title: Cavalry scout

text: A Scout is authorized to wear silver spurs if he has completed a Spur Ride, a rigorous series of physical and mental tasks/events designed to test the scout's military skills, military bearing, physical endurance, mental fortitude, teamwork, ability to act under pressure and exhaustion, and ability to think and improvise quickly. The spur ride was similar to the Infantry's Expert Infantryman Badge in that only a scout could earn them. That tradition has since changed from the mid to late 1990s and now anyone serving in a Cavalry unit, CA or CSS can earn them. The Spur Ride rarely lasts more than three days (sometimes as little as one very long day and night), primarily due to U.S. Army regulations against hazing traditions. In short, it once was a "gut" check or a "smoke" session but it has changed with the times but some units still practice some of the older traditions when it comes to earning the spurs. The exact details of a Spur Ride varies according to the traditions of the particular Cavalry Squadron.


title: Cavalry scout

text: A Scout who has previously earned his silver spurs and then serves in combat is eligible for brass or gold combat spurs. Scouts who have directly been involved in combat are often awarded combat spurs in lieu of the normally prerequisite silver spurs.


title: Cavalry scout

text: The Certificate awarded to Order of the Spur inductees, while honored by Cavalrymen everywhere, is not a document that is authorized for inclusion in a soldier's permanent official military file. Regardless, induction into the Order of the Spur is for life, and once awarded is recognized no matter which duty station the Cavalry Scout is assigned to.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Although awarding of the Cavalry Spurs is often reserved for Cavalry troopers only, a deserving soldier or foreign military member who has provided great service (often in combat) to the Cavalry Squadron may be awarded Spurs.


title: Cavalry scout

text: The spurs and stetson are not authorized and are not official headgear or award. They are part of the esprit de corps that lives within the Cav.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Physical demands rating and qualifications for initial award of military occupational specialty; the job is available to female personnel. Cavalry scouts must possess the following qualifications:


title: Cavalry scout

text: All Cavalry Scouts attend OSUT (One Station Unit Training) or split ops training at Fort Benning in Georgia. The first phase, roughly 9 weeks, is basic military training. The second phase, roughly 7 weeks long, focuses on becoming a Scout for a total of 16 weeks. The U.S. Army is currently testing and considering extending training to a 22-week OSUT course. During these final weeks the future Cavalry Scouts are trained by Instructors as well as their Drill Sergeants.


title: Cavalry scout

text: The OSUT training was moved from Fort Knox, Kentucky, to Fort Benning, Georgia, in 2011. Prior to current phase, OSUT was offered in the form of Cavalry Scout training with Ranger Assessment Selection combination to better prepare Soldiers for The Global War on Terror. This program ended in 2008 in favor of unit based Ranger School recommendation.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Training is broken into color-coded phases, during which recruits gain increasing freedom, based on the recommendations of their drill Sergeants. Training requires excellent physical and mental condition, and is mostly hands-on, in the field. Due to rigorous training an incoming recruit group can see a drop by half or more prior to graduation.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Vikas Swarup (born 22 June 1961) is a retired Indian diplomat and writer. He retired from the Indian Foreign Service as the Secretary (West) at the Ministry of External Affairs, India on 30 June 2021 and has previously served as High Commissioner of India in Canada and has been the official spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs. He was best known as the author of the novel "Q & A", adapted in film as "Slumdog Millionaire", the winner of Best Film for the year 2009 at the Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards and BAFTA Awards.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1986 and served in Turkey, the United States, Ethiopia, the United Kingdom, South Africa and Japan in various Indian diplomatic missions. His other novels are "Six Suspects" and "The Accidental Apprentice". In April 2015, he was appointed as the official spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs of India to head its Public Diplomacy divisions at New Delhi, succeeding Syed Akbaruddin.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: In December 2019, Swarup took charge as Secretary (West) in the Ministry of External Affairs, looking after relations with Europe, Central Asia as well as the United Nations system.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup was born in 1961 in the historic Indian city, Prayagraj in a family of lawyers. He did his schooling at Boys' High School & College, Allahabad and pursued further studies at Allahabad University in Psychology, History and Philosophy.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup is a career diplomat and joined the Indian Foreign Service in 1986. He has served in different capacities in New Delhi and in India's missions abroad including his last assignment as High Commissioner of India to Canada followed by the post of the official spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs. He also served in Ankara, Washington D.C., Addis Ababa, London, Pretoria and as Consul General in Osaka-Kobe, Japan.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup's debut novel, "Q & A", tells the story of how a penniless waiter in Mumbai becomes the biggest quiz show winner in history. Critically acclaimed in India and abroad, this international best-seller has been translated into 43 different languages. It was shortlisted for the Best First Book by the Commonwealth Writers' Prize and won South Africa's Exclusive Books Boeke Prize in 2006, as well as the Prix Grand Public at the 2007 Paris Book Fair. It was voted winner of the Best Travel Read (Fiction) at the Heathrow Travel Product Award 2009.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: A BBC radio series based on the book won the Gold Award for Best Drama at the 2008 Sony Radio Academy Awards and the 2008 IVCA Clarion Award. Harper Collins brought out the audio book, read by Kerry Shale, which won the Audie for best fiction audio book of the year. Film4 of the UK had optioned the movie rights and the movie titled "Slumdog Millionaire", directed by Danny Boyle, was first released in the US to great critical acclaim. It won the People's Choice Award at the Toronto International Film Festival and three awards (Best Film, Best Director and Most Promising Newcomer) at the British Independent Film Awards 2008. The National Board of Review picked "Slumdog Millionaire" as the best film of 2008. The movie swept five awards out of its six nominations at the Critics' Choice Awards, and all four nominations awarded at the Golden Globe Awards including best director, picture, screenplay and score, and seven BAFTA Awards. It received ten Oscar nominations of which it won eight, including Best Picture and Best Director. From "The NY Times" report: "[T]hough it had no actors nominated for prizes, [it also] swept many awards other than those on the top line, including prizes for cinematography, sound mixing, score and film editing. "Slumdog"'s eight Oscars was the largest total won by a single film since "" won 11 in 2004." The film was released in the UK on 9 January 2009 and in India on 23 January with William Losch.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup's second novel "Six Suspects", published by Transworld, was released on 28 July 2008 and has been translated into more than 30 languages. The US edition was published by Minotaur Books in 2009. It was optioned for a film by the BBC and Starfield productions and John Hodge, who has been commissioned to write the screenplay.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup's short story "A Great Event" was published in "The Children's Hours: Stories of Childhood", an anthology of stories about childhood to support Save the Children and raise awareness for its fight to end violence against children.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup has participated in the Oxford Literary Festival, the Turin International Book Fair, the Auckland Writers' Conference, the Sydney Writers' Festival, the Kitab Festival in New Delhi, the St. Malo International Book & Film Festival in France, the 'Words on Water' Literary Festival at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, the Jaipur Literature Festival in India, the Hay-on-Wye Festival in Wales and the Franschhoek Literary Festival in South Africa. In 2009 he participated in the 33rd Cairo International Film Festival as a jury member for the International Competition for Feature Digital Films.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: He has written for "TIME", Newsweek, "The Guardian", "The Daily Telegraph" (UK), "Outlook" magazine (India) and "Libération" (France).


title: Vikas Swarup

text: On 21 September 2010, the University of South Africa (UNISA) conferred the degree of Doctor of Literature & Philosophy (honoris causa) on Swarup at a graduation ceremony in Pretoria.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: On June 18, 2020, Montreal-based Concordia University conferred an Honorary Doctorate on Swarup for literary excellence and dedication to diplomacy.


title: Vikas Swarup

text: Swarup speaks Turkish apart from English and other Indian languages. He is married to Aparna, an artist, and the couple have two sons.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: The Pennsylvania General Assembly is the legislature of the U.S. commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The legislature convenes in the State Capitol building in Harrisburg. In colonial times (1682–1776), the legislature was known as the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly and was unicameral. Since the Constitution of 1776, the legislature has been known as the General Assembly. The General Assembly became a bicameral legislature in 1791.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: The General Assembly has 253 members, consisting of a Senate with 50 members and a House of Representatives with 203 members, making it the second-largest state legislature in the nation, behind New Hampshire, and the largest full-time legislature.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: Senators are elected for a term of four years. Representatives are elected for a term of two years. The Pennsylvania general elections are held on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. A vacant seat must be filled by special election, the date of which is set by the presiding officer of the respective house.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: Senators must be at least 25 years old, and Representatives at least 21 years old. They must be citizens and residents of the state for a minimum of four years and reside in their districts for at least one year. Individuals who have been convicted of felonies, including embezzlement, bribery, and perjury, are ineligible for election; the state Constitution also adds the category of "other infamous crimes," which can be broadly interpreted by state courts. No one who has been previously expelled from the General Assembly may be elected.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: Legislative districts are drawn every ten years, following the U.S. Census. Districts are drawn by a five-member commission, of which four members are the majority and minority leaders of each house (or their delegates). The fifth member, who chairs the committee, is appointed by the other four and may not be an elected or appointed official. If the leadership cannot decide on a fifth member, the State Supreme Court may appoint him or her.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: While in office, legislators may not hold civil office. Even if a member resigns, the Constitution states that the legislator may not be appointed to civil office for the duration of the term to which the legislator was elected.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: The General Assembly is a continuing body within the term for which its representatives are elected. It convenes at 12 o'clock noon on the first Tuesday of January each year and then meets regularly throughout the year. Both houses adjourn on November 30 in even-numbered years, when the terms of all members of the House and half the members of the Senate expire. Neither body can adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: The governor may call a special session in order to press for legislation on important issues. As of 2017, only 35 special sessions have been called in the history of Pennsylvania.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: The Assembly meets in the Pennsylvania State Capitol, which was completed in 1906. Under the Pennsylvania Constitution, the Assembly must meet in the City of Harrisburg and can move only if given the consent of both chambers.


title: Pennsylvania General Assembly

text: During the mid-19th century, the frustration of the people of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania with the extremely severe level of corruption in the General Assembly culminated in a constitutional amendment in 1864 which prevented the General Assembly from writing statutes covering more than one subject. Unfortunately, the amendment (today found at Section 3 of Article III of the Pennsylvania Constitution) was so poorly written that it also prevented the General Assembly from undertaking a comprehensive codification of the Commonwealth's statutes until another amendment was pushed through in 1967 to provide the necessary exception. This is why today, Pennsylvania is the only U.S. state that has not yet completed a comprehensive codification of its general statutory law. Pennsylvania is currently undertaking its first official codification process in the "Pennsylvania Consolidated Statutes".


