent" said Minogue's "elfin prettiness" won Charlene a huge following in Australia and Britain. During a "TV Week" feature on Minogue, a columnist said she "brought to life one of the most loved and memorable characters of Australian TV." Colleen Last from MSN TV branded Charlene "iconic" and "beloved". During a column on the "Top five ex-"Neighbours" stars", "The Daily Telegraph's" Robin Wilks placed Minogue at number one, commenting that "Kylie was once best-known as the sharp-tongued, permanently overalled tomboy Charlene". "The Age's" Jo Roberts said that the "slightly goofy" Charlene was a "tousle-headed teenager with an oil rag and hoop earrings".


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In Tony Johnston's 2005 book, "Neighbours: 20 Years of Ramsay Street", Charlene placed sixth in the twenty classic characters chapter. Johnston said Charlene and her mother represented "the old and the new", that her career choice was unusual and her "razor-sharp tongue" put the fear into all the men who lusted after her. Johnston added that the younger female viewers admired Charlene, while the boys loved her feisty nature. In her book "Soap Opera", Dorothy Hobson believed Charlene broke stereotypes, especially when it came to careers for women in the 1980s. She wrote, "The sight of one of the most attractive female characters, dressed in overalls, with her cascading blonde curls tied up on top of her head, was one of the most positive images for breaking the stereotypes of what jobs are suitable for girls." Hobson also praised Charlene's on-screen relationship with Scott branding the positive images for young people as "immense". The BBC News noted that Charlene became one of "Neighbours"' most popular characters.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Hilary Kingsley, author of "Soap Box", dubbed Charlene "soap's teen queen" and the "darling of the show". Kingsley also said the character was an inspiration to girls all over the country with mother problems, calling Charlene and Madge "a marvellous double act". Sky included Charlene in their feature on the twenty-five most memorable "Neighbours" characters. They stated, Charlene was only in the show for two years, but she remains one of the iconic characters because (a) she's Kylie Blooming Minogue, and (b) she married Jason 'Scott Robinson' Donovan. Charlene's name has become the by-word for girl-next-door characters in Soapland, thanks to her tireless efforts to promote the cause of denim dungarees while working as a mechanic, and as a crucial member of the most successful set of teens that Ramsay Street has seen.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: In October 2006, Minogue and Donovan, as Charlene and Scott, were included on a postage stamp issued by the Australia Post to celebrate 50 years of television. The Holy Trinity Church experienced an increase in interest after Scott and Charlene's wedding aired. Backpackers visit the nave where the couple were wed, while some viewers have held their own weddings there. Charlene's wedding dress was donated to the Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery by Grundy Television in 1989. It has since gone on display in the Powerhouse Museum and travelled to the UK. In 2013, "The Daily Telegraph" included Scott and Charlene in their list of the "20 best TV couples". They called them "a supercouple" and "a bit of a Romeo and Juliet" pairing.


title: Charlene Robinson

text: Upon the news of the serial's cancellation, Sheena McGinley of the "Irish Independent" ranked Charlene as the fifth best character in "Neighbours" history. McGinley explained her choice by saying, "I know we were not going to mention the very famous sorts who managed to utilise Neighbours as a springboard to global fame, but this is the OG. Speaking as someone who’s had the pleasure of meeting Kylie Minogue while working at the front desk in a recording studio, I can personally attest to that part of Charlene that will always be a key element of Kylie — her magnificent, tightly curled locks."


title: Tim Colceri

text: Tim Colceri (born June 15, 1951) is an American actor and comedian. He is most known for his role in the 1987 Stanley Kubrick film "Full Metal Jacket", where he played the door gunner who uttered the much-quoted lines "Get some!" (adopted as the byline for the 2008 movie "Tropic Thunder") and "" He was originally cast to play Gunnery Sergeant Hartman but was removed from the role in favor of R. Lee Ermey.


title: Tim Colceri

text: Colceri was born on June 15, 1951, in Canton, Ohio. When he was two years old, his parents moved to Phoenix, Arizona where he grew up. At age 18, Tim enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and spent 13 months in Da Nang, Vietnam. He was discharged on his twentieth birthday, and immediately enrolled at Arizona State University, majoring in physical education with his goal of being a wrestling coach.


title: Tim Colceri

text: Colceri became a professional golf player after graduating from college. Three years later, he cut a tendon in his little finger and was forced to find a new profession. He worked at the Victoria Station Restaurant near the Miami airport for three years, then got a job with Braniff Airlines as a flight attendant.


title: Baby M

text: Baby M (born March 27, 1986) was the pseudonym used in the case "In re Baby M", 537 A.2d 1227, 109 N.J. 396 (N.J. 1988) for the infant whose legal parentage was in question.


title: Baby M

text: "In re Baby M" was a custody case that became the first American court ruling on the validity of surrogacy. William Stern entered into a surrogacy agreement with Mary Beth Whitehead, arranged by the Infertility Center of New York ("ICNY"), opened in 1981 by a Michigan attorney, Noel Keane. According to the agreement, Mary Beth Whitehead would be inseminated with William Stern's sperm (making her a traditional, as opposed to gestational, surrogate), bring the pregnancy to term, and relinquish her parental rights in favor of William's wife, Elizabeth. Mary Beth initially relinquished the child to the Sterns per the contract, but returned the next day, threatening to kill herself if she couldn't see the infant. The Sterns, not wanting to risk Mary Beth's life, agreed to let her see the baby for an additional day or two. Instead of returning to the Sterns, Mary Beth and her husband Richard kidnapped Baby M for 87 days. The Sterns turned to the courts, who issued an "ex parte" order for the child to be returned to New Jersey, where the matter would be discussed in court, and temporary custody was awarded to the Sterns.


