title: Steve Hutchinson (American football)

text: Following the opening of free agency, Hutchinson signed a controversial offer sheet from the Vikings, $49 million over seven years, which was believed to be the richest contract ever offered a guard at the time. The offer sheet, though, contained a poison pill provision that would have guaranteed his entire salary if he was not the highest-paid lineman on the team.


title: Steve Hutchinson (American football)

text: At the time, NFL rules required that if a team signed a player with the transition tag to an offer sheet, the original team had to either match the offer sheet exactly or relinquish their rights to that player. While the tag was not triggered during his time with the Vikings—he was released by the Vikings in March 2012—the Seahawks had recently given tackle Walter Jones a contract richer than the one offered to Hutchinson. Thus, the team would have triggered the "poison pill" clause immediately and would have been forced, by NFL rules, to immediately guarantee Hutchinson's entire salary. Since doing so would have destroyed their salary cap, they could not match the offer. Moreover, since they only used their transition tag, rather than naming Hutchinson a franchise player, they received no compensation from Minnesota for their loss. Seattle retaliated, though, by signing Minnesota wide receiver Nate Burleson to an offer sheet containing a similar ploy. Because of this controversy, the NFL banned the use of "poison pills". Hutchinson played 59 straight games while with the Vikings, not missing a start.


title: Steve Hutchinson (American football)

text: On December 21, 2010, Hutchinson was put on injured reserve by the Vikings. Hutchinson also ended the 2011 NFL Season on injured reserve. During the first 11-years of his NFL career, Hutchinson had started in all 157 games that he had played in. However, the Minnesota Vikings announced that they had released Hutchinson on March 10, 2012. On March 14, 2012, Hutchinson met with the Seattle Seahawks to work out a possible deal with his former team.


title: Steve Hutchinson (American football)

text: On March 11, 2013, Hutchinson announced his retirement. On February 1, 2020, he was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Steve Hutchinson (American football)

text: Hutchinson married his high school sweetheart Landyn. The couple have a daughter, Lily, and a son, Luke. Hutchinson keeps a vacation home in Key Largo, Florida. He is an avid hunter and fisherman. Hutchinson and his family now reside in Nashville, TN where his wife had a retail store that was unsuccessful and closed last year His family became close with Vikings legend John Randle's family in Seattle and remain good friends.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: Dragonfly in Amber is the second book in the "Outlander" series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Centered on time travelling 20th century nurse Claire Randall and her 18th century Scottish Highlander warrior husband Jamie Fraser, the books contain elements of historical fiction, romance, adventure and fantasy. This installment chronicles Claire and Jamie's efforts to prevent the Jacobite rising that Claire knows will end disastrously for the Scots.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: A television adaptation of the series, called "Outlander", premiered on Starz in August 2014. The show's second season—which aired May through July 2016—was based on the events of "Dragonfly in Amber".


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: Claire Randall has returned to her own time, where she has been living for 20 years with her husband Frank. Following his death, she brings her daughter, Brianna, to the home of the Randalls' old friend, Reverend Reginald Wakefield. There, Claire hopes the Reverend's adopted son, Roger, can help her discover what happened to the men of Lallybroch after the Battle of Culloden. Roger, using his Oxford credentials to obtain information, finds proof that the men of Lallybroch returned home safely. He accompanies Claire and Brianna to an old churchyard, looking for the grave of Jonathan Randall, Frank's ancestor, but also finds Jamie Fraser's gravestone: it is part of a "marriage stone", showing Claire's name but no date. Claire reveals Brianna's true paternity to her and Roger. Brianna angrily denies her mother's story, but Roger is fascinated, and Claire recounts her time after the events of "Outlander".


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: At the end of "Outlander", Claire has convinced Jamie to stop the Jacobite rising and the subsequent slaughter. After learning that Charles Stuart is trying to get money from the French king Louis XV to fund the Jacobite cause, they travel to Paris, where Jamie uses his cousin Jared's wine business to gain the aristocratic connections necessary to plot against Stuart. A French boy named Claudel, brought up in a brothel, helps Jamie flee from some thugs, and Jamie hires him to steal the prince's correspondence, and renames him Fergus. Claire befriends an English girl named Mary Hawkins and rumors continue about Claire’s connections to witchcraft. When a group of rapists attack Mary and Claire, they are afraid of Claire and refer to her as “La Dame Blanche”. Mary Hawkins is in love with Alex Randall, the brother of Jack Randall.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: When Jonathan "Black Jack" Randall arrives in Paris, Claire makes Jamie promise to spare Randall's life to protect his descendant Frank (Claire's modern-day husband). However, Jamie challenges Randall to a duel, and renders him impotent. Claire miscarries their first daughter and is taken to the hospital. Jamie is sent to the Bastille for dueling. In order to secure Jamie’s release, Claire asks the King of France, who expects that Claire will sleep with him in return. He also asks Claire to use her knowledge as “La Dame Blanche” to identify a traitor. Jamie and Claire reconcile and must return to Scotland as a part of their agreement with the King


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: Claire frees Jamie by an arrangement with King Louis XV of France, and they are banished from France. Back in Scotland with Fergus, they settle into farm life at his home at Lallybroch with Jamie's sister Jenny and her family. Jamie receives a letter from Charles Stuart, announcing his attempt to retake the throne of Scotland, which the prince has signed Jamie's name to, branding him a traitor to the Crown. Left with no choice, he gathers the men of Lallybroch to join the Stuart army. Young Lord John Grey, an English scout, stumbles upon Jamie and Claire. Thinking Claire a prisoner, Grey tries to "save" her, whereupon Jamie breaks the boy's arm but spares his life. Information gleaned by Jamie from this encounter helps the Highlanders win at the Battle of Prestonpans.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: Charles Stuart dispatches Jamie to convince his grandfather, Lord Lovat, to send his men to join Stuart’s forces, and eventually he agrees to send troops led by his son Simon. When Jamie and Claire return to Edinburgh, then find the men of Lallybroch have been imprisoned for desertion, as the men had left for Lallybroch on Jamie’s orders. Claire visits the men in prison and tends to Alex Randall. After a skirmish and a night of hiding in a church with Jamie, Dougal MacKenzie and his men, Claire is taken by the English who think she is a hostage. She is taken to the Duke of Sandringham’s home where she tries to ascertain whether he is a Jacobite. After being imprisoned in her room by Sandringham, Jamie rescues Claire. They leave with Mary Hawkins, who insists on coming with them. Hugh Monroe is killed in an attempt to save Claire and Murtagh kills the Duke of Sandringham. Upon their return to Edinburgh, Mary Hawkins and Alex Randall are reunited, and before his death, Alex has Mary and Jack Randall marry. Mary is pregnant, and Claire realizes that Frank’s lineage is safe after all.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: As the disastrous Battle of Culloden approaches, Jamie and Claire discuss assassinating Charles Stuart, but decide against it. Dougal MacKenzie, having overheard their conversation, accuses Claire of persuading Jamie to betray his people, and attempts to kill Claire. Dougal is stabbed by Jamie and dies in his arms. Knowing he is wanted to murder and will soon die, Jamie attempts to ensure that his nephew young Jamie will inherit Lallybroch and to send Claire back through the stones to 1945. He tells Claire he knows she is pregnant and forces Claire and the unborn Brianna to return to her own time to spare her from the battle's aftermath. Jamie returns to Culloden, intending to die in the battle.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: When Claire returned in 1945, Frank disbelieved her story but insisted on helping her raise Brianna, and asked that she would only tell Brianna the truth after his death. Upon hearing the truth, Brianna refuses to believe Claire's story. Claire enlists Roger's help by revealing him as the descendant of Dougal MacKenzie and Geillis Duncan. Claire admits to Roger that while hiding in the caves of the Highlands, plotting Jamie's escape from prison (as told in "Outlander"), Dougal had delivered a message from Geillis that read: "I do not know if it is possible, but I think so" and the numbers 1,9,6 and 7. Claire deduces that these signify the year 1967, and Claire and Roger suspect that Geillis was telling her the year of her own time travel. Claire, Roger, and eventually Brianna witness Geillis Duncan/Gillian Edgars' disappearance through the stone circle at Craigh na Dun after she murders her husband, Greg Edgars. Ultimately, Roger informs Claire that Jamie did not die at Culloden.


title: Dragonfly in Amber

text: "Publishers Weekly" called "Dragonfly in Amber" an "immensely long, compulsively readable sequel to "Outlander"", and noted that by "portraying life in court and hut and on the battlefield through the eyes of a strong-minded, modern participant, Gabaldon offers a fresh and offbeat historical view, framed by an intriguing contemporary issue of Claire's daughter's paternity."


title: Balija

text: Variations of the name in use in the medieval era were "Balanja", "Bananja", "Bananju", "Banajiga" and "Banijiga", with probable cognates "Balijiga", "Valanjiyar", "Balanji", "Bananji" and derivatives such as "Baliga", all of which are said to be derived from the Sanskrit term "Vanik" or "Vanij", for trader.


title: Balija

text: Beginning in the 11th century, references are found in inscriptions throughout the Kannada and Tamil areas to a trading network, which is sometimes referred to as a guild, called the Five Hundred Lords of Ayyavolu that provided trade links between trading communities in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka. From the 13th century, inscriptions referring to ""Vira Balanjyas"" (warrior merchants) started appearing in the Andhra country. The "Vira Balanjyas", whose origins are often claimed to lie in the Ayyavolu, represented long-distance trading networks that employed fighters to protect their warehouses and goods in transit. The traders were identified as "nanadesi" (of 'many countries') and as "swadesi" ('own country'). The terms "balanjya-setti" and "balija" were also used for these traders, and in later times "naidu" and "chetti". These traders formed collectives called "pekkandru" and differentiated themselves from other collectives called "nagaram", which probably represented Komati merchants. The "pekkandru" collectives also included members of other communities with status titles reddi, "boya" and "nayaka". They spread all over South India, Sri Lanka, and also some countries in the Southeast Asia.


