title: Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales

text: Justice David Souter wrote a concurring opinion, using the reasoning that enforcement of a restraining order is a process, not the interest protected by the process, and that there is not due process protection for processes.


title: Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales

text: Justice John Paul Stevens wrote a dissenting opinion, in which he wrote that with respect to whether or not an arrest was mandatory under Colorado law, the court should either have deferred to the 10th Circuit court's finding that it was or else certified the question to the Colorado Supreme Court rather than decide the issue itself. He went on to write that the law created a statutory guarantee of enforcement, which is an individual benefit and constitutes a protected property interest under "Roth," rejecting the court's use of "O'Bannon v. Town Court Nursing Center" to require a monetary value and the concurrence's distinction between enforcement of the restraining order (the violator's arrest) and the benefit of enforcement (safety from the violator).


title: Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales

text: In 2011, the case came before the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, a commission composed of representatives from the members of Organization of American States (the United States is a full member by its ratification of the charter document, which is a treaty itself) which found that "the state failed to act with due diligence to protect Jessica Lenahan and (her daughters) Leslie, Katheryn and Rebecca Gonzales from domestic violence, which violated the state’s obligation not to discriminate and to provide for equal protection before the law." The Commission also said that "the failure of the United States to adequately organize its state structure to protect [the Gonzales girls] from domestic violence was discriminatory and constituted a violation of their right to life."


title: Town of Castle Rock v. Gonzales

text: The National Organization for Women has argued the Supreme Court's decision reduced the utility of restraining orders and "effectively gives law enforcement a green light to ignore restraining orders."


title: Lloyd's Register

text: Lloyd's Register Group Limited (LR) is a technical and professional services organisation and a maritime classification society, wholly owned by the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, a UK charity dedicated to research and education in science and engineering. The organisation dates to 1760. Its stated aims are to enhance the safety of life, property, and the environment, by helping its clients (including by validation, certification, and accreditation) to improve the safety and performance of complex projects, supply chains and critical infrastructure.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: In July 2012, the organisation converted from an industrial and provident society to a company limited by shares, named Lloyd’s Register Group Limited, with the new Lloyd’s Register Foundation as the sole shareholder. At the same time the organisation gave to the Foundation a substantial bond and equity portfolio to assist it with its charitable purposes. It will benefit from continued funding from the group’s operating arm, Lloyd’s Register Group Limited.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: In 2020, Lloyd's Register sold its Energy business and in 2021 sold its Business Assurance & Inspection Services division. Lloyd's Register is unaffiliated with Lloyd's of London, but emerged from the same professional and social circles that historically met at Lloyd's Coffee House, from which both organisations took their name.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: The organisation was named after a 17th-century coffee house in London that was frequented by merchants, marine underwriters, and others, all men associated with shipping. The coffee house owner, Edward Lloyd, helped them to exchange information by circulating a printed sheet of all the news he heard. In 1760, the Register Society was formed by the customers of the coffee house who assembled the "Register of Shipping", the first known register of its type. Between 1800 and 1833, a dispute between shipowners and underwriters resulted in each group publishing a list—the ""Red Book"" and the ""Green Book"". Both parties came to the verge of bankruptcy. They reached agreement in 1834 to unite and form Lloyd’s Register of British and Foreign Shipping, establishing a General Committee and charitable values. In 1914, with an increasingly international outlook, the organisation changed its name to Lloyd's Register of Shipping.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: The Society printed the first "Register of Ships" in 1764 in order to give both underwriters and merchants an idea of the condition of the vessels they insured and chartered: ship hulls were graded by a lettered scale (A being the best), and ship's fittings (masts, rigging, and other equipment) were graded by number (1 being the best). Thus the best classification "A1", from which the expression "A1" or "A1 at Lloyd's" is derived, first appeared in the 1775–76 edition of the Register.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: The Register, with information on all seagoing, self-propelled merchant ships of 100 gross tons or greater, is published annually. A vessel remains registered with Lloyd's Register until she is sunk, wrecked, hulked, scrapped or withdrawn from the register by the vessel's owner.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: The Register was published formerly by the joint venture company of Lloyd's Register-Fairplay, which was formed in July 2001 by the merger of Lloyd's Register's Maritime Information Publishing Group and Prime Publications Limited. Lloyd's Register sold its share of the venture to IHS Markit in 2009.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: The American Lloyd’s Registry of American and Foreign Shipping was established in 1857, and the "American Lloyd’s Register of American and Foreign Shipping" issued from at least 1859 until at least 1883 by the "Board of American Lloyd's".


title: Lloyd's Register

text: Lloyd's Register is known best for the classification and certification of ships and inspects and approves important components and accessories, including life-saving appliances, marine pollution prevention, fire protection, navigation, radio communication equipment, deck gear, cables, ropes, and anchors.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: LR's "Rules for Ships" are derived from principles of naval architecture and marine engineering, and govern safety and operational standards for numerous merchant, military, and privately owned vessels. LR's "Rules" govern a number of topics including:


title: Lloyd's Register

text: Specific editions of the rules are available to cater for merchant ships, naval ships, trimarans, special purpose vessels and offshore structures. A ship is known as being "in class" if she meets all the minimum requirements of LR's "Rules", and such a status affects the possibility of a ship getting insurance. Class can be withdrawn from a ship if she is in violation of any regulations and does not maintain the minimum requirements specified by the company. However, exceptional circumstances may warrant special dispensation from Lloyd's Register. Any alteration to the vessel, whether it is a structural alteration or machinery, must be approved by Lloyd's Register before it is implemented.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: Ships are inspected on a regular basis by a team of Lloyd's Register surveyors, one of the most important inspections being a ship's load line survey – due once every five years. Such a survey includes an inspection of the hull to make sure that the load line has not been altered. Numerous other inspections such as the condition of hatch and door seals, safety barriers, and guard rails are also performed. Upon completion the ship is allowed to be operated for another year, and is issued a load line certificate.


title: Lloyd's Register

text: Lloyd's Register's main office is located in London at 71 Fenchurch Street. Lloyd's Register also operates in more than 70 locations, serving clients based in 182 countries.


title: Skew normal distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the skew normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution that generalises the normal distribution to allow for non-zero skewness.


title: Skew normal distribution

text: where "erf" is the error function. Then the probability density function (pdf) of the skew-normal distribution with parameter formula_15 is given by


title: Skew normal distribution

text: This distribution was first introduced by O'Hagan and Leonard (1976). Alternative forms to this distribution, with the corresponding quantile function, have been given by Ashour and Abdel-Hamid and by Mudholkar and Hutson.


title: Skew normal distribution

text: A stochastic process that underpins the distribution was described by Andel, Netuka and Zvara (1984). Both the distribution and its stochastic process underpinnings were consequences of the symmetry argument developed in Chan and Tong (1986), which applies to multivariate cases beyond normality, e.g. skew multivariate t distribution and others. The distribution is a particular case of a general class of distributions with probability density functions of the form formula_17 where formula_18 is any PDF symmetric about zero and formula_19 is any CDF whose PDF is symmetric about zero.


title: Skew normal distribution

text: To add location and scale parameters to this, one makes the usual transform formula_20. One can verify that the normal distribution is recovered when formula_21, and that the absolute value of the skewness increases as the absolute value of formula_15 increases. The distribution is right skewed if formula_23 and is left skewed if formula_24. The probability density function with location formula_25, scale formula_26, and parameter formula_15 becomes


title: Skew normal distribution

text: Note, however, that the skewness (formula_29) of the distribution is limited to the interval formula_30.


title: Skew normal distribution

text: As has been shown, the mode (maximum) formula_31 of the distribution is unique. For general formula_32 there is no analytic expression for formula_33, but a quite accurate (numerical) approximation is:


title: Skew normal distribution

text: Maximum likelihood estimates for formula_25, formula_26, and formula_15 can be computed numerically, but no closed-form expression for the estimates is available unless formula_40. If a closed-form expression is needed, the method of moments can be applied to estimate formula_15 from the sample skew, by inverting the skewness equation. This yields the estimate


title: Skew normal distribution

text: Thus, the skew normal is useful for modeling skewed distributions which nevertheless have no more outliers than the normal, while the exponentially modified normal is useful for cases with an increased incidence of outliers in (just) one direction.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: Yair Netanyahu (; born 26 July 1991) is an Israeli journalist and eldest son of former, and presumptive incoming, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: Yair Netanyahu was born in Jerusalem, Israel to Benjamin Netanyahu and his wife Sara. He has a brother, Avner, and a half-sister, Noa Netanyahu-Roth; Noa is Benjamin Netanyahu's daughter by his first wife, Miriam Weizmann.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: Netanyahu majored in Theatre at the High School for the Arts in Jerusalem, Israel before serving in the IDF Spokesperson's Unit. He previously worked as social media director for Shurat HaDin, an Israeli NGO that provides legal services to victims of terrorist attacks. After finishing his army service, Netanyahu studied international relations at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in International Relations. Netanyahu also studied at the Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) in Herzliya and graduated with a Master of Arts degree in Government Studies. Netanyahu lived with his parents at Beit Aghion, the prime minister's official residence in Rehavia, Jerusalem. They left after Netanyahu lost the election.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In January 2014, a Norwegian newspaper reported that Netanyahu was dating Sandra Leikanger, a Norwegian student. The couple had met while they were students at the Interdisciplinary Center in Herzliya. The news triggered outrage because Leikanger was not Jewish. In 2015, Netanyahu briefly dated Lee Levi, a Danish-Israeli model and student.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: Netanyahu has also published his opinions in "Breitbart News", an American far-right news and opinion website. In late 2017, Netanyahu posted a meme on Facebook portraying his father's political opponents as puppets controlled by George Soros; the meme garnered support from US white nationalists, including David Duke, and neo-Nazi website "The Daily Stormer" described itself as "The World’s #1 Yair Netanyahu fansite". Netanyahu later deleted the post following backlash.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In December 2018, he was suspended from Facebook for 24 hours after posting anti-Muslim content. One of Netanyahu's comments read: "There will never be peace with those monsters in the form of men that have called themselves ‘Palestinians’ since 1964".


