title: Dave Wannstedt

text: In his first season, Wannstedt inherited a Pitt team that won a share of the Big East Championship and played in the Fiesta Bowl the previous year under Harris, and was ranked 21 in the first AP Poll of 2005. However, defeats by Notre Dame and Ohio University; and a last second loss (by a score of 7–6) to Nebraska kicked off a disappointing 5–6 season that also saw Pitt get humiliated 45–13 by archrival West Virginia. This campaign was Pitt's first losing record since 1999.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt's recruiting prowess led Scout.com analysts to rate the Panthers' class of 2006 the eleventh best in the country.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt followed his touted 2006 class by bringing in the #28 recruiting class in 2007. The class included blue-chip players such as RB LeSean McCoy, QB Pat Bostick, and OG Chris Jacobson. On December 1, 2007, just days before an upset win at West Virginia, Wannstedt was given a contract extension through 2012; he had previously been signed through 2009. The 13–9 upset win in the annual Backyard Brawl denied the Mountaineers a chance to play in the BCS National Championship Game and was the start of a turnaround that subsequently lifted Coach Wannstedt and the Panthers to a 9–4 season in 2008.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: The Panthers started the 2008 season ranked in the top 25 for the first time under Wannstedt's leadership (although the Panthers were ranked #25 in the pre-season before Wannstedt's first game in 2005). Starting 0–1, Pitt soon defeated Buffalo and then beat Iowa with a 21–20 victory. On Thursday, October 2, 2008, the Panthers scored an upset win over the then-ranked and undefeated #10 University of South Florida in a game nationally televised by ESPN. Then on Saturday, October 18, 2008, the Panthers easily defeated Navy. Upset by Rutgers, however, Pitt rebounded with a 36–33 overtime victory the following week at Notre Dame. The game, which lasted four overtime periods, was the longest game ever for both Notre Dame and Pittsburgh. After a 41–7 rout of visiting Louisville, the Panthers improved to 7–2 and were bowl-bound for the first time under Wannstedt.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: A loss to eventual Big East champion Cincinnati Bearcats eliminated the Panthers from BCS contention. However, Coach Wannstedt stayed upbeat, and worked with defensive coordinator Phil Bennett to devise a gameplan to defeat West Virginia for the 2nd time in four years in the annual Backyard Brawl. Pitt defeated West Virginia 19–15 on the day after Thanksgiving in a national telecast on ABC. The following week the Panthers won at UConn to improve to 9–3 on the season and clinch a bid to the Sun Bowl. Dave Wannstedt improved his record at Pitt to 25–22.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: On December 31, 2008, Pittsburgh was defeated in the Sun Bowl by Oregon State 3–0 in a defensive struggle.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: In 2009, Wannstedt led Pitt to a 3–0 start before losing on the road to North Carolina State in the fourth quarter. Wannstedt's Panthers then won their next 6 games, raising Pitt's record to 9–1 and the team cracked the Top 10 in the rankings, their best mark since the Dan Marino led team in 1982. The Panthers faltered in their final two games, however, losing to both West Virginia 19–16 and Cincinnati 45–44 in the Big East Championship game to fall to 9–3. After the regular season, Pitt went on to defeat the North Carolina Tar Heels in the 2009 Meineke Car Care Bowl to finish the season with 10 wins for the first time since 1981.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: On December 7, 2010, Wannstedt resigned as head coach, reportedly under pressure following a disappointing 7–5 regular season and having failed to advance to a BCS bowl during his tenure. With his resignation, Wannstedt was offered a position as special assistant to the athletic director at the university. He did not coach the 2011 BBVA Compass Bowl.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: On January 21, 2011, it was announced that Wannstedt was joining the Bills staff as Assistant Head Coach/Linebackers Coach under Chan Gailey, who served as Wannstedt's offensive coordinator in Miami in 2000 and 2001. He was promoted to defensive coordinator on January 2, 2012. He was dismissed, along with the entire Bills coaching staff, on December 31, 2012 after the Bills finished the season with a 6-10 record.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt was hired as the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' special teams coach on February 1, 2013. He joined the staff of Greg Schiano, who was an assistant under Wannstedt with the Chicago Bears during the mid-to-late 1990s. The special teams coaching job with the Buccaneers is the first special teams coaching job Wannstedt has taken during his NFL coaching career, although he did manage special teams while head coach at the University of Pittsburgh. He was let go by the Buccaneers at the end of the 2013 season.


title: Dave Wannstedt

text: Wannstedt has been a FOX Sports football studio analyst since 2014, appears on FOX NFL Kickoff Sunday mornings during the NFL season, and was an analyst for the Chicago Bears preseason game broadcast on August 29, 2019.


title: NXT UK

text: NXT UK is a professional wrestling television programme that was produced exclusively in the United Kingdom by the American promotion WWE. It aired on BT Sport and 5Action (previously known as Paramount Network). In the United States, the show was available to stream on Peacock, while in other countries, it aired on the WWE Network. The show featured competitors from WWE's NXT UK brand. The show was officially announced during the 2018 United Kingdom Championship Tournament. The final episode of the programme aired on 1 September 2022, following the announcement that the NXT UK brand would be replaced by NXT Europe in 2023.


title: NXT UK

text: In a press conference at The O2 Arena on 15 December 2016, Triple H revealed that there would be a 16-man tournament to crown the inaugural WWE United Kingdom Champion. The tournament was held over a two-day period, 14 and 15 January 2017, and aired exclusively on the WWE Network. At the time, it was stated that the championship would be the centerpiece of a new UK-based show produced in the UK, but since the inaugural tournament, it was defended on "NXT" as well as at independent shows in the United Kingdom. The name of the show, "NXT UK", and its premiere was finally revealed during the 2018 United Kingdom Championship Tournament. On 7 June 2018, Johnny Saint was appointed General Manager of WWE's United Kingdom-based brand, officially called NXT UK.


title: NXT UK

text: The show had its first tapings in August 2018, and the premiere episode of "NXT UK" aired on 17 October 2018. Starting October 31 with the third and fourth episodes, new episodes were premiered in a double header format each week. On 12 January 2019, the first live special episode of "NXT UK" aired, called . Beginning with the 16 January episode, "NXT UK" returned to airing one episode each week. In September 2019, Triple H stated that "NXT UK" was the second most watched programme on the WWE Network, behind "NXT". In October 2019, the show moved to Thursdays.


title: NXT UK

text: Beginning on 2 January 2020, NXT UK began airing on BT Sport On 21 January 2020, it was announced that NXT UK will also be airing on Paramount Network (now known as 5Action). Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, "NXT UK" suspended production in April 2020. It returned to air in September 2020, with the programme moving to the BT Sport studio.


title: NXT UK

text: On 18 August 2022, WWE announced that the NXT UK brand would be entering a hiatus in September and would be rebranded as NXT Europe in 2023. The final episode of "NXT UK" aired on 1 September.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: The North Atlantic Current (NAC), also known as North Atlantic Drift and North Atlantic Sea Movement, is a powerful warm western boundary current within the Atlantic Ocean that extends the Gulf Stream northeastward.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: The NAC originates from where the Gulf Stream turns north at the Southeast Newfoundland Rise, a submarine ridge that stretches southeast from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. The NAC flows northward east of the Grand Banks, from 40°N to 51°N, before turning sharply east to cross the Atlantic. It transports more warm tropical water to northern latitudes than any other boundary current; more than 40 Sv () in the south and 20 Sv () as it crosses the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It reaches speeds of near the North American coast. Directed by topography, the NAC meanders heavily, but in contrast to the meanders of the Gulf Stream, the NAC meanders remain stable without breaking off into eddies.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: The colder parts of the Gulf Stream turn northward near the "tail" of the Grand Banks at 50°W where the Azores Current branches off to flow south of the Azores. From there the NAC flows northeastward, east of the Flemish Cap (47°N, 45°W). Approaching the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, it then turns eastward and becomes much broader and more diffuse. It then splits into a colder northeastern branch and a warmer eastern branch. As the warmer branch turns southward, most of the subtropical component of the Gulf Stream is diverted southward, and as a consequence, the North Atlantic is mostly supplied by subpolar waters, including a contribution from the Labrador Current recirculated into the NAC at 45°N.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: West of Continental Europe, it splits into two major branches. One branch goes southeast, becoming the Canary Current as it passes northwest Africa and turns southwest. The other major branch continues north along the coast of Northwestern Europe.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: Other branches include the Irminger Current and the Norwegian Current. Driven by the global thermohaline circulation, the North Atlantic Current is part of the wind-driven Gulf Stream, which goes further east and north from the North American coast across the Atlantic and into the Arctic Ocean.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: The North Atlantic Current, together with the Gulf Stream, have a long-lived reputation for having a considerable warming influence on European climate. However, the principal cause for differences in winter climate between North America and Europe seems to be winds rather than ocean currents (although the currents do exert influence at very high latitudes by preventing the formation of sea ice).


title: North Atlantic Current

text: Unlike the AMOC, the observations of Labrador Sea outflow showed no negative trend from 1997 to 2009, and the Labrador Sea convection began to intensify in 2012, reaching a new high in 2016. As of 2022, the trend of strengthened Labrador Sea convection appears to hold, and is associated with observed increases in marine primary production. Yet, a 150-year dataset suggests that even this recently strengthened convection is anomalously weak compared to its baseline state.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: Some climate models indicate that the deep convection in Labrador-Irminger Seas could collapse under certain global warming scenarios, which would then collapse the entire circulation in the North subpolar gyre. It is considered unlikely to recover even if the temperature is returned to a lower level, making it an example of a climate tipping point. This would result in rapid cooling, with implications for economic sectors, agriculture industry, water resources and energy management in Western Europe and the East Coast of the United States. Frajka-Williams et al. 2017 pointed out that recent changes in cooling of the subpolar gyre, warm temperatures in the subtropics and cool anomalies over the tropics, increased the spatial distribution of meridional gradient in sea surface temperatures, which is not captured by the AMO Index.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: A 2021 study found that this collapse occurs in only four CMIP6 models out of 35 analyzed. However, only 11 models out of 35 can simulate North Atlantic Current with a high degree of accuracy, and this includes all four models which simulate collapse of the subpolar gyre. As the result, the study estimated the risk of an abrupt cooling event over Europe caused by the collapse of the current at 36.4%, which is lower than the 45.5% chance estimated by the previous generation of models In 2022, a paper suggested that previous disruption of subpolar gyre was connected to the Little Ice Age.