title: Balija

text: Rao et al. note that the Balijas included a configuration of castes representing a combination of the martial and the mercantile. They were mobilised politically by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya. Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, they colonised the Tamil country and established Nayaka chieftaincies. At this time, "Balija" was often an umbrella term that, in addition to the Balija proper, included the Boyas, Gollas, Gavaras, and other castes. Cynthia Talbot believes that in Andhra the transformation of occupational descriptors into caste-based descriptors did not occur until at least the 17th century.


title: Balija

text: The classification of people as Balija was one of many challenges for the census enumerators of the British Raj era, whose desire was to reduce a complex social system to one of administrative simplicity using theories of evolutionary anthropology. Early Raj census attempts in Madras Presidency recorded a wide variety of people claiming to be members of Balija subcastes but who appeared to share little in common and thus defied the administrative desire for what it considered to be a rational and convenient taxonomy. Those who claimed to be Chetty had an obvious connection through their engagement in trade and those who called themselves Kavarai were simply using the Tamil word for Balija but, for example, the Linga based their claim to Balija status on a sectarian identification, the Gazula were bangle-makers by occupation, the Telaga had Telugu origins and the Rajamahendram also appeared to be a geographic claim based on their origins in the town of Rajahmundry. Subsequent attempts to rationalise the enumeration merely created other anomalies and caused upset.


title: Balija

text: There are numerous branches, sub-divisions or social groups which make up the larger Balija social group.


title: Balija

text: Some Balijas use surnames such as Naidu or Nayudu, and Naicker, which share a common root. "Nayaka" as a term was first used during the Vishnukundina dynasty that ruled from the Krishna and Godavari deltas during the 3rd century AD. During the Kakatiya dynasty, the Nayaka title was bestowed to warriors who had received land and the title as a part of the Nayankarapuvaram system for services rendered to the court. The Nayaka was noted to be an officer in the Kakatiya court; there being a correlation between holding the "Nayankara", the possession of the administrative title "Angaraksha" and the status title "Nayaka".


title: Balija

text: A more widespread usage of the Nayaka title amongst the Balijas appears to have happened during the Vijayanagara empire where the Balija merchant-warriors rose to political and cultural power and claimed Nayaka positions.


title: Balija

text: The Vijayanagara empire was based on an expanding, cash-oriented economy enhanced by Balija tax-farming. Some Balija families were appointed to supervise provinces as Nayaks (governors, commanders) by the Vijayanagara kings, some of which are:


title: Balija

text: Velcheru Narayana Rao and Sanjay Subrahmanyam say that the emergence of left-hand caste Balijas as trader-warrior-kings was evidence in the Nayak period as a consequence of conditions of new wealth, produced by collapsing two varnas, Kshatriya and Vaishya, into one. Based on the brahmanical conceptualisation of caste during the British Raj period, Balijas were accorded the Shudra position. The fourfold Brahmanical varna concept has not been acceptable to non-Brahmin social groups and some of them challenged the authority of Brahmins who described them as shudras.


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory Williams is a fictional character portrayed by Arthur Darvill in the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". Having been introduced at the start of the fifth series, Rory joins the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith) as a companion in the middle of Series 5. As Amy Pond's (Karen Gillan) fiancé, Rory is initially insecure because he believes Amy secretly loves the Doctor more. Later, however, he proves to be a hero in his own right and he and Amy get married. The couple conceive a daughter aboard the Doctor's time machine, the TARDIS, while in the time vortex, but their baby is kidnapped at birth. In "A Good Man Goes to War", Rory and Amy discover their time traveller friend River Song (Alex Kingston) is actually their daughter, Melody Pond. The Doctor and River marry in "The Wedding of River Song", and Rory becomes the Doctor's father-in-law.


title: Rory Williams

text: In "The Angels Take Manhattan", the fifth episode of the seventh series, he and Amy are transported back in time by a Weeping Angel, leading to the couple's departure from the series.


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory is introduced in "The Eleventh Hour" (2010) as a nurse in a coma ward and the "sort of boyfriend" of new companion Amelia Pond (Karen Gillan). He is shocked to meet Amy's 'imaginary' "Raggedy Doctor" - the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), whom he instantly recognises from Amy's childhood stories. Two years later, Amy absconds on the eve of their wedding to travel with the Doctor, whom, at the end of an initial travelling period, she tries to seduce. In response, the Doctor takes Amy and Rory to 1580s Venice to repair and strengthen the couple's relationship; at the end of the episode Rory joins them as a travelling companion. In "Amy's Choice", in a shared realistic dream where he is a doctor married to a pregnant Amy, he tells her with his dying breath to look after their baby, which causes Amy to realise how much she loves him. Rory travels with the Doctor and Amy until mid-series when, in "Cold Blood", he is shot dead by a Silurian after saving the Doctor and then absorbed by a crack in time and space, erasing him from existence and from Amy's memory.


title: Rory Williams

text: He next appears in "The Pandorica Opens", as a Roman soldier in 102 C.E., but is revealed to be an Auton with Rory's memories. Rory attempts to fight his Auton programming, but unwillingly shoots Amy. In the Series 5 finale episode, "The Big Bang", the duplicate Rory preserves Amy in stasis using a futuristic prison called the Pandorica, voluntarily watching over her for almost two millennia. He becomes known as the "Last Centurion", guarding the Pandorica wherever it is taken. The Auton Rory assists the Doctor, Amy, and River Song (Alex Kingston) in saving the universe from the explosion that caused the cracks in time. Restored to his original human timeline but still possessing memories of his Auton existence, Rory marries Amy. The couple continue traveling with the Doctor, who allows them a honeymoon. They are said to still be on their honeymoon in both "The Sarah Jane Adventures" serial "Death of the Doctor" and the Christmas special "A Christmas Carol".


title: Rory Williams

text: Series 6 premiere "The Impossible Astronaut" (2011) begins with Amy and Rory living back on Earth when they are contacted by the Doctor, via a letter, to meet him in America. In Utah they witness the Doctor dying in his relative future at the hands of a mysterious assassin. In "The Almost People," it's revealed Amy has been kidnapped and replaced with a Ganger – a duplicate animated by the real Amy's consciousness – which the Doctor disintegrates upon deducing the situation, just as the real Amy goes into labour on a secret asteroid base called "Demon's Run". Amy gives birth to their daughter, Melody Pond, between "The Almost People" and "A Good Man Goes To War"; Madame Kovarian (Frances Barber) and the Silence plan to raise her as a weapon against the Doctor because she has been born with Time Lord-like abilities. Dressed in his centurion armor, he faces down a space fleet of Cybermen to learn Amy's location, and assists the Doctor in assembling an army to rescue her. Though Amy and Rory are distressed they were unable to save Melody from being kidnapped by Madam Kovarian, River appears at the episode's climax and reveals to Amy and Rory that she is their daughter, Melody. "Let's Kill Hitler" begins by revealing that Melody went on to become Amy and Rory's childhood friend, Mels, so that she might one day meet and kill the Doctor. As Amy had initially assumed Rory was gay due to his lack of interest in other women, a teenage Mels (Nina Toussaint-White) had been the one to inform Amy of Rory's affections. On 21st century Earth, Mels hijacks the TARDIS and directs it to 1938, where she is shot by Hitler (Albert Welling) and regenerates into River Song. They learn she is the assailant they saw kill the Doctor in his future. At the episode's conclusion, they decide to let the adult River make her own way in life and continue their travels.


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory features prominently in "The Girl Who Waited", where he is confronted with the horrible consequences time travel has had on a version of his wife. In "The God Complex", he is the only one of the TARDIS crew who is not hunted by the creature that feeds on faith because of Rory's rational nature and lack of personal faith. The Doctor eventually realises the danger he is exposing his friends to and returns Amy and Rory to Earth, giving them a house and a car as exit presents. The Doctor next glimpses the couple in "Closing Time", some time after he left them. The pair appear in his life once again when River creates an alternate reality by refusing to kill the Doctor. They witness the Doctor marry River in the alternate universe before returning to the established course of events where the Doctor once again appears to die. Once reality is restored, however, they are visited by their daughter River, who tells them the secret that the Doctor is still alive, and that the version of him that died had been a robot duplicate. Though he wishes the world to believe he is dead, the Doctor joins Rory and Amy two years in their future for Christmas dinner in the Christmas special "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe".


title: Rory Williams

text: Series seven opener "Asylum of the Daleks" (2012) establishes early on that Amy and Rory are set to divorce. The Daleks kidnap the Doctor to go on a mission for them, as well as kidnapping Rory and Amy on the day they are about to sign their divorce papers because they know the Doctor works better with companions. During the mission, the Doctor engineers a reconciliation between the two. The two discuss their feelings for each other. It is revealed Amy left Rory because she has been infertile since "A Good Man Goes to War", and she knew he wanted children. The Doctor subsequently embarks on sporadic journeys with the Ponds. Rory is said to be 31 years old at the time of "Dinosaurs on a Spaceship".


title: Rory Williams

text: They rejoin him as permanent companions prior to their last adventure in "The Angels Take Manhattan". In this story, Rory is sent back to 1930s New York by a Weeping Angel, where he encounters River, and is tracked there by the Doctor and Amy, where he finds himself repeatedly the victim of Weeping Angels repeatedly attacking him and dislocating him in space and time. It is discovered he is in an Angel "battery farm", where they intend to trap him until he dies of old age. Rory even encounters his dying older self there. Amy and Rory jump from a building to create a paradox and destroy the Angels, but one survives and sends Rory back in time. Amy chooses to let it send her back in time as well, and due to the massive paradox the Doctor can never reunite with them. From a tombstone he learns that Rory died at age 82, and Amy at 87. The website-only epilogue "P.S." later reveals that Rory and Amy adopted a son, in 1946, and named him Anthony Brian Williams. His middle name was chosen after Rory's father, Brian, to whom Rory sent a letter in "P.S.".