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: Music Has the Right to Children is the debut studio album by Scottish electronic music duo Boards of Canada. It was released on 20 April 1998 in the UK by Warp and Skam Records and in the US by Matador. The album was produced at Hexagon Sun, the duo's personal recording studio in Pentland Hills, and continued their distinctive style of electronica, featuring vintage synthesisers, degraded analogue production, found sounds and samples, and hip hop-inspired rhythms that had been featured on their first two EPs "Twoism" (1995) and "Hi Scores" (1996).


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album received critical acclaim upon its release, and has since been acknowledged as a landmark work in electronic music, going on to inspire a variety of subsequent artists. It has been included on various best-ever lists by publications such as "Pitchfork" and "Mojo".


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The members of Boards of Canada, brothers Michael Sandison and Marcus Eoin, had been creating music together as early as 1981, layering synths over cassette recordings of shortwave radio. Throughout the 1990s, the band were members of the Hexagon Sun artistic collective based in Pentland Hills, Scotland, and released self-produced cassettes produced in small quantities and given to friends and family members. According to Eoin,"We'd been recording in various forms of the band as teens through much of the '80s, and already had a big collection of our own old crappy recordings that we were really fond of. Then, around 1987 or 1988, we were beginning to experiment with collage tapes of demos we'd deliberately destroyed, to give the impression of chewed up library tapes that had been found in a field somewhere. That was the seed for the whole project. In those days, everyone used to have drawers full of unique cassettes with old snippets from radio and TV, it's kind of a lost thing now, sadly. To me, it's fascinating and precious to find some lost recordings in a cupboard, so part of it was an idea to create new music that really felt like an old familiar thing."In 1996, the band completed their first wide release, the "Hi Scores" EP, and began sending it out for record labels to hear. Sean Booth of Autechre heard the EP, and suggested that the band get in touch with SKAM Records, whose first release had been Booth's "LEGO Feet" album in 1991. SKAM released "Hi Scores", and invited the band to produce a full-length follow-up. At the same time, the band established a relationship with Warp Records, who also wished to release an album by the band. As a compromise, the album would eventually be jointly released by both labels.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album was recorded in the duo's studio in Pentland Hills, which had been described as a "bunker" by various media publications. The duo described this as "just an exaggeration on the part of the record label" in an interview around the time of the album's release.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album features the duo utilizing samplers, intentionally detuned vintage synthesizers, drum machines and reel to reel tape recorders. It also incorporates a wide variety of samples, including several from the children's television program "Sesame Street" in tracks such as "The Color of the Fire" and "Aquarius". The track "Happy Cycling" samples the sound of the red-legged seriema from Vangelis' score for the 1976 documentary "La Fête sauvage.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: During the production of the track "Rue the Whirl", the studio's window was left open, and the sound of birds was accidentally recorded into the track. The duo decided that the track was enhanced by the natural sounds, and left it in.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: "Smokes Quantity" first appeared on "Twoism" in 1995, and several other tracks previously appeared on the duo's 1996 limited release "Boc Maxima", albeit in different forms. "The Color of the Fire" first appeared in a shorter form on "A Few Old Tunes" as "I Love U". The short vignettes appended to the end of "Triangles and Rhombuses" and "Sixtyten" predate the album and are sourced from the duo's own library of shorter tracks and demos, which they have sampled throughout their discography.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: In interviews, the band has identified Devo, Wendy Carlos, DAF, TV and film soundtracks, Jeff Wayne, Julian Cope, My Bloody Valentine, 1980s pop music, and Seefeel as influences of the album's sound. According to Eoin, the band was uninterested in the styles of electronic music that were popular at the time of the album's creation, and that creating dance music was not a priority for them.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: According to the band, the album's titles contain "cryptic references that the listener might understand or might not," many of them personal to the band. "Our titles are always cryptic references which the listener might understand or might not. Some of them are personal, so the listener is unlikely to know what it refers to. "Music Has The Right To Children" is a statement of our intention to affect the audience using sound. "The Color Of The Fire" was a reference to a friend's psychedelic experience. "Kaini Industries" is a company that was set up in Canada (by coincidence in the month Mike was born), to create employment for a settlement of Cree Indians. "Olson" is the surname of a family we know, and "Smokes Quantity" is the nickname of a friend of ours.""Pete Standing Alone" shares its name with the main character of the documentary "Circle of the Sun" directed by Colin Low and released by the National Film Board of Canada.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album cover is a modified version of a family photo taken at Banff Springs in Alberta, Canada. According to Sandison,“If there's sadness in the way we use memory, it's because the time you're focusing on has gone forever… It's a theme we play on a lot, that bittersweet thing where you face up to the fact that certain chapters of your life are just Polaroids now.”


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The original CD was released in a traditional jewel case, while the 2004 re-release was packaged in digipak format. "Happy Cycling" was mistakenly left off 500 copies of the initial North American release of the album despite the artwork indicating that the song was included. The vinyl record was released in a gatefold sleeve with a sticker that wrote the band's name in braille attached to it.


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album received extensively widespread acclaim upon release. In 2014, AllMusic called it "a landmark for electronic listening music that was widely copied." "Fact" called it "an adult meditation on childhood, concerned with play, naïveté and nostalgia, all tinted with rosy pastoralism," but "also devilishly subtle, intricate and emotionally mature." "Slant Magazine" described the album as "nestled somewhere in between the warm hues of 1970s flocked wallpaper and the sleek electronic sheen of the future." "Pitchfork" stated that the duo "tapped into the collective unconscious of those who grew up in the English speaking West and were talented enough to transcribe the soundtrack."


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: Since its release, the album has frequently been included in lists of greatest albums of all time. "Music Has the Right to Children" featured at number 26 on "Pitchfork"s "The 150 Best Albums of the 1990s" list, as well as number 2 on its "50 Best IDM Albums of All Time" list released in 2017. It was ranked number 91 in "Mojo" magazine's "100 Modern Classics" list. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: Music Has the Right to Children

text: The album has been noted as a major influence on the electronic music genre. Reflecting on its 20th anniversary, Sean O'Neal of "The A.V. Club" noted that "it practically created its own subgenre, inspiring a legion of artists who had similar goals of getting inside your head." "Fact" magazine identified Lone, Gold Panda, Lapalux, Tim Hecker, Leyland Kirby, Bibio, Four Tet, and Ulrich Schnauss as musicians directly influenced by the album, calling it not "just a classic album or many people's personal favourite," but also "an artifact in its own lifetime, a present-day relic that recalls an innocent time in more ways than one."


title: Dante Hall

text: Damieon Dante Hall (born September 20, 1978) is an American former football wide receiver and return specialist who played nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He is nicknamed the "Human Joystick" and the "X-Factor". Hall was a fifth-round draft pick out of Texas A&M University by the Kansas City Chiefs in the 2000 NFL Draft. Hall played for the Chiefs for seven years before being traded to the St. Louis Rams on April 25, 2007, for the Rams' third and fifth-round picks in the 2007 NFL Draft. Hall was ranked the 10th greatest return specialist in NFL history on NFL Network's NFL Top 10 Return Aces.


title: Dante Hall

text: Hall played for Texas A&M University as a running back and return specialist. His 4,707 all-purpose yards place him second in school history behind Darren Lewis. He majored in Ag Leadership & Development.


title: Dante Hall

text: On November 8, 1999, Texas A&M head coach R. C. Slocum announced Hall's dismissal from the team for violations of the team's policy. Hall stated he thinks he was ousted due to parking violations.


title: Dante Hall

text: The Kansas City Chiefs drafted Hall in the fifth-round of the 2000 NFL Draft. He made his NFL debut on September 24, 2000, as a kick/punt returner. In five games, he returned 17 kickoffs for 358 yards and six punts for 37 yards.


title: Dante Hall

text: He spent the spring of 2001 playing in NFL Europe for the Scottish Claymores as a wide receiver. He led the league with 26 kickoff returns for 635 yards and was second in punt returns with 15 for 177 yards and second in combined net yards with 1,286.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2002, Hall had his first NFL touchdown off a 60-yard reception at the New York Jets on October 6, 2002. Hall returned one kickoff and two punts for touchdowns. His two touchdowns off punt returns tied him for first in Chief franchise history. The 2002 NFL season earned Hall his first NFL Pro Bowl, being selected as a kick returner. Hall became the second player in NFL history to return a kickoff and a punt return for a touchdown in the same game.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2003, Hall returned a kickoff or a punt for a touchdown four games in a row, which is an NFL record. The most memorable moment of the season came against the Denver Broncos in which he reversed direction twice to evade the entire special teams unit en route to a 93-yard punt return for a touchdown, his 7th in the 10-game stretch from the previous season, then went on to score 10 total touchdowns in 13 games. In the playoffs that year against the Indianapolis Colts, Hall had another kickoff return for a touchdown, giving him five for the year, as well as a receiving touchdown. Hall was named to the 2004 Pro Bowl as a kick/punt returner for his second time.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2004, Hall touched the ball eight times for 242 yards vs. the San Diego Chargers on November 28, 2004. His six kickoff returns for 233 yards with a 96-yard touchdown in the game set a career-high. On December 19, 2004, he returned the opening kickoff 97-yards for a touchdown. This touchdown made him the Chiefs' franchise leader in career kickoff return touchdowns and career special teams touchdowns. During the 2004 NFL season, Hall set single-season Chiefs' franchise records with 68 kickoff returns and career-high 1,718 kickoff return yards.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2005, in a memorable game against the Denver Broncos, Hall appeared to be on his way to a kickoff return for a touchdown, but he surprisingly fumbled the ball without being touched by a defensive player. With a touchdown on a kickoff return against the Philadelphia Eagles on October 2, 2005, he tied four players, among them Ollie Matson and Gale Sayers, for the most career kickoff return touchdowns, with six. That record stood until Joshua Cribbs broke it in 2009. Hall's sixth return was also his 10th return touchdown, placing him third in that category behind Brian Mitchell (13) and Eric Metcalf (12).


