title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Cantrell also stated "There's some real filth in there. That's intentional, and that's also just how we sound together. We're trying to make a record that we dig and we're trying to keep the bar high for ourselves and see if we can get past it, and I think that we did again. And of course you want people to dig it too and to respond to it, and to have that start happening is satisfying."


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: According to Cantrell, the album title refers to the hypocrisy within organized religion, with "overwhelming evidence that things aren't working right now. We need to start growing up as a people. When you're teaching people that being gay is a mortal sin, yet a good portion of the people teaching this are raping kids, there's a huge problem".


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: For the lyrics, Jerry Cantrell stated: "The devil put dinosaurs here / Jesus don't like a queer / No problem with faith / Just fear," which appear in the title track. "What's the old joke?" Cantrell said. "There are two things you never want to get into a conversation or argument about: politics and religion. But fuck, I guess we're going to be talking about this for awhile."


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: William DuVall wrote the lyrics and the guitar solo for "Phantom Limb". DuVall said about the lyrics: "I just got this idea of a person that was trapped under something, like maybe someone who had been in an avalanche or an earthquake or something where you're trapped under rubble, or you're looking up through something trying to get to the surface of something and I just kind of ran with it."


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The cover artwork features the skull of a "Triceratops" with a second skull image steganographically hidden on a red background. The two skulls, when revealed, combine to form the image of the devil. The album title refers to a belief held by some religious individuals that to confuse the masses of humanity, Satan himself planted dinosaur bones deep into the Earth to dissuade the faithful.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The inner artwork includes images of other dinosaur skulls steganographically overlapped in a similar manner to the front cover, including two pachycephalosaurs and "Ankylosaurus". Additional imagery is also revealed when the CD tray is removed from the jewel case.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Much like the previous album "Black Gives Way To Blue", Alice In Chains released five music videos in support of "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here". In January 2013, the band released the music video for the single "Hollow", and the music video for "Stone" was released in April 2013. Music videos for "Voices", and "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" were released on YouTube in September 2013 to further promote the album. In October 2014, the band released the music video for the song "Phantom Limb" via BitTorrent Bundle. Three of the videos ("Hollow", "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here", and "Phantom Limb") do not feature the band in any way.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The album's first single, "Hollow", debuted online on December 18, 2012 through a lyric video posted on YouTube. The single was available for digital download on January 8, 2013, along with an official music video. "Hollow" spent 5 weeks at No. 1 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The second single, "Stone", was released to radio stations on March 25, 2013, and spent 3 weeks at No. 1 on the Mainstream Rock chart. The song "Phantom Limb" premiered on radio through Seattle station KISW on March 25, 2013.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The third single, "Voices", premiered on USA Today website on July 26, 2013, and was released to radio stations on July 29, 2013. It peaked at No. 3 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks and stayed on the chart for 20 weeks.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: The album was originally scheduled to be released on May 14, 2013, but the release was postponed to May 28, 2013. It was released through Capitol Records on CD, vinyl and as a digital download.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" debuted at No. 2 on the "Billboard" 200 (the band's highest chart position since 1995's "Alice in Chains", which debuted at No. 1), selling 61,000 copies in its first week of release. By July 31, 2013, the album had sold 120,000 copies in the US.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" has received positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has average score of 70 indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Chad Childers of Loudwire wrote: "With their new album, "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here", the veteran rockers prove they can sustain their excellence. While all the things you would expect from Alice in Chains — sludgy guitars, haunting melodies, dark lyrics — are on the disc, the band shows they can still put a fresh spin on their sound." He went on to say that "while Alice in Chains definitely does "dark" well, songs like 'Low Ceiling' and 'Breath on a Window' offer a catchier, faster-paced alternative and deliver the perfect change of pace needed mid-album" and gave the album four and a half out of five stars. Johan Wippsson of "Melodic" magazine felt that ""The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" is overall a good and stable record, but will not count it as one of the band's best."


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Dave Kerr of "The Skinny" awarded the album four out of five stars and wrote: "Featuring an even split of melodic slowburners and lead-heavy bangers with blindsiding tempo-shifts that arrive like eleventh hour twists to the plot, songs such as Phantom Limb and Breath On A Window carry the familiar hallmarks of AiC's heyday without entirely surrendering to the predictability they might imply. Brooding, doomy riffs usher in soaring two-part harmonies which reiterate that, against some odds, Cantrell has found a worthy foil in co-vocalist William DuVall. A significant addition to their intimidating catalogue."


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Stephen Erlewine of AllMusic gave the album a more mixed review saying: "This has a digital sheen that was missing even from "Black Gives Way to Blue", and it gives the album an expansive feel, so the patented churn doesn't seem quite so claustrophobic as before. Then again, perhaps that expansiveness is just a sign of age: Alice in Chains are now firmly entrenched in their middle age and settling into what they do best: retaining their signature without pandering and, tellingly, without succumbing to the darkness that otherwise defines them." He went on to give the album three out of five stars.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" gave a similar impression, writing: "It's the band's second LP since the 2002 death of singer Layne Staley, and though new vocalist William DuVall doesn't have his predecessor's talent for shaping Seattle sludge into molten-dread anthems, founder Jerry Cantrell's expressively torpid guitar steps up to become its own kind of lead voice, chugging mordantly on 'Hollow' and wailing like My Bloody Valentine on 'Pretty Done.'" He also went on to give the album three out of five stars.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

text: Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media also gave a mixed review, writing: "[The title] song is six-and-a-half minutes long. It doesn't need to be. Chop it in half and you could double its impact. But the same could be said of just about any track on "Dinosaurs", which typically lumber past the five-minute mark. The result is an album that feels much longer than its bloated 70 minutes, that often buries its best moments, that exhausts its most intriguing ideas either by stretching them out or simply repeating them." He then adds "On the other hand, Dinosaurs actually does have some intriguing ideas to exhaust, mostly about how you play mainstream rock in 2013."


title: Ercan International Airport

text: Ercan International Airport ( ) is the primary civilian airport of the unrecognised de facto state of Northern Cyprus. It is located about east of Nicosia, near the village of Tymbou.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: The precursor of Ercan Airport, Tymvou Airport, was constructed by the British in World War II as a military airport, during their colonial rule of the island. Following the Turkish invasion of Cyprus and the partition of the island it was occupied by the Turkish army, and today it is used as the main civilian airport of Northern Cyprus.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: Since 2006, the rule which stipulates that flights are required to touch down at a Turkish airport before continuing to and from Ercan has been under discussion. In 2006, the Turkish government began discussions for Northern Cyprus's main port Famagusta, and main civilian airport Ercan, to be able to operate direct connections, with the UK government describing it as a "significant and creative offer".


title: Ercan International Airport

text: However, as of 2017, the rule still applies, and Ercan airport has seen a decrease in customers, as a result of new tight security measures imposed by the UK Department for Transport questioning the status of the airport and forcing passengers travelling between Britain and Northern Cyprus to disembark with their luggage and go through a fresh security check in Turkey in order to board a new aircraft for their final destination.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: Recent plans have arisen to privatise Ercan Airport, as well as plans to enlarge the airport in order to increase capacity. Ercan Airport currently has a 2.75 kilometre-long runway and an apron with a capacity of seven aircraft. Although the runway is long enough for large planes to land, it is not long enough for take-offs. The plan has been for the construction of a new runway of 3200m and extension of the existing runway to 3200m, apron and terminal building and with the planned new apron more than doubling the current plane capacity. As of 2021, the new terminal is currently under construction. It will be much larger than the existing and have 9 airbridges.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: The new terminal was due to open on 15 November 2022 but the opening has been delayed. It will be fully compliant with international standards and will be able to handle direct flights in the future.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: Flights to the airport are banned internationally due to the ongoing Cyprus dispute. Non-stop flights only take place from Turkey, and all planes that fly to Northern Cyprus from other countries have to stop over in Turkey. Because of these difficulties and inconveniences, the majority of Turkish Cypriots with Republic of Cyprus passports prefer to use Larnaca International Airport, which is located in the territory under the control of the internationally recognised government of the Republic of Cyprus; this option is not available, however, to the Turkish citizens. However, several Turkish airlines operate direct flights from Ercan to Europe with intermediate stops in Turkey via some of the destinations listed below.


title: Ercan International Airport

text: The Government of the Republic of Cyprus considers the use of Ercan Airport to exit or enter the island illegal.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: Scrooge is a 1970 musical film adaptation of Charles Dickens' 1843 story "A Christmas Carol". It was filmed in London between January and May 1970 and directed by Ronald Neame, and starred Albert Finney as Ebenezer Scrooge. The film's score was composed by Leslie Bricusse and arranged and conducted by Ian Fraser. With eleven musical arrangements interspersed throughout, the award-winning motion picture is a faithful musical retelling of the original.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: The film was a follow-up to another Dickens musical adaptation, 1968’s award-winning "Oliver!". The posters for "Scrooge" included the tagline "What the dickens have they done to Scrooge?", designed to head off any criticism of an all-singing, all-dancing old skinflint. Finney won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical/Comedy in 1971. The film received four Academy Award nominations, including for Best Original Song for "Thank You Very Much".


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: On Christmas Eve 1860, in London, Ebenezer Scrooge, a surly money-lender, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his nephew Harry's invitation for Christmas dinner and reluctantly gives his loyal employee Bob Cratchit Christmas Day off. Cratchit and his children go shopping and prepare for the holiday at home ("Christmas Children"). As Scrooge leaves his office, he declines two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity and visits some of his clients including Tom Jenkins ("I Hate People"). As he makes his way home, he is accosted and mocked by street urchins ("Father Christmas").