title: North Atlantic Current

text: A 2022 Science Magazine review study on climate tipping points noted that in the scenarios where this convection collapses, it is most likely to be triggered by 1.8 degrees of global warming. However, model differences mean that the required warming may be as low as 1.1 degrees or as high as 3.8 degrees. Once triggered, the collapse of the current would most likely take 10 years from start to end, with a range between 5 and 50 years. The loss of this convection is estimated to lower the global temperature by 0.5 degrees, while the average temperature in Europe decreases by around 3 degrees. There are also substantial impacts on regional precipitation.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compressed-air energy storage (CAES) is a way to store energy for later use using compressed air. At a utility scale, energy generated during periods of low demand can be released during peak load periods.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The first utility-scale CAES project has been built in Huntorf, Germany, and is still operational. The Huntorf plant was initially developed as a load balancer for fossil fuel-generated electricity, the global shift towards renewable energy renewed interest in CAES systems, to help highly intermittent energy sources like photovoltaics and wind satisfy fluctuating electricity demands.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: One ongoing challenge in large-scale design is the management of thermal energy since the compression of air leads to an unwanted temperature increase that not only reduces operational efficiency but can also lead to damage. The main difference between various architectures lies in thermal engineering. On the other hand, small-scale systems have long been used as propulsion of mine locomotives. Contrasted with traditional batteries, systems can store energy for longer periods of time and have less upkeep.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compression of air creates heat; the air is warmer after compression. Expansion removes heat. If no extra heat is added, the air will be much colder after expansion. If the heat generated during compression can be stored and used during expansion, the efficiency of the storage improves considerably. There are several ways in which a CAES system can deal with heat. Air storage can be adiabatic, diabatic, isothermal, or near-isothermal.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Adiabatic storage continues to store the energy produced by compression and returns it to the air as it is expanded to generate power. This is a subject of an ongoing study, with no utility-scale plants as of 2015. The theoretical efficiency of adiabatic storage approaches 100% with perfect insulation, but in practice, round trip efficiency is expected to be 70%. Heat can be stored in a solid such as concrete or stone, or in a fluid such as hot oil (up to 300 °C) or molten salt solutions (600 °C). Storing the heat in hot water may yield an efficiency around 65%.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Packed beds have been proposed as thermal storage units for A-* " systems. A study numerically simulated an adiabatic compressed air energy storage system using packed bed thermal energy storage. The efficiency of the simulated system under continuous operation was calculated to be between 70.5% and 71%.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Diabatic storage dissipates much of the heat of compression with intercoolers (thus approaching isothermal compression) into the atmosphere as waste, essentially wasting the energy used to perform the work of compression. Upon removal from storage, the temperature of this compressed air is "the one indicator" of the amount of stored energy that remains in this air. Consequently, if the air temperature is low for the energy recovery process, the air must be substantially re-heated prior to expansion in the turbine to power a generator. This reheating can be accomplished with a natural gas-fired burner for utility-grade storage or with a heated metal mass. As recovery is often most needed when renewable sources are quiescent, the fuel must be burned to make up for the "wasted" heat. This degrades the efficiency of the storage-recovery cycle. While this approach is relatively simple, the burning of fuel adds to the cost of the recovered electrical energy and compromises the ecological benefits associated with most renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, this is thus far the only system that has been implemented commercially.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The McIntosh, Alabama CAES plant requires 2.5 MJ of electricity and 1.2 MJ lower heating value (LHV) of gas for each MJ of energy output, corresponding to an energy recovery efficiency of about 27%. A General Electric 7FA 2x1 combined cycle plant, one of the most efficient natural gas plants in operation, uses 1.85 MJ (LHV) of gas per MJ generated, a 54% thermal efficiency.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Isothermal compression and expansion approaches attempt to maintain operating temperature by constant heat exchange to the environment. In a reciprocating compressor, this can be achieved by using a finned piston and low cycle speeds. Current challenges in effective heat exchangers mean that they are only practical for low power levels. The theoretical efficiency of isothermal energy storage approaches 100% for perfect heat transfer to the environment. In practice, neither of these perfect thermodynamic cycles is obtainable, as some heat losses are unavoidable, leading to a near-isothermal process.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Near-isothermal compression (and expansion) is a process in which a gas is compressed in very close proximity to a large incompressible thermal mass such as a heat absorbing and releasing structure (HARS) or a water spray. A HARS is usually made up of a series of parallel fins. As the gas is compressed, the heat of compression is rapidly transferred to the thermal mass, so the gas temperature is stabilized. An external cooling circuit is then used to maintain the temperature of the thermal mass.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The isothermal efficiency (Z) is a measure of where the process lies between an adiabatic and isothermal process. If the efficiency is 0%, then it is totally adiabatic; with an efficiency of 100%, it is totally isothermal. Typically with a near-isothermal process, an isothermal efficiency of 90-95% can be expected.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: One implementation of isothermal CAES uses high, medium, and low pressure pistons in series. Each stage is followed by an airblast venturi pump that draws ambient air over an air-to-air (or air-to-seawater) heat exchanger between each expansion stage. Early compressed air torpedo designs used a similar approach, substituting seawater for air. The venturi warms the exhaust of the preceding stage and admits this preheated air to the following stage. This approach was widely adopted in various compressed air vehicles such as H. K. Porter, Inc.'s mining locomotives and trams.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compression can be done with electrically powered turbo-compressors and expansion with turbo-expanders or air engines driving electrical generators to produce electricity.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: This storage system uses a chamber with specific boundaries to store large amounts of air. This means from a thermodynamic point of view that this system is a constant-volume and variable-pressure system. This causes some operational problems for the compressors and turbines, so the pressure variations have to be kept below a certain limit as do the stresses induced on the storage vessels.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The storage vessel is often a cavern created by solution mining (salt is dissolved in water for extraction) or by utilizing an abandoned mine; use of porous and permeable rock formations (rocks that have interconnected holes, through which liquid or air can pass), such as those in which reservoirs of natural gas are found, has also been studied.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In some cases, an above-ground pipeline was tested as a storage system, giving some good results. Obviously, the cost of the system is higher, but it can be placed wherever the designer chooses, whereas an underground system needs some particular geologic formations (salt domes, aquifers, depleted gas fields, etc.).


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In this case, the storage vessel is kept at constant pressure, while the gas is contained in a variable-volume vessel. Many types of storage vessels have been proposed. However, the operating conditions follow the same principle: The storage vessel is positioned hundreds of meters underwater, and the hydrostatic pressure of the water column above the storage vessel maintains the pressure at the desired level.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: On the other hand, the cost of this storage system is higher due to the need to position the storage vessel on the bottom of the chosen water reservoir (often the sea or the ocean) and due to the cost of the vessel itself.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A different approach consists of burying a large bag buried under several meters of sand instead of water.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Plants operate on a peak-shaving daily cycle, charging at night and discharging during the day. Heating the compressed air using natural gas or geothermal heat to increase the amount of energy being extracted has been studied by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compressed-air energy storage can also be employed on a smaller scale, such as exploited by air cars and air-driven locomotives, and can use high-strength (e.g., carbon-fiber) air-storage tanks. In order to retain the energy stored in compressed air, this tank should be thermally isolated from the environment; otherwise, the energy stored will escape in the form of heat, because compressing air raises its temperature.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Citywide compressed air energy systems have been built since 1870. Cities such as Paris, France; Birmingham, England; Dresden, Rixdorf and Offenbach, Germany and Buenos Aires, Argentina installed such systems. Victor P (opp constructed the first systems to power clocks by sending a pulse of air every minute to change their pointer arms. They quickly evolved to deliver power to homes and industries. As of 1896, the Paris system had 2.2 MW of generation distributed at 550 kPa in 50 km of air pipes for motors in light and heavy industry. Usage was measured by cubic meters. The systems were the main source of house-delivered energy in those days and also powered the machines of dentists, seamstresses, printing facilities and bakeries.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The first utility-scale diabatic compressed air energy storage project was the 290 megawatt Huntorf plant opened in 1978 in Germany using a salt dome with 580 MWh energy, 42% efficiency.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A 110-megawatt plant with a capacity of 26 hours (2,860 MWh energy) was built in McIntosh, Alabama (1991). The Alabama facility's $65 million cost equals $590 per kW of capacity and about $23 per kW-hr of storage capacity. It uses a 19 million cubic foot solution mined salt cavern to store air at up to 1100 psi. Although the compression phase is approximately 82% efficient, the expansion phase requires the combustion of natural gas at one-third the rate of a gas turbine producing the same amount of electricity at 54% efficiency.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The US Department of Energy awarded $24.9 million in matching funds for phase one of a 300 MW, $356 million Pacific Gas and Electric Company installation utilizing a saline porous rock formation being developed near Bakersfield in Kern County, California. The goals of the project were to build and validate an advanced design (2009).


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The US Department of Energy provided $29.4 million in funding to conduct preliminary work on a 150 MW salt-based project being developed by Iberdrola USA in Watkins Glen, New York. The goal is to incorporate smart grid technology to balance renewable intermittent energy sources (2010).


