title: Golden Son

text: "Golden Son" debuted at #6 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list, and won the 2015 Goodreads Choice Award for Science Fiction. Marc Snetiker of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the novel an A, calling it "gripping" and noting that "Darrow au Andromedus will break your heart." He added:


title: Golden Son

text: "Publishers Weekly" called the novel "twisty" and noted that hero Darrow "is forced to manipulate both friend and foe, a burden described vividly and to great effect ... Dramatic battles with a real sense of loss, and a final chapter that slams into both Darrow and the reader, make this the rare middle book that loses almost no momentum as it sets up the final installment."


title: Nicole Jung

text: Nicole Yongju Jung (born October 7, 1991), referred to as Nicole, is an American singer based in South Korea. She is a member of South Korean girl group Kara.


title: Nicole Jung

text: In 2014, Jung left DSP Media and moved to B2M Entertainment to pursue her solo career. Her solo debut mini album, "First Romance", was released on November 19, 2014.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung was born on October 7, 1991 in Glendale, California to Korean parents. She attended Mark Keppel Elementary School and Toll Middle School in Glendale, California. She participated in choir, drill team, played the violin for 4 years and took dance classes.


title: Nicole Jung

text: She auditioned for DSP Media by sending a video of her singing an Ivy and Black Eyed Peas song. Jung made the decision to go to South Korea and experienced hardships such as adjusting to the culture and missing her friends. She accepted DSP's offer, her mom moved with her to South Korea and has opened up a Korean BBQ restaurant called "Aura The Grill".


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung was on a show called ""KAIST"" which was renamed to ""Nicole The Entertainer's Introduction to Veterinary Science"" in Konkuk University. The first episode aired on November 12, 2009. She "graduated" from college in January 2010.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung debuted as the youngest member in Kara on March 29, 2007, with their single "Break It", alongside Park Gyuri, Han Seungyeon, and Kim Sunghee. In May, Sunghee departed from the group, and two members were added in July – Goo Hara and Kang Jiyoung.


title: Nicole Jung

text: On December 4, 2008, Kara released their 2nd mini-album "Pretty Girl", and in February 2009 came the follow-up album "Honey"; the latter's title track of the same name became the group's first #1 single on music shows when it topped M! Countdown and The Music Trend. In late July 2009, Kara released their second album named "Revolution". Owing to the popularity of the songs "Wanna" and "Mister", the group's overall popularity increased, and they followed with their third mini-album "Lupin".


title: Nicole Jung

text: In August 2010, Kara officially debuted in Japan with a Japanese version of their 2009 Korean single "Mister". After this, Kara released their fourth mini-album Jumping in South Korea in November 2010.


title: Nicole Jung

text: On January 19, 2011, Jung announced, alongside fellow members Kang Jiyoung and Han Seung-yeon, that they were terminating their contract with DSP through court. On April 28, 2011, the dispute between DSP Media and Kara's 3 members was officially announced as resolved.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung injured her ankle during Kara's first stand-alone concert in Korea, which was held on February 18, 2012. She was performing a solo performance cover of Michael Jackson's "Beat It", when she hurt her ankle while leaving through a lift. After she got hurt, she did limp a little during performances but she still finished the concert. Afterwards in the dressing room, she received acupuncture for her injury. Despite her injury, she still performed on the very next day. Afterwards, Jung's injury was publicly revealed as she was photographed at airports in a wheelchair. Despite her injury, Nicole still hosted SBS "Inkigayo" with a cast on her leg. Owing to the ankle injury, she was unable to perform in group performance choreography during their Speed Up promotion in Japan from March to April 2012.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Kara has released Kara Collection in 2012, both in South Korea and Japan, an album containing each of the girls' solo songs. Jung's song was "Lost", which featured close friend Jinwoon.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung performed with the group for the last time at the "2013 MBC Gayo Daejejeon" on December 31, 2013. The group performed a medley of their past hit singles along with "Damaged Lady", from the group's fourth album "Full Bloom".


title: Nicole Jung

text: On January 13, 2014, it was announced that Jung would be withdrawing from the group due to the expiration of her contract with DSP Media, and that she would be flying to the States for two months to focus on improving her vocal and dance skills while preparing to make a solo debut.


title: Nicole Jung

text: On October 14, 2014, Jung signed an exclusive contract with B2M Entertainment. The agency revealed, "Following the end of her contract with DSP Media, Nicole is currently preparing for her solo debut after confirming a new agency and completing the contract signing. Nicole's new agency was established by CEO Gil Jong Hwa, who had been with KARA from their debut to their peak. Since their connection under DSP Media, they have maintained close relations with one another."


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung's solo debut mini album, "First Romance" was released on November 19, 2014, and the title song "MAMA", which was used to promote the mini album.


title: Nicole Jung

text: "First Romance" in November sold 8,754 copies. By the end of 2014, the mini album had sold 10,137 copies.


title: Nicole Jung

text: On April 22, 2015, it was revealed that Jung would debut in Japan on June 24. She performed her debut song before release at the 'KCON 2015 Japan X M! Chttp://series-top.com/new-showsountdown'. On June 17, she released a short PV of her debut single "Something Special". On June 24, Jung released the PV for "Something Special".


title: Nicole Jung

text: In December 2015, Jung released news that she would be coming back in Japan with her second Japanese single in 2016. It was revealed that the single would be called "Don't Stop" to be released on February 17. On January 16, she released a short PV version of "Don't Stop"


title: Nicole Jung

text: On March 2, 2016, Jung revealed on her Instagram that she would be releasing her first solo Japanese album, titled "Bliss" on April 27, 2016. The title track from the album is titled "HAPPY", the PV teaser was released on March 31, 2016. She had her first solo concerts titled "2016 Nicole The 1st Live" spanning two days, April 29, 2016, and May 1, 2016. She end her contract with CJ Victor in 2016 & B2M in 2017. She joined Diamond Music for her Japanese promotions.


title: Nicole Jung

text: In July 2022, Jung decided to sign with new label JWK Entertainment. It was also announced that she will return with the digital single "You.F.O" on July 27.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung was featured on former DSP Media artist Sunha's first album Fahrenheit in the song "String" (2008). In April 2009, she sang a duet with former Noel member Kang Kyun-seong called "Happy And". In August 2009, she and singer Jay Park became part of historical culture variety show "Nodaji", replacing Choi Min-yong and Kim Tae-hyun. The show was eventually cancelled due to low ratings in October 2009.


title: Nicole Jung

text: In September 2009, Jung was featured in numerous live performances of Mighty Mouth's single "Love Class". In July 2010, she sang a duet with Park Myung Soo for his single "Whale" (고래).


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung was a member of "Dazzling Red", one of the idol project groups for the 2012 SBS Korean Music Festival – The Color of K-Pop concert with fellow idols After School's Nana, 4Minute's Hyuna, Secret's Hyoseong, and SISTAR's Hyorin. Dazzling Red released a single, "This Person", in December 2012.


title: Nicole Jung

text: Jung was invited to the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan (as the only Korean artist invited that year) on June 22, 2013, and performed her solo song "Lost" from "Kara Collection".


title: Query language

text: Query languages, data query languages or database query languages (DQL) are computer languages used to make queries in databases and information systems. A well known example is the Structured Query Language (SQL).


title: Query language

text: Broadly, query languages can be classified according to whether they are database query languages or information retrieval query languages. The difference is that a database query language attempts to give factual answers to factual questions, while an information retrieval query language attempts to find documents containing information that is relevant to an area of inquiry. Other types of query languages include:


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: The SSG 69 ("Scharfschützengewehr 69", literally Sharpshooter Rifle 69) is a bolt-action sniper rifle produced by Steyr Mannlicher that serves as the standard sniper rifle for the Austrian Army.


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: Adopted in 1969 (hence the designation), it was ahead of its time with the use of synthetics and cold hammer-forged barrels for durability. Aside from being the Austrian Army's standard issue sniper rifle, it is also used by several law enforcement organizations. It is extremely accurate and several international competitions have been won using an SSG-69 with accuracy being sub 0.15 mrad (0.5 moa).


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: There are several variants made with mostly cosmetic differences, the only anomaly being the SSG-PIV using a 409 mm barrel with a 1:250 mm (1:10 inches) twist designed to handle heavy subsonic ammunition in conjunction with a suppressor.


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: The bolt action uses rear-locking lugs (in common with the SMLE), rather than the more common front-locking lugs. This, and the fact that it is only produced in the 'short action' length, limits the chambering to non-magnum calibres, a legacy of a military weapon designed only to fire the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge. It is essentially a target/police/military weapon, but with its caliber and inherent accuracy, it lends itself to hunting that requires longer distance shots.