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: In his house, Scrooge encounters the ghost of his seven-year-dead business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife as he was, carrying a heavy chain forged by his own selfishness and greed ("See the Phantoms"). Before leaving, Marley informs him that three spirits will visit him.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: At one o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the Victorian Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his childhood and early adult life. They visit his lonely school days, where he is taken back home by his beloved sister, Fan, and then his time as an employee under Mr. Fezziwig. At a Christmas party held by Fezziwig ("December the 25th"), Scrooge falls in love with Fezziwig's daughter, Isabel ("Happiness"). However, the spirit shows Scrooge how Isabel left him when he chose money over her ("You..."). He dismisses the spirit as he finds himself back in his bed.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: At two o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Present, a jolly giant who teaches him the joys and wonder of Christmas Day ("I Like Life"). Scrooge and the spirit visit Bob's house, learning his family is surprisingly content with their small dinner, while Scrooge takes pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim. The spirit hints that Tiny Tim might die unless the course of events changes. They next visit Harry's Christmas party, where Harry defends his uncle from his guests' snide remarks. Before the spirit vanishes, Scrooge is warned that life is short and to do as much as he can in what time he has. He finds himself back in his bed.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: At three o'clock, Scrooge is visited by the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, a silent, cloaked figure who shows him the future of Christmas 1861 with Tom and the other citizens rejoicing at the death of Scrooge ("Thank You Very Much"), with Scrooge unaware of the reason they are celebrating. The spirit points Scrooge to Bob's house, and he sees his family in mourning and Tiny Tim and Bob are absent. Enquiring for clarification, Scrooge is taken to a cemetery, where he sees Bob mourning at Tim’s grave. The ghost then points out Scrooge’s own grave. A horrified Scrooge promises to change his ways as the spirit takes on a Grim Reaper-esque appearance and causes him to fall through his grave into the caverns of Hell. Scrooge is met there once again by Marley, who shows him to his ice-cold "office" to serve as Lucifer's personal clerk. Scrooge is adorned with an enormous chain made from his lifetime of past sins by four masked demons before finding himself back in his bedroom.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: A gleeful Scrooge decides to bring happiness to the citizens of London ("I'll Begin Again"). Finding it's Christmas Day, he goes on a shopping spree, buying food and presents. He runs into Harry and his wife and gives them some overdue presents as well. They invite Scrooge to Christmas lunch, which he gladly accepts. Dressed as "Father Christmas," Scrooge then delivers a giant turkey, presents and toys to the Cratchits, and after making his identity known, gives Bob a raise and promises that they will work to find the best doctors to make Tiny Tim better. Scrooge then frees all his clients from their debts, much to their delight and donates a sizable amount of money to the gentlemen he earlier spurned ("Thank You Very Much (Reprise)"). Scrooge returns home to get ready for lunch with his family and thanks Marley for helping him at a second chance at life.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: A soundtrack album containing all the songs from the film was issued on Columbia Records in 1970. Due to legal complications, however, the soundtrack has never been re-released in the CD format. The current Paramount Blu-ray release of the film has removed the Overture (intact on all VHS and DVD releases).


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: The film features an opening title sequence of numerous hand-painted backgrounds and overlays by British illustrator Ronald Searle. Art of the Title described it, saying, "As is often the case with Searle’s illustrations, the forms jump and squiggle into shape, the strokes loose and sprightly. In each scene, swaths of colour and life pour out, white snowflakes dotting the brush strokes." The illustrations later appeared in a book, "Scrooge", by Elaine Donaldson and published in 1970 by Cinema Center Films.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: Filmed in London and on location in Buckinghamshire between January and May 1970, the film sets at Shepperton Studios included fully reconstructed Victorian streets.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: "Scrooge" opened on two screens in Los Angeles and Chicago, grossing $36,000 in its opening week. It earned $3 million in distributor rentals in the United States and Canada.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: Gene Siskel of "The Chicago Tribune" awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of four praising Finney's "masterful performance". Arthur D. Murphy, reviewing for "Variety", favorably wrote the film was "a most delightful film in every way," in which he praised Finney as "remarkable" and Bricusse's "unobtrusive complementary music and lyrics; Ronald Neame's delicately controlled direction which conveys, but does not force, all the inherent warmth, humor and sentimentality to both younger and audiences". Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that Finney's performance was "absurd, sentimental, pretty, never quite as funny as it intends to be, but quite acceptable, if only as a seasonal ritual." Overall, he felt the adaptation was "surprisingly faithful", and complemented Ronald Neame for directing "the movie with all of the delicacy possible after a small story has been turned into a comparatively large, conventional musical. The settings — London streets and interiors, circa 1860 (updated from the original 1843)—are very attractive, somewhat spruced-up variations on the original John Leech illustrations."


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film three stars out of four feeling the film "works very nicely on its intended level and the kids sitting near me seemed to be having a good time." However, he was critical of Bricusse's songs, writing that they "fall so far below the level of good musical comedy that you wish Albert Finney would stop singing them, until you realize he isn't really singing." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" applauded "Scrooge" as a "lovely movie, one of the few genuinely family-wide attractions of the whole year, calculated to please equally all those who have loved the Dickens work forever, and all those enviable youngsters who are about to discover it for the first time." Reviewing for the "New York Daily News", Ann Guarino wrote "Scrooge" was "bright with humor and moves along at a lively pace in 19th Century settings." She further praised the cast as "excellent," but described Bricusse's songs as being "pleasant, but unfortunately forgettable with the exception of 'Thank You Very Much'".


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: Pauline Kael, writing in "The New Yorker", found "Scrooge" to be an "innocuous musical version of "A Christmas Carol", starring Albert Finney looking glum. The Leslie Bricusse music is so forgettable that your mind flushes it away while you're hearing it." Jay Cocks of "Time" magazine derided Finney's performance as "drastically disappointing. [He] grumbles and hobbles through his part, employing mannerism instead of nuance." Cocks was also critical of Bricusse's songs, and summarized the film as "a high-budget holiday spectacular, a musical extracted from Dickens' "A Christmas Carol" that turns out to be a curdled cup of holiday cheer...First frame to last, "Scrooge" is a mechanical movie made with indifference to every quality but the box office receipts."


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: In 1992, a stage musical adapted from the film, featuring the Bricusse/Fraser songs and starring Anthony Newley, was mounted in the UK under the title "". "I Hate People" was re-written as "I Hate Christmas", and a cast recording was released.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: The show was revived in 2003 on a tour of the country by British song and dance man Tommy Steele, and he again reprised the role at the London Palladium in 2004 -making him the performer to have done the most shows at the Palladium. In 2007, Shane Ritchie played the part at the Manchester Palace. The musical was revived at London Palladium in October 2012 with Steele reprising the role. It ran till 5 January 2013.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: This was staged in Melbourne, Australia, in 1993, starring Keith Michell, Max Gillies, Tony Taylor, William Zappa, Dale Burridge, Emma Raciti, Ross Hannaford, Paul Cheyne, Glenda Walsh.


title: Scrooge (1970 film)

text: In December 2022, an animated remake titled "" was released by Netflix. Produced by Timeless Films (the team behind the "Monster Family" films) and written and directed by Stephen Donnelly, it featured a new book, but included many of Leslie Bricusse's songs from the 1970 film. The film features Luke Evans as the voice of Scrooge, Johnny Flynn as Bob Cratchit, Fra Fee as Harry, Giles Terera as Tom, Olivia Colman as the Ghost of Christmas Past, James Cosmo as Fezziwig, Jessie Buckley as Isabel, Trevor Dion Nicholas as the Ghost of Christmas Present, and Jonathan Pryce as Jacob Marley.


title: Eloise at the Plaza

text: Eloise at the Plaza is a 2003 American made-for-television comedy film based on the Eloise series of children's books drawn and written by Kay Thompson and Hilary Knight. It stars young Sofia Vassilieva as Eloise, an irrepressible six-year-old girl who lives in the penthouse at the top of the Plaza Hotel in New York City.


title: Eloise at the Plaza

text: This film was produced by Handmade Films and DiNovi Pictures for Walt Disney Television with distribution handled by the ABC Television Network, and released on both VHS and DVD by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 2003.


title: Eloise at the Plaza

text: Eloise (Sofia Vassilieva) is a fun-loving six-year-old girl with a knack for finding adventure every place she looks. While under the care of her "rawther" wonderful nanny (Julie Andrews), Eloise tries to play matchmaker to a lonely prince and wrangle an invitation to the society event of the season.


title: Eloise at the Plaza

text: Alessandra Stanley from "The New York Times", praised the film fidelity to the book and the actor's performances. Reel Film Reviews gave the film two out of four stars, stating: "Eloise at the Plaza is mildly entertaining, if only because it seems to consist of one caper after another. The film's structure soon becomes perfectly obvious - Eloise gets into a madcap adventure, adults chase her around, Nanny admonishes her, etc - and the fast pace is clearly in place to keep younger viewers interested. But, though there are a number of talented actors in the cast, Eloise just isn't a compelling enough character to sustain an entire movie. There's no doubt that the movie will act as wish fulfillment for kids - who wouldn't want to run amuck and get away with it? - but when you get right down to it, Eloise is awfully thin and one-dimensional (not to mention annoying)." DVDizzy.com wrote: "The film even ascends beyond the second-tier quality that most television movies are satisfied to achieve. Eloise deserves praise not merely as a more bearable Wonderful World of Disney presentation, but as a genuinely entertaining family film, regardless of format."


title: Eloise at the Plaza

text: For his work in "Eloise at the Plaza", Bruce Broughton won one Primetime Emmy Award in the category of "Outstanding Music Composition for a Miniseries, Movie or a Special (Dramatic Underscore)".


title: Pamyat

text: The Pamyat Society (, , ; English translation: ""Memory"" Society), officially National Patriotic Front "Memory" (NPF "Memory"; ; "Natsionalno-patrioticheskiy front «Pamyat»", "NPF «Pamyat»"), was a Russian neo-Nazi and ultranationalist organization that identified itself as the "People's National-Patriotic Orthodox Christian movement." The group's stated focus is preserving Russian culture. Its longtime leader, Dmitri Vasilyev, died in 2003. The organisation was described as anti-Semitic and chauvinist. The group disappeared by the 1990s and was split into other groups like The National Patriotic Front and The Russian National Unity.


title: Pamyat

text: At the end of the 1970s, a historical association called "Vityaz" (, lit. "Knight"), sponsored by the "Soviet Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments", established an "informal historical, cultural and educational organization" uniting activists-bibliophiles and amateur historians. One of the purposes of the newly formed organization was to prepare the upcoming celebration of the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo.


title: Pamyat

text: Some notable "Vityaz" activists in Moscow were Ilya Glazunov (artist), S. Malyshev (historian), and A. Lebedev (Colonel of the MVD). Similar groups were created in other regions of the Soviet Union. Later, loosely associated "informal" groups were consolidated under the name "Pamyat".


title: Pamyat

text: At an internal meeting on October 4, 1985, "Pamyat" split up into several factions, many of which attempted to retain the same name as the "true" "Pamyat". One of them, the so-called "Vasilyev's group", led by Dmitri Vasilyev (a former worker in Glazunov's studio), A. Andreyev and A. Gladkov, focused its activities on the media.


