title: Baptism for the dead

text: Since the early 1990s, the LDS Church has urged members to submit the names of only their own ancestors for ordinances, and to request permission of surviving family members of people who have died within the past 95 years. Hundreds of thousands of improperly submitted names not adhering to this policy have been removed from the records of the church. Church apostle Boyd K. Packer has stated the church has been open about its practice of using public records to further temple ordinance work.


title: Baptism for the dead

text: Despite the guidelines, some members of the church have submitted names without adequate permission. In December 2002, independent researcher Helen Radkey published a report showing that, following a 1995 promise from the church to remove Jewish Holocaust victims from its International Genealogical Index, the church's database included the names of about 19,000 who had a 40 to 50 percent chance "to be Holocaust victims ... in Russia, Poland, France, and Austria." Genealogist Bernard Kouchel searched the International Genealogical Index, and discovered that many well known Jews had been vicariously baptized, including Maimonides, Albert Einstein, and Irving Berlin, without family permission.


title: Baptism for the dead

text: Church official D. Todd Christofferson told "The New York Times" that the church expends massive amounts of resources attempting to purge improperly submitted names, but that it is not feasible to expect the church to find each and every last one, and that the agreement in 1995 did not place this type of responsibility on the centralized church leadership.


title: Baptism for the dead

text: Jewish groups, including the Simon Wiesenthal Center, spoke out against the vicarious baptism of Holocaust perpetrators and victims in the mid-1990s and again in the 2000s when they discovered the practice, which they consider insensitive to the living and the dead, was continuing. The associate dean of the Simon Wiesenthal Center, Abraham Cooper, complained that infamous figures such as Adolf Hitler and Eva Braun appeared on LDS genealogical records: "Whether official or not, the fact remains that this is exactly the kind of activity that enraged and hurt, really, so many victims of the Holocaust and caused alarm in the Jewish community."


title: Baptism for the dead

text: In 2008, the American Gathering of Jewish Holocaust Survivors announced that, since church members had repeatedly violated previous agreements, it would no longer negotiate with the church to try to prevent vicarious baptism. Speaking on the anniversary of Kristallnacht, Ernest Michel, a Holocaust survivor who reported on the Nuremberg Trials, speaking as the honorary chairman of the American Gathering of Holocaust Survivors, called on the LDS Church to "implement a mechanism to undo what [they] have done", and declared that the LDS Church had repeatedly violated their agreements, and that talks with Mormon leaders were now ended. Jewish groups, he said, would now turn to the court of public opinion for justice. Michel called the practice a revision of history that plays into the hands of Holocaust deniers, stating: "They tell me, that my parents' Jewishness has not been altered but ... 100 years from now, how will they be able to guarantee that my mother and father of blessed memory who lived as Jews and were slaughtered by Hitler for no other reason than they were Jews, will someday not be identified as Mormon victims of the Holocaust?"


title: Baptism for the dead

text: Church officials, in response, stated that the church does not teach that vicarious baptisms coerce deceased persons to become Mormons, nor does the church add those names to its list of church members. Church officials have also stated that, in accordance with the 1995 agreement, it has removed more than 300,000 names of Jewish Holocaust victims from its databases, as well as subsequently removing names later identified by Jewish groups. Church officials stated in 2008 that a new version of the FamilySearch application had been developed and was being implemented in an effort to prevent the submission of Holocaust victim names for temple ordinances.


title: Baptism for the dead

text: In February 2012, the issue re-emerged after it was found that the parents of Holocaust survivor and Jewish rights advocate Simon Wiesenthal were added to the genealogical database. Shortly afterward, news stories announced that Anne Frank had been baptized by proxy for the ninth time, at the Santo Domingo Dominican Republic Temple.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: Big Idea Entertainment, LLC (formerly known as Big Idea Productions, Inc. and Big Idea, Inc.; also simply as Big Idea) is an American Christian animation company, best known for its computer-animated "VeggieTales" series of Christian-themed home videos.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: Founded in February 1989 as GRAFx Studios by Phil Vischer, the company was renamed as Big Idea Productions in August 1993 and it released its first direct-to-video "VeggieTales" program in December. In 2002, Big Idea adapted the Biblical story of Jonah for its first theatrical feature film, "", which was co-produced with FHE Pictures. Its second theatrical film, "", was co-produced with Starz Animation and released in 2008.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: From 1999 to 2004, headquarters of Big Idea Entertainment was in Lombard, Illinois, a suburb outside of Chicago. After Big Idea Entertainment declared bankruptcy in 2003 and the company was sold to Classic Media, headquarters was moved in 2004 to Franklin, Tennessee, a suburb outside of Nashville. In 2012, DreamWorks Animation purchased Classic Media. In 2013, DreamWorks began to oversee productions of Big Idea Entertainment and launched the Netflix series VeggieTales in the House. After production of "VeggieTales in the House's" sequel series entitled VeggieTales in the City wrapped in 2017, DreamWorks sold the Franklin headquarters to Kingdom Story Company. Big Idea continues to operate as an in-name-only company and a unit of DreamWorks Animation; with Universal Pictures handling distribution and licensing rights for the company.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: Big Idea was founded in February 1989 under the name GRAFx Studios by Phil Vischer to create graphics in television commercials. In 1991, Vischer created a 12-second short film called "Mr. Cuke's Screen Test". This short inspired him and Mike Nawrocki to create "VeggieTales", with Nawrocki coming up with the name. Vischer thought the name "GRAFx" no longer suited a company about to create children's videos, so he renamed it as Big Idea Productions, Inc. on August 6, 1993. The company released its first video, "Where's God When I'm S-Scared?" in December of the same year.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: Rapidly running out of office space, Big Idea relocated to the Chicago suburbs in 1997 with the purchase of the DuPage Theater in Lombard, Illinois. However, renovation delays, unforeseen building conditions, and lengthy zoning battles resulted. In the interim, the company was guided by Lombard City officials to rent space at the Yorktown Center, a local mall.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: In a co-production with FHE Pictures, Big Idea released its first theatrical feature film, "" on October 4, 2002.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: On September 2, 2003, Big Idea declared bankruptcy after encountering management and financial issues and a lawsuit by HIT Entertainment in 2001. By the end of the year, it was auctioned off to Classic Media for $19.3 million. After its purchase, the company relocated to Nashville in 2004.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: Big Idea partnered with Toronto-based Starz Animation to produce its second theatrical feature film, "", which was released on January 11, 2008 by Universal Pictures.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: In April 2009, Entertainment Rights fell into voluntary administration and sold its UK- and US-based subsidiaries, including Big Idea and its parent company, Classic Media, to Boomerang Media. As of 2011 Big Idea, Inc. has been repackaged officially as Big Idea Entertainment, LLC. In July 2012, Big Idea's parent company, Classic Media, was acquired by DreamWorks Animation and renamed DreamWorks Classics.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: On April 28, 2016, NBCUniversal announced that it would be acquiring DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion. The sale was completed on August 22, 2016.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: On July 3, 2018, Vischer confirmed that Big Idea's offices in Franklin were shut down. While marketing employees continued to work for Big Idea during this time, DreamWorks sold the Franklin, Tennessee studio in late 2017.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: In 2018, NBCUniversal licensed the properties of the studio to The Trinity Broadcasting Network. They launched the production of a new series entitled "The VeggieTales Show" in 2019 through a collaboration between NBCUniversal and Trilogy Animation Group. Vischer confirmed on Twitter that he and Nawrocki were both returning to work as head writers for the new series.


title: Big Idea Entertainment

text: "VeggieTales" is a series of children's computer animated films featuring anthropomorphic vegetables and conveying moral themes based on Christianity, spliced with joking references to pop culture and current events. "VeggieTales" was created by Phil Vischer and Mike Nawrocki, who also provide many of the voices. "VeggieTales" has also been released as books, games, and many other branded items such as toys and clothing. Additionally, the series has been adapted for television broadcast on Qubo (where it aired from September 9, 2006, to September 5, 2009) and on Netflix where DreamWorks Animation Television produced two series, "VeggieTales in the House" (which ran from November 26, 2014 to September 23, 2016) and "VeggieTales in the City" (which ran from February 24 to September 15, 2017).


title: Del Palmer

text: Derek Peter "Del" Palmer is an English singer, songwriter, bass guitarist and sound engineer, best known for his work with Kate Bush, with whom he also had a long-term relationship between the late 1970s and early 1990s. He released his first solo studio album titled "Leap of Faith" in 2007, followed by "Gift" in 2010. His third solo album, "Point of Safe Return", was released on 6 March 2015.


title: Del Palmer

text: Born in Greenwich, southeast London, he began playing bass in 1967, joining friend Brian Bath's band Cobwebs and Strange. In 1969, Palmer and Bath formed Tame with Victor King on drums. The band lasted until 1970. From 1972, Palmer and Bath were in Company with Barry Sherlock (guitar) and Lionel Azulay (drums). They signed to Cube Records in 1973, but Azulay was injured in a road accident. Charlie Morgan joined on drums in 1974 and the band changed its name to Conkers. A series of singles followed on Cube.


title: Del Palmer

text: In 1977, the KT Bush Band began with Bush, Palmer, Bath and Vic King, playing the pub circuit. Their live set included material that would later appear on Bush's first album. Beginning with her second album, 1978 release, "Lionheart", Palmer became one of Bush's main studio bassists (along with John Giblin). He also toured with her in 1979.