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In March 2019, he was asked to leave his work at the Israel Law Center, an NGO that provides legal services to terror victims, after criticizing President Reuven Rivlin for his efforts on behalf of Arab-Israeli coexistence.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In May 2019, Netanyahu expressed support for right-wing nationalist figures Viktor Orbán, Matteo Salvini, Nigel Farage and Geert Wilders in the 2019 European Parliament election. In the same month, some observers hypothesized that Netanyahu was looking for a job in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, although Netanyahu has denied that he is looking for a political career. In June 2019, Netanyahu met with Katrina Pierson, a senior advisor for Donald Trump's 2020 presidential campaign.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In September 2019, Netanyahu accused former Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, who was assassinated in 1995, of having "murdered Holocaust survivors on the Altalena". The comments were disavowed by his father. He has compared Roni Alsheikh, the Israel Police chief who played a role in the Netanyahu corruption investigations, to the fictional mobster Tony Soprano. While being questioned by police during the investigations, Netanyahu called the police "Stasi" and "Gestapo" and said they were worse than the mafia. He also accused Nir Hafetz and Gideon Saar of various crimes.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In November 2020, Netanyahu launched his own right-wing podcast called "The Yair Netanyahu Show", with episodes spoken in both English and Hebrew. His first guest was Brazilian politician Eduardo Bolsonaro, the third son of Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro. In June 2022, Netanyahu received his journalist certificate from the Israeli Government Press Office.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In January 2018, a scandal erupted when a recording of Netanyahu's visit to a Tel Aviv strip club in 2015 was leaked. In the recording, Netanyahu discussed strippers and referred to a controversial gas deal signed by his father. Netanyahu apologized for his remarks. He filed a lawsuit for 1 million NIS ($272,000) against his driver, who allegedly recorded the conversation.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: On 7 July 2019, he won a libel suit against Israeli Labor Party activist Abie Binyamin for claiming that Netanyahu was hiding millions in offshore accounts.


title: Yair Netanyahu

text: In November 2019, Netanyahu was sued for slander after sharing a Facebook post claiming that former Walla news site editor, Avi Alkalay, was a plant for the Wexner Foundation. In February 2020, he was ordered to pay damages and legal costs totalling $81,000. Netanyahu appealed the decision, but his appeal was rejected by the Tel Aviv Magistrate's Court in July 2021.


title: Sam Maggs

text: Sam Maggs (born November 10, 1988) is a Canadian-American author of books, comics and video games, and is known especially for her work on "The Fangirl's Guide to the Galaxy" and "Marvel Action: Captain Marvel".


title: Sam Maggs

text: Maggs was born in London, Ontario, Canada. She credits her parents with her love of "geeky fandom", telling the "Calgary Herald" that "[My] parents were both really big nerds who saw Star Wars over 20 times in theatres." She received her formative education at the Lester B. Pearson School for the Arts and London Central Secondary School.


title: Sam Maggs

text: She received her BA in English language and literature and film studies from the University of Western Ontario in 2010, where she studied Victorian literature and sensation fiction. In the fall of 2016, she appeared on the cover of the "Alumni Gazette."


title: Sam Maggs

text: Along with her BA, Maggs holds an MA in literatures of modernity from Ryerson University, completed in 2011.


title: Sam Maggs

text: Maggs began her writing career as the weekend editor of the Abrams Media site "Geekosystem", which was eventually consolidated into the feminist-leaning geek culture commentary site "The Mary Sue". Following this merger, she took on an associate editor role.


title: Sam Maggs

text: As an entertainment journalist, Maggs has also contributed to "io9", "Tor.com", "Time Out London", "National Post", "Marie Claire", "The Guardian", "PC Gamer", "BuzzFeed", and Barnes & Noble.


title: Sam Maggs

text: While at The Mary Sue, Maggs sold her first book, "The Fangirl's Guide to the Galaxy", to Quirk Books. It was published in 2015. A second edition, titled the "Fangirl's Guide to the Universe" and featuring updated text and new illustrations, was released October 27, 2020. A companion guided journal, "The Fangirl's Journal for Leveling Up: Conquer Your Life Through Fandoms", came out on the same day.


title: Sam Maggs

text: Maggs followed up her debut with "Wonder Women: 25 Innovators, Inventors and Trailblazers Who Changed History", also from Quirk Books, in 2016. Dubbed "extraordinary" by "Entertainment Weekly", the book shares the histories of notable women in the STEM fields, adventure, and espionage. In 2018, she published "Girl Squads: 20 Female Friendships That Changed History" with Quirk Books, which "Booklist" referred to as "impressively researched and fascinating". Both publications reflect Maggs' desire to celebrate the overlooked accomplishments of women throughout history and the power of female friendships and women supporting women.


title: Sam Maggs

text: In addition, Maggs has penned two encyclopedias about women superheroes for DK: "Marvel Fearless and Fantastic! Female Super Heroes Save the World", published in 2018, and "DC Brave and Bold!", published in 2019.


title: Sam Maggs

text: She made her middle grade novel debut in June 2020 with the publication of "Con Quest!" from Imprint/Macmillan Publishers. The story follows a pair of twins as they run away from their older sister for a chance to meet one of their favorite celebrities at a giant comics and pop culture convention. Kirkus gave it a starred review.


title: Sam Maggs

text: In July 2020, she released her first young adult novel, "The Unstoppable Wasp: Built on Hope" via Marvel Press. The book follows the third Wasp, Nadia van Dyne, as she learns to balance her science career with school, superheroes, and the general stress and strain that comes with being a teenager.


title: Sam Maggs

text: In her first foray into comics, Maggs penned a story titled "Legacy" for IDW Publishing's "Star Trek: Waypoint" #2 in 2016. Her story filled in the life and experiences of the series' first-ever female "redshirt," and she told "SyFy Wire" that, "It's easy to forget, when you're watching any sci-fi, that the goons and extras and henchmen who die for the sake of plot momentum or main character development are all (hypothetically) people with their own lives and families and stories… Now, [Thompson] isn't just another one of the faceless masses who die so Kirk may live. I wanted to make sure that you knew why she would have sacrificed her life."


title: Sam Maggs

text: Maggs has also written for the comic book adaptations of "Jem and the Holograms" (IDW), "Rick & Morty" (Oni Press), "My Little Pony" (IDW), "Transformers" (IDW), and "Invader Zim" (Oni Press). Maggs is the writer of two graphic novels which are part of the "Critical Role" comics anthology "" published by Dark Horse Comics.


title: Sam Maggs

text: She also wrote "Marvel Action: Captain Marvel" for IDW, where the inclusion of characters like Squirrel Girl, Nadia van Dyne/Unstoppable Wasp, and Spider-Woman continue to reflect her favored theme of the strength to be found in female friendship.


title: Sam Maggs

text: Other projects include the Viz Media manga adaptation of Rainbow Rowell's bestselling YA novel "Fangirl", with illustrations by Gabi Nam, released on October 13, 2020. Her first full-length original graphic novel "Tell No Tales: Pirates of the Southern Seas", co-created with Kendra Wells and published by the Abrams Books imprint Amulet Books, released on February 9, 2021. The story revolves around the real-life pirating adventures of Anne Bonny and Mary Read.


title: Sam Maggs

text: From 2016 through 2018, Maggs worked as an associate writer for the video game studio BioWare, where she contributed writing to the "Cards Against Humanity: Mass Effect" pack. She also wrote for the online game "Anthem", specifically the asexual character Ryssa Brin.


title: Sam Maggs

text: After BioWare, Maggs went on to serve as a writer for Insomniac Games, working as the lead writer for the "" DLC.


title: Sam Maggs

text: She self-credits herself as lead writer for "" despite her name not appearing in the official credits of the game and engaged in a public feud with Insomniac lead designer Mark Stuart alleging that he took credit for her work. She left the studio in January 2020, before the game was released, and went on to work with Sledgehammer Games as a writer for the campaign of "."


title: Sam Maggs

text: Maggs is openly lesbian and dedicates herself to including queer representation in her writing. Prior to 2022, Maggs was openly bisexual.


title: Glycolipid

text: Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic (covalent) bond. Their role is to maintain the stability of the cell membrane and to facilitate cellular recognition, which is crucial to the immune response and in the connections that allow cells to connect to one another to form tissues. Glycolipids are found on the surface of all eukaryotic cell membranes, where they extend from the phospholipid bilayer into the extracellular environment.


title: Glycolipid

text: The essential feature of a glycolipid is the presence of a monosaccharide or oligosaccharide bound to a lipid moiety. The most common lipids in cellular membranes are glycerolipids and sphingolipids, which have glycerol or a sphingosine backbones, respectively. Fatty acids are connected to this backbone, so that the lipid as a whole has a polar head and a non-polar tail. The lipid bilayer of the cell membrane consists of two layers of lipids, with the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane made up of the polar head groups, and the inner part of the membrane made up of the non-polar fatty acid tails.


title: Glycolipid

text: The saccharides that are attached to the polar head groups on the outside of the cell are the ligand components of glycolipids, and are likewise polar, allowing them to be soluble in the aqueous environment surrounding the cell. The lipid and the saccharide form a glycoconjugate through a glycosidic bond, which is a covalent bond. The anomeric carbon of the sugar binds to a free hydroxyl group on the lipid backbone. The structure of these saccharides varies depending on the structure of the molecules to which they bind.


title: Glycolipid

text: Enzymes called glycosyltransferases link the saccharide to the lipid molecule, and also play a role in assembling the correct oligosaccharide so that the right receptor can be activated on the cell which responds to the presence of the glycolipid on the surface of the cell. The glycolipid is assembled in the Golgi apparatus and embedded in the surface of a vesicle which is then transported to the cell membrane. The vesicle merges with the cell membrane so that the glycolipid can be presented on the cell's outside surface.


