title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Two sequels to the film have been made: "Easy Money II" (2012) and "Easy Money III" (2013). In 2010, Warner Bros. announced their plans for an American remake of "Easy Money" starring Zac Efron, but the project was shelved. In 2021, the TV series "Snabba Cash" was released on Netflix, containing 6 episodes based on the original novel.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Johan "JW" Westlund is a man living in Stockholm and is a promising student at the Stockholm School of Economics. JW is originally from the Norrland region in Sweden where his father, who has a slight drinking problem, works in a saw mill, while his mother works in an employment agency. JW is wracked by the disappearance of his sister, Camilla, four years earlier. JW feigns the appearance of a "Stekare" (in Swedish parlance, a lifestyle based on flaunting one's apparent wealth), actually leading a double life driving taxi illegally to finance his expensive life on Stureplan. A romance with the upper-class girl Sophie leads to him being enticed into the world of organized crime. Abdulkarim, who is running the taxi business, offers JW a job in helping him start his cocaine business.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Jorge Salinas Barrio is a Chilean man who went to prison after being caught in the drug business. He has now escaped and is on the run from the police. Jorge knows everything about cocaine. He has a plan: to avenge those who wronged him, among them Serbian Mafia boss Radovan Kranjic, and to make one final cocaine delivery and then leave the country for good.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Mrado Slovovic, a hitman who runs errands for the Serbian Mafia, is sent by Radovan on a mission to take care of Jorge. At the same time, he has to struggle with taking care of his eight-year-old daughter, who he is forced to take with him on his job because the mother has a drug addiction.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: These three characters cross paths through their dreams about quick earnings. Once JW and Abdulkarim begin their cocaine business, they want to expand. Abdulkarim has heard that Jorge, who has escaped from prison by this time, has learned everything about the cocaine business while in prison. Simultaneously, Jorge has tried to blackmail Radovan, the Serbian Mafia boss. Mrado is tasked by Radovan to kill Jorge to prevent him from helping any of Radovan's competitors. Meanwhile, JW is promised 20,000 SEK if he can bring Jorge back to Abdulkarim alive. After noticing Mrado following Jorge, JW tails both of them, losing sight of Jorge when he gets on a bus. JW fortuitously finds them when he notices the car he saw Mrado drive away in standing in a forest clearing. When he enters the forest, he finds Mrado and one of Radovan's henchmen savagely beating Jorge. JW sets off the car alarm of the Serbian attackers to distract them. Meanwhile, Jorge hides from his attackers, who then travel further into the forest to find him. JW approaches a badly wounded Jorge and takes him back to his dormitory. Abdulkarim visits JW and Jorge and helps Jorge recuperate. Though hesitant about keeping Jorge in his dorm room, JW relents when Abdulkarim offers him 1000 SEK for every day Jorge stays. As Jorge recuperates, he learns more about JW and the two become friends.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: At one of the jetsetter parties, JW falls for Sophie (Lisa Henni), the on and off girlfriend of jet-setter Carl. JW learns that Carl's father's investment bank is in serious financial trouble and Carl may not be able to afford the extravagant "Stekare" lifestyle. This becomes important when Abdulkarim asks JW to figure out how they can launder the 20,000,000 SEK profit they will eventually earn. JW proposes that they buy shares of Carl's father's failing bank, giving it a stimulus that would not only save the business but immediately increase the price of the shares, making it more profitable. JW acts as the front man for Abdulkarim's cocaine syndicate as they attempt to purchase the bank. Though Carl's father has reservations, he eventually relents and accepts the deal.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Soon after, JW and the drug syndicate visit Jorge's drug dealer friends in Germany. The drug dealers show how they smuggle drugs by inserting drug capsules under the skin of dogs and then letting the incision heal and the hair grow back which takes two months according to the drug dealers. The drug dealers also place drug capsules in the leaves of young cabbage plants and then let the cabbage grow a full size head around the capsule. Abdulkarim's syndicate ultimately negotiates for a shipment of 40 kilos of pure cocaine. The drug dealers want the money deposited in a Swiss account. JW immediately raises concerns about that plan, arguing that Switzerland is not that secret anymore and recommends an account in Andorra or Liechtenstein instead. This gains the drug dealer's trust and allows the transaction to run smoothly. Later, Jorge advises that JW that he is unlikely to see the money promised by Abdulkarim. JW visits Abdulkarim in his hideout and, while talking with Abdulkarim, realizes that what Jorge said was true.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Mrado is waiting with his daughter at JW's apartment building and offers JW two million for assistance in raiding Abdulkarim's drug shipment. JW agrees on the understanding that no one will get hurt. The drugs arrive in an eighteen-wheeler full of cabbages. Jorge and Abdulkarim's men start repackaging the drugs in a warehouse. Meanwhile, JW assists Mrado and one of Mrado's Serbian friends in entering the warehouse. A firefight occurs and one of Abdulkarim's men is seriously wounded immediately. JW is shocked by the turn of events. Jorge realizes that JW has double crossed them. Meanwhile, Radovan has phoned the police to report the drug delivery. JW grabs a weapon and holds off the Serbians as the police arrive and a firefight breaks out. JW and Jorge escape to the rooftop and eventually get to a car. Mrado's friend is seriously wounded, but intends to hold off the others so that Mrado can escape. As Mrado runs from an alley, he is hit and seriously injured by the car with Jorge and JW in it. JW, the least injured of the three, is angry with Mrado who had promised that no one would get hurt. JW shoots Mrado. JW then fires shots at the policemen closing in, thereby allowing Jorge to escape in the car. JW then surrenders to the police. Mrado is taken away by ambulance and calls his daughter on the way to the hospital. Jorge drives off into a forest and is last seen running through a field similar to the field that he ran through after escaping from prison.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: The movie ends with JW in prison with tattoos of "JW" and "Camilla" on his arms. He is visited by Sophie who still cares deeply for JW, but she is leaving Sweden to stay at her parents’ house in France. She asks JW if he cares for her. JW appears to care for Sophie, but says nothing. As Sophie leaves, she relays a message from Jorge who says that Paola had a baby girl. JW says that if Jorge calls again, tell him that '"Mr. Brains" says 'Hello.'"