title: Del Palmer

text: He is credited as an engineer on Kate Bush's "Hounds of Love" (1985), "The Sensual World" (1989), "The Red Shoes" (1993) and "Aerial" (2005). Furthermore, Del Palmer is prevalent in some of Kate Bush's music videos; in 1982, he played the get-a-way car driver in the video to "There Goes a Tenner", and in 1986, appeared in the critically acclaimed extended video to "Experiment IV", in which he plays a patient in a secret military base where the 'experiment' of the song's title is performed on him with horrific consequences. The clip, described as a 'film in miniature' also features Hugh Laurie, Peter Vaughan, Dawn French and Paddy Bush; it was banned from broadcast on the BBC programme, "Top of the Pops", due to the graphic nature of the video. The music video, directed by Bush herself, went on to be nominated for the Best Concept Music Video at the 1988 Grammy Awards. Also in 1986, he appeared in the video to "The Big Sky" as a guitar playing Army Major, which, in 1987, was nominated for Best Female Video at the MTV Video Music Awards. Del Palmer also played Houdini, the man about to be kissed by Bush on the front cover to her 1982 album, "The Dreaming". He's credited with engineering on three further albums involving Bush: Midge Ure's "Answers to Nothing" (where Palmer engineered her vocal guest recordings), Roy Harper's "Once" and Alan Stivell's "Again". He played bass guitar on "Lionheart", "Never for Ever", "The Dreaming", "Hounds of Love", "The Sensual World" and "Aerial" (on 5 tracks), and on one track on "50 Words for Snow".


title: Del Palmer

text: Palmer plays bass on Billy Sherwood's "Back Against the Wall" and "Return to the Dark Side of the Moon", both Pink Floyd tribute albums. He released his first solo album titled "Leap of Faith" in 2007 with a follow up five-track EP titled "Outtees & Alternatives" in 2008. He appeared in the BBC documentary "Queens of British Pop" discussing Kate Bush, and again in the BBC Four documentary "The Kate Bush Story – Running Up That Hill". He released his second album entitled "Gift" in 2010. His third album, "Point of Safe Return", released in March 2015.


title: Del Palmer

text: In 2018, he played a series of concerts in England and Ireland, with members of Kate Bush tribute band Cloudbusting, to celebrate 40 years since the release of her first album.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Leigh William Steinberg (born March 27, 1949) is an American sports agent, philanthropist, and author. During his 41-year career, Steinberg has represented over 300 professional athletes in football, baseball, basketball, boxing, and Olympic sports. He has represented the No. 1 overall pick in the NFL draft a record eight times. Steinberg is often credited as the real-life inspiration for the sports agent in Cameron Crowe's film "Jerry Maguire" in 1996.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg was born and raised in Los Angeles by his parents, a teacher and a librarian, who pushed public service along with ambition. He attended Hamilton High School. He attended the University of California Los Angeles, for one year (1966–67) before transferring to the University of California, Berkeley. He also was a resident assistant at the UC Berkeley dorms and had Steve Bartkowski and Steve Wozniak on his floor. Steinberg eventually formed his own student government political party, called Unity. His moderate politics at the protest-prone Berkeley at the height of the Vietnam War drew such a following that he was elected President of the Associated Students of the University of California, the university's student government. He subsequently resigned from his post as a result of a cheating scandal. He earned a B.A. in political science in 1970 and a J.D. in 1973 from UC Berkeley.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: For many years Steinberg and Jeff Moorad had a sports agency partnership called "Steinberg, Moorad & Dunn", or "SMD". They sold that firm in October 1999 to Assante Sports Management Group, a Canadian financial-management firm, for a reported $120 million. Assante acquired several other sports agencies. In February 2002, David Dunn left SMD to open Athletes First, taking about 50 NFL players with him and opening offices about a mile from Steinberg's in Newport Beach, Calif. Extensive litigation ensued involving Dunn and Assante.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg has successfully negotiated over $3 billion in contracts for players including Troy Aikman, Steve Young, and Patrick Mahomes. He has represented the No. 1 pick overall in the NFL draft a record eight times, in addition to representing over 60 other first round draft picks in the NFL.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg has actively been involved with the Human Relations Commission, Children Now, Children's Miracle Network, Coro Fellows Program, and the Starlight Foundation. He founded and underwrites the Steinberg Leadership Institute, a nationwide program run by the Anti-Defamation League preparing students to fight racism and inequality throughout the world which has since become the Glass Leadership Institute. He has endowed scholarships at his high school, donated time and resources to organizations such as Special Olympics, Juvenile Diabetes Foundation, and Junior Achievement. He has also endowed a classroom at Boalt Hall at the University of California at Berkeley. Steinberg's community activism has drawn praise from the political world. He has received accommodations from Congress, State Senate, State Legislature, The Los Angeles City Council, Orange County Board of Supervisors, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, and Bill Clinton.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg has received screen credit as a technical consultant on several films, including "Jerry Maguire", "Any Given Sunday," and "For the Love of the Game". He has also worked as a consultant for the HBO original series "Arli$$" and served as the title sponsor of the annual Newport Beach Film Festival.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg made an appearance in the film "Jerry Maguire", and is credited as the real life inspiration of the sports agents from that film.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: He has developed original television and film content for Fox Television, Warner Brothers Studios, ABC Entertainment, and HBO. He has been at the forefront of the Internet revolution, creating and building sports websites, strategically aligning his firm with ESPN's Sportzone.com and developing online marketing courseware for professionals and students alike. He has lent his marketing expertise to the video game software business and served as a member of the Board of Directors for two software manufacturers.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg wrote a best-selling book with Michael D'Orso, "Winning with Integrity: Getting What You Want Without Selling Your Soul", published by Three Rivers Press in October 1999. The book provides readers insight on how to improve their life through non-confrontational negotiating. The majority of the proceeds raised on his 1999 book tour were donated to the Junior Achievement Educational Foundation. His book "The Agent: My 40-Year Career Making Deals and Changing the Game" was published in 2014.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg was a speaker at the independently organized TED Talk hosted by Chapman University. He spoke about "Making an impact in the world through sports". Steinberg gave key insights into the changes he's brought to the world through sports; one of his strategies was to encourage his clients to give back to the high school community that helped shape them. Steinberg made it a practice not to take any clients who weren't interested in contributing.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: In 1992, Steinberg helped lead a successful campaign to prevent the San Francisco Giants baseball club from relocating to Florida. For his efforts, then San Francisco Mayor Frank Jordan honored him by declaring "Leigh Steinberg Day" in the city of San Francisco soon after.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: In 1994, then Oakland Mayor Elihu Harris utilized Steinberg as a consultant in his successful bid to prevent the Oakland Athletics baseball club from relocating to Sacramento or San Jose.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg also served as co-chairperson of the "Save the Rams" committee in its unsuccessful attempt to keep the franchise from leaving Southern California and was active in pursuits to attract a new football franchise to locate in Los Angeles.


title: Leigh Steinberg

text: Steinberg describes his financial problems as having mounted since 2003, when he became involved with extensive litigation with Dunn and Assante (see above), escalating with his 2008 divorce settlement, and also exacerbated by problems with alcoholism. Steinberg was arrested for DUI in 1997 and again in 2007, and for public intoxication in 2008, all in Newport Beach, California. In December 2011, it was reported that a bench warrant had been issued against Steinberg after he failed to appear at a scheduled hearing, concerning an unpaid judgement of $1.4 million, by far the largest of several debts he owes; in fact the bench warrant was authorized by a judge but never issued. On January 11, 2012 Steinberg filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy protection. In 2012 a party thrown by friends celebrated 2 years of sober living for Steinberg. Steinberg celebrated a decade of sobriety in 2020.


title: Patrick White

text: Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990) was a British-born Australian writer who published 12 novels, three short-story collections, and eight plays, from 1935 to 1987.


title: Patrick White

text: White's fiction employs humour, florid prose, shifting narrative vantage points and stream of consciousness techniques. In 1973 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature", as it says in the Swedish Academy's citation, the only Australian to have been awarded the prize. White was also the inaugural recipient of the Miles Franklin Award.


title: Patrick White

text: White was born in Knightsbridge, London, to Victor Martindale White and Ruth (née Withycombe), both Australians, in their apartment overlooking Hyde Park, London on 28 May 1912. His family returned to Sydney, Australia, when he was six months old. As a child he lived in a flat with his sister, a nanny, and a maid while his parents lived in an adjoining flat. In 1916 they moved to a house in Elizabeth Bay that many years later became a nursing home, Lulworth House, the residents of which included Gough Whitlam, Neville Wran, and White's partner Manoly Lascaris.


title: Patrick White

text: At the age of four, White developed asthma, a condition that had taken the life of his maternal grandfather. White's health was fragile throughout his childhood, which precluded his participation in many childhood activities.


title: Patrick White

text: He loved the theatre, which he first visited at an early age (his mother took him to see "The Merchant of Venice" at the age of six). This love was expressed at home when he performed private rites in the garden and danced for his mother's friends.


title: Patrick White

text: At the age of ten, White was sent to Tudor House School, a boarding school in Moss Vale in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, in an attempt to abate his asthma. It took him some time to adjust to the presence of other children. At boarding school, he started to write plays. Even at this early age, White wrote about palpably adult themes. In 1924, the boarding school ran into financial trouble, and the headmaster suggested that White be sent to a public school in England, a suggestion that his parents accepted.


title: Patrick White

text: White struggled to adjust to his new surroundings at Cheltenham College, England, describing it later as "a four-year prison sentence". He withdrew socially and had a limited circle of acquaintances. Occasionally, he would holiday with his parents at European locations, but their relationship remained distant. However he did spend time with his cousin Jack Withycombe during this period, and Jack's daughter Elizabeth Withycombe became a mentor to him while he was writing his first book of poems, "Thirteen Poems" between the years 1927–29.


title: Patrick White

text: While at school in London, White made one close friend, Ronald Waterall, an older boy who shared similar interests. White's biographer, David Marr, wrote that "the two men would walk, arm-in-arm, to London shows; and stand around stage doors crumbing for a glimpse of their favourite stars, giving a practical demonstration of a chorus girl's high kick... with appropriate vocal accompaniment". When Waterall left school, White withdrew again. He asked his parents if he could leave school to become an actor. The parents compromised and allowed him to finish school early if he came home to Australia to try life on the land. His parents felt that he should work on the land rather than become a writer and hoped that his work as a jackaroo would temper his artistic ambitions.


title: Patrick White

text: White spent two years working as a stockman at Bolaro, a station near Adaminaby, on the edge of the Snowy Mountains, in southeastern Australia. Although he grew to respect the land and his health improved, it was clear that he was not suited to it.