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: General Compression completed construction of a 2 MW near-isothermal project in Gaines County, Texas; the world's third project (2012). The project uses no fuel. It appears to have stopped operating in 2016.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The first adiabatic project, a 200-megawatt facility called ADELE, was planned for construction in Germany (2013) with a target of 70% efficiency by using air at 100 bar presure. This project was delayed for undisclosed reasons until at least 2016.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Storelectric Ltd planned to build a 40 MW 100% renewable energy pilot plant in Cheshire, UK, with 800 MWh storage capacity (2017).


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Hydrostor completed the first commercial A-CAES system in Goderich, Ontario, supplying service with 2.2MW / 10MWh storage to the Ontario Grid (2019). It was the first A-CAES system to achieve commercial operation in decades.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The European Union-funded RICAS (adiabatic) project in Austria was to use crushed rock to store heat from the compression process to improve efficiency (2020). The system was expected to achieve 70-80% efficiency.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Apex planned a plant for Anderson County, Texas, to go online in 2016. This project has been delayed and until at least 2020.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Canadian company Hydrostor planned to build four Advance plants in Toronto, Goderich, Angas, and Rosamond (2020). Some included partial heat storage in water, improving efficiency to 65%.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: As of 2022 the Gem project at Rosamond in Kern County, California was planned to provide 500 MW / 4,000 MWh of storage. The Pecho project in San Luis Obispo, California was planned to be 400 MW / 3,200 MWh. The Broken Hill project in New South Wales, Australia was 200 MW / 1,600 MWh.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In 2022 Zhangjiakou connected the world's first 100-MW "advanced" system to the grid in north China. It uses no fossil fuels, instead adopting supercritical thermal storage, supercritical heat exchange, high-load compression and expansion technologies. The plant can store 400 MWh, with 70.4% efficiency. A 350 MW / 1.4 GWh project started construction in Shangdong.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In order to achieve a near thermodynamically reversible process so that most of the energy is saved in the system and can be retrieved, and losses are kept negligible, a near reversible isothermal process or an isentropic process is desired.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In an isothermal compression process, the gas in the system is kept at a constant temperature throughout. This necessarily requires an exchange of heat with the gas; otherwise, the temperature would rise during charging and drop during discharge. This heat exchange can be achieved by heat exchangers (intercooling) between subsequent stages in the compressor, regulator, and tank. To avoid wasted energy, the intercoolers must be optimized for high heat transfer and low-pressure drop. Smaller compressors can approximate isothermal compression even without intercooling, due to the relatively high ratio of surface area to volume of the compression chamber and the resulting improvement in heat dissipation from the compressor body itself.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: When one obtains perfect isothermal storage (and discharge), the process is said to be "reversible". This requires that the heat transfer between the surroundings and the gas occur over an infinitesimally small temperature difference. In that case, there is no exergy loss in the heat transfer process, and so the compression work can be completely recovered as expansion work: 100% storage efficiency. However, in practice, there is always a temperature difference in any heat transfer process, and so all practical energy storage obtains efficiencies lower than 100%.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: To estimate the compression/expansion work in an isothermal process, it may be assumed that the compressed air obeys the ideal gas law:


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: From a process from an initial state "A" to a final state "B", with absolute temperature formula_2 constant, one finds the work required for compression (negative) or done by the expansion (positive), to be


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Here formula_6 is the absolute pressure, formula_7 is the (unknown) volume of gas compressed, formula_8 is the volume of the vessel, formula_9 is the amount of substance of gas (mol) and formula_10 is the ideal gas constant.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: If there is a constant pressure outside of the vessel, which is equal to the starting pressure formula_11, the positive work of the outer pressure reduces the exploitable energy (negative value). This adds a term to the equation above:


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: How much energy can be stored in a 1 m storage vessel at a pressure of , if the ambient pressure is . In this case, the process work is


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The negative sign means that work is done on the gas by the surroundings. Process irreversibilities (such as in heat transfer) will result in less energy being recovered from the expansion process than is required for the compression process. If the environment is at a constant temperature, for example, the thermal resistance in the intercoolers will mean that the compression occurs at a temperature somewhat higher than the ambient temperature, and the expansion will occur at a temperature somewhat lower than the ambient temperature. So a perfect isothermal storage system is impossible to achieve.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: An adiabatic process is one where there is no heat transfer between the fluid and the surroundings: the system is insulated against heat transfer. If the process is furthermore internally reversible (frictionless, to the ideal limit), then it will additionally be isentropic.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: An adiabatic storage system does away with the intercooling during the compression process and simply allows the gas to heat up during compression and likewise cool down during expansion. This is attractive since the energy losses associated with the heat transfer are avoided, but the downside is that the storage vessel must be insulated against heat loss. It should also be mentioned that real compressors and turbines are not isentropic, but instead have an isentropic efficiency of around 85%. The result is that round-trip storage efficiency for adiabatic systems is also considerably less than perfect.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Energy storage systems often use large caverns. This is the preferred system design due to the very large volume and thus the large quantity of energy that can be stored with only a small pressure change. The gas is compressed adiabatically with little temperature change (approaching a reversible isothermal system) and heat loss (approaching an isentropic system). This advantage is in addition to the low cost of constructing the gas storage system, using the underground walls to assist in containing the pressure. The cavern space can be insulated to improve efficiency.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Undersea insulated airbags that have similar thermodynamic properties to large cavern storage have been suggested.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: In order to use air storage in vehicles or aircraft for practical land or air transportation, the energy storage system must be compact and lightweight. Energy density and specific energy are the engineering terms that define these desired qualities.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: As explained in the thermodynamics of the gas storage section above, compressing air heats it, and expanding it cools it. Therefore, practical air engines require heat exchangers in order to avoid excessively high or low temperatures, and even so don't reach ideal constant temperature conditions or ideal thermal insulation.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Nevertheless, as stated above, it is useful to describe the maximum energy storable using the isothermal case, which works out to about 100 kJ/m [ ln("P"/"P")].


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Thus if 1.0 m of air from the atmosphere is very slowly compressed into a 5 L bottle at , the potential energy stored is 530 kJ. A highly efficient air motor can transfer this into kinetic energy if it runs very slowly and manages to expand the air from its initial 20 MPa pressure down to 100 kPa (bottle completely "empty" at atmospheric pressure). Achieving high efficiency is a technical challenge both due to heat loss to the ambient and to unrecoverable internal gas heat. If the bottle above is emptied to 1 MPa, the extractable energy is about 300 kJ at the motor shaft.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A standard 20 MPa, 5 L steel bottle has a mass of 7.5 kg, a superior one 5 kg. High-tensile strength fibers such as carbon fiber or Kevlar can weigh below 2 kg in this size, consistent with the legal safety codes. One cubic meter of air at 20 °C has a mass of 1.204 kg at standard temperature and pressure. Thus, theoretical specific energies are from roughly 70 kJ/kg at the motor shaft for a plain steel bottle to 180 kJ/kg for an advanced fiber-wound one, whereas practical achievable specific energies for the same containers would be from 40 to 100 kJ/kg.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: As with most technologies, compressed air has safety concerns, mainly catastrophic tank rupture. Safety regulations make this a rare occurrence at the cost of higher weight and additional safety features such as pressure relief valves. Regulations may limit the legal working pressure to less than 40% of the rupture pressure for steel bottles (safety factor of 2.5) and less than 20% for fiber-wound bottles (safety factor of 5). Commercial designs adopt the ISO 11439 standard. High-pressure bottles are fairly strong so that they generally do not rupture in vehicle crashes.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Advanced fiber-reinforced bottles are comparable to the rechargeable lead–acid battery in terms of energy density. Batteries provide nearly constant voltage over their entire charge level, whereas the pressure varies greatly while using a pressure vessel from full to empty. It is technically challenging to design air engines to maintain high efficiency and sufficient power over a wide range of pressures. Compressed air can transfer power at very high flux rates, which meets the principal acceleration and deceleration objectives of transportation systems, particularly for hybrid vehicles.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compressed air systems have advantages over conventional batteries, including longer lifetimes of pressure vessels and lower material toxicity. Newer battery designs such as those based on lithium iron phosphate chemistry suffer from neither of these problems. Compressed air costs are potentially lower; however, advanced pressure vessels are costly to develop, and safety-test and at present are more expensive than mass-produced batteries.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: As with electric storage technology, compressed air is only as "clean" as the source of the energy that it stores. Life cycle assessment addresses the question of overall emissions from a given energy storage technology combined with a given mix of generation on a power grid.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A pneumatic motor or compressed-air engine uses the expansion of compressed air to drive the pistons of an engine, turn the axle, or to drive a turbine.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A highly efficient arrangement uses high, medium and low pressure pistons in series, with each stage followed by an airblast venturi that draws ambient air over an air-to-air heat exchanger. This warms the exhaust of the preceding stage and admits this preheated air to the following stage. The only exhaust gas from each stage is cold air which can be as cold as ; the cold air may be used for air conditioning in a car.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Additional heat can be supplied by burning fuel as in 1904 for the Whitehead torpedo. This improves the range and speed available for a given tank volume at the cost of the additional fuel.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Since about 1990 several companies have claimed to be developing compressed air cars, but none is available. Typically the main claimed advantages are: no roadside pollution, low cost, use of cooking oil for lubrication, and integrated air conditioning.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The time required to refill a depleted tank is important for vehicle applications. "Volume transfer" moves pre-compressed air from a stationary tank to the vehicle tank almost instantaneously. Alternatively, a stationary or on-board compressor can compress air on demand, possibly requiring several hours.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Large marine diesel engines are started using compressed air, typically stored in large bottles between 20 and 30 bar, acting directly on the pistons via special starting valves to turn the crankshaft prior to beginning fuel injection. This arrangement is more compact and cheaper than an electric starter motor would be at such scales and able to supply the necessary burst of extremely high power without placing a prohibitive load on the ship's electrical generators and distribution system. Compressed air is commonly also used, at lower pressures, to control the engine and act as the spring force acting on the cylinder exhaust valves, and to operate other auxiliary systems and power tools on board, sometimes including pneumatic PID controllers. One advantage of this approach is that in the event of an electrical blackout, ship systems powered by stored compressed air can continue functioning uninterrupted, and generators can be restarted without an electrical supply. Another is that pneumatic tools can be used in commonly wet environments without the risk of electric shock.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: While the air storage system offers a relatively low power density and vehicle range, its high efficiency is attractive for hybrid vehicles that use a conventional internal combustion engine as the main power source. The air storage can be used for regenerative braking and to optimize the cycle of the piston engine, which is not equally efficient at all power/RPM levels.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Bosch and PSA Peugeot Citroën have developed a hybrid system that uses hydraulics as a way to transfer energy to and from a compressed nitrogen tank. An up to 45% reduction in fuel consumption is claimed, corresponding to 2.9l/100 km (81 mpg, 69 g /km) on the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) for a compact frame like Peugeot 208. The system is claimed to be much more affordable than competing electric and flywheel KERS systems and is expected on road cars by 2016.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Air engines have been used since the 19th century to power mine locomotives, pumps, drills and trams, via centralized, city-level distribution. Racecars use compressed air to start their internal combustion engine (ICE), and large Diesel engines may have starting pneumatic motors.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Brayton cycle engines compress and heat air with a fuel suitable for an internal combustion engine. For example, natural gas or biogas heat compressed air, and then a conventional gas turbine engine or the rear portion of a jet engine expands it to produce work.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Compressed air engines can recharge an electric battery. The apparently defunct Energine promoted its Pne-PHEV or Pneumatic Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle-system.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Huntorf, Germany in 1978, and McIntosh, Alabama, U.S. in 1991 commissioned hybrid power plants.<ref name='new.scientist.com/vol.195 no.2623 p. 45'></ref> Both systems use off-peak energy for air compression and burn natural gas in the compressed air during the power generating phase.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The Iowa Stored Energy Park (ISEP) will use aquifer storage rather than cavern storage. The displacement of water in the aquifer results in the regulation of the air pressure by the constant hydrostatic pressure of the water. A spokesperson for ISEP claims, "you can optimize your equipment for better efficiency if you have constant pressure." The power output of the McIntosh and Iowa systems is in the range of 2–300 MW.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Additional facilities are under development in Norton, Ohio. FirstEnergy, an Akron, Ohio electric utility, obtained development rights to the 2,700 MW Norton project in November 2009.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The RICAS2020 project attempts to use an abandoned mine for adiabatic CAES with heat recovery. The compression heat is stored in a tunnel section filled with loose stones, so the compressed air is nearly cool when entering the main pressure storage chamber. The cool compressed air regains the heat stored in the stones when released back through a surface turbine, leading to higher overall efficiency. A two-stage process has theoretical higher efficiency of around 70%.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: Deep water in lakes and the ocean can provide pressure without requiring high-pressure vessels or drilling into salt caverns or aquifers. The air goes into inexpensive, flexible containers such as plastic bags below in deep lakes or off sea coasts with steep drop-offs. Obstacles include the limited number of suitable locations and the need for high-pressure pipelines between the surface and the containers. Since the containers would be very inexpensive, the need for great pressure (and great depth) may not be as important. A key benefit of systems built on this concept is that charge and discharge pressures are a constant function of depth. Carnot inefficiencies can thereby be reduced in the power plant. Carnot efficiency can be increased by using multiple charge and discharge stages and using inexpensive heat sources and sinks such as cold water from rivers or hot water from solar ponds. Ideally, the system must be very clever — for example, by cooling air before pumping on summer days.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A nearly isobaric solution is possible if the compressed gas is used to drive a hydroelectric system. However, this solution requires large pressure tanks located on land (as well as underwater airbags). Also, hydrogen gas is the preferred fluid since other gases suffer from substantial hydrostatic pressures at even relatively modest depths (such as 500 meters).