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Jens Lapidus released the novel "Snabba cash" in 2006. It received praise from critics and was a success in terms of sales. Ever since it came out, Swedish director Daniel Espinosa dreamed of getting the opportunity to adapt it into a film. The opportunity came only a few years later when he met film producer Fredrik Wikström who asked him to direct the film. Espinosa has said that the book is important to him because of his Chilean roots and because he was raised in the Swedish suburbs. "When I lived in Skogås there were not so many Chileans, so I hung out with Yugoslavians [...] until I was 17 years old. Then a lot of crazy stuff happened and I ended up at Sigtuna with a bunch of upper class brats."


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Joel Kinnaman was cast in the lead role of Johan "JW" Westlund. He told "Helsingborgs Dagblad" that "It is a difficult role and a difficult character to play. I love my character deeply, but he makes a lot of decisions in life that are idiotic and he chooses paths that lead to disaster and that gets unbelievably painful consequences for both him and the people that mean something for him." Filming began in March 2009 in Stockholm. Other shooting locations include Gothenburg and Germany (9–11 June 2009).


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: In December 2009 Lapidus told the newspaper "Svenska Dagbladet" that he had seen an early version of the film and "it feels good. The film is based on my book, but is at the same time a story of its own. Naturally my main characters are in it and they have managed to capture the authentic feel, but I haven't written the manuscript, I've only given pointers." Lapidus has written two back-to-back sequels to "Snabba cash", which are also to be adapted into films. Filming began in the summer of 2011 with Babak Najafi as director and most of the main cast members from the first film. "" was released in August 2012 and the second sequel "" was released on 30 August 2013.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: "Easy Money" was released in Sweden on 15 January 2010. At the Berlin Film Festival film festival that year it raised international interest. The American film studio The Weinstein Company soon acquired the rights, after a bidding war, to distribute the film in the United States, Germany, and Italy.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: After a bidding on the project, involving Warner Bros., Universal Studios, Summit Entertainment, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, The Weinstein Company, and Mandate Pictures - Warner Bros. won the rights to produce an American remake. Zac Efron will star in and produce the film.


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: Fredrik Wikström, a producer of Swedish film, will also be a producer on Warner Bros.'s remake. He commented on the hype of the original film in Sweden: "We had a huge hype for the film before anyone had even seen it; everyone was hoping it would be the next Stieg Larsson. The film premiered January 15 in Sweden, and the eyes were on us from the start. Somehow a bootleg DVD of the film made it to L.A. and was passed around. We started getting calls. Less than three months later we did the deal with Warner Bros."


title: Easy Money (2010 film)

text: "Easy Money" was an instant hit in Sweden with more than 100,000 tickets sold during the film's first weekend in theaters, topping the box office charts. "Aftonbladet" critic Karolina Fjellborg gave it four out of five stars, commenting that Espinosa "has made a believable, well-acted, nice-looking, and surprisingly thrilling film, with a nerve and a pace that is often missing in Swedish thrillers." She also praised the cast of the film, Kinnaman in particular. "Expressen"s Miranda Sigander wrote that Kinnaman plays JW "in a natural and convincing way and steals the show with his charisma." Mats Johnson of "Göteborgs-Posten" gave the film a 3/5 rating for "the realism and the intensity in the best scenes of the film, and for the convincing acting by the main cast members." He added, however, that the film lacks coherence and that the story becomes disjointed because of the constant jumps between the three main characters. Sveriges Television's Jerker Peterson, on the other hand, thought that Espinosa and his writer Maria Karlsson were able to "nicely keep together the straggling story." He gave the film a rating of four out of five and commented that it is "altogether a really sharp thriller and a good start to the Swedish film year." In his book "", Daniel Ekeroth notes that the movie is, unlike many other Swedish crime films, "without any tired old inspectors" and that that fact is "reason enough for praise!" He continues by saying that "Snabba Cash" has "sharp pacing, a fresh storyline, and above all a sinister portrayal of Stockholm as a cold and dark place.".


title: Leslie Sansone

text: Leslie Sansone (born February 14, 1961) is an American fitness instructor from New Castle, Pennsylvania. Since her first video was published in 1980, she has released over a hundred DVDs and four books. Sansone heavily promotes walking exercises, resulting in a business self-reported to be worth $200 million. Since the beginning of 2020 Sansone has not been seen in new videos or on social media, and while the Walk at Home label is still operating, questions asking where Leslie is and what is her current connection to the brand, have been left unanswered.