title: Glycolipid

text: Glycoside hydrolases catalyze the breakage of glycosidic bonds. They are used to modify the oligosaccharide structure of the glycan after it has been added onto the lipid. They can also remove glycans from glycolipids to turn them back into unmodified lipids.


title: Glycolipid

text: Sphingolipidoses are a group of diseases that are associated with the accumulation of sphingolipids which have not been degraded correctly, normally due to a defect in a glycoside hydrolase enzyme. Sphingolipidoses are typically inherited, and their effects depend on which enzyme is affected, and the degree of impairment. One notable example is Niemann–Pick disease which can cause pain and damage to neural networks, and is usually fatal in early infancy.


title: Glycolipid

text: The main function of glycolipids in the body is to serve as recognition sites for cell–cell interactions. The saccharide of the glycolipid will bind to a specific complementary carbohydrate or to a lectin (carbohydrate-binding protein), of a neighboring cell. The interaction of these cell surface markers is the basis of cell recognitions, and initiates cellular responses that contribute to activities such as regulation, growth, and apoptosis.


title: Glycolipid

text: An example of how glycolipids function within the body is the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells during inflammation. Selectins, a class of lectins found on the surface of leukocytes and endothelial cells bind to the carbohydrates attached to glycolipids to initiate the immune response. This binding causes leukocytes to leave circulation and congregate near the site of inflammation. This is the initial binding mechanism, which is followed by the expression of integrins which form stronger bonds and allow leukocytes to migrate toward the site of inflammation. Glycolipids are also responsible for other responses, notably the recognition of host cells by viruses.


title: Glycolipid

text: Blood types are an example of how glycolipids on cell membranes mediate cell interactions with the surrounding environment. The four main human blood types (A, B, AB, O) are determined by the oligosaccharide attached to a specific glycolipid on the surface of red blood cells, which acts as an antigen. The unmodified antigen, called the H antigen, is the characteristic of type O, and is present on red blood cells of all blood types. Blood type A has an N-acetylgalactosamine added as the main determining structure, type B has a galactose, and type AB has all three of these antigens. Antigens which are not present in an individual's blood will cause antibodies to be produced, which will bind to the foreign glycolipids. For this reason, people with blood type AB can receive transfusions from all blood types (the universal acceptor), and people with blood type O can act as donors to all blood types (the universal donor).


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: F.A.T.A.L., an acronym of Fantasy Adventure to Adult Lechery (first edition) or From Another Time Another Land (second edition), is a dark fantasy tabletop role-playing game first published in 2002 by Fatal Games.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." is known for its graphic violent and sexual content, as well as the complexity of the underlying game system, involving higher-level mathematics and an unusual amount of randomization in character development. It acquired a strongly negative reputation in the tabletop roleplaying community, being universally panned and described as one of the most controversial games ever released. It is particularly known as the subject of a 2003 review published on RPGnet by Darren MacLennan and Jason Sartin, which described it as "the Necronomicon of role-playing games", in addition to "fundamentally broken in its attitude towards sexuality" and characterized by "bitter misogyny".


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." has a simulationist system with an unusual level of complexity, especially regarding sexual violence and bodily characteristics. Character creation involves twenty separate attributes, none of which correlate with one another even when they might be intuitively assumed to be related. For instance, in the first edition, Average Speech Rate and Maximum Speech Rate are unrelated, meaning the former can be higher than the latter. Attributes are determined by rolling 4d100/2-1 in the first edition, or 10d100/5-1 in the second edition. The majority of character traits are determined by random rolls at creation, including ones usually decided by players, such as eye colour, hairstyle, and sexual orientation. More prurient traits are also determined by rolling, such as breast size, genital size, and, notoriously, anal circumference.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: Sex and sexuality is a heavy focus of the "F.A.T.A.L." system, often in idiosyncratic ways. While extensive rules and mechanics for rape are established, consensual sex is not mentioned at any point in the game. The rules for rape are also incorporated into the section on combat more generally, a design decision that drew criticism for an apparent normalization of sexual violence. Extreme sexual content is frequently used for shock value, such as magical items which induce forced masturbation or bestiality. James Hausler, one of the co-creators of the game, later defended the rape content as a design decision by main writer Byron Hall; specifically, the list of mental illnesses characters could roll included multiple paraphilias related to rape and sexual violence, and Hall demanded mechanics be built to accommodate them. In the MacLennan/Sartin review, MacLennan referred to "F.A.T.A.L." as "the date rape RPG". Hall, in his response, asked "Where is dating included?"


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." has a broad variety of character skills and classes, including ones considered irrelevant by the majority of role-playing games. The "Urination" skill, for example, defines the amount of urine a character can produce, and at what speed. Character classes such as "Delouser", "Grocer", and "Claspmaker" were criticised for their irrelevance to a fantasy adventure game. The mechanics for other classes followed the game's overall pattern of high randomization. For instance, none of the spellcasting classes are guaranteed to gain new spells upon an increase in character level, but rather have to roll for how many spells—if any—they gain, and at what spell level. The available spells are also often eclectic, obscene, or peripheral in use, such as "Against Every Wild Animal, Aquatic Creature, and Robbers", "Force Fart", and "Bestow Ulcer". The spell "Have Her Cadaver"—which makes a deceased woman appear alive but unconscious, and which is described by the rulebook as primarily used for necrophilic sexual intercourse—received a particularly strong negative reception, becoming one of the game's most infamous features.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." describes itself as "the most difficult, detailed, realistic, and historically/mythically accurate role-playing game available". The game master, referred to as the "MaimMaster" in the first edition and the "Aedile" in the second edition, is encouraged to be adversarial rather than collaborative, while the system is built around difficult combat and the assumption of frequent character death. According to Hausler, the objective is to "survive as long as possible". While "F.A.T.A.L." describes itself as a paragon of historical accuracy and realism, the game has been criticised for lacking verisimilitude in both backstory and mechanics. For instance, the game world lacks significant influence from any actual historical period, while the combat system—heavily focused on damage to specific individual organs—produces unrealistic results like injuring an internal organ without harming the flesh around it. Other individual mechanics which have drawn attention include the process of determining how many children a pregnant woman gives birth to, which theoretically involves rolling a ten-million-sided die, and the social class system, which refers to serfs (in reality barely above slaves) as a free middle class above the peasantry.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L."s reception has been overwhelmingly negative. Its most famous review is that by MacLennan and Sartin; some other reviewers have refused to cover it, due both to its content, and to the degree to which the MacLennan/Sartin review overshadows other attempts. Though the sexual violence and misogyny makes up the majority of the criticism, the game has also been criticised for racism and homophobia; for instance, physically unattractive characters are more likely to be gay or lesbian, and the first edition of the game featured magical armour that transformed its wearers into ethnic stereotypes. Due to "F.A.T.A.L."'s notoriety amongst the tabletop role-playing game community, many individual aspects of the game have been examined when they may otherwise have fallen into obscurity. For example, the theme song, described by MacLennan as "sound[ing] like the Cookie Monster chasing a drum kit being pushed down a flight of stairs", has been preserved even after the original web host went down. Hausler later stated the theme song was by Ryan Keane, one of the game's co-creators, and that it was unrepresentative of his ability as an otherwise talented death metal guitarist.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." also received particular attention for its misogynistic content. The rulebooks for both editions refer to female characters by a number of explicit and insulting sobriquets, such as "cuntress", "slut", and "slovenly whore". Female genitalia is referred to throughout the books by a number of neologistic insults, primarily "cunt-pipe". Female characters are unable to enter many character classes, particularly those related to combat or spellcasting; they also receive significant penalties to most physical and intellectual attributes. The game's attitude to gender has been described as "designed by misogynistic human accidents" and as "heinous [and] despicable".


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: After the MacLennan/Sartin review, Hall and co-creator John Terry (known pseudonymously as 'Burnout') wrote their own response to the review. The creators of "F.A.T.A.L." considered the game to be "highbrow", and were frustrated by the negative and mocking reception it received. They were also upset by the degree to which negative reviews on the game focused on emotional and shocking content, when Hall believed in "remain[ing] calm and unemotional" in disputes. They also disagreed that the game was focused on rape and misogyny. However, Hall and Terry did agree with some of the criticisms, such as "brassiere" having been misspelled as "brazier" and that the ethnic stereotype armour should be removed; these were changed in the second edition.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: The poor reception and quality of "F.A.T.A.L." has become a benchmark for other negatively reviewed role-playing games. For instance, while MacLennan originally savaged the game "The World of Synnibarr", he later said "you have to like "Synnibarr" after you've read "F.A.T.A.L."". The impact of "F.A.T.A.L." on the broader genre of sexually explicit role-playing games has also been considered; as a high-profile sexually explicit game that received such a negative reception, it has been accused of casting a shadow over the broader genre and particularly on games that use sexual content to shock and provoke.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: "F.A.T.A.L." has an enduring legacy as one of the most poorly received and controversial role-playing games ever released. Ed Grabinowski of "Gizmodo" said in 2013 that "[t]here is really only one thing "F.A.T.A.L." accomplished in its short history, and that is to become the closest thing to a true Lovecraftian presence in the gaming industry". "F.A.T.A.L."'s transgression of genre norms has been conceptualized as both a design choice and a symptom of incompetence on the part of its creators.


title: F.A.T.A.L.