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2006, Hall had two kickoff returns for 86 yards and three punt returns for seven yards in Week 12 vs. the Denver Broncos on November 23, 2006. This game made him the sixth player to have 10,000 career kick return yards. Hall played his second postseason game at Indianapolis on January 6, 2007, in a rematch from the 2003 Divisional Playoffs.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2007, Hall was traded along with a third-round draft pick to the St. Louis Rams for their third and fifth-round draft pick in the 2007 NFL Draft. Hall tied Metcalf on September 30, 2007 against the Dallas Cowboys with his 12th return touchdown. On October 7, 2008, Hall injured his ankle vs. the Arizona Cardinals, missing four games. He further aggravated his ankle on October 25, 2008, vs. the Seattle Seahawks and was placed on injured reserve.


title: Dante Hall

text: In 2013, Hall worked as an assistant coach at St. Anthony High School in Long Beach, California. In 2016, he spent several months as a radio host for KILT-FM in Houston, Texas.


title: Dante Hall

text: Hall is the co-author of "Dante Hall: X-Factor", a book that details his journey from Texas A&M running back to one of the best kick returners in the NFL. He is mentioned in Lil Wayne's song "Dipset (Reppin Time)" in the line "I'm like Dante Hall, I just throw up the X." Hall appeared as a guest on the Late Show with David Letterman on October 30, 2003.


title: Dante Hall

text: Hall has established many nicknames in his career, perhaps the best known being "X-factor", referring to how whenever he scored a touchdown he would cross his forearms to resemble an "X". Hall was also known as "The Human Joystick", referring to the agility he showed during returns.


title: Second quantization

text: Second quantization, also referred to as occupation number representation, is a formalism used to describe and analyze quantum many-body systems. In quantum field theory, it is known as canonical quantization, in which the fields (typically as the wave functions of matter) are thought of as field operators, in a manner similar to how the physical quantities (position, momentum, etc.) are thought of as operators in first quantization. The key ideas of this method were introduced in 1927 by Paul Dirac, and were later developed, most notably, by Pascual Jordan and Vladimir Fock.


title: Second quantization

text: In this approach, the quantum many-body states are represented in the Fock state basis, which are constructed by filling up each single-particle state with a certain number of identical particles. The second quantization formalism introduces the creation and annihilation operators to construct and handle the Fock states, providing useful tools to the study of the quantum many-body theory.


title: Second quantization

text: The starting point of the second quantization formalism is the notion of indistinguishability of particles in quantum mechanics. Unlike in classical mechanics, where each particle is labeled by a distinct position vector formula_1 and different configurations of the set of formula_1s correspond to different many-body states, "in quantum mechanics, the particles are identical, such that exchanging two particles, i.e. formula_3, does not lead to a different many-body quantum state". This implies that the quantum many-body wave function must be invariant (up to a phase factor) under the exchange of two particles. According to the statistics of the particles, the many-body wave function can either be symmetric or antisymmetric under the particle exchange:


title: Second quantization

text: This exchange symmetry property imposes a constraint on the many-body wave function. Each time a particle is added or removed from the many-body system, the wave function must be properly symmetrized or anti-symmetrized to satisfy the symmetry constraint. In the first quantization formalism, this constraint is guaranteed by representing the wave function as linear combination of permanents (for bosons) or determinants (for fermions) of single-particle states. In the second quantization formalism, the issue of symmetrization is automatically taken care of by the creation and annihilation operators, such that its notation can be much simpler.


title: Second quantization

text: Consider a complete set of single-particle wave functions formula_6 labeled by formula_7 (which may be a combined index of a number of quantum numbers). The following wave function


title: Second quantization

text: represents an "N"-particle state with the "i"th particle occupying the single-particle state formula_9. In the shorthanded notation, the position argument of the wave function may be omitted, and it is assumed that the "i"th single-particle wave function describes the state of the "i"th particle. The wave function formula_10 has not been symmetrized or anti-symmetrized, thus in general not qualified as a many-body wave function for identical particles. However, it can be brought to the symmetrized (anti-symmetrized) form by operators formula_11 for symmetrizer, and formula_12 for antisymmetrizer.


title: Second quantization

text: Here formula_15 is an element in the "N"-body permutation group (or symmetric group) formula_16, which performs a permutation among the state labels formula_17, and formula_18 denotes the corresponding permutation sign. formula_19 is the normalization operator that normalizes the wave function. (It is the operator that applies a suitable numerical normalization factor to the symmetrized tensors of degree "n"; see the next section for its value.)


title: Second quantization

text: If one arranges the single-particle wave functions in a matrix formula_20, such that the row-"i" column-"j" matrix element is formula_21, then the boson many-body wave function can be simply written as a permanent formula_22, and the fermion many-body wave function as a determinant formula_23 (also known as the Slater determinant).


title: Second quantization

text: First quantized wave functions involve complicated symmetrization procedures to describe physically realizable many-body states because the language of first quantization is redundant for indistinguishable particles. In the first quantization language, the many-body state is described by answering a series of questions like ""Which particle is in which state?"". However these are not physical questions, because the particles are identical, and it is impossible to tell which particle is which in the first place. The seemingly different states formula_24 and formula_25 are actually redundant names of the same quantum many-body state. So the symmetrization (or anti-symmetrization) must be introduced to eliminate this redundancy in the first quantization description.


title: Second quantization

text: In the second quantization language, instead of asking "each particle on which state", one asks ""How many particles are there in each state?"". Because this description does not refer to the labeling of particles, it contains no redundant information, and hence leads to a precise and simpler description of the quantum many-body state. In this approach, the many-body state is represented in the occupation number basis, and the basis state is labeled by the set of occupation numbers, denoted


title: Second quantization

text: meaning that there are formula_27 particles in the single-particle state formula_28 (or as formula_29). The occupation numbers sum to the total number of particles, i.e. formula_30. For fermions, the occupation number formula_27 can only be 0 or 1, due to the Pauli exclusion principle; while for bosons it can be any non-negative integer


title: Second quantization

text: The occupation number states formula_33 are also known as Fock states. All the Fock states form a complete basis of the many-body Hilbert space, or Fock space. Any generic quantum many-body state can be expressed as a linear combination of Fock states.


title: Second quantization

text: Note that besides providing a more efficient language, Fock space allows for a variable number of particles. As a Hilbert space, it is isomorphic to the sum of the "n"-particle bosonic or fermionic tensor spaces described in the previous section, including a one-dimensional zero-particle space C.


title: Second quantization

text: The Fock state with all occupation numbers equal to zero is called the vacuum state, denoted formula_34. The Fock state with only one non-zero occupation number is a single-mode Fock state, denoted formula_35. In terms of the first quantized wave function, the vacuum state is the unit tensor product and can be denoted formula_36. The single-particle state is reduced to its wave function formula_37. Other single-mode many-body (boson) states are just the tensor product of the wave function of that mode, such as formula_38 and


title: Second quantization

text: formula_39. For multi-mode Fock states (meaning more than one single-particle state formula_28 is involved), the corresponding first-quantized wave function will require proper symmetrization according to the particle statistics, e.g. formula_41 for a boson state, and formula_42 for a fermion state (the symbol formula_43 between formula_44 and formula_45 is omitted for simplicity). In general, the normalization is found to be formula_46, where "N" is the total number of particles. For fermion, this expression reduces to formula_47 as formula_48 can only be either zero or one. So the first-quantized wave function corresponding to the Fock state reads


title: Second quantization

text: for fermions. Note that for fermions, formula_51 only, so the tensor product above is effectively just a product over all occupied single-particle states.


title: Second quantization

text: The creation and annihilation operators are introduced to add or remove a particle from the many-body system. These operators lie at the core of the second quantization formalism, bridging the gap between the first- and the second-quantized states. Applying the creation (annihilation) operator to a first-quantized many-body wave function will insert (delete) a single-particle state from the wave function in a symmetrized way depending on the particle statistics. On the other hand, all the second-quantized Fock states can be constructed by applying the creation operators to the vacuum state repeatedly.


title: Second quantization

text: The creation and annihilation operators (for bosons) are originally constructed in the context of the quantum harmonic oscillator as the raising and lowering operators, which are then generalized to the field operators in the quantum field theory. They are fundamental to the quantum many-body theory, in the sense that every many-body operator (including the Hamiltonian of the many-body system and all the physical observables) can be expressed in terms of them.