title: Pamyat

text: On May 6, 1987, Pamyat conducted an unregistered and thus illegal demonstration in the center of Moscow to demand the end to the construction of an officially-sanctioned memorial project at Poklonnaya Hill. It resulted in a two-hour meeting with Boris Yeltsin, at that time the First Secretary of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


title: Pamyat

text: In the fall of 1987, the National-Patriotic Front (NPF) was founded, with the aim of "renaissance", with the intent to "lead Russian people to the spiritual and national revival" on the basis of "three traditional Russian values": Orthodoxy, national character and spirituality.


title: Pamyat

text: After several splits and the imminent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the organization adopted a monarchist position.


title: Pamyat

text: In August 1990, a permanent NPF council member, Aleksandr Barkashov (the author of the book "The ABC of a Russian Nationalist"), caused another split after his announcement of being "tired to be preoccupied by recollections". He said that "it is time to act". His new group was dubbed "Russian National Unity" (Русское Национальное Единство). Barkashov promoted the veneration of the swastika.


title: Pamyat

text: In 1991, the organization's newspaper (print run of 100,000) and radio station (both officially registered) were launched.


title: Pamyat

text: By the late 1990s, the original "Pamyat" disappeared from the public scene. Dmitry Vasilyev died on July 17, 2003. The organization reactivated in 2005 and participated in the Russian marches.


title: Pamyat

text: On September 1, 2021, it became known about the death of Nikolai Skorodumov: according to a post by Vladimir Basmanov on the Vkontakte social network, Nikolai Skorodumov died on June 10, 2021, at the age of 70 in a Zelenograd hospital


title: Pamyat

text: The recurring motive in the group's ideology was the claim of the existence of a so-called "Ziono-Masonic plot" against Russia as "the main source of the misfortunes of Russian people, disintegration of the economy, denationalization of Russian culture, alcoholism, ecological crisis" (according to "Pamyat"). The Zionists were also blamed for the triggering of the revolutions in 1905 and 1917, the death of millions in the course of the Russian Civil War and for Joseph Stalin's personality cult. The contemporary Soviet government apparatus was alleged to be infiltrated by "Zionists and freemasons" working as "agents of Zionism" and serving the purpose of subordinating the Soviet government to the "Jewish capital". The "Zionist Occupation Government" accusation was often used by "Pamyat".


title: Pamyat

text: In 1993, a District Court in Moscow formally ruled that "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" were a fake, and dismissed a libel suit by "Pamyat". The organization was criticized for using the document in their publications.


title: Pamyat

text: The group disappeared by the 1990s and was split into other groups like The National Patriotic Front and The Russian National Unity.


title: Pamyat

text: From the open letter of the NPF "Pamyat" leader D. Vasilyev to the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin:


title: Pamyat

text: From the open letter of the NPF "Pamyat" leader D. Vasilyev to the President of the Russian Federation Vladimir Putin:


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport , is a domestic airport serving the cities of Durgapur and Asansol. It is located at Andal, Paschim Bardhaman, West Bengal, India. It is named after Bengali poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. The airport is roughly from Durgapur and from Asansol.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The airport's hinterland comprises the towns of Bardhaman, Bankura, Bishnupur, Purulia, Sainthia, Suri, Bolpur, Rampurhat in West Bengal and Dhanbad and Bokaro in Jharkhand. It is part of the country's first private sector Aerotropolis, being developed by Bengal Aerotropolis Projects Limited (BAPL). The airport was officially inaugurated on 19 September 2013 by the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Mamata Banerjee. According to 2018-19 data, Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport is the 3rd busiest airport of West Bengal and the 61st busiest airport of India.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The project was conceived in 2006–07 during the Left Front government. The construction of the airport was completed on 2013. But for several reasons, the airport did not receive final operational clearance from the aviation regulator DGCA until 24 April 2015. Regular Commercial Flights started from 2015.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: On 10 May 2015, Prime Minister Narendra Modi became the first passenger to use the new airport when he flew out to Delhi, aboard an Indian Air Force Boeing 737 VIP aircraft, even before commercial airlines started their regular service from the airport. Scheduled commercial operation commenced on 18 May 2015. Another airline, Zoom Air, also begun flights on the Delhi – Durgapur – Kolkata route but after three months it stopped its flight due to lack of passengers. Finally the airport gained popularity in 2018 with connections to Delhi and Hyderabad by Air India and to the destinations of Mumbai and Chennai in October 2019 by SpiceJet.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The airport has been built over 650 acres (can be expanded more at the future) at a cost of . The airport has 70% open green space for facilitating fresh green environment within the airport area.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The State Government also has a 26.05% stake through West Bengal Industrial Development Corporation. Singapore's Changi Airports International (CAI) has a 30.21% stake in BAPL. Other Indian promoters include IL&FS, Pragati Social Infrastructure & Development, Pragati 47, Lend Lease Company India and Citystar Infrastructure.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The 5,750 square metre passenger terminal building has a capacity of 1 million passengers per annum and can be expanded in the future to a capacity to 2.5 million per annum. It has six check-in counters with Common Use Terminal equipment (CUTE) in the departure lounge and two baggage conveyor belts at the arrival hall. The airport is equipped with category VI firefighting and rescue capability.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The airport's 2,800-meter runway (which is expandable up to 3,315-metre) is equipped with a CAT I instrument landing system (ILS) and can handle narrow-body aircraft like Airbus A320 and Boeing 737. The airport apron has four parking bays and a Helipad.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport

text: The airport is conveniently connected to Durgapur and Asansol through National Highway 19. There are dedicated transport options available to reach the airport and reach passengers’ desired destinations from the airport.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: "Oh Well" is a song first recorded by the rock band Fleetwood Mac in 1969, composed by vocalist and lead guitarist Peter Green. It first appeared as a Fleetwood Mac single in various countries in 1969 and subsequently appeared on revised versions of that year's "Then Play On" album and the band's "Greatest Hits" album in 1971. The song was later featured on the 1992 boxed set "25 Years – The Chain", on the 2002 compilation album "The Best of Peter Green's Fleetwood Mac", and on the 2018 compilation "50 Years - Don't Stop".


title: Oh Well (song)

text: "Oh Well" was composed in two parts, with "Part 1" as a fast electric blues song with vocals (lasting 2:19), and "Part 2" as an entirely different instrumental piece with a classical influence (lasting 5:39). The original 1969 single features the first minute of "Part 2" as a fade-out coda to the A-side and then "Part 2" begins again on the B-side. Later releases varied in length. During concerts, only the first part was played, and live versions of the song have been released on a handful of Fleetwood Mac live albums throughout their career such as "Live" and "Live at the BBC", as well as the B-sides of singles. After Green's departure from Fleetwood Mac, the song was sung by various other members, including Bob Welch, Dave Walker, Lindsey Buckingham, Billy Burnette, and Mike Campbell.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: Peter Green wrote what would be part 2 of "Oh Well" on a Ramirez Spanish guitar, which he purchased after hearing the instrument on the radio. "Part 1", which Green dismissed as a "throwaway riff", was intended to appear on the flip side of Part 2.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: The first part of the song features a fast blues guitar riff played by Green, then joined by Danny Kirwan and bassist John McVie, before a musical silence, punctuated only by Mick Fleetwood's cowbell percussion. Green sings a brief verse with no musical accompaniment, before the riff begins again and Kirwan plays a solo. Another silence precedes a second verse, and a replay of the riff.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: Where the second part follows, there is a brief pause before Green's sombre, Spanish-style acoustic guitar and low electric guitar, leading into further instrumental passages of recorder, cello, and piano, the latter played by Jeremy Spencer. It was Spencer's only contribution to the song, as he was absent from the recording of "Part 1", and Green played all the other instruments in "Part 2".


title: Oh Well (song)

text: During live performances with the original lineup, Spencer frequently played supplemental percussion during the song, often maracas.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: Instead of including "Oh Well" on the UK track listing of "Then Play On", the label chose the song as the band's next single, which came as a surprise to the song's writer, Peter Green, who expected Kirwan's "When You Say" to fulfill that role instead. Hesitant to release "Oh Well Part 1" as a single, Green lobbied to make "Part 2" the A-side instead, but to no avail. Fleetwood and McVie bet Green eight pounds apiece that "Oh Well" would flop, but the single instead went on to chart in several territories.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: After the single was released, US versions of "Then Play On" were updated to include the song. The album edit of "Oh Well" simply joined the two sides of the single as one track, entitled "Oh Well" (lasting 8:56), so that "Part 2"'s beginning is heard twice. It was repeated on the worldwide original CD release. A 1972 US reissue of the single featured just the electric "Part 1" without the coda. Other reissues of the song, including on the "Greatest Hits" album and the 2013 Deluxe "Then Play On", feature the original single releases of Part 1 (with coda) and Part 2 as two separate tracks.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: The single's peak position on the UK Charts was No. 2 for two weeks in November 1969, spending a total of 16 weeks on the chart. In the Dutch Top 40, the song peaked at No. 1 and spent a total of 11 weeks in the top 40. It also reached the top 5 in Ireland, Norway, New Zealand, and France, as well as the top 10 in Germany and Switzerland.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: "Oh Well" was a minor hit in the United States, where it reached No. 55, becoming Fleetwood Mac's first single to reach the Hot 100, as well as their only pre-Buckingham/Nicks song to earn this distinction. It did receive a lot of airplay on some FM album-oriented stations and its reputation has grown in the years since its release.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: In Canada, the song reached No. 54. It was their second charting single after Albatross in March 1969.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: The single was also issued in Argentina, Brazil, India, Italy, Japan, Lebanon, Mexico (as "Ah Bueno"), Portugal and Spain (as "Muy Bien"), and South Africa and Venezuela (as "Oh Bien") on Reprise Records. Other countries included Greece on Warner Bros. Records and Malaysia on Jaguare Records.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: "Oh Well, Part 1" has been viewed by music critics as one of the early crossovers between blues rock and heavy metal, along with songs by bands such as Led Zeppelin. John Paul Jones drew inspiration from "Oh Well, Part 1" when composing the riff for "Black Dog". Both songs employ "call and response vocals and a syncopated ascending chromatic motif that finishes with a long sustained note."