title: Leslie Sansone

text: Sansone was born on February 14, 1961, in New Castle, Pennsylvania. She briefly studied engineering at the University of Pittsburgh and Youngstown State University before dropping out to work full-time as a fitness instructor. Sansone has three children, the younger two of whom she had with Joseph Bullano, whom she married in 1994.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Little people have been part of the folklore of many cultures in human history, including Ireland, Greece, the Philippines, the Hawaiian Islands, New Zealand, Flores Island, Indonesia, and Native Americans.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: The Native peoples of North America told legends of a race of "little people" who lived in the woods near sandy hills and sometimes near rocks located along large bodies of water, such as the Great Lakes. Often described as "hairy-faced dwarfs" in stories, petroglyph illustrations show them with horns on their head and traveling in a group of 5 to 7 per canoe.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Native legends often talk of the little people playing pranks on people, such as singing and then hiding when an inquisitive person searches for the music. It is often said that the little people love children and would take them away from bad or abusive parents or if the child was without parents and left in the woods to fend for themselves.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Other legends say the little people if seen by an adult human would beg them not to say anything of their existence and would reward those who kept their word by helping them and their family out in times of need. From tribe to tribe there are variations of what the little people's mannerisms were like, and whether they were good or evil may be different.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: One of the common beliefs is that the little people create distractions to cause mischief. They were believed to be gods by some. One North American Native tribe believed that they lived in nearby caves. The caves were never entered for fear of disturbing the little people.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Legends of physical remains of tiny people being found in various locations in the Western United States, particularly Montana and Wyoming, typically describe the remains as being found in caves with various details such as descriptions that they were "perfectly formed", dwarf-size, etc. Archeologist Lawrence L. Loendorf notes that "The burials, of course, are always sent to a local university or to the Smithsonian for analysis, only to have both the specimens and research results disappear." Loendorf also suggests that the discovery of two mummies of anencephalic infants in the first half of the twentieth century with deformities that caused some people to believe they were adults has "contributed to public belief in the existence of a group of tiny prehistoric people."


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Lewis and Clark reported in their journals that Native Americans in the vicinity of Spirit Mound, South Dakota held a belief in little people who inhabited the mound. Clark wrote that the local Native Americans could not be persuaded to approach the mound, as they feared these tiny "Deavals" and considered them to be dangerous. Although members of Lewis and Clark's party visited the mound, they did not encounter any unusual beings.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: A graveyard unearthed in the 1830s in Coshocton County, Ohio, was believed to contain skeletons belonging to a pygmy race. In fact, the graves (which were roughly long) were "bone burials" containing disarticulated or bent bones packed together.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: The Native American little people have been said to reside in the Pryor Mountains of Montana and Wyoming. The Pryors are famous for their "fairy rings" and strange happenings. Some members of the Crow tribe consider the little people to be sacred ancestors and require leaving an offering for them upon entry to the area.


title: Little people (mythology)

text: Ojibwe myths also bring up a creature known as the Memegwaans, or Memegwaanswag (Plural), which seems to be different from the more common Little People variation of Memegwesi. According to Basil H. Johnston, a Memegwaans is a little person without definitive form which is terrified of adult humans. However, it seems to have a soft spot for children and will often approach in the guise of a child any young person who seems upset, injured, scared or lonely and either protect them or keep them company until help arrives. If an adult sees one, they will often cower on the ground, screaming and crying hysterically before vanishing in the blink of an eye. They were also known as protectors of copper mines & were prayed to almost as patron saints of lost children. This is more specific & different from the Memegwesi, which is often simply described as a short, hairy man.


title: Sub-inspector

text: Sub-inspector (SI), or sub-inspector of police, is a rank used extensively in South Asia: in the police forces of Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka, which is primarily based on the British model. It was formerly used in most British colonial police forces and in certain British police forces as well. The rank usually was in charge of a police substation or assisted an inspector.


title: Sub-inspector

text: The rank of sub-inspector was introduced into the Metropolitan Police in the late 19th century. It did not last long, being effectively replaced by station sergeant in 1890. Officers who already held the rank retained it, and were promoted to inspector as soon as a vacancy arose.


title: Sub-inspector

text: In the Metropolitan Police, a rank wearing one star was formerly officially known as a "station inspector" to distinguish it from the more senior rank of sub-divisional inspector that was abolished in 1949.


title: Sub-inspector

text: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police rank of sub-inspector was introduced in 1942 with the insignia of one star, similar to an army second lieutenant. This was changed in 1960 to three stars, similar to an army captain. It was disestablished in the reorganization of 1990, which eliminated the RCMP's subaltern ranks.


title: Sub-inspector

text: The rank of sub inspector was replaced after the Rhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence with three grades of; patrol officer, senior patrol officer and section officer with one, two, and three gold coloured bars respectively.


title: Sub-inspector

text: A sub-inspector (SI) is generally in command of few police personnel (with head constables, the equivalent of corporals, commanding police outposts). It is the lowest rank of officer who, under Indian Police rules and regulations, can file a charge sheet in court, and is usually the first investigating officer. Officers subordinate to them cannot file charge sheets, but can only investigate cases on their behalf. They can be station officers in some states, like Kerala.


title: Sub-inspector

text: A sub-inspector ranks above an assistant sub-inspector of police (ASI) and below an inspector. Most sub-inspectors are directly recruited into the police and have better educational qualifications than lower-ranking police officers.


title: Sub-inspector

text: Specialised units such as the Central Armed Police Forces, State Armed Reserve Police and Armed Battalions use the same rank, but generally these officers do not have any investigative powers. There are also specialist non-investigative officers in other Indian law enforcement agencies, such as sub-inspector (band) and sub-inspector (motor transport).


title: Sub-inspector

text: The rank insignia for a sub-inspector is two (five point) stars, and a red and blue striped ribbon at the outer end of the shoulder straps. This is similar to the insignia of a subedar in the Indian Army. An assistant sub-inspector has one (five point) star, and a red and blue striped ribbon at the outer end of the shoulder straps. This is similar to the insignia of a "naib subedar" in the Indian Army. The rank insignia for principal sub-inspector and additional sub-inspector are the same.


title: Sub-inspector

text: For the post of Sub-Inspector and assistant sub inspector, a Staff Selection Commission (SSC) recruits eligible candidates on national level in various Central Armed Police Forces like BSF, CRPF, ITBP, CBI, SSB, CISF, and other Central Armed Police Forces.


title: Sub-inspector

text: Sub Inspector of Central Armed Police Forces and State police Forces have same scale and pay level. But subedar and Junior Junior Warrant officer of Indian Armed Forces i.e. Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Airforce have other pay level and payment privilege which is better than Central Armed Police Forces or State police forces.