title: Baby M

text: Judge Harvey Sorkow of the New Jersey Superior Court, Chancery Division, Family Part, awarded permanent custody of Baby M to the father. Judge Sorkow enforced the contract signed by both parties before the child was conceived and terminated the parental rights of the birth mother. He based the custody decision on the best interests of the child, taking into account testimony on the stability of Whitehead and Stern and their respective family situations, and also found that the surrogate parenting agreement was valid and enforceable.


title: Baby M

text: Whitehead appealed the decision to the New Jersey Supreme Court. It upheld the awarding of custody to Mr. Stern as in the child's best interest, but held the contract to be unenforceable and restored Whitehead's parental rights, leaving the terms of her visitation rights as noncustodial parent to be established by the trial court.


title: Baby M

text: In March 1984, Mary Beth Whitehead responded to an ad placed by the Infertility Center of New York in the "Asbury Park Press" seeking women willing to help infertile couples have children. She was a high school drop-out who had married Richard Whitehead, a truck driver with whom she had two children, Ryan and Tuesday. At roughly the time of her pregnancy with Baby M, Richard was in an accident. He failed to notice that a trailer carrying a full-sized bulldozer had detached from the large dump truck he was driving, as he passed through South Jersey's largest traffic circle.


title: Baby M

text: Elizabeth Stern was not infertile, but had multiple sclerosis and she and her husband William Stern were worried about the potential health implications of pregnancy, including temporary paralysis. While in vitro fertilization of harvested eggs, followed by implantation of a blastula/embryo was an available technology, Elizabeth Stern feared the then-totally-unknown genetic risk factors, the choice repeatedly subject of the Court's questions to Stern and his counsel. In court, Bill Stern testified that having a child who was related to him by blood was of particular importance because he is the last survivor of a family wiped out by the Holocaust in Nazi Germany.


title: Baby M

text: The Sterns and Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a "surrogacy contract," according to which Whitehead would be artificially inseminated with Stern's sperm, and relinquish her parental rights in favor of the Sterns, in return for $10,000, and possibly expenses.


title: Baby M

text: On March 27, 1986, Whitehead gave birth to a daughter. She managed, initially, to get a birth certificate naming the infant Sara Elizabeth Whitehead. Three days after the birth, the infant was handed to the Sterns, who named her Melissa Elizabeth Stern. The very next day, Whitehead went back to the Sterns and demanded that the baby be given back to her. She told them that she could not live without her baby, that she must have her, even if only for one week, that thereafter she would surrender her child. The Sterns, concerned that Mrs. Whitehead might indeed kill herself, not wanting under any circumstances to risk that, and in any event believing that Mrs. Whitehead would keep her word, turned the child over to her.


title: Baby M

text: The Whiteheads claimed that Mary Beth was suffering a debilitating post-partum bladder infection at the time, but in fact they kidnapped Baby M and fled from New Jersey for Florida. The Sterns’ counsel applied for, and the county prosecutor issued, warrants for their arrest.


title: Baby M

text: Whilst on the run, Whitehead made contact with the Sterns via telephone. William Stern, on the advice of counsel, recorded these conversations. Tapes were later introduced as evidence during court proceedings. In one 45-minute long conversation, Mrs Whitehead threatens to kill Baby M multiple times: “I gave her life. I can take her life away,” and “Forget it, Bill. I’ll tell you right now, I’d rather see me and her dead before you get her.”


title: Baby M

text: On March 31, 1987, New Jersey Superior Court Judge Harvey R. Sorkow formally validated the surrogacy contract and awarded custody of Melissa to the Sterns under a "best interest of the child analysis." Whitehead's parental rights were terminated and Elizabeth Stern was taken into chambers immediately after the ruling was read to formalise the adoption.


title: Baby M

text: Whitehead appealed the ruling. The Supreme Court of New Jersey continued the visitation schedule as it were during the initial trial while they considered their ruling. Whitehead took several actions either to claim the child, or incite the Sterns, including returning her wearing a hand-lettered shirt saying "I have a brother and sister."


title: Baby M

text: On February 3, 1988, the Supreme Court of New Jersey, led by Chief Justice Robert Wilentz, invalidated surrogacy contracts as against public policy but "in dicta" affirmed the trial court's use of a "best interest of the child" analysis and remanded the case to family court. On remand, the lower court awarded custody to the Sterns and Whitehead was given visitation rights.


title: Baby M

text: The case attracted much attention as it demonstrated that the possibilities of third party reproduction raise novel legal and social questions about the meaning of parenthood and the possibility of contracting around issues of pregnancy and childbirth. Among other points of contention, feminists argued about whether a woman's basic human right to make decisions about her own body implied the ability to contract away parental rights to a child born to her, or whether recognizing such a right would entail too great risks of exploitation.


title: Baby M

text: The New Jersey court's finding that no contract can alter the legal position of a woman who bears a child as that child's mother seemed to settle the question of the status of surrogacy contracts in America, at least until technological advances permitting gestational surrogacy—in which a woman can bear and birth a child to whom she has no genetic relation—reopened the question in many jurisdictions.