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: The standard detachable magazine features a 5-round rotary design that fits flush with the stock, although a 10-round staggered box is available as an accessory. Both are transparent-backed, immediately showing remaining capacity. Even though spool magazines are unusual in military rifles, Steyr-Mannlicher produced Mannlicher–Schönauer rifles with one from early 1900s until 1972.


title: Steyr SSG 69

text: The Austrian military combined the SSG 69 with the Kahles ZF 69 6×42 telescopic sight as optical sight for their snipers. Later the similar Kahles ZF 84 10×42 telescopic sight was also offered. These optical sights on customer request can feature a Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC) elevation turret tuned for the ballistic trajectory of a particular gun-cartridge combination with a predefined projectile weight/type, muzzle velocity and air density at ranges. The Austrian military ZF 69 sights BDC was calibrated from in increments up to and increments from upwards with 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective is an animated television series based on the . The series was produced by Morgan Creek Productions, Funbag Animation Studios, Nelvana Limited, for the first two seasons and Odyssey Entertainment for the third and final season. It aired for two seasons from 1995 to 1997 on CBS. A third season and reruns of previous episodes aired on Nickelodeon from 1999 to 2000.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective " was one of three animated series based on Jim Carrey movies premiering in the same year; the others are the 1995-1997 "", and the 1995-1996 "Dumb and Dumber" series.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: The series is a sequel of the "Ace Ventura" movies. The titular character, voiced by Canadian actor Michael Daingerfield (credited as Michael Hall), is a goofy private investigator with a predilection for animals of all species.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: The series ran on CBS for two seasons, with a third season airing on Nickelodeon when the channel acquired the show to broadcast reruns. Many of the characters from the movie were retained, though not voiced by their original actors. While the original movies already had a strongly cartoonish comedic aesthetic, they were eclipsed by the slapstick, garish, and gormless humor attempts of the cartoon. Seth MacFarlane was among the writers over the course of the show's run, displaying similar humor to his later series.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: The show was filled with toilet humor and anachronisms (one episode centered around the Egyptian Mau, claiming it to be an extinct breed of cat, when, if truth be told, they are not). Despite running in a time slot after "" (another popular Jim Carrey-based cartoon) and a crossover with that show (in that series' finale, "The Aceman Cometh"), the series attempted to gain a large audience and failed (with the podcast “Saturday Mourning Cartoons” declaring it trite and it must go in the “dip” from Who Framed Roger Rabbit) Ultimately, both "The Mask" and "Ace Ventura" were cancelled. A third season of the series ran on Nickelodeon from 1999 until 2000.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: A two-part crossover between "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective" and "", another animated series based on a Jim Carrey film, aired on August 30, 1997. The crossover begins with "The Mask" episode "The Aceman Cometh", and concludes with the "Ace Ventura" episode "Have Mask, Will Travel". At the time of the original airing, "Ace Ventura: Pet Detective" was running in the adjoining time slot immediately following "The Mask" in CBS's Saturday morning lineup. During the crossover, Stanley/Mask and Ace retain their respective animation styles while appearing within the other's show. The crossover also serves as the second-season finale of "Ace Ventura" and the series finale of "The Mask".


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: In "The Aceman Cometh", Stanley Ipkiss's dog Milo has his brain switched with that of a scientist and is then dog-napped. Stanley in turn hires Ace to help get him back. At the end of the episode, Spike steals the mask, and Stanley follows them to Miami to retrieve it. In "Have Mask, Will Travel", Stanley catches up to Ace just as he is recruited to solve a case on a space station, leading Stanley to become the Mask and join the investigation.


title: Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (TV series)

text: A three-episode DVD of the show was bundled with the two Ace Ventura movies. The back of the package has a mistake in the description of the pilot episode "The Reindeer Hunter," stating that Santa's main reindeer, Rudolph, has been abducted when in truth, Rudolph is not in the episode at all, rather it was the rest of his reindeer that had been abducted. This was also the only DVD release of this show. The show's rights are now with Revolution Studios (who acquired the Morgan Creek Entertainment library in 2014), with distribution handled by Sony Pictures Television.


The Air Forces of the National People's Army (; LSK) was the Air Force of East Germany. As with the , the , and the Border Troops, it was a military branch of the National People's Army (NVA).


title: Air Forces of the National People's Army

text: At the end of November 1953, a reorganisation of air units saw air units transferred from the Ministry of the Interior directly to the Deputy Minister and Chief of the People's Police. The air regiments were reorganized into the Aero Club 1 (Cottbus), 2 (Drewitz) and 3 (Bautzen), which in turn were divided into two sections. Starting in 1954, additional Z-126 and M-1D from Czechoslovakian production were made available.


text: On 1 March 1956 the air force was officially established as part of the National People's Army, following the GDR's entry into the Warsaw Pact alliance. Initially the air force (LSK), with its headquarters at Cottbus, was separate from the (Air Defence, headquartered at Strausberg. It was intended to establish three fighter divisions, an attack aircraft division and an anti-aircraft division. However, eventually only the 1st and 3rd Aviation Divisions and the 1st Flak-Division were created. On 1 June 1957 there was a merger of the two administrations in Strausberg, and the new headquarters was renamed the .


text: The name "Luftstreitkräfte" applied originally to the air corps of the German Empire between 1910 and the end of World War I in 1918. However, the West German Air Force adopted the name '' as used by the Nazi-era air force from 1935 to the end of World War II.


text: A number of military units and formations were under direct control of the , the Air Force Staff, and the Air Force Command of the NPA, with its HQ in Strausberg.


text: The 1st (en: Air Defence Division), with its HQ in Cottbus, was in charge to provide air defence throughout the southern territory of the GDR. The following units were subordinated to that particular division:


text: The 3rd , with its HQ in Trollenhagen, was in charge to provide air defence throughout the northern territory of the GDR. The following units were subordinated to that particular division:


text: All fighter-bomber aircraft, transport aircraft, reconnaissance aircraft and transport helicopters were under the control of the FO FMTFK (roughly translates into: "Lead unit of the Frontal and Military air units", ). The following units were part of the FO FMTFK:


text: The Offiziershochschule für Militärflieger (OHS MF) with its headquarters at Bautzen was the command responsible for providing training, it had the following assigned units:


text: A diamond-shaped symbol identified LSK aircraftdivided into vertical black, red, and gold stripes corresponding to the horizontal fesses or bars on the GDR state flag. The centre of the diamond portrayed the GDR coat of arms: a hammer and compass surrounded by a wreath of yellow grain. The symbol differentiated the from the West German , which displayed a stylised Iron Cross similar to the emblem on German aircraft during World War I.


text: The uniforms of the two German air forces were also different: following an older German tradition, LSK/LV uniforms were the same stone gray worn by army personnel, modified by distinctive blue insignia (similar in style, but not colour, to World War II ranks) and piping. West German uniforms, on the other hand, were blue with yellow insignia and more closely modelled on those worn by personnel during World War II.


text: Starting in 1953, East Germany received An-2, La-9, Yak-11, and Yak-18 aircraft and the MiG-15bis/UTI, MiG-17/Lim-5P, An-14A, Il-14P, MiG-9, MiG-19, Il-28, Mi-4, and Ka-26 in 1956 which were provided by the Soviet Union. The first MiG-21s were delivered in 1962. The 1970s saw the introduction of the MiG-23, while Su-22 fighter-bombers were delivered in the 1980s. The latest addition was the MiG-29 in 1988. The inventory also included Soviet-built helicopters along with trainers and other light aircraft manufactured in Czechoslovakia.


text: The East German Air Force was unique among Warsaw Pact countries in that it was often equipped with the most advanced Soviet fighters, instead of downgraded export models. As an extension of the Soviet 16th Air Army deployed in East Germany, the was expected to play a front-line role in any war with NATO. As a result, it was under closer Soviet control than the air forces of other Warsaw Pact states.


text: After German reunification in 1990, the assumed control over equipment and enlisted some of its personnel. Many of the GDR's military aircraft were obsolete or incompatible with NATO technical standards, and were sold to other countries. However, the did retain the MiG-29 in both air defense and aggressor roles because of its excellent capabilities.


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall is a Swedish multinational power company owned by the Swedish State. Beyond Sweden, the company generates power in Denmark, Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.


title: Vattenfall

text: The company's name is Swedish for "waterfall", and is an abbreviation of its original name, Royal Waterfall Board ("Kungliga Vattenfallstyrelsen").


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall (then called "Kungliga Vattenfallsstyrelsen" or Royal Waterfall Board) was founded in 1909 as a state-owned enterprise in Sweden. From its founding until the mid-1970s, Vattenfall's business was largely restricted to Sweden, with a focus on hydroelectric power generation. Only in 1974 did the company begin to build nuclear reactors in Sweden (the Ringhals 1 and 2 reactors), eventually owning seven of Sweden's 12 reactors. In 1992, Vattenfall was reformed as the limited liability company Vattenfall AB. At the same time, the transmission grid (220 kV and 400 kV lines) was transferred to the newly formed state agency Svenska kraftnät, which also became responsible for the operation of the national power system.


title: Vattenfall

text: In the years 1990 through 2009, Vattenfall expanded considerably (especially into Germany, Poland and the Netherlands), acquiring stakes in Hämeen Sähkö (1996), HEW (1999, 25.1% stake from the city of Hamburg), the Polish heat production company EW (2000, 55% stake), Elsam A/S (2005, 35.3% stake), and Nuon (2009, 49% stake, today 100%). In 2002, Vattenfall AB and its acquisitions were incorporated as Vattenfall Europe AG, making it the third-largest electricity producer in Germany.


title: Vattenfall

text: Following the expansion period, Vattenfall started to divest parts of its business in Denmark and Poland during the years following 2009 in a strategy to focus on three core markets: Sweden, Netherlands, and Germany. Write-downs on coal-fired and nuclear power plant assets in Germany and gas power plants in the Netherlands were necessary for a difficult market environment with increasing renewable energy market share and due to the German Nuclear power phase-out decision of 2011. In summer 2013 Vattenfall announced a write-down of the value of its assets by 29.7 billion SEK (US$4.6 billion). A major part of these write-offs were attributed to Nuon Energy NV, a Netherlands-based utility that Vattenfall purchased at an 89 billion SEK (ca. US$15 billion) price in 2009, but whose values were depreciating by 15 billion SEK (ca. US$2 billion) since. The gloomy market outlook of decreasing power prices in combination with increasing risks notably on the continental market prompted the board to revise the group strategy by splitting its organizational structure into a Nordic part and a part with operations in continental Europe and the United Kingdom as of 2014. Some analysts have perceived this strategic review as a precursor to a partial retreat from continental European activities with a shift of focus towards activities in the Scandinavian market. In this context and in response to a local referendum on re-municipilization of distribution grids, Vattenfall agreed on the sale of company-owned electricity and district-heat grids in Hamburg to the City of Hamburg in early 2014. In each of the second quarters of 2015 and 2016, Vattenfall filed impairments of SEK 28 billion, mostly due to lignite power stations in Germany. Operational financials were satisfactory. In 2020, Vattenfall reported a profit of SEK 7,716 billion with an operating profit (EBIT) of SEK 15,276 billion.


title: Vattenfall

text: Outside of Sweden, Vattenfall is known for forcing the Soviet government to publicly reveal the Chernobyl disaster. The Kremlin had tried to cover up the accident for a day, but elevated radiation levels at Vattenfall's Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant forced the Kremlin to admit the accident had occurred.


title: Vattenfall

text: In October 2020, it was announced that Gunnar Groebler, senior vice president at Vattenfall responsible for the company's wind power operations, would leave the organisation to join Salzgitter AG.


title: Vattenfall

text: Magnus Hall, President and CEO from October 2014, decided to leave the company in July 2020 and was succeeded by Anna Borg on November 1, 2020.


title: Vattenfall

text: In 2006, Vattenfall began production of the pilot carbon capture and storage (CCS) plant at Schwarze Pumpe, Germany. In 2007, the Lillgrund Wind Farm off the southern coast of Sweden was commissioned and began delivering electricity.