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory appears alongside the Doctor and Amy in numerous Doctor Who stories found in the New Series Adventures novels, the 2in1 series chapter books, the Quick Reads novels, and original audiobooks.


title: Rory Williams

text: On 12 June 2020, Big Finish Productions announced that Darvill would reprise the role of Rory Williams for "The Lone Centurion" - a series of audio adventures depicting Rory's two-thousand year guarding of the Pandorica. The first volume, "Rome", was released in April 2021 with a second volume to follow in 2022.


title: Rory Williams

text: For his audition, Arthur Darvill received two scenes from the first episode and one from the sixth, but beyond the fact Rory was Amy's boyfriend he was not informed of details of the character. Lead writer and executive producer Steven Moffat stated that what stood out about Darvill's audition was "just how funny" he was. Darvill felt "privileged" to be part of the show, and was pleased with Rory's storyline. Darvill had previously worked with Matt Smith on a play called "Swimming with Sharks". He became a regular with "A Christmas Carol"; Darvill had his "fingers crossed" that he would become a regular.


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory was a character who was "completely in love" with Amy, but Amy had things to do in life before admitting she loved him too. Moffat described Rory as someone who had grown up in the "shadow" of Amy's imaginary Doctor. Rory became a nurse because of this. Rory eventually evolves into a "bumbling action hero". Speaking of Rory's characterisation in the first series, actor Darvill felt that he was "on the outside looking into this world he was desperately trying to save Amy from." Executive producer Steven Moffat had intended to have a married couple on the TARDIS "from the off". Darvill stated of the couple's marriage that Amy will always "wear the trousers". However, he felt that Rory's marriage had stopped the character "feeling so unworthy." In regards to how Rory changed between series five and six, Darvill stated that "his sense of adventure has awoken" and that he is more comfortable with himself.


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory's frequent deaths in the programme have been subject to criticism. Digital Spy reviewer Morgan Jeffery wrote, "One of the key elements in "Doctor Who" is obviously the sense of danger and the lingering presence of death, but Rory's repeated demises and resurrections are now becoming so frequent that comparisons to "South Park" Kenny seem almost inevitable." In a review for "The Doctor's Wife", Neela Debnath of "The Independent" announced that "Rory-gets-killed fatigue has now officially set in". On the other hand, "SFX" awarded Rory the third spot in the top 10 resurrections of science fiction TV, saying that "it's becoming a cliché. But it's not one we mind too much, mainly because it's always done with such gusto. Except, perhaps, in the pirates episode which was a fairly gusto free zone all round".


title: Rory Williams

text: However, critics have celebrated the increased opportunities for Rory to be heroic in series 6. Following the airing of "A Good Man Goes to War", io9's Charlie Jane Anders compared the character to Wesley Wyndam-Pryce (Alexis Denisof), whose arc in the American television programmes "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel" similarly saw him transition from laughable comic relief to a genuine warrior. Anders comments: "We're thrilled that Rory is getting his Wesley Wyndam-Pryce on. Badass Rory is, as we already observed, totally badass." Sam McPherson of Zap2it believed that Rory had the most character development of the characters in the fifth series, evolving into a "generally enjoyable character".


title: Rory Williams

text: The "Radio Times" blog singled the character out for praise: "As a traveller in the Tardis, Rory probably speaks for the audience far more than past companions have. Sure, we all like to think we'd spring into action just like the Doctor. But in truth, if we joined an eccentric alien on a journey through time and space, we'd probably be more Rory than Rose." However, in 2015 Michael Hogan of "The Daily Telegraph" criticised the general portrayal of male companion figures in "Doctor Who". He described Rory, alongside 2005–2006 character Mickey Smith (Noel Clarke) and 2014 character Danny Pink (Samuel Anderson) as all "basically soppy, sappy, slightly annoying plus-ones to far superior females".


title: Rory Williams

text: Rory was named "TV Character of the Year" in the Virgin Media TV Awards in 2012. "SFX" named Amy and Rory the second-best science fiction and fantasy romance.


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: Aruna () is the charioteer of Surya (Sun god) in Hinduism. He is the elder brother of Garuda. Aruna and Garuda are the sons of Vedic sage Kashyapa and his wife Vinata, daughter of Prajapati Daksha. His children were Sampati and Jatayu. He is also found in Buddhism and Jainism literature and arts.


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: Aruna is found in different, inconsistent Indian legends. In the epic "Mahabharata", he was born prematurely and partially developed from an egg. According to this version, Kashyapa Prajapati's two wives Vinata and Kadru wanted to have children. Kashyapa granted them a boon. Kadru asked for one thousand 'Dirghadeha' (meaning long bodied) Nāga (serpent) sons, while Vinata wanted only two yet extremely strong 'Divyadeha' (meaning emitting golden aura from body). Kashyapa blessed them, and then went away to a forest. Later, Kadru gave birth to one thousand eggs, while Vinata gave birth to two eggs. These incubated for five hundred years, upon which Kadru broke the eggs open and out came her 1,000 sons. Vinata eager for her sons, broke one of the eggs from which emerged the partially formed Aruna. Since Aruna was born prematurely, his body was partially developed. Enraged by the haste of his mother, he cursed her that she will become the slave of Kadru for 500 years, when the second egg will break and his son will redeem her. Having cursed his mother, Aruna disappeared. He was bestowed to be the charioteer to Surya by his father, Prajapati Kasyapa. Accordingly, Vinata waited, and later the fully developed mighty eagle, her second born named Garuda (vehicle of Vishnu) was born.


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: The epic narrates that in another tale that Surya began burning intensely angered by the attacks of Rahu (Rahu swallowing Surya is described to cause solar eclipses in Hindu mythology). The heat was so intense that it started destroying all living beings. The god Brahma asked Aruna to become the charioteer of Surya, to shelter beings from Surya's burning heat.


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: According to the "Ramayana", Aruna was married to Shyeni with whom he had two sons – Jatayu and Sampati. Both of his sons played important role in the epic.


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: There is a legend about Mahabharata that Surya offered Aruna and his divine chariot to his son Karna which he denied as he didn't want to rely on others to win the war, especially against Arjuna, who he acknowledged as a capable rival .


title: Aruna (Hinduism)

text: Another legend, generally told in Indian folk tales linked to the Ramayana, states that Aruna, once became a woman named Aruni and entered an assembly of celestial nymphs, where no man except the king of Heaven - Indra was allowed. Indra fell in love with Aruni and fathered a son named Vali from her. The next day, at Surya's request, Aruna again assumed female form, and Surya fathered a son, Sugriva. Both children were given to Ahalya for rearing, but her husband sage Gautama cursed them, causing them to turn into monkeys, as he did not like them.


title: Postictal state

text: The postictal state is the altered state of consciousness after an epileptic seizure. It usually lasts between 5 and 30 minutes, but sometimes longer in the case of larger or more severe seizures, and is characterized by drowsiness, confusion, nausea, hypertension, headache or migraine, and other disorienting symptoms.


title: Postictal state

text: The ictal period is the seizure itself; the interictal period is the time between seizures, when brain activity is more normal; and the preictal period is the time leading up to a seizure:


title: Postictal state

text: Jerome Engel defines the postictal state as "manifestations of seizure-induced reversible alterations in neuronal function but not structure." Commonly after a seizure, a person feels mentally and physically exhausted for up to one or two days. The most common complaint is an inability to think clearly, specifically "poor attention and concentration, poor short term memory, decreased verbal and interactive skills, and a variety of cognitive defects specific to individuals."


title: Postictal state

text: Postictal migraine headaches are a major complaint among persons with epilepsy, and can have a variety of etiologies. One possible cause of these migraines is high intracranial pressure resulting from postictal cerebral edema. At times, a person may be unaware of having had a seizure, and the characteristic migraine is their only clue.


title: Postictal state

text: Other symptoms associated with the postictal state are less common. Todd's paresis is a temporary regional loss of function in whatever region just experienced the seizure, and its manifestation depends on where the seizure was located. Loss of motor function is most common and can range from weakness to full paralysis. About 6% of patients who had tonic-clonic seizures experienced Todd's paresis afterward, with loss of motor function sometimes accompanied with temporary numbness, blindness, or deafness. Todd's paresis can also cause anterograde amnesia if the seizure included the bilateral hippocampi, and aphasia if the seizures began in the language-dominant hemisphere. Symptoms typically last about 15 hours, but can continue for 36 hours.


title: Postictal state

text: Postictal psychosis is a neuropsychiatric sequel to seizures of chronic epilepsy in adults. Tending to occur with bilateral seizure types it is characterized by auditory and visual hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, affective change, and aggression. Following the typical postictal confusion and lethargy, the person gradually recovers to a normal lucid state. In persons who experience postictal psychosis, this "lucid phase" usually continues at least 6 hours (and up to a week) followed by the psychosis lasting as little as one hour to more than 3 months (the mean is 9–10 days). The psychosis is typically treated medically using atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepines, and successful epilepsy surgery can resolve the psychotic episodes.


title: Postictal state

text: Postictal bliss or euphoria is also reported following seizures. This has been described as a highly blissful feeling associated with the emergence from amnesia. Feelings of depression before a seizure may lead to postictal euphoria.


title: Postictal state

text: Some of postictal symptoms are almost always present for a period of a few hours up to a day or two. Absence seizures do not produce a postictal state and some seizure types may have very brief postictal states. Otherwise, the lack of typical postictal symptoms, such as confusion and lethargy following convulsive seizures, may be a sign of non-epileptic seizures. Usually such seizures are instead related to syncope or have a psychogenic origin ("pseudoseizures").


title: Postictal state

text: The postictal state can also be useful for determining the focus of the seizure. Decreased verbal memory (short term) tends to result from a seizure in the dominant hemisphere, whereas seizures in the non-dominant hemisphere tend to manifest with decreased visual memory. Inability to read suggests seizure foci in the language areas of the left hemisphere, and "after a seizure semivoluntary events as mundane as nose wiping tend to be done with the hand ipsilateral to [that is, on the same side as,] the seizure focus."