title: Oh Well (song)

text: "Oh Well" has been covered by various other artists and groups, including Billy Gibbons, Deep Purple, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, 2Cellos, Kenny Wayne Shepherd, Monks of Doom, Gordon Giltrap, Joe Jackson, The Rockets, Big Country, Tribe of Gypsies, Ratt, Tourniquet, McCoy, John Parr, Oh Well, Haim, Aerosmith, Jason Isbell and the 400 Unit, and Darrell Mansfield. The song has also been played live by Jimmy Page & the Black Crowes and released on their 2000 album "Live at the Greek". The Australian singer-songwriter Rick Springfield performed a version of the song in July 2013 for "The A.V. Club's" A.V. Undercover series. Eels included a cover of the song on the bonus-disc edition of their 2014 album "The Cautionary Tales of Mark Oliver Everett", and it is also found on the 2012 album "Fifteen" by Colin James.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: Former Fleetwood Mac member Bob Welch recorded a version of the song for the 2003 "His Fleetwood Mac Years & Beyond" album. To outline the sections, Welch played his guitars along to the original recording so his cover would "closely match the original, but not be exact copies." After the guitars were tracked, Welch gradually muted the original recording as he filled out the song with samples and MIDI. Over the course of a couple weeks, Welch had amassed between 64 and 96 individual tracks. For the master mix, he whittled it down to 32 tracks because he found it too difficult to monitor all of the parts he recorded.


title: Oh Well (song)

text: An excerpt from the song can be heard in the "Doctor Who" story "Spearhead from Space". It was filmed around the same time that the single was on the chart, and transmitted in January 1970. The song was omitted from later video releases of the story, but was reintroduced on the DVD release in 2011. The beginning of the song from "Live in Boston" by Fleetwood Mac can be heard in the second season of the television show "Fargo".


title: Osteria

text: An osteria (, plural "osterie") in Italy was originally a place serving wine and simple food. Lately, the emphasis has shifted to the food, but menus tend to be short, with the emphasis on local specialities such as pasta and grilled meat or fish, often served at shared tables. Osterie tend to be cheap, and they also focus on after work and evening refreshment. Osterie vary greatly in practice: some only serve drinks and clients are allowed to bring in their own food, and some have retained a predominantly male clientele whilst others have reached out to students and young professionals. Some provide music and other entertainment. Similar to osterie are "bottiglierie", where customers can take a bottle or flask to be re-filled from a barrel, and "enoteche" which generally pride themselves on the range and quality of their wine. In Emilia-Romagna are located three of the oldest Italian "osterie": "Osteria del Sole" and "Osteria del Cappello" in Bologna, and "Osteria al Brindisi" in Ferrara, established between the 14th and 15th century.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: That Darn Cat! is a 1965 American thriller comedy film directed by Robert Stevenson and starring Hayley Mills and Dean Jones in a story about bank robbers, a kidnapping and a mischievous cat; produced by Walt Disney Productions. The film was based on the 1963 novel "Undercover Cat" by Gordon and Mildred Gordon. The title song was written by the Sherman Brothers and sung by Bobby Darin. The 1997 remake includes a cameo appearance by Dean Jones.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: "That Darn Cat!" was both Hayley Mills' last film of the six she appeared in for the Walt Disney Studios, and Dean Jones' first film for Disney.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: "Darn Cat" or "DC" is a wily, adventurous Siamese tomcat who lives with young suburbanite sisters Ingrid "Inky" (Dorothy Provine) and Patricia "Patti" Randall (Hayley Mills) and enjoys an evening route wandering thru town which includes teasing local dogs, swiping food, and marking vehicles with muddy paws.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: One night, DC follows bank robber Iggy (Frank Gorshin) into an apartment where he and his partner Dan (Neville Brand) are holding bank employee Miss Margaret Miller (Grayson Hall) hostage. Miss Miller uses the opportunity to replace his collar with her watch, on which she has inscribed most of the word "HELP," and releases him to go home to the Randalls.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: Patti discovers the watch on DC and suspects that it belongs to the kidnapped woman. She goes to the FBI and tells Agent Zeke Kelso (Dean Jones) of her discovery, and Supervisor Newton (Richard Eastham) assigns Kelso to follow DC in the hope that he will lead them back to the robbers' hideout.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: Kelso sets up a headquarters in the Randalls' house and assigns a team to keep the cat under surveillance, but, despite multiple attempts and a bugging system, DC eludes them in humiliating and comedic ways, culminating in a chase where he leads Agent Kelso through several back yards and a drive-in theatre. As DC ends up trying to open a pigeon cage and is discovered by the owner Gregory Benson (Roddy McDowall), who is in Ingrid's carpool, chases DC and Kelso and, out of frustration, tells Ingrid he is leaving her carpool. The next day agent Kelso's supervisor Newton shuts down the operation, considering the evidence of the watch not hard enough, but Patti disguises herself as the hippie niece of her friend Mr. Hoffsteddar (Ed Wynn) the jeweler and persuades the FBI that the watch was indeed hard evidence. Patti and Kelso rescue Miss Miller and bring the robbers to justice.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: Subplots involve a romance between Patti's sister Ingrid and Kelso as he joins her new carpool, and a romance between Patti herself and a surf-obsessed slacker neighbor, Canoe Henderson (Tom Lowell), and the meddling of nosy neighbor Mrs. MacDougall (Elsa Lanchester) and her disapproving husband, Wilmer MacDougall (William Demarest). At the end, it is revealed that the gray cat in the opening sequence and DC are taking their kittens on the prowl, having started a family.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: The exterior neighborhood scenes were filmed on The Walt Disney Studios backlot in Burbank, California.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: Each of the Seal Point Siamese cats who collectively play the role of DC is a so-called "traditional" or "old style" Siamese, as opposed to the more dainty, long and tubular modern Siamese show cat. One of the cats used for the film belonged to longtime cat breeder Edith Williams, a member of the Stud Book Fanciers Association. One of the feline actors also starred, along with two dogs, in Disney's 1963 film "The Incredible Journey".


title: That Darn Cat!

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote: "The feline that plays the informant, as the F.B.I. puts it, is superb. Clark Gable at the peak of his performing never played a tom cat more winningly. This elegant, blue-eyed creature is a paragon of suavity and grace", and concluded, "it's an entertaining picture. Even a king might profitably look at "That Darn Cat"". "Variety" said: "Walt Disney comes up with a novelty charmer in this lilting translation of the Gordon's [sic] whimsical tale of a Siamese cat who helps the FBI solve a kidnapping case". Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" stated: "As a detective story, "That Darn Cat!" is strictly for juveniles and the juvenile-minded. It contains little of the step-by-step development which in good detective stories brings out the sleuthing in all of us, being content to settle for a series of gags in which that darn cat, a brownish Siamese, leads the FBI and others on a number of false scents till he and we finally barge in on the criminals". Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" declared: ""That Darn Cat" is a dandy Christmas present for everyone except the Scrooges. Children will enjoy its pranks, adults its whimsy, cat-lovers its Siamese and even J. Edgar Hoover won't mind this use of the FBI". Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" called the film "a typical product of the giant Disney flapdoodle factory, which for many years now has devoted itself to grinding out lavish falsifications of contemporary life".


title: That Darn Cat!

text: In September 1965, Hedda Hopper reported Disney had commissioned a sequel from the Gordons enritled "Undercover Cat Prowls Again" but it was not made.


title: That Darn Cat!

text: The film's writers, Mildred Gordon, Gordon Gordon, and Bill Walsh, were nominated by the Writers Guild of America for Best Written American Comedy. The film was also nominated for an Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture, and a Golden Leaf nomination for Best Supporting Actress (Elsa Lanchester). Mills won the 1966 second place Golden Leaf award for Comedy Performance, Actress. The Sherman Brothers won the third place Golden Leaf award for Best Song.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: Hidden Agenda is a 2017 action-adventure game developed by Supermassive Games and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment. It was released on 24 October 2017 for PlayStation 4.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: "Hidden Agenda" is a psychological action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective. The player takes control of homicide detective Becky Marney (Katie Cassidy) and district attorney Felicity Graves (Christy Choi/Ashley Voom), both of whom are involved in the case of a serial killer known as The Trapper. The game features quick time events that determine the outcome of the story, including a character's death or survival. With the PlayLink feature, others may join the game to vote for a specific decision to be made, using their Android or iOS smartphones. In competitive mode, one player will at some point receive a secret objective, or Hidden Agenda, which is intended to create conflict between the players as they try to prevent it from happening.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: The game opens on an event that occurs six weeks before the playable prologue; Father Rominski is seen sitting in a prayer position with a bomb attached to him. When police officers enter the room, another bomb detonates, killing everyone.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: In November 2012, detective Becky Marney and her partner Tom Nelson (Leonard Roberts/Michael Addo) arrive at the scene of a possible hostage situation by a serial killer known as the Trapper. Becky can choose to either be cautious and scope the place out or be confident and go straight through the front door. Depending on choices, Tom can be killed. Either way, suspected perpetrator Jonathan Finn (Yan Feldman/Jonathan Burteaux) is captured and arrested, and the hostage Daniella Cardenas (Catherine Toribio/Eleni Miariti) is rescued. Finn confesses to the Trapper crimes and is sentenced to death by lethal injection by Judge William Vanstone (Robert Lewis Merrill/Simon Bond) upon the recommendation of district attorney Felicity Graves. If Tom died or was promoted to sergeant, Becky is assigned a new partner, Karl Carter (West Liang/Jozef Aoki).