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall has power generation branches in the core markets Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and Denmark, and also has operations in Finland. In Germany, Vattenfall is the electric utility for the states of Hamburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, and Saxony.


title: Vattenfall

text: The company entered the British retail energy market in June 2017, but announced in November 2019 that it is considering to pull out again, citing unfavourable market conditions including strong competition and government-imposed price controls. The company remains one of the largest operators in UK offshore wind and operates the largest onshore windfarm in England and Wales.


title: Vattenfall

text: As of 2019, renewables accounted for 35% of the firm's total generation capacity, including wind, solar and hydro power.


title: Vattenfall

text: Some of Vattenfall's most notable power generation plants include the 110 MW Lillgrund Wind Farm off the coast of Malmö, Sweden, the world's largest offshore wind farm of that time at Thanet, UK, the nuclear reactors Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plant (67% ownership), Krümmel Nuclear Power Plant (50% ownership), Brokdorf Nuclear Power Plant (20% ownership) in Germany, and the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant and Ringhals Nuclear Power Plant in Sweden. The nuclear power stations of Brunsbüttel and Krümmel have been shut down permanently in response to a governmental order in summer 2011 after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.


title: Vattenfall

text: Until 2016, Vattenfall owned several open pit coal mines digging up lignite for Vattenfall lignite power stations, including the Jänschwalde Power Station, the Boxberg Power Station, the Lippendorf Power Station (owned in part) and the Schwarze Pumpe Power Station. In 2014, Vattenfall had a lignite turnover of €2.3 billion and a profit of €647 million, but later lost money on lignite as power prices decreased from 40 to 20 €/MWh. On 30September 2016, Vattenfall completed the sale of its German lignite facilities to the Czech energy group EPH and its financial partner PPF Investments.


title: Vattenfall

text: In January 2016, Vattenfall announced that its Swedish nuclear power plants, including the newer reactors, were operating at a loss due to low electricity prices and Sweden's nuclear output tax. It warned that if it was forced to shut the plants down, there would be serious consequences to Sweden's electricity supply, and argued that the nuclear output tax should be scrapped.


title: Vattenfall

text: In October 2016 Vattenfall began litigation against the German government for its 2011 decision to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power. Hearings are taking place at the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in Washington, D.C. and Vattenfall is claiming almost €4.7billion in damages. The German government regards the action as "inadmissible and unfounded".


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall dominates the electrical distribution in 60 municipalities in Sweden. Other major grid companies include Ellevio (formerly Fortum) and E.ON.


title: Vattenfall

text: The development of the safety belt is often incorrectly credited to Saab or Volvo. Fatal car accidents were rapidly increasing in Sweden during the 1950s. When a study at Vattenfall of accidents among employees revealed that the majority of casualties came from car accidents, two Vattenfall engineers (Bengt Odelgard and Per-Olof Weman) started to develop the safety belt. Their work set the standard for safety belts in Swedish cars and was presented to Volvo in the late 1950s.


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall's past expansion strategy has involved the acquisition of multiple brown coal (lignite)-fired power plants, which has been highly controversial in Sweden and Germany due to the fact that brown coal is among the most carbon-intensive forms of electricity generation. In addition, brown coal is strip mined in a process that sometimes forces communities to relocate as mining fields expand. Vattenfall sold its brown coal assets in September 2016 to Czech investor EPH .


title: Vattenfall

text: In May 2009, campaign group Corporate Europe Observatory (CEO) launched the Climate Greenwash Awards, declaring Vattenfall the inaugural winner for portraying itself as a climate champion while lobbying to continue business as usual. Vattenfall owns (or has owned) four of the "dirty thirty" most polluting power stations in Europe, a list compiled by WWF and other organizations.


title: Vattenfall

text: A fire in the transformer of the nuclear power plant Krümmel (partly owned with E.ON) in 2007 forced a closure of the power plant for over two years, while a short circuit in July 2009 in another transformer led to another closure. Due to these incidents the Prime Minister of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, Peter Harry Carstensen announced that this will be "letzter Versuch" (their last try) before complete closure of the facility.


title: Vattenfall

text: Vattenfall has been accused of skirting the line of illegality in its effort to maintain ownership of electrical power grids. Most recently, Vattenfall's efforts to maintain ownership of Hamburg's power grid by lobbying the ruling SPD have drawn criticism.


title: Vattenfall

text: In Germany, the "Berlin Energy Table" (Berliner Energietisch) alliance united a number of NGOs and local groups initiating a Referendum on the recommunalization of energy supply in Berlin. The referendum took place on November 3, 2013, yet slightly missed the quorum. However, the Senate of Berlin promised to match the citizens' initiative's key claim, regardless of the referendum's outcome: to transfer all end-user operations, which were owned by Vattenfall at the time, to a public utility company. The company was founded in 2014 as "Berliner Stadtwerke."


title: Newsround

text: Newsround (stylised as newsround, and originally called John Craven's Newsround before his departure in 1989) is a BBC children's news programme, which has run continuously since 4 April 1972. It was one of the world's first television news magazines aimed specifically at children. Initially commissioned as a short series by BBC Children's Department, who held editorial control, its facilities were provided by BBC News. The programme is aimed at 5 to 17-year-olds.


title: Newsround

text: Originally known as "John Craven's Newsround", it was first presented by John Craven between 4 April 1972 and 22 June 1989. Originally, stand-in presenters, such as Richard Whitmore, came from the main BBC News bulletins.


title: Newsround

text: In 1987, the show was renamed "Newsround", and was presented by a rotating team including with Craven in the dual role of chief presenter and programme editor. The programme gradually developed its own small reporting team, including Helen Rollason, Lucy Mathen, and long-serving space editor Reg Turnill. Other presenters included Juliet Morris, Krishnan Guru-Murthy, Julie Etchingham, Chris Rogers, Kate Gerbeau, Matthew Price and Becky Jago. Regular reporters on the programme, who have also presented it, included Paul Welsh, Lizo Mzimba and Terry Baddoo. Also, for most of its first two decades, "Newsround" drew upon the BBC's network of national and international correspondents such as John Humphrys, Michael Buerk and Martin Bell.


title: Newsround

text: "Newsround" was the first British television programme to break the news of the loss of the Space Shuttle "Challenger" on 28 January 1986. This edition was presented by Roger Finn, who had only recently joined the programme. The programme was also first in Britain to report an assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II in Vatican City in 1981 and provided the first reports from the Windsor Castle fire of November 1992.


title: Newsround

text: In February 2002, "Newsround" expanded from a sole ten-minute programme on weeknights to through-the-day bulletins seven days a week to tie-in with the launch of the CBBC Channel, and was broadcast across BBC1, BBC2 and the CBBC Channel. With this included a new theme, titles and expanded presenting team. The online and schools' offering were also expanded. In the early 00s "Newsround" was the most watched programme for children in the UK, and also had the highest AI score (a measure of programme engagement and appreciation) of all CBBC programmes. Following the 9/11 attacks, "Newsround" launched a guide to help children who were worried by news events. As part of the relocation of the BBC Children's Department, "Newsround" began broadcasting from new studios at Dock10, MediaCityUK in Salford Quays on Monday 21 November 2011


title: Newsround

text: In July 2020, the 16:00 programme was axed by the BBC after being on air since 1972, as well as the 8:15am broadcast, they concluded that children no longer turn on traditional television channels when they return home from school and would focus on the morning edition instead which will be aimed at schools, where it is often used by teachers in classrooms, in addition to investing in the programme's website. Also, the 7:40am bulletin was moved to 7:45am.


title: Newsround

text: Every day, "Newsround" is broadcast on the CBBC TV channel once a day, with an eight-minute bulletin at around 7:45am. On Saturday morning, it is also broadcast on BBC Two. Like many BBC News TV bulletins, it is available for 24 hours on BBC iPlayer and the "Newsround" section of the CBBC website.


title: Newsround

text: A light-hearted entertainment news round-up, originally known as "Newsround Lite" and introduced as part of the CBBC Channel's launch in February 2002. The latter version of the show was hosted by regular "Newsround" presenters/reporters Lizzie Greenwood-Hughes, Adam Fleming, Rachel Horne and Thalia Pellegrini, and produced by Sinéad Rocks. The programme was axed in 2005.


title: Newsround

text: A Saturday morning sports magazine show introduced in September 2005 and produced by Sinead Rocks. It was cancelled in December 2010 and replaced by "Match of the Day Kickabout", which was cancelled in 2021. In 2010 it was presented by Ore Oduba with reporters Des Clarke and Jon Franks.