title: Baby M

text: At least in New Jersey, however, the Baby M. ruling continues as precedent. In 2009, New Jersey Superior Court ruled that "In re Baby M" applies to gestational surrogacy as well as traditional surrogacy cases, in "A.G.R. v. D.R.H & S.H.". The intended parents were a homosexual male couple. They created an embryo using an anonymous donor ovum and the sperm of one of the husbands. The sister of the other husband carried the embryo to term and originally delivered the child to her brother and his husband, but a year later asserted her own parental rights even though she was not genetically related to the child. Judge Francis Schultz relied on "In re Baby M" to recognize the gestational mother as the child's legal mother. However, a later ruling in 2011 awarded full custody to the biological father.


title: Baby M

text: The Whiteheads divorced and Mary Beth married Dean Gould. The couple had two children, Austin and Morgan.


title: Baby M

text: Mary Beth and her ex-husband Richard sued ICNY and its founder, Noel Keane, claiming they committed fraud in the Baby M contract. The suit questioned whether Mrs. Whitehead Gould was properly counseled before becoming a surrogate mother. The parties settled out of court and the agreement, signed by Judge Pierre N. Leval of the Federal District Court, dismissed the case without costs or lawyers' fees but does not reveal terms of the settlement. It has been reported Keene and ICNY agreed to pay the couple $30,000 to $40,000.


title: Baby M

text: The Sterns continued to shun media attention. After reaching the age of maturity in March 2004, Melissa Stern legally terminated Mary Beth's parental rights and formalized Elizabeth's maternity through adoption proceedings. "I love my family very much and am very happy to be with them," Melissa told a reporter for the "New Jersey Monthly" in 2007, referring to the Sterns. "I'm very happy I ended up with them. I love them, they're my best friends in the whole world, and that's all I have to say about it."


title: Baby M

text: Melissa is a graduate of George Washington University with a degree in religion. She completed her master's degree at King's College London, authoring a dissertation entitled 'Reviving Solomon: Modern Day Questions Regarding the Long-term Implications for the Children of Surrogacy Arrangements'


title: Baby M

text: Melissa married Jake Clements in 2011. The couple currently reside in London and have a daughter named Henrietta, born in 2018.


title: Baby M

text: An ABC Network miniseries, simply titled "Baby M", was broadcast in May 1988. The miniseries starred JoBeth Williams as Mary Beth Whitehead, John Shea as William, Bruce Weitz as Mary Beth's husband Rick, Robin Strasser as Elizabeth and Dabney Coleman as Gary Skoloff. The miniseries received seven Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Miniseries, which it did not win. Williams, Shea, Weitz, and Coleman all received nominations for their performances, but only Shea won. Williams also was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance.


title: Baby M

text: In 1989, Mary Beth Whitehead published her own book about her experiences, "A Mother's Story: The Truth About the Baby M Case".


title: Baby M

text: In 1988, artist Martha Rosler made the video "Born to be Sold: Martha Rosler Reads the Strange Case of Baby M".


title: Baby M

text: Mary Beth Whitehead is referenced in the "Seinfeld" episode "The Bottle Deposit," when Jerry's mechanic (played by Brad Garrett) steals Jerry's car after he feels that Jerry isn't caring for it properly.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Sir Richard Henry Simpson Stilgoe (born 28 March 1943) is a British songwriter, lyricist and musician, and broadcaster who is best known for his humorous songs and frequent television appearances. His output includes collaborations with Andrew Lloyd Webber and Peter Skellern. He is also a keen puzzler who has hosted several quiz shows and written several books on the subject.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe is also notable for his charity work and fundraising. In the 1980s he founded the Alchemy Foundation which is funded from his royalties from the American productions of "Starlight Express" and "The Phantom of the Opera". He is patron of the Surrey Care Trust in Woking. In the late 1990s he founded the Orpheus Centre which offers performing arts experiences to young people with disabilities. In 2012, Stilgoe was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours for his extensive charity work.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe was born in Camberley, Surrey, on 28 March 1943. He was brought up in Liverpool, where, as lead singer of a group called 'Tony Snow and the Blizzards', he performed at the Cavern Club. He was educated at Liverpool College, Monkton Combe School in Somerset and at Clare College, Cambridge, where he was a member of the Cambridge University Footlights.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: In 1966 Stilgoe played Benjamin in the West End musical, "Jorrocks". He made his name on the BBC television teatime programme, "Nationwide", followed by Esther Rantzen's "That's Life!", a light-hearted consumer affairs programme for which he wrote comic songs satirising minor domestic misfortunes, often to the tune of "Oh! Mr Porter". One notable song concerned officials who have "Statutory Right of Entry to your Home", with Stilgoe playing and singing, in barber-shop style, all parts himself using trick photography. His ability to write a song from almost any source material and at speed is part of his cabaret act, which includes singing the instructions from a Swedish payphone; a pastiche of the King's Singers listing the kings and queens of England in which he sings all four parts; and composing a song in the interval from words and musical notes called out by the audience. He has also written and presented BBC radio programmes, including "Hamburger Weekend", "Used Notes", "Stilgoe's Around", "Maestro" and "Richard Stilgoe's Traffic Jam Show" on BBC Radio 4.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: In 1979 the BBC aired "Decision '79 Breakfast Special" as part of its coverage of the parliamentary elections that brought Margaret Thatcher to power; the show featured Stilgoe singing the election results. In 1981, Southern Television commissioned him to write a satirical song about the company that outbid them for southern England's ITV franchise, Television South; the result was "Portakabin TV", a reference to the portable buildings TVS was forced to use as studios and offices until its own purpose-built complex in Maidstone, Kent could be completed and until Southern's contract expired. The song was aired as part of Southern's final broadcast on 31 December 1981, a retrospective programme titled "And It's Goodbye From Us."