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: In 2017, as Finn's execution date is approaching, his lawyer contacts Felicity to tell her that Finn wants to make a confession. Sergeant Noah Riggs (Chris L. McKenna/Jack Green) is briefing Becky, her partner, and detective Jack Calvary (Chad Michael Collins/Dawid Kocieda) on more unsolved murder victims. Calvary antagonizes Becky, and the meeting is dismissed.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: Finn claims to Felicity that he falsely confessed to being the Trapper, and that the real killer is Adam Jones, his old friend from the orphanage. Finn claims Jones' motive for the killings was fueled by Rominski's sexual abuse of him when he was a child, adding that Rominski had regularly abused children at the orphanage. Finn claims he was double-crossed by Jones, who promised him he would be freed after his false confessions. He may also claim that Cardenas was a co-conspirator rather than an actual hostage. Finn offers to draw a map and can overpower Felicity if she lets her guard down. Felicity can choose to ask Vanstone to grant Finn a temporary release. If this is done, Finn can take her to locations of interest.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: After Felicity presents the lead on Jones, it is discovered that the orphanage housed a child with Jones' name, but he supposedly died in the fire that shut down the orphanage. She is told by medical examiner Simon Hillary (Gabriel Schwalenstocker/Leonardo Patane) that there was no reason to suspect another killer besides Finn. Becky recounts an incident where she attended to a break-in in progress at a trailer park, which captured social worker Catherine Hope (Catherine Haena Kim/Zara Sparkes), who worked at the orphanage. Depending on actions, Becky either finds all the clues and saves Hope or escapes while Hope is killed in the explosion.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: Felicity looks into the Trapper victims and notices photos of mouse traps, which she can be informed by Riggs is a signature of the Trapper. Calvary is later killed in a bombing with the same M.O. as the Trapper. Surveillance footage shows Calvary meeting with a prostitute before his demise, causing the officers to suspect Becky of being the real Trapper due to her feud with Calvary. Hillary examines Calvary's body but doesn't permit Becky to have a closer look, and another explosion almost kills them. Becky can choose to provide an alibi for the night of Calvary's murder; not providing one causes suspicion of her to increase.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: Becky investigates leads, including sanitation worker Vernon LeMay (Larry Fessenden) and widow Jody Johnson (Deonna Bouye/Storm Stewart), two people who were connected to separate victims. However, both leads are dead ends. She also investigates the orphanage, where she encounters a hooded suspect. She chases the figure, but he escapes.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: Cardenas can reveal that Jones became a "police doctor", revealing that he is Hillary; Jones assumed the deceased Hillary's identity and covered his tracks while employed as the medical examiner. Becky meets with her partner at a restaurant, and can tell him she returned to the scene of Calvary's murder or that Hillary is Jones, but her partner dismisses her and leaves.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: If Becky was framed as the Trapper, a post-credits scene shows Hillary buying more mouse traps, revealing him as the true killer.


title: Hidden Agenda (2017 video game)

text: "Hidden Agenda" was announced at E3 2017, along with a launch trailer promoting support for the PlayLink feature.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Pliosaurus (meaning 'more lizard') is an extinct genus of thalassophonean pliosaurid known from the Kimmeridgian and Tithonian stages (Late Jurassic) of Europe and South America. Their diet would have included fish, cephalopods, and marine reptiles. This genus has contained many species in the past but recent reviews found only six ("P. brachydeirus", "P. carpenteri", "P. funkei", "P. kevani", "P. rossicus" and "P. westburyensis") to be valid, while the validity of two additional species awaits a petition to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Currently, "P. brachyspondylus" and "P. macromerus" are considered dubious, while "P. portentificus" is considered undiagnostic. Most species of "Pliosaurus" reached in length and in body mass, while "P. rossicus" and "P. funkei" may have reached or even exceeded in length and in body mass, being the largest plesiosaurs of all time. Species of this genus are differentiated from other pliosaurids based on seven autapomorphies, including teeth that are triangular in cross section.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "Pliosaurus brachydeirus" is the type species of the genus. It was first described and named by the English paleontologist Richard Owen in 1841, as a species of the wastebasket taxon "Plesiosaurus" in its own subgenus "Pleiosaurus", creating "Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus) brachydeirus". Later that year or in 1842, Owen published another study in which the species was relocated to its own genus, which he misspelled as "Pliosaurus". As have been noted by several authors, "Plesiosaurus (Pleiosaurus)" is the original spelling of "Pliosaurus", and therefore according to Article 32 of the ICZN, "Pleiosaurus" is the correct spelling of the generic name as well. However, because this spelling had been abandoned since Phillips (1871), "Pliosaurus" should be preserved according to Article 33.3.1 of the ICZN. The generic name is derived from πλειων, "pleion", meaning "more" and , "sauros", meaning "lizard" in Ancient Greek, in reference to Owen' belief that "Pliosaurus" was more closely related to "saurians" (including crocodilians) than "Plesiosaurus" was. The etymology of the specific name was not specified, but it probably refers to the shorter teeth of "P. brachydeirus" compared to teeth of other species then referred to "Plesiosaurus". The specific name has occasionally erroneously been spelled as "brachydirus", for example by Richard Lydekker (1889a, 1889b).


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. brachydeirus" is known from the holotype which includes seven specimens found in association and housed at Oxford University Museum of Natural History, OUMNH J.9245, OUMNH J.9247 through OUMNH J.9301 and OUMNH J.10453. The specimen consists of a partial skull and lower jaw, several axial elements and limb material. Other specimens that are referable to this species include OUMNH J.9285, and OUMNH J.9192 through OUMNH J.9301, all described by Owen (1841–1842) and were found associated with the holotype. The specimens were collected by Prof. William Buckland at Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, from the "Rasenia cymodoce" ammonite zone of the lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the early Kimmeridgian stage.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Knutsen (2012) revised the validity of this species and was able to diagnose it on a basis of combination of traits. "P. brachydeirus" had approximately 70 teeth in the lower jaw (72 according to Benson "et al." (2013)), 8-9 or more pairs of symphyseal teeth in dorsal view (12 pairs according to Benson "et al." (2013)) and 5 or more premaxillary teeth. It shows "type III" retroarticular process and autapomorphic (unique) traits of the cervical vertebrae, which had a smooth ventral surface and a ventral keel, unlike rounded to flat ventral surface seen in other species. Benson "et al." (2013) also noted that it lacks anisodont premaxillary dentition. The ontogenetic stage of the holotype of "P. brachydeirus" is not known, but the rounded edge on the distal end of the femur and lack of separation between the femoral capitulum and trochanter suggests that it is from a relatively young individual. According to Benson "et al." (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia also suggests that it is a juvenile.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. carpenteri" is known solely from the holotype BRSMG Cd6172, a nearly complete long skull, mandible and postcranial skeleton, including at least 17 complete vertebrae housed at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol, England. The specimen was collected at the Westbury Clay pit, Wiltshire, from subdivision E4 of the "Aulacostephanus eudoxus" ammonite zone, seven metres below the Crussoliceras Limestone of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian. Nicknamed "Westbury pliosaur II", it was first described by Sassoon "et al." (2012) who, together with Knutsen (2012), assigned it tentatively to "Pliosaurus sp.". It was reassigned to its own species by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in 2013. The specific name honors Simon Carpenter, the discoverer and collector of BRSMG Cd6172.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Sassoon "et al." (2012) originally ascribed the differences between BRSMG Cc332 (the holotype of "P. westburyensis") and BRSMG Cd6172 to intraspecific variation, with these specimens possibly being sexual dimorphs, due to fact that both were collected from close stratigraphic levels of the same quarry. However, Benson "et al." (2013) showed that the differences between them are relatively great even in the context of specimens from other localities. They diagnosed "P. carpenteri" based on a single autapomorphy – unlike all other thalassophoneans other than the proposed neotype of "P. brachyspondylus", the dorsal surface of the surangular lacks any fossa, and in contrast to all other specimens of "Pliosaurus" faces dorsally, not inclined to face dorsolaterally. "P. carpenteri" also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli, and a total count of 27; intermediate low count of syphysial alveoli including only 9; teeth fully trihedral, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface lacking enamel ridges; mediolateral expansion of caniniform regions of the premaxilla and maxilla relatively pronounced, although this might be due to crushing; six closely spaced premaxillary alveoli; anisodont premaxillary dentition; diastema present between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; premaxilla–parietal suture located level with the anterior region of the orbit; cervical centra lacking ventral ridge; and epipodials with highly convex proximal surfaces.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. funkei" is known from two partial skeletons, the holotype PMO 214.135 and the referred PMO 214.136, from the Svalbard archipelago of Norway. Housed at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum, the skeletons were found south of Sassenfjorden, from the southeast side of Mount Knerten, in the Arctic Spitsbergen island. Both individuals were collected by a Norwegian team led by Dr. Jørn Hurum within of one another, approximately below the Myklegardfjellet Bed from the black shales of the Slottsmøya Member, which is the uppermost out of four named members in the Agardhfjellet Formation. This stratigraphic horizon belongs to the "Dorsoplanites ilovaiskyi" to "Dorsoplanites maximus" ammonite zones (probably to the latter), of the middle Volgian stage which correlates with the middle Tithonian stage. The skeletons were discovered during eight seasons of fieldwork (2004–2012 field seasons) in the Slottsmøya Member, that have yielded other skeletal remains of marine reptiles, including the plesiosauroids "Colymbosaurus svalbardensis", "Djupedalia" and "Spitrasaurus", and the ichthyosaurs "Cryopterygius" and "Palvennia". "P. funkei" was first described and named by Espen M. Knutsen, Patrick S. Druckenmiller and Jørn H. Hurum in 2012. The specific name honors Bjørn Funke, the discoverer of the holotype, and his wife May-Liss Knudsen Funke for volunteering in the paleontological collections at the Museum.


title: Pliosaurus

text: The holotype of "P. funkei" is represented by the anterior portions of the upper and lower jaws (including premaxillary and dentary teeth), one nearly complete cervical centrum and two partial cervical centra, three pectoral centra with neural arches, fifteen dorsal centra and eight neural arches, a complete right coracoid, numerous rib fragments and gastralia, and a complete right forelimb. The referred specimen is represented by five partial cervical centra, one partial dorsal centrum, and a partial skull including the occipital condyle, a complete left quadrate, a partial left squamosal and incomplete left surangular and articular. Several fragmentary and unidentified bones also pertain to PMO 214.136. Due to the Arctic climate of Svalbard, the specimens were subjected to repeated freeze-thaw cycles before collection, extensively fracturing and degrading the material. PMO 214.136 was discovered in 2007, following the collection of approximately 20,000 fragments that compose PMO 214.135 which were found moist in situ and degraded upon drying during the preparation process (individual fragments are catalogued at the University of Oslo Natural History Museum by specimen number followed by a slash and a number). Estimates of skull length are approximately for the holotype and for PMO 214.136, suggesting a total body length of for the species, making "P. funkei" one of the largest pliosaurs described so far. Due to its large size and relative completeness, the species, nicknamed "Predator X" before its formal description, gained extensive media coverage, which claimed that it was "most fearsome animal ever to swim in the oceans". Morphological and histological characters, such as the presence of a tuberosity on the humerus and a well developed anterior process on the coracoid, and abnormal hardening and increase in density of bone, indicate that both specimens were adult individuals. Even though none of the neural arches are fused to their centra in the vertebral column of both individuals (a possible juvenile trait), this feature is present in all large pliosaurids, and thus possibly paedomorphic within Pliosauridae.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Knutsen "et al." (2012) diagnosed the species based on a unique combination of characters of the holotype. "P. funkei" has a possibly unique "type I" retroarticular process, unlike "P. brachydeirus", "P. brachyspondylus" and "P. macromerus". Unlike "P. brachydeirus", its cervical centra possess a rugose ventral surface, but lack ventral keel. Finally, it possesses comparatively longer forelimbs than other known pliosaurids, with a long humerus, more than 7 times the average width of cervical vertebral centra, in comparison to "P. brachyspondylus" and "P. rossicus", which have humeri less than 4.5 times the cervical width. Its complete teeth count is not known, however, it has at least six pairs of teeth in the mandibular symphysis, and at least five premaxillary tooth pairs. The two known individuals of "P. funkei" preserve mostly different regions of the skeleton and overlap only by cervical vertebrae. Nevertheless, these cervical vertebrae are morphologically indistinguishable, and both individuals were found in proximity to one another, at exactly the same stratigraphic horizon of the Slottsmøya member, strongly supporting the referral of PMO 214.136 to "P. funkei". Knutsen "et al." (2012) suggested that "P. funkei" is more similar to "P. rossicus" and the proposed neotype of "P. macromerus" than to "P. brachydeirus" and the proposed neotype of "P. brachyspondylus" in its cranial morphology.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Analysis of bones from the four flippers suggest that the animal cruised using only the fore-flippers, using the back flippers for extra speed when pursuing and capturing prey.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Predator X's brain was of a similar type and size, proportionally, to that of today's great white shark, the team says.