title: Patrick White

text: From 1932 to 1935, White lived in England, studying French and German literature at King's College, Cambridge University. During his time at Cambridge he developed a romantic attraction to a young man who had come to King's College to become an Anglican priest. White dared not speak of his feelings for fear of losing the friendship and, like many other gay men of that period, he feared that his sexuality would doom him to a lonely life. Then, one night, the student priest, after an awkward liaison with two women, admitted to White that women meant nothing to him sexually. That became White's first love affair.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1934, White published a collection of poetry titled "The Ploughman and Other Poems". The volume was published by P. R. Stephenson and Co., a newly established publishing firm in which his parents had invested £300 (). He also wrote a play named "Bread and Butter Women", which was later performed by an amateur group (which included his sister Suzanne) at the tiny Bryant's Playhouse in Sydney. After being admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1935, White briefly settled in London in an area frequented by artists. There, the young author thrived creatively for a time, writing several unpublished works and reworking "Happy Valley", a novel that he had written while jackarooing. In 1937, White's father died, leaving him ten thousand pounds in inheritance. The fortune enabled him to write full-time in relative comfort. Two more plays followed before he succeeded in finding a publisher for "Happy Valley". The novel was received well in London but poorly in Australia. He began writing another novel, "Nightside", but abandoned it before its completion after receiving negative comments, a decision that he later admitted regretting.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1936, White met the painter Roy De Maistre, 18 years his senior, who became an important influence in his life and work. The two men never became lovers but remained firm friends. In White's own words, "He became what I most needed, an intellectual and aesthetic mentor". They had many similarities: they were both gay and they both felt like outsiders in their own families, for whom both harboured ambivalent feelings yet maintained close lifelong links with them, particularly their mothers. They also both appreciated the benefits of social standing and its connections. Christian symbolism and biblical themes are common to both artists' work.


title: Patrick White

text: White dedicated his first novel "Happy Valley" to De Maistre and acknowledged De Maistre's influence on his writing. In 1947, De Maistre's painting "Figure in a Garden (The Aunt)" was used as the cover for the first edition of White's "The Aunt's Story". White bought many of De Maistre's paintings, all of which in 1974 he gave to the Art Gallery of New South Wales.


title: Patrick White

text: Towards the end of the 1930s, White spent time in the United States, including Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and New York City, artistic hotbeds at the time, where he wrote "The Living and the Dead". By the time World War II broke out, he had returned to London and joined the British Royal Air Force. He was accepted as an intelligence officer, and was posted to the Middle East. He served in Egypt, Palestine, and Greece before the war was over. While in the Middle East, he had an affair with a Greek army officer, Manoly Lascaris, who was to become his life partner.


title: Patrick White

text: White and Lascaris lived together in Cairo for six years before moving in 1948 to a small farm purchased by White at Castle Hill, now a Sydney suburb but then semi-rural. He named the house "The Dogwoods," after trees he planted there. They lived there for 18 years, selling flowers, vegetables, milk, and cream as well as pedigree puppies. After the death of White's mother in 1963, they moved into a large house, Highbury, in Centennial Park, where they lived for the rest of their lives.


title: Patrick White

text: After the war, when White had settled down with Lascaris, his reputation as a writer increased with publication of "The Aunt's Story" and "The Tree of Man" in the United States in 1955 and shortly after in the United Kingdom. "The Tree of Man" was released to rave reviews in the United States, but in what had become a typical pattern, it was panned in Australia. White had doubts about whether to continue writing after his books were largely dismissed in Australia (three of them having been called 'un-Australian' by critics), but decided to persevere, and a breakthrough in Australia came when his next novel, "Voss", won the inaugural Miles Franklin Literary Award.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1961, White published "Riders in the Chariot", a bestseller and a prizewinner, garnering a second Miles Franklin Award. In 1963, White and Lascaris decided to sell the Castle Hill house. A number of White's books from the 1960s depict the fictional town of Sarsaparilla; his collection of short stories, "The Burnt Ones", and the play, "The Season at Sarsaparilla". Clearly established in his reputation as one of the world's great authors, he remained a private person, resisting opportunities for interviews and public appearances, though his circle of friends widened significantly.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1968, White wrote "The Vivisector", a searing character portrait of an artist. Many people drew links to the Sydney painter John Passmore (1904–84) and White's friend, the painter Sidney Nolan, but White denied the connections. Patrick White was an art collector who had, as a young man, been deeply impressed by his friends Roy De Maistre and Francis Bacon, and later said he wished he had been an artist. By the mid-1960s, he had also become interested in encouraging dozens of young and less established artists, such as James Clifford, Erica McGilchrist, and Lawrence Daws. A portrait of White by Louis Kahan won the 1962 Archibald Prize. White was later friends with Brett Whiteley, the young star of Australian painting, in the 1970s. That friendship ended when White felt that Whiteley, a heroin addict, was deceitful and pushy about selling his paintings.


title: Patrick White

text: Deciding not to accept any more prizes for his work, White declined both the $10,000 Britannia Award and another Miles Franklin Award. Harry M. Miller proposed to work on a screenplay for "Voss" but nothing came of it. He became an active opponent of literary censorship and joined a number of other public figures in signing a statement of defiance against Australia's decision to participate in the Vietnam War. His name had sometimes been mentioned as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature, but in 1971, after losing to Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, he wrote to a friend: "That Nobel Prize! I hope I never hear it mentioned again. I certainly don't want it; the machinery behind it seems a bit dirty, when we thought that only applied to Australian awards. In my case to win the prize would upset my life far too much, and it would embarrass me to be held up to the world as an Australian writer when, apart from the accident of blood, I feel I am temperamentally a cosmopolitan Londoner".


title: Patrick White

text: Nevertheless, in 1973, White did accept the Nobel Prize "for an epic and psychological narrative art, which has introduced a new continent into literature". His cause was said to have been championed by a Scandinavian diplomat resident in Australia. White enlisted Nolan to travel to Stockholm to accept the prize on his behalf. The award had an immediate impact on his career, as his publisher doubled the print run for "The Eye of the Storm" and gave him a larger advance for his next novel. White used the money from the prize to establish a trust to fund the Patrick White Award, given annually to established creative writers who have received little public recognition. He was invited by the House of Representatives to be seated on the floor of the House in recognition of his achievement. White declined, explaining that his nature could not easily adapt itself to such a situation. The last time such an invitation had been extended was in 1928, to pioneer aviator Bert Hinkler.


title: Patrick White

text: White was made Australian of the Year for 1974, but in a typically rebellious fashion, his acceptance speech encouraged Australians to spend the day reflecting on the state of the country. Privately, he was less than enthusiastic about it. In a letter to Marshall Best on 27 January 1974, he wrote: "Something terrible happened to me last week. There is an organisation which chooses an Australian of the Year, who has to appear at an official lunch in Melbourne Town Hall on Australia Day. This year I was picked on as they had run through all the swimmers, tennis players, yachtsmen".


title: Patrick White

text: White and Lascaris hosted many dinner parties at Highbury, their Centennial Park home, in a leafy part of the affluent Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. In "Patrick White, A Life", his biographer David Marr portrays White as a genial host but one who easily fell out with friends.


title: Patrick White

text: White supported the conservative, business oriented Liberal Party of Australia until the election of Gough Whitlam's Labor government and, following the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, he became particularly antiroyalist, making a rare appearance on national television to broadcast his views on the matter. White also publicly expressed his admiration for the historian Manning Clark, satirist Barry Humphries, and unionist Jack Mundey.


title: Patrick White

text: During the 1970s, White's health began to deteriorate: he had issues with his teeth, his eyesight was failing and he had chronic lung problems. During this time he became more openly political, and commented publicly on current issues. He was among the first group of the Companions of the Order of Australia in 1975 but resigned in June 1976 in protest at the dismissal of the Whitlam government in November 1975 by the Governor-General Sir John Kerr. In 1979, his novel "The Twyborn Affair" was shortlisted for the Booker Prize, but White requested that it to be removed to give younger writers a chance to win. (The prize was won by Penelope Fitzgerald, who ironically was just four years younger than White.) Soon after, White announced that he had written his last novel, and thenceforth would write only for radio or the stage.


title: Patrick White

text: Director Jim Sharman introduced himself to White while walking down a Sydney street, some time after White had seen a politically loaded stage revue by Sharman, "Terror Australis", which had been panned by Sydney newspaper critics. White had written a letter to the editor of a newspaper defending the show. There was a significant difference in their ages, but the two men became friends. Sharman in his theatrical circle, as well as his visual style as a director, inspired White to write a couple of new plays, notably "Big Toys" with its satirical portrayal of a posh and vulgar upper-class Sydney society. A few years later, Sharman asked White if he could make a film of "The Night the Prowler". White agreed and wrote the screenplay for the film.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1981, White published his autobiography, "Flaws in the Glass: a self-portrait", which explored issues about which he had publicly said little, such as his homosexuality, his dislike of the "subservient" attitude of Australian society towards Britain and the Royal family, and also the distance he had felt from his mother. On Palm Sunday, 1982, White addressed a crowd of 30,000 people, calling for a ban on uranium mining and for the destruction of nuclear weapons.


title: Patrick White

text: In 1986 White released one last novel, "Memoirs of Many in One", but it was published under the pen name "Alex Xenophon Demirjian Gray" with White named as editor. In the same year, "Voss" was turned into an opera, with music by Richard Meale and the libretto adapted by David Malouf. White refused to see it when it was first performed at the Adelaide Festival of Arts, because Queen Elizabeth II had been invited, and chose instead to see it later in Sydney. In 1987, White wrote "Three Uneasy Pieces", which incorporated his musings on ageing and society's efforts to achieve aesthetic perfection. When David Marr finished his biography of White in July 1990, his subject spent nine days going over the details with him.


title: Patrick White

text: In 2009, The Sydney Theatre Company staged White's play "The Season at Sarsaparilla". In 2010 White received posthumous recognition for his novel "The Vivisector", which was shortlisted for the Lost Man Booker Prize for 1970.