title: Second quantization

text: The creation and annihilation of a particle is implemented by the insertion and deletion of the single-particle state from the first quantized wave function in an either symmetric or anti-symmetric manner. Let formula_29 be a single-particle state, let 1 be the tensor identity (it is the generator of the zero-particle space C and satisfies formula_53 in the tensor algebra over the fundamental Hilbert space), and let formula_54 be a generic tensor product state. The insertion formula_55 and the deletion formula_56 operators are linear operators defined by the following recursive equations


title: Second quantization

text: Here formula_59 is the Kronecker delta symbol, which gives 1 if formula_60, and 0 otherwise. The subscript formula_61 of the insertion or deletion operators indicates whether symmetrization (for bosons) or anti-symmetrization (for fermions) is implemented.


title: Second quantization

text: The boson creation (resp. annihilation) operator is usually denoted as formula_62 (resp. formula_63). The creation operator formula_62 adds a boson to the single-particle state formula_28, and the annihilation operator formula_63 removes a boson from the single-particle state formula_28. The creation and annihilation operators are Hermitian conjugate to each other, but neither of them are Hermitian operators (formula_68).


title: Second quantization

text: The boson creation (annihilation) operator is a linear operator, whose action on a "N"-particle first-quantized wave function formula_10 is defined as


title: Second quantization

text: where formula_72 inserts the single-particle state formula_29 in formula_74 possible insertion positions symmetrically, and formula_75 deletes the single-particle state formula_29 from formula_77 possible deletion positions symmetrically.


title: Second quantization

text: Hereinafter the tensor symbol formula_43 between single-particle states is omitted for simplicity. Take the state formula_41, create one more boson on the state formula_44,


title: Second quantization

text: Starting from the single-mode vacuum state formula_84, applying the creation operator formula_85 repeatedly, one finds


title: Second quantization

text: The creation operator raises the boson occupation number by 1. Therefore, all the occupation number states can be constructed by the boson creation operator from the vacuum state


title: Second quantization

text: It will also quench the vacuum state formula_91 as there has been no boson left in the vacuum state to be annihilated. Using the above formulae, it can be shown that


title: Second quantization

text: These two equations can be considered as the defining properties of boson creation and annihilation operators in the second-quantization formalism. The complicated symmetrization of the underlying first-quantized wave function is automatically taken care of by the creation and annihilation operators (when acting on the first-quantized wave function), so that the complexity is not revealed on the second-quantized level, and the second-quantization formulae are simple and neat.


title: Second quantization

text: The following operator identities follow from the action of the boson creation and annihilation operators on the Fock state,


title: Second quantization

text: These commutation relations can be considered as the algebraic definition of the boson creation and annihilation operators. The fact that the boson many-body wave function is symmetric under particle exchange is also manifested by the commutation of the boson operators.


title: Second quantization

text: The raising and lowering operators of the quantum harmonic oscillator also satisfy the same set of commutation relations, implying that the bosons can be interpreted as the energy quanta (phonons) of an oscillator. The position and momentum operators of a Harmonic oscillator (or a collection of Harmonic oscillating modes) are given by Hermitian combinations of phonon creation and annihilation operators,


title: Second quantization

text: which reproduce the canonical commutation relation between position and momentum operators (with formula_98)


title: Second quantization

text: This idea is generalized in the quantum field theory, which considers each mode of the matter field as an oscillator subject to quantum fluctuations, and the bosons are treated as the excitations (or energy quanta) of the field.


title: Second quantization

text: The fermion creation (annihilation) operator is usually denoted as formula_100 (formula_101). The creation operator formula_100 adds a fermion to the single-particle state formula_28, and the annihilation operator formula_101 removes a fermion from the single-particle state formula_28.


title: Second quantization

text: The fermion creation (annihilation) operator is a linear operator, whose action on a "N"-particle first-quantized wave function formula_10 is defined as


title: Second quantization

text: where formula_109 inserts the single-particle state formula_29 in formula_74 possible insertion positions anti-symmetrically, and formula_112 deletes the single-particle state formula_29 from formula_77 possible deletion positions anti-symmetrically.


title: Second quantization

text: It is particularly instructive to view the results of creation and annihilation operators on states of two (or more) fermions, because they demonstrate the effects of exchange. A few illustrative operations are given in the example below. The complete algebra for creation and annihilation operators on a two-fermion state can be found in "Quantum Photonics".


title: Second quantization

text: Hereinafter the tensor symbol formula_43 between single-particle states is omitted for simplicity. Take the state formula_42, attempt to create one more fermion on the occupied formula_44 state will quench the whole many-body wave function,


title: Second quantization

text: The minus sign (known as the fermion sign) appears due to the anti-symmetric property of the fermion wave function.


title: Second quantization

text: Starting from the single-mode vacuum state formula_84, applying the fermion creation operator formula_123,


title: Second quantization

text: If the single-particle state formula_28 is empty, the creation operator will fill the state with a fermion. However, if the state is already occupied by a fermion, further application of the creation operator will quench the state, demonstrating the Pauli exclusion principle that two identical fermions can not occupy the same state simultaneously. Nevertheless, the fermion can be removed from the occupied state by the fermion annihilation operator formula_127,


title: Second quantization

text: Similar to the boson case, the fermion Fock state can be constructed from the vacuum state using the fermion creation operator


title: Second quantization

text: Recall that the occupation number formula_48 can only take 0 or 1 for fermions. These two equations can be considered as the defining properties of fermion creation and annihilation operators in the second quantization formalism. Note that the fermion sign structure formula_136, also known as the Jordan-Wigner string, requires there to exist a predefined ordering of the single-particle states (the spin structure) and involves a counting of the fermion occupation numbers of all the preceding states; therefore the fermion creation and annihilation operators are considered non-local in some sense. This observation leads to the idea that fermions are emergent particles in the long-range entangled local qubit system.


title: Second quantization

text: The following operator identities follow from the action of the fermion creation and annihilation operators on the Fock state,


title: Second quantization

text: These anti-commutation relations can be considered as the algebraic definition of the fermion creation and annihilation operators. The fact that the fermion many-body wave function is anti-symmetric under particle exchange is also manifested by the anti-commutation of the fermion operators.


title: Second quantization

text: The creation and annihilation operators are Hermitian conjugate to each other, but neither of them are Hermitian operators (formula_138). The Hermitian combination of the fermion creation and annihilation operators


title: Second quantization

text: are called Majorana fermion operators. They can be viewed as the fermionic analog of position and momentum operators of a "fermionic" Harmonic oscillator. They satisfy the anticommutation relation


title: Second quantization

text: where formula_141 labels any Majorana fermion operators on equal footing (regardless their origin from Re or Im combination of complex fermion operators formula_101). The anticommutation relation indicates that Majorana fermion operators generates a Clifford algebra, which can be systematically represented as Pauli operators in the many-body Hilbert space.


title: Second quantization

text: Defining formula_143 as a general annihilation (creation) operator for a single-particle state formula_144 that could be either fermionic formula_145 or bosonic formula_146, the real space representation of the operators defines the quantum field operators formula_147 and formula_148 by


title: Second quantization

text: These are second quantization operators, with coefficients formula_151 and formula_152 that are ordinary first-quantization wavefunctions. Thus, for example, any expectation values will be ordinary first-quantization wavefunctions. Loosely speaking, formula_148 is the sum of all possible ways to add a particle to the system at position r through any of the basis states formula_154, not necessarily plane waves, as below.


title: Second quantization

text: Since formula_147 and formula_148 are second quantization operators defined in every point in space they are called quantum field operators. They obey the following fundamental commutator and anti-commutator relations,


title: Second quantization

text: For homogeneous systems it is often desirable to transform between real space and the momentum representations, hence, the quantum fields operators in Fourier basis yields:


title: Second quantization

text: The term "second quantization", introduced by Jordan, is a misnomer that has persisted for historical reasons. At the origin of quantum field theory, it was inappositely thought that the Dirac equation described a relativistic wavefunction (hence the obsolete "Dirac sea" interpretation), rather than a classical spinor field which, when quantized (like the scalar field), yielded a fermionic quantum field (vs. a bosonic quantum field).