title: Sub-inspector

text: In the Royal Malaysia Police (PDRM), the rank of sub-inspector is the senior-most of non-commissioned officers. They are also the lowest ranking police officers to wear their rank insignia on epaulettes on both shoulders. A sub-inspector of the PDRM ranks immediately above a sergeant major (SM) and below a probationary inspector (P/Insp).


title: Sub-inspector

text: In the Nepal Police, the rank of sub inspector is generally the next senior rank from assistant sub inspector (ASI) and is less senior than an inspector. Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring two silver stars, the same rank badge as a sub inspector in the Armed Police Force.


title: Sub-inspector

text: In the Sri Lanka Police Service, sub-inspector of police (SI) ranks above that of police sergeant major (PSM) and below an inspector (IP). Generally an SI is the officer in charge (OIC) of a small police station, a detachment of police personal or deputy OIC of a larger police station in a metropolitan area.


title: Sub-inspector

text: Most sub-inspectors are directly recruited into the police service as probationary sub-inspectors for one year's training. The basic educational entry requirement is that an applicant has passed the G.C.E Advance Level Examination. Annually, a number of other officers come up through the ranks and are promoted to rank of SI.


title: Sub-inspector

text: In the Romanian Police, subinspector is the lowest commissioned rank, below inspector, and corresponds to the former rank of police second lieutenant ("see Romanian Police ranks").


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: Michael Thornton Burns (born December 30, 1947) is an American professor emeritus of history at Mount Holyoke College, as well as a published author and former television and film teen actor, most well known for the television series "Wagon Train".


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: Michael Thornton Burns was born in Mineola, New York on Long Island, a village in Nassau County to director and producer Frank Xavier Burns (best-known for the early television series, "Martin Kane, Private Eye") and Mary Lou DeWeese. He has an older sister, Pamela.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: In 1949, the family moved to Yonkers, New York. In 1956, the family relocated to Beverly Hills, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School. He attended for a year at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia before he transferred to UCLA, which he attended mostly after hours while still working as an actor during many days and residing in Redondo Beach.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: He graduated Phi Beta Kappa summa cum laude in 1976 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in history. He then obtained his Master of Arts in European history at the same institution. In 1977, he entered Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, from which he received his Ph.D. in Modern European history.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: Burns was discovered by Lee Wallace, the head of casting for 20th Century Fox, who arranged Burns' debut on the 1960 episode, "A Taste of Lobster" of "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis"; Burns played a shrewd 13-year-old businessman, Chrissie Tyler, who owned a babysitting agency.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: He also guest starred that first year (1960) in "Wagon Train" as the son of title character Leslie Nielsen in the episode “The Jeremy Dow Story” (S4E14).


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: He co-starred in a 19-episode NBC comedy/drama "It's a Man's World" (1962–63 season) as 14-year-old Howie Macauley. Beginning in the fall of 1960 Burns would make five guest appearances on "Wagon Train" during its third and fourth seasons. His sixth guest appearance on the final sixth season episode in 1963 would introduce his character, Barnaby West, a regular until the series' end in 1965.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: Burns appeared with James Stewart in "Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation", a 1962 film. In 1965, Burns auditioned for "The Monkees" and was one of the 14 finalists who completed screen tests. In 1966, he joined Audie Murphy in the western film, "40 Guns to Apache Pass". He appeared as a guest star in over thirty-five series during the 1960s and 1970s, mostly Westerns, including "Gunsmoke", "The Virginian", "The Road West", "The Legend of Jesse James" and "The Big Valley". In his twenties, he appeared in several films, including "Journey to Shiloh" (1968), "The Private Navy of Sgt. O'Farrell" (1968), "That Cold Day in the Park" (1969), "Thumb Tripping" (1972) and "Santee" (1973). He appeared as "Blue Boy" in "The LSD Story", the pilot episode of the relaunched Jack Webb police series "Dragnet 1967".


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: In 1980, Burns became a professor of history at Mount Holyoke. In 1991 he authored, "Dreyfus A Family Affair, 1789–1945", a study of the Dreyfus affair in France during the 1890s. A reviewer of Burns' book writing in "The New York Times" called the work "a solidly written book about the man and his family, a book that emphasises the elemental human drama of the captain's story." Upon his retirement in 2002, Burns was honoured by Mount Holyoke with the designation professor emeritus.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: While on the faculty at Mount Holyoke College, Burns wed the college's then-president, Elizabeth Topham Kennan in June 1986. She has a son, Frank Alexander Kennan, from her previous marriage. Since 2002, the couple have resided in Danville, Boyle County, Kentucky, where they have restored the Cambus-Kenneth Estate, a crop, cattle, and thoroughbred horse farm listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: He is a member of the Thoroughbred Club of America, Thoroughbred Owners and Breeders, and the Kentucky Cattlemen's Association.


title: Michael Burns (actor)

text: A Democrat, Burns was a donor to then U.S. Senator John Kerry in the 2004 presidential election and to Daniel Mongiardo, the party nominee for the U.S. Senate from Kentucky that same year. Kerry and Mongiardo lost to incumbent Republicans George W. Bush and Jim Bunning, respectively.


title: Robin Duke

text: Robin Duke (born March 13, 1954) is a Canadian actress, comedian, and voice actress. Duke may be best known for her work on the television comedy series "SCTV" and, later, "Saturday Night Live". She co-founded "Women Fully Clothed", a sketch comedy troupe which toured Canada. She teaches writing as a faculty member at Humber College in Toronto and had a recurring role playing Wendy Kurtz in the sitcom "Schitt's Creek".


title: Robin Duke

text: Duke was born in Etobicoke, Ontario. She went to high school with Catherine O'Hara at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute in Etobicoke; they first met in homeroom class.