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: The European electrical utility company E.ON has provided €1.4 million (£1.1 million) in funding to develop undersea air storage bags. Hydrostor in Canada is developing a commercial system of underwater storage "accumulators" for compressed air energy storage, starting at the 1 to 4 MW scale.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: There is a plan for some type of compressed air energy storage in undersea caves in Northern Ireland.


title: Compressed-air energy storage

text: A number of methods of nearly isothermal compression are being developed. Fluid Mechanics has a system with a heat absorbing and releasing structure (HARS) attached to a reciprocating piston. Light Sail injects a water spray into a reciprocating cylinder. SustainX uses an air-water foam mix inside a semi-custom, 120 rpm compressor/expander. All these systems ensure that the air is compressed with high thermal diffusivity compared to the speed of compression. Typically these compressors can run at speeds up to 1000 rpm. To ensure high thermal diffusivity, the average distance a gas molecule is from a heat-absorbing surface is about 0.5 mm. These nearly isothermal compressors can also be used as nearly isothermal expanders and are being developed to improve the round-trip efficiency of CAES.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: Michael James Whale (born 13 May 1951) is an English radio personality, television presenter, podcast host and author. He gained initial prominence in the 1980s as the host of "The James Whale Radio Show" on Radio Aire in Leeds, which was simulcast on national television. From 1995 to 2008, Whale hosted a night time radio show on talkSPORT (Talk Radio 1995–2000), followed by stints on LBC 97.3 and various BBC radio stations.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: Whale is the current host of his podcast "The James Whale Show" and a night time radio show on talkRADIO and TalkTV.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: Whale was born on 13 May 1951 in Ewell, Surrey into "an ordinary middle class family". His English father David worked in the family business S&R Whale, which made dresses, aprons and overalls in a factory in Brixton, London. His Welsh mother Anne ("née" Price) was a professional ballet dancer. His parents later owned The Green Man pub in Ewell. Whale has a younger brother, Keith. Whale did not enjoy his school life. After failing his eleven-plus exam, he attended Linton's Lane Secondary Modern School and Longmead County Secondary Boys School, both in Epsom.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: From fourteen to sixteen, Whale took up archery and became a Surrey junior champion. He relocated to the King's Cross area of London where his parents ran a pub. He wanted to become an actor, but his mother advised him to "get a proper job". Among Whale's first jobs was as a trainee buyer for Harrods. In this job he came into contact with a DJ who influenced him to become one soon after, citing Tony Blackburn, Johnnie Walker and Kid Jensen as among his favourites. After learning that Watneys was to open a chain of discos, Whale took their DJ training course and landed his first gig at The Bird's Nest in Muswell Hill, north London. He found the experience "dull", but realised he had an ability to introduce records and worked at a Watney's venue in Sweden for several months. Upon returning home Whale resumed DJ work, took acting lessons and worked as a rep, but earned little money.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: Whale began his broadcasting career in 1970 following a visit to a Topshop store on Regent Street, London. He spoke to manager Ralph Halpern who initially declined to hire a DJ for the store, after which he worked as an assistant stage manager at a theatre in Oxford. Whale was soon invited back to Topshop and accepted work as one of the launch DJs of Radio Topshop, the in-house radio station. In 1974, he became the host of an evening talk radio show at Metro Radio, serving northeast England from studios in Swalwell, Gateshead. He was the first presenter of the very successful and much talked about "Nightowls" program, which he continued hosting into the early '80's. During this time, Whale took up additional work as an actor, playing roles in "Z-Cars". He later moved to BBC Radio Derby to host a morning phone-in, working with Terry Christian who later became a colleague at talkSPORT.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In 1982, Whale joined Radio Aire in Leeds to host the late night talk show; by 1986 he moved to the Breakfast Show, before returning to the late show in early 1987. He released two singles in 1987: "The Whaley Rap" / "I Hear James (On the Radio)" and "Wrap it Up for Xmas".


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In the late 1980s, Whale became influenced by American radio hosts, including "shock jock" Howard Stern, and changed his style, having become tired of the "lovely phone-ins" that he had been accustomed to. Commencing on the "Friday night" of 24 September 1988 - the 1am start time making it technically a Saturday morning - Whale's radio show at Radio Aire was simulcast with Yorkshire Television and was titled "The James Whale Radio Show", featuring live studio guests, music and listener phone calls. The show became a ratings success, and in less than seven months it started to air nationally on ITV. Conservative MP Jerry Hayes had a regular slot on the show and Steve Coogan would also make a regular appearance. By September 1989, the show attracted over one million viewers. It cost the television station £15,000 to run each hour.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In January 1993, Whale began a new ITV series, "Whale On" and in 1994 he presented a weekend afternoon show on LBC in London. He also presented "The Blue Whale" on Men and Motors.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In May 2008, Whale was sacked because he twice called on listeners to vote for Boris Johnson before the London mayoral election in 2008.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: On 7 May 2008 Whale said he would join Bid TV. He continued to broadcast on JamesWhaleRadio.co.uk. On 20 May 2008, Whale began a four-hour weekly evening phone-in on Internet radio station Play Radio UK, however, on 2 September 2008 he said on air he was leaving Play Radio for book promotion and TV work. He said he would continue his blog.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: After standing in for Clive Bull on LBC 97.3 for six days in August 2008, Whale covered for Nick Abbot for two weeks from 29 September 2008 on LBC. In November the same year, he began presenting the drivetime show on LBC between 4pm and 7pm every weekday.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: After leaving LBC 97.3 Whale presented shows at BBC Radio Berkshire, BBC Three Counties Radio, BBC WM, occasionally BBC Radio Kent and a new online format of his hit 1989 TV show, "Whales Weekly".