text: Not long after the release of the second edition, Hall, the game's primary creator, left the tabletop gaming world and sank into obscurity. Little would be heard from the creators of the game until 2014, when co-creator James Hausler agreed to an audio interview with a reviewer. Hausler took credit for a number of the game's most infamous aspects, such as the anal circumference tables, the elaborate called-shots combat system, and the majority of the player races—such as the Kinder-Fresser ogre, a species of ogre that exclusively eats virginal human children. He also said "F.A.T.A.L." was intended to be "highbrow" and incorporate "complex philosophical themes", and to "revolutionise gaming". Hausler claimed "F.A.T.A.L." was "ahead of the curve" at the time of its creation, and that it had the potential to be a massive commercial success. Fatal Games had originally planned to acquire nationwide distribution for the game, which would be followed by a "child-friendly" version and a number of modules and expansions. However, the game's copyright was registered solely with Hall; after his disappearance from the gaming scene, Hausler stated that Hall had not returned his calls regarding republication or selling the rights, preventing the game from seeing further release.


title: Leo and Me

text: It starred a 15-year-old Michael J. Fox, in his television acting debut, playing Jamie, the 12-year-old younger nephew of Leo (Brent Carver).


title: Leo and Me

text: "Leo and Me" was produced by Don Eccleston, directed by Don S. Williams and written by Marc and Susan Strange.


title: Leo and Me

text: Leo (Brent Carver) was a carefree, hard-living Italian adventurer who had won a large, decrepit yacht in a poker game, and had taken his orphaned nephew Jamie (Michael J. Fox) to live with him. Leo and Jamie lived on the yacht moored in the harbour. Leo's charm and good luck guided him through tricky but humorous situations and his young sidekick's adept mind helped the pair get out of trouble.


title: Leo and Me

text: In 2002, an investigation was launched into "Leo and Me" after an unusual cluster of Parkinson's disease cases was noted among former cast and crew members of the show. Fox and director Don Williams were among the four with the disease, along with a writer and a cameraman.


title: Leo and Me

text: When asked about the cluster by Howard Stern in a September 25, 2013, interview on "The Howard Stern Show", Michael J. Fox stated, "Believe it or not, from a scientific point of view, that's not significant." Donald Calne, a Vancouver neurologist, said the incidence of Parkinson's in society is about 1 in 300, but that four of the 125 people on the Vancouver set of "Leo and Me" developed the disease. Calne said, "It could be coincidence. But it's intriguing, it might be something they were exposed to."


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot (Roberto "Bobby" da Costa) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is most commonly associated with X-Men-related groups the New Mutants and X-Force.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: A mutant from Brazil, Sunspot possesses the ability to absorb and channel solar power. He is idealistic and impulsive, but is considered a close friend to many of his teammates. He is initially portrayed as an important member of the X-Men's 1980s-era junior team and its reincarnation X-Force. He later retires as Sunspot and garners a massive fortune that allows him to buy out the organization Advanced Idea Mechanics, which he re-brands to Avengers Idea Mechanics and he operates under the code name Citizen V.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Adan Canto portrays the character in "". Henry Zaga portrays the character at a younger age, in "The New Mutants".


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: The character Sunspot was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist Bob McLeod. The hero first appeared in ""Marvel Graphic Novel: The New Mutants" #4 (November 1982), as part of the line "Marvel Graphic Novel". Immediately after, the character became part of the regular cast of "The New Mutants", as part of the titular super group.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot, or Roberto da Costa, is a Pardo Brazilian, the son of wealthy Afro-Brazilian businessman Emmanuel da Costa and his white American mother archaeologist Nina da Costa. In "The New Mutants" #7, his father is described as a very driven man, who "grew up [...] a barefoot houseboy", "by age 20 [...] a millionaire [and] by 30, an economic and political force to be reckoned with." Emmanuel constantly pushes his son to reach for both his physical and intellectual limits. Thanks to his father's encouragement, Roberto rose to the position of star soccer player at school and was considered by recruiters for the Olympic Games.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: When Roberto was playing a soccer game with his team, racist members of the opposing team assaulted him, and Roberto responded by initiating a fight on the field. While taking a brutal beating, his mutant powers manifested, suddenly transforming him into a creature of solid black solar energy. Surprised and terrified, people abandoned the stadium, and only his girlfriend Juliana stayed.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Within a matter of days, a mutant-hating faction led by Donald Pierce and employing Hellfire Club mercenaries kidnap Juliana, luring Roberto into a trap. He engages the kidnappers, but is eventually defeated when his power reserve runs out. Other mutants named Karma and Psyche rescue him. In the course of the following battle, Juliana sacrifices her life for Roberto, jumping in front of a bullet meant for him.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: After the rescue, Roberto joins Karma and Psyche in pursuit of Donald Pierce. The three are joined by Wolfsbane, and after the battle by Sam Guthrie, a.k.a. Cannonball, one of Pierce's misguided mutant hirelings, despite initial reservations from the others. Professor X offers to train the five teenagers in controlling their nascent mutant powers, which they accept and become the founding members of the group known as the New Mutants, a group of junior X-Men. Although Professor Xavier's intentions are for them to only be students, over the course of the "New Mutants" ongoing series, they grow into superheroes, and they travel to such locations as space, Asgard, and the Amazon, as well as the past and the future. During his tenure with the New Mutants, he and Sam become best friends.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot was at one point injected with the drug that helped create Cloak and Dagger, and he briefly became a monster. Sunspot was later reunited with his parents, and then with the New Mutants he visited Nova Roma. He then encountered the White Queen and her Hellions for the first time. He was later abducted and forced to serve as one of the Gladiators. On another adventure with the New Mutants, he visited the land of Asgard. Alongside the New Mutants, he later fought Warlock's father, the Magus. He also battled Cameron Hodge and the Right. Alongside the New Mutants he battled Freedom Force. He also fell in love with the alien Gosamyr.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: When the time traveling antihero Cable takes over the New Mutants and turns them into the paramilitary group X-Force, Sunspot parts ways with the team. During this time Sunspot is tutored by Gideon of the Externals, an old business partner of Roberto's father (who has since died). Suspecting Sunspot to be a fellow External, he takes Sunspot under his wing. Gideon ends up experimenting on Sunspot, granting him new powers such as flight and the ability to fire blasts of solar energy. For a time, Sunspot becomes lost in a space-time continuum after interfering with the teleportation powers of Locus. During this time, a villain called Reignfire comes onto the scene, showing a remarkable similar appearance to Sunspot.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: The villain Reignfire first appears before Sunspot's mysterious disappearance in "X-Force" #28 (1993), when he assumes command of the Mutant Liberation Front. Dani Moonstar, who had infiltrated the MLF, sees Reignfire without his mask and believes him to be Sunspot, and in a battle with X-Force, Reignfire even removes his mask to reveal himself as Sunspot. The moment was interrupted by the Age of Apocalypse and when reality is restored, Cable 'heals' Sunspot of this persona dominating his body, transferring some of his Askani knowledge into Sunspot, allowing Sunspot to speak the Askani language and know of their meditation techniques. In an incident where X-Force reconnected with former teammate Skids, it is discovered that Reignfire is actually a protoplasmic mutant symbiote injected with Sunspot's blood. Reignfire is seemingly permanently defeated when Sunspot leeches him of his powers, reducing him to his original protoplasmic state which is then claimed by S.H.I.E.L.D.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Roberto later joins the rest of X-Force on an extended road trip, separating themselves from Cable. Along the way, they meet several problems, including Roberto's money being tied up in litigation, forcing the team into doing a variety of odd jobs. One included providing protection for a small businessman being hassled by elements of the mob. During this time, Roberto has a short fling with Sam's girlfriend Tabitha Smith, a teammate.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Later during his X-Force career, Roberto is approached by Selene of the Hellfire Club. She offers Roberto his deceased father Emmanuel's seat in the Club's Inner Circle, as the seats are inherited. She promises Roberto that she will resurrect Juliana if he joins and he agrees. Selene keeps her part of the bargain, but only to a certain extent. She does bring back the spirit of Juliana, but inserts it into the body of a comatose girl. Possibly because he felt obliged to fulfill his promise, Roberto decides to stay, becoming Selene's Black Rook. Roberto attempts to contact the resurrected Juliana, but seeing she has no memory of her previous life, he decides to leave her alone.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: With no explanation given, Roberto next surfaces in the title "X-Treme X-Men" as the head of the Los Angeles branch of X-Corporation, along with former New Mutant Magma and former Hellion Empath. Roberto's ties to the Hellfire Club are not however severed, as Sebastian Shaw approaches, having taken over the position of Hellfire Club's Lord Imperial and wanting Roberto as his Black King. Shaw claims that he is trying to turn the Club into a force of good, so Roberto accepts, though he keeps his involvement with Shaw a secret.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Soon after, Shaw is injured in battle by Donald Pierce. His injuries make him incapable of overseeing the Hellfire Club. Roberto takes over as Lord Imperial. At his side is Sage who leaves the X-Men to make sure Roberto is not corrupted by the power he wields. After the events of M-Day, Cyclops calls for the shutting down of all branches of the X-Corporation to better pool the resources of the X-Men. In , Sebastian Shaw seems to be thinking of reclaiming his place and to be quite mad at Sunspot.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Secret Invasion" storyline, Sunspot is among the several X-Men helping to fight off Skrulls during their invasion of San Francisco.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot, who remains Lord Imperial of the Hellfire Club, is revealed by Cyclops to belong to the newest incarnation of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants along with Danielle Moonstar, Cannonball, and Magma. However, while battling members of Cyclops' new team of X-Men alongside Cannonball, there is much confusion after Rockslide makes reference to the two mutants' membership in the Brotherhood. During the course of the battle, Sunspot is seriously wounded by Wolf Cub, who slashes Roberto's face and stomach with his claws. It is eventually revealed that "Cyclops" is in reality Donald Pierce, the former White King of the Hellfire Club, who is posing as the X-Men leader using an image inducer. Pierce's reasons for recruiting these "X-Men" is currently unknown, but it appears that his primary focus is to eliminate the Lord Imperial and utilized the ruse that Sunspot and his allies formed a new Brotherhood in order to convince the former Xavier students to attack their former teachers and allies.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Later on, Sunspot leaves the Hellfire Club and joins the X-Men in San Francisco as noted by Sebastian Shaw who is currently looking for a replacement. Cyclops later asks Sunspot and Danielle Moonstar to help train the Young X-Men and both accepted.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: After receiving an anonymous tip in Colorado about a young mutant endangering a small town, Dani and Shan are sent to investigate and calm the locals. During their mission, Magik reappears back at the X-Men's base in San Francisco after teleporting off into the future after the events of "X-Infernus". Upon her return she informs Sam and Roberto that Shan and Dani are in trouble and it will result in their deaths. Sam assembles a team consisting of himself, Sunspot, Magma, and Magik to go find them. While searching for them, Sam and Roberto come across a tied up and comatose Shan in the back of a bar, while Magik and Magma are tricked into freeing Legion from a box, who apparently has Shan's personality imprisoned inside of him. Roberto and Sam approach Karma's body but when Roberto gets too close he almost gets pulled into Legion's mind. After they leave the bar, they find they're surrounded by police; Roberto and Sam fly away to the jail to find Dani.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: When they arrive, Legion is trying to kill Dani. After Roberto and Sam repel him, Legion comes back and Sunspot fights him. Cannonball soon joins him and they fend him off and regroup. During the fight, Legion takes on Magma, Cannonball, and Roberto, who gets seriously injured when Legion slashes him with a shard of metal.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: After the events of "Avengers vs. X-Men", Roberto and Sam are offered membership in the Avengers by Captain America and eagerly accept. The two become involved in a time travel plot involving the Next Avengers, children of the Avengers from an alternate future, but their memories of this are wiped by Maria Hill when they're done.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: During an eight month time-skip, Roberto engages in a hostile takeover of Advanced Idea Mechanics and gets rid of the villainous upper management. Roberto then uses the resources of A.I.M. to intervene in the conflict between the forces of S.H.I.E.L.D. and the Illuminati, while also sending a team of Avengers to deal with the multiversal threat of the Incursions.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: After the events of "Secret War", Roberto re-tools A.I.M. into Avengers Idea Mechanics, hiring various superheroes as a new Avengers team consisting of Hawkeye, Songbird, Squirrel Girl, Hulking, Wiccan, Power Man and White Tiger. S.H.I.E.L.D. sends two operatives, Dum Dum Dugan and Hawkeye to keep on eye on the team. Despite orders to spy on the new A.I.M., both men reveal their mission as they have come to respect Sunspot. His new team faces off against W.H.I.S.P.E.R., an organization run by the Maker, the Ultimate Universe's version of Reed Richards. The Maker's various plans cause trouble for the Avengers that bounces up and down the time stream. During the events of "Avengers: Standoff", Roberto orders his Avengers team to free Rick Jones from S.H.I.E.L.D. custody. In response, the American government sends the American Kaiju to attack A.I.M. Island. Roberto, having seen such an attempt coming, has the island evacuated, and American Kaiju depowered by Avenger-5, a giant mecha suit. As a result, Maria Hill decides to try and shut down A.I.M., at the same time the Maker launches his own attack. However, it transpires Roberto has also seen these attacks coming, aided by Songbird playing double agent, and manipulates both sides so that W.H.I.S.P.E.R. is destroyed and the Maker imprisoned. It is also revealed that Roberto has become exposed to a cloud of terrigen mist, which is toxic to Mutants, and every use of his powers now accelerates Roberto's aging. With the Maker captured, Roberto strikes a deal with the US government to round up the remaining rogue branches of A.I.M.. The operation is successful. In the middle of this, Roberto presents Wiccan and Hulkling with a parting gift of an expensive apartment.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Following the deal that would get the Avengers Idea Mechanics to merge with the U.S. government as the American Intelligence Mechanics, Sunspot began to lead the U.S.Avengers under the alias of Citizen V. Their first mission takes place at the Secret Empire's floating volcanic island base. Red Hulk crash-landed into the floating volcanic island base, hard enough to destroy it. They're later approached by a future version of Danielle Cage as Captain America, who tells them that her nemesis, the Golden Skull, came to their timeline to steal all the wealth. In Miami, Florida, the team crash a charity gala only to discover that the wealthy CEO's were kidnapped and replaced by robots. During the battle, the team manages to defeat and capture the Golden Skull, who was wearing a golden armored suit. Danielle then goes back to her timeline with the Golden Skull as her prisoner. Sunspot then sends Red Hulk to confront and defeat an out-of-control American Kaiju, who was attacking Europe.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: During the "Opening Salvo" part of the "Secret Empire" storyline, Captain America, whose memory was altered by Red Skull's clone using the powers of Kobik, has a meeting with Roberto da Costa and tells him that he is no longer in charge of the team. Roberto then sees footage of the supervillain attacks in Manhattan, deep space, and in Europe. At the beginning of the takeover, Roberto assembles the team until he is attacked by one of his scientists who has allied with Hydra. He's later seen in a prison cell, nearly dead, by Red Hulk and Toni Ho. While adjusting to prison life, Toni manages to heal Roberto just in time when Hydra soldiers show up at their cell. Roberto then manages to use his powers to defeat the guards and free Red Hulk from the nanites controlling him, allowing them to take control of the prison. In the aftermath of the event, Roberto, during a meeting with the team's new congressional liaison in the White House, resigns from his position despite the objections from the senator. He then meets Izzy Kane, Cannonball's wife, who tells him that Cannonball, who went missing in action during the takeover and was presumed dead, is still alive on another planet.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: While travelling through space, Smasher and the U.S.Avengers are attacked by space pirates known as warpjackers. After a brief fight, the pirates tell them that Glenbrook is actually a planet named Kral X and that its ruler, Ritchie Redwood, is ruthless. Arriving on Kral X, the heroes manage to help Cannonball and the planet's rebels in overthrowing Ritchie. After restoring order to the planet, the heroes head home.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: On return to Earth, Roberto redubs himself Citizen X. He assists Agent Jimmy Woo with his investigations into the mysterious Eternity Mask.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: After the Age of X-Man removes most X-Men members to an alternate reality, Sunspot reappears to assist Mirage and the remaining X-Men in repelling Malekith's invasion of Midgard. In a ploy to allow Magik to teleport the invading horde to Limbo, he breaks a cursed amulet blocking her powers, and in doing so, is vaporized, joining the fallen Valkyries in their journey to the afterlife.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Roberto is resurrected on the newly established Mutant nation of Krakoa. While enjoying the new paradise, Roberto decides to invite Cannonball, still living in Shi'ar space, to join them, and talks several of the New Mutants into accompanying him.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Later, at the Hellfire Gala, Sunspot, disappointed for not been chosen to join the prestigious X-Men team, decided after a few drink with his drinking mates to create a new, secret team!