title: Robin Duke

text: In 1976, Duke joined O'Hara as part of the Toronto version of the stage comedy troupe The Second City, while also making several appearances in the troupe's television series, "SCTV". Duke became a regular on "SCTV" from 1980 to 1981. She joined the cast of "Saturday Night Live" in 1981 when O'Hara suddenly dropped out of that show. She now teaches at Humber College's Comedy Writing and Performance program, teaching Improv and Voice and Acting, it's been quoted by her that "class C is my favorite"


title: Robin Duke

text: Duke was an actor and writer on SNL from 1981 to 1984. Duke was hired in place of Catherine O'Hara, who was chosen as a cast member in 1981 but had decided to return to "SCTV" instead. Duke's most popular character was probably Wendy Whiner, a woman who, with her equally whiny husband (Joe Piscopo), annoyed everyone she met. She is also remembered for appearing with Mr. T as the equally bizarre "Mrs. T" in a faux commercial for the real-life product "Mr. and Mrs. T's Bloody Mary Mix".


title: Robin Duke

text: Duke went on to appear in such films as "Club Paradise" (1986), "Groundhog Day" (1993), "Stuart Saves His Family" (1995) and "Portrait of a Serial Monogamist" (2015), along with many television guest appearances.


title: Robin Duke

text: Duke is also the voice of Penny in the children's animated television series "George and Martha". Her other voice roles include:


title: Robin Duke

text: In 2004, Duke along with Kathryn Greenwood, Debra McGrath, Jayne Eastwood and Teresa Pavlinek created Women Fully Clothed, a sketch comedy troupe. The group has toured the United States, Canada and appeared in Scotland at the Edinburgh Festival.