title: Postictal state

text: While it might seem that the neurons become “exhausted” after the near-constant firing involved in a seizure, the ability of the neuron to carry an action potential following a seizure is not decreased. Neurons of the brain fire normally when stimulated, even after long periods of status epilepticus.


title: Postictal state

text: Neurotransmitters must be present in the axon terminal and then exocytosed into the synaptic cleft in order to propagate the signal to the next neuron. While neurotransmitters are not typically a limiting factor in neuronal signaling rates, it is possible that with extensive firing during seizures neurotransmitters could be used up faster than new ones could be synthesized in the cell and transported down the axon. There is currently no direct evidence for neurotransmitter depletion following seizures.


title: Postictal state

text: In studies that stimulate seizures by subjecting rats to electroshock, seizures are followed by unconsciousness and slow waves on an electroencephalogram (EEG), signs of postictal catalepsy. Administering the opiate antagonist naloxone immediately reverses this state, providing evidence that increased responsiveness or concentration of the opiate receptors may be occurring during seizures and may be partially responsible for the weariness humans experience following a seizure. When humans were given naloxone in-between seizures, researchers observed increased activity on their EEGs, suggesting that opioid receptors may also be upregulated during human seizures. To provide direct evidence for this, Hammers et al. did positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of radiolabelled ligands before, during, and after spontaneous seizures in humans. They found that opioid receptors were upregulated in the regions near the focus of the seizure during the ictal phase, gradually returning to baseline availability during the postictal phase. Hammers notes that cerebral bloodflow after a seizure can not account for the increase in PET activity observed. Regional bloodflow can increase by as much as 70-80% after seizures but normalizes after 30 minutes. The shortest postictal interval in their study was 90 minutes and none of the patients had seizures during the scanning. It has been predicted that a decrease in opioid activity following a seizure could cause withdrawal symptoms, contributing to postictal depression. The opioid receptor connection with mitigating seizures has been disputed, and opioids have been found to have different functions in different regions of the brain, having both proconvulsive and anticonvulsive effects.


title: Postictal state

text: It is possible that seizures cease spontaneously, but it is much more probable that some changes in the brain create inhibitory signals that serve to tamp down the overactive neurons and effectively end the seizure. Opioid peptides have been shown to be involved in the postictal state and are at times anticonvulsive, and adenosine has also been implicated as a molecule potentially involved in terminating seizures. Evidence for the theory of active inhibition lies in the postictal refractory period, a period of weeks or even months following a series of seizures in which seizures cannot be induced (using animal models and a technique called kindling, in which seizures are induced with repeated electrical stimulation).


title: Postictal state

text: Leftover inhibitory signals are the most likely explanation for why there would be a period in which the threshold for provoking a second seizure is high, and lowered excitability may also explain some of the postictal symptoms. Inhibitory signals could be through GABA receptors (both fast and slow IPSPs), calcium-activated potassium receptors (which give rise to afterhyperpolarization), hyperpolarizing pumps, or other changes in ion channels or signal receptors.


title: Postictal state

text: While not an example of active inhibition, acidosis of the blood could aid in ending the seizure and also depress neuron firing following its conclusion. As muscles contract during tonic-clonic seizures they outpace oxygen supplies and go into anaerobic metabolism. With continued contractions under anaerobic conditions, the cells undergo lactic acidosis, or the production of lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct. This acidifies the blood (higher H+ concentration, lower pH), which has many impacts on the brain. For one, “hydrogen ions compete with other ions at the ion channel associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA). This competition may partially attenuate NMDA receptor and channel mediated hyperexcitability after seizures.”


title: Postictal state

text: Cerebral autoregulation typically ensures that the correct amount of blood reaches the various regions of the brain to match the activity of the cells in that region. In other words, perfusion typically matches metabolism in all organs; especially in the brain, which gets the highest priority. However, following a seizure it has been shown that sometimes cerebral blood flow is not proportionate to metabolism. While cerebral blood flow didn’t change in the mouse hippocampus (the foci of seizures in this model) during or after seizures, increases in relative glucose uptake were observed in the region during the ictal and early postictal periods. Animal models are difficult for this type of study because each type of seizure model produces a unique pattern of perfusion and metabolism. Thus, in different models of epilepsy, researchers have had differing results as to whether or not metabolism and perfusion become uncoupled. Hosokawa’s model used EL mice, in which seizures begin in the hippocampus and present similarly to the behaviors observed in human epileptic patients. If humans show similar uncoupling of perfusion and metabolism, this would result in hypoperfusion in the affected area, a possible explanation for the confusion and ‘fog’ patients experience following a seizure.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Scott Hastings Beckett (October 4, 1929 – May 10, 1968) was an American actor. He began his career as a child actor in the "Our Gang" shorts and later costarred on "Rocky Jones, Space Ranger".


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Born in Oakland, California, Beckett got his start in show business at age three when the family moved to Los Angeles and a casting director heard him singing by chance. He was at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital visiting his father, who was recovering from an illness, and was entertaining him by singing songs in Pig Latin. Nurses heard him singing and carried him from room to room on every visit to sing for other patients. A studio casting director noticed the child and told his parents he had movie potential. He auditioned, and landed a part in "Gallant Lady" (1933), alongside Dickie Moore. The same year, his father died. In 1934, he joined "Our Gang", in which Moore had appeared from 1932 to 1933.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Beckett appeared as a regular in the "Our Gang" short subjects series from 1934 to 1935. In it, he played George "Spanky" McFarland's best friend and partner in mischief. His trademark look was a crooked baseball cap and an oversized sweater exposing one shoulder. His role was taken over by Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer in 1935, and he left the series for features after that year. In 1939, he returned briefly as Alfalfa's cousin, Wilbur, in "Cousin Wilbur" and "Dog Daze".


title: Scotty Beckett

text: After his "Our Gang" days were over, Beckett won increasingly prominent roles in major Hollywood films, usually playing the star's son or the hero as a boy. Among his major credits are "Dante's Inferno" with Spencer Tracy, "Anthony Adverse" with Fredric March, "The Charge of the Light Brigade" with Errol Flynn, "Conquest" with Greta Garbo, "Marie Antoinette" with Norma Shearer; "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves", in which he played Jon Hall's character as a child, and "Kings Row", in which he played Robert Cummings's character as a child. In 1940, he played Tim in "My Favorite Wife", starring Cary Grant and Irene Dunne. He appeared as one of the unborn children in Shirley Temple's "The Blue Bird" (1940). He also had a central role in the wartime propaganda film "The Boy from Stalingrad" (1943).


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Beckett attended Los Angeles High School and took time off from filming to try his luck on the stage. Adolescence didn't seem to hamper his career, as he won such important roles as that of young Al Jolson in "The Jolson Story", with his singing voice provided by Rudy Wissler, and Junior in the long-running radio show "The Life of Riley". His performance as Jolson was described as "touching, enchanting, and to all indications, accurate". In 1947, he appeared alongside Dickie Moore and Marilyn Monroe in "Dangerous Years".


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Beckett was signed by MGM in 1947, with his first role under contract as Will Parker in "Cynthia". He gained the role of Oogie Pringle in "A Date with Judy", the film adaptation of the long-running radio series of the same name, opposite Jane Powell as Judy Foster. In 1949, he was featured in the war drama "Battleground" and the following year he starred as the fast-talking Tennessee Shad in the comedy "The Happy Years". By 1950, the success of those three films resulted in expectations that his career would rise, but it didn't. While other actors his age moved into leading roles, his career declined, as evidenced by his small role in "Nancy Goes to Rio", again with Jane Powell.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Beckett attended the University of Southern California, but dropped out when the combined workload of school and films became too great. Although he was working steadily at MGM, his life grew increasingly tumultuous in the late 1940s and early 1950s. In 1948, he was arrested on suspicion of drunk driving.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: In 1954, Beckett's career took an upward turn when he was cast as Winky, the comic sidekick in the popular TV show "Rocky Jones, Space Ranger". He was fired from the series after he was arrested on a concealed weapons charge and for passing a bad check. According to actor Jimmy Lydon, who appeared with him in the "Gasoline Alley" films and also replaced him after he was fired from "Rocky Jones", he earned a bad reputation due to his excessive drinking. Lydon also claimed that he made many enemies because he gambled frequently but refused to pay his gambling debts or repay money that was lent to him. After being fired from "Rocky Jones", he made only a few subsequent TV and film appearances, some uncredited bit parts, before leaving show business forever.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: After more or less giving up show business, Beckett tried selling real estate, then cars, and twice enrolled at universities with the intention of becoming a medical doctor. He was also arrested several times for drunkenness, drunk driving, drug possession, and passing bad checks. His first arrest for drunk driving came in 1948, followed by a second arrest in March 1959. In February 1957, he was arrested after attempting to cross the Mexican border with 250 "stimulant pills". On August 14, 1959, he was arrested for possessing four Benzedrine pills. He was released after twelve hours after the county prosecutor refused to press charges. Four days later, he sustained a broken hip and a skull fracture after crashing his car into a tree while driving in West Los Angeles. Lydon claimed that the accident left Beckett severely disabled and he had to utilize a wheelchair and crutches for the remainder of his life. In 1962, he attempted suicide after a heavy drinking binge.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: Beckett was married three times and had one child. He married professional tennis player Beverly Baker on September 28, 1949, in Las Vegas. She was granted a divorce in June 1950. His second marriage was to model and actress Sunny Vickers. They married in 1951 and had one son, Scott Jr., before divorcing in 1957. In 1961, he married Margaret C. Sabo; she remained with him until his death.


title: Scotty Beckett

text: On May 8, 1968, Beckett checked into a Los Angeles nursing home to seek medical attention after suffering a serious beating (the circumstances surrounding it were never made clear). He was found dead in his room on May 10. He was 38 years old. A note and pills were found, but the Los Angeles County coroner stated that an exact cause of death was unknown even though an autopsy had been performed. While no official cause of death has been listed, various media reports state that he overdosed on either barbiturates or alcohol.