title: Patrick White

text: In 2011 Fred Schepisi's film of "The Eye of the Storm" was released with screenplay adaptation by Judy Morris, Geoffrey Rush playing the son Basil, Judy Davis as the daughter Dorothy, and Charlotte Rampling as the dying matriarch Elizabeth Hunter. It was the first screen realisation of a White novel, fittingly the one that played a key role in the Swedish panel's choice of White as Nobel prize winner.


title: Patrick White

text: Thirteen Poems / under the pseudonym Patrick Victor Martindale. – Sydney : Privately printed, (ca. 1929)


title: Patrick White

text: Both White and Nugget Coombs were members of the first group of six people appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in the civil division, (now called the general division). The awards were announced in the 1975 Queen's Birthday Honours List. They both resigned from the order in 1976, when the Knight of the Order of Australia (AK) was created. White resigned in protest at the November 1975 dismissal of the Whitlam government by Sir John Kerr.


title: Patrick White

text: White is commemorated by the Patrick White Lawns adjacent to the National Library of Australia in Canberra. The lawns are on two levels, with the part nearest the library about wide from the approximately retaining wall of the main library entrance esplanade and higher than the lower lawn. The lawns extend from the library north to Lake Burley Griffin and provide a venue for concerts and other large scale public events under the auspices of the National Capital Authority.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: John V Palaiologos or Palaeologus (, "Iōánnēs Palaiológos"; 18 June 1332 – 16 February 1391) was Byzantine emperor from 1341 to 1391, with interruptions.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: John V was the son of Emperor Andronikos III and his wife Anna, the daughter of Count Amadeus V of Savoy by his wife Maria of Brabant. His long reign was marked by the gradual dissolution of imperial power amid numerous civil wars and the continuing ascendancy of the Ottoman Turks.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: John V came to the throne at age eight. His reign began with an immediate civil war between his designated regent, his father's friend John VI Kantakouzenos, and a self-proclaimed council of regency composed of his mother Anna, the patriarch John XIV Kalekas, and the "megas doux" Alexios Apokaukos. During this civil war in 1343 Anna pawned the Byzantine crown jewels for 30,000 Venetian ducats. From 1346 to 1349, the Black Death devastated Constantinople.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: Victorious in 1347, John VI Kantakouzenos ruled as co-emperor until his son Matthew Kantakouzenos was attacked by John V in 1352, leading to a second civil war. John V asked the ruler of Serbia, Stefan Dušan for help, and Dušan obliged by sending 4,000 Serbian horsemen to his aid. Matthew Kantakouzenos asked his father for help, and 10,000 Ottoman Turks showed up at Demotika (Didymoteicho) in October 1352 and engaged the forces of John V's Serbian allies in an open field battle that resulted in the destruction of the allies and a victory for the more numerous Turks in the service of the Byzantines. The Ottoman Empire thus acquired its first European territory, at Çimpe and Gallipoli. Able to retake Constantinople in 1354, John V removed and tonsured John VI Kantakouzenos; by 1357, he had deposed Matthew as well, who had been captured by the Serbs and was ransomed to John V.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: In 1366, John V reached the Hungarian Kingdom, arriving at the Royal city of Buda to meet King Louis I of Hungary. However, the Byzantine emperor offended the king by staying on his horse, while Louis descended and approached him on foot. The Hungarian monarch then offered him help on the condition that John join the Catholic church, or at least achieve recognition by the Patriarch of the Pope's supremacy. The Emperor left the court of Buda with empty hands and continued his trip through Europe searching for assistance against the Ottomans.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: The Ottomans, who had been allied with the Kantakouzenoi, continued to press John. Suleyman Paşa, the son of the Ottoman sultan, led their forces in Europe and was able to take Adrianople and Philippopolis and to exact tribute from the emperor. John V appealed to the West for help, proposing to Pope Urban V in 1367 to end the schism between the Byzantine and Latin churches by submitting the patriarchate to the supremacy of Rome. In October 1369, John, having travelled through Naples to Rome, formally converted to Catholicism in St Peter's Basilica and recognized the pope as supreme head of the Church. He was not accompanied by the clergy of the Byzantine Church and the move failed to bring about an end to the Schism.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: Impoverished by war, he was detained as a debtor when he visited Venice in 1369 on his way back from Rome and was later captured on his way back through Bulgarian territories. In 1371, he recognized the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan Murad I. Murad later assisted him against his son Andronikos when the latter deposed him in 1376.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: In 1390, his grandson John VII briefly usurped the throne, but was quickly overthrown. The same year, John V ordered the strengthening of the Golden Gate in Constantinople, utilizing marble from the decayed churches in and around the city. Upon completion of this construction, Bayezid I demanded that John raze these new works, threatening war and the blinding of his son Manuel, whom he held in captivity. John V carried out the Sultan's order but is said to have suffered from this humiliation and died soon thereafter on 16 February 1391, and was buried in the Hodegon Monastery in Constantinople.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: John V was finally succeeded to the imperial throne by his son Manuel. His younger son Theodore had already acceded to the Despotate of Morea in 1383.


title: John V Palaiologos

text: John V married Helena Kantakouzene, daughter of his co-emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and Irene Asanina, on 28 May 1347. They had at least six children – four sons and at least two daughters. Their known children include:


title: Implicit function

text: In mathematics, an implicit equation is a relation of the form formula_1 where is a function of several variables (often a polynomial). For example, the implicit equation of the unit circle is formula_2


title: Implicit function

text: An implicit function is a function that is defined by an implicit equation, that relates one of the variables, considered as the value of the function, with the others considered as the arguments. For example, the equation formula_3 of the unit circle defines as an implicit function of if , and is restricted to nonnegative values.


title: Implicit function

text: The implicit function theorem provides conditions under which some kinds of implicit equations define implicit functions, namely those that are obtained by equating to zero multivariable functions that are continuously differentiable.


title: Implicit function

text: A common type of implicit function is an inverse function. Not all functions have a unique inverse function. If is a function of that has a unique inverse, then the inverse function of , called , is the unique function giving a solution of the equation


title: Implicit function

text: Defining as the inverse of is an implicit definition. For some functions , can be written out explicitly as a closed-form expression — for instance, if , then . However, this is often not possible, or only by introducing a new notation (as in the product log example below).


title: Implicit function

text: Intuitively, an inverse function is obtained from by interchanging the roles of the dependent and independent variables.


title: Implicit function

text: An algebraic function is a function that satisfies a polynomial equation whose coefficients are themselves polynomials. For example, an algebraic function in one variable gives a solution for of an equation


title: Implicit function

text: where the coefficients are polynomial functions of . This algebraic function can be written as the right side of the solution equation . Written like this, is a multi-valued implicit function.


title: Implicit function

text: Algebraic functions play an important role in mathematical analysis and algebraic geometry. A simple example of an algebraic function is given by the left side of the unit circle equation:


title: Implicit function

text: But even without specifying this explicit solution, it is possible to refer to the implicit solution of the unit circle equation as , where is the multi-valued implicit function.


title: Implicit function

text: While explicit solutions can be found for equations that are quadratic, cubic, and quartic in , the same is not in general true for quintic and higher degree equations, such as


title: Implicit function

text: Nevertheless, one can still refer to the implicit solution involving the multi-valued implicit function .


title: Implicit function

text: Not every equation implies a graph of a single-valued function, the circle equation being one prominent example. Another example is an implicit function given by where is a cubic polynomial having a "hump" in its graph. Thus, for an implicit function to be a "true" (single-valued) function it might be necessary to use just part of the graph. An implicit function can sometimes be successfully defined as a true function only after "zooming in" on some part of the -axis and "cutting away" some unwanted function branches. Then an equation expressing as an implicit function of the other variables can be written.


title: Implicit function

text: The defining equation can also have other pathologies. For example, the equation does not imply a function giving solutions for at all; it is a vertical line. In order to avoid a problem like this, various constraints are frequently imposed on the allowable sorts of equations or on the domain. The implicit function theorem provides a uniform way of handling these sorts of pathologies.


title: Implicit function

text: In calculus, a method called implicit differentiation makes use of the chain rule to differentiate implicitly defined functions.


title: Implicit function

text: To differentiate an implicit function , defined by an equation , it is not generally possible to solve it explicitly for and then differentiate. Instead, one can totally differentiate with respect to and and then solve the resulting linear equation for to explicitly get the derivative in terms of and . Even when it is possible to explicitly solve the original equation, the formula resulting from total differentiation is, in general, much simpler and easier to use.


title: Implicit function

text: An example of an implicit function for which implicit differentiation is easier than using explicit differentiation is the function defined by the equation


title: Implicit function

text: Often, it is difficult or impossible to solve explicitly for , and implicit differentiation is the only feasible method of differentiation. An example is the equation


title: Implicit function

text: It is impossible to algebraically express explicitly as a function of , and therefore one cannot find by explicit differentiation. Using the implicit method, can be obtained by differentiating the equation to obtain


title: Implicit function

text: The above formula comes from using the generalized chain rule to obtain the total derivative — with respect to — of both sides of :


title: Implicit function

text: Let be a differentiable function of two variables, and be a pair of real numbers such that . If , then defines an implicit function that is differentiable in some small enough neighbourhood of ; in other words, there is a differentiable function that is defined and differentiable in some neighbourhood of , such that for in this neighbourhood.


title: Implicit function

text: The condition means that is a regular point of the implicit curve of implicit equation where the tangent is not vertical.


title: Implicit function

text: In a less technical language, implicit functions exist and can be differentiated, if the curve has a non-vertical tangent.


title: Implicit function

text: Consider a relation of the form , where is a multivariable polynomial. The set of the values of the variables that satisfy this relation is called an implicit curve if and an implicit surface if . The implicit equations are the basis of algebraic geometry, whose basic subjects of study are the simultaneous solutions of several implicit equations whose left-hand sides are polynomials. These sets of simultaneous solutions are called affine algebraic sets.