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In September 2013, Whale launched his weekly podcast, "The James Whale Radio Show", which is produced by Rob Oldfield. The podcast has since run for over 300 original episodes.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: On 13 December 2013, Whale announced that he would be the new permanent presenter of the BBC Essex breakfast programme. He presented his last show on the station on 23 September 2016.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: On 28 July 2016, Whale entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house to compete as a housemate in its eighteenth series. He was the sixth to be evicted, coming ninth overall.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: Whale began covering shows on talkRADIO in October 2016 and he started presenting the Monday to Thursday evening show between 7pm and 10pm from 7 November 2016.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In August 2018, Whale was suspended by talkRADIO, pending a full investigation, after an interview with author and journalist Nichi Hodgson, who had been sexually assaulted. talkRADIO subsequently described the interview as having been "conducted in a manner that did not reflect the values of the station and completely lacked sensitivity". In a video clip from the interview, Whale was seen laughing when the interviewee described what had happened to her. Whale returned to the air on 13 August.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In 1970, Whale married Melinda Maxted. They have two sons, James and Peter. In 1997, Whale's 18-month affair with a listener of his radio show was made public. In February 2018, Whale announced that Maxted had been diagnosed with stage four lung cancer. She died on 12 May 2018. On 13 May 2021, his 70th birthday, Whale announced his engagement on Twitter, but did not reveal his fiancée's identity. In October, Whale married Nadine Talbot-Brown at a ceremony in Tenterden.


title: James Whale (radio presenter)

text: In February 2000 Whale was diagnosed with kidney cancer. He had not experienced any symptoms until he noticed blood in his urine, caused by a large tumour on his left kidney. He underwent an operation from which he had a 50% chance of survival, and chose not to have chemotherapy afterward. In 2006, he launched the James Whale Fund for Kidney Cancer to fund research and raise awareness of the disease. The fund became Kidney Cancer UK in 2016. In August 2020 Whale revealed that his cancer had spread to his spine, brain and lungs.


title: Arcachon

text: Arcachon ( ; ) is a commune in the southwestern French department of Gironde. It is a popular seaside resort on the Atlantic coast southwest of Bordeaux, in the Landes forest. It has a sandy beach and a mild climate said to be favourable for invalids suffering from pulmonary complaints.


title: Arcachon

text: On 2 May 1857, Emperor Napoleon III signed an imperial decree declaring that Arcachon was now an autonomous municipality; coincidentally, the railway line extension from Bordeaux to Arcachon had been completed that same year. At that time, Arcachon was scarcely more than a forest of pine trees, oaks and strawberry trees (arbutus), with no road links and few real houses, with a population fewer than 400 people, mostly fishermen and peasants. In earlier years, when some hygienists began to recommend sea bathing, three sea establishments were laid out by investors to attract the Bordeaux bourgeoisie and other wealthy people. This was the beginning of a new lifestyle, and some of the locals got the opportunity to claim their independence from La Teste-de-Buch, which owned their properties, in order to found a "free" new town, Arcachon. Until 1950, tuberculosis patients also visited Arcachon for fresh-air treatments.


title: Arcachon

text: Arcachon is known for the "Arcachonnaise", the local name for an Arcachon villa, the architectural style of many of the older houses built there in the nineteenth century.


title: Arcachon

text: The United States Navy established a naval air station on 8 June 1918 to operate seaplanes during World War I. The base closed shortly after the First Armistice at Compiègne.


title: Arcachon

text: At its southern entrance from the Atlantic Ocean, Arcachon Bay is crowned by Europe's largest sand dune, the Dune du Pilat, nearly long, wide, reaching in height, and moving inland at rate of a year. Arcachon is one of the largest towns within the Landes forest, alongside Arcachon, Dax, and Mont-de-Marsan. The bay provides excellent conditions for growing oysters and around 175 hectares of the bay is dedicated to oyster farming.


title: Arcachon

text: The city enjoys a mild climate thanks to the Gulf Stream, a warm and swift Atlantic ocean current originating from the gulf of Mexico.


title: Arcachon

text: The nearest airport is Bordeaux–Mérignac Airport. Arcachon station is daily served by the TER Nouvelle-Aquitaine trains from Bordeaux and also by the TGV Atlantique from Paris on weekends. Public transportation is operated by buses. Boat excursions around Arcachon Bay are provided for tourism, and boat shuttles offer transport to Cap ferret, Dune du palat, Le Canon, Le Moulleau, Andernos and Banc D'Arguin.


title: Arcachon

text: On the other side of the Bassin d'Arcachon is Cap Ferret, a popular resort for celebrities including Zinedine Zidane and Jean Pierre Pernaut, who have holiday homes.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Dendy () is a series of home video game consoles, an unofficial hardware clone of Nintendo's third-generation Famicom. Dendy was produced by Steepler since late 1992, and assembled in Taiwan from Chinese components. It was mainly sold in Russia and Post-Soviet countries. Manufacturing assembly grew to add the Subor factory in China and at Tenzor factory in Dubna town in Russia.


title: Dendy (console)

text: The Dendy lineup was divided into two categories: the basic Dendy Classic and the budget Dendy Junior, which differ in design, quality, and price. The Classic is a copy of the Micro Genius console of Taiwan TXC Corporation and was produced in the same factory. The Junior was made from cheaper system on a chip technology specifically for Steepler. A Dendy Pro version with one wired and one wireless gamepad was sold from only one small batch.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Because the Famicom and Nintendo Entertainment System were never officially sold in the former USSR, the Dendy achieved great popularity in the region. It was promoted through television programs and video game magazines. Dendy became a household name in Russia and began to be applied to the rest of the Famicom hardware clones, colloquially called Famiclones, and to other consoles. After the bankruptcy of Steepler, sales of the original Dendy ceased in 1998, and at the time, according to various estimates, between 1.5 and 6 million units were sold. It is believed that it created a market for video games and game consoles in Russia.


title: Dendy (console)

text: In 1992, businessman Viktor Savyuk came to the Steepler company with a proposal to create and sell TV game consoles with removable game cartridges under the Dendy trademark. Before that, the company had been supplying Hewlett-Packard products, system integration, and localizing the Windows 3.x operating systems into Russian with the CyrWin package. The company's founders planned to develop a gaming division, and in September 1992, Savyuk joined a newly established division.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Savyuk established contacts with Taiwanese console manufacturers and expressed interest in their products. Steepler did not consider selling the original Famicom, as it was three times more expensive than existing bootleg clones, and Nintendo was not interested in the CIS countries market. Eventually, Steepler made a deal with TXC Corporation, a Taiwanese firm that produced Famiclones and sold them under the Micro Genius brand. The first console sold by Steepler under the Dendy brand was the Micro Genius IQ-501, which went on sale as the Dendy Classic. In creating the name, Savyuk chose the English word for Dandy - a man who emphasises physical appearance, refined language, and leisurely hobbies. The letter "a" was replaced by an "e" for easier reading in Russian.


title: Dendy (console)

text: As the console's mascot, the elephant Dendy was drawn by Russian animator Ivan Maximov. The console was advertised on Russian TV with the slogan "Dendy, Dendy, we all love Dendy! Dendy — everybody plays!". The "Neschastniy Sluchai" music band recorded the commercial, with the music written by keyboardist Sergey Chekryzhov, and the slogan was created by guitarist Andrey Guvakov. Animation for the clip was also made with the band. The commercial started running two weeks before the start of sales, and was broadcast by Video International.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Dendy went on sale on December 17, 1992, for 39,000 rubles (then equivalent to ). However, a mistake in introducing the device to the market made the first batch with the PAL-I video standard, whereas the SECAM-DK standard was required instead. The whole first batch was repaired in Moscow. The first branded stores opened in Moscow on Petrovka, Krasnaya Presnya, and in the passage to the GUM department store from the Teatralnaya metro station. By February 1993, sales were up to 3,000 consoles per month. Games were profitable, and Steepler managers traveled to the regions to find regional dealers and purchase advertising.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Demand became very high, and in April 1993, Steepler already had four regional dealers and a turnover of 500 million rubles ($722,000). By late 1993, up to 4,000 consoles were sold daily, and a study of consumer demand found that in the "consumer electronics" category, Dendy was in third place after the refrigerator and television set. The console had become a household name and began to be applied to the other Famiclones, and to different consoles. Steepler filled a virtually unoccupied niche, and the world's manufacturers of computer games and consoles were not interested in Russia at that time. It did not have to fight for demand because the main competitors were "gray" imports of similar products made in China. By the end of 1994, the turnover for the whole year reached $75–80 million. Steepler eventually suspended the advertising campaign because demand exceeded supply.


title: Dendy (console)

text: While exploring the print press market, Steepler came across the magazine "Video-Ace Computer Games" and suggested that the publisher should start a joint publication. The first issue of "Video-Ace Dendy", edited by Valery Polyakov, came out in the summer of 1993. The first seven issues of the magazine were advertising brochures for Steepler products. Under an agreement with the French publisher Hachette Filipacchi-Press, the magazine also reprinted articles from the French magazines "Joypad" and "Joystick". The magazine added articles on the Sega Mega Drive and Super Nintendo Entertainment System, which were also sold by Steepler.


title: Dendy (console)

text: After funding delays, the contract to publish the magazine was terminated, and Steepler launched its own magazine, "Dendy: The New Reality", published by the "Ptyuch" magazine editorial staff, with the texts written by Steepler's advertising department. Six issues later, "Dendy: The New Reality" magazine closed down completely, and the editors of the closed "Video-Ace Dendy" magazine resumed publication under the name "Velikiy Drakon", independently of Steepler.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Beginning in September 1994, the television program "Dendy: The New Reality" was launched on 2×2 TV channel by Steepler. The host was Sergei Suponev, who had previously hosted "Time of Stars" and "Call of the Jungles". Each episode featured games for Dendy, Mega Drive, and Super NES. The show received high ratings and was very popular. After 33 episodes the program ended, and two months later it was resumed on the ORT channel as a second season with the abbreviated title "The New Reality". The second season paid less attention to Dendy games, and in January 1996 the last episode aired. Reasons for the closure were cited as unfortunate airtime, 3:45 p.m. on Fridays, as not all children were home or watching TV at that time, and the production costs for each episode rose from $50,000 to $100,000. Shortly after "The New Reality" closed, MTK TV Channel launched a TV program called "Dendy World", hosted by Semyon Furman and Sergei Gvozdev, which closed after 12 episodes.