title: Intelsat

text: Intelsat S.A. (formerly INTEL-SAT, INTELSAT, Intelsat) is a multinational satellite services provider with corporate headquarters in Luxembourg and administrative headquarters in Tysons Corner, Virginia, United States. Originally formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization ("ITSO", or INTELSAT), from 1964 to 2001, it was an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites providing international telecommunications and broadcast services.


title: Intelsat

text: As of June 2022, Intelsat operated a fleet of 52 communications satellites which was then one of the world's largest fleets. In 2020, the company announced plans to procure, build and launch seven C-band satellites over the next several years. These C-band satellites will contribute to the acceleration of America's 5G buildout. In early 2022, the company announced contracts for four GEO software defined satellites (SDS), two in partnership with Airbus and two in partnership with Thales Alenia Space, that are scheduled to launch in 2023. These contracts point to the pursuit of a multi-year network transformation plan with investments designed to deliver higher speeds, more flexibility, redundancy, and backwards compatibility.


title: Intelsat

text: As of 2022, the company served approximately 1,800 customers and employed a staff of approximately 1,790 people.


title: Intelsat

text: John F. Kennedy instigated the creation of INTELSAT with his speech to the United Nations on 25 September 1961. Less than a year later, John F. Kennedy signed the Communications Satellite Act of 1962. INTELSAT was originally formed as International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) and operated from 1964 to 2001 as an intergovernmental consortium owning and managing a constellation of communications satellites providing international broadcast services. In 2001, the international satellite market was fully commercialized, and INTELSAT was privatized after 2001 as Intelsat was formed up as a private Luxembourg corporation.


title: Intelsat

text: The International Governmental Organization (IGO) began on (), with 7 participating countries. The 1964 agreement was an interim arrangement on a path to a more permanent agreement. The permanent international organization was established in 1973, following inter-nation negotiations from 1969 to 1971. The most difficult issue to "resolve concerned the shift from management of the system by a national entity to management by the international organization itself".


title: Intelsat

text: On 6 April 1965, INTELSAT's first satellite, the Intelsat I (nicknamed "Early Bird"), was placed in geostationary orbit above the Atlantic Ocean by a Delta D rocket.


title: Intelsat

text: In 1973, the name was changed and there were 81 signatories. INTELSAT was "governed initially by two international agreements: The Agreement setting forth the basic provisions and principles and structure of the organization, signed by the governments through their foreign ministries, and an Operating Agreement setting forth more detailed financial and technical provisions and signed by the governments or their designated telecommunications entities", — in most cases, the latter are the ministries of communications of the party countries, but in the case of the United States, was the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT), a private corporation established by federal legislation to represent the U.S. in international governance for the global communication satellite system. INTELSAT at that time directly owned and managed a global communications satellite system, and structurally consisted of three parts:


title: Intelsat

text: The 1973 Agreement called for a seven-year transition from national to international management, but continued until 1976 to carve out "technical and operational management of the system [to the U.S. signatory] the Communications Satellite Corporation [which had also] served as the Manager of the global system under the interim arrangements in force from 1964 to 1973". Later phases of the transition resulted in full international governance by 1980. Financial contribution to the organization, its so-called "investment share", was strictly proportional to each member's use of the system, determined annually; and this corresponded to the weighted vote each would have on the Board of Governors.


title: Intelsat

text: Since its inception, Intelsat has used several versions (blocks) of its dedicated Intelsat satellites. Intelsat completes each block of spacecraft independently, leading to a variety of satellite manufacturing contractors over the years. Intelsat's largest spacecraft supplier by 2012 was Space Systems/Loral, having built 47 spacecraft (Intelsat 20) by that time.


title: Intelsat

text: The network in its early years was not as robust as it is now. A failure of the Atlantic satellite in the spring of 1969 threatened to stop the "Apollo 11" mission; a replacement satellite went into a bad orbit and could not be recovered in time; NASA used undersea cable telephone circuits as an alternative to route Apollo's communications to NASA during the mission. During the Apollo 11 moonwalk, the Moon was over the Pacific Ocean, and so other antennas were used, as well as INTELSAT III, which was in geostationary orbit over the Pacific.


title: Intelsat

text: By the 1990s, building and launching satellites was no longer exclusively a government domain and as country-specific telecommunications systems were privatized, several private satellite operators arose to meet the growing demand. In the U.S., satellite operators such as PanAmSat, Orion Communications, Columbia Communications, Iridium, Globalstar, TRW and others formed under the umbrella of the Alliance for Competitive International Satellite Services (ACISS) to press for an end to the exclusively-intergovernmental organizations operating communication satellites and the monopoly position of COMSAT the U.S. signatory to Intelsat and Inmarsat. In March 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the Open-market Reorganization for the Betterment of International Telecommunications (ORBIT) Act to privatize COMSAT. In April 1998, to address U.S. government concerns about market power, Intelsat's senior management spun off five of its older satellites to a private Dutch entity, New Skies Satellites, which became a direct competitor to Intelsat.


title: Intelsat

text: On 18 July 2001, Intelsat became a private company, 37 years after formation. Prior to Intelsat's privatization in 2001, ownership and investment in INTELSAT (measured in shares) was distributed among INTELSAT members according to their use of services. Investment shares determined each member's percentage of the total contribution needed to finance capital expenditures. The organization's primary source of revenue was satellite usage fees which, after deduction of operating costs, was redistributed to INTELSAT members in proportion to their shares as repayment of capital and compensation for use of capital. Satellite services were available to any organization (both INTELSAT members and non-members), and all users paid the same rates.


title: Intelsat

text: Intelsat Americas-7 (known formerly as Telstar 7 and known as Galaxy 27 since on 1 February 2007) experienced a several-day power failure on 29 November 2004. The satellite returned to service with reduced capacity.


title: Intelsat

text: Intelsat was sold for US$3.1 billion in January 2005 to four private equity firms: Madison Dearborn Partners, Apax Partners, Permira and Apollo Global Management. The company acquired PanAmSat on 3 July 2006, and was then the world's largest provider of fixed satellite services, operating a fleet of 52 satellites in prime orbital locations.


title: Intelsat

text: In April 2013, the renamed Intelsat S.A. undertook an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange, raising a net US$550 million, of which US$492 million was paid immediately to reduce outstanding company debts of US$15.9 billion. In May 2013, the company announced it would be purchasing four new high-performance Boeing EpicNG 702 MP satellites.


title: Intelsat

text: There were negotiations in 2017 that Intelsat could potentially merge with Softbank-backed OneWeb. However, on 1 June 2017, it was announced that the bondholders would not accept the offer and that the potential merger would be terminated as of 2 June 2017.


title: Intelsat

text: After 2014, Intelsat maintained its corporate administrative headquarters in Tysons Corner, Virginia, where a majority of its employees worked at the time. Intelsat maintains constantly staffed global network operations centers in its Tysons Corner location and in Ellenwood, Georgia. A highly international business, Intelsat sources the majority of its revenue from non-U.S. located customers. In addition to its satellite fleet, Intelsat owns and operates eight teleports around the world.


title: Intelsat

text: Intelsat filed for a Chapter 11 bankruptcy in U.S. courts on 13 May 2020, just before the new 5G spectrum auctions, with over US$15 billion in total debt.


title: Intelsat

text: Public reporting showed that the company had been considering bankruptcy protection as early as February 2020,


title: Intelsat

text: as Intelsat formally withdrew from the C-Band Alliance. The C-Band Alliance was an industry consortium of the major satellite operators. The consortium had been formed to lobby U.S. regulator, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regarding the reassignment and payment for the legacy 5G spectrum of its members.


title: Intelsat

text: According to company statements, the company was hoping to restructure so that it could raise requisite capital to launch new satellite technology in 2022/2023, at a cost of some US$1.6 billion. The technology could compress existing licensed C-band spectrum customers into just forty percent of the spectrum used in 2019. The release of spectrum would enable the company to receive up to US$4.86 billion in "spectrum clearing payments" from the FCC for clearing the spectrum by December 2023, two years ahead of the FCC baseline plan.


title: Intelsat

text: On February 24, 2022, Intelsat emerged from Chapter 11 as a private company with a strengthened capital structure which reduced debt by more than half, from approximately $16 billion to $7 billion. The company’s plan of reorganization was supported by all creditors and confirmed by the Bankruptcy Court on December 16, 2021. In connection with the emergence from bankruptcy, Intelsat also obtained $6.7 billion in new financing including a revolving credit facility, term loan, and secured notes.


title: Intelsat

text: According to then company CEO, Stephen Spengler, post bankruptcy, the company plans to pursue aggressive network innovation plans, and strategic growth initiatives, including building a software-defined 5G network. The company also announced a new board of directors, led by Lisa Hammitt, executive vice president and chief technology officer at Davidson Technologies.


title: Intelsat

text: In December 2020, Intelsat completed its acquisition of Gogo’s Commercial Aviation (CA) business. The vertical integration combined Intelsat’s next-generation global telecommunications network with Gogo CA’s customer-facing capabilities offering airlines and passengers an enhanced inflight entertainment and connectivity (IFEC) experience.


title: Intelsat

text: Intelsat has agreed to purchase one-half of the propellant payload that an MDA Corporation spacecraft satellite-servicing demonstration project would take to geostationary orbit. Catching up in orbit with four or five Intelsat communication satellites, a load of of fuel delivered to each satellite would add somewhere between two and four years of additional service life. A near-end-of-life Intelsat satellite will be moved to a graveyard orbit above the geostationary belt where the refueling will be done, "without consequence" to the Intelsat business.


title: Intelsat

text: The plan is that the fuel-depot vehicle would maneuver to several satellites, dock at the target satellite's apogee kick motor, remove a small part of the target spacecraft's thermal protection blanket, connect to a fuel-pressure line and deliver the propellant. "MDA officials estimate the docking maneuver would take the communications satellite out of service for about 20 minutes".