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: In 1980 he wrote two Christmas songs, "Christmas Bells" and "Imitation Myrrh", which he sang with Broom Leys Junior School choir, from Coalville, Leicestershire. The songs were sold as a record at Christmas throughout Leicestershire to raise money for the Leicestershire Arts and Music Association. These two, with other Christmas pieces of his composition, also appeared in "The Truth about Christmas – or Gold, Frankenstein and Merv" – a one-off television programme in 1984, performed by Stilgoe and children from the Broom Leys Junior School Choir.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe is a fan of anagrams and in 1980 he wrote "The Richard Stilgoe Letters; a Jumble of Anagrams", using characters made of anagrams of his own name. These included Chris Dogtailer and Giscard O'Hitler. He has appeared over 200 times on the daytime TV quiz show, "Countdown", and hosted quiz shows such as "The Year in Question" on Radio 4, "Finders Keepers" (1981–1985), and "Scoop" (1981–1982). His 45-minute poem, "Who Pays the Piper?", outlined the history of music from Pan to the modern day, interspersing classical music with re-written lyrics. He also appeared on a satirical BBC TV show of the 1980s, "A Kick Up the Eighties".


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe wrote lyrics for Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Cats" and "Starlight Express", and collaborated with Charles Hart on the lyrics to "The Phantom of the Opera". He also wrote two musicals for schools, "Bodywork" and "Brilliant the Dinosaur". Stilgoe gave all his royalties as lyricist on "Starlight Express" to a village in India. Such was the musical's success that for some years his donations were exceeding £500 a day. He has appeared on the Royal Variety Performance, presented the Schools Proms for over 20 years and toured solo and with Peter Skellern.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: In 1984, Stilgoe founded the Alchemy Foundation, which distributes money to good causes. The foundation is funded from Stilgoe's royalties from American productions of "Starlight Express" and "The Phantom of the Opera".


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe founded the Orpheus Centre in 1998, in his former family home in Godstone, Surrey, offering performing arts experiences to young people with disabilities; he also started the Stilgoe Family Concerts series at the Royal Festival Hall, which feature young performers and regular commissions of new music.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: He is President of the Surrey Care Trust in Woking, Surrey, which provides education, training, skills and volunteering opportunities to those who need motivation or a second chance in life. The charity also runs a fund to help those facing hardship throughout Surrey.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe has five children: a son and daughter with his first wife Lizzie, and two sons and a daughter with his second wife, Annabel.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: He was High Sheriff of Surrey in 1998–99, and is a Deputy Lieutenant. He became president of Surrey County Cricket Club in 2005. He has also been president of the Lord's Taverners.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: He owns Winifred Atwell's "other" piano, the one which she used for her honky-tonk performances and recordings.


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe has two Tony nominations, three Monte Carlo Prizes, and a Prix Italia. He has honorary doctorates from the Universities of Greenwich, Southampton and Surrey, is an honorary Fellow of Liverpool John Moores University, an honorary Associate of the Royal Academy of Music, and an Honorary Member of the Royal College of Music. He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1998 Birthday Honours, "for services to the community,


title: Richard Stilgoe

text: Stilgoe was knighted in the 2012 Birthday Honours for charitable services through the Alchemy Foundation.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The Project (previously The 7PM Project from 2009 to 2011) is an Australian news-current affairs and talk show television panel program, airing weeknights across Australia on Network 10, produced by Roving Enterprises. The show is hosted by Waleed Aly, Sarah Harris, Georgie Tunny, and Hamish Macdonald with rotating daily guest panellists.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The one-hour show, formerly half-hour, premiered on 20 July 2009 and airs live in the eastern states with delays in other states (including Queensland during daylight saving). It is broadcast Monday to Friday from Network 10's studio in The Como Centre, South Yarra, Melbourne and Sundays from Network 10's Sydney studios at Pyrmont. "The Project" draws its content and comedy from recent news stories and offers a sometimes alternative view to mainstream, sponsored news stories. It runs for 51 weeks of the year, taking brief breaks during the Christmas and New Year period.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Project" (as of 2017) has won numerous accolades, 9 Logie Awards, including the Gold Logie won by hosts Carrie Bickmore and Waleed Aly.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The program hosted by Waleed Aly, Sarah Harris, Georgie Tunny and Hamish Macdonald, features regular guest panellists appearing during the week. They have included: Steve Price, Susie Youssef, Tommy Little, Nazeem Hussein, Tony Armstrong, Rachel Corbett and Fifi Box. The hosts are often joined by several special guests during the course of an episode.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The main content of the show revolves around Aly, Tunny, Macdonald and Helliar at the desk discussing some of the news events of the day. This discussion often involves live crosses to reporters or guests via satellite. Special guests, often of a celebrity nature, also regularly appear in studio, usually during each show's final segments. In addition, the show features pre-recorded interviews with celebrities, conducted by either one of the main cast or US entertainment correspondents Jonathan Hyla or Xavier Brinkman. Feature stories by the main cast, often of a humorous but insightful nature, are also prominent throughout each week.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 8 December 2013, it was announced that regular host Dave Hughes was leaving "The Project" in order to concentrate on his stand-up comedy routine with a national tour in 2014. For his final appearance on the show on 11 December, Hughes was given an emotional farewell by co-hosts Bickmore and Pickering.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 12 March 2014, Pickering announced that he would be leaving the show on 7 April 2014. McManus co-hosted the show from 18 August 2014 until the end of the year, alongside Helliar and Bickmore. McManus finished on the show on Thursday 4 December 2014.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Gorgi Coghlan co-hosted the show on Friday nights until 2017, she was replaced by Lisa Wilkinson. Coghlan remained on the show as a panellist on Friday nights and as a regular fill-in presenter until May 2021.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Hamish Macdonald regularly hosted "The Sunday Project" from 2016 to January 2019 until he was replaced by Peter van Onselen because of his Q+A filming commitments. Macdonald continued to feature as a panellist on the show, amongst his ABC commitments, and in June 2021 he announced that he would return as co-host of "The Sunday Project" in September 2021, while Peter van Onselen returned to his commitments as Network Ten's political editor.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 11 October 2022, Carrie Bickmore announced her resignation from the show after 13 years and that her final appearance the regular host would be on 30 November 2022. Lisa Wilkinson also announced on 20 November 2022 that the she was leaving her hosting position on the show, effective immediately, after six months of "relentless, targeted toxicity". Peter Helliar announced on 22 November 2022 that he would be leaving the show, the third regular presenter to quit the show within the year. His last day presenting was on 7 December 2022