title: Newsround

text: Until 2006, a half-hour review of the year special was produced for broadcast during the Christmas/New Year period. The last review aired in 2009, and from 2010 – 2019 and 2021–present, the final bulletin of the year was hosted by all presenters who discuss their most memorable news stories.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank (SNB; ; ; ; ) is the central bank of Switzerland, responsible for the nation's monetary policy and the sole issuer of Swiss franc banknotes. The primary goal of its mandate is to ensure price stability, while taking economic developments into consideration.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The SNB is an "Aktiengesellschaft" under special regulations and has two head offices, one in Bern and the other in Zurich.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The bank formed as a result of the need for a reduction in the number of commercial banks issuing banknotes, which numbered 53 sometime after 1826. In the 1874 revision of the Federal Constitution it was given the task to oversee laws concerning the issuing of banknotes. In 1891, the Federal Constitution was revised again to entrust the Confederation with sole rights to issue banknotes. The Swiss National Bank was founded under the law of 6 October 1905 ('the National Bank Act'), which entered into force on 16 January 1906. Business was started on 20 June 1907.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: Sometime during World War I (1914–1917) the bank was instructed to release notes of small denomination, for the first time, by the Federal Council of Switzerland.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Federal Council devalued the Swiss Franc during 1936, and as a result there was made available to the National Bank an amount of money, which the bank subsequently stored in a reserve for use in future situations of emergency.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: In 1981 the bank participated in research involving Orell Füssli and an optical research group named Landis+Gyr, on matters of banknote design.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: During 1994 the bank was described as a joint-stock company acting under the administration and supervision of the Confederation. It had eight branches and twenty sub-branches within cantons. The governing board had overall executive management of the National Bank, with supervision entrusted to its shareholders, the banks' council, the banks' committee, its local committees and auditing committee. The three members of the governing board together decided the monetary policy of the Swiss National Bank. Towards the end of 1993 it had 566 employees.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: With the inception of Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, in May 2004, the National Bank achieved formal independence.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: As of 31 December 2021 78,17% of voting shares are held by public shareholders (cantons, cantonal banks, etc.). The remaining shares are largely in the hands of private persons. Shares of the SNB have been listed at the SIX Swiss Exchange since 1907. As of April 2022, Theo Siegert, a German entrepreneur, holds 5.05% of its stocks, and as such, he is the third-largest shareholder, between the Canton of Vaud (3.401%) and the Canton of Zürich (5.2%). The national bank's statutes, though, limit the voting rights of private investors to 100 shares.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The SNB announced on 6 September 2011 to set a minimum exchange rate of CHF 1.20 per euro and that it would "enforce this minimum rate with the utmost determination and is prepared to buy foreign currency in unlimited quantities" in order to take measures to stem the development of a possible recession. The bank stated the 1.20 exchange rate was defendable as the bank could potentially proceed to mint enough banknotes to control the rate sufficiently.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The SNB announced on 15 January 2015 the euro currency arrangement would end as the euro crisis had passed and the Europeans would be making financial policy changes.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The basic governing principles of the Nationalbank are contained within Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, which deals with matters of monetary policy. There are three numbered factors concerning principles explicitly mentioning the Nationalbank, of four altogether shown within the Article. The SNB is therefore obliged by constitutional statute law to act in accordance with the economic interests of Switzerland. Accordingly, the prime function of the Nationalbank is:


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The National Bank publishes within its own site a list of research done as work in progress by staff members, which begin at 2004 (2 papers), to 2005 (2), 2006 (11), 2007 (17), 2008 (19), 2009 (16), 2010 (19), 2011 (14), 2012 (16), 2013 (11), 2014 (13), and to 1 August 2015 there is shown nine papers, a list of eight economic studies which relate to the tasks of the bank, listed from 2005, in addition to a bi-annually published update of research, listed from 2012 to the present.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The National Bank is entrusted with the note-issuing privilege. It supplies the economy with banknotes. It is also charged by the Confederation with the task of coin distribution.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: In the field of cashless payment transactions, the National Bank provides services for payments between banks. These are settled in the Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) system via sight deposit accounts held with the National Bank.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The National Bank manages currency reserves. These engender confidence in the Swiss franc, help to prevent and overcome crises and may be utilized for interventions in the foreign exchange market.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The National Bank contributes to the stability of the financial system by acting as an arbiter over monetary policy. Within the context of this task, it analyses sources of risk to the financial system, oversees systemically important payment and securities settlement systems and helps to promote an operational environment for the financial sector.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: Together with the federal authorities, the National Bank participates in international monetary cooperation and provides technical assistance.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank acts as banker to the Swiss Confederation. It processes payments on behalf of the Confederation, issues money market debt register claims and bonds, handles the safekeeping of securities and carries out money market and foreign exchange transactions.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The National Bank compiles statistical data on banks and financial markets, the balance of payments, the international investment position and the Swiss financial accounts.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank invests its assets, particularly in the stock market. In 2018, its share portfolio stood at 153 billion Swiss francs.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: According to its guidelines, it "avoids shares in companies which produce internationally banned weapons, seriously violate fundamental human rights or systematically cause severe environmental damage".


title: Swiss National Bank

text: Since 2016, environmental associations and academics criticize the fact that these investments do not take into account the Paris Climate Agreement (article 2) and are responsible for at least 50 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions in 2017.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank pursues a monetary policy serving the interests of the country as a whole. It must ensure price stability, while taking due account of economic developments.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: Monetary policy affects production and prices with a considerable time lag. Consequently, it is based on inflation forecasts rather than current inflation.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The SNB's monetary policy strategy consists of three elements: a definition of price stability (the SNB equates price stability with a rise in the national consumer price index of less than 2% per year), a medium-term conditional inflation forecast, and, at operational level, a target range for a reference interest rate, which is the Libor for three-month investments in Swiss francs.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The general meeting of shareholders is held once a year, usually in April. Owing to the SNB's public mandate, the powers of the shareholders' meeting are not as extensive as in joint-stock companies under private law.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Bank Council oversees and controls the conduct of business by the Swiss National Bank and consists of 11 members. Six members, including the President and Vice President, are appointed by the Federal Council, and five by the Shareholders' Meeting. The Bank Council sets up four committees from its own ranks: an Audit Committee, a Risk Committee, a Remuneration Committee and an Appointment Committee.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank's management and executive body is the governing board. The governing board is responsible in particular for monetary policy, asset management strategy, contributing to the stability of the financial system and international monetary cooperation. The Governing Board consists of three members:


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The SNB manages the official gold reserves of Switzerland, which as of 2008 amount to 1,145 tonnes and are valued at 30.5 billion CHF. The gold is believed to be stored in huge vaults beneath the Federal Square ("Bundesplatz") to the north of the federal parliament building in Bern, but the SNB treats the location of the gold reserves as a secret. Independent confirmation of the gold's location was obtained by the Bernese newspaper "Der Bund" in 2008. It published a photograph of the bullion that a keystone photographer was allowed to take at the SNB premises in Bern in 2001. "Der Bund" also quoted a retired official of the city's surveying office as saying that the gold vaults take up an area of roughly half the Federal Square and have a depth of dozens of meters, down to the level of the Aar river. The SNB says that the gold reserves are stored in different safe places in Switzerland (70% -mostly under the Bundesplatz in Berne and at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel) and abroad (i.e. Bank of England and Bank of Canada).


title: Swiss National Bank

text: From the latter years of the 1990s until sometime during 2005, the National Bank transferred from its possession (incompetently, when the gold price was at its historic low) half of its gold reserves, following the Nazi gold affair.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: The Swiss National Bank provided 1.2 billion CHF to the Reichsbank, of this, a value of approximately 780 million CHF of the gold given to the National Bank was gold which had been looted by the forces of Germany. In addition the National Bank also exchanged between 1.2 and 1.6 billion CHF for gold from the Allied forces. During 20 April 1944, gold from the gold reserves of Italy arrived from Como at the railway station within Chiasso.


title: Swiss National Bank

text: There is controversy over the role of the Swiss National Bank in the transfer of Nazi gold during World War II. The SNB was the largest gold distribution centre in continental Europe before the war. A study by the U.S. Department of State in 1997 notes that the bank "must have known that some portion of the gold it was receiving from the Reichsbank was looted from occupied countries". This was confirmed by the Swiss Bergier commission in 1998 which concluded that the SNB received US$440 million in gold from Nazi sources, of which US$316 million is estimated to have been looted. The gold from Nazi governorship sources was in the form of lingots containing gold looted from central banks of Europe and gold from Jews executed within the concentration camps established by the machination of the Nazi regime, which the SNB took without knowing these facts at the time, nor inquiring to any great degree in the process of its transfer into the possession of the SNB, according to Robert Vogler, a former archivist of the SNB.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Green is an area in the London Borough of Barnet in England. A smaller suburban linear settlement, near a farm and public grazing area green of medieval origins, dates to the early 19th century. Its bulk forms a late 19th century and early 20th century suburb with a commercial crossroads. The rest is of later build. It is centred approximately 6 miles (9 km) north west of Charing Cross on the intersection of Golders Green Road and Finchley Road.


title: Golders Green

text: It was founded as a medieval hamlet in the large parish of Hendon, Middlesex. The parish was heavily superseded by Hendon Urban District in 1894 and by the Municipal Borough of Hendon in 1932, abolished in 1965. In the early 20th century it grew rapidly in response to the opening of a tube station of the London Underground, adjacent to the Golders Green Hippodrome which was home to the BBC Concert Orchestra for many years. The area has a wide variety of housing and a busy main shopping street, Golders Green Road.


title: Golders Green

text: It is known for its large Jewish population as well as for being home to the largest Jewish kosher hub (located west of Hoop Lane after the rail bridge) in the United Kingdom, which attracts many Jewish tourists.


title: Golders Green

text: The name Golders comes from a family named Godyere who lived in the area, and Green alludes to the manorial common at a cross roads next to which the settlement was built.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Green has been a place in the parish and manor of Hendon since around the 13th century. The earliest reference to the name of the adjacent district of "Temple Fortune" is on John Rocque's map of 1754, which also shows what is now Golders Green Road as Groles Green. However the name Temple Fortune reveals a much earlier history. It is likely that the name refers to the Knights of St John, who had land here (c. 1240). Fortune may be derived from a small settlement (tun) on the route from Hampstead to Hendon. Here a lane from Finchley, called Ducksetters Lane (c. 1475), intersected. It is likely that the settlement was originally the Bleccanham estate (c. 10th century). By the end of the 18th century Temple Fortune Farm was established on the northern side of Farm Close.


title: Golders Green

text: The building of Finchley Road (c. 1827) replaced Ducksetters Lane as a route to Finchley, and resulted in the development of a small hamlet. Hendon Park Row (c. 1860s) is of this period, and consisted of around thirty small dwellings built by a George Stevens, which were, with two exceptions, demolished around 1956. A small dame school and prayer house run by Anglican deaconesses existed in the 1890s and 1900s, and developed to become St. Barnabas (1915). Along Finchley Road were a number of villas (c. 1830s), joined by the Royal Oak public house (c. 1850s). By the end of the 19th century there were around 300 people living in the area, which included a laundry and a small hospital for children with skin diseases. The principal industry was brick making.