title: Dendy (console)

text: In 1994, 100,000-125,000 consoles were sold each month and the monthly turnover was $5 million. By 1995, the company hired singer Oleg Gazmanov and his son Rodion to continue advertising. In addition, the Argus animation studio was hired to produce a short animated film, "The Adventures of Dendy the Elephant". A TV show consisting of thirteen episodes was also planned, but was never finished. Savyuk later said that the company discovered that user loyalty was over 80%, and that no advertising was needed at that rate.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Three new divisions were opened: Steepler Graphic Center for creating computer graphics, Steepler Trading for selling computer hardware, and a center for training programmers. Steepler soon reorganizes, which resulted in Steepler Trading's retail chain being spun off into a separate company, Lamport.


title: Dendy (console)

text: In 1994, Steepler wanted to gain support from Nintendo and tried to establish contact with its European division through its regional office in Germany. After a period of ignoring contacts, Nintendo learned about the popularity of 8-bit console clones in Russia, so they contacted Steepler in early 1994 and invited Viktor Savyuk to a meeting in Seattle with Nintendo of America executives Minoru Arakawa and Howard Lincoln. After many days of negotiations, Steepler reached an agreement with Nintendo, under which it gave up promotion of Sega products and received exclusive rights to distribute Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy consoles in Commonwealth of Independent States and all post-Soviet states. Under this agreement, Nintendo also relinquished its claim to Dendy sales.


title: Dendy (console)

text: At the end of 1994, Steepler had two competitors: Lamport, which began to produce its own Kenga console, and Bitman, which bought Famicom, Mega Drive, and Game Boy clones from Taiwan. Kenga distinguished itself by offering the Ken-Boy portable console, while Bitman signed a formal agreement with Sega under which it began selling licensed Mega Drive 2, Sega Saturn and the educational Sega Pico. Both companies closed their game businesses a year and a half later; Kenga repositioned itself as a children's goods store, and Bitman was bought out by the R-Style company.


title: Dendy (console)

text: In January 1995, sales dropped noticeably, and an investigation revealed that competitors had started buying consoles in China and were able to reduce prices below the cost of Dendy consoles. At the time, Dendy was still being manufactured in Taiwan. In addition Subor, a Chinese company, entered the market. Subor had previously approached Steepler with a proposal for cooperation, but was rejected. With the support of the Chinese government, Subor opened an office in Moscow and engaged in dumping. After that Subor proposed to Steepler to transfer the production to the Subor factory, making the wholesale price $8–9 as compared to the previous $12 at the Taiwanese factory. The terms were accepted, and an order was placed for 80,000 Dendy consoles at factories in China. In addition, Steepler gained the right to exclusively distribute the Subor SB-225 and SB-225B through its stores, and sales returned to previous levels. In November 1995, Dendy had 10 subsidiaries in the regions and 80 dealers, and retail prices for the consoles dropped to $20.


title: Dendy (console)

text: After the mid-1990s, the 16-bit Mega Drive and Super Nintendo consoles began to give way in the West to next-generation consoles, such as the first PlayStation. In Russia, the era of 8-bit consoles was also coming to an end. Steepler planned to start selling various consumer electronics, such as DVD players, under the Dendy brand. However, those plans fell through when Steepler won a tender to automate the State Duma. Due to opposition from the Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information and assassination attempts on employees, Steepler lost contracts with government agencies and went bankrupt in 1996. The Dendy division survived as a separate company, even though working capital was held in Steepler accounts, and faced great difficulties. For a time, suppliers sold goods to the company on credit, but when that ran out, the Dendy division was forced to sell stock exclusively for months. Eventually, when the 1998 Russian financial crisis hit, the company closed completely.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Some estimates of Dendy sales in Russia are between 1.5 and 2 million consoles, and other estimates range up to 6 million. The console gained nostalgic status among those who were children in Russia in the 1990s, similar to the Nintendo and Sega consoles of the same era in the United States, Japan, and Europe. At the time, the name Dendy became synonymous with game consoles that plugged into a television set, and it is believed that it was Dendy that created the video game and game console market in Russia, and that it gave rise to the first generation of Russian gamers. Its popularity led to the appearance of counterfeit Dendy clones from other manufacturers. As of 2021, Dendy are collectors' items, and popular among retrogaming fans in Russia.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Dendy was produced in several modifications. In general, the lineup was divided into two categories: the basic Classic and the budget Junior. The first console of the series is a copy of the Taiwanese Micro Genius IQ-501, which was based on the Twin Famicom from Sharp. Taiwan's TXC Corporation reimagined the Twin Famicom design and made the console more compact. Steepler rebranded the IQ-501 as the Dendy Classic and released it on December 17, 1992.


title: Dendy (console)

text: In mid 1993, the Dendy Junior was released, which became "a simplified version of Classic for younger children". The company decided that it was necessary to create a console so cheap that it would be more profitable for wholesalers to buy it from Steepler than from Chinese suppliers. The Dendy Junior was created using cheaper technology and used a system on a chip. The console was originally designed by TXC Corporation on request specifically for Steepler, to compete with the suppliers of Chinese clones, which were of low quality and sold cheaper. The design of the console was copied from the original Famicom, and the box design was done by Rustem Adagamov. The Dendy Junior had a wholesale price of $29, and after its release Classic sales went up.


title: Dendy (console)

text: The next model was the Dendy Junior II, which had a rounded case similar to the Dendy Junior, but the gamepads were non-detachable and the second of them lacked the Start and Select buttons. It was accompanied by the Dendy Junior IIP, which featured a light gun, similar in appearance to the NES Zapper, and a multi-game cartridge.


title: Dendy (console)

text: After the Junior II, the Dendy Junior IVP was released, which missed out on the Junior III name because unknown competitors had released a modified Junior II model under that name. Steepler decided not to compete with them and immediately released the Junior IVP in black, made of cheaper plastic and with a light gun similar to the Beretta M9 included.


title: Dendy (console)

text: The final model in the series was the Dendy Classic II, based on the Micro Genius IQ-502, with a new rounded design and new gamepads. The console was more expensive than the regular Junior versions and was in low demand. There were also plans to release Dendy Pro, based on the Micro Genius IQ-1000, which featured one wired and one wireless gamepad. Savyuk described it to Kommersant newspaper as a console that would "compete with the best Japanese 8-bit consoles", but in the end, he said it only went on sale in a limited batch of 1,000-1,200 units, which sold poorly.


title: Dendy (console)

text: As a Famiclone, runs Famicom games. A large number of counterfeit copies of NES games, homemade hacked versions of games, and so-called "multi-game" cartridges, such as "99 in 1", were released for the Dendy. However, often, most of the games in the multi-game cartridges do not work, and the rest were essentially copies minor variations. The first versions of the Dendy cartridges were sold in cases labeled "TV. GAME CARTRIDGE" and with a dust cover. The most popular is the "Cartridge with gulls", with "9999 Games to 1", a menu with gulls flying over the sea, and an 8-bit arrangement of the "Unchained Melody" by The Righteous Brothers.


title: Dendy (console)

text: The Dendy game library is a mix of legitimate games from American, Japanese, and European regions, and unofficial games by Chinese developers. Dendy's cartridges do not have memory for saving, so the games which used it, such as "Final Fantasy", "The Legend of Zelda" and "Metroid", never reached the Russian market. Steepler's Dendy cartridges yielded a collector market, with prices for game cartridges reaching tens of thousands of rubles as of 2021.


title: Dendy (console)

text: Many counterfeit Dendy games were often created by combining elements from other games and were named after a famous game series, although they actually had nothing to do with it. Such games included "Street Fighter V" (made long before the real "Street Fighter V"), "Contra 6", and "Robocop IV". Many Chinese developers copied games from other consoles for the Dendy and other Famiclones, such as "Street Fighter II", "Mortal Kombat", and various variants of Disney Interactive games. One of the most famous counterfeit Dendy games is "Somari", based on "Sonic the Hedgehog" for Sega Mega Drive and developed in Taiwan. However, the game has been slowed down compared to the original, interspersed with elements from "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", and the protagonist instead of Sonic is Mario wearing Tails's boots.


title: Dendy (console)

text: When copying official games, counterfeiters often changed their code and removed the logos of the game companies, which often triggers copy protection that makes the game completely unplayable or much more difficult. The most famous examples are "Bucky O'Hare" for its extremely high difficulty, and "", where the final boss Shredder became immortal and impossible to beat.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Albert Pyun (May 19, 1953 – November 26, 2022) was an American film director who made low-budget B-movies and direct-to-video action films.


title: Albert Pyun

text: The Independent Film Channel said that Pyun "has carved out a unique niche as a director of low-budget, high-concept genre films starring actors past their prime", adding that "others believe this a charitable description for Pyun, who has also been derided as the new Ed Wood."


title: Albert Pyun

text: Though his films frequently blended kickboxing and hybrid martial arts with science fiction and dystopic or post-apocalyptic themes, which often include cyborgs, Pyun stated in a 2012 interview that "I have really no interest in cyborgs. And I've never really had any interest in post-apocalyptic stories or settings. It just seemed that those situations presented a way for me to make movies with very little money, and to explore ideas that I really wanted to explore — even if they were [controversial]."


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun was a "military brat" and lived on bases around the world until his father settled in Hawaii. He went to school in Kailua, a small town located on the windward side of Oahu. Pyun's first 8mm and 16mm movies were made in Kailua and he credits living in foreign countries and growing up in Hawaii as strong influences on his filmmaking style. While in high school, Pyun worked at a number of production houses in Honolulu before receiving an invitation by the Japanese actor, Toshiro Mifune, to travel to Japan for an internship. Initially Pyun was to intern on the Akira Kurosawa film, "Dersu Uzala", which was to star Mifune. but the actor decided not to do the film and instead Pyun found himself working on a Mifune TV series under the tutelage of Kurosawa's Director of Photography, Takao Saito ("Red Beard").