title: Robin Duke

text: In 2016, Duke had a recurring role on "Schitt's Creek" playing dress shop owner Wendy Kurtz in five episodes of season 2. The sitcom reunited Duke with her former "SCTV" castmate Eugene Levy, and with Catherine O'Hara, whom she had replaced on "SCTV". Duke made another appearance as Kurtz in the Season 5 episode “Roadkill”.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: Georgios Averof () is a modified armored cruiser built in Italy for the Royal Hellenic Navy in the first decade of the 20th century. The ship served as the Greek flagship during most of the first half of the century. Although popularly known as a battleship () in Greek, she is in fact an armored cruiser (), the only ship of this type still in existence.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The ship was initially ordered by the Italian Regia Marina, but budgetary constraints led Italy to offer it for sale to international customers. With the bequest of the wealthy benefactor George Averoff as down payment, Greece acquired the ship in 1909. Launched in 1910, "Averof" arrived in Greece in September 1911. The most modern warship in the Aegean at the time, she served as the flagship of admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis in the First Balkan War, and played a major role in the establishment of Greek predominance over the Ottoman Navy and the incorporation of many Aegean islands to Greece.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The ship continued to serve in World War I, the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, and the interwar period, receiving a modernization in France in 1925 to 1927. Following the German invasion of Greece in April 1941, "Averof" participated in the exodus of the Greek fleet to Egypt. Hopelessly obsolete and prone to mechanical breakdowns, she nevertheless spent the next three years as a convoy escort and guard ship in the Indian Ocean and at the Suez Canal. In October 1944, she carried the Greek government in exile back to liberated Athens, after the withdrawal of the German army.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: In 1952, she was decommissioned, before being moved to Poros, where she was berthed from 1956 to 1983. From 1984 until today, she has been reinstated on active duty as a museum ship in the Naval Tradition Park in Faliro, Athens. After maintenance in late 2017, she achieved seaworthiness state once again, allowing the ship to sail (towed) accompanied by Greek frigate "Kountouriotis" (F-462) (Φ/Γ Κουντουριώτης) to Thessaloniki Greece where she received more than 130,000 visitors over her 53-day stay.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, Greece decided to reinforce its fleet, whose ships were fast becoming obsolete due to the rapidly advancing naval technology of the era. The navy procured eight destroyers (then a relatively new type of ship) between 1905–1907, but the most important addition was the armored cruiser "Georgios Averof". Like her Italian sisters and , she was being built at Orlando Shipyards, Livorno, Italy. When the Italian government cancelled the third ship of the class due to budgetary concerns, the Greek government immediately stepped in and bought her with a one-third downpayment (ca. 300,000 gold pound sterling), the bequest of a wealthy Greek benefactor, Georgios Averof, whose name she consequently received.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The "Averof" was fitted with a combination of Italian engines, French boilers, British guns, and German generators. The most discernible difference between the cruiser and her Italian sisters was the shape of her six gun turrets. The "Averof" encased her British-built guns in rounded pillbox-form housings with convex roof plates. She was also fitted with a foremast, which her sister-ships did not receive until after the start of the First World War. Such was the urgency of the Greek Navy to see the ship in service, that they accepted her with a gouge inside one of the gun barrels. This had been caused by the slip of a rifling tool, but Armstrong Whitworth's chief ordnance engineer correctly judged the defect as inconsequential to the weapon's performance and safety.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The "Averof" was launched on 12 March 1910. She would be the last commissioned armored cruiser in the world, a class of warship that had already been rendered obsolete by the battlecruiser. Her first captain, Ioannis Damianos, took command on 16 May 1911, and the "Averof" immediately sailed to England for the Coronation Naval Review of King George V. While there, she would also receive the first load of ammunition for her British-built guns. The stay in England was troubled by running aground at Spithead on 19 June, which forced her into drydock. While waiting for repairs, her crew was involved in a large brawl with the locals, caused by their unfamiliarity with the mould found on edible blue cheese. Captain Damianos was deemed inadequate to maintain discipline, and replaced by the esteemed taskmaster, Pavlos Kountouriotis. During the journey home, Captain Kountouriotis thoroughly trained his crew, with the exception of gunnery practice, as ammunition was limited to special deliveries from Britain. The "Averof" finally reached Faliro Bay, near Athens, on 1 September 1911. At that time, she was the most modern and powerful warship in the navies of the Balkan League or the Ottoman Empire.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: With the outbreak of the First Balkan War in October 1912, Kountouriotis was named rear admiral and commander-in-chief of the Hellenic Royal Navy. "Averof", under Captain Sofoklis Dousmanis, served as the flagship of the fleet, and she took part in the takeover of the islands of the northern and eastern Aegean. During the naval battles at Elli (3 December 1912) and Lemnos (5 January 1913) against the Ottoman Navy, she almost single-handedly secured victory and the undisputed control of the Aegean Sea for Greece. In both battles, due to her superior speed, armor and armament, she left the battle line and pursued the Turkish Fleet alone. During the Battle of Elli, Kountouriotis, frustrated by the slow speed of the three older Greek battleships, hoisted the Flag Signal for the letter "Z" which stood for "Independent Action", and sailed forward alone, with a speed of against the Turkish fleet. "Averof" succeeded in crossing the T of the Turkish fleet and concentrated her fire against the Ottoman flagship, thus forcing the Ottoman fleet to retreat in disorder. Likewise, during the Battle of Lemnos, when the older battleships failed to follow up with "Averof", Kountouriotis did not hesitate to pursue independent action.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: In each battle the ship suffered only slight damage, while inflicting severe damage to several Turkish ships. These exploits propelled her and her Admiral to legendary status in Greece. After the Battle of Lemnos, the crew of "Averof" affectionately nicknamed her "Lucky Uncle George". It is a notable fact that, due to the aforementioned need to conserve ammunition which had to be secured from Britain, "Averof" fired her guns for the first time during the Battle of Elli.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: "Georgios Averof" is credited with successfully closing the Aegean Sea to Ottoman transports bringing fresh troops and supplies to the front during the First Balkan War. This success had a concrete impact on the land action where the Ottoman forces suffered decisive defeats. It is hypothesized that in the lack of such decisive control of the sea by the Greek Navy, the Ottoman Empire might have reinforced its forces on the Balkan Peninsula and therefore fared better in the war.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: During World War I, "Averof" did not see much active service, as Greece was neutral during the first years of the war, and in deep internal turmoil (see National Schism). After the "Noemvriana" riots of 1916, she was seized by the French, and only returned after Greece formally entered the war on the side of the Allies in June 1917. After the armistice, "Averof" sailed with other Allied warships to Constantinople, where she received an ecstatic welcome from the city's many Greeks. Under Rear Admiral Ioannis Ipitis, the cruiser continued to serve as flagship of the Royal Hellenic Navy. During the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), she supported troop landings in Eastern Thrace, bombarded the Turkish Black Sea coastline, and helped to evacuate refugees after the Greek Army's defeat.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: From 1925 to 1927, the cruiser underwent a major refit in France, during which she received modern anti-aircraft armament, a new tripod-foremast and conning tower, improved fire-control equipment, and an overhaul of her engines, boilers, and furnaces. The ship's obsolete 17-inch torpedo tubes were also removed. Given her age, the cost of converting the vessel to fuel-oil firing was considered prohibitive. In March 1935 the vessel evacuated Eleftherios Venizelos from Kasos in the Dodecanese following his failed coup attempt. On 20 May 1937, "Averof" joined the warships of fourteen other nations at the "Coronation Naval Review" in Spithead, England. She was the only one of the 150 vessels present which had also attended the previous coronation review in 1911. King George VI was reminded of the fact, as he warmly welcomed "Averof"s captain, during the preliminary introduction of Britain's naval guests.