title: Second quantization

text: One is not quantizing "again", as the term "second" might suggest; the field that is being quantized is not a Schrödinger wave function that was produced as the result of quantizing a particle, but is a classical field (such as the electromagnetic field or Dirac spinor field), essentially an assembly of coupled oscillators, that was not previously quantized. One is merely quantizing each oscillator in this assembly, shifting from a semiclassical treatment of the system to a fully quantum-mechanical one.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Robert Jay Mathews (January 16, 1953 – December 8, 1984) was an American neo-Nazi activist and the leader of The Order, an American white supremacist militant group. He was killed during a shootout with approximately 75 federal law enforcement agents who surrounded his house on Whidbey Island, near Freeland, Washington.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Robert Mathews was born in Marfa, Texas on January 16, 1953, the youngest of three sons born to Johnny and Una Mathews. His father, of Scottish descent, was mayor of the town, and the President of the Chamber of Commerce, as well as a businessman and leader for the local Methodist church. His mother was the town's Cub Scout den mother.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: The family moved to Phoenix, Arizona. Though he was an average student in grade school, history and politics interested him. At age 11, he joined the John Birch Society, a right-wing advocacy group supporting paleoconservatism, anti-communism and limited government. Mathews was baptized into the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1969.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Mathews formed the Sons of Liberty, an anti-communist militia whose members were mainly Mormon survivalists. At its peak, it had approximately 30 members. After filling out his employer's W-4 Form claiming ten dependents, reportedly as an act of tax resistance, he was arrested for tax fraud, tried, and placed on probation for six months. After a falling out between the Mormon and non-Mormon members of the Sons of Liberty, the organization stagnated and Mathews withdrew from it.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: After his probation ended in 1974, he moved to Metaline Falls, Washington, where Mathews and his father purchased 60 wooded acres for their home.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Mathews and Debbie McGarity were married in 1976. He raised Scottish Galloway cattle. He and Debbie McGarity adopted a son in 1981. Mathews later had a biological daughter with his mistress, Zillah Craig.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Mathews became a white supremacist and in 1982 he made an effort to recruit white families to the Pacific Northwest, or the White American Bastion.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: In 1983, Mathews delivered a speech at a National Alliance convention reporting on his efforts to recruit on behalf of the organization, especially among "the yeoman farmers and independent truckers," to his White American Bastion group. Mathews was a fan of the far-right extremist 1978 novel "The Turner Diaries" written by National Alliance founder William Luther Pierce.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: In late September 1983, at a barracks he constructed on his property in Metaline, Mathews and eight other men founded the organization The Order. They included his friend and neighbor, Ken Loff, and others from the Aryan Nations: Dan Bauer, Randy Duey, Denver Parmenter, Bruce Pierce, and David Lane; and the National Alliance: Richie Kemp and Bill Soderquist.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: The group's first task, according to Mathews' plan, was to obtain money to support white separatism. Their activities began to parallel events in the novel "The Turner Diaries". They robbed an adult bookstore in Spokane, Washington, which netted them $369.10. They agreed that was too risky, and turned to robbing armored cars and counterfeiting. They printed some counterfeit $50 bills, and 28-year-old Pierce was arrested after passing off a few of them.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: To raise Pierce's bail, Mathews, acting alone, robbed a bank just north of Seattle, Washington, stealing around $26,000. Some of The Order's members, along with a new recruit, Gary Yarborough, carried out more robberies and burglaries, which netted them over $43,000. A subsequent robbery yielded several hundred thousand dollars. Another recruit, Tom Martinez, was caught and charged for passing more counterfeit currency. Then in July 1984, they deployed approximately a dozen men in a successful effort to rob a Brink's truck of $3,600,000.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: The group distributed some of the stolen money to the North Carolina-based White Patriot Party and other white nationalist organizations.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Prior to his death, Mathews wrote a long letter declaring war on the federal government of the United States and justifying his group's actions. In it, he describes threats allegedly made to members of his family by Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents, including to his young son while he was away from his house, as well as a number of attempts on his life by other government agents. He explained the reasons for his decision to "quit being the hunted and become the hunter," and closed by writing, "I am not going into hiding, rather I will press the FBI and let them know what it is like to become the hunted. Doing so it is only logical to assume that my days on this planet are rapidly drawing to a close. Even so, I have no fear. For the reality of my life is death, and the worst the enemy can do to me is shorten my tour of duty in this world. I will leave knowing that I have made the ultimate sacrifice to ensure the future of my children."


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: After his counterfeiting arrest, Martinez eventually became an FBI informant. He revealed information regarding Mathews' activities to the FBI, agents moved to capture Mathews and his associates, leading to one of the largest manhunts in FBI history. By the time they could set up the operation, all of Mathews' accomplices and friends had decided to move to safe houses. The government's agents surrounded Mathews in a house near Freeland, Washington on Whidbey Island on December 7, 1984. Mathews refused to come out and negotiations continued until December 8, when Mathews refused to talk anymore. The FBI then fired dozens of smoke grenades and a stun grenade into the house in an attempt to force Mathews out, but were thwarted by his use of a gas mask. Mathews opened fire on several agents who attempted to enter the house, and a long standoff began. When a helicopter appeared at nightfall, Mathews opened fire on it from an upstairs window – the helicopter's crew was unhurt – and then once again exchanged gunfire with federal agents. An FBI agent then fired three M79 Starburst flares inside the house from the helicopter, setting off a box of hand grenades and a stockpile of ammunition. Mathews continued to fire an assault rifle at agents as the house burned, but then suddenly stopped. After the wreckage had cooled enough to be searched, agents found the burned remains of 31-year-old Mathews' body, with a pistol still in his hand. An autopsy concluded that Mathews had died from a combination of burns and smoke inhalation. Mathews had fired over 1,000 rounds at law enforcement, but no agents were injured.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Mathews' remains were cremated and the ashes scattered by his family on his property in Metaline, Washington.


title: Robert Jay Mathews

text: Eventually over 75 people were convicted of crimes connected to The Order in eight trials, on charges that included racketeering, conspiracy, counterfeiting, transporting stolen money, armored car robbery, and violation of civil rights. Later, ten people connected to the case, including Butler, Lane, and Pierce, were tried for sedition, but were acquitted by a jury.


title: Point coloration

text: Point coloration refers to animal coat coloration with a pale body and relatively darker extremities, i.e. the face, ears, feet, tail, and (in males) scrotum. It is most recognized as the coloration of Siamese and related breeds of cat, but can be found in dogs, rabbits, rats, sheep, guinea pigs and horses as well.


title: Point coloration

text: Point coloration in cats originated in the Siamese and closely related Asian breeds, and is found in many Western-developed modern breeds. It is a form of partial albinism resulting from a mutation that affects tyrosinase, an enzyme involved with melanin production. The mutated enzyme is thermolabile; it fails to work at normal body temperatures, but becomes active in cooler areas of the skin. As a result, dark pigment is limited to the coldest areas of the body, that is, the extremities. Pointed kittens are born white, since the womb is uniformly warm. As the kitten ages, the cooler areas darken while warmer areas remain cream to white in color. Points are not limited to solid colors or dark colors. It is possible to have a red (orange color) or fawn (pale warm gray) point. It is also possible to have a tortoiseshell or tabby point. A cat (of any breed) with this coloration is often called a "colorpoint cat" to distinguish it from others.


title: Point coloration

text: As the expression of the gene responsible for the pointed pattern is regulated by temperature, pointed cats who live in cooler environments often show increased darkening of their fur relative to cats who live in warmer climates, sometimes even developing large dark areas along their sides.


title: Point coloration

text: Because of the pigment restriction caused by the temperature sensitive tyrosinase, pointed cat's eyes are always shades of blue because the blue layer in the eye common to all cats is not covered by another color. The back of the eye also lacks pigment, giving colorpoint cats' pupils an eerie red and silver reflection in the dark, unlike a normally pigmented cat's shining silver-green or -blue.


title: Point coloration

text: The point gene allele is at the C locus, where pure albinism is also carried, and is written as "cs". Point is recessive, so two copies of "cs", one from each parent, are needed for points to be expressed. Also carried on the C locus is the gene for the sepia pattern. This is the darkest of all of the pigment restricting patterns—pigment is only paled at the warmest point in the body: the abdomen. The sepia allele is represented by "cb". When a cat carries the genes "cs" and "cb", the mink pattern is formed, in which the pigment distribution is between sepia and point.


title: Point coloration

text: The "lynx point" pattern is formed by mating a colorpoint cat with a tabby cat (or breeding cats that already possess the lynx point pattern). It is characterized by a mixture of the darkening (reduced) of point coloration with distinct tabby striping on the head, tail, and legs, and an otherwise uniform and comparatively pale body. It is an accepted pattern in some cat registries, but not others, for particular breeds (mostly Siamese-related).


title: Point coloration

text: Point coloration is inherent to the Siamese breed and some other closely related breeds but with most other breeds the colorpoints (including lynx) were brought into some breed lines long after their establishment, but there are exceptions. For example, lynx point was a feature of some of the foundation stock of the Siberian.


title: Point coloration

text: Tan points on dogs includes point coloration on a black or dark base coat with tan cheek spots, eyebrows, feet, forelegs and tail vent. Typical tan point breeds include Dobermann and Rottweiler.


title: Point coloration

text: In horses, point coloration is most often produced by the action of the agouti gene. It acts on the extension gene, when present, to suppress black color to all but the extremities of the horse; the legs, mane, tail and tips of the ears. If the extension gene is not present, the effect of agouti is not visible, as there is no black color present to suppress. Points are most typically seen on a bay-colored horse, which has a black mane, tail, legs, and ear tips while the body and head will show the underlying chestnut or "red" base color.


title: Point coloration

text: Other genes white markings may affect a horse's coat color in addition to agouti, and if present, can further alter or suppress black hair color and may mask any point coloration. In particular, Gray horses are born dark and lighten with age; if born bay, they will eventually lose point coloration as the body hair silvers with age, though often the points are the slowest areas of the body to go gray.


title: Point coloration

text: Point coloration may also be visible on horses with other dilution genes that act upon a bay base coat. These include:


title: Point coloration

text: A dilution gene that produces what looks like point coloration, but from a completely different genetic mechanism is the dominant Dun gene, which dilutes the color of the body coat but not the points, including primitive markings—a dorsal stripe down the back and, less often, horizontal striping on the upper legs. On a bay base coat the dun gene leaves black points, producing a Bay Dun or "Zebra" Dun. But the gene also leaves the points dark when it appears with other base colors. These include the “blue dun” or grullo, which has a black base coat, and the red dun, which has a chestnut base coat.


title: Point coloration

text: Similarly, darker coloration at the points is also preserved in horses with the roan gene, a patterning gene, producing a body coat of mingled white and dark hairs, but leaving the points the darker base color in all horses, not just those carrying agouti.


title: Point coloration

text: Most other genes that produce spotting patterns or white markings allow point coloration produced by agouti to show except where masked by white depigmentation. There are not always separate names for a pattern over a bay base coat, but one exception is the Bay pinto, sometimes called ”tricoloured”.


title: Point coloration

text: All pointed white rabbits of true breeding have red eyes. The pointed white rabbit is created with the ch gene. Its presentation is typified in the Himalayan rabbit breed (the first rabbit breed with a pointed white coat) and in the Californian breed.


title: Point coloration

text: Some rabbits that appear to be pointed white lack the red eyes, which indicates they are of different breeding. The following such coat colors are examples of those created, not with the ch gene, but with the cchl, cchd, or cchm gene in conjunction with the e gene:


title: Point coloration

text: No pointed white rabbit can produce orange pigment; therefore, the points are always either black, blue, chocolate, or lilac. The resulting point coloration is sometimes in conjunction with a coat pattern, such as: white agouti, marten, broken, Vienna, or harlequin. (Such coats may not be recognized for showing.)