title: Intelsat

text: On 25 February 2020, a Northrop Grumman robotic servicing spacecraft, Mission Extension Vehicle 1 (MEV 1) docked with the Intelsat 901 satellite. The MEV 1 spacecraft will provide propulsion capabilities to Intelsat 901 to extend its usable life for five years.


title: Intelsat

text: On 1 February 2007, Intelsat changed the names of 16 of its satellites formerly known under the Intelsat Americas and PanAmSat brands to Galaxy and Intelsat, respectively.


title: Intelsat

text: Over time, Intelsat has worked with most of the commercial launch services providers worldwide. Their satellites are often among the most massive of their generation, requiring the most powerful and reliable rockets on the market at a given time. In the 21st century, most Intelsat missions were conducted by Arianespace with the European Ariane 4 and Ariane 5 launchers, and by International Launch Services (ILS) with Proton-K and Proton-M rockets manufactured by Khrunichev in Russia. Intelsat also took advantage of the equatorial Sea Launch offering with Zenit-3SL rockets launched from the Ocean Odyssey floating platform in Pacific Ocean, until they suspended operations in 2014. On 30 May 2012, Intelsat signed a contract with SpaceX for one of the first Falcon Heavy launch vehicles, marking the return of Intelsat to American launchers after many flights on Atlas II in the 1990s and a single Atlas V launch in 2009.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This article lists all known poems by American author and critic Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849), listed alphabetically with the date of their authorship in parentheses.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: An unpublished 9-line poem written circa 1829 for Poe's cousin Elizabeth Rebecca Herring (the acrostic is her first name, spelled out by the first letter of each line). It was never published in Poe's lifetime. James H. Whitty discovered the poem and included it in his 1911 anthology of Poe's works under the title "From an Album". It was also published in Thomas Ollive Mabbott's definitive "Collected Works of Edgar Allan Poe" in 1969 as "An Acrostic".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem mentions "Endymion", possibly referring to an 1818 poem by John Keats with that name. The "L. E. L." in the third line may be Letitia Elizabeth Landon, an English artist known for signing her work with those initials. "Zantippe" in line four is actually Xanthippe, wife of Socrates. The spelling of the name was changed to fit the acrostic.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This poem is based on stories from the [bible], and tells of the afterlife in the place called Al Aaraaf. Poe included it as the major poem in his 1829 collection "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Alone" is a 22-line poem originally written in 1829, and left untitled and unpublished during Poe's lifetime. The original manuscript was signed "E. A. Poe" and dated March 17, 1829. In February of that year, Poe's foster mother Frances Allan had died. In September 1875, the poem, which had been in the possession of a family in Baltimore, was published with its title in "Scribner's Monthly". The editor, E. L. Didier, also reproduced a facsimile of the manuscript, though he admitted he added the date himself. The poem is now often included in anthologies.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Alone" is often interpreted as autobiographical, expressing the author's feelings of isolation and inner torment. Poet Daniel Hoffman believed "Alone" was evidence that "Poe really "was" a haunted man". The poem, however, is an introspective about Poe's youth, written when he was only 20 years old.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The last complete poem written by Poe, it was published shortly after his death in 1849. The speaker of the poem talks about a lost love, Annabel Lee, and may have been based on Poe's own relationship with his wife Virginia, though that is disputed.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published after Poe's death, "The Bells" is a heavily onomatopoeic poem known for its repetition.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "The Beloved Physician" was written around April 1847 for Mary-Louise Shew, a nurse who also inspired Poe's more famous poem, "The Bells". The poem was originally ten stanzas long, although a version with nine stanzas was supposedly prepared by Poe for publication . It was never printed during his lifetime, and it now appears to be lost. Shew was able to recall about a tenth of a poem in a letter to editor John W. Ingham in 1875; these fragments were published in 1909, and appear to be all that remains of the piece.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published simply as "Ballad" in the January 1837 edition of the "Southern Literary Messenger", it was later retitled as "Bridal Ballad" when it was printed in the July 31, 1841 edition of the "Saturday Evening Post". The poem is unusual for Poe because it is written in the voice of a woman, specifically a recently married bride. Despite her reassurances that she is "happy," the poem has a somber tone as it recounts a previous love who has died. In marrying, she has broken her vow to this previous lover to love him eternally.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe biographer Daniel Hoffman says that "Bridal Ballad" is guilty of "one of the most unfortunate rhymes in American poetry this side of Thomas Holley Chivers". He is referring to the name of the bride's dead lover, "D'Elormie", which he calls "patently a forced rhyme" for "o'er me" and "before me" in the previous lines. Aldous Huxley made the same observation, calling the rhyme "ludicrous" and "horribly vulgar".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem is one of the few works by Poe to be written in the voice of a woman. See also the humorous tale "A Predicament".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: In its first publication in 1831, "The City in the Sea" was published as "The Doomed City" before being renamed in 1845. It presents a personified Death sitting on the throne of a "strange city."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "The Coliseum" explores Rome as a past glory that still exists in imagination. Poe submitted the poem to a contest sponsored by the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter", which offered a prize of $25 to the winner. The judges chose a poem submitted by editor John Hill Hewitt under the pseudonym "Henry Wilton". Poe was outraged by what he considered nepotism; Hewitt later claimed that the two had a fistfight in the streets of Baltimore, though no evidence proves the event.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Despite the controversy, "The Coliseum" was published by the "Visiter" in its October 26, 1833, issue. It was later incorporated into Poe's unfinished drama "Politian".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: In a July 1844 letter to fellow author James Russell Lowell, Poe put "The Coliseum" as one of his six best poems.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published as a separate poem in 1843, "The Conqueror Worm" was later incorporated into the text of Poe's short story "Ligeia". The poem seems to imply that all life is a worthless drama that inevitably leads to death.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Deep in Earth" is a couplet, presumably part of an unfinished poem Poe was writing in 1847. In January of that year, Poe's wife Virginia had died in New York of tuberculosis. It is assumed that the poem was inspired by her death. It is difficult to discern, however, if Poe had intended the completed poem to be published or if it was personal.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe scribbled the couplet onto a manuscript copy of his poem "Eulalie". That poem seems autobiographical, referring to his joy upon marriage. The significance of the couplet implies that he has gone back into a state of loneliness similar to before his marriage. It has been found that the second line of Poe's couplet was adapted from "Zarifa", a poem by Frances Osgood.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "The Divine Right of Kings" is attributed to Edgar Allan Poe, though not fully proven. It appeared in "Graham's Magazine" in October 1845. The "King" of the title is Ellen King, possibly representing Frances Sargent Osgood, to whom the writer pledges his devotion. It was first identified as Poe's in an article on November 21, 1915, using the poem's signature of "P." as evidence.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "A Dream" is a lyric poem that first appeared without a title in "Tamerlane and Other Poems" in 1827. The narrator's "dream of joy departed" causes him to compare and contrast dream and "broken-hearted" reality. Its title was attached when it was published in "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems" in 1829.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "A Dream Within a Dream" was first published in 1849, the year of Poe's death, and asks if all life is really a dream.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published in the June 1844 issue of "Graham's Magazine", "Dream-Land" (also called "Dreamland") was the only poem Poe published that year. It was republished in a June 1845 edition of the "Broadway Journal".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This lyric poem consists of five stanzas, with the first and last being nearly identical. The dream-voyager arrives in a place beyond time and space and decides to stay there. This place is odd yet majestic, with "mountains toppling evermore into seas without a shore". Even so, it is a "peaceful, soothing region" and is a hidden treasure like El Dorado. Poe biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn called it "one of [Poe's] finest creations", with each phrase contributing to one effect: a human traveler wandering between life and death.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The eighth line of the poem is typically pushed slightly to the left of the other lines' indentation.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A short poem referencing the mythical El Dorado. A traveler asks a "shade" where to find the legendary city of gold and is told to "ride, boldly ride."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Believed to have been written in 1829, "Elizabeth" was never published in Poe's lifetime. It was written for his Baltimore cousin, Elizabeth Rebecca Herring. Poe also wrote "An Acrostic" to her as well as the poem that would become "To F——s S. O——d."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First printed in the February 2, 1833, issue of the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter", "Enigma" is a riddle that hints at 11 authors. Line two, for example, references Homer and the ninth refers to Alexander Pope. It was signed only with "P.", though Thomas Ollive Mabbott attributed the poem to Poe – and solved the riddles. See the page on eapoe.org for more.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A riddle poem in a modified sonnet form, "An Enigma" was published in March 1848 in the "Union Magazine of Literature and Art" under its original simple title "Sonnet." Its new title was attached by Rufus Wilmot Griswold. Its lines conceal an anagram with the name Sarah Anna Lewis (also known as "Stella"). Lewis was an amateur poet who met Poe shortly after the death of his wife Virginia while he lived in Fordham, New York. Lewis's husband paid Poe $100 to write a review of Sarah's work. That review appeared in the September 1848 issue of the "Southern Literary Messenger". Marie Louise Shew (Virginia's one-time volunteer nurse, of sorts) later said that Poe called Lewis a "fat, gaudily-dressed woman." Poe's biographer, Arthur Hobson Quinn, called "An Enigma" "one of Poe's feeblest poems".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Printed in the New York "Evening Mirror" on January 23, 1845, the poem is generally accepted as being written by Poe, though it was published anonymously. The title neglected to capitalize "street." The humorous poem of four rhyming couplets tells savvy people interested in gaining wealth to avoid investments and banks. Instead, it suggests, fold your money in half, thereby doubling it.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Eulalie" was first published in 1845 in "" and is about a man who overcomes his sadness by marrying the beautiful Eulalie.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Evangeline" was included at the end of Poe's 1848 essay "The Rationale of Verse." It was first published in the November 1848 issue of the "Southern Literary Messenger".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This lyric poem by Poe was first collected in "Tamerlane and Other Poems" early in Poe's career in 1827. In the poem, a stargazer thinks all the stars he sees look cold, except for one "Proud Evening Star" which looks warm with a "distant fire" the other stars lack. The poem was influenced by Thomas Moore's poem "While Gazing on the Moon's Light".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem was not included in Poe's second poetry collection, "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems", and was never re-printed during his lifetime.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Evening Star" was adapted by choral composer Jonathan Adams into his "Three Songs from Edgar Allan Poe" in 1993.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Originally titled "Heaven," "Fairy-Land" was written while Poe was at the United States Military Academy at West Point. Poe first offered the poem to Nathaniel Parker Willis, who wrote in an edition of "The Editor's Table" of the "American Monthly" of how he threw the submission into the fire and joyfully watched it burn. Nonetheless, it was soon published in the September 1829 issue of "The Yankee and Boston Literary Gazette". The journal's editor John Neal introduced the poem and others by Poe as "nonsense". He did, however, admit that the work showed great promise in the author. His introduction read, "If E. A. P. of Baltimore — whose lines about 'Heaven,' though he professes to regard them as altogether superior to any thing in the whole range of American poetry, save two or three trifles referred to, are, though nonsense, rather exquisite nonsense — would but do himself justice, might make a beautiful and perhaps magnificent poem. There is a good deal to justify such a hope." It was first collected in "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems" in 1829. In that collection, Poe dedicated "Tamerlane" to Neal.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Robert Pinsky, who held the title of Poet Laureate of the United States from 1997–2000, said "Fairy-Land" was one of his favorite poems.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published in the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter" on May 18, 1833, the poem laments the death of a young love. It was originally signed only as "TAMERLANE."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "For Annie" was written for Nancy L. (Heywood) Richmond (whom Poe called Annie) of Westford, Massachusetts. Richmond was married to Charles B. Richmond of Lowell, Massachusetts and Poe developed a strong platonic, though complicated, relationship with her. It was at Nancy's (Heywood) family farm in Westford, Massachusetts that Poe would stay, at the invitation of the Lowell couple, while lecturing in Lowell. It was here that the relationship developed. He even wrote to her of purchasing a "cottage" in Westford just to be closer to her and her family. The poem was first set to be published on April 28, 1849 in the journal "Flag of our Union", which Poe said was a "paper for which sheer necessity compels me to write." Fearing its publication there would consign it "to the tomb of the Capulets," he sent it to Nathaniel Parker Willis for publication in the "Home Journal" on the same day as "Flag of Our Union". The poem talks about an illness from which Richmond helped Poe recover. It speaks about "the fever called 'Living'" that has been conquered, ending his "moaning and groaning" and his "sighing and sobbing." In a letter dated March 23, 1849, Poe sent the poem he wrote to Richmond saying, "I think the lines 'For Annie' (those I now send) much the best I have ever written."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Nancy Richmond would officially change her name to Annie after her husband's death in 1873. A large Granite Marker was erected for Poe at the historic Heywood home in Westford, Massachusetts where he stayed. Annie L. Richmond is buried in a Lowell, Massachusetts cemetery with her husband Charles.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "The Happiest Day", or "The Happiest Day, the Happiest Hour", is a six-quatrain poem. It was first published as part of Poe's first collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems" in 1827. Poe may have written it while serving in the army. The poem discusses a self-pitying loss of youth, though it was written when Poe was about 19.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A nearly identical poem called "Original" written by Poe's brother William Henry Leonard Poe was first published in the September 15, 1827 issue of the "North American". It is believed Poe wrote the poem and sent it to his brother, who then sent it to the magazine. T. O. Mabbott felt that the rather tepid value of this slightly edited version of the poem suggests that they were made by William Henry, though perhaps with Edgar's approval.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This 16-line poem was sung by the title character in Poe's short story "Morella", first published in April 1835 in the "Southern Literary Messenger". It was later published as a stand-alone poem as "A Catholic Hymn" in the August 16, 1845 issue of the "Broadway Journal". The poem addresses the Mother of God, thanking her for hearing her prayers and pleading for a bright future. When it was included in the collection "The Raven and Other Poems" it was lumped into one large stanza. In a copy of that collection he sent to Sarah Helen Whitman, Poe crossed out the word "Catholic."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Choral composer Jonathan Adams included "Hymn" as part of his "Three Songs from Edgar Allan Poe" written for chorus and piano in 1993.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem "Imitation" was first published in Poe's early collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems". The 20-line poem is made up of rhymed couplets where the speaker likens his youth to a dream as his reality becomes more and more difficult. It has been considered potentially autobiographical, written during deepening strains in Poe's relationship with his foster-father John Allan.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Kate Carol was a pseudonym for Frances Sargent Osgood, a woman with whom Poe exchanged love notes published in journals. Poe was married at the time, yet his friendship with Osgood was very public. This four line poem, written with an almost juvenile tone, compares the woman's beautiful thoughts with her beautiful eyes.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem, which consists of four lines, was published in the "Broadway Journal" on April 26, 1845. It was unsigned but Poe biographer and critic T.O. Mabbott assigns it as Poe's without hesitation. Osgood copied the poem and gave it to her friend Elizabeth Oakes Smith with the title "To the Sinless Child." This copy is now preserved in the library of the University of Virginia.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Written while Poe was at West Point, "Israfel" is a poem in eight stanzas of varying lengths that was first published in April 1831 in "Poems of Edgar A. Poe". It was re-worked and republished for the August 1836 issue of the "Southern Literary Messenger". In an introduction to the poem, Poe says that Israfel is described in the Koran as an angel whose heart is a lute and who has "the sweetest voice of all God's creatures." His song quiets the stars, the poem says, while the Earth-bound poet is limited in his own "music". Poe's friend Thomas Holley Chivers said "Israfil" comes the closest to matching Poe's ideal of the art of poetry.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Israfel" varies in meter, however it contains mostly iambic feet, complemented by end rhyme in which several of the lines in each stanza rhyme together. Poe also uses frequent alliteration within each line in any given stanza.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Although the name "Israfel" does not appear in the Qur'an, mention is repeatedly made of an unnamed trumpet-angel assumed to identify this figure: "And the trumpet shall be blown, so all those that are in the heavens and all those that are in the earth shall swoon, except Allah; then it shall be blown again, then they shall stand up awaiting." —Qur'an (39.68). The poem details the beauty of the unearthly song of Israfil, as stars and other heavenly bodies stand transfixed in muted silence. Poe further alludes to Islam by referencing "Houri" as another heavenly entity entrapped amidst the majesty of Israfil's lyre. It is likely that such Islamic references were used to give the work an exotic feel. The poem concludes with the author wondering as to whether if their places traded, he could craft a bolder melody from his lyre than Israfil. The poem parallels Coleridge's "Kubla Khan" in the inspiring yet ultimately unfulfilling song of a heavenly muse.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Hervey Allen likened Poe himself to Israfil and titled his 1934 biography "Israfil: The Life and Times of Edgar Allan Poe". The poem was set to music by Oliver King in 1890 and by Leonard Bernstein in his "Songfest" of 1977.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First appearing simply as "The Lake" in Poe's 1827 collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems", the amended title appeared in 1829 collected in "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems". The poem is a celebration of loneliness and the thoughts inspired by a remote lake.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: For the 1845 collection "The Raven and Other Poems", Poe reworked the first line ("In youth's spring, it was my lot") to "In spring of youth it was my lot."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Lenore" discusses proper decorum in the wake of the death of a young woman. It began as a different poem, "A Pæan".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A simple 8-line poem, "Lines on Ale" may have been written by Poe to pay his drinking bill. It was discovered at the Washington Tavern in Lowell, Massachusetts where it was written. The original copy hung on the wall of the tavern until about 1920.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem depicts a joyful narrator who carelessly lets time go by as he asks for another drink of ale, saying he will drain another glass. He enjoys the "hilarious visions" and "queerest fancies" that enter his brain while drinking.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Lines on Joe Locke" was a short, two stanza poem written to make fun of a commanding officer during Poe's time at West Point. Poe was known for his funny verses on staff and faculty at the academy. Lieutenant Locke was either generally not well-liked, or Poe had a more personal vendetta with him. The poem teases that Locke "was never known to lie" in bed while roll was being called, and he was "well known to report" (i.e. cite cadets for discipline purposes).