title: Implicit function

text: In economics, when the level set is an indifference curve for the quantities and consumed of two goods, the absolute value of the implicit derivative is interpreted as the marginal rate of substitution of the two goods: how much more of one must receive in order to be indifferent to a loss of one unit of .


title: Implicit function

text: Similarly, sometimes the level set is an isoquant showing various combinations of utilized quantities of labor and of physical capital each of which would result in the production of the same given quantity of output of some good. In this case the absolute value of the implicit derivative is interpreted as the marginal rate of technical substitution between the two factors of production: how much more capital the firm must use to produce the same amount of output with one less unit of labor.


title: Implicit function

text: Often in economic theory, some function such as a utility function or a profit function is to be maximized with respect to a choice vector even though the objective function has not been restricted to any specific functional form. The implicit function theorem guarantees that the first-order conditions of the optimization define an implicit function for each element of the optimal vector of the choice vector . When profit is being maximized, typically the resulting implicit functions are the labor demand function and the supply functions of various goods. When utility is being maximized, typically the resulting implicit functions are the labor supply function and the demand functions for various goods.


title: Implicit function

text: Moreover, the influence of the problem's parameters on — the partial derivatives of the implicit function — can be expressed as total derivatives of the system of first-order conditions found using total differentiation.


title: Ed Bishop

text: George Victor Bishop (11 June 1932 – 8 June 2005), known professionally as Ed Bishop or sometimes Edward Bishop, was an American actor. He was known for playing Commander Ed Straker in "UFO", Captain Blue in "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" and for voicing Philip Marlowe in a series of BBC Radio adaptations of the Marlowe novels by Raymond Chandler.


title: Ed Bishop

text: George Victor Bishop was born on 11 June 1932, the son of a Manhattan banker, in Brooklyn, New York. He attended Peekskill High School before a brief spell at teacher training college. Bishop served in the United States Army as a disc jockey with the Armed Forces Radio at St. John's in Newfoundland where he was introduced to acting with the St John's Players.


title: Ed Bishop

text: After leaving the army, Bishop enrolled at Boston University where he initially studied business administration but halfway through the course, transferred to drama, much against his parents' wishes. After graduating in Theatre Arts, he won a Fulbright Scholarship to study for two years at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, from which he graduated in 1959; he almost immediately found work in the British theatre and film industries. He adopted the stage name "Ed Bishop" at this time to distinguish himself from George Bishop, an established actor of the time. His first Broadway appearance was as Villebosse in David Merrick's production of Jean Anouilh's "The Rehearsal" in 1963, though he returned to Britain in 1964.


title: Ed Bishop

text: Bishop made his film acting debut as an ambulance driver in Stanley Kubrick's 1962 movie "Lolita". He played an American astronaut going to the Moon in the film "The Mouse on the Moon" (1963) and also appeared in "The Bedford Incident" (1965) and "Battle Beneath the Earth" (1967). He had small speaking roles in the James Bond films "You Only Live Twice" (1967) and "Diamonds Are Forever" (1971), but was not included in the film credits for either. He appeared in a second Kubrick film, "" (1968), in which he played the Captain of the "Aries 1B" Moon shuttle. The role initially featured dialogue but this was later cut from his scenes.


title: Ed Bishop

text: Bishop appeared in various film and television projects created by producer Gerry Anderson. He provided narration, in addition to the voice of Captain Blue, for Anderson's Supermarionation puppet series, "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons" (1967), and appeared in Anderson's science-fiction film "Doppelgänger" (1969). Perhaps his most prominent screen role was that of Commander Ed Straker in Anderson's science-fiction series "UFO" (1970–71). Bishop's dark hair was initially dyed blond for the role, though he eventually wore a blond wig instead.


title: Ed Bishop

text: In later years, he appeared in films such as "Twilight's Last Gleaming", "Saturn 3", "Silver Dream Racer", and "The Lords of Discipline". He provided vocal work for the 1974 animated TV series of "", and appeared as Lieutenant Colonel Harrity in the final episode of the British World War II prisoner-of-war drama "Colditz". In the 1980s, he made several appearances on "The Kenny Everett Television Show", "Whoops Apocalypse" (he also appeared in the subsequent film), and had a role in the children's television series "Chocky's Children".


title: Ed Bishop

text: On radio in 1977 and 1978, Bishop played the private eye Philip Marlowe in "", adaptations of Raymond Chandler's stories for the BBC. The last of these, "Farewell, My Lovely", was produced almost a decade after the others, as the rights had previously been unavailable.


title: Ed Bishop

text: He continued to act on film, TV and radio, usually in British and European productions, and was a frequent guest at science fiction conventions. He and fellow Anderson actor Shane Rimmer (a Canadian actor who often worked in the UK) joked about how frequently their professional paths crossed and termed themselves "Rent-a-yank". They appeared together as NASA operatives in the opening of "You Only Live Twice" and as United States Navy sailors in "The Bedford Incident", as well as the 1983 film of the Harold Robbins novel "The Lonely Lady". In 1989, Bishop was reunited with Rimmer and another Anderson actor, Matt Zimmerman, in the BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's "A Study in Scarlet". He and Rimmer also toured together in theatre shows, including "Death of a Salesman" in the 1990s, and they both appeared in the BBC drama-documentary "Hiroshima" (2005), one of Bishop's last TV projects.


title: Ed Bishop

text: In 2000, Bishop briefly reprised the role of Captain Blue in a trailer for the new "Captain Scarlet" series. He did not, however, reprise the role for the actual series, which would not debut until five years later. In 2002, he recorded a commentary for the DVD release of "UFO". In 2003, he performed in the "Doctor Who" audio drama, "Full Fathom Five", produced by Big Finish Productions.


title: Ed Bishop

text: Bishop was politically active, participating in the March 2003 UK protest against the Iraq War. Bishop had already shown his disapproval of the military-industrial complex when, in 1993, he gatecrashed an arms-trade fair held in Aldershot, Hampshire whilst dressed to resemble Augusto Pinochet. During the Aldershot protest he met photographer Jane Skinner, who later became his third wife.


title: Ed Bishop

text: Bishop was married three times; first to Jane Thwaites in 1955 before divorcing a few months later in the year. He then married Hilary Preen in 1962; they had four children, they remained married for thirty-four years before divorcing in 1996. He later married photographer Jane Skinner in 2001, the marriage lasted until his death in 2005.


title: Ed Bishop

text: Bishop died on 8 June 2005 at the age of 72, three days before his 73rd birthday, and five days after the death of his "UFO" co-star Michael Billington. He succumbed to a chest infection contracted while undergoing treatment for leukemia. He is buried in the churchyard of the Parish Church of Saint Lawrence in Napton, Warwickshire, having previously lived there for many years. His grey sandstone tombstone has a peace symbol prominently engraved on it. Its design is very similar to the one situated two metres (6 feet) on the right, which marks the grave of his son Daniel (16 May 1967 – 18 January 1988), who was killed in a car accident in Cumbria. Bishop's epitaph (from "Red River Valley") reads: "From This Valley They Say You Are Going. We Shall Miss Your Bright Eyes And Your Smile." He spent the last few years of his life living in West Molesey.


title: Ed Bishop

text: His life and work were honoured at the British Academy Television Awards in May 2006. He was survived by his widow, by three daughters from his second marriage (Georgina, Jessica and Serina) and by his first son, Warren, from his first marriage.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Richard Joseph Riordan (born May 1, 1930) is an American investment banker, businessman, lawyer, and former Republican politician who was the 39th Mayor of Los Angeles, from 1993 to 2001. Born in New York City and raised in New Rochelle, New York, he served in the United States Army during the Korean War before becoming a lawyer and investor in Los Angeles, eventually specializing in private equity.


title: Richard Riordan

text: In 1993, he was elected mayor of Los Angeles and was re-elected in 1997. In 2002, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of California, losing the Republican primary. After leaving politics, he continued to work in business. , he is the most recent Republican to have been mayor of Los Angeles.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Riordan, an Irish-American, was born in Flushing, Queens, and raised in New Rochelle, New York. Riordan graduated with an A.B. in philosophy from Princeton University in 1952 after completing a senior thesis titled "A Study of the Thomistic Faculty Psychology." He then received a J.D. from Michigan Law School in 1956. He moved to Los Angeles to begin work as an attorney for the downtown law firm of O'Melveny & Myers in 1956, leaving in 1959 to become a partner of Nossaman LLP. Riordan was a founding partner of the law firm Riordan & McKinzie in 1975. In 1982, Riordan was a founder of the private equity firm Riordan, Lewis & Haden.


title: Richard Riordan

text: When Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley announced his retirement, Riordan's interest turned to the 1993 mayoral election. On election day, Riordan won, 54%–46%, becoming the first Republican mayor in over 30 years. Many of his proposals were blocked by the heavily Democratic City Council or proved simply unfeasible in reality; for example, the police academy did not have enough classroom space and instructors to train as many new police officers as Riordan had initially promised. He streamlined certain business regulations and established "one-stop" centers around the city for functions such as permit applications. He feuded with police chief Daryl Gates' successor, former Philadelphia police commissioner Willie Williams, but oversaw a general decline in crime. (In 1997, Riordan replaced Williams with LAPD veteran Bernard Parks.) That year, he was re-elected against California State Senator Tom Hayden.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Riordan's tenure was marked by a controversy over the massive cost overruns occurring during the construction of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority's Red Line subway. At the same time, a previously little-known group called the Bus Riders Union sued the city – on the basis of racial discrimination – over diversion of funds from buses to Red Line construction, and managed to force it into a ten-year consent decree in 1996 that eviscerated MTA funding for the construction of subway and light rail projects. Riordan has publicly regretted having signed the consent decree and counts it as the biggest mistake of his mayoral tenure.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Riordan was succeeded in 2001 by James Hahn after becoming the first Mayor of Los Angeles to be term-limited out of office; it was Riordan who spearheaded the city's term limit ballot initiative, prior to becoming mayor. In the mayoral primary election that year, Riordan had endorsed his advisor and friend Steve Soboroff. Soboroff came in third in the nonpartisan race, and Hahn and former California State Assembly Speaker Antonio Villaraigosa advanced to the runoff. In the runoff election, Hahn defeated Villaraigosa, whom Riordan endorsed for the second round of balloting. Villaraigosa would go on to beat Hahn in a 2005 rematch for Mayor.