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: In the early morning of 18 April 1941, after the collapse of the Greco-German front, the "Averof"s crew disobeyed direct orders to scuttle the ship in preventing her possible capture by the enemy. They cut through a closed harbor-boom with axes and handsaws to let the vessel escape, and their commanding officer embarked up a rope ladder to join them as the vessel was underway. Under the constant threat of Luftwaffe air strikes (which had sunk many Greek and British warships during the evacuation), the cruiser sailed to Souda Bay, Crete and then on to the UK naval station at Alexandria, arriving in Egypt on 23 April.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: While too slow to serve with the British Fleet in the Mediterranean, and also lacking sufficient anti-aircraft armament for that theatre of operation, the old armored cruiser was considered quite appropriate for escorting Indian Ocean convoys. In this capacity, she could offer more firepower than a contemporary heavy cruiser (albeit with less gunnery range), and twice their respective armour protection, quite sufficient to deal with the threat posed by German raiders operating in the sector. This task also required no more speed than her then greatly reduced maximum of 12 knots. So from September 1941 through October 1942, under British control, she was assigned to convoy escort and patrol duties in the Indian Ocean and based at Bombay.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The "Averof" left Alexandria on 30 June and passed through the Suez Canal to Port Tewfiq (Port Suez). The three weeks spent there saw her crew involved in the rescue of sailors and soldiers aboard the Cunard Line troopship MV "Georgic", which was set ablaze and sunk at an adjacent berth during a Luftwaffe air raid on 6 July. With several of her boilers deactivated, and the fuel-oil spraying mechanism for her coal furnaces now inoperable, the "Averof" was then capable of only 9 knots, insufficient for her planned convoy duties. So on 20 July, the ship departed for Port Sudan, where she underwent three weeks of emergency repairs to her oil-accelerant apparatus, raising her cruising speed to the required minimum. The vessel then resumed her passage of the Red Sea and reached the port of Aden, in late-August. From there, she sailed in an unassigned convoy crossing of the Indian Ocean, arriving at Bombay on 10 September 1941.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: As the "Averof" had not seen an overhaul of her boilers and furnaces since 1926, mechanical problems continued to plague the vessel and ultimately cut short her usefulness in convoy service. On 28 September she was assigned to escort an oil tanker convoy (BP.16) from Bombay to Basra in the Persian Gulf, but was detached before completing the voyage due to faulty boilers. This was of extra concern because on 24 September, the German auxiliary cruiser "Kormoran" had sunk the "Stamatios G. Embiricos" at the equator, ending three months of raider inactivity in the sector. By the time the "Averof" was forced to leave her convoy, the Greek freighter was already four days overdue to Columbo, Ceylon, meaning the enemy would have had a week to sail in any direction from the "Embiricos"' last known position. However, the "Kormoran" had moved southeast towards Australia (and her fateful meeting with HMAS "Sydney"), and convoy BP.16 reached Basra safely on 5 October. The "Averof" returned to Bombay on 4 October, where the cruiser underwent emergency repairs. On 20 December, she finally sailed again from Bombay to “cover” a troop-support convoy (BM.31B) headed for Singapore with a stop at Columbo. Here she was detached, returning to Bombay on 5 January 1942.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: On 9 January the "Averof" again put to sea in advance of the unescorted departures of six troopships from Bombay and Karachi, headed for Basra (BP.31A – 31B). The cruiser could not hope to keep up with these vessels, traveling at 14 to 16 knots, so she was once again designated as a patrol vessel (“defensive cover”) for the sea lane in which they would eventually overtake her. Turning in the Gulf of Oman, the "Averof"s lookout spotted a modern freighter appearing to shadow the warship at a safe distance. The cruiser went to “battle stations” over the possible sighting of a merchant raider, but the suspicious vessel altered course and sped away.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: This incident appears to have prompted a call for gunnery practice after the ship returned to Bombay on 15 January. During these exercises in the bay outside the harbor, the recoil from one of the "Averof"s eight-gun broadsides fractured the mounts on two of her active boilers and sent them crashing to the deck. The vessel limped into port for major repairs and did not venture out again until she departed Bombay in early November 1942. By then, she had been dubbed, “Georgios Never-off”, by the base’s Royal Navy personnel. Again repaired to a cruising capability of 12 knots, she sailed for Port Said, Egypt, in an independent passage of the Arabian and Red Seas, and took up duties as a Suez Canal guard ship from mid-November 1942.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: "Averof" was the only World War I-era armored cruiser to serve in her original capacity during World War II (several old Japanese vessels of the type acted as training ships, or were converted for minelaying). While her 9.2-inch British-built ordnance was no longer in sea service with the Royal Navy, many of these weapons had been moved to coastal batteries and their shells were readily available. The British 7.5-inch naval gun was still employed on three of the Royal Navy's "Hawkins"-class heavy cruisers, as well as shore installations, so its ammunition also remained in production. However, this was not to prove a factor in "Averof"s viability, as she was never again required to fire her guns in anger.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: On 17 October 1944, once again as the flagship of the exiled Hellenic Navy, and under the command of Captain Theodoros Koundouriotis (the Admiral's son), she carried the Greek government-in-exile from Cairo to liberated Athens. "Averof" continued as Fleet Headquarters until she was decommissioned in 1952. Afterward, the vessel remained anchored at Salamis until she was towed to Poros, where she was berthed from 1956 to 1983.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: In 1984 the Navy decided to restore her as a museum ship, and in the same year she was towed to Palaio Faliro, Athens where she is anchored as a functioning floating museum, seeking to promote the historical consolidation and upkeep of the Greek naval tradition. Free guided tours are provided to visiting schools and on holidays. In 2016 she was retrofitted with an internal elevator allowing access to most decks by visitors with movement disabilities. She is berthed at Trocadero quay, as part of the Naval Tradition Park.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The ship is crewed and regarded as in active service, carrying the Rear Admiral's rank flag a square blue flag with white cross, like the Greek jack, with two white stars in each of the two squares on the flagstaff side atop the mainmast with the masthead pennant (a long triangular blue flag with a white orthogonal Greek cross) displaced downward. Every Hellenic Navy ship entering or sailing in Faliro Bay honours "Averof" while passing. The crew are ordered to attention (with the "Still to" order) and from the relevant boatswain's pipe (or bugle call) every man on decks stands to attention, officers saluting, looking to the side where "Averof" is in sight until "Continue" is ordered.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: In June 2010 the ship was involved in a scandal after being used as the stage for a lavish wedding party by Greek shipowner Leon Patitsas and TV persona Marietta Chrousala. The publication of photos from the party by the "Proto Thema" tabloid caused major political uproar, resulting in the dismissal of her commander, Commodore Evangelos Gavalas.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: On 26 April 2017, the "Averof" was towed from her museum dock at Palaio Faliro to the Skaramangas Shipyard, in Elefsis. Two commercial tugs and a pilot craft maneuvered the cruiser under the command of the Commodore Sotirios Charalampopoulos. A Greek Navy tug and a helicopter also assisted the operation. At the shipyard, the "Averof" underwent two months of maintenance and repairs, partially funded by Greek shipping magnate and philanthropist, Alexandros Goulandris. In May 2017, Goulandris, together with "Hydra Ecologists Club", and several retired Hellenic Navy officers, announced their intention to begin a thorough review of the mechanical parts that would need to be newly machined or refurbished, so that the ship might eventually sail the Aegean under steam power. If realised, it would make the "Averof" the oldest operational steel warship in the world. Goulandris died on 25 May 2017, three weeks after the announcement.