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The program premiered on 20 July 2009 and aired as a live broadcast on weeknights from 7:00 to 7:30 pm. Roving Enterprises, the production company owned by Rove McManus and Craig Campbell, produces the series. The promos of the show used musical samples of "Hello" from The Cat Empire.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The premiere episode featured "MasterChef Australia" season one winner Julie Goodwin and an interview with Sienna Miller and Rachel Nichols. During the first season Ruby Rose and James Mathison were credited as part of the main cast, though their contributions were often limited to guest appearances and pre-recorded interviews.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: During the 2009 summer, in order to increase the profile of the show, Monday and Friday episodes were extended to an hour and the program was repeated in a late night (11 pm) timeslot to attract late night viewers who may have missed the show earlier in the evening. In addition, from 30 November 2009, the show underwent a small visual revamp. With the lights getting brighter, the set was changed to accommodate a more "summery" feel with the background displaying a blue sky and the foreground featuring more orange and brown lighting, skewing away from the dark, night-time feel from the start of the show. New titles were also added to fit the feel. As of 8 February 2010, Channel 10 cancelled the late-night repeat of the show. Ten's summer late night repeats of "7PM" were always a part of its strategy to win more followers for the show.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: For 2010's non-daylight saving time period, the visuals reverted to display a more night time feel or reflection, however not to the extent as was seen in 2009 with orange and brown lighting still accompanying the set. A large screen was also added to the background.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In 2010, Carrie Bickmore and Charlie Pickering were nominated for the Logie of Most Popular New Female and Most Popular Male Talent respectively. Ten announced in June 2010 that the series had been renewed for another year.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 20 July 2010, the show celebrated its first year on air with regulars Kitty Flanagan and Steve Price and "MasterChef" evictee, Alvin Quah. The celebratory show commenced with a look back at the shows first moments on air a year beforehand.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: For the week starting 27 December 2010, the show went into a summer series entitled "The Holiday Project". It lasted for five episodes (as this was the length of time the show took a break) and featured Charlie Pickering and Dave Hughes sitting in front of the set reviewing some of the more popular segments, news stories and events of the show in 2010 while infrequently crossing to the Ten News room for the day's headlines. Carrie Bickmore and all other guest presenters did not feature in the series.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The show returned on 3 January 2011. However, due to the death of Carrie Bickmore's husband, guest presenters replaced her during January. Bickmore returned on 14 February 2011. George Negus effectively finished his stint as a regular guest panellist on the show in January 2011 when he began to host his new current affairs program, "6PM with George Negus" (later "6.30 with George Negus").