title: Pliosaurus

text: A television programme entitled "Predator X" first aired on History in 2009. It was also featured in the fourth episode of the BBC documentary series "Planet Dinosaur" in 2011, where it is shown hunting "Kimmerosaurus", a smaller plesiosaur. The scene is based on damages to the one known skull of "Kimmerosaurus", showing damage consistent with an attack of a very large animal with "Liopleurodon"-like dentition.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. kevani" is known solely from the holotype DORCM G.13,675, a nearly complete long skull and mandible housed at Dorset County Museum, Dorchester, England. The specimen was collected at Wyke Siltstone bed of Osmington Bay, from the "Rasenia cymodoce" ammonite zone, Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the Ancholme Group, dating to the early Kimmeridgian. DORCM G.13,675 was collected over a period of eight years as pieces up to in mass weathered out of the sea-cliff of Black Head. Most pieces were collected from loose or fallen blocks without any permits required, while other parts were collected in situ and purchased from land owners. They were first identified as a pliosaurid skull by Richard Edmonds, Earth Sciences Manager for Dorset and East Devon Coast World Heritage Site Team. Due to its large size and completeness, the specimen gained extensive media coverage, and its acquisition was announced publicly in October 2009. Additional elements were later donated by Patrick Clarke and purchased from Shirley Swaine. DORCM G.13,675 went on display in Dorchester County Museum in July 2011, after being in preparation between March 2010 and March 2011. Preparation of the lower jaws took 200 hours and a further 365 hours were needed to complete preparation of the skull. "P. kevani" was first described and named by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in 2013. The specific name honors Kevan Sheehan, the owner of a small café overlooking the sea at Osmington Mills, who collected most of the holotype during daily walks along the foreshore.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Benson "et al." (2013) diagnosed the species based on four autapomorphies of the holotype. The subrectangular sheet of the maxilla extends anteriorly on alveolar surface of the premaxilla to contact the distalmost premaxillary alveolus, while in other species of "Pliosaurus" an interdigitating premaxilla-maxilla suture is located midway between the mesialmost maxillary and distalmost premaxillary alveoli. Its pineal foramen is surrounded by a raised rim, while other thalassophoneans have a shallow fossa containing anteroposteriorly oriented grooves or ridges, that extends anteriorly from the pineal foramen. The mesial postsymphysial dentary alveoli are everted to face dorsolaterally, and not dorsally as seen in other species. Finally, the lateral surface of the mandible dorsoventrally concave posteriorly, while other thalassophoneans show flat or weakly convex lateral surface of the postedentary bones. "P. kevani" also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: high dentary alveolar count including 22 postsymphysial alveoli and an estimated total count of 36–37; high count of symphysial dentary alveoli including at least 7, estimated as 14–15; subtrihedral teeth, possessing a suboval cross-section with slightly flattened labial surface bearing only thinly distributed enamel ridges; pronounced mediolateral expansion of caniniform regions of the premaxilla and maxilla; six closely spaced premaxillary alveoli; anisodont premaxillary dentition; and premaxilla–parietal suture located level with the anterior region of the orbit.


title: Pliosaurus

text: CAMSM J.35990, a complete postcranial skeleton originally referred to "Stretosaurus macromerus", and later to "Pliosaurus sp.", might also pertain to "P. kevani". Although non-diagnostic at the species level, Benson "et al." (2013) differentiated it from most specimens of "Pliosaurus" based on its subtrihedral teeth, which are otherwise present only in "Pliosaurus kevani", and possibly also in "Gallardosaurus iturraldei" from the Oxfordian of Cuba. Even though it shares with the holotype of "P. kevani" a very large body size and stratigraphically closer to it, otherwise the specimens cannot be directly compared. Therefore, it was tentatively referred to as "Pliosaurus" cf. "kevani". A subtrihedral tooth from the Kimmeridge Clay of Ely, LEICT G418.1965.108, is also referred to "Pliosaurus" cf. "kevani" based on similar arguments.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. rossicus" was first described and named by Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov in 1948. The specific name is derived from the name of Russia, where the holotype was found. The holotype of "P. rossicus", PIN 304/1 housed at Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, consists of cranial and some postcranial remains of a relatively small pliosaur. It was collected at the right bank of the Volga River, of Chuvashia, European part of Russia, from the Buinsk Mine oil shales, "Dorsoplanites panderi" ammonite zone, dating to the middle Volgian stage (also known as middle Tithonian). Novozhilov (1964) later also described some pectoral remains associated with the holotype. The holotype preserved trihedral teeth like other members of "Pliosaurus", and bears 6 tooth pairs in the mandibular symphysis, similar to OUMNH J.10454. Halstead (1971) reassigned this species to "Liopleurodon" based on this symphyseal tooth count, but Knutsen (2012) and Benson "et al." (2013) referred it back to "Pliosaurus", as it exhibits the diagnostic traits of the genus such as trihedral teeth. PIN 304/1 has also been interpreted as a juvenile by both Halstead (1971) and Storrs "et al." (2000) based on its relatively small size and poorly developed dorsal blade and anteroventral ramus of the scapula.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Halstead (1971) referred a second, larger specimen PIN 2440/1 consisting of a partial rostrum and hind limb, to "P. rossicus". PIN 2440/1 was originally described as "Pliosaurus" cf. "grandis" by Rozhdestvenskii (1947), but later referred to "P. rossicus" based on the presence of a similar number of mandibular symphyseal teeth with the holotye and their relative stratigraphic co-occurrence. Another specimen of large pliosaur was tentatively assigned to "P. rossicus" by Malakhov (1999). The specimen was collected from the lower Volgian (early Tithonian) of Kazakhstan, and represents postcranial remains No. 13-1958, at Institute of Zoology MS-AS RK.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Knutsen (2012) suggested possible synonymy between "P. macromerus" and "P. rossicus" based on the presence of only six symphysial and five premaxillary alveoli in both. Nevertheless, he provisionally retained "P. rossicus" as a separate species, as the stratigraphic ranges of the two taxa do not overlap, and the specimens were not adequate described. However, a reexamination of NHMUK PV OR 39362 (proposed neotype of "P. macromerus") by Benson "et al." (2013), revealed that it had at least seven symphyseal tooth, but more likely nine. Therefore, they considered "P. rossicus" to be a valid species of "Pliosaurus" based on the presence of an autapomorphic short symphysis containing only six alveoli. Based on the presence of this trait, they tentatively referred OUMNH J.10454 (and thus possibly OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377) to "P. ? rossicus". These specimens were all collected at Chawley brick pit, of the upper part of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay, dating to the late Kimmeridgian, and were originally assigned to "P. macromerus". OXFUM J.10454 is a highly reconstructed and fragmentary specimen, with a total length of . Tarlo estimated that the skull length of this individual had originally been more than , however Benson "et al." (2013) argued that this cannot be currently determined. Apart from the autapomorphy noted above and trihedral teeth, "P. rossicus" possesses the following combination of characters (based on its holotype): 5 premaxillary tooth pairs; cervical vertebrae with ornamented ventral surface, but lacking ventral keel; proportionally shorter humeri than "P. funkei", less than 4.5 times the average width of cervical centra, versus more than 7 times.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. westburyensis" is known solely from the holotype BRSMG Cc332, a nearly complete skull and postcranial fragments, including four cervical vertebrae housed at Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery, Bristol. The specimen was collected at the Westbury Clay pit, Wiltshire, England, from subdivision E5 of the "Aulacostephanus eudoxus" ammonite zone, one metre below the Crussoliceras Limestone of the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian. Nicknamed "Westbury pliosaur I", it was first described by Taylor & Cruickshank (1993) and referred to "P. brachyspondylus" based on the absence of a ventral keel on the cervical vertebral centra. BRSMG Cc332 was assigned tentatively to "Pliosaurus sp." by Sassoon "et al." (2012) and Knutsen (2012) and reassigned to its own species by Roger B. J. Benson, Mark Evans, Adam S. Smith, Judyth Sassoon, Scott Moore-Faye, Hilary F. Ketchum and Richard Forrest in 2013. The specific name honours the town of Westbury near which the holotype was found.