title: Point coloration

text: The C - Albino locus gene causes dilution of yellow and black coloration, causing Himalayan or Siamese markings depending on the allele is affected.


title: Point coloration

text: There is only one type of guinea pig with a pointed coat. It is called the Himalayan, has either Black (a very dark brown) or Chocolate, tipped on the Ears, Nose, and Feet.


title: Reborn as a Vending Machine, I Now Wander the Dungeon

text: The light novels follow its titular protagonist who, after being crushed to death by a vending machine, is reincarnated as a sentient vending machine in a fantasy dungeon world. Shortly after, he meets and befriends Lammis, a young female hunter, who names him "Boxxo" and starts carrying him around on her back, and the two start their adventures in the dungeon together. "Reborn as a Vending Machine" has received positive reception from reviewers, with particular praise being directed at the novels' unique take on the isekai genre.


text: The then-unnamed protagonist, a Japanese vending machine otaku, is crushed to death by a falling vending machine. He then finds himself reincarnated in a fantasy world dungeon as a sentient vending machine. He can see and hear but is immobile, with his speech being limited to stock Japanese vending machine phrases, such as "Welcome" or "Too bad". As a vending machine, he discovers he can dispense any item he has bought in his previous life, and can convert such sales to points thus sustaining his existence. He is also able to use excess coins to add additional features to his vending machine body, and is able to choose which items he stocks or the prices of the items. He is also able to use some magical abilities, including a defensive force field.


text: Stuck in the middle of the wilderness, he encounters Lammis, a young, busty hunter girl. Lammis has a skill known as the Blessing of Might which makes her ridiculously strong, but is still a novice at managing her own strength. The two quickly become friends after he dispenses some food items to the hungry Lammis. Calling him "Boxxo" (the protagonist's real name is never revealed), she starts carrying him around on her back, which allows Boxxo to move, with his weight allowing her to more easily control her strength. The light novels chronicles their adventures as they start exploring the world's dungeon, and the characters they meet on the way.


text: In the afterword of the first volume, Hirukuma describes his envisioning and road to publishing "Reborn as a Vending Machine". He at first helped out with his father's independent business, though, after the death of his father from a high fall, he closed down the business and began pursuing his ambition as a writer. He described his father's death as giving him acrophobia, and recalled thinking "I don't know when I'm going to die like my father did. One question went through my mind: Have I done everything I've wanted to in life?" On a site titled Let's Become Novelists, a site for submitting novels, he submitted several works of fiction including another isekai piece and a battle-themed novel set in the near future, but was initially unsuccessful.


text: He described "Reborn as a Vending Machine" as his final effort after four years of unsuccessfully getting his novels published. Hirukuma wrote that "[it was] one that was fantastical and original, and one that I wanted to write [...] This wasn't a novel where I adjusted for the readers' needs, or had to think long and hard about constructing a plot. Instead, I pursued my own style for it, and it garnered the most popularity of all my work".


text: Originally Hirukuma published the series online as a web novel on the user-generated novel publishing website Shōsetsuka ni Narō in March 2016, until Kadokawa Shoten acquired the series to publish it as a light novel.


text: The first volume was published by Kadokawa Shoten on August 1, 2016. Yen Press announced during the Anime Expo 2017 that they had licensed the series for an English release.


text: A manga adaptation illustrated by Kunieda began serialization in ASCII Media Works's "shōnen" manga magazine "Dengeki Daioh" on August 27, 2021. The manga is also licensed by Yen Press as a digital simulpublication.


text: In August 2022, it was announced that the series would be receiving an anime adaptation. Crunchyroll licensed the series outside of Asia.


text: "Reborn as a Vending Machine, I Now Wander the Dungeon" has received positive reception. Theron Martin of Anime News Network reviewed the first volume positively, praising its unique take on the isekai genre, Hirukuma's writing style, and the relationship between Boxxo and Lammis, which he found to be impressive and not having to "resort to hackneyed gimmicks". Summarising that "this novel's bizarre concept is what will catch people's attention, but the writing is good enough to keep it", some criticism was directed at the light novel's fanservice, which Martin found to be forced, and the RPG elements typical of isekai series. Similarly, Robert Frazer of UK Anime Network found "Reborn as a Vending Machine" to be "a blast of fresh air to flush out the stale isekai genre", as "it’s fun and different to defeat the villain with Diet Coke and Mentos instead of just firing a Saiyan blast at a higher powerlevel".


text: Rebecca Silverman and Lynzee Loveridge, in Anime News Network's Spring 2018 Light Novel Guide, also praised the setting but found the writing to "read like fan-fiction-level quality". They ultimately found the volume to "still [be] an engaging read", and compared it to "So I'm a Spider, So What?" and "That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime". Loveridge further included the protagonist's "Death By Vending Machine" on her list of the "7 Strangest Isekai Deaths".


title: Mark Linkous

text: Mark Linkous (September 9, 1962 – March 6, 2010) was an American singer, songwriter and musician, best known as leader of Sparklehorse. He was also known for his collaborations with such notable artists as Tom Waits, PJ Harvey, Daniel Johnston, Radiohead, Black Francis, Julian Casablancas, Nina Persson, David Lynch, Fennesz, Danger Mouse, and Sage Francis.


title: Mark Linkous

text: A member of the 1980s indie band the Dancing Hoods, Linkous moved with the group from his native Virginia to New York City and later Los Angeles in hopes of achieving mainstream success. By 1988, the band had failed to land a major record label deal, and they disbanded with Linkous returning to Virginia, where he began writing songs under various monikers.


title: Mark Linkous

text: By 1995, he created a project named Sparklehorse, of which he would remain the only permanent member. The band released a quartet of critically acclaimed albums on Capitol Records: "Vivadixiesubmarinetransmissionplot", "Good Morning Spider", "It's a Wonderful Life", and on Astralwerks records: "Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain". Linkous lived the last years of his life in Hayesville, North Carolina, where he established Static King Studio. He died by suicide in Knoxville, Tennessee on March 6, 2010.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Frederick Mark Linkous was born on September 9, 1962 in Arlington, Virginia, to Gloria Hughes Thacker and Frederick Linkous. He had three brothers: Matt, Paul, and Daniel Linkous. Many members of his family were coal miners by trade, and Linkous chose a career in music in part to avoid working in mines. His parents divorced before he was 13.


title: Mark Linkous

text: He would later characterize himself during his teenage years as a "juvenile delinquent", and began hanging out in a motorcycle gang at a young age. During his adolescence, he was sent to live with his paternal grandparents in Charlottesville, Virginia. Linkous also attended Albemarle High School in Charlottesville, where he "went to school to see my friends—that's the only reason I didn't drop out." During his high school years, he began abusing alcohol, and consuming marijuana heavily.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Shortly after graduating from high school in the early 1980s, Linkous moved to New York City, where he co-founded the band Dancing Hoods. The band featured Linkous on guitar and vocals, Bob Bortnick on vocals and guitar, Don Short on drums, and Eric Williams on bass. In 1984, the group released a self-titled EP; a year later, they released an album titled "12 Jealous Roses" on Relativity Records, which received a number of positive reviews. The Replacements and The Del Fuegos were also vocal fans of the band after the release of their first record.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In 1988, Dancing Hoods put out their second album, "Hallelujah Anyway", on Combat Records. A single from the album, "Baby's Got Rockets", was a modest college radio hit, and its video was picked up by MTV's "120 Minutes" program. That same year, the group relocated to Los Angeles in hopes of achieving mainstream success, but broke up shortly after.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Following the breakup of Dancing Hoods, Linkous moved back to Virginia. It was here, before Linkous started the Sparklehorse project, that he had another band consisting of Frederick Mark Linkous, Matt Linkous, Chip Jones, and Steve Schick. Formed in late 1989 as The Johnson Family, they soon became Salt Chunk Mary (with both names being after characters in the Jack Black memoir "You Can't Win".) Demos were circulated, but no official releases were made. By 1995 Mark Linkous would go on to form solo-project Sparklehorse, taking a couple of Salt Chunk Mary songs with him, and Matt Linkous would later go on to form The Rabbit with Melissa Moore.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Following the breakup of Dancing Hoods, Linkous moved back to Virginia, where he continued writing songs. One of the tracks that he wrote during this period with David Lowery, "Sick of Goodbyes", was recorded by Cracker and appeared on their 1993 album "Kerosene Hat". While in Virginia, he performed concerts under the monikers The Johnson Family (with members of Richmond punk legends Honor Role) and Salt Chunk Mary. Linkous finally settled on the band name Sparklehorse, and released "Vivadixiesubmarinetransmissionplot" on Capitol Records in 1995. He remained the only consistent member throughout the band's existence.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In 1996, while supporting Radiohead on the first Sparklehorse tour, Linkous overdosed on alcohol, Valium and antidepressants and possibly other substances in his London hotel room. Rendered unconscious by the combination of drugs, he collapsed with his legs pinned beneath him, and remained in that position for almost fourteen hours. He was treated at St Mary's Hospital, London. Subsequent surgeries saved both legs, but he required the use of a wheelchair for six months. His legs never fully regained their original strength.


title: Mark Linkous

text: 1998 saw the release of "Good Morning Spider"; some of the album's songs dealt with Linkous' accident in London and subsequent rehabilitation, namely "St. Mary". In 2001, Sparklehorse released "It's a Wonderful Life", which featured contributions from Tom Waits, PJ Harvey, John Parish, Nina Persson, Vic Chesnutt, and Dave Fridmann.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In 2003, Sparklehorse's song "Sea of Teeth" was featured on the "All the Real Girls" Soundtrack, a film starring Zooey Deschanel and directed by David Gordon Green.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In September 2006, Sparklehorse released "Dreamt for Light Years in the Belly of a Mountain". The album marked a new collaboration with DJ Danger Mouse.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In 2009, Linkous teamed up with electronic ambient artist Christian Fennesz to create "In the Fishtank 15", an experimental EP. The last four live shows Linkous did together with Fennesz were during a European tour, which was held in October 2009.