title: Golders Green

text: In 1895 a Jewish cemetery was established adjacent to Hoop Lane, with the first burial in 1897. Golders Green Crematorium was opened in 1902 (although much of it was built after 1905). A significant moment in Temple Fortune's development into a suburban area occurred in 1907, when transport links were vastly improved by the opening of Golders Green Underground station.


title: Golders Green

text: Although the area had been served by horse-drawn omnibuses (since at least the 1880s) and later motor buses (from 1907), the tram line of 1910, connecting Finchley Church End with Golders Green Station, led to the development of the area west of Finchley Road. The establishment of Hampstead Garden Suburb brought major changes to the area east of Finchley Road. Temple Fortune Farm was demolished and along the front of the road the building of the Arcade and Gateway House (c. 1911) established the Hampstead Garden Suburb's retail district.


title: Golders Green

text: Both the Golders Green Hippodrome, former home of the BBC Concert Orchestra, and the police station opened in 1913. The now-demolished Orpheum Theatre (1930) was intended to rival the Hippodrome in Golders Green.


title: Golders Green

text: For local elections "Golders Green" ward covers the north and west of the area; Childs Hill the south to the centre and "Garden Suburb", named after Hampstead Garden Suburb: most of the east. Councillors are elected from across 21 wards. Nationally it votes for the MP for seat of Finchley and Golders Green, which encompasses the parts of the NW11 and NW2 postcode districts it contains. The same boundaries are used for the Golders Green, Childs Hill and Garden Suburb wards of the Metropolitan Police Service.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Green is often referred to as a Jewish area, although the majority of residents are not Jewish. However, Jews do form a plurality of residents (6,975 of 18,818), making it the epicentre of the largest Jewish population in Europe along with its surrounding areas, including Hampstead, Hendon and Finchley within the Borough of Barnet, which is home to 55,000 Jews, the highest percentage Jewish population in any Borough of the United Kingdom.


title: Golders Green

text: Ethnically, the Golders Green ward was 64% white (43% British, 21% Other, 1% Irish). Indians, Other Asians and Black Africans made up 5% each, while 6% claimed 'Any other ethnic group'.


title: Golders Green

text: There has been a prominent Jewish community in Golders Green since the early 20th century. The Jewish community took root after Hitler's rise to power, with the first German Jewish immigrants forming the Golders Green Beth Hamedrash. Soon after, Galician Jewish immigrants formed other synagogues. With it came the formation of Jewish schools such as Menorah Primary School before the onset of World War II.


title: Golders Green

text: There are close to fifty kosher restaurants and eateries under rabbinical supervision in Golders Green, and more than 40 synagogues throughout the area continuing into neighbouring Hendon, as well as 30 Jewish schools (some in outlying areas owing to space restriction), many of them independent.


title: Golders Green

text: The Jewish community of Hendon and Golders Green is viewed as one by many in the community there, as they share the schooling system as well as rabbinical guidance and synagogue affiliations.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Green is home to a growing Japanese and East Asian community with many families living in the district being catered for a notable number of restaurants and shops specialising in Japanese and other East Asian food, such as the Seoul Plaza supermarket.


title: Golders Green

text: The area has restaurants with cuisines from all over the world including Indian, Israeli, Thai, Turkish, Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Italian eateries. These are over a dozen coffee bars; together with a number of niche food stores. The area is home to several leading banks and the high street is well-populated with high-quality amenities.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Green station is a London Underground tube station on the Northern line in zone 3. It is the first surface station on the Edgware branch when heading north. On the station's forecourt is Golders Green bus station. This is a major hub for London Buses in North West London. National Express coaches also stop at the bus station before/after central London.


title: Golders Green

text: Many bus routes pass through Golders Green, including the 210 to Finsbury Park, the 139 to Waterloo, the 13 to Victoria and the 102 to Edmonton Green, and from Golders Green station the 240 to Edgware, the 183 to Pinner and the 245 to Alperton begin their routes.


title: Golders Green

text: There are six state aided primary schools in Golders Green; these include: Brookland infant & junior, Garden Suburb infant & junior, Menorah primary school and Wessex Gardens.


title: Golders Green

text: The King Alfred School is located on North End Road and Henrietta Barnett School is located in nearby Hampstead Garden Suburb.


title: Golders Green

text: The Anglican parish church of St. Alban the Martyr in North End Road was designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, and in 1933 replaced the original eponymous church, on the site, which is now the parish hall. The latter was built in 1910 and made a parish church in 1922.


title: Golders Green

text: St. Edward the Confessor, a Roman Catholic church, was built in 1915 and consecrated in 1931. A Carmelite monastery was established in Bridge Lane in 1908 and sold in 2007.


title: Golders Green

text: There is a Greek Orthodox cathedral on Golders Green Road, and a Coptic Orthodox church, both having been Anglican churches for most of the 20th century. The Greek Orthodox church was built in 1914.


title: Golders Green

text: The Golders Green Unitarian Church, built in 1925 on Hoop Lane, is Grade II listed; Historic England singles out for mention a "notable temera mural by Ivon Hitchens", among other works. The congregation seceded from Rosslyn Hill Unitarian Chapel (Hampstead) in 1903 but took a generation to build its own place of worship. St Ninian's Presbyterian Church on Helenslea Avenue was built in 1911 by T. P. Figgis, noted for designing stations on the Northern line. The congregation merged with Golders Green Methodist Church (now Trinity Church, Hodford Road) in 1979. The building found new life as a Hindu temple, but was decommissioned in 2013.


title: Golders Green

text: There are several synagogues in the area. The first, Golders Green Synagogue, started in 1915 and its current building in Dunstan Road opened in 1922. The Golders Green Beth Hamedrash opened in Golders Green in 1934, moving to the Riding in 1956. The Sassover Beis Hamedrash Helenslea Avenue moved to Golders Green from the East End in 1939 as well as the Beis Yissochor Dov (Hager's) currently in Highfield Avenue and the Hendon Adass on Brent St.


title: Golders Green

text: The Beth Shmuel Synagogue in 1942 in Oakfields Road and relocated at 169–171 Golders Green Road in 1945 and is one of the most prominent synagogues in North West London, with Grand Rabbi Elchonon Halpern its longest serving Rabbi for 72 years up until his passing in 2015. In about 1960 the Eastern Jewish Community established the Ohel David Eastern Synagogue at the Lincoln Institute, the former site of the Golders Green Beth Hamedrash. The Machzike Hadath Synagogue moved to Golders Green in the 1970s, opening its present building in 1983.


title: Golders Green

text: The former Golders Green Hippodrome theatre became an El Shaddai International Christian Centre in 2007 and then an Islamic centre in 2017, and now is a Hillsong Church.


title: Golders Green

text: Golders Hill Park, adjoining the West Heath of Hampstead Heath, is a formal park, which includes a small (free) zoo, a walled horticultural garden, pinetum, duckponds, a water garden and a very popular café. During the summer, children's activities are organised and there is often live music on the bandstand. Close to the park, also adjoining the West Heath is the Hill, a formal garden with an extensive and imposing pergola.


title: Golders Green

text: Nearby Golders Green Crematorium has an extensive garden with features such as a special children's section and a pond, in keeping with the distinct Italianate air.


title: Golders Green

text: The area is the setting of the humorous short story "The Ghoul of Golders Green" ("May Fair", 1925) by Michael Arlen.


title: Golders Green

text: George Harrison recorded an unreleased track called "Going Down to Golders Green". This came about because he would visit members of the pop group Badfinger, who lived at 7 Park Avenue, off North End Road, situated on the borders of Golders Hill Park.


title: Golders Green

text: A second posthumous album release of the music of Pete Ham of the pop group Badfinger is titled "Golders Green". The first posthumous album release was titled "7 Park Avenue", named after the address of Badfinger's band residence in Golders Green.


title: Golders Green

text: In his travelogue parody "Balham, Gateway to the South", recorded on "The Best of Sellers" (1958), Peter Sellers parodies John William Burgon's well known description of Petra – "A rose-red city half as old as time" – as "A rose-red city half as gold as green [Golders Green]".


title: Golders Green

text: In his 1944 poem "Death Wish", Spike Milligan expresses his wishes to be buried anywhere, but not cremated in Golders Green


title: Golders Green

text: In his 1946 book "The Great Divorce," C.S. Lewis has a character from Golders Green. Sarah Smith and her husband are the last characters to enter the novel. She appears with great pomp and circumstance, arrayed in splendor and arriving behind a procession complete with music. She is beautiful and one of the "great ones" in heaven, but lead on earth had lead an anonymous life in Golders Green.


title: Roughneck

text: Roughneck is a term for a person whose occupation is hard manual labor. The term applies across a number of industries, but is most commonly associated with the workers on a drilling rig. The ideal of the hard-working, tough roughneck has been adopted by several sports teams who use the phrase as part of their name or logo.


title: Roughneck

text: Originally the term was used in the traveling carnivals of 19th-century United States, almost interchangeably with roustabout. By the 1930s the terms had transferred to the oil drilling industry. In the United Kingdom's oil industry starting in the 1970s, roughneck specifically meant those who worked on the drill floor of a drilling rig handling specialised drilling equipment for drilling and pressure controls. In practice, these workers ranged from unskilled to highly skilled, depending subjectively on the individual worker's aptitude and experience. By contrast, a roustabout would perform general labor, such as loading and unloading cargo from crane baskets and assisting welders, mechanics, electricians and other skilled workers. The word roughneck was in use in the U.S. oil drilling industry even earlier and had a similar meaning.


title: Roughneck

text: In oil fields, a roughneck's duties can include anything involved with connecting pipe down the well bore, as well as general work around a rig. The crew of a land-based oil rig can be further divided into several positions:


title: Roughneck

text: The Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League used to use an oil rigging roughneck with an ice hockey stick as one of their secondary logos. The roughneck, as a symbol of hard work and fortitude, was the inspiration for the Calgary Roughnecks lacrosse team, as well as the Tulsa Roughnecks of the North American Soccer League, the Tulsa Roughnecks of the United Soccer Leagues, and the Tulsa Roughnecks FC of the USL. The West Texas Roughnecks of the Indoor Football League also use this nickname. In the BAFA National Leagues, the Aberdeen Roughnecks have also adopted the nickname. In the AUDL (American Ultimate Disc League) the Dallas team is also the Roughnecks. One of the inaugural teams of the revamped XFL was the Houston Roughnecks


title: Roughneck

text: In Chapter 3 of "The Great Gatsby", on first meeting Jay Gatsby, Nick Carraway describes him as looking like "an elegant young rough-neck, a year or two over thirty, whose elaborate formality of speech just missed being absurd."