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot is later contacted by Lady Deathbird about a threat to Empress Xandra’s life. Sunspot has been bragging that he is the leader of the X-Men and the Empress needs their help. Sunspot tells Cannonball that he wants to create a team and already has people lined up: Sunspot himself, Cannonball, Banshee, Boom-Boom, Armor, Tempo, Marrow and Strong Guy. After this new team and Forge agree to accept the mission, Sunspot reveals that it is for The Shi'ar Empress. Sunspot and Cannonball meet with Gladiator. Gladiator revealed many people have betrayed the Empress because she is considered too young to lead. They also tell the team that Deathbird and the Empress are missing. Sunspot leads his team into space, and Forge makes them matching outfits. But during their travels, they are attacked by Sidri bounty hunters, but Banshee repels them. Forge creates an algorithm to find Deathbird’s ship. Using Tempo’s powers, they can run the program thousands of times in only a few minutes. After a weird psychic puzzle, the group arrives on a planet and meets with the Empress, Deathbird, and two advisors. After a brief talk, the group is under attack, and Deathbird is hit with a teleport mine. Sunspot, who is upset that his target was hurt, uses his ability to destroy the ship of his assailants. As the Secret X-Men leaves, the Empress erases their memory of Deathbird’s disappearance.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot is a mutant whose cells have the ability to absorb solar energy and convert it for use as physical strength. He is also able to create thermal updrafts for flight, project heat and light, as well as concussive blasts of solar energy. At will, he is able to take on a superhuman "powered up" form that is entirely nonreflective black, save for his eyes and teeth which turn a solid bright white. Though the color black optimizes solar absorption, he absorbs solar power at all times, not only when he is in his "powered up" form. If he has not absorbed sufficient amounts of solar energy in normal form, he will be too weak to "power up". Likewise, when not in direct sunlight, use of his superhuman strength rapidly exhausts the stores of energy within his body.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: When in his solar form, Sunspot also has a corona effect, an aura that has been depicted in multiple ways, though two predominant conventions exist for its portrayal: one is that the air close to him manifests black globes of various sizes, reminiscent of Kirby dots, and the other is a unified field glowing a bright yellow or white. Although Sunspot can absorb energy from stars and reflected solar energy from the moon, the amounts that reach him on Earth are too minuscule to add significantly to his power. In other regions, such as Asgard, his power is significantly enhanced, allowing him - with much effort - to lift Volstagg off the ground for a few seconds before suffering a backache.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Originally, Sunspot's superhuman power was limited solely to superhuman strength and enhanced durability, and then only in his solar form. Unlike many superhumanly strong heroes, Sunspot was unique in that his physical resistance to impact only increased somewhat when he employed his superhuman strength, and he was not bulletproof by any means. The phrase, "Careful Bobby, you're strong, not invulnerable!" or variations was seen many times. In addition, Sunspot's powers have radically changed and grown since the character was introduced; he can now withstand the force of a speeding eighteen-wheeler traveling at speeds of 100 mph, alongside surviving an A.I.M explosive charge latched onto his side.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot maintained his original powerset for roughly the first ten years of his existence, remaining a super strong but vulnerable individual throughout the entire "New Mutants" series. During the mid-1990s in "X-Force" his powers began to change, under writer Fabian Nicieza. Nicieza had the supervillain Gideon capture Roberto and subject him to experimentation where the limits of Roberto's power absorption were tested by feeding him immense amounts of solar power. Roberto was rescued by X-Force, but the overload had permanently altered his powers in such a way that he was now able to release concussive blasts of solar energy, with a considerable heat and light projection component; this experimentation also made him immune to all types of heat and fire. He can also now absorb other forms of energy; such as heat, light or even radiation in a manner similar to photo/radio- or thermokinesis. It was believed they do not power up his abilities but this was proven false. Sunspot also has some capacity to manipulate light based energy effects, but it remains a largely unexplored portent of his mutant power. It has been debated that Roberto would have reached these levels of his abilities of his own accord, and that Gideon's experimentation only increased his evolution process.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: The fact that the solar blasts were concussive in origin led directly into "X-Force" #28, where Sunspot thinks of using them as a means of propulsion, and thus fly by blasting in the opposite direction of where he wanted to go – initially leaving a slight trail behind him, but in later years, Roberto would learn to use the propulsion more subtly – to appear to hover in place with no blast wake at all other than his usual "powered up" corona effect. His capacity to fly has similarly been enhanced as he is able to breach planetary orbit and reach Saturn's belt with relative ease.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot also had the rituals and ideas of the Askani inside his head, due to a telepathic contact with Cable. While being strongly influenced by it for a while, the memories seem to have faded.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Significant non-superhuman abilities include business administration, as he owns and runs a multibillion-dollar international conglomerate. He is an Olympic-class athlete as the result of having been trained in combat by the X-Men and later by Cable. He is an expert in many languages (see below) and has an assortment of other more minor talents such as piloting aircraft. He was trained in swordsmanship by the Gladiators, and is also an excellent soccer player.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot was in the X-Ternals with Jubilee, Strong Guy, and Gambit. Like Robin Hood, they take money from Apocalypse and give to the poor. Magneto assigns them to travel to the Shi'ar Galaxy to steal the powerful M'Kraan Crystal. Sunspot dies after absorbing too much energy in an attempt to help his teammates escape.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: In an alternate version of the "Days of Future Past" future, a war between mutants and baseline humans, started by the latter, results in a mutant victory thanks to an alliance between Xavier's Institute and the Hellfire Club. Magma and Sunspot become the Chief Arbitrators of the Lords Cardinal, and create an idyllic state for mutants, while regular humans are left to fend for themselves. Mutants born to baseline humans are taken from their parents and those who oppose Magma and Sunspot are brainwashed by the Hellfire Club's agents.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Sunspot is part of a murderous team of 'Marauders', which consists of Jubilee, Wolfsbane, Cannonball, and Husk.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: The Ultimate Marvel version of Sunspot a.k.a. Roberto da Costa is an angry vigilante mutant of Brazilian descent. Originally came from Harlem in this continuity, he sees the X-Men as decadent Uncle Tom figures and has accused them of living in an ivory tower, considering themselves separate from "second-class muties" like himself. He also harbors a deep hatred for Magneto and his followers because of the anti-mutant hysteria that followed the Brooklyn Bridge's destruction at the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants's hands.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Afterward he has joined Emma Frost's Academy of Tomorrow, a school for gifted beings. Initially, Roberto is confused as he knows his grades are not impressive. Emma assures him that grades (or even mutant powers) do not always classify a person as 'gifted'. Soon after Roberto is accepted into the school, he is in trouble: fellow student Lorna Dane is framed and imprisoned for the murder of several dozen people. He is approached by Alex Summers (Polaris's boyfriend) and is convinced to help assist in breaking Lorna out. He works with Northstar and Cannonball. The team relies on Roberto's knowledge of New York City, but because Roberto had rarely been "outside" of Harlem, this reliance results in the team becoming lost. During this time, the X-Men attack them, and Roberto is subdued and removed from the fight.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: Magneto has him killed in Ultimatum along with the rest of the Academy of Tomorrow except for Havok. Sunspot is murdered in an attack. He is buried on the grounds of the X-Mansion.