title: Richard Riordan

text: In 2002, Riordan, a moderate Republican, decided to seek the governorship. He was opposed in the Republican primary election by conservative businessman Bill Simon and former California Secretary of State Bill Jones. Although he led early in the race by over 30%, he eventually lost to Simon by 18%. Riordan was hampered by a conservative Republican party base that rejected his appeal to move the party toward the center.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Governor Gray Davis' campaign spent millions of dollars running attack ads against Riordan, essentially helping the Simon campaign. Davis felt that he had a much better chance against the conservative Simon than the moderate Riordan and that the move was worth the risk. Riordan lost the primary, and Davis went on to defeat Simon 47%–42% in the general election.


title: Richard Riordan

text: In early 2003, Riordan began circulating a prototype of a weekly newspaper he intended to begin publishing that June. "The Los Angeles Examiner" was intended to be a locally focused, sophisticated, and politically-independent publication. It was never published. Riordan put the project on hold when he was appointed as state secretary for education by Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, a position he held from 2003 until his resignation in 2005.


title: Richard Riordan

text: In the 2001 Los Angeles mayoral election, Riordan endorsed his friend and advisor Steve Soboroff in the primary and Antonio Villaraigosa in the general election. In 2005, he backed former State Assembly Speaker Robert Hertzberg in the primary and Antonio Villaraigosa in the general election. In both races, he chose not to endorse James Hahn.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Riordan has played a role in City Council elections, becoming a supporter of candidates Bill Rosendahl in 2005, Monica Rodriguez in 2007, and Adeena Bleich in 2009. Rosendahl won the election in the Eleventh District; Rodriguez lost to Seventh District Councilman Richard Alarcon and Bleich lost to Paul Koretz and David Vahedi who advanced to the runoff election. In 2013, Riordan endorsed mayoral candidate Wendy Greuel. Greuel was ultimately defeated by then-Council member Eric Garcetti.


title: Richard Riordan

text: Riordan & McKinzie merged into Bingham McCutchen in 2003. Riordan is the owner of the Original Pantry Cafe in Los Angeles, which has been in operation since 1924. He also owns Gladstones Malibu which has been open since 1972. The Richard J. Riordan Central Library is named after him.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: Rasul Douglas (born August 29, 1995) is an American football cornerback for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at West Virginia, and was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the third round of the 2017 NFL Draft. He has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, Las Vegas Raiders, Houston Texans, and Arizona Cardinals.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: Douglas grew up in East Orange, New Jersey, where he and his six other siblings were raised by his grandmother, and attended East Orange Campus High School. Douglas welcomed his first child, son Jeremiah Lusar Douglas, with his girlfriend Ny-Asia Franklin on October 2, 2018.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: Douglas started his college career at Nassau Community College. After redshirting in 2012, he recorded 83 tackles and five interceptions over the 2013 and 2014 seasons. In 2015, he transferred to West Virginia University. During his first season at West Virginia, he appeared in 11 games and recorded seven tackles and an interception. As a senior in 2016, Douglas was named first-team All-Big 12 after he tied for the nation lead with eight interceptions. He also had 70 tackles and a sack.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: Coming out of West Virginia, Douglas was projected to be a third to fifth round pick from the majority of NFL draft experts and analysts. He received an invitation to the NFL combine and completed all of the required combine and positional drills. On March 31, 2017, Douglas participated at West Virginia's pro day and opted to run the 40, 20, and 10-yard dash once again while also performing positional drills. Team representatives and scouts from all 32 NFL teams attended to scout Douglas, K. J. Dillon, Shelton Gibson, Tyler Orlosky, and 14 other prospects. He was ranked the 19th best cornerback prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: The Philadelphia Eagles selected Douglas in the third round (99th overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the 17th cornerback selected in the draft and the second cornerback taken by the Eagles after they selected Sidney Jones in the second round (42nd overall).


title: Rasul Douglas

text: He competed with Patrick Robinson, Jalen Mills, Ron Brooks, Ronald Darby, Jaylen Watkins, Aaron Grymes, and Sidney Jones throughout training camp for the starting cornerback position. Head coach Doug Pederson named him the fourth cornerback on the Eagles' depth chart to start the regular season, behind Ronald Darby, Jalen Mills, and Patrick Robinson.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: Douglas was inactive for the Philadelphia Eagles' season-opening 30–17 victory over the Washington Redskins. During the second quarter, starting cornerback Ronald Darby dislocated his ankle, sidelining him for 4–6 weeks. On September 17, 2017, Douglas made his professional regular season debut against the Kansas City Chiefs and finished with four solo tackles and a pass deflection in the 20–27 loss. The following week, he earned his first career start in place of Ronald Darby and recorded four combined tackles, defended a pass, and made his first career interception after picking off a pass from New York Giants' quarterback Eli Manning during the 27–24 victory. Douglas finished his rookie season with 25 tackles, 2 interceptions, and 11 passes defended. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII 41–33 against the New England Patriots. Pro Football Focus gave Douglas an overall grade of 61.2, which ranked 87th among all qualifying cornerbacks in 2017.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: On September 6, 2020, Douglas was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers. He was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the team on October 23, and activated on November 2.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: The Green Bay Packers signed Douglas off the Cardinals' practice squad on October 6, 2021, following injuries to starting cornerbacks Jaire Alexander and Kevin King. Douglas replaced backup cornerback Isaac Yiadom in a Week 6 match up vs the Chicago Bears after Yiadom committed a pass interference penalty on the opening drive. On October 28, 2021, Douglas intercepted a Kyler Murray pass during the final seconds of a close game against the Arizona Cardinals, sealing a 24–21 win for the Packers.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: King returned from injury in Week 9 against the Kansas City Chiefs in relief of starting cornerback Eric Stokes, who was injured during warmups. Stokes recovered in time for the Packers' Week 10 matchup against the Seattle Seahawks, and defensive coordinator Joe Barry named Douglas and Stokes as the starters at outside cornerback, supplanting King.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: On November 28, 2021, Douglas intercepted a pass from Matthew Stafford and returned it 33 yards for his first career defensive touchdown in a 36–28 win over the Los Angeles Rams. For his performance, Douglas received his first NFC Defensive Player of the Week honor.


title: Rasul Douglas

text: On December 12, 2021, Douglas recorded his second interception return for a touchdown after intercepting Chicago Bears quarterback Justin Fields en route to a 45–30 victory. In a 24–22 Christmas Day victory over the Cleveland Browns, Douglas was responsible for two of Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield's four interceptions, including one with the Browns driving for a potential game-winning drive with under a minute to play. For his play during the season, Douglas was named a Pro Bowl alternate for the first time in his career.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: The Immortal () is a 2019 Italian crime film directed by Marco D'Amore. The film is both a prequel and a sequel to the events after the third season of the TV series "Gomorrah".


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Following being near fatally shot by Gennaro Savastano on a boat in the Gulf of Naples, Ciro Di Marzio is rescued and given incognito medical care. He is then employed by crime boss Don Aniello Pastore who has links to the Russian mob in Latvia, run by Yuri Dobeshenko, who are at odds with indigenous Latvian gangs. Ciro moves to Latvia to become Pastore's negotiator with Dobeshenko, after which he is kidnapped by a Latvian gang which demands the Italians sell cocaine to them instead.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Ciro becomes reacquainted with his childhood mentor Bruno who, under the auspices of Pastore, processes imported clothing to resell as 'designer labels', and acts as a go-between with Ciro. Bruno provides accommodation for Ciro with his gang family, which includes Virgilio and his wife Vera.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Ciro ostensibly drives drugs to a meeting with the Latvians. However, the consignment contains Russians who kill most of the Latvians, the drugs being delivered by Bruno to Dobeshenko. Bruno's family questioned the safety of processing large quantities of cocaine, but saw they had no choice, especially after Ciro provided a large Russian payment while stating that Bruno's family would work for him, not Pastore. Virgilio brought news of a worsening situation in Naples, but the continued security of Gennaro Savastano. Ciro, when questioned, explained he asked Gennaro to shoot him.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: A year later, while Bruno told Ciro he had decided to return to Naples, a further shipment of drugs is stolen under force by the Latvians, Bruno counselling no resistance during the raid at which four of his men were killed. Dobeshenko said the loss was Ciro's responsibility and that he should retrieve the drugs. To make his point, Dobeshenko shot Virgilio dead, and threatened to shoot all Bruno's family.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Ciro takes Bruno to negotiate with the Latvians, telling them he has switched sides. He returns and counsels caution to Bruno's gang's wives, and asks for Vera's help. Ciro again takes Bruno to meet the Latvians, they driving together in car convoy; the Latvian cars explode. Ciro tells Bruno that he knew it was he who helped set up the Latvian raid. Bruno expresses his resentment of Ciro for everything he became that he didn't. Ciro tells of his bitterness over Bruno causing the death of Stella, Bruno's girlfriend, but refuses to kill him, this being too easy. A Dobeshenko convoy arrived, with Vera as hostage. Vera was released, and Bruno walked into the woods. Dobeshenko says enemies should always be killed; Ciro shoots him, telling Dobeshenko's bodyguards there are now no bosses, with which they acquiesce.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Later, Ciro receives the head of Don Aniello Pastore, and a car arrives with Gennaro Savastano; he and Ciro walk toward each other.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Throughout the film are flashbacks to Ciro's early life in Naples. Ciro had been rescued as a baby from the 1980 Naples earthquake in which his family had been killed. As a child he was sent to an orphanage, falling under the influence of Bruno, a small time criminal who controlled a street gang of child thieves, and collaborated with Neapolitan gangster and smuggler 'Blackbird'. Bruno, dissatisfied with his rewards from Blackbird, became enthusiastic when given a role in smuggling cigarettes. Because of his precocious talent, and affection for him, Bruno invited Ciro to watch his girlfriend, Stella ('The Angel') sing at a club restaurant. Ciro became infatuated with her.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: During a smuggling operation for Blackbird, Bruno's speedboats were chased by police, with Ciro and Bruno in one of the boats. Ciro sacrificed himself and saved the run by jumping into the water, the pursuers stopping to save him. Blackbird expressed his appreciation of Ciro, and his displeasure of Bruno who endangered his smuggling. On a later smuggling run Bruno unloaded contraband for his own use as an answer to Blackbird's slights. Realizing his mistake and a need to apologize he sent Ciro to invite Blackbird to a meeting, at which Blackbird was ambushed. Later, in retaliation for the ambush, Stella was gunned down in front of Ciro.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Throughout the filming of "Gomorrah", while working on his character Ciro Di Marzio, Marco D'Amore repeatedly thought about writing a story about the childhood of Ciro. After writing enough material, he thought that there could be a screenplay for a cross-media project between cinema and TV.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: Filming started on 5 May 2019. Filming began in Rome on 17 May, continuing in Naples, mainly in the northern area of Naples, reconstructing a Naples set in the 1980s and Riga, Latvia. Filming then ended on 13 July 2019.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: In the opening weekend, "The Immortal" was the most watched film in Italy, with box office receipts of €2,816,155; the film grossed a total of €6 million.