title: Pliosaurus

text: The mandible of BRSMG Cc332 is approximately 50 cm longer than CAMSM J.35991 (proposed neotype for "P. brachyspondylus"), but is shorter than the two French specimens referred to "P. brachyspondylus". Knutsen (2012) distinguished BRSMG Cc332 from "P. brachyspondylus" as the former has a "type IV" retroarticular process and a much lower degree of fusion between the anterior mandibular bones. Benson "et al." (2013) diagnosed the species based on three autapomorphies. "P. westburyensis" has widely spaced premaxillary alveoli, with interalveolar walls approximately half the anteroposterior length of a single alveolus. It also has a long, sheet-like process of the maxilla that extends back to the anterolateral part of the maxilla–frontal contact medial to the external naris, and terminates just anterior to midlength of the orbital. Finally, the suture between the premaxilla and parietal bone is located around orbital midlength. "P. westburyensis" also possesses a unique combination of characters, including: low dentary alveolar count including only 18 postsymphysial alveoli; teeth fully trihedral in cross-section, possessing a flat, anteroposteriorly broad labial surface lacking enamel ridges; relatively slight mediolateral expansion of premaxilla and maxillary caniniform region; six premaxillary alveoli; lack of anisodont premaxillary dentition; lack of diastema between maxillary and premaxillary alveolar rows; and cervical centra lacking ventral ridge.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "Pliosaurus brachyspondylus" was first described and named by Owen in 1839, as a species of "Plesiosaurus". The specific name is derived from βραχυς, "brachus", meaning "short" and σπόνδυλος, "spondylos", meaning "vertebra" in Ancient Greek. It was named on the basis of a series of unassociated cervical vertebrae as the holotype. These specimens were collected at Headington Pits near Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, from the Kimmeridge Clay. It was later noted by Pocock (1908), that the material was found in the lower part of the Kimmeridge Clay, as the pits expose the contact between the Kimmeridge Clay Formation and the underlying Corallian beds. Several other cervical centra from the same strata at Weymouth, Dorsetshire, that had been named "Plesiosaurus giganteus" by Conybeare (1824), were also referred to "Plesiosaurus brachyspondylus" by Owen (1839). Eichwald (1868) reassigned "P. brachyspondylus" to "Pliosaurus" but did not provide diagnosis to distinguished these vertebrae from those of the type species of the genus. "P. giganteus" was later synonymised by Lydekker (1889a) with "P. brachydeirus", the type species.


title: Pliosaurus

text: According to Tarlo (1959a), the holotypes of "P. giganteus" and "P. brachyspondylus" have been lost or destroyed since their initial descriptions. Therefore, he selected a single posterior cervical centrum, CAMSM J.29564, as the neotype of "P. brachyspondylus", while "P. giganteus" became a "nomen oblitum", forgotten name, as "P. brachyspondylus" had traditionally been given priority over it. This centrum was the only not dorsal centrum from a series of thirty associated centra listed by Harry Seeley (1869) as belonging to "P. brachyspondylus". They were collected at the Roswell (Roslyn) pit near Ely, Cambridgeshire, also in England, from between the "Aulacostephanus mutabilis" or "Aulacostephanus eudoxus" ammonite zones, of the lower Kimmeridge Clay Formation. Although the measurements of the neotype agree with these of the lost holotype, they are also similar to these of referred specimens of "P. brachydeirus" (OUMNH J.9291-9301) and ""Pliosaurus" andrewsi" ( R.1243, cast of mid-cervical centrum referred to "P. evansi"). Additionally, Seeley's referral was based on a single character, "articular surface is very slightly concave, with a small round depression at the centre", a feature that is now known to be common in other pliosaurids as well. Thus, Tarlo's choice of the neotype of "P. brachyspondylus" relies solely on the similarity in size to the original material described by Owen (1839), which is also similar to "P. brachydeirus". The neotype centrum, CAMSM J.29564, differs from the holotype of "P. brachydeirus" in the following two traits; it has ventral surface ornamentation but lacks a ventral keel. Nevertheless, the neotype for "P. brachyspondylus" is non-diagnostic from other species of "Pliosaurus", and thus the name must be considered a "nomen dubium".


title: Pliosaurus

text: In the same paper, Tarlo (1959a) described an associated pliosaur skeleton, CAMSM J.35991, and referred it to "P. brachyspondylus". CAMSM J.35991 consists of a complete mandible, most of the axial skeleton and parts of the appendicular skeleton. It was found in 1889 in the "Aulacostephanus eudoxus" ammonite zone of the lower Kimmeridge Clay, at the same locality as CAMSM J.29564 (the neotype for "P. brachyspondylus"). Knutsen (2012) suggested to replace the neotype for "P. brachyspondylus", with CAMSM J.35991 as the new neotype, because both specimens and possibly the lost holotype are from the same locality and horizon, and similar in size. CAMSM J.35991 is much more complete and can be distinguished from all other species of "Pliosaurus". Benson "et al." (2013) agreed with this suggestion, but considered "P. brachyspondylus" to be Thalassophonea indet., until a petition to the ICZN is made. Based on CAMSM J.35991, Knutsen (2012) provisionally diagnosed "P. brachyspondylus" as a "Pliosaurus" with approximately 60 (58 according to Benson "et al." (2013)) teeth in the lower jaw, 9 pairs of symphyseal teeth in dorsal view. It had "type II" retroarticular process and proportionally shorter humeri than "P. funkei". As also seen in CAMSM J.29564, it had cervical centra with ventral surface ornamentation, but lacking a ventral keel. According to Benson "et al." (2013), the flat morphology of the proximal surface of the radius or tibia suggests that CAMSM J.35991 is a juvenile.


title: Pliosaurus

text: According to Knutsen (2012), Bardet "et al." (1993) referred two additional mandibles to "P. brachyspondylus" based solely on a similar number of dentary and symphyseal teeth; BHN 2R.370, collected at the Moulin-Wibert quarry, from the "Rasenia cymodoce" ammonite zone of the Calcaires de Moulin-Wibert Formation of Nord-Pas-de-Calais, and MNHN cat.24.1 collected at Le Havre, Normandy, both from the early Kimmeridgian of France. Benson "et al." (2013) discussed only BHN 2R.370 originally referred to "Pliosaurus grandis", stating that "P. carpenteri" has a similar count of dentary and symphysial teeth, and thus the specimen cannot be identified to species level. However it was referred to "Pliosaurus" indet. as it has a broad, dorsolaterally facing surangular fossa, bounded laterally by a fossa and ridge. Another specimen, BRSMG Cc332, was referred to "P. brachyspondylus" by Taylor and Cruickshank (1993) and to "Pliosaurus sp." by Sassoon "et al." (2012) and Knutsen (2012), but was reassigned to its own species "P. westburyensis" by Benson "et al." (2013).


title: Pliosaurus

text: "Pliosaurus macromerus" was first described and named by John Phillips in 1871, as a species of "Pleiosaurus", on the basis of a large femur, OUMNH J.12498, and a series of unassociated vertebrae. The specific name is derived from μακρός, "makros", meaning "long" in Ancient Greek and "mēros", meaning "thigh" in Latin, from Greek, in reference to the large size of OUMNH J.12498 (a thigh bone). These specimens were collected during the excavation of the Great Western Railway near Swindon, Wiltshire, probably from the "Pectinatites hudlestoni" and "Pavlovia pallasioides" ammonite zone, Upper Kimmeridge Clay, of the Swindon Clay and Cemetery Beds. Lydekker (1889a) amended the "Pleiosaurus macromerus" into "Pliosaurus", and reassigned NHMUK PV OR 39362 to this species with other material, based solely on large size. NHMUK PV OR 39362, a complete skull and mandible, was first described by Owen (1869) who referred it to "Pliosaurus grandis". It was collected at Kimmeridge Bay, Dorsetshire, from the "Aulacostephanus autissidorensis" or "Pectinatites elegans" ammonite zones of the Upper Kimmeridge Clay Formation, dating to the late Kimmeridgian or early Tithonian.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Tarlo (1959b) erected OUMNH J. 10441, one of the partial cervical vertebrae from the collection of unassociated remains listed by Philips (1871), as the lectotype of "P. macromerus". It was assigned to "P. macromerus" based on its large size, similar to those of "P. westburyensis" and "P. funkei". Tarlo (1959b) described the lectotype as "somewhat roughened", while Lydekker (1889a) described it as being "very coarse and rough" in reference to its ventral rugosity, resembling that of "P. brachyspondylus". Tarlo (1959b) also erected a new generic name for "P. macromerus", "Stretosaurus", due to the unusual scapular morphology of a specimen he described and referred to it, CAMSM J.35990. It was found at Stretham, southwest of Ely in Cambridgeshire, probably from the early Kimmeridgian "Aulacostephanus mutabilis" ammonite zone. It represents an associated fragmentary skull and a relatively complete postcranial skeleton. Tarlo (1959b) referred CAMSM J.35990, and two other very large, anterior cervical vertebral centra, CAMSM J.29562 and CAMSM J.30057, to "Stretosaurus macromerus" based on similar size and ornamentation of the cervical vertebrae. Knutsen (2012) noted that this ornamentation is shared with "P. westburyensis" and the proposed neotype of "P. brachyspondylus".


title: Pliosaurus

text: Based on similar number of mandibular symphyseal teeth with NHMUK PV OR 39362, Tarlo (1959b) also assigned to "S. macromerus" a partial mandible, OUMNH J.10454, represented by an anterior rostral tip and associated trihedral teeth. Nicknamed "Cumnor mandible", it was collected at Chawley brick pit, Oxfordshire, alongside "Cumnoria prestwichii". This locality most likely belongs to the "Aulacostephanus eudoxus" or "A. autissidorensis" ammonite zone, of the upper part of the Lower Kimmeridge Clay. Knutsen (2012) noted that there is no overlap between the cranial portions of CAMSM J.35990 and NHMUK PV OR 39362 or OUMNH J.10454. Halstead (1989) referred a more recently discovered, complete specimen (NHMUK R8928) to "P. brachyspondylus" based on its long mandibular symphysis. Using this specimen he re-identified the "scapula" of CAMSM J.35990 as an ilium, but in spite of their similar ilial morphology, reassigned "S. macromerus" to "Liopleurodon". According to Noè "et al." (2004), the specimens of "S. macromerus" should be referred to "P. macromerus" as the name "Stretosaurus" is invalid, and NHMUK PV OR 39362 and CAMSM J.35990 exhibit the autapomorphic trihedral teeth of "Pliosaurus".


title: Pliosaurus

text: Knutsen (2012) suggested to replace the lectotype of "P. macromerus", with NHMUK PV OR 39362 as a neotype, because the lectotype (as well as the remaining syntypes) is indistinguishable from all species of "Pliosaurus", apart from "P. brachydeirus" due to vertebral ornamentation. NHMUK PV OR 39362 is much more complete and can be distinguished from all other species of "Pliosaurus". NHMUK PV OR 39362 has been traditionally assigned to "P. macromerus", and even though it has previously been assigned to "P. grandis", Lydekker (1889a) showed that there is no evidence that the syntypes of "P. grandis" even belong to "Pliosaurus", and there is no overlapping material between them and NHMUK PV OR 39362. Benson "et al." (2013) agreed with the suggestion to assign a neotype of "P. macromerus", but considered it to be Thalassophonea indet., until a petition to the ICZN is made. Based on NHMUK PV OR 39362, Knutsen (2012) provisionally diagnosed "P. brachyspondylus" as a "Pliosaurus" with at least 50 teeth in the lower jaw (probably 54), at least 7 pairs (probably 9) of symphyseal teeth and 5 pairs of premaxillary teeth. It also has "type III" retroarticular process. Benson "et al." (2013) noted that it lacks anisodont premaxillary dentition.