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun returned to Hawaii and began working as a commercial film editor at KGMB in Honolulu and edited commercials for agencies such as Bozell Jacobs and Leo Burnett. After several years as an editor, Pyun moved to Los Angeles to become a feature film director.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun's first film "The Sword and the Sorcerer" remains his highest grossing, eventually earning $36,714,025 in the United States. Opening on April 30, 1982, it grossed $4,100,886 which ranked the film second that week in America. Richard Lynch received the Best Supporting Actor Saturn Award for his performance as Cromwell. During the production of the film, stuntman Jack Tyree was killed while doing a high fall stunt at Griffith Park in Los Angeles. While performing a 78-foot fall in heavy costume and makeup, Tyree struck his airbag off center, resulting in a fatal impact.


title: Albert Pyun

text: With the success of "The Sword and the Sorcerer", Pyun was attached to several science fiction projects in 1984 including "Total Recall", to be produced by Dino DeLaurentiis at Universal Pictures, with a screenplay based on the Philip K. Dick story written by Ronald Shusett ("Alien"). At the time, William Hurt was attached to star.


title: Albert Pyun

text: His second film, "Radioactive Dreams", was awarded the Golden Raven at the 5th Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival in 1987. "Radioactive Dreams" recently screened at Exhumed Films' 2013 eX Fest.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun's career took a more mainstream turn with the thriller "Dangerously Close" and the romantic adventure film "Down Twisted", starring Carey Lowell, Charles Rocket and Courteney Cox.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In the late 1980s, Pyun made "Alien from L.A.", featuring supermodel Kathy Ireland whom he cast after seeing a photo of her without doing a screen test. Ireland then took acting lessons. The film was later appeared on an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000".


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun's "Cyborg" opened as the fourth-highest-grossing film in America on April 7, 1989. It eventually grossed $10,166,459 in the United States. In 2011, twenty-two years after making "Cyborg", Pyun released his director's cut. A Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer re-release on Blu-ray followed in October 2012.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In 1989, Pyun made "Deceit" and "Captain America". A director's cut of "Captain America" was released in May 2011.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In the early 1990s, Pyun made "Nemesis" with Olivier Gruner and Thomas Jane; "Brainsmasher... A Love Story" followed in 1993 with Teri Hatcher and Andrew Dice Clay; and "Mean Guns" with Christopher Lambert and Ice-T in 1997.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In June 1991, Pyun's film "Kickboxer 2", written by David Goyer ("Ghost Rider", "Blade", "The Dark Knight"), opened in theaters to mixed reviews.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Other 1990s films include "Knights" with Kris Kristofferson, Kathy Long and Lance Henriksen; "Dollman" starring Tim Thomerson as a 13-inch-tall Dirty Harry-type cop from another planet; "Raven Hawk" with Rachel McLish and William Atherton; "Spitfire" with Henriksen, Sarah Douglas, Tim Thomerson and Kristie Phillips; "Hong Kong '97" with Robert Patrick and Ming-Na Wen; "" with Christopher Lambert and Natasha Henstridge; "Post Mortem" with Charlie Sheen; "Crazy Six" with Rob Lowe, Mario Van Peebles and Burt Reynolds; "Omega Doom" with Rutger Hauer and Shannon Whirry; and "Arcade" with Megan Ward, Seth Green, Peter Billingsly and John Delancie. Pyun also made his only episodic TV work to date for the NBC/Columbia Tri-Star show "The Fifth Corner" with Alex McArthur, Kim Delaney and James Coburn.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun directed and produced "Ticker" for Artisan Entertainment in May 2000, which featured Steven Seagal, Tom Sizemore, Dennis Hopper, Jaime Pressly, Nas and Ice-T plus Chilli of the R&B group TLC. In 2002, it was among five films honored for sales by the Video Software Dealers Association in the category of 'Direct-to-Video/Limited Release by an Independent Studio'.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In 2004, Pyun went to the U.S. territory of Guam and, along with film producer John Laing, convinced the Guam government to put up an $800,000 loan guarantee to finance their film "". In his effort to convince Guam officials to approve the loan guarantee, Pyun told them that he and his producer (Laing) had a "sterling financial record" and that neither he nor John Laing had ever defaulted on a loan. In 2006, Laing defaulted on the loan, and Guam lost its guarantee. Laing blamed Pyun for the failure of the film.


title: Albert Pyun

text: An out of court settlement was reached between John Laing and the Guam Economic Development Authority in May 2012 but up until October 2012 Laing has not honored the terms of that settlement. In late 2012, GEDA Administrator Karl Pangelinan reported Laing had made a $75,000 payment on the balance of the settlement amount and the balance outstanding was $75,000. GEDA officials confirmed the final payment was made in February 2013 bringing the matter to a close. Pyun was not involved in any of the legal litigation between GEDA and Laing.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In September 2008, Pyun began production on "Tales of an Ancient Empire". Shooting began on October 12, 2008. The film premiered at Louisville, Kentucky's Fright Night Film Fest. The film was eventually released by Lions Gate Films in January 2012 and stars Kevin Sorbo, Michael Paré, Melissa Ordway and Ralf Moeller.


title: Albert Pyun

text: Pyun's film "Road to Hell" won the Best Picture award at the Yellow Fever Independent Film Festival in Belfast in 2011. Later in 2012, it opened the PollyGrind Film Festival in Las Vegas where it won Best Fantasy Film, Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actress, Best Song, Best Use of Songs, Best Use of Music, Best Visual Effects, Best Screenplay, and the Newcomer Award.


title: Albert Pyun

text: In late 2013, Pyun announced he had multiple sclerosis. In March 2014, his health had improved enough for him to film "The Interrogation of Cheryl Cooper". By 2017, he also had dementia. However, he to seek funding for projects as late as 2018.


title: Suffix tree

text: In computer science, a suffix tree (also called PAT tree or, in an earlier form, position tree) is a compressed trie containing all the suffixes of the given text as their keys and positions in the text as their values. Suffix trees allow particularly fast implementations of many important string operations.


title: Suffix tree

text: The construction of such a tree for the string formula_1 takes time and space linear in the length of formula_1. Once constructed, several operations can be performed quickly, for instance locating a substring in formula_1, locating a substring if a certain number of mistakes are allowed, locating matches for a regular expression pattern etc. Suffix trees also provide one of the first linear-time solutions for the longest common substring problem. These speedups come at a cost: storing a string's suffix tree typically requires significantly more space than storing the string itself.


title: Suffix tree

text: Rather than the suffix formula_4, Weiner stored in his trie the "prefix identifier" for each position, that is, the shortest string starting at formula_5 and occurring only once in formula_1. His "Algorithm D" takes an uncompressed trie for formula_7 and extends it into a trie for formula_8. This way, starting from the trivial trie for formula_9, a trie for formula_10 can be built by formula_11 successive calls to Algorithm D; however, the overall run time is formula_12. Weiner's "Algorithm B" maintains several auxiliary data structures, to achieve an over all run time linear in the size of the constructed trie. The latter can still be formula_12 nodes, e.g. for formula_14 Weiner's "Algorithm C" finally uses compressed tries to achieve linear overall storage size and run time.


title: Suffix tree

text: The text book reproduced Weiner's results in a simplified and more elegant form, introducing the term "position tree".


title: Suffix tree

text: These algorithms are all linear-time for a constant-size alphabet, and have worst-case running time of formula_17 in general.


title: Suffix tree

text: for strings drawn from an alphabet of integers in a polynomial range. Farach's algorithm has become the basis for new algorithms for constructing both suffix trees and suffix arrays, for example, in external memory, compressed, succinct, etc.


title: Suffix tree

text: Since such a tree does not exist for all strings, formula_1 is padded with a terminal symbol not seen in the string (usually denoted codice_1). This ensures that no suffix is a prefix of another, and that there will be formula_19 leaf nodes, one for each of the formula_19 suffixes of formula_1. Since all internal non-root nodes are branching, there can be at most "n" −  1 such nodes, and "n" + ("n" − 1) + 1 = 2"n" nodes in total ("n" leaves, "n" − 1 internal non-root nodes, 1 root).


title: Suffix tree

text: Suffix links are a key feature for older linear-time construction algorithms, although most newer algorithms, which are based on Farach's algorithm, dispense with suffix links. In a complete suffix tree, all internal non-root nodes have a suffix link to another internal node. If the path from the root to a node spells the string formula_32, where formula_33 is a single character and formula_34 is a string (possibly empty), it has a suffix link to the internal node representing formula_34. See for example the suffix link from the node for codice_2 to the node for codice_3 in the figure above. Suffix links are also used in some algorithms running on the tree.


title: Suffix tree

text: A generalized suffix tree is a suffix tree made for a set of strings instead of a single string. It represents all suffixes from this set of strings. Each string must be terminated by a different termination symbol.


title: Suffix tree

text: A suffix tree for a string formula_1 of length formula_19 can be built in formula_38 time, if the letters come from an alphabet of integers in a polynomial range (in particular, this is true for constant-sized alphabets).


title: Suffix tree

text: For larger alphabets, the running time is dominated by first sorting the letters to bring them into a range of size formula_39; in general, this takes formula_17 time.


title: Suffix tree

text: Assume that a suffix tree has been built for the string formula_1 of length formula_19, or that a generalised suffix tree has been built for the set of strings formula_43 of total length formula_44.