title: Mark Linkous

text: At the time of his death, his manager confirmed that Linkous "had completed most of the work for a new Sparklehorse album", was in the process of moving to Knoxville, Tennessee, and was working on setting up a studio where he planned to finish the record.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In the late 2000s, Linkous recorded an album titled "Dark Night of the Soul" with the producer Danger Mouse, the director David Lynch and ten other musicians. It was released on the Internet in May 2009, as was a book of photographs by David Lynch to accompany the music. Though long-delayed due to legal problems, it was officially released in 2010 several months after Linkous's death. The album features several guest singers and writers, such as The Flaming Lips and Iggy Pop. Vic Chesnutt, another guest on the album, died by suicide just a few months before Linkous. Because of this, the album is dedicated "in memory of Mark Linkous and Vic Chesnutt".


title: Mark Linkous

text: Aside from his own music, Linkous became a sought-after record producer, and helmed works such as Nina Persson's solo record, "A Camp", Azure Ray (feat. Sparklehorse) Silverlake (demo) which was the first recording done by Azure Ray after their 6 year hiatus that ended in 2009 when it was recorded and was later rerecorded and published by Saddle Creek Records after Linkous's death along with the demo he created, and Daniel Johnston's "Fear Yourself". Linkous was one of the most ardent supporters of Johnston, an outsider artist who had a long battle with mental illness. In 2004, Linkous curated and produced "", a tribute album to Johnston featuring acts such as Beck, Death Cab for Cutie, Vic Chesnutt, Tom Waits and Bright Eyes. It also includes a collaboration between Sparklehorse and The Flaming Lips on the track "Go". He provided music for rapper Sage Francis on his album "Li(f)e" on the song "Love The Lie". The album and song were released after Linkous' death.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In March 2010, Linkous was about to move into a spare bedroom in the Knoxville home of bandmate Scott Minor; Linkous was apparently in the process of breaking up with his wife of 19 years, Teresa. Linkous battled depression for many years, and was greatly shaken by the December 2009 suicide of close friend Vic Chesnutt.


title: Mark Linkous

text: In the early afternoon of March 6, 2010, Linkous was drinking Kentucky bourbon with Minor and friend DeWitt Burton at their home. After receiving a number of text messages on his BlackBerry that left him distraught, he told Minor and Burton, "It's not good." Linkous quietly retrieved his ITM Arms rifle from an upstairs room, then told his two friends that he was going for a walk and exited through a back door. At about 1:15pm, a witness saw him sit down in the alley near Irwin Street, aim the rifle at his own heart, and pull the trigger. Linkous was declared dead at the scene; he was 47 years old.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Police did not find a suicide note. The musician's publicist confirmed the details of his death to a number of publications on the same day. According to his toxicology report, his blood alcohol content was 0.43 at the time of his death; benzodiazepines and antidepressants were also found in his system.


title: Mark Linkous

text: Within a few hours of his death, a message attributed to the Linkous family was posted on the official Sparklehorse website: "It is with great sadness that we share the news that our dear friend and family member Mark Linkous took his own life today. We are thankful for his time with us and will hold him forever in our hearts. May his journey be peaceful, happy, and free. There's a heaven and there's a star for you."


title: Mark Linkous

text: A number of notable musicians and people in the music world made statements mourning the loss of Linkous, including Patti Smith, Radiohead's Colin Greenwood, Silversun Pickups' Brian Aubert, Death Cab for Cutie's Chris Walla, Steven Drozd and Wayne Coyne of The Flaming Lips, Steve Albini, Gemma Hayes, and the Jesus Lizard's David Wm. Sims. Emily Haines of Metric wrote a eulogy entitled "The Rings of Saturn on Your Fingers".


title: Mark Linkous

text: The "Orange County Register" published an appreciation of his work alongside a discussion of his depression and his relationship to other musical artists.


title: Madchild

text: Shane Bunting (born October 21, 1975), better known by his stage name Madchild, is a Canadian rapper. He is part of the Vancouver-based hip hop group Swollen Members. In 2009, he released a solo EP titled "The Madchild EP". In 2012, he released his first album, titled "Dope Sick" followed by "Lawn Mower Man" in 2013 and "Silver Tongue Devil" in 2015. In 1993, he was named a member of the Rock Steady Crew. The Darkest Hour was released in 2017.


title: Madchild

text: Bunting was born in Surrey, British Columbia, but was raised in North Vancouver. He attended Carson Graham and Sutherland secondary schools. He moved to San Francisco when he was 20 years old and returned to British Columbia in the mid-1990s.


title: Madchild

text: In August 2011, he returned to his roots by taking part in a rap battle for King of the Dot, an Ontario, Canada–based battle league. He went up against Dirtbag Dan and won on a 3–2 decision. He was scheduled to return to King of the Dot in August 2012 to battle with the Australian rapper 360, however, the battle was postponed, as 360 was scheduled to receive ocular surgery at the time of the event. Madchild has said that he is still interested in doing the battle. in 2015, Madchild competed against rapper Daylyt in KOTD's Blackout5.


title: Madchild

text: In early 2011, it was reported that Bunting was banned from entering the United States, due to alleged links to the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club. Bunting said that he was detained at an American airport for approximately eight hours before being told he could not enter the country, and had been working with a lawyer in San Diego, California, to rectify the situation. In July 2013, it was announced that Bunting was once again allowed to enter the United States.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: What's Your Pleasure? is the fourth studio album by English singer-songwriter Jessie Ware, released on 26 June 2020 by PMR Records and Virgin EMI Records. Ware and co-producer James Ford co-wrote all tracks, along with writers and producers Benji B, Joseph Mount, Kindness, Morgan Geist, Matthew Tavares and Midland.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: The album received widespread critical acclaim. It was also a commercial success, earning Ware her first top-three entry and, to date, her highest peak position on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart. Five singles have been released to promote the album. In April 2021, "What's Your Pleasure?" was nominated for Album of the Year at the Brit Awards. A reissue subtitled "The Platinum Pleasure Edition", was released on 11 June 2021 and preceded by the singles "Please" and "Hot n Heavy".


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: After the promotional cycle for her previous album "Glasshouse", Ware felt pressured to quit music due to low album sales and her exhaustion with touring. However, Ware's podcast "Table Manners" gained a larger following of 13 million listeners and soon became Ware's main priority. Speaking to "The Independent", Ware described the podcast's success as a "turning point" that changed her outlook of herself: "I suddenly felt more comfortable in my skin." With the podcast, Ware discusses more personal topics that she felt forced to publicise with her music.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: Upon the announcement of the release of the album in February 2020, Ware described the album as a "two-year labour of love", further citing the album as her visions of "escapism [and] groove". The twelve tracks on "What's Your Pleasure?" move away from her usual "melancholy" sound in her previous releases, to focus on disco, hi-NRG, and house. With Ford co-producing the album, Ware intended to pay homage to what the duo called "wedding jams", along with the soul of late American singer-songwriter Minnie Riperton, and the New York underground disco scene.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: "What's Your Pleasure?" was initially scheduled to be released on 5 June 2020; however, the date was moved to 19 June due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Ware then announced that she would be pushing the release date back another week so as not to conflict with Juneteenth. The album was released on 26 June 2020, making it her first major release since "Glasshouse" (2017), and subsequently her first release after giving birth to her second child. Music videos were released for the title track, "Soul Control", "Step into My Life", "In Your Eyes", and "The Kill".


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: The cover art for the record sees Ware sport red lipstick, a black shirt and a golden necklace, with "Pitchfork" calling it a "spitting image" of Polaroids taken by American artist Andy Warhol of former actress Bianca Jagger.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: On 8 January 2021, Ware confirmed the forthcoming release of a deluxe edition of the album on Twitter. Just before the album's release, Ware announced that she would embark on her UK eponymous headline tour, starting in April 2021. Ware promoted the album through virtual performances, aired by several television programs, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: "What's Your Pleasure" features elements of disco, post-disco, funk, Italo disco, Hi-NRG, rave, deep house, acid house, electro, new wave, trip hop, R&B, gospel, chamber folk, and soul.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: On 11 June 2021, a reissue subtitled "The Platinum Pleasure Edition" was released, with an original cover art in greyscale with a metallic silver background. The lead single from the "Platinum Pleasure", "Please", was released on 28 April 2021.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: "What's Your Pleasure?" received widespread critical acclaim. It was praised for its "disco-inspired" sound and cited as the singer's "finest" work. Ware earned praise for "going back to where she started" and for sounding "bolder, looser" compared to her previous releases. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 84, based on 17 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave "What's Your Pleasure?" 8.3 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: Tara Joshi of "The Guardian" praised the upbeat nature of "What's Your Pleasure?" and compared it to other "grown-up disco" albums like Lady Gaga's "Chromatica" and Robyn's "Honey". "NME" editor Hannah Mylrea claimed the album was a return to Ware's club roots, which she had strayed away from since her debut "Devotion", and called it "an intoxicating cocktail of seductive beats, exhilarating choruses and sleek production." Owen Myers of "Pitchfork" complimented the album's musical references to disco divas of the past like Donna Summer, Diana Ross, and Anita Ward and awarded it the website's Best New Music distinction. Myers remarked positively on Ware's commitment to making uplifting music while allowing "a little of her signature psychodrama to creep into the nocturnal escapades she describes, and the flecks of ennui make the highs even higher."