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe's original manuscript of "O, Tempora! O, Mores!" was lost. It was first printed by Eugene L. Didier in his own "No Name Magazine" in October 1889.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This poem, mostly a sarcastic jab at a clerk named Pitts, starts out with the words "O, Times! O, Manners!" (an English translation of "O, Tempora! O, Mores!"). This phrase, which is commonly used to criticize present-day customs and attitudes, helps illustrate Poe's opinion that many men and politicians (during his lifetime) act as if they have no manners.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "A Pæan" is the original title of the poem that would become "Lenore". It was first published as part of an early collection in 1831 with only 11 quatrains and it did not mention the name Lenore. The name was not added until it was published as "Lenore" in February 1843 in "The Pioneer". This original version of the poem is so dissimilar from "Lenore" that it is often considered an entirely different poem. Both are usually collected separately in anthologies.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This poem, most likely incomplete, was never printed in Poe's lifetime. Its two lines were found written on a page of some of John Allan's financial records. This is the earliest surviving manuscript in Poe's own hand.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Romance" first appeared as "Preface" in the 1829 collection "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems", then in 1831 as "Introduction" in "Poems by Edgar A. Poe". It took the title "Romance" in the February 25, 1843 issue of the "Philadelphia Saturday Museum". The early versions made some allusion to alcohol with lines like "drunkenness of the soul" and "the glories of the bowl". In the poem, the speaker refers to some exotic bird that has been with him his whole life. He also says, "I could not love except where Death / Was mingling his with Beauty's breath", a line often termed autobiographical as many of the women in Poe's love life were ill (an early love Jane Stanard died of tuberculosis, as did his wife Virginia; also, his later love Sarah Helen Whitman had a weak heart, etc.).