title: Roughneck

text: Several television programs have focused on the roughneck life, including "Oil Strike North" (1975), "Roughnecks" (1994–1995), and "Black Gold" (2008–2013).


title: Roughneck

text: Stan Rogers's song "Free in the Harbour", about the migration of Atlantic fisherman to the oil industry for work, describes these migrants as "Calgary Roughnecks from Hermitage Bay."


title: Master craftsman

text: Historically, a master craftsman or master tradesman (sometimes called only master or grandmaster) was a member of a guild. The title survives as the highest professional qualification in craft industries.


title: Master craftsman

text: In the European guild system, only masters and journeymen were allowed to be members of the guild. An aspiring master would have to pass through the career chain from apprentice to journeyman before he could be elected to become a master craftsman. He would then have to produce a sum of money and a masterpiece before he could actually join the guild. If the masterpiece was not accepted by the masters, he was not allowed to join the guild, possibly remaining a journeyman for the rest of his life.


title: Master craftsman

text: Craftsman or Artisan was who made things or provided services. Mastercraftsman was the superior, and expert craftsman called "ustad" and apprentice was called "shagird" in Medieval India. The grand vizier of the Mughal emperor Akbar discussed their social status and importance in karkhanas.


title: Master craftsman

text: In Germany, the master craftsman (Meister) is the highest professional qualification in crafts and is a state-approved grade. The certification is called Meisterbrief. The qualification includes theoretical and practical training in the craft as well as business and legal training. Additionally, it implies the qualification to train apprentices. These qualifications prepare the "Meister" for running their own business or alternatively for higher positions at a company. The status of master craftsmen is regulated in the German "Gesetz zur Ordnung des Handwerks" (Crafts and Trades Regulation Code).


title: Master craftsman

text: Guilds have been abolished in Germany, but the ranks of apprentice ("Lehrling"), journeyman ("Geselle") and master craftsman have been retained even through modern times. For safety-relevant crafts, e.g., electricians and chimney sweeps, any business in the trade has to be run by a master craftsman or has to employ at least one "Meister".


title: Master craftsman

text: Journeymen and master craftsmen are by law automatically members of their regional chamber of crafts ("Handwerkskammer"), which is a self-governing public body. The chamber organizes vocational training and oversees the examination of the journeymen and masters.


title: Master craftsman

text: To become a master craftsman, it is usually required to have completed vocational training in the craft in which the examination should be taken, which finishes with a final examination called "Gesellenprüfung" (journeyman's examination). If these requirements are fulfilled, the candidate can take courses for the "Meisterprüfung" (master craftman's examination). The duration of the courses takes 1 to 4 years depending on the craft and on the Course. The examination includes theoretical, practical and oral parts and takes 5 to 7 days (depending on the craft). In some crafts, the creation of a masterpiece is also part of the examination.


title: Master craftsman

text: The German "Meister" qualifies the holder to study for a bachelor's degree at university, whether the "Meister" holds a regular university entrance qualification or not. According to the German Qualifications Framework, the "Meisterbrief" is at the same level as a bachelor's degree, even though it is not an academic degree and thus not directly comparable.


title: Master craftsman

text: This tradition originates in Medieval Europe. The earliest guilds were "frith" or "peace" guilds - groups bonded together for mutual protection following the breakdown of the kins, which were groups related by blood ties.


title: Master craftsman

text: Merchant guilds – associations of international trades – were powerful in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, but lost their ascendancy with the rise of the craft guilds – associations of master craftsmen, journeymen, apprentices and the various trades connected with a particular craft.


title: Master craftsman

text: The College of Arms in London awarded a coat of arms of The Guild of Master Craftsmen in 1992, after four years of assessment. Designed by heraldic expert Peter Greenhill to reflect the many categories of guild membership, it features: three escutcheons (shields) to represent artists, painters and stainers; a pair of compasses opened in chevron for building, construction and carpenters; a dovetail (separating the top third of the shield from the rest) to represent cabinetmaking, woodworking and joinery; and a gavel and chisel for masons and stoneworkers. The southern keep of Lewes Castle, which overlooks the guild’s headquarters, is featured above the helmet as the crest.


title: Master craftsman

text: While for the most part guilds as such do not exist, many trades continue the apprentice-journeyman-master model: carpenters, electricians, pipefitters and plumbers are notable examples.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: The Anzac biscuit is a sweet biscuit, popular in Australia and New Zealand, made using rolled oats, flour, sugar, butter (or margarine), golden syrup, baking soda, boiling water, and (optionally) desiccated coconut. Anzac biscuits have long been associated with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) established in World War I.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: It has been claimed that these biscuits were sent by wives and women's groups to soldiers abroad because the ingredients do not spoil easily and the biscuits kept well during naval transportation.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: Anzac biscuits should not be confused with hardtack, which was nicknamed "ANZAC wafers" in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: Anzac biscuits are an explicit exemption to an Australian ban on commercial goods that use the term "Anzac", so long as they are sold as biscuits and not cookies.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: The earliest known recipe combining the words 'anzac' and 'biscuit' is a recipe from 1916 for "ANZAC GINGER BISCUITS" which was published on June 4, 1916 in the Perth edition of "The Sunday Times". However, this recipe contains no mention of oats present in modern anzac biscuits. The first recipe for something called "Anzac Biscuits" appears in an Australian publication, the "War Chest Cookery Book" (Sydney, 1917), but this recipe was also for a different biscuit from what we know as the modern Anzac biscuit. The same publication, the "War Chest Cookery Book" (Sydney, 1917), also included the first two recipes for biscuits resembling modern Anzac biscuits, under the names of "Rolled Oats Biscuits" and just "Biscuits". The first recorded instance of the combination of the name 'Anzac biscuit' and the recipe now associated with it was found in Adelaide dating to "either late 1919 or early 1920". Another early recipe for the Anzac biscuit dates back to 1921 in an Australian newspaper called "The Argus". These early recipes did not contain desiccated coconut which is present in many modern Anzac biscuits. The first recipe for an Anzac biscuit containing the desiccated coconut is recorded to be from the city of Adelaide in 1924.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: In 1919 in New Zealand a recipe for Anzac Crispies in the eighth edition of the St Andrew's Cookery Book had similar ingredients to modern Anzac biscuits.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: Today, Anzac biscuits are manufactured commercially for retail sale. Because of their historical military connection with the ANZACs and Anzac Day, these biscuits are still used as a fundraising item for the Royal New Zealand Returned Services' Association (RSA) and the Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL). Special collectors old-style biscuit tins with World War military artwork are usually produced in the lead up to Anzac Day and sold in supermarkets, in addition to the standard plastic packets available all year. The official RSL biscuit is produced by "Unibic" under licence.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: A British (though still Australian-produced) version of the Anzac biscuit, supporting the Royal British Legion, is available in several major supermarket chains in the UK.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: The term Anzac is protected under Australian law and cannot be used in Australia without permission from the Minister for Veterans' Affairs; misuse can be legally enforced particularly for commercial purposes. Likewise similar restrictions on naming are enshrined in New Zealand law where the Governor General can elect to enforce naming legislation. There is a general exemption granted for Anzac biscuits, as long as these biscuits remain basically true to the original recipe and are both referred to and sold as Anzac biscuits and never as cookies.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: Similarly to the use of the term Anzac, the Anzac biscuit is protected by regulations, regulating any commercial usage of this product so that it remains true to its traditional values. Primarily, such regulations pertain to the recipe, in which its commemorative value stems from its recipes in history, as well as the name of the product. While it is legally acceptable to substitute ingredients in a recipe to cater to dietary requirements, there is a commercial disallowance for any substantial modification of the recipe such that they deviate too far from traditional Anzac biscuit recipes. Variations of recipes posted on social media or written in cookbooks that merely include Anzac biscuits are excluded from regulations.


title: Anzac biscuit

text: As a result of the aforementioned restrictions to the Anzac biscuit recipe, the Subway chain of restaurants dropped the biscuit from their menu in September 2008. After being ordered by the Department of Veterans' Affairs to bake the biscuits according to the original recipe, Subway decided not to continue to offer the biscuit, as they found that their supplier was unable to develop a cost-effective means of duplicating the recipe.


title: Susan Wild

text: Susan Wild (née Ellis; born June 7, 1957) is an American attorney and politician from the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. A Democrat, she is a member of the United States House of Representatives from . The district is in the heart of the Lehigh Valley, and includes Allentown, Bethlehem, Easton, Bangor, and East Stroudsburg. Wild spent the last two months of 2018 as the member for after Charlie Dent resigned in 2018. Since September 2022, she has been chair of the House Ethics Committee. She also co-chairs the New Democrat Coalition Climate Change Task Force and is vice chair of both the Congressional Labor and Working Families Caucus and the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights and International Organizations. Wild is the first woman to represent the Lehigh Valley in Congress.


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild is the daughter of Norman Leith and Susan Stimus Ellis. Her mother was a journalist. Her father served in the United States Air Force during World War II and the Korean War. Wild was born at Wiesbaden Air Force Base, West Germany, while her father was stationed there. She also lived in France, California, New Mexico, and Washington, D.C.


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild volunteered on Jimmy Carter's 1976 presidential campaign. She graduated from American University in 1978. She earned her Juris Doctor at George Washington University Law School in 1982. She studied under John Banzhaf. Wild became a partner at the law firm Gross McGinley in 1999.