title: Sunspot (Marvel Comics)

text: In "What if Some of the X-Men Had Stayed In Asgard?", Sunspot is one of the X-Men and New Mutants members who choose to remain in Asgard. When Hela attacks Storm due to Loki's intrigues, Sunspot rushes to aid Storm, to have his life taken away by the death goddess before he can land a blow on her.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: Khelo India University Games (KIUG), is a national level multi-sport event held in India, where athletes from universities across the country compete in different sports disciplines. The inaugural edition held in Odisha started on 22 February and concluded on 1 March 2020. It is organised by Sports Authority of India (SAI) and Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports along with Association of Indian Universities, Indian Olympic Association and National Sports Federation. It is the largest university level sports competition in India.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: Khelo India University Games was launched after the success of the Khelo India Youth Games, which had completed its third edition in 2020. The Khelo India University Games is intended to identify and train capable athletes in the age group of 18 to 25 years for the Olympics and the Asian Games.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: On 22 February 2020, Prime Minister Narendra Modi, inaugurated the first edition of the Khelo India University Games in Cuttack. The inaugural event was held at JNL Indoor Stadium. Coaches and officials believe that the event gives athletes the exposure of multi-disciplinary events and promote sporting talent at the university level.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: The 2020 edition was held from 22 February to 1 March 2020 includes 211 events in 17 sports. The sport events were held at Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) in Bhubaneswar, JNL Indoor Stadium, SAI-Odisha Badminton Academy and SAI International Residential School in Cuttack.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: More than 4000 athletes from 176 universities participated in the events. The number of medals include 206 Gold, 206 Silver and 286 Bronze. Fencing and Rugby were included for the first time in a Khelo India competition.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: Panjab University finished first with 46 total medals that included 17 gold, 19 silver and 10 bronze medals. Savitribai Phule Pune University and Punjabi University were second and third with 37 and 33 total medals respectively. National record-holding sprinter, Dutee Chand participated representing KIIT. She won two gold medals in 100m and 200m events. Siddhant Sejwal of Panjab University and Sadhvi Dhuri of Pune University were the top performers with five gold medals each.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: The second edition of the Khelo India University games was supposed to be held in the year 2021 but was later postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. It is to be hosted by Bangalore's Jain University and is expected to be held between April-May 2022. Jain University’s "School of Engineering and Technology" campus and The Sports School campus situated at Kanakapura Road are hosting majority of the events while some events are being hosted at different campuses of the university. However the opening ceremony is to be held in Sree Kanteerava Stadium in Bangalore while the closing ceremony is to held in the global campus of Jain University.


title: Khelo India University Games

text: More than 5000 athletes from over 170 institutes are expected to take part in the games making it the biggest ever Khelo Games till date.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: Rumex obtusifolius, commonly known as bitter dock, broad-leaved dock, bluntleaf dock, dock leaf or butter dock, is a perennial plant in the family Polygonaceae. It is native to Europe, but is found on all temperate continents. It is a highly invasive species in some zones, resulting from its abundant seed dispersal, adaptability to reproduce, aggressive roots, ability to tolerate extreme climates, and hardiness.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: The name, "Rumex obtusifolius", was assigned by Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century, and has remained unchanged, although there are numerous subspecies. "Rumex" was Pliny's name for sorrel, while "obtusifolius" means 'obtuse-leaved' (obtuse + foliage).


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: "Rumex obtusifolius" is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant that grows to a height of . It is easily recognizable by its very large oval leaves with cordate bases and rounded tips, some of the lower leaves having red stems. The edges of the leaves are slightly "crisped" or wavy, the upper surface is hairless and the under surface may be papillose. The leaves of this plant can grow to about in length and wide. The taproot is large, with numerous branches extending to a depth of , with tough stems, often reddish, and unbranched until just below the inflorescence.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: The junctions of the petioles with the stems are covered by a sheath formed by two fused stipules known as an ocrea, a thin, paper-like membrane – a characteristic of the family Polygonaceae. The stem leaves are alternate and are narrowly ovate–lanceolate. The inflorescence consists of large clusters of racemes which contain small greenish flowers that change to red as they mature. The perianth-segments are in two whorls of three. Segments in the outer whorl are small and spreading while the inner whorl forms fruit valves, which are widely ovately-triangular. The seeds produced are dry and reddish brown. This plant blooms June through September.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: "Rumex crispus" – curly dock – is similar in appearance, but with thinner and wave-like leaves. In more detail, the calyx of curly dock has smooth margins while the calyx of broad-leaved dock has horned margins.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: "Rumex obtusifolius" is widely distributed throughout the world. It is a plant growing readily on arable land, meadows, waste ground, roadsides, ditches, shorelines, riverbanks, woodland margins, forest clearings, and orchards. Seedlings can be identified by the oval leaves with red stems and rolled leaves sprouting from the center of the plant. Regrowth from the rosette usually takes place in spring.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: Leaves of the plant can be used as salad, to prepare a vegetable broth or to be cooked like spinach. They contain oxalic acid which can be hazardous if consumed in large quantities. Dried seeds are used as a spice. In Romania and Greece the leaves are sometimes used as an alternative to other plants in the making of sarmale. A tea prepared from the root was thought to cure boils.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the plant is often found growing near stinging nettles and if stung, the dock leaf, squeezed to extract a little juice, can be rubbed on the skin to counteract the itching caused by brushing against a nettle plant.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: In George Eliot's "Adam Bede", set in the early 19th century, broad dock leaves were used to wrap farmhouse butter.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: "Rumex obtusifolius" is a major host plant for many different insects as well, including the "Acronicta rumicis" moth. For "A. rumicis" research, this host plant is generally targeted because it is found highly within the moth's range.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: "Rumex obtusifolius" is an aggressive invasive species on all temperate continents. Broad-leaved dock is designated an "injurious weed" under the UK Weeds Act 1959. It has been an invasive species of the Great Lakes region of North America where it was first sighted in 1840.


title: Rumex obtusifolius

text: Various parasites and predators of "R. obtusifolius" include 32 insect species and 12 fungi species. In the UK, the invertebrate herbivore species is a leaf beetle, "Gastrophysa viridula".