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This serenade is directed at the beauty of untouched nature, as well as an unnamed lover. It was first printed in the April 20, 1833, issue of the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter" with the name "E. A. Poe." The poem was never collected in any of Poe's anthologies during his lifetime and was re-discovered by John C. French in 1917. This poem contains extensive examples of allusions from Greek mythology to strengthen the themes of "the beauty of untouched nature."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Not to be confused with Poe's short story "Silence: A Fable", "Silence – A Sonnet" was first published on January 4, 1840, in the Philadelphia "Saturday Courier". After some revision, it was republished in the "Broadway Journal" on July 26, 1845. The poem compares the sea and the shore to the body and the soul. There is a death of the body that is silence, the speaker says, that should not be mourned. He does, however, warn against the silent death of the soul.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem that would become "The Sleeper" went through many revised versions. First, in the 1831 collection "Poems of Edgar A. Poe", it appeared with 74 lines as "Irene." It was 60 lines when it was printed in the Philadelphia "Saturday Courier" on May 22, 1841. Poe considered it one of his best compositions, according to a note he sent to fellow author James Russell Lowell in 1844. Like many of Poe's works, the poem focuses on the death of a beautiful woman, a death which the mourning narrator struggles to deal with while considering the nature of death and life. Some lines seem to echo the poem "Christabel" by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a poet known to have had a heavy influence on Poe's poetry.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe praised "The Sleeper" as a "superior" poem. He wrote to an admirer: "In the higher qualities of poetry, it is better than 'The Raven'—but there is not one man in a million who could be brought to agree with me in this opinion."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Song" is a ballad-style poem, which was first published in "Tamerlane and Other Poems" in 1827, the speaker tells of a former love he saw from afar on her wedding day. A blush on her cheek, despite all the happiness around her, displays a hidden shame for having lost the speaker's love.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: It is believed to reference Poe's lost teenage love Sarah Elmira Royster, who broke off her engagement with Poe presumably due to her father. She instead married the wealthy Alexander Shelton. If this is the case, Poe was taking poetic license: he was not in Richmond at the time of her wedding.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "To Science", or "Sonnet – To Science", is a traditional 14-line English sonnet which says that science is the enemy of the poet because it takes away the mysteries of the world. Poe was concerned with the recent influx of modern science and social science and how it potentially undermined spiritual beliefs.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A Shakespearean sonnet, it was first published in the January 1837 issue of the "Southern Literary Messenger". The poem praises the beauty of the island Zante. The last two lines, written in Italian, are also used in Poe's earlier poem "Al Aaraaf."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "Spirits of the Dead" was first titled "Visits of the Dead" when it was published in the 1827 collection "Tamerlane and Other Poems". The title was changed for the 1829 collection "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems". The poem follows a dialogue between a dead speaker and a person visiting his grave. The spirit tells the person that those who one knows in life surround a person in death as well.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A poem, most likely incomplete, that was found in Poe's desk at the offices of the "Southern Literary Messenger" in 1908. The manuscript is believed to date back to 1836; only three lines are known.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The title "Stanzas" was assigned to this untitled poem originally printed in "Tamerlane and Other Poems" in 1827. Another poem with the title "Stanzas" was published in the "Graham's Magazine" in December 1845 and signed "P." It was attributed to Poe based on a copy owned by Frances Osgood, on which she had pencilled notes.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This title refers to two poems carrying the same name. One begins with the lines "The bowers whereat, in dreams, I see." The other begins "Should my early life seem". Both first appeared collected in the 1829 "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems". The first, consisting of 12 lines, was reprinted in the September 20, 1845, issue of the "Broadway Journal" and deals with the speaker's loss which leaves him with "a funeral mind". The poem, despite its many reprintings, never had any significant revisions. The second "To ——" was republished in the December 1829 issue of the "Yankee and Boston Literary Gazette" after being cut from 40 lines to 13. The narrator of this poem equates breaking with his love as one of several failures.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This poem begins "Sleep on, sleep on, another hour" and first appeared in the "Baltimore Saturday Visiter" on May 11, 1833. It was signed "TAMERLANE" (just as the poem "Fanny," which would be printed in the same periodical one week later) and addressed to an anonymous woman. It is essentially a lullaby.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: This, another of several poems by Poe addressed to an unnamed person, begins with the line "Not long ago, the writer of these lines..." It was later renamed "To Marie Louise" for Marie Louise Shew, a woman who helped Poe's wife as she was dying.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem that begins "Beloved! amid the earnest woes..." was published by the "Broadway Journal" twice in 1845 - once in the April issue then cut down to four lines in the September 6 issue with the more revealing title "To Frances." Referring to Frances S. Osgood, the speaker discusses the chaos and woes of his life, and how they are calmed by dreams of this woman he is addressing.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: It was actually a re-working of "To Mary," first published in the "Southern Literary Messenger"'s July 1835 issue. It was also revised into "To One Departed," printed in "Graham's Magazine", March 1842, before it was ever addressed to Frances Osgood.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Originally a poem called "To Elizabeth," dedicated to Poe's cousin Elizabeth Herring and written in an album of hers. It was then published in a revised version in the September 1835 issue of the "Southern Literary Messenger" as "Lines Written in an Album" and apparently addressed to Eliza White. The poem in this version began, "Eliza! let thy generous heart / From its present pathway part not." White was the then 18-year-old daughter of Thomas Willis White, Poe's employer while he worked at the "Messenger". Poe may have considered pursuing a relationship with her before his marriage to his cousin Virginia. One story suggests that Virginia's mother Maria expedited Poe's marriage to Virginia in order to prevent Poe's involvement with Eliza White. T. W. White's apprentice in old age would later say that Poe and Eliza were nothing more than friends.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem was renamed to the ambiguous "To —" in the August 1839 issue of "Burton's Gentleman's Magazine". With minor revisions, it was finally renamed in honor of Frances Sargent Osgood and published in the 1845 collection "The Raven and Other Poems".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The speaker asks the addressee, "Thou wouldst be loved?" and suggest she stay on her current path to achieve that goal.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The original manuscript was sent to Sarah Helen Whitman in 1848. It was published as "To —— —— ——" in the "Union Magazine"s November issue that year. It became the second of Poe's "To Helen" poems when published as "To Helen" in the October 10, 1849 issue of the "New York Daily Tribune".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "To Isaac Lea" is an unfinished poem, presumed written in May 1829. Only four lines are known to exist. It seems to come from a letter Poe wrote to Isaac Lea, noted as a publishing partner in Philadelphia who was interested in natural history, especially conchology. Poe would attach his name to "The Conchologist's First Book" ten years later.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe toyed with the working title "Alone" before this poem was printed as "To M——" in "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems". Poe would use the title "Alone" in 1829.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Poe wrote this poem to Marie Louise Shew, who helped Poe's wife Virginia as she was dying. The original manuscript was sent directly to her, dated February 14, 1847. A revised version was printed in "Home Journal"'s March 13, 1847, issue.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "To Margaret" may be an unfinished poem, never published in Poe's lifetime. In the original manuscript, dated 1827, Poe cites the references to other, mostly classical works, from each of his lines. The seven-line poem, according to Poe's notes, refers to John Milton's "Paradise Lost", William Shakespeare, and Alexander Pope.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Written in 1847 for Marie Louise Shew, voluntary nurse of Poe's wife Virginia, it was not published until March 1848 in "Columbian Magazine" as "To —— ——". Poe never pursued a romantic relationship with Shew, and the poem has no strong romantic overtones. It discusses the writer's inability to write, distracted by the thought of "thee". The poem also references an earlier poem of Poe, "Israfel".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Never published in Poe's lifetime, it was found as a manuscript dated February 14, 1847. It was included in the 1969 anthology edited by Thomas Olive Mabbott. The "Unknown Poe" anthology edited by Raymond Foye titles it "To Louise Oliver Hunter".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: According to the Baltimore Poe Society, Hunter was a college student who entered a poetry contest judged by Poe in 1845. Hunter won, and Poe read her poem at a commencement ceremony on July 11, 1845. Poe's poem may have been written as part of one of Anne Lynch's annual Valentine's Day parties, though the poem contains no romantic or particularly personal overtones. The poem says the narrator attempts to leave but can not, as he is "spelled" by art. He compares this attraction to a snake beguiling a bird from a tree.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: A heartful sonnet written to Poe's mother-in-law and aunt Maria Clemm, "To My Mother" says that the mother of the woman he loved is more important than his own mother. It was first published on July 7, 1849 in "Flag of Our Union". It has alternately been published as "Sonnet to My Mother."


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: An unpublished, untitled manuscript, a date at the bottom of the original copy ("May the 1st, 1827") appears to have been written by someone other than Poe. The date is questionable for this reason. The poem, which may be incomplete, tells of the speaker's unrequited love for Octavia being so strong, even "wit, and wine, and friends" can not distract him from it. Every throb of his heart, the narrator says, threatens to make his heart break for Octavia.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: "To One in Paradise" was first published without a title as part of the short story "The Visionary" (later renamed "The Assignation"). It evolved into "To Ianthe in Heaven" and then into "To One Beloved" before being named "To One in Paradise" in the February 25, 1843 "Saturday Museum".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: Modernist poet William Carlos Williams considered "To One in Paradise" one of his most preferred poems.


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: The poem inspired a song composed by Sir Arthur Sullivan. "To One in Paradise" was published posthumously in 1904 and written for a tenor voice with piano. It is also the basis of the song "To One in Paradise" on the Alan Parsons Project 1976 album "Tales of Mystery and Imagination".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published in "Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems", it was also included in the 1845 collection "The Raven and Other Poems".


title: Poems by Edgar Allan Poe

text: First published in the New York "Evening Mirror"'s February 21, 1846 issue, "A Valentine" was written specifically for Frances Sargent Osgood, whose name is hidden within the lines of the poem. In its first publication, it had the title "To Her Whose Name Is Written Below." To find the name, take the first letter of the first line, then the second letter of the second line, then the third letter of the third line, and so on. Before its publication, it was presented at a private literary salon at the home of Anne Lynch Botta on February 14, 1846. Though Poe was not in attendance, it was a very public revelation of his affection for Osgood.