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild ran for Lehigh County Commissioner in 2013, but lost. She was appointed the first female solicitor of Allentown, Pennsylvania, in January 2015. She served as Solicitor of Allentown starting on January 7, 2015, when she was confirmed by the Allentown City Council.


title: Susan Wild

text: On December 31, 2017, Wild resigned from office to pursue her candidacy for the United States House of Representatives to succeed retiring Representative Charlie Dent (R) in 2018. Dent's district had previously been the 15th, represented by seven-term Republican Charlie Dent. She won a six-candidate Democratic Party primary election with 33% of the vote, narrowly defeating Northampton County District Attorney John Morganelli, and faced Republican Lehigh County Commissioner Marty Nothstein in the November 6 general election. She defeated Nothstein in the general election with 53.5% of the vote to Northstein's 43.5%.


title: Susan Wild

text: On the same day, Wild also ran in a separate special election for the balance of Dent's term; he had resigned in May after announcing the previous fall that he would not run for reelection. On November 15, 2018, it was announced that Wild had won the 15th congressional district's special election, receiving 130,353 votes to Nothstein's 129,593 votes.


title: Susan Wild

text: There was a closer margin in the special election because that election was under the former 15th district, which had been thrown out by the Pennsylvania Supreme Court in February 2018. The former 15th had stretched from the Lehigh Valley into heavily Republican territory between Lebanon and Harrisburg, by way of a tendril in Berks County. The new 7th district is a more compact district centered in the Lehigh Valley, and includes a sliver of the Poconos.


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild ran for reelection to a second term. She was unopposed in the Democratic primary and faced former Lehigh County Commissioner Lisa Scheller in the general election. Wild defeated Scheller with 51.9% of the vote, less than was expected.


title: Susan Wild

text: Following the 2020 census, Wild was redistricted into a more competitive congressional seat. She was criticized by some district residents when she said of her new district, "Carbon County has many attributes, but it is a county that—although it was once an Obama county—it since has become a Trump county. I'm not quite sure what was in their heads because the people of Carbon County are exactly the kind of people who should not be voting for a Donald Trump, but I guess I might have to school them on that a little bit. But most of all, it is a very rural county."


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild has been critical of Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro for holding views characterized as "far-right", "misogynistic", "homophobic" and "anti-immigrant". In March 2019, she and 29 other Democratic lawmakers wrote U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo a letter that read in part, "Since the election of far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro as president, we have been particularly alarmed by the threat Bolsonaro’s agenda poses to the LGBTQ+ community and other minority communities, women, labor activists, and political dissidents in Brazil. We are deeply concerned that, by targeting hard-won political and social rights, Bolsonaro is endangering Brazil’s long-term democratic future."


title: Susan Wild

text: In 2020, Wild co-sponsored a bill to reauthorize the Older Americans Act for five years with a 35% increase in funding. President Donald Trump signed the bill into law in March 2020.


title: Susan Wild

text: On December 18, 2019, Wild voted for the first article of impeachment, "abuse of power", and the second article of impeachment, "obstruction of Congress" against President Donald Trump. In 2021, she cosponsored a resolution to expel Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene from Congress, suggesting that she "advocated violence against our peers, the Speaker and our government."


title: Susan Wild

text: In 2022, Wild voted for H.R. 1808: Assault Weapons Ban of 2022. As of November 2022, she had voted in line with President Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time.


title: Susan Wild

text: Wild married Russell Wild in 1981. They divorced in 2003 after 22 years of marriage. They have two adult children. Following her divorce, Wild reunited with Kerry Acker, who remained her life partner until his death by suicide on May 25, 2019. She lives in South Whitehall Township, west of Allentown. She is Jewish.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Vikas Bhalla (born 24 October 1972) is an Indian film, television actor, singer and producer. Vikas is trained in Hindustani classical music from Allahabad University, under Pandit Jialal Vasant. He appeared as a lead actor in films in the late 1990s, and went on to feature in several music and video albums. In 1995, Bhalla made his film debut in Ramesh Modi's "Sauda", in which he played the lead role of Deepak, opposite Neelam. The film was inspired by the Hollywood blockbuster "Indecent Proposal".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Alongside his acting career, Bhalla also pursued his career in singing and launched the albums "Hai Dhuan", "Awaara" and "Mehek Teri". His chart buster track "Hai Dhuan" from his debut album "Dhuan" got wide acceptance and made him popular and prominent singer.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2001, Bhalla made his television debut with "Apne Paray", where he played the role of veteran actor Rajesh Khanna's son. After that, he acted in many serials, including "Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan", "Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny", "Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin", "Shanno Ki Shaadi" and "Uttaran". Bhalla also worked in Zee TV's singing reality show "Star Ya Rockstar".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2007, Bhalla gave his first playback voice for the song "Paagal Si Saari Leheren" from the movie "Marigold". Thereafter, he came into prominence for being the playback voice for the super hit song "Po Po", featuring Salman Khan, Ajay Devgn and Sanjay Dutt, from the blockbuster 2012 movie "Son Of Sardar".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In addition to his acting and singing career, Bhalla owns a production company, Rat Race Entertainment, which was established in 2008 and also director and co-founder of IndoWest Films, which was established in 2013.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla was born on 24 October 1972 into a Punjabi family to Neelam Bhalla. He has one younger sister, Pooja Kalra, who is married. Bhalla shifted to Mumbai when he was a child. He has completed his studies from Bombay Scottish School and graduated in B.Com. from Narsee Monjee College, Mumbai. He trained in Hindustani classical music from Allahabad University, under Pandit Jialal Vasant at the tender age of nine and then he began training under Guru Iqbal Gill in 1985, when he was thirteen.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla began dating Punita, the daughter of veteran actor, Prem Chopra, since 1986, while they were studying high school education. He married her at the age of 24 and the couple have two children, Sanchi and Veer.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Apart from being an actor and singer, Bhalla has a production company, Rat Race Entertainment, which was established in 2008 and director and co-founder of IndoWest Films. He is also an educationist and runs a school in Bandra with his wife and mother.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla made his film debut with the 1995 Ramesh Modi's "Sauda", in which he played the lead role of Deepak, opposite Neelam. Later, In the same year, he worked in another romantic crime film "Taaqat", where he portrayed the role of veteran actor Dharmendra's younger brother Aklakh, opposite Kajol.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla worked in three different films in 1997, his first released "Jeeo Shaan Se", directed by "Talat Jani" starred Dharmendra and Reena Roy, where he played the role of Kishan, opposite Sakshi Shivanand. It is the story of three friends Gopala (Ayub Khan), Kishan (Himself) and Jay Mehta (Govinda). Kishan and Jay believe in sexual promiscuity and crave to have sex with a new girl every day while Gopala is a simpleton. They take pride in their manliness with the slogan "Jeeo Shaan Se". The next release being the Bollywood musical romance film "Dil Ke Jharoke Main", in which he portrayed the male lead role of Vijay Rai opposite Manisha Koirala. The story about the two lovebirds, Suman and Vijay Rai. They are two virtually inseparable school-going children. Both are heart-broken when Suman's dad decides to move out to a new location, both have tattooed a "heart" on their arms and hope to remember each other for the rest of their lives. This was followed by the "Ek Phool Teen Kante", directed by "Anup Malik", where he portrayed the pivotal role opposite Monica Bedi. In 1998, Bhalla acted in films including "Saazish" and "Deewana Hoon Pagal Nahi".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2005, Bhalla starred opposite Deepshika in Hriday Shetty's "Pyaar Mein Twist", where he portrayed the role of Yash Khurana's (Rishi Kapoor) son, Rajiv Khurana. The film tells the story of two lonely adults (played by Rishi Kapoor and Dimple Kapadia), who fall in love and decide to marry and how their grown up children find the entire situation offensive and they find themselves torn between love for each other.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2006, Bhalla portrayed the role of Rohit Verma opposite Esha Deol in Vikram Bhatt's "Ankahee". This movie was based upon the life of former Miss Universe Sushmita Sen, who was publicly in a relationship with Indian film director Vikram Bhatt. In the same year, he anchored "Bollywood Tonight" on Zee Muzic. He also appeared in the Salman Khan-starring Hollywood movie "Marigold" and the Shahid Kapoor-starring "Chance Pe Dance".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2014, Bhalla also worked with Salman Khan in the movie "Jai Ho", directed and produced by Sohail Khan. He played a small role of Suman's (Genelia Deshmukh) brother, Rohan. The film was released on 24 January 2014 along 3900 Screens in India and taking Overseas around 650 Screens, to mixed critical reception, but was declared a Semi Hit by Box Office India.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2001, Bhalla started his television career with "Apne Paraye", where he played the role of veteran actor Rajesh Khanna's son. Thereafter, he worked in "Karishma - The Miracles of Destiny" and "Jassi Jaissi Koi Nahin". He also appeared in "Sanjog Se Bani Sangini" as Ram Mathur on Zee TV.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2002, Bhalla was approached by Anurag Basu to play the main lead in Zee TV's show "Miit", where he portrayed the lead role of Akash. The story of the show is based on the novel "Noukadubi", written by the Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore in 1905. Later, Bhalla left the show, being replaced by Hiten Tejwani.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2003, Bhalla featured as male lead in the role of Dr. Aryan Rajsingh in "Tum Bin Jaaoon Kahaan" on Zee TV. The show is based on the popular Indian novel "November Rain"; The story revolves around Aryan, who loses his girlfriend Muskaan in a road mishap. Blaming himself for her death, he goes into a state of depression.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 2005, Bhalla was approached for the lead role of Arjun Sadarangani in Star Plus's show "Shanno Ki Shaadi", co-starring Divya Dutta. The story is about a traditional Punjabi family having trouble finding a suitable match for the middle daughter, Shanno who is shy, introverted and makes the best parathas. The show earned him a lot of popularity.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla has also parts in reality shows including the 2006 stunt reality show "Fear Factor India" on Sony TV and the 2011 celebrity singing reality show "Star Ya Rockstar" on Zee TV.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In February 2011, Bhalla was approached to play the negative role in Zee TV's drama series "Sanjog Se Bani Sangini", in which he portrayed the role of Ram Mathur, a bank manager who married to Rudra's (played by Mohammad Iqbal Khan) sister to get revenge.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In April 2012, Bhalla replaced Nandish Sandhu to play the protagonist in Film Farm productions's drama series "Uttaran". He was cast as Yuvraj's father, Veer Singh Bundela. The show tells the story of two friends of different economic backgrounds, Tapasya (played by Rashami Desai) and Ichcha (played by Tina Dutta). Tapasya, a rich daughter of a wealthy Jogi Thakur (played by Ayub Khan) and Ichcha, a daughter of a maid. In spite of the vast difference in status, the little girls become best friends.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In September 2013, Bhalla was roped to play an episodic role in 4 Lions Films production's crime thriller show "Arjun", where he played the role of a Psychopath killer, who changes into different avatars to kill people.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In October 2015, he entered Colors TV's game show "Bigg Boss 9" as a contestant and was paired opposite Yuvika Chaudhary, but got evicted on 1 November 2015 in the 3rd week.