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 10 March 2011 it was revealed the show scored an exclusive interview with embattled US actor Charlie Sheen to be hosted by Nova personality and "7PM Project" regular Scott Dooley. It was the only Australian interview with the star and also tentatively the last interview to be conducted with Sheen in light of his supposed breakdown after having his "Two and a Half Men" contract terminated.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The interview was shown on the show as an exclusive on 11 March 2011 with Dooley interviewed personally on the show the night before. The airing of the exclusive interview coincidentally occurred while Sheen's house was raided by police.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In light of the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, Ten aired a special wedding coverage special of "The 7PM Project" titled "The Wedding Project" that ran for an hour on 29 April 2011. It aired to lacklustre ratings.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 9 June 2011, "St Kilda Schoolgirl" Kim Duthie, who infamously told media that she had "slept" with AFL player agent Ricky Nixon, appeared on the program in a pre-recorded interview in which she said that comments she made earlier in the day, when she told media that she was "lying" about her accusations. The interview made headlines when an off-air comment by Duthie stating that "everything [she] said, [she] lied about", referring to her interview with the show, was shown live during the episode after the airing of the interview.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Approaching its second anniversary, the program scheduled numerous special episodes which were rumoured to have been scheduled to combat a drop in ratings due to strong competition. From 11 July 2011 and running for a week, various Australian politicians joined the panel and co-hosted an entire episode. Politicians included Prime Minister Julia Gillard, MP Bob Katter and Greens politician Adam Bandt.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: For the week starting 18 July 2011, the program also invited members of the general public, who have strong opinions on various current events, to join the panel.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 18 July 2011, the program celebrated its 500th episode. It featured "Your Chair" panellist Louise Benjamin, Jennifer Byrne and all three regular panellists. Two days later, on 20 July 2011, the program celebrated its second year on air with "Your Chair" panellist Kim Forrester, Andrew Rochford and all three regular panellists.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The show commemorated the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks with a series of stories detailing how people affected by the event have coped over the past 10 years.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Regular guest Tom Ballard was given a regular Thursday segment entitled "Resident Expert" in September 2011. It is similar in style to Kitty Flanagan's Tuesday segment in which Ballard discusses a news story based on a recent scientific, statistical, social or medical study in humour.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 19 October 2011, Network 10 announced the program would be moved from 7 pm to 6:30 pm (replacing the axed "6.30 with George Negus"), extended to one-hour and renamed "The Project". The first edition of the new hour-long program aired on 31 October 2011.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: As in previous years, Channel Ten continued to air "The Project" over summer in a bid to gain more of an audience share, particularly due to the lack of other new content of rival networks. "The Project" took a short break over the Christmas period and was replaced by a special "best of" series of the show, a compilation of episodes from the past year.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 22 January 2012, the show added a half-hour edition on Sundays which airs at 6 pm. The hourly editions aired on weeknights will also shift to 6 pm as of the following day, 23 January 2012, and remain at an hour in length. It will be the second move for the show in three months.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In addition, the show has added a weekly weather update segment accommodated into its new Sunday show.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 14 February 2012 (Valentine's Day), actress and comedian Magda Szubanski came onto the show to tell the panel that she 'identified as gay' in support for gay marriage. On the show, she said, 'I absolutely identify as gay ... and it must be hard for people who don't experience it to know what the pressures of being gay are.'


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 8 March 2012, in addition to its regular episode at 6 PM, a special episode showcasing an unedited version of the movie "Kony 2012" along with some discussion was aired at 8 PM as part of the global social-network campaign phenomenon asking for the arrest of Ugandan rebels leader Joseph Kony.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The show was nominated for Most Popular Light Entertainment Program and Most Outstanding Light Entertainment Program in the 2012 Logie Awards. Newsreader Carrie Bickmore was nominated for Most Popular Television Presenter and the Gold Logie. These nominations were announced on 18 March 2012.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: From 24 to 29 June 2012, "The Project" was broadcast from Sydney with stars such as Carrie Underwood and Katy Perry joining the panel at the desk for the first time.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 12 July 2012, Carrie Bickmore and her co-hosts became very emotional after airing a story about 31-year-old Queensland mother Emma Rathie who had been diagnosed with terminal cancer and whose son Blake had embarked on completing a 'bucket-list' of experiences that he and his mother could have before the end of her life. With donations and support via Facebook, Rathie and her son were able to experience several of the items on the list before her death in September 2012.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 7 August 2012, guest Will Ferrell found himself speaking via video link to PM Julia Gillard. Unsure of how to address the prime minister, Ferrell asked 'can I just call you Jules?'. He then proceeded to ask Gillard for advice on how to improve his hair, to which she suggested that he take himself to a hair-dresser right away and spend 'buckets and buckets of money on in-salon treatments'.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Pickering took time off in late October to cover the US election and for personal leave. Hughes will take leave in December.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 29 August 2012, Carrie Bickmore mispronounced the word 'Qantas' as 'Cuntas' during a reading of the news headlines. (The first syllable of the mispronounced word sounded too vulgar for broadcast.) The incident went viral with a YouTube video of the moment garnering more than 250,000 views.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 25 November 2012, the final half-hour Sunday edition aired and it was hosted by Carrie Bickmore and Andrew Rochford along with panellists Magdalena Roze and Anthony 'Lehmo' Lehmann.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: During 2012, "The Project" were awarded numerous awards, including the Yooralla Media Award of Distinction at the National Disability Awards.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: With the axing of "Breakfast", the encores of "The Project" moved from 5 am weekday mornings to following the TEN Late News.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Project" returned with new episodes on 31 December 2012 for its 2013 season. It was the first time the show had begun a new season before the new year, and the first time episodes had been broadcast on New Year's Eve and Day.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In response to the 2013 Queensland Floods, on 28 January "The Project" aired a separate live edition special into the state of Queensland. As Queenslanders usually watch "The Project" on a one-hour delay (due to time zones), this meant that the team could tape a separate live edition of the show immediately after the main show and still air it in Queensland at the usual time of 6.30 pm. Due to these circumstances, the main show, which was still broadcast to the rest of Australia that night, did not air in Queensland.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Project" was nominated for three Logie Awards at the 2013 ceremony with newsreader Bickmore again picking up two nominations for the Gold Logie and Silver Logie for Most Popular Presenter, and the show earning a nomination in the Most Popular Light Entertainment Program category. Bickmore nor "The Project" won either category.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On Tuesday, 9 April, Sex Pistols star John Lydon caused controversy after his erratic behaviour during an interview. When host Carrie Bickmore asked him about his views on the recent death of Margaret Thatcher, Lydon told her to shut up continuously before telling her that 'when a man is talking, you don't interrupt', a quote that drew considerable gasps from the audience. Bickmore apologised and asked him the question again, however this time Lydon accused her of being an 'in-dreadfully loud bird' he doesn't like. Bickmore aired her offence at the comment, however Lydon continued to tell her how loud she was being and how she shouldn't be 'yelling' and should 'learn what manners and respect is', drawing more gasps from the audience. After rejecting Bickmore's request to ask the question a third time, telling her to 'taper her voice' down 'a couple of thousand notches', fellow co-host Andrew Rochford stepped in, even trying to ask if Lydon's rant was based on Bickmore's gender, however Lydon accused the panel of yelling into his earpiece 'like excitable children'. He began to get arrogant and erratic, and after a heckle from co-host Dave Hughes, Bickmore tried asking the question one more time. When Lydon continually made jibes about the volume of her, and the other hosts' voice, Dave Hughes swiftly ended the interview by thanking Lydon for his time, however he left the interview telling the panel that they're 'done'. Bickmore has since admitted that she wanted to scream at Lydon after his sexist remarks, agreeing with Rochford's claim that Lydon was a misogynist pig.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 2 May, Carrie Bickmore became emotional when speaking about the awareness of brain cancer following a story about a potential cure for the disease in ten years' time. Bickmore lost her husband to brain cancer in 2010 and this episode marked the first time Bickmore addressed her own experiences with the illness on-air. Bickmore stated that she didn't "think people realize the mental and physical impact that it has on people, on patients, over a long period of time as the disease progresses." While it wasn't the first time Bickmore has broken down on air, this moment was highly publicized due to the context.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On Saturday 7 September, the program aired an election special titled "The Election Project with Hugh Riminton". This is the second election "The Project" has covered the election, however this edition ran from the time the booths closed on the Eastern Seaboard until approximately 10.30 pm when the majority of polling results were locked in. Despite time differences across the country, "The Project" aired live into all markets, starting earlier for states away from the Eastern Seaboard. This is opposed to the one-hour edition of the show that ran during the 2010 election, half an hour of which did not air in South Australia and none of which aired in Western Australia. The 4-hour and 20-minute broadcast of "The Project" was the show's longest in its history.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 1 November, British singer and presenter Melanie Brown was forced to cancel a planned appearance on "The Project" as a guest co-host after Ch-7 threatened legal action against her, citing that Brown was still under contract with Seven and not authorised to make appearances on rival networks.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 24 November, US actor-comedian Will Ferrell was a guest co-host appearing in character as newsreader Ron Burgundy from the film "" which Ferrell was visiting Australia to promote. Burgundy traded quips with co-host Ray Martin, saying that if the two were competing, he would take Martin out for lunch and cocktails and then sabotage the brakes on his car.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 8 December 2013, it was announced that regular host Dave Hughes was quitting "The Project" in order to concentrate on his stand-up comedy routine with a national tour in 2014. His final appearance on the show was 11 December 2013.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 13 January 2014, new co-host Peter Helliar made his debut on "The Project" to mixed reviews. On 12 March 2014, Charlie Pickering announced he was leaving the show on 7 April 2014, the second presenter to do so in less than six months. On 14 July 2014, Ten announced Rove McManus would replace Pickering for the rest of the year alongside Helliar and Bickmore. He left on 4 December 2014.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: During the final broadcast of her "Eye on..." segment on 9 December 2014, Kitty Flanagan made controversy after claiming Santa Claus didn't exist. The comments caused outrage from viewers who claimed the show's early-evening timeslot meant children were most likely watching at the time. The program apologised for the comments and the following night's broadcast included a 'live cross' to Santa in the North Pole.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In December 2014, Waleed Aly was announced as the permanent co-host. He commenced in his new role on 26 January 2015.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In September 2015, Andrew Guy became Australia's first openly transgender TV host, as a guest presenter on "The Project".