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) refers to cardiac arrest in which the electrocardiogram shows a heart rhythm that should produce a pulse, but does not. Pulseless electrical activity is found initially in about 55% of people in cardiac arrest.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Under normal circumstances, electrical activation of muscle cells precedes mechanical contraction of the heart (known as "electromechanical coupling"). In PEA, there is electrical activity but insufficient cardiac output to generate a pulse and supply blood to the organs, whether the heart itself is failing to contract or otherwise. While PEA is classified as a form of cardiac arrest, significant cardiac output may still be present, which may be determined and best visualized by bedside ultrasound (echocardiography).


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is the first treatment for PEA, while potential underlying causes are identified and treated. The medication epinephrine (aka adrenaline) may be administered. Survival is about 20% if the event occurred while the patient was already in the hospital setting.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Pulseless electrical activity leads to a loss of cardiac output, and the blood supply to the brain is interrupted. As a result, PEA is usually noticed when a person loses consciousness and stops breathing spontaneously. This is confirmed by examining the airway for obstruction, observing the chest for respiratory movement, and feeling the pulse (usually at the carotid artery) for a period of 10 seconds.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: The possible mechanisms by which the above conditions can cause pulseless in PEA are the same as those recognized as producing circulatory shock states. These are (1) impairment of cardiac filling, (2) impaired pumping effectiveness of the heart, (3) circulatory obstruction and (4) pathological vasodilation causing loss of vascular resistance and excess capacitance. More than one mechanism may be involved in any given case.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: The absence of a pulse confirms a clinical diagnosis of cardiac arrest, but PEA can only be distinguished from other causes of cardiac arrest with a device capable of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG). In PEA, there is organised or semi-organised electrical activity in the heart as opposed to asystole (flatline) or to the disorganised electrical activity of either ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Cardiac resuscitation guidelines (ACLS/BCLS) advise that cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be initiated promptly to maintain cardiac output until the PEA can be corrected. The approach in treatment of PEA is to treat the underlying cause, if known (e.g. relieving a tension pneumothorax). Where an underlying cause for PEA cannot be determined and/or reversed, the treatment of pulseless electrical activity is similar to that for asystole. There is no evidence that external cardiac compression can increase cardiac output in any of the many scenarios of PEA, such as hemorrhage, in which impairment of cardiac filling is the underlying mechanism producing loss of a detectable pulse.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: A priority in resuscitation is placement of an intravenous or intraosseous line for administration of medications. The mainstay of drug therapy for PEA is epinephrine (adrenaline) 1 mg every 3–5 minutes. Although previously the use of atropine was recommended in the treatment of PEA/asystole, this recommendation was withdrawn in 2010 by the American Heart Association due to lack of evidence for therapeutic benefit. Epinephrine too has a limited evidence base, and it is recommended on the basis of its mechanism of action.


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: Sodium bicarbonate 1meq per kilogram may be considered in this rhythm as well, although there is little evidence to support this practice. Its routine use is not recommended for patients in this context, except in special situations (e.g. preexisting metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, tricyclic antidepressant overdose).


title: Pulseless electrical activity

text: All of these drugs should be administered along with appropriate CPR techniques. Defibrillators cannot be used to correct this rhythm, as the problem lies in the response of the myocardial tissue to electrical impulses.


title: Criminal (TV series)

text: Criminal is a series of four Netflix police procedural anthology TV series set in four countries. The four series are "", "", "", and "". The series was devised by its showrunners George Kay and Jim Field Smith, and produced by their company Idiotlamp Productions. Although the showrunners are based in the UK, each of the local three-part series is written and performed in that country's native language by native actors, but all four individual local series were shot on the same set in Madrid, Spain. All four series were released simultaneously in September 2019. A second series of "Criminal: UK", consisting of four episodes, was released on 16 September 2020.


title: Criminal (TV series)

text: Each episode is a stand-alone psychological drama, consisting of the interrogation of an individual by a team of police investigators. Every scene is confined to just three areas in a single location; a police interrogation room, a darkened viewing room that looks into the interrogation room through a one-way mirror, and the hallway and stairwell outside the rooms.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: Handsome Boy Modeling School is an American collaborative project between hip hop producers Dan the Automator (Gorillaz, Dr. Octagon, Deltron 3030) and Prince Paul (Stetsasonic, De La Soul, Gravediggaz). The collaboration originally lasted from 1999 to 2006 and resulted in two albums, featuring a vast cast of guest rappers, singers, comedians and DJs. In February 2018, the duo played a concert in New York City.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: Handsome Boy Modeling School was a conceptual hip hop duo that parodied and acted as a commentary on vain, consumerist, materialistic, and self-absorbed members of upper class society, such as supermodels and people from old money. The pair often satirized upper class snobbery and perceived beauty.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: In 1999, they released the concept album "So... How's Your Girl?", which was loosely based on "The Prettiest Week of My Life", an episode of the sitcom "Get a Life" which starred Chris Elliott. The episode also contains the origin of the name Handsome Boy Modeling School, where Chris Elliott's character enrolls to become a male model. In the album, Dan and Paul assume the characters of Nathaniel Merriweather and Chest Rockwell, respectively. The Rockwell name is in reference to a pseudonym used by a porn star in 1997 film "Boogie Nights"; the Merriweather name is likely an homage to the character Nathanial Mayweather, also played by Chris Elliott, in the 1994 comedic feature "Cabin Boy". Dan the Automator continued to use the pseudonym Nathaniel Merriweather alongside Mike Patton and Jennifer Charles for the collaborative project Lovage.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: A number of guest musicians appear, including Róisín Murphy (one half of the duo Moloko at the time of the album's release), DJ Shadow, Del the Funky Homosapien, J-Live, Sean Lennon, Miho Hatori (of Cibo Matto), Mike D (of the Beastie Boys) and Don Novello (as comic character Father Guido Sarducci).


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: Their 1999 single "The Projects" in collaboration with Dave of De La Soul and Del the Funky Homosapien was featured in the 2001 film "Ocean's Eleven".


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: Their second album, "White People", was released in November 2004. Some collaborators from the first album returned, and new collaborators included RZA, Cat Power, Casual, Alex Kapranos of Franz Ferdinand, Chester Bennington and Mike Shinoda of Linkin Park, Jack Johnson, Cedric Bixler-Zavala of The Mars Volta, Mike Patton, El-P, Pharrell, John Oates, Chino Moreno, Lord Finesse, Black Sheep, and comedy actor Tim Meadows.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: In 2006, Prince Paul announced his retirement from Handsome Boy Modeling School due to business conflicts with Dan the Automator.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: On 14 February 2018, the duo played a concert hosted by Saks Fifth Avenue, New York City, according to HipHopDX they had plans to release a new album.


title: Handsome Boy Modeling School

text: On 9 April 2022, at a show in Portland, Oregon, Dan the Automator announced a third album was in the works, scheduled to be released in Fall 2022.


title: Switchboard operator

text: In the early days of telephony, companies used manual telephone switchboards, and switchboard operators connected calls by inserting a pair of phone plugs into the appropriate jacks. They were gradually phased out and replaced by automated systems, first those allowing direct dialing within a local area, then for long-distance and international direct dialing.


title: Switchboard operator

text: A typical telephone switchboard has a vertical panel containing an array of jacks with a desk in front. The desk has a row of switches and two rows of plugs attached to cables that retract into the desk when not in use. Each pair of plugs was part of a cord circuit with a switch associated that let the operator participate in the call or ring the circuit for an incoming call. Each jack had a light above it that lit when the customer's telephone receiver was lifted (the earliest systems required the customer to hand-crank a magneto to alert the central office and, later, to "ring off" the completed call). Lines from the central office were usually arranged along the bottom row. Before the advent of operator distance dialing and customer direct dial (DDD) calling, switchboard operators would work with their counterparts in the distant central office to complete long-distance calls. Switchboard operators are typically required to have very strong communication skills.


title: Switchboard operator

text: Before the advent of automatic exchanges, an operator's assistance was required for anything other than calling telephones across a shared party line. Callers spoke to an operator at a central office who then connected a cord to the proper circuit in order to complete the call. Being in complete control of the call, the operator was in a position to listen to private conversations. Automatic, or dial, systems were developed in the 1920s to reduce labor costs as usage increased, and to ensure privacy to the customer. As phone systems became more sophisticated, less direct intervention by the telephone operator was necessary to complete calls. With the development of computerized telephone dialing systems, many telephone calls which previously required a live operator can be placed automatically by the calling party without additional human intervention.


title: Switchboard operator

text: As well as the people that were employed by the public networks, operators were required at private branch exchanges (PBX) to answer incoming telephone calls and connect them to the correct extension. Today, most large organizations have direct-dial extensions. Smaller workplaces may have an automated system which allows callers to enter the extension of the called party, or a receptionist who answers calls and performs operator duties. Depending on the employment setting, the roles and level of responsibilities of a PBX operator can vary greatly, from performing wake-up calls in a hotel to coordinating emergency responses, dispatching, and overhead paging in hospitals. Operators employed in healthcare settings have other duties, such as data entry, greeting patients and visitors, taking messages, triaging, or acting as an after hours answering service. Experienced, well-trained operators generally command a higher salary.


title: Switchboard operator

text: In January 1878 George Willard Croy became the world's first telephone operator when he started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company.


title: Switchboard operator

text: Emma Nutt became the first female telephone operator on 1 September 1878 when she started working for the Boston Telephone Dispatch company, because the attitude and behaviour of the teenage boys previously employed as operators was unacceptable. Emma was hired by Alexander Graham Bell and, reportedly, could remember every number in the telephone directory of the New England Telephone Company. More women began to replace men within this sector of the workforce for several reasons. The companies observed that women were generally more courteous to callers, and women's labor was cheap in comparison to men's. Specifically, women were paid from one half to one quarter of a man's salary.