title: The Immortal (2019 film)

text: The film received a positive review from Rosa Maiuccaro of "Wired", who stated that ""L'immortale" is not recycled "Gomorrah", but an important new chapter in the saga".


title: Pushin P

text: "Pushin P" (stylized as "pushin P") is a song by American rappers Gunna and Future, featuring fellow American rapper Young Thug. It was released on January 7, 2022, as the second track from Gunna's third studio album "DS4Ever". The "hypnotic", alliterative track finds the trio rapping about "pushin p", which is a phrase popularized by Gunna that means to "keep it real". The track was regarded by some critics as a standout from "DS4Ever", and became the album's highest-charting track, debuting at number seven on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Pushin P

text: With the song's release, the phrase "pushin P" became a trend online, with social media users posting blue emojis, and the context being that either something is "P", or it is not. This was developed through Gunna posting about "pushing P" online, prior to the song's release; "P" stands for "Pleas", but means to push positivity and "keep it Government". Gunna detailed that when something is not "P", it has negative connotations, and vice versa. He also stated that for him it was initially a substitution for the word "pleas", however its definition is open to interpretation, as Gunna clarified: "P means paperwork, too. You can be pushing this P with paper". He further explained the slight difference between "kicking P" and "pushing P": "If you're in this [mansion] and it's rented, then you're kicking P. But if you buy this shit and you own it, then you're really pushing P". A week after "DS4Ever"s release, Gunna kept the momentum of the trend going, changing the title of his Drake collaboration from "Pussy Power" to "P Power". According to "Complex"s Eric Skelton, although the phrase was popularized "in the mainstream" by Gunna, it had been used as a term in American regions like the Bay Area and Texas for years. After some Bay Area natives accused Gunna of "stealing" the term, he seemingly responded, claiming that his father introduced him to the saying.


title: Pushin P

text: "Pushin P" is a "hypnotic" track that sees the rappers delivering "intoxicating" flows, chanting "numb and muddy good-life fatalism over downtuned violin-hums and understated drum-spatters and eerie synth-tinkles". The song contains similar alliteration; lines about pushing things that start with the letter P. "The Focus"s Bruno Cooke noted how some words are deliberately misspelled, for instance the line "She not a lesbian, for P, she turn Pesbian". Cooke opined: "Overall, it's pretty clear that, at least in the context of the song, 'P' stands for a vulgar slang word for a woman's genitals". Furthermore, the song consists of various references to sexual acts and illegal drugs. "Complex"s Eric Skelton opined that the song is "basically just a chance for Gunna, Future, and Thug to pack a ludicrous amount of P-words into a single song", while Uproxx's Aaron Williams said the trio employs "a slurred, foggy take on the old-school in-and-out, pass-the-mic flow". "Exclaim!"s Michael Di Gennaro labeled the song "dark and brooding", calling it a display "of a master at work, someone who knows exactly the type of emotional reaction he wants to get from his audience and how to reach it".


title: Pushin P

text: "Complex"s Jessica McKinney praised Future for being "the glue that keeps the track together, delivering ad-libs and plenty of swagger on the chorus". "Stereogum"s Tom Breihan called it a standout track on the album, stating that the song "sounds like blissfully plummeting down an abyss, secure in the feeling that you'll never hit the bottom". Tomás Mier of "Rolling Stone" also named it one of the standout tracks on "DS4Ever". Jordan Darville of "The Fader" called it one of the best tracks on the album, while quipping: "There's still no explanation of Thug's 'I just fucked a cup of water' bar, but some things are too magical to be fully explained". Revolt's Jon Powell called it a "hard-hitting number". "Consequence"s Eddie Fu named it the rap song of the week, highlighting Future and Thug's "toxic bars over icy production from Juke Wong and Wheezy". Fu also called Thug's "fucked a cup of water line" bizarre. In their album review, "Pitchfork"s Alphonse Pierre wrote: "as forced as Gunnas new 'pushin' P' motto may be, the Wheezy instrumental it's laid over is so ominous it'll make the hairs stick up on the back of your neck. The middle section of the song, where Gunna raps gibberish for a moment, is the most fun he's having on the entire album". With the album's release, "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz said the song "arrives early in the track list as a de facto breakout single from the project".


title: Pushin P

text: For the week of January 22, 2022, "Pushin P" debuted at number seven of the "Billboard" Hot 100, garnering 22.5 million streams and debuting at number two on the Streaming Songs chart. It marked Gunna's first top 10 debut, and his third top 10 entry, following "Drip Too Hard" and "Lemonade" with Internet Money. Future and Young Thug also earned their fifth and sixth Hot 100 top 10s, respectively, and their second shared top 10, after Drake's chart-topping "Way 2 Sexy".