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In November 2015, Waleed Aly attacked the extremist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in a five-minute piece titled 'What ISIL wants'. The segment was produced in the wake of the November 2015 Paris attacks, with Aly labelling ISIS as 'bastards' and calling for everyone to come together as one against them. This video received strong media exposure, and many online views.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: From 27 August 2017, the show began airing on Sunday nights for the first time since 2012. The new Sunday edition, entitled "The Sunday Project", does not feature regular hosts Waleed Aly or Carrie Bickmore, but instead features Peter Helliar with a rotating panel. In 2017, "The Sunday Project" was hosted by Hamish Macdonald and Chris Bath.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In October 2017, Network 10 announced that they had signed a contract with Lisa Wilkinson, who had left the Nine Network after a contract dispute. Wilkinson joined "The Project" as a senior host, editor and co-host of "The Sunday Project" from January 2018. She also appears on the show 2 nights a week.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 20 February 2017 a New Zealand version of "The Project" premiered In New Zealand on Channel Three. It follows the same format as the Australian version.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 19 July 2019, "The Project" celebrated its tenth anniversary with a 90-minute special in its 2700th episode.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In January 2020, Peter van Onselen replaced Hamish Macdonald as host of "The Sunday Project" and became a regular fill-in presenter for Waleed Aly. Macdonald will still feature on the show, amongst his ABC commitments.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: From 13 March, two days after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization, "The Project" was filmed without a live studio audience, with restricted guest interviews and only three hosts live in the studio, the fourth host appearing by video link (with exception for Friday and Sunday episodes between mid-June and mid-August, the fourth host was sitting on an extra stool outside the bench), due to social distancing laws in Australia.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: As of 2020–2021, "The Project" has been filming without a live studio audience in Sydney and Melbourne.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In June 2021, it was announced that Hamish Macdonald would return to co-hosting "The Sunday Project" with presenter Lisa Wilkinson from September, while Peter van Onselen returned to his commitments as Network Ten's political editor.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In March 2022, Carrie Bickmore announced that she would be taking a sabbatical from the show. Chrissie Swan and Georgie Tunny hosted the show in Bickmore's absence with Swan hosting Monday and Tunny on Tuesday and Wednesday. Bickmore returned in July.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In August 2022, it was announced that Georgie Tunny will be joining the show as a reporter, producer and co-host.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In November 2022, Wilkinson announced her departure from the program effective immediately. Shortly after Wilkinson's resignation, Helliar announced his departure from the show, with his last day being 7 December 2022