title: Switchboard operator

text: Women of the Signal Corps Female Telephone Operators Unit, American bilingual female switchboard operators in World War I, were known colloquially as Hello Girls and were not formally recognized for their military service until 1978.


title: Switchboard operator

text: Julia O'Connor, a former telephone operator, led the Telephone Operators' Strike of 1919 and the Telephone Operators' Strike of 1923 against New England Telephone Company on behalf of the IBEW Telephone Operators' Department for better wages and working conditions. In the 1919 strike, after five days, Postmaster General Burleson agreed to negotiate an agreement between the union and the telephone company, resulting in an increase in pay for the operators and recognition of the right to bargain collectively. However, the 1923 strike was called off after less than a month without achieving any of its goals.


title: Switchboard operator

text: In the United States, any switchboard operator employed by an independently owned public telephone company which had not more than seven hundred and fifty stations was excluded from the Equal Pay Act of 1963.


title: Switchboard operator

text: In 1983, in Bryant Pond, Maine, Susan Glines became the last switchboard operator for a hand-crank phone when that exchange was converted. Manual central office switchboards continued in operation at rural points like Kerman, California, and Wanaaring, New South Wales, as late as 1991, but these were central-battery systems with no hand-cranked magnetos.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: Alexa Jordan Kenin (February 16, 1962 – September 10, 1985) was an American actress known for her supporting roles in several films released during the 1980s, including "Little Darlings" (1980), "Honkytonk Man" (1982), and "Pretty in Pink" (1986) which was released after her death.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: Kenin was born in New York City. Her parents divorced when she was young and her mother, actress Maya Kenin, married character actor John Ryan. Kenin began acting as a child and won her first professional part with a supporting role in the 1972 holiday TV special "The House Without a Christmas Tree", which starred Jason Robards and Lisa Lucas.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: In 1977, Kenin appeared in John Guare's "Landscape of the Body" at The Public Theater and in the off-Broadway production of "Elusive Angel". The following year she played David Janssen's daughter in the television miniseries "The Word". In December 1980, she portrayed the role of "Libby" in the touring production of Neil Simon's "I Ought to Be in Pictures", starring Bill Macy and Patricia Harty. She also guest starred in several episodes of "ABC Afterschool Special", and in the 1982 TV film "A Piano for Mrs. Cimino" opposite Bette Davis.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: At the age of 17, Kenin and her mother moved to Los Angeles after her mother divorced John Ryan. Kenin attended Beverly Hills High School while also maintaining her acting career. In 1979, she was cast in the CBS sitcom "Co-Ed Fever". The series was canceled after one episode. The following year, she co-starred in the teen comedy "Little Darlings", starring Kristy MacNichol and Tatum O'Neal.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: In 1982, Kenin guest-starred on episodes of "The Facts of Life" and "Gimme a Break!". In the same year she played, in "Honkytonk Man", the part of an aspiring young singer alongside Clint Eastwood as he makes his way to Nashville. One of Kenin's final roles was in the John Hughes film "Pretty in Pink" (1986), released after her death.


title: Alexa Kenin

text: On September 10, 1985, Kenin's body was found in her Manhattan apartment. Kenin’s death certificate noted that her death resulted from complications of asthma. She is buried in New Montefiore Cemetery in West Babylon, New York.


title: Spintires

text: Spintires is a 2014 off-roading simulation video game by UK-based developer Oovee Game Studios. In "Spintires", players take control of off-road vehicles and drive them through muddy off-road terrain to complete objectives. The game was released on June 13, 2014, and has since sold over one million copies. A spin-off game called "MudRunner" was released on October 30, 2017.


title: Spintires

text: "Spintires" is an all-terrain simulation video game which tasks driving through muddy unpaved Russian roads in aging Soviet vehicles with nothing but a map and a compass. The aim of the game is to transport cargo to its destination without depleting resources (such as fuel) or damaging the vehicle. There is both a single-player and multiplayer mode.


title: Spintires

text: The game takes into account several properties such as physics, mud, terrain deformation, as well as driving controls and a day/night cycle. Due to the challenging terrain, players must take all conditions into consideration and drive accordingly; for example, they cannot simply just press "forward" on their keyboard to drive straight.


title: Spintires

text: Players can choose between casual and hardcore mode. In hardcore mode, fuel consumption is increased and routes the player charts on the map won't be displayed as a guide on the road as they drive. The game's camera is positioned outside the vehicle and can be moved around using the mouse; there is no in-car view.


title: Spintires

text: Development of the game was preceded by a demo game made by Pavel Zagrebelnyy for the 2009 Intel Level Up game development competition, where the game won the first prize in the 'Best Multithreaded Game' category and finished second in the 'best game optimized for Intel graphics' category.


title: Spintires

text: The game initially raised $82,684 on Kickstarter in 2013. A few days following its release, "Spintires" briefly became the top-selling video game on the Steam platform, and a month after it still retained a position in the Steam Top 10, selling over 100,000 copies. In 2014, developer Zagrebelny alleged that Oovee took the money and cut off communication, which left him unable to update it. Oovee, however, has denied the allegations, saying Zagrebelnyy has been paid in full for the work he completed and that there is no breach of contract on the side of Oovee. Later, both Oovee and Zagrebelnyy attributed the dispute to "communications issues", and said that an eventual sequel to "Spintires" was a possibility.


title: Spintires

text: In December 2015, Oovee opened up the game to its player base with Steam Workshop support, seeing the release of its truck and map editor. A news post on the "Spintires" Steam page by Oovee, suggested that "Spintires" was not over as many had suggested, and showed signs of further graphical improvements and additions to gameplay.


title: Spintires

text: Throughout 2019, "Spintires" has received numerous updates including fixes, graphical enhancements and DLC.


title: Spintires

text: "Spintires" was released on June 13, 2014, and had sold more than 100,000 copies by July. "Spintires" has received mixed reviews. Christian Donlan of "Eurogamer" placed "Spintires" onto the site's "Games of 2014", writing, ""Spintires" can make a set-piece out of a puddle. "Spintires" can make precisely zero mph feel like knuckle-splintering stuff. "Spintires" is a roguelike in which you load the game up, roll a wheeled character, and see how far you can get on a single tank of gas", and that it was "ugly but beautiful, and fixated with the beauty of ugliness."


title: Spintires

text: Andy Kelly, for PC Gamer, scored "Spintires" 60/100, commending the game's gameplay and variety of vehicles. However, he also found fault with the game's limited scope and camera system, writing, "[...] as endearingly bizarre as I find "Spintires", and as much as I admire the technology, I can't say I really ever "enjoyed" it. There are moments of what I could loosely call excitement—like almost rolling over and spilling my load just metres from the delivery point, or thinking I was crossing a shallow pond only to become totally submersed in a river—but they're few and far between. Mostly I just find myself swearing at mud." James Cunningham in "Hardcore Gamer" praised the game, stating, "[...] "Spintires" is a game that wants people to play rather than work. The great outdoors is big and beautiful, and the maps have plenty of personality and memorable locations, but they’re also the enemy. The inviting gameplay and lovely scenery make it easy to underestimate what an unforgiving bastard the great outdoors can be, but it only takes getting irretrievably stuck a couple of times before that illusion gets shattered. After that it’s time to stomp the scenery flat with the biggest earth-gouging, fume belching trucks "Spintires" has to offer."


title: Spintires

text: Phil Hartup of "New Statesman" rated "Spintires" as the video game with the Best Visuals of 2014, claiming, "What I saw in "Spintires" was mud. The best mud I have ever seen in a game. I saw mud that splattered and squelched and I saw water that flowed around in the treads of the tyres of my truck and pooled in the mud furrows. I would stare at it, and not just because I was often hopelessly stuck. It might be a low key game about trucks and trees, but there are a lot that other games should learn from "Spintires"."


title: Spintires

text: It was alleged by developer and publisher Oovee, that lead developer and original creator of the game, Pavel Zagrebelnyy, sabotaged the game code in retaliation for alleged financial misconduct by Oovee against the developer. Zagrebelnyy eventually cooperated with Oovee to fix game-breaking bugs, with both denying that the bugs were introduced deliberately. However in 2015, Zegrebelnyy started working at Saber Interactive, a former employer of his, to aid development of "MudRunner" and Oovee licensed the game to Saber Interactive.


title: Piedmont Triad International Airport

text: Piedmont Triad International Airport (commonly referred to locally as "PTI") is an airport located in unincorporated Guilford County, North Carolina, west of Greensboro, serving the Piedmont Triad region of Greensboro, High Point and Winston-Salem as well as the entire Piedmont Triad region in North Carolina, United States. The airport, located just off Bryan Boulevard, sits on a 3,770 acre (1,526 ha) campus and has three runways. It is the third busiest airport in North Carolina, averaging 280 takeoffs and landings each day. PTI is owned and operated by the Piedmont Triad Airport Authority.


title: Piedmont Triad International Airport

text: This airport is included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a primary commercial service airport since it has over 10,000 passenger boardings (enplanements) per year.


title: Piedmont Triad International Airport

text: A proposal to rename the airport to "Central North Carolina International Airport" passed in December 2017; the renaming was slated to become effective on January 1, 2018. Due to public objections, however, the name change is on hold.


title: Piedmont Triad International Airport

text: Maynard Field, a predecessor of PTI Airport and one of the first commercial airports in the South, was dedicated on December 6, 1919, just west of Greensboro near Oak Ridge. With its two intersecting runways measuring and , hangar space, and even an early day equivalent of a Fixed-Base Operator that made sure the torches were lit at dusk, Maynard Field was named to honor a young North Carolinian pilot named Lt. Belvin Maynard. By 1922 it had competition to the west with Miller Field in Winston-Salem, and Charles Field, a single airstrip that was used mainly for barnstorming, and for take-off drills and landings for the Charles family.