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: Bhalla also pursued his career in singing. In 1995, he launched his first album entitled "Awaara". Thereafter, In 1997, he launched an album named "Dhuan", which has a song "Hai Dhuan", which received wide acceptance and gave him immense popularity. In 2007, he gave his first playback voice for the song "Paagal Si Saari Leheren", from the movie "Marigold". In September 2007, Bhalla launched his album titled "Mehek Teri", which has seven songs. The album has launched under Frankfinn Music, produced by Jatin Sharma, with music composed by Sandeep-Surya and Vivek Bakshi. Bhalla came into prominence for being the playback voice for the super hit song "Po Po", featuring Salman Khan, Ajay Devgn and Sanjay Dutt, from the blockbuster 2012 movie "Son Of Sardar".


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: In 1997, Bhalla launched an album named Dhuan, its song "Hai Dhhuan Hai Dhhuan" became a huge hit and gave him immense popularity. This song marked a significant turning point in his singing career. Speaking about what music means to him, he said: "Music is religion for me. It gives me peace of mind, which is extremely important in our profession where one goes through so much stress. When I sit with my tanpura and do my "riyaaz" in the morning, I transcend into another world."


title: Vikas Bhalla

text: It has made programmes for one Canadian and two Pakistani TV channels. The production house has also produced two shows – "Bol Bachan" and "Pixtionary" for Indian channels. Bhalla also director of IndoWest Films, which was established in 2013. It's primarily a line production company and is founded by two Indo-Canadians, , Sam Chandola. The company is designed to assist Indian productions to get easy, expert and dependable access to the locations.


title: Liam

text: The original name was a merging of two Old German elements: "willa" ("will" or "resolution"); and "helma" ("helmet"). The juxtaposition of these elements effectively means "helmet of will" or "guardian".


title: Liam

text: When the Frankish Empire was divided, the name developed differently in each region. In Northern Francia, Willahelm developed first into "Willelm" and then into "Willaume" in Norman and Picard, and "Guillaume" in Ile-de-France French. The Norman form was further developed by the English into the familiar modern form "William".


title: Liam

text: Although the names Willahelm and Guillaume were well known in England before 1066, through Saxon dealings with Guillaume, Duc de Normandie, it was viewed as a "foreign" name. The Norman Conquest had a dramatic effect on English names. Many if not most Saxon names, such as Ethelred, died out under the massive influx of French ones. Since the Royal Court now rang with names such as Alain, Guy, Reginald and William, they were quickly adopted by the English, the Welsh, and eventually the Irish.


title: Liam

text: Within a generation, the "new" names had become so completely assimilated that they were regarded as homegrown, and variant forms evolved and thrived alongside one another. In Wales, both William and Gwilym became popular, as did the short forms Wil and Gwil, and almost every village had its own Gwilym Williams (the final "s" represented "son of" or "descendant of"). The Norman conquest of Ireland followed a similar pattern to that of England a century earlier. Within a generation, the Irish Uilliam was found alongside William, and the short form of both was Liam.


title: Liam

text: Until the end of the 18th century, Liam was virtually unknown outside Ireland. In the mid-1850s, over a million and a half people left Ireland to escape the catastrophic great famine and, from then on, Irish names were heard everywhere. Liam as an independent name in England and Wales dates from 1932, but it was mainly confined to the families of Irish descent. By 1955, it was recorded for two boys in every 10,000, a figure it maintained until 1975, when it rose to four per 10,000.


title: Liam

text: By 1980, it was clear that Liam was becoming a vogue name in the general population in the United Kingdom and that year it was recorded for 12 boys per 10,000. It continued to gain ground. In 1985, it stood at 20 per 10,000, and by 1990, it was recorded for 100 boys in every 10,000. In 1996, Liam peaked in popularity as the 10th most popular baby name for boys in England and Wales, according to the UK Office for National Statistics.


title: Liam

text: Liam continued to remain in the top 33 most popular boys names in the UK throughout the first decade of the 21st century but started to steadily decline in 2009.


title: Liam

text: Meanwhile, according to the Social Security Administration, Liam had been steadily gaining in popularity in the United States and entered the top 50 names for the first time in 2009 at number 49. As Liam gained popularity in the US, climbing to number two by 2013, popularity in the UK plummeted, and it ranked 67th that same year. In Canada, Liam has been the most popular boys name since 2013.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: The Last Days on Mars is a 2013 science fiction horror film directed by Ruairí Robinson with a screenplay by Clive Dawson, based on the short story "The Animators" by Sydney J. Bounds. It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival. The film received a limited release on 6 December 2013 in the United States and 11 April 2014 in the United Kingdom. It stars Liev Schreiber, Elias Koteas, Romola Garai, Goran Kostić, Johnny Harris, Tom Cullen, Yusra Warsama, and Olivia Williams. It is an international co-production between Ireland and the United Kingdom.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: In the 2040s, a Martian research base, Tantalus Base outpost, is established. The eight person crew, which has been stationed there for six months, is only nineteen hours from the completion of their research mission. The spacecraft "Aurora" is inbound from Earth and will collect the team by lander. Mars scientist Marko Petrović has found samples that point to life on the planet. Without revealing his discovery, he devises a ruse for a last EVA on the surface. Crewmate Richard Harrington drives Petrović in a solar-powered rover to the spot where he had found the sample. After he obtains soil with the biological agent present, Petrović falls into a sinkhole that suddenly opens.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Captain Charles Brunel and crewmate Lauren Dalby plan to explore the pit to retrieve Petrović's body. Dalby remains at the pit but disappears before the team can return with equipment. Brunel authorizes Vincent Campbell to explore the pit and he finds that a fungal organism is present in the fissure. Dalby and Petrović reappear at the main outpost, but exposure to the organism has altered them into fast, aggressive, intelligent, zombie-like creatures with blackened skin and no trace of their original personalities. Harrington dies from a power drill attack by one of the zombies and later revives as one himself. The remaining crew hold off the zombies while Brunel and Campbell return. Brunel is also fatally injured and reanimates, which provides the crew with new insight into the symptoms: thirst, memory loss and aggression. It’s also discovered that antibiotics delay the infection.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: After several fights and escapes from the zombies through the habitat modules, mission psychologist Robert Irwin traps scientist Kim Aldrich, who had often infuriated her crewmates. Rebecca Lane is also stabbed in the leg during the frantic escape to a rover. With their rover's power low, the survivors – Campbell, Irwin and Lane – decide they must get to the other rover, which is still at the site of the fissure. Under the pretence of a scouting operation, Irwin steals the second rover and fails to persuade Campbell to abandon Lane, who he states is infected. Irwin meanwhile conceals evidence of his possible infection.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: While Campbell and Lane wait for the sun to rise and the solar powered batteries to recharge, they discuss the nature of the zombies and Lane questions whether any human consciousness remains trapped in them. Campbell attempts to comfort her and falls asleep. When he wakes up alone, Campbell realizes that Lane has fled into the desert and he chases her. Lane, who knows she is likely to turn, fails to deter Campbell from following her and in desperation, commits suicide by removing her helmet. After she dies, Lane reanimates and begs Campbell to destroy her. Campbell reluctantly complies by bashing her head in with a rock.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Campbell and Irwin separately converge on the "Aurora" lander, where the reanimated Aldrich kills the lander's crew. Petrovic and the other zombies appear desiccated and inert. An infected Irwin initiates a launch, which takes him and Campbell into orbit. Campbell kills Irwin and ejects the body and virulent blood droplets into the vacuum of space. In a message to mission control, Campbell says he does not have enough fuel for a rendezvous but supplies aboard can last for months if they want to launch a rescue. He tells them that this might not be advisable as he could be infected, having gotten a drop of Irwin's infected blood on his face; if so he has just enough fuel for re-entry and a fast death. Campbell concludes that it will take 15 minutes for the transmission to be received and will await their reply. He subsequently ends the communication, still floating alone in space.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Principal photography went from May to July 2012. Exterior shots took place in Jordan, and then shooting moved to Elstree Studios in England. The Jordanian vegetation was removed digitally.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: According to "The Last Days on Mars" director Ruairí Robinson, Paul Walker was offered the role of Vincent Campbell just before his untimely death, but Paul Walker's father Paul William Walker III refused, but then Philip Seymour Hoffman (also just before his untimely death) and Nikolaj Coster-Waldau were considered for the role of Vincent Campbell, when the casting begun in April 2012, Liev Schreiber took the role of Vincent Campbell.


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: The visual effects for "The Last Days on Mars" were done by Screen Scene VFX in Ireland. Influences include Paul Greengrass, Michael Mann, and Sergio Leone; Robinson wanted to make a paranoid thriller reminiscent of "Alien".


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, gave the film a 18% rating, with a negative site consensus: "Neither intelligent enough to work as thought-provoking sci-fi nor trashy enough to provide B-movie thrills, "The Last Days on Mars" proves as cinematically barren as the titular planet."


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Justin Chang of "Variety" called it a "murkily derivative sci-fi-horror entry that basically amounts to "Red Planet of the Dead"."


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: David Rooney of "The Hollywood Reporter" called it atmospheric and gripping but "unapologetically derivative".


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Tim Robey of "The Daily Telegraph" gave the film 2/5 stars: "You've never seen the red planet looking quite as humdrum as the one in "The Last Days on Mars"."


title: The Last Days on Mars

text: Charlotte O'Sullivan of the "Evening Standard" also gave the film 2/5 stars: "Even at 98 minutes, the whole thing lasts way too long."