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 23 November 2022, it was announced that Sarah Harris would replace Bickmore and join the panel in January 2023 to co-host five nights a week, from Sunday to Thursday. Harris would co-host alongside Waleed Aly, who would remain as a presenter from Monday to Thursday, whilst Hamish Macdonald would continue to co-host every Friday and Sunday whilst also reporting on stories from around the country. Reporter and producer Georgie Tunny was announced to be returning to the show in 2023, as a regular co-host on Friday nights.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 18 December 2022, it was announced that comedians Sam Taunton and Michael Hing were joining the panel as regular co-hosts in 2023, replacing previous presenter Peter Helliar.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: A one-hour special covering the 2010 Federal Election, entitled "The Election Project," aired on Saturday, 21 August 2010, and marked the first time the show was broadcast on a weekend. Guests included Hugh Riminton and George Negus. The show received 459,000 viewers, ranking 11th for the night. The special returned for the 2013 election and aired for 4 hours and 23 minutes, making it the longest broadcast of "The Project" ever. Riminton returned with regular panellists Steve Price and Natasha Stott Despoja as well as candidates from the Labor and Liberal parties. This edition received 306,000 viewers over its four and a half-hour broadcast.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: While Channel Ten showed an hour's worth of the show in the majority of states, Adelaide was only shown 30 minutes due to football commitments. This may have altered the overall ratings for the show.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: This was the first time since the mid-1990s that Ten devoted coverage to a national election; usually the network opted to air alternative programming.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Games Project", looked at the 2010 Commonwealth Games.and featured a range of guests including Nicole Livingstone and again ran for an hour, airing before the Opening Ceremony. Only a half hour aired in Adelaide while the show did not air at all in Perth and Brisbane. The show garnered 301,000 viewers.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Wedding Project," aired on 29 April 2011 as an extension of its regular Friday episode for that night. The show aired for an hour in all metropolitan centres, focussing on that day's royal wedding. It was hosted by Hughes and Pickering with guest panellists Angela Bishop and Tracey Curro joining the men at the desk. Along with Lucy McDonald, Hamish Macdonald and others, Carrie Bickmore was crossed to frequently during the program, reporting on events live from the UK.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Regular guests Hamish Blake and Andy Lee, formerly of "Rove Live", appeared to present segments as a visual connection to the activities that they undertake on their weekly radio program, The Hamish and Andy Show. These segments included See No Evil Hear No Evil and Hungry Hungry Heroes.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Project Special: Kony 2012", aired at 8PM, in addition to its regular 6PM edition, on 8 March 2012. It was hosted by Charlie Pickering, Carrie Bickmore and The Gruen Transfer's Todd Sampson. "The Project" team discussed the history of accused war criminal Joseph Kony and the campaign to bring him to justice through social media.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The Project" celebrated its tenth anniversary on Friday 19 July 2019 with a 90-minute special in its 2700th episode.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: In May 2020, "The Project" partnered with Tourism Australia for a special "The Love Australia Project" which aired on Friday, 15 May 2020. The special celebrated Australia and looked into tourism recovery due to the COVID-19 crisis including problems, solutions, research and interviews with business and government. It was hosted by Lisa Wilkinson and Chris Brown with guest panellists, Tommy Little and Rachel Corbett.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 7 September 2021, "The Project" co-host Carrie Bickmore presented a special commemorating the 20th anniversary of the September 11 attacks. The special aired following the regular edition of the show and virtually reconnected with survivors and their families, whom Bickmore had interviewed on the 10th anniversary, to discover how they were coping another decade on.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: "The 7PM Project" drew 1.285 million viewers for its premiere episode. Ratings dropped across subsequent episodes. Averaged over its opening week, "The 7PM Project" had 0.938 million viewers per episode. The average viewers for the second week dropped to 0.7392 million viewers per episode.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: After dropping in ratings, "The 7PM Project" stabilised around the 700,000–750,000 mark, occasionally dropping below 690,000.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: The series took until late May to reach a national metropolitan audience exceeding one million for the first time in 2010.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On its first broadcast out of the ratings year, "The 7PM Project" sustained an audience of 826,000, a substantially higher audience than in recent episodes that averaged around 650,000.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Ratings were still low at the beginning of the year, however started to build from late March. The show started to regularly achieve an audience above 700,000 by the end of the of "The Biggest Loser" which was also building an audience. The end of daylight saving time in some states was also attributed to its rising ratings (the practice has proved to be detrimental to the performance of early evening programs such as "The 7PM Project"). The program saw an even greater rise in viewers when the network's flagship reality juggernaut "MasterChef Australia" returned.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: On 3 June 2010, "The 7PM Project" had a viewing audience of just under 1.1 million viewers. It was the first time the show rose above the million (albeit that same week's Monday episode, which also hit the million mark in adjusted figures) since the launch and managed to win in all key demographics and more importantly, in total people.


title: The Project (Australian TV program)

text: Its first-year birthday special, airing on 20 July 2010, gained 1,207,000 viewers, winning its timeslot and becoming the highest rated episode of the show since its debut.