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: Andy Kellman of AllMusic singled out "Mirage (Don't Stop)" as a highlight, praising the Bananarama-influenced production, as well as praising the production of the album as a whole. Kellman also praised the "chamber folk-soul" of the album's closer "Remember Where You Are", calling it a "stirring finale".


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: In July 2020, "What's Your Pleasure?" was included on "Slant Magazine"s list of the best albums of 2020 so far.


title: What's Your Pleasure?

text: According to the Official Charts Company, "What's Your Pleasure?" was the most downloaded album over the weekend upon its initial release on 26 June 2020. The album eventually debuted at number three on both the UK Albums Chart and Scottish Albums Chart, giving Ware her fourth consecutive top-ten entry on the former and her first top-three entry on both. By this, the album became Ware's highest peak position on both charts, surpassing the number five peak and number twenty-six peak achieved by her debut album, "Devotion" (2012). The album is also Ware's first top-forty entry on the Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) chart since "Tough Love" (2014), debuting at number thirty-six. It was also her first release to spend more than one week within the top ten of the UK Albums Chart, as it reached number seven upon its "Platinum Pleasure" re-release on 11 June 2021, nearly one year after its original release.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: The E Eighth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is blue since it uses the IND Eighth Avenue Line in Manhattan.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: The E operates at all times between Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer in Jamaica, Queens, and the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan; additional service during weekday rush hours originates and terminates at Jamaica–179th Street instead of Jamaica Center–Parsons/Archer. Daytime service operates express in Queens and local in Manhattan; late night service makes local stops along its entire route.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: E service, which is one of the most heavily used services in the subway system, started in 1933 with the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line. In its early years, the E train ran along the Rutgers Street Tunnel and South Brooklyn Line to Brooklyn, though this service pattern stopped by 1940. Until 1976, E train ran to Brooklyn and Queens via the IND Fulton Street Line and IND Rockaway Line during rush hours and to the World Trade Center at other times. The E's northern terminal was switched from 179th Street to Jamaica Center with the opening of the IND Archer Avenue Line in 1988.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: With the opening of the IND Queens Boulevard Line from 50th Street to Roosevelt Avenue on August 19, 1933, E service began, running between Roosevelt Avenue and Hudson Terminal (current World Trade Center station) on the IND Eighth Avenue Line. Because the IND Crosstown Line did not yet fully open, and as the IND Queens Boulevard Line had not yet opened to Jamaica, service ran via the Queens Boulevard Line's local tracks. The E also ran local in Manhattan. Initially, weekday service ran every four minutes during rush hours, every five minutes middays, every six or eight minutes evenings, and every twelve minutes overnights. Service ran every four or five minutes during the Saturday morning rush hour, every five minutes during the morning and afternoon, and every six or eight minutes in the evening. On Sunday, E trains ran every six or seven minutes in the morning, every five minutes in the afternoon, and every six or eight minutes in the evening. Service provided by three-car trains during rush hours and two-car trains at other times. By January 16, 1934, rush hour service was operating with three- or four-car trains.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: E trains were extended to East Broadway following the opening of the IND Sixth Avenue Line from West Fourth Street on January 1, 1936. E trains no longer served stations on the Eighth Avenue Line south of West Fourth Street. On April 9 of the same year, the Sixth Avenue Line was extended through the Rutgers Street Tunnel to Jay Street–Borough Hall, and E trains were extended via this line and the IND South Brooklyn Line to Church Avenue, replacing the train, which was rerouted via the new IND Fulton Street Line to Rockaway Avenue. The E service was again extended with the opening of the Queens Boulevard Line extension to Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike on December 31, 1936.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: Express service along Queens Boulevard began on April 24, 1937, coinciding with the extension of the line and E service to 169th Street. Express service was inaugurated during rush hours, with E trains making express stops from 71st–Continental Avenues to Queens Plaza. The express service operated between approximately 6:30 and 10:30 a.m. and from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. Express service was also provided on Saturdays between 6:30 a.m. and 4 p.m. During rush hours, GG trains were extended to Continental Avenue from Queens Plaza, taking over the local. During non-rush hours, when GG service terminated at Queens Plaza, local service was provided by EE trains, which operated between 169th Street and Church Avenue in Brooklyn. The initial headway for express service was between three and five minutes. With the completion of the Crosstown Line on July 1, 1937, non-rush hour GG service was extended to 71st Avenue, allowing E trains to run express along Queens Boulevard west of 71st Avenue at all times. EE service was discontinued at this time. In addition, three southbound E trains began service at 71st Avenue between 8:07 and 8:28 a.m. during the morning rush hour. The headway between trains during the peak of rush hour was reduced to three minutes at this time.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On September 12, 1938, nine weekday rush hour trains began terminating at Jay Street between 7:45 and 8:30 a.m. Five of these trips originated at 169th Street, while the other four began service at Parsons Boulevard. Four northbound E trains entered service at Smith–Ninth Streets between 4:52 and 5:25 p.m. on weekdays. The additional service allowed for a peak two-minute headway for twelve minutes in the morning rush hour southbound. The 23rd Street–Ely Avenue station opened as an in-fill station on August 28, 1939, and was served by the E service during rush hours, and by the EE service during other times. Between April 1939 and October 1940, select evening E trains ran to and from the Horace Harding Boulevard terminal at the 1939 New York World's Fair, terminating at Hudson Terminal in Manhattan. These trains operated to and from Chambers Street and ran between 8:24 p.m. and 1:29 a.m., when the fair closed for the night. Service ended following the fair.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On December 15, 1940, service on the entire Sixth Avenue Line began, and service patterns across the IND were modified. E service was cut back to Broadway–Lafayette Street, and service south of that station to Church Avenue was replaced by the new train along Sixth Avenue. The new F service supplemented E express along Queens Boulevard, and allowed for the introduction of express service along Queens Boulevard between 71st Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. F trains terminated at Parsons Boulevard instead of 169th Street to reduce congestion at the two stations. Starting January 10, 1944, some E trains began terminating at 71st Avenue after the weekday and Saturday morning rush hour, and some originated there during the evening rush hour. In addition, the headway of late night service was increased from twelve minutes to fifteen minutes.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: In 1949, Saturday afternoon trains were cut back from eight cars to five cars. On October 24, 1949, the E was extended during weekday rush hours to Broadway–East New York running local via the Fulton Street Line to allow A trains to run express. Several trains continued to terminate at 71st Avenue after the morning rush hour. At the same time, the headway between rush hour trains in the peak-direction was reduced from four minutes to three minutes. The Queens Boulevard Line's extension to 179th Street opened on December 11, 1950, and E trains were extended from 169th Street to terminate there. In 1952, trains were lengthened from five-car trains to six-car trains on Saturday mornings, afternoons, and evenings.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On June 30, 1952, two morning rush hour trips on the E train were added, running between 71st Avenue and Jay Street. Midday service began operating on eight-minute headways instead of six-minute headways, evening service began operating on ten-minute headways instead of eight-minute headways, and late night service began operating on twenty-minute headways, instead of fifteen-minute headways. With the July 5, 1952 timetable, E trains began running every eight minutes during the morning and afternoon on Saturday, instead of every six minutes during the morning rush hour, and every seven minutes during the morning and afternoon. During late evenings, trains began running every twelve minutes, instead of every eight minutes.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: In 1953, the platforms were lengthened at 75th Avenue, Sutphin Boulevard, Spring Street, Canal Street, Ralph Avenue, and Broadway–East New York to to allow E and F trains to run eleven-car trains. The E and F began running eleven-car trains during rush hours on September 8, 1953. The extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. The lengthening project cost $400,000.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On October 30, 1954, the E service was modified as part of a series of service change made following the completion of the Culver Ramp, which made it possible for IND service on the Culver Line to run to Coney Island. Non-rush hour E service was rerouted from Broadway–Lafayette Street to Hudson Terminal, and rush hour E trains began running express in Manhattan. In 1955, late night trains were cut back from five-car trains to three-car trains, and midday and evening trains were lengthened from six-car trains to eight-car trains. A year later, late night trains were lengthened to operate with four-car trains instead of three-car trains.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On June 28, 1956, the Long Island Rail Road's Rockaway Beach Branch reopened as the IND Rockaway Line after being converted for subway service, and E service was extended from East New York to Rockaway Park or Wavecrest (now Beach 25th Street) during weekday rush hours. During non-rush hours, service was provided by four-car shuttles between Euclid and Rockaway Park or Wavecrest. Three weekday E trains leaving 179th Street between 6:54 and 7:27 a.m. were cut at Euclid Avenue, with one half of the train running to Far Rockaway, and the other half going to Rockaway Park. After the end of the morning rush hour, several trains terminated at East New York, before going back into Manhattan-bound service before the afternoon rush hour.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: On September 17, 1956, rush hour E service was cut back to Euclid Avenue when Rockaway service was replaced by the A train. The A and E later switched southern terminals again, and on September 8, 1958, the E began running to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park during rush hours, with some trips terminating at Euclid Avenue. During weekday off-peak hours, separate shuttles operated from Euclid Avenue to Far Rockaway and Rockaway Park. At the same time, round-robin service began during weekend and late night service, because of the low ridership at these times. These trains would run from Euclid Avenue to Rockaway Park, and then reverse and run to Far Rockaway, before returning to Euclid Avenue.


title: E (New York City Subway service)

text: The operation of eleven-car trains ended on August 18, 1958 because of operational difficulties. The signal blocks, especially in Manhattan, were too short to accommodate the longer trains, and the train operators had a very small margin of error to properly platform the train. It was found that operating ten-car trains allowed for two additional trains per hour to be scheduled. To make up for the loss of eleven-car trains, two short-run trains during rush hours from 71st Avenue were added on the E and F.