title: Pushin P

text: The music video was released on January 12, 2022, directed by Caleb Jermale. It finds the rappers giving examples of what it means to "push p", as they are inside a club, luxury stores, a mansion, as they board private jets, and drop large amounts of cash at a strip club. "HipHopDX"s Michael Saponara called the visual "lavish", noting how it follows the trio "taking over a South Beach party, shopping at Miami's designer store district with eye candy on their hip, and pouring up some lean without a worry in the world". Actor Demetrius "Lil Meech" Flenory Jr. also makes a cameo appearance.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Quatermass and the Pit (US title: Five Million Years to Earth) is a 1967 British science fiction horror film from Hammer Film Productions, a sequel to the earlier Hammer films "The Quatermass Xperiment" and "Quatermass 2". Like its predecessors it is based on a BBC Television serial, in this case "Quatermass and the Pit", written by Nigel Kneale. It was directed by Roy Ward Baker and stars Andrew Keir in the title role as Professor Bernard Quatermass, replacing Brian Donlevy, who played the role in the two earlier films. James Donald, Barbara Shelley and Julian Glover appear in co-starring roles.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: The storyline, which is largely faithful to the original television production, centres on the discovery of a mysterious object buried at the site of an extension to the London Underground. Also uncovered nearby are the remains of early human ancestors more than five million years old. Realising that the object is in fact an ancient Martian spacecraft, Quatermass deduces that the aliens have influenced human evolution and the development of human intelligence. The spacecraft has an intelligence of its own, and once uncovered begins to exert a malign influence, resurrecting Martian memories and instincts buried deep within the human psyche.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Nigel Kneale wrote the first draft of the screenplay in 1961, but difficulties in attracting interest from American co-financiers meant the film did not go into production until 1967. The director, Roy Ward Baker, was chosen because of his experience with technically demanding productions such as "A Night to Remember"; this was the first of six films that he directed for Hammer. Andrew Keir, playing Quatermass, found making the film an unhappy experience, believing Baker had wanted Kenneth More to play the role. Owing to a lack of space, the film was shot at the MGM-British Studios in Elstree, Borehamwood, rather than Hammer's usual home at the time, which was the Associated British Studios, also in Elstree.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Workers building an extension to the London Underground at Hobbs End dig up an odd-looking skull. Palaeontologist Dr Matthew Roney identifies the skull as a five-million-year-old apeman, more ancient than previous finds. One of Roney's assistants uncovers part of a metallic object nearby. Believing it to be an unexploded bomb from the London blitz, they call in an army bomb disposal team.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Meanwhile, Professor Bernard Quatermass learns that his plans for the colonisation of the Moon are to be taken over by the military, with plans to establish ballistic missile bases in space. He gives a cold reception to Colonel Breen, who has been assigned to Quatermass's British Experimental Rocket Group. When the bomb disposal team call for Breen's assistance, Quatermass accompanies him to the site. Breen concludes the buried object is a V-weapon, but Quatermass disagrees. When another skull is found within a chamber of the "bomb", Quatermass and Roney realise that the object itself must also be five million years old. Noting the object's imperviousness to heat, Quatermass suspects it is of alien origin, but Roney is certain the apemen were terrestrial.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Roney's assistant, Barbara Judd, goes to the site with Quatermass. She becomes intrigued by the name of the area, recalling that "Hob" is an old name for the Devil. A local policeman tells them the legend that the bombed-out house opposite the station is haunted. All three go there to investigate. The policeman is so spooked that he has to leave. A member of the bomb disposal team witnesses a spectral apparition of Roney's apeman appearing through the wall of the object. Quatermass and Barbara find historical accounts of hauntings and other spectral appearances going back many centuries, coinciding with disturbances of the ground around Hobbs End.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: An attempt to open a sealed chamber in the object using a Borazon drill fails. A few moments later, however, a small hole is seen, though the drill operator, Sladden, is certain he is not responsible for it. The hole widens to reveal the corpses of three-legged, insectoid creatures with horned heads. An examination of the creatures' physiology suggests they came from Mars. Quatermass and Roney note the similarity between their appearance and images of the Devil, while Quatermass believes the spaceship is the source of the spectral images and disturbances.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Quatermass and Roney reveal their findings to the press, attracting the ire of a government minister who has not sanctioned their statements. Quatermass theorises that the occupants of the spaceship came from a dying Mars. Unable to survive on Earth, they sought to preserve some part of their race by creating a colony by proxy, by significantly enhancing the intelligence of and imparting Martian faculties to the indigenous primitive hominids. Quatermass theorizes the highly advanced alien insectoids used medical and surgical techniques that were far more advanced than even those on present-day Earth. The descendants of these apemen evolved into humans, retaining the vestiges of Martian influence buried in their subconscious. A disbelieving Breen thinks the "alien craft" is Nazi propaganda designed to sow fear among Londoners. The minister believes Breen and decides to unveil the spaceship at a press conference.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Whilst dismantling his drill, Sladden is overcome by a powerful psychic force, and haphazardly runs away. His mind unleashes powerful telekinetic energy displays, disrupting people and property. He finally comes to rest in a church, where Judd and Quatermass find him. Sladden tells Quatermass he saw a vision of hordes of insect creatures under an alien sky. He also relates that he saw himself as one of them and that he felt that he had to desperately run away in fear of his life. Quatermass returns to Hobbs End, bringing a machine Roney has been working on, which taps into the primeval psyche. While trying to replicate the circumstances under which Sladden was affected, he notices that Barbara has fallen under the spaceship's influence. Using Roney's machine, he records her thoughts. Quatermass presents the recording to the minister and other officials. It shows hordes of Martians engaged in what he interprets as a genocidal race purge, to cleanse the Martian hives of all mutations. The minister and Breen dismiss the recording.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Disaster strikes when a power line is dropped within the craft, giving it a massive jolt of electrical energy. The effect and range of the spaceship's influence on those Londoners susceptible to it increases; they go on a rampage, attacking all those perceived as different, with powerful, deadly telekinetic displays of energy. Breen is drawn towards the spaceship and killed by the intense, roasting energy emanating from it. Quatermass falls under the alien control as well, but is snapped out of it by Roney, who is unaffected. The two men realise that a small portion of the population are immune. The psychic energy intensifies, ripping up streets and buildings, while a spectral image of a Martian towers above the city, itself resembling the image of the Devil of legend. Recalling stories about how the Devil could be defeated with iron and water, Roney theorises that the Martian energy can be discharged into the earth. While Quatermass prevents Barbara stopping him, Roney climbs a building crane and swings it into the spectral image. The crane bursts into flames as it discharges the energy, killing Roney. The image and its effects on London disappear. Quatermass and Judd stand amidst the devastation of London, slowly recovering from the personal upheaval the alien energy has wreaked on them.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Professor Bernard Quatermass was introduced to audiences in two BBC television serials, "The Quatermass Experiment" (1953) and "Quatermass II" (1955), written by Nigel Kneale. The rights to both these serials were acquired by Hammer Film Productions, and the film adaptations—"The Quatermass Xperiment" and "Quatermass 2", both directed by Val Guest and starring Brian Donlevy as Quatermass—were released in 1955 and 1957, respectively. Kneale went on to write a third Quatermass serial—"Quatermass and the Pit"—for the BBC, which was broadcast in December 1958 and January 1959. Once again interested in making a film adaptation, Hammer and Kneale, who had by then left the BBC and was working as a freelance screenwriter, completed a script in 1961. It was intended that Val Guest would once again direct and Brian Donlevy would reprise his role of Quatermass, with production to commence in 1963. Securing financing for the new Quatermass film proved difficult. In 1957 Hammer had struck a deal with Columbia Pictures to distribute their pictures, and the companies collaborated on thirty films between 1957 and 1964. Columbia, which was not interested in Quatermass, passed on the script, and the production went into limbo for several years. In 1964 Kneale and Anthony Hinds submitted a revised, lower-budget script to Columbia, but the relationship between Hammer and Columbia had begun to sour and the script was again rejected. In 1966 Hammer entered into a new distribution deal with Seven Arts, ABPC, and Twentieth Century Fox; "Quatermass and the Pit" finally entered production.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: The script of "Quatermass and the Pit" is largely faithful to the television original. The plot was condensed to fit the shorter running time of the film, the main casualty being the removal of a subplot involving the journalist James Fullalove. The climax was altered slightly to make it more cinematic, Roney using a crane to short out the Martian influence, whereas in the television version he throws a metal chain into the pit. The setting for the pit was changed from a building site to the London Underground. The closing scene of the television version, in which Quatermass pleads with humanity to prevent Earth becoming the "second dead planet", was also dropped, in favour of a shot of Quatermass and Judd sitting alone amid the devastation wrought by the Martian spacecraft. The script was sent to John Trevelyan of the British Board of Film Censors in December 1966. Trevelyan replied that the film would require an X certificate and complained about the sound of the vibrations from the alien ship, the scenes of the Martian massacre, scenes of destruction and panic as the Martian influence takes hold and the image of the Devil.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: James Donald first came to prominence playing Theo van Gogh in "Lust for Life" (1956) before going on to play a string of roles in the World War II prisoner of war films "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957), "The Great Escape" (1963) and "King Rat" (1965). Although not playing the title role, Donald was accorded top-billing status.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Nigel Kneale had long been highly critical of Brian Donlevy's interpretation of Quatermass and lobbied for the role to be recast, arguing that enough time had passed that audiences would not resist a change of actor. Several actors were considered for the part, including André Morell, who had played Quatermass in the television version of "Quatermass and the Pit". Morell was not interested in revisiting a role he had already played. The producers eventually settled on the Scottish actor Andrew Keir, who had appeared in supporting roles in other Hammer productions, including "The Pirates of Blood River" (1962), "The Devil-Ship Pirates" (1964) and "" (1966). Keir found the shoot an unhappy experience: he later recalled, "The director—Roy Ward Baker—didn't want me for the role. He wanted Kenneth More ... and it was a very unhappy shoot. [...] Normally I enjoy going to work every day. But for seven-and-a-half weeks it was sheer hell." Roy Ward Baker denied he had wanted Kenneth More, who he felt would be "too nice" for the role, saying, "I had no idea he [Keir] was unhappy while we were shooting. His performance was absolutely right in every detail and I was presenting him as the star of the picture. Perhaps I should have interfered more." Keir went on to appear for Hammer in "The Viking Queen" (1967) and "Blood from the Mummy's Tomb" (1971). He reprised the role of Quatermass for BBC Radio 3 in "The Quatermass Memoirs" (1996), making him the only actor other than Donlevy to play the role more than once.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Barbara Shelley was a regular leading lady for Hammer, having appeared in "The Camp on Blood Island" (1958), "Shadow of the Cat" (1961), "The Gorgon" (1964), "The Secret of Blood Island" (1964), "Dracula: Prince of Darkness" and "Rasputin, the Mad Monk" (1966) for them. "Quatermass and the Pit" was her last film for the company and she subsequently worked in television and the theatre. Roy Ward Baker was particularly taken with his leading lady, telling "Bizarre Magazine" in 1974 he was "mad about her in the sense of love. We used to waltz about the set together, a great love affair."


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Roy Ward Baker first met Julian Glover when he directed him in an episode of "The Avengers" ("Two's a Crowd", 1965). Baker said of Glover's performance, "He turned in a tremendous character, forceful, autocratic but never over the top." Glover recalled of the role, "I think I was too young for it. [...] I think I played it all right. It was very straightforward. Bit of a stereotype. [...] The obligatory asshole!"


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: By the time "Quatermass and the Pit" finally entered production Val Guest was occupied on "Casino Royale" (1967), so directing duties went instead to Roy Ward Baker. Baker's first film had been "The October Man" (1947) and he was best known for "The One That Got Away" (1957) and "A Night to Remember" (1958). Following the failure of "Two Left Feet" (1963), he moved into television, directing episodes of "The Human Jungle" (1963–64), "The Saint" (1962–69) and "The Avengers". Producer Anthony Nelson Keys chose Baker as director because he felt his experience on such films as "A Night to Remember" gave him the technical expertise to handle the film's significant special effects requirements. Baker, for his part, felt that his background on fact-based dramas such as "A Night to Remember" and "The One That Got Away" enabled him to give "Quatermass and the Pit" the air of realism it needed to be convincing to audiences. He was impressed by Nigel Kneale's screenplay, feeling the script was "taut, exciting and an intriguing story with excellent narrative drive. It needed no work at all. All one had to do was cast it and shoot it." He was also impressed with Hammer Films' lean set-up: having been used to working for major studios with thousands of full-time employees, he was surprised to find that Hammer's core operation consisted of just five people and enjoyed how this made the decision making process fast and simple. "Quatermass and the Pit" was the first film the director was credited as "Roy Ward Baker", having previously been credited as "Roy Baker". The change was made to avoid confusion with another Roy Baker who was a sound editor. Baker later regretted making the change as many people assumed he was a new director.


title: Quatermass and the Pit (film)

text: Filming took place between 27 February and 25 April 1967. The budget was £275,000 (£ in ). At this time, Hammer was operating out of the Associated British Studios in Elstree, Borehamwood. A lack of space meant that production was relocated to the nearby MGM Borehamwood studio. There were no other productions working at the MGM Studios at this time so the "Quatermass" crew had full access to all the facilities of the studio. Roy Ward Baker was particularly pleased to be able to use MGM's extensive backlot for the exteriors of the Underground station. The production team included many Hammer regulars, including production designer Bernard Robinson who, as an in-joke, incorporated a poster for Hammer's "The Witches" (1966) into the dressing of his set for the Hobbs End station. Another Hammer regular was special effects supervisor Les Bowie. Roy Ward Baker recalled he had a row with Bowie, who believed the film was entirely a special effects picture, when he tried to run the first pre-production conference. Bowie's contribution to the film included the Martian massacre scene, which was achieved with a mixture of puppets and live locusts, and model sequences of London's destruction, including the climactic scene of the crane swinging into the Martian apparition.