title: Pliosaurus

text: Other specimens previously referred to "P. macromerus" are currently assigned to other species of "Pliosaurus", rendering this species a "nomen dubium". Knutsen (2012) referred CAMSM J.35990 to "Pliosaurus sp.", stating that it is non-diagnostic at the species level. Benson "et al." (2013) agreed that it cannot be confidently diagnosed as a distinct species, or referred to an existing species with certainty. Nevertheless, they differentiated CAMSM J.35990 from most specimens of "Pliosaurus" based on its subtrihedral teeth, which are otherwise present only in "Pliosaurus kevani", and possibly also in "Gallardosaurus iturraldei" from the Oxfordian of Cuba. Furthermore, it shares with "P. kevani" a very large body size and stratigraphically closer to "P. kevani", but cannot be otherwise compared to it. Therefore, it was tentatively referred to as "Pliosaurus" cf. "kevani". According to Knutsen (2012), OUMNH J.10454 is referable to "P. macromerus", together with two associated fragments, OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377, each constituting one ramus of a lower jaw from a single individual. All three specimens were collected from the same pit, are of similar size, and have "type III" retroarticular process. The referral to "P. macromerus" was based on this trait, a suggested similar symphyseal tooth count (six) between OUMNH J.10454 and the proposed neotype of "P. macromerus", and their occurrence at approximately the same stratigraphic level. However, a reexamination of NHMUK PV OR 39362 (proposed neotype of "P. macromerus") by Benson "et al." (2013), revealed that it had at least seven symphyseal tooth, but more likely nine. Therefore, they considered "P. rossicus" to be a valid species of "Pliosaurus" based on the presence of an autapomorphic short symphysis containing only six alveoli, and tentatively referred OUMNH J.10454 (and thus possibly OUMNH J.50376 and OUMNH J.50377) to "P. ? rossicus". Another possible difference between NHMUK PV OR 39362 and OUMNH J.10454, is that the latter had greater mandibular tooth count of approximately 60, although this is possibly an artifact of its reconstruction according to Knutsen (2012).


title: Pliosaurus

text: "P. irgisensis" was first described and named by Nestor Ivanovich Novozhilov in 1948, under the name "Peloneustes irgisensis". The specific name is derived from the name of the Maly Irgiz River, where the holotype was found. The holotype, PIN 426 housed at Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, consists of partial cranium and postcranium of a medium-sized individual. The cranial remains of PIN 426 are currently suffering from the effects of pyrite decay, and its associated remains have been lost. It was collected at Savel-evsk Mine No. 1, of eastern Saratov Oblast, European part of Russia, from the middle Volgian stage (also known as middle Tithonian). Novozhilov (1964) reassigned the material to a new genus, "Strongylokrotaphus", meaning "round" ("strongylos") "temple" or "head" ("krotaphos") in Ancient Greek. These assignments were criticized by other workers, including Tarlo (1960), Halstead (1971) and Storrs "et al." (2000), because of the general and non-specific diagnosis for "Strongylokrotaphus", and differences from the type species of "Peloneustes". "P. irgisensis" might be synonymous with "P. rossicus" based on their similar sizes and stratigraphic co-occurrence, as the only difference between the species is ontogenetic. Knutsen (2012) considered the material to be non-diagnostic and referred "P. irgisensis" to Pliosauridae indet, as dentition, which is autapomorphic in "Pliosaurus", was not described from PIN 426. Benson "et al." (2013) also considered this species to be a "nomen dubium", referring it to Thalassophonea indet, and stating that PIN 426 requires re-description.


title: Pliosaurus

text: "Pliosaurus portentificus" is known from the late Kimmeridgian of England. Considered by Knutsen (2012) and Benson "et al." (2013) to be undiagnostic, with its holotype specimen most likely being a juvenile individual of one of the other species of "Pliosaurus".


title: Pliosaurus

text: Using "Liopleurodon", another large pliosaurid, as a guide, a specimen found in the Svalbard islands of northern Europe has been estimated to have been long, in body mass and had teeth long. It is estimated to have lived approximately 147 million years ago. Later on, thorough scrutiny of this Svalbard specimen revealed that it was not as massive as originally claimed; total length estimates have been revised to and was named "Pliosaurus funkei" in Knutsen et al. (2012), with estimated skull lengths of and a forelimb length of for the holotype (PMO 214.135), and an estimated skull length of for the referred specimen (PMO 214.136), suggesting that the animal had proportionally bigger flippers than other pliosaurs compared to the skull size and dimensions of the vertebrae. Gregory S. Paul proposed that most species reached in length and in body mass, while "P. rossicus" reached in length and in body mass; he also agreed with the estimate of "P. funkei" by Knutsen et al. (2012) and noted that the largest known examples may have exceeded and weighed up to . Analysis of bones from the four flippers suggest that the animal cruised using just two fore-flippers, using the back pair for extra speed when pursuing and capturing prey. "P. funkei" brain was of a similar type and size, proportionally, to that of today's great white shark.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: Hurray for the Riff Raff is a band from New Orleans formed with changing members by Alynda Segarra, a singer-songwriter from the Bronx, New York, after they had moved to New Orleans in 2007.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: As Segarra's project, the group originally performed different styles of folk music while releasing several albums independently.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: Alynda Mariposa Segarra (formerly known as alynda lee) was raised by their aunt and uncle in the Bronx where they developed an early appreciation for doo-wop and Motown. They are an American rock musician of Puerto Rican heritage.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: Segarra became a regular attendee of hardcore punk shows at ABC No Rio when they were young. They left their home in the Bronx at age 17, spending time crossing North America, hopping freight trains.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: Around 2007, Segarra became a part of the Dead Man Street Orchestra, a hobo band that was documented in a photo essay by "Time Magazine" in 2007. Segarra traveled with the group for two years, releasing two independent albums and embarking on freight train tours across the country.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In 2008, Segarra self-released Hurray for the Riff Raff's first studio album, "It Don't Mean I Don't Love You", followed by another self-released album, "Young Blood Blues", in 2010. In February 2011, Hurray for the Riff Raff were featured in an article in "The Times" based around the HBO TV series "Treme", with their track "Daniella" having been included in the show's selection of New Orleans' essential songs.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: On 21 March 2011, Hurray for the Riff Raff released their self-titled CD on Loose Music in Europe, composed of Segarra's favorite songs from the band's two previous records. Tracks from this indie-label debut release by the band received airplay on BBC Radio 2 and BBC 6 Music.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In May 2012, Hurray for the Riff Raff released "Look Out Mama" on their own label, Born to Win Records, as well as on Loose Music in Europe. "No Depression" said it "sounds like something The Band would’ve had playing on a Victorola while making "Music From Big Pink" in Woodstock." The album was recorded in Nashville, Tennessee at The Bomb Shelter Studios and produced by Andrija Tokic (Alabama Shakes). The record features the single "End of the Line".


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: "My Dearest Darkest Neighbor" was then released on July 1, 2013 through Mod Mobilian Records and This Is American Music. The album was previously available only as a Kickstarter reward and in limited local release and featured handmade covers. Tracks on the record include songs by Townes Van Zandt, Billie Holiday, Gillian Welch, Leadbelly, John Lennon, Lucinda Williams, Joni Mitchell, Hank Williams, and George Harrison, and features Segarra's interpretation of Gillian Welch's "Ruination Day".


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: "Wall Street Journal" describes Segarra's singing thus: "She has a subtle, expressive voice that she wraps around songs that draw on the sounds and styles of the American South, and her lyrics often take unconventional tack on traditional subjects."


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In February 2014, Hurray for the Riff Raff had their ATO Records debut with "Small Town Heroes". The record featured “The Body Electric,” a song that NPR’s Ann Powers called “The Political Song of the Year” in 2014 and says the album "sweeps across eras and genres with grace and grit."


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: Describing Segarra's music, NPR says "Segarra's morning-after alto might be the least showy great voice to hit the national scene this year."


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In early July 2016, the band played the Danish festival of Roskilde to an enthusiastic audience. In December 2016, they announced a new record, "The Navigator", on "Pitchfork" with the first single from the album, "Rican Beach." The album was released on March 10, 2017 on ATO Records.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In late 2018, Segarra joined organizers of the Newport Folk Festival to travel to Puerto Rico and deliver instruments to various public schools. During that visit, Segarra played their first concert at La Respuesta in Santurce.


title: Hurray for the Riff Raff

text: In 2021, Nonesuch Records announced Hurray for the Riff Raff's debut album on the label. "Life on Earth" was released on February 18, 2022. Its eleven new “nature punk” tracks on the theme of survival are "music for a world in flux—songs about thriving, not just surviving, while disaster is happening." Leading up to its release, "Stereogum" made it their album of the week, noting that the album's "sonic backdrop is fluid yet unmistakable no matter what form it takes. Even at their most synthetic, these tracks come across as earthy and alive—an extension of their environment. Even at their smallest and quietest, they feel huge." The album was met with critical acclaim upon its release.


title: Lisa Bonder

text: Lisa Bonder (born October 16, 1965), also known as Lisa Bonder-Kreiss or Lisa Bonder-Kerkorian, is an American former professional tennis player. During her career, she won four singles titles on the WTA circuit and reached a highest ranking of No. 9 in August 1984.


title: Lisa Bonder

text: Bonder played on the WTA tour from 1981 to 1991 and won four titles before retiring, the first in 1982 in Hamburg, West Germany, and then three tournaments in Tokyo from 1982 to 1983. She reached the fourth round of the US Open in 1983 and 1984 and at Wimbledon in 1984. She also reached a quarterfinal at Roland Garros in 1984. Notable career victories include wins over Chris Evert, Mary Joe Fernandez, and Andrea Jaeger. Bonder reached a career high ranking of no. 9 and retired with a 139–126 win–loss record.


title: Lisa Bonder

text: Born in Columbus, Ohio to Seth and Julia Bonder, who later divorced, she was raised in Saline, Michigan. Her father Seth, an American engineer who founded Vector Research, Inc., was born in the Bronx], New York to Russian emigrants who worked in the garment district.