title: Suffix tree

text: The suffix tree can be prepared for constant time lowest common ancestor retrieval between nodes in formula_38 time. One can then also:


title: Suffix tree

text: Suffix trees can be used to solve a large number of string problems that occur in text-editing, free-text search, computational biology and other application areas. Primary applications include:


title: Suffix tree

text: Suffix trees are often used in bioinformatics applications, searching for patterns in DNA or protein sequences (which can be viewed as long strings of characters). The ability to search efficiently with mismatches might be considered their greatest strength. Suffix trees are also used in data compression; they can be used to find repeated data, and can be used for the sorting stage of the Burrows–Wheeler transform. Variants of the LZW compression schemes use suffix trees (LZSS). A suffix tree is also used in suffix tree clustering, a data clustering algorithm used in some search engines.


title: Suffix tree

text: If each node and edge can be represented in formula_80 space, the entire tree can be represented in formula_38 space. The total length of all the strings on all of the edges in the tree is formula_12, but each edge can be stored as the position and length of a substring of , giving a total space usage of formula_38 computer words. The worst-case space usage of a suffix tree is seen with a fibonacci word, giving the full formula_99 nodes.


title: Suffix tree

text: An important choice when making a suffix tree implementation is the parent-child relationships between nodes. The most common is using linked lists called sibling lists. Each node has a pointer to its first child, and to the next node in the child list it is a part of. Other implementations with efficient running time properties use hash maps, sorted or unsorted arrays (with array doubling), or balanced search trees. We are interested in:


title: Suffix tree

text: The large amount of information in each edge and node makes the suffix tree very expensive, consuming about 10 to 20 times the memory size of the source text in good implementations. The suffix array reduces this requirement to a factor of 8 (for array including LCP values built within 32-bit address space and 8-bit characters.) This factor depends on the properties and may reach 2 with usage of 4-byte wide characters (needed to contain any symbol in some UNIX-like systems, see wchar_t) on 32-bit systems. Researchers have continued to find smaller indexing structures.


title: Suffix tree

text: Recently, a practical parallel algorithm for suffix tree construction with formula_39 work (sequential time) and formula_102 span has been developed. The algorithm achieves good parallel scalability on shared-memory multicore machines and can index the human genome – approximately 3GB – in under 3 minutes using a 40-core machine.


title: Suffix tree

text: TDD and TRELLIS scale up to the entire human genome resulting in a disk-based suffix tree of a size in the tens of gigabytes. However, these methods cannot handle efficiently collections of sequences exceeding 3GB. DiGeST performs significantly better and is able to handle collections of sequences in the order of 6GB in about 6 hours.


title: Suffix tree

text: inputs that do not fit in main memory. ERA is a recent parallel suffix tree construction method that is significantly faster. ERA can index the entire human genome in 19 minutes on an 8-core desktop computer with 16GB RAM. On a simple Linux cluster with 16 nodes (4GB RAM per node), ERA can index the entire human genome in less than 9 minutes.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: Black Robe is a 1991 historical drama film directed by Bruce Beresford, adapted by Brian Moore from his 1985 novel of the same name. Set in the 17th century, it depicts the adventures of a Jesuit missionary tasked with founding a mission in New France. To do so, he must traverse 1500 miles of harsh wilderness with the help of a group of Algonquins, facing danger from both the unfamiliar environment and rival tribes. The title refers to the nickname given to the Jesuits by the Algonquins, referring to his black cassock.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: The film stars Lothaire Bluteau in the title role, with other cast members including Aden Young, Sandrine Holt, Tantoo Cardinal, August Schellenberg, Gordon Tootoosis and Raoul Trujillo. It was the first official co-production between a Canadian film team and an Australian one. It was shot mostly in the Canadian province of Quebec. It was Young and Holt's film debut.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: "Black Robe" premiered at the 1991 Toronto International Film Festival and was given a wide release on 6 October, becoming the highest-grossing Canadian film of 1991. It received generally positive reviews and won several accolades. It was nominated for ten Genie Awards and won six, including Best Motion Picture, Best Director (Beresford), Best Adapted Screenplay (Moore), and Best Supporting Actor (Schellenberg). It was also nominated for ten AACTA Awards, with Peter James winning Best Cinematography.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: Set in New France in 1634 (in the period of conflicts known as the Beaver Wars), the film begins in the settlement that will one day become Quebec City. Jesuit missionaries are trying to encourage the local Algonquin Indians to embrace Christianity, with thus far only limited results. Samuel de Champlain, founder of the settlement, sends Father LaForgue, a young Jesuit priest, to found a Catholic mission in a distant Huron village. With winter approaching, the journey will be difficult and cover as much as 1500 miles (2414 kilometers).


title: Black Robe (film)

text: LaForgue is accompanied on his journey by a non-Jesuit assistant, Daniel, and a group of Algonquin Indians whom Champlain has charged with guiding him to the Huron village. This group includes Chomina – an older, experienced traveller who has clairvoyant dreams; his wife; and Annuka, their daughter. As they journey across the lakes and forests, Daniel and Annuka fall in love, to the discomfort of the celibate LaForgue.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: The group meet with a band of Montagnais, First Nations people who have never met Frenchmen before. The Montagnais shaman, Mestigoit, is suspicious (and implicitly jealous) of LaForgue's influence over the Algonquins. He accuses him of being a demon. He encourages Chomina and the other Algonquins to abandon the two Frenchmen and travel instead to a winter hunting lodge. This they do, paddling away from the Frenchmen. LaForgue accepts his fate, but Daniel is determined to stay with Annuka and follows the Indians as they march across the forest. When one Indian tries to shoot Daniel, Chomina is consumed by guilt at having betrayed Champlain's trust. He and a few other members of the Algonquin tribe return with Daniel to try to find LaForgue.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: As they recover LaForgue, a party of Mohawk Iroquois attack them, killing most of the Algonquin, amongst them Chomina's wife, and taking the rest captive. They are taken to an Iroquois fortress, where they are forced to run the gauntlet, watch Chomina's young son be killed, and are told they will be slowly tortured to death the next day. That night Annuka seduces their guard, allowing him to engage in coitus with her. When this distracts him she strikes him with a caribou hoof, rendering him unconscious and allowing them to escape. Chomina, dying of a wound from his capture, sees a small grove he has dreamed of many times before, and realizes it is the place he is destined to die. LaForgue tries, unsuccessfully, to persuade Chomina to embrace Christ before he dies. As Chomina freezes to death in the snow, he sees the "She-Manitou" appearing to him.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: As the weather grows colder, Annuka and Daniel take LaForgue to the outskirts of the Huron settlement, but leave him to enter it alone, because Chomina had dreamed that this must happen. LaForgue finds all but one of the French inhabitants dead, murdered by the Hurons who blamed them for a smallpox epidemic. The leader of the last survivors tells LaForgue that the Hurons are dying, and he should offer to save them by baptizing them. LaForgue confronts the Hurons.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: When their leader asks LaForgue if he loves them, LaForgue thinks of the faces of all the Indians he has met on his journey, and answers "Yes". The leader then asks him to baptize them, and the Hurons receive his baptism. The film ends with a golden sunrise. An intertitle states that fifteen years later, the Hurons, having accepted Christianity, were routed and killed by their enemies the Iroquois; the Jesuit mission to the Hurons was abandoned and the Jesuits returned to Quebec.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: Bruce Beresford had wanted to make a film out of Brian Moore's novel ever since it was first published. The rights had been acquired by Canada's Alliance Films, which had signed another director. That person fell out, as did another director, before the job was given to Beresford. Beresford stated:


title: Black Robe (film)

text: I think that, even if you have no religious faith whatever or, even if you despised the Jesuits, you would still find it an interesting story. It's a wonderful study of obsession and love. And it is a wonderful adventure of the spirit and of the body. What those people did, going to a country where winters were far more severe than anything they had known in Europe, meeting people who were far more fierce than anyone they had ever encountered... Having to deal with these people shows us something of humanity at its greatest. It's the equivalent of today's people getting into space shuttles and going off into space. It takes unbelievable courage to do this.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: The film remained in development hell for over four years due to no major American studio willing to finance the project. Beresford was only able to convince Alliance Films to hire him after his previous film, "Driving Miss Daisy", won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The success of "Dances with Wolves", a film with similar themes released the prior year, also convinced Alliance of the project's viability.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: Funds were raised under a co-production treaty between Canada and Australia. The production needed 30% Australian financing, and the Film Finance Corporation investment had to be spent on Australian elements, such as an Australian crew and two Australian actors.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: The film was shot primarily on-location in Quebec, in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region. Additional scenes were shot in Rouen in northern France. The entire film was shot in-sequence.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: "Black Robe" opened in Canada on 4 October 1991 and then had a exclusive opening in New York, Los Angeles and Chicago on 1 November 1991 before expanding on 22 November to a further 222 theaters.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: "Black Robe" was praised as a "magnificently staged combination of top talents delivering a gripping and tragic story", and has been rated one of the most meticulously researched representations of indigenous life put on film. Notably, the film includes dialogue in the Cree, Mohawk, and Algonquin languages. The French characters speak English in the film. Latin is used for Catholic prayers.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: Political activist Ward Churchill, after highly praising the film-making, criticized historical inaccuracies. He said he thought the film vilified the Mohawks as part of a theme that Indian resistance to European culture was evil.


title: Black Robe (film)

text: "Black Robe" grossed $1.1 million in Canada in its first four weeks before opening in the United States. Expanding to 55 screens it grossed $179,467 for the weekend of 3 November 1991. It expanded on the weekend of 22 November to 282 screens, grossing $882,300 for the weekend, finishing 11th in the United States and Canada for the weekend. In Canada, it won the Golden Reel Award, indicating the highest box-office performance of any Canadian film that year. In English Canada, it was among only three Canadian films to gross over $500,000 between 1987 and 1990, along with "Jesus of Montreal" and "Dead Ringers".


title: Black Robe (film)

text: "Black Robe" grossed $2,036,056 at the box office in Australia, the third highest-grossing Australian film of the year behind "Strictly Ballroom" and "Romper Stomper".