title: Greek cruiser Georgios Averof

text: The cruiser's two months of dry dock inspection and hull maintenance were a prelude to the vessel's first voyage in 72 years. On 5 October 2017, the "Averof" left her long-time berth at Palaio Faliro, and was towed 250 miles across the open sea to a 50-day exhibition-docking on Thessaloniki's urban waterfront. The vessel was escorted by up to six large tugs and a pilot craft from "Zouros Salvage & Towage". A Hellenic Navy tugboat also accompanied them. On 7 October, the group approached the Thessaloniki dock with horns and sirens blaring, their fire-fighting nozzles shooting great plumes of water skywards. An honor guard of Greek sailors and a Hellenic Navy band were arrayed along the dock to meet the ship. After 7 weeks of heavy visitation (over 130,000 visitors in 53 days) by the general public, the "Averof" returned to her Palaio Faliro museum dock on 13 December.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson is the only city and county seat of Jackson County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 33,534, down from 36,316 at the 2000 census. Located along Interstate 94 and U.S. Route 127, it is approximately west of Ann Arbor and south of Lansing. Jackson is the core city of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes all of Jackson County and population of 160,248.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Founded in 1829, it was named after President Andrew Jackson. Michigan's first prison, Michigan State Prison (or Jackson State Prison), opened in Jackson in 1838 and remains in operation. For the longest time, the city was known as the "birthplace of the Republican Party" when politicians met in Jackson in 1854 to argue against the expansion of slavery, although the political party now formally recognizes its birthplace as being Ripon, Wisconsin. Nevertheless, the Republican Party's earliest history dates back to Jackson and is commemorated by a plaque in the city's Under the Oaks City Park, which has since been visited by numerous Republican presidents.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: At the beginning of the twentieth century, Jackson became an early automotive manufacturing center that attracted southerners and immigrants to the city's numerous factories, which saw its population increase significantly.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: On July 3, 1829, Horace Blackman, accompanied by Alexander Laverty, a land surveyor, and "Pewytum", an Indian guide, forded the Grand River and made camp for the night at a site now marked as Trail and N. Jackson Street. They arrived there along a well-traveled Native American trail leading west from Ann Arbor. Blackman had hired Laverty and Pewytum to guide him west. Returning to Ann Arbor and Monroe, Blackman registered his claim for at two dollars an acre.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: He returned to the Jackson area in August 1829 with his brother Russell. Together they cleared land and built a cabin at what would become the corner of Ingham and Trail streets. The town was first called Jacksonopolis. Later, it was renamed Jacksonburgh. Finally in 1838, the town's name was changed to simply Jackson.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson is one of the birthplaces of the Republican Party. The first official meeting of the group that called itself "Republican" was held in Jackson on July 6, 1854. A Michigan historical marker at what is now the northwest corner of Second and Franklin streets in Jackson commemorates an anti-slavery county convention held that day. Meeting outside to avoid a hot, overcrowded hall, the group ultimately selected a slate of candidates for state elections. The marker identifies this as the birth of the Republican Party. The site, an oak grove on "Morgan's Forty", then on the outskirts of town, became known as "Under the Oaks".


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Before Detroit began building cars on assembly lines in 1910, Jackson factories were making parts for cars and putting them together. By 1910, the auto industry had become Jackson's main industry. More than 20 different brands of cars were once made in Jackson, including: Reeves, Jaxon, Jackson, CarterCar, Orlo, Whiting, Butcher and Gage; Buick, Janney, Globe, Steel Swallow, C.V.I., Imperial, Ames-Dean, Cutting, Standard Electric, Duck, Briscoe, Argo, Hollier, Hackett, Marion-Handly, Gem, Earl, Wolverine, and Kaiser-Darrin.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Ye Ole Carriage Shop in Spring Arbor displays more than 60 antique and classic cars, including five one-and-onlys and 16 made in Jackson. One of these is a 1902 JAXON. Today the auto parts industry remains one of the largest employers of skilled machine operators in Jackson County. The city was also an early site for the moped parts industry.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: In 1914 Macedonian immigrant George Todoroff founded the first "Coney Island restaurant" and created his famous Coney Island hot dog topping. His Coney Island restaurant was located directly in front of the railroad station on East Michigan Avenue and was open 24 hours. The restaurant proved to be a popular dining option for rail passengers. Over the course of 31 years, Todoroff sold more than 17 million Coney Island hot dogs. Today two Coney Island restaurants unaffiliated with Todoroff's are located in a building near the train station on East Michigan Avenue, Virginia Coney Island and Jackson Coney Island. In addition, several area restaurants throughout the Jackson area offer their own version of the Coney Island hot dog, or just "coney" as referred to by local residents. Jackson's version of the coney dog is distinctly different from those featured in Detroit-area Coney Island restaurants or other Coney Island restaurants throughout Michigan and the Midwest. In 2014 Todoroff's Coney Island celebrated its centenary.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The legislature authorized Michigan's first state prison in 1838. A temporary wooden prison, enclosed by a fence of tamarack poles, was built on 60 acres donated for that purpose inside the city limits of Jackson. In 1839 the first 35 prisoners were received. A permanent prison was built three years later.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Beginning in the 1850s, Warden H.F. Hatch placed more emphasis on the education and rehabilitation of prisoners. By 1882, Michigan's First State Prison (1838–1934) had developed as the largest walled prison in the world. Within its walls, the factories and surrounding farms, manned by cheap inmate labor, made Jackson one of the leading industrial cities in the nation. In 1934 a new prison was completed just north of Jackson's city limit in Blackman Township; it took all of the state prisoners.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The historic building is now used as an artists' resident community, known as the Armory Arts Village. Tours of the original prison site on Cooper Street are available through the Original Jackson Historic Prison Tours. A closed, fully intact cell block at the modern prison in Blackman Township is now operated as the Cell Block 7 Prison Museum. Independently operated by the accredited Ella Sharp Museum, this is the only museum where visitors can enter a closed cell block on the grounds of an active prison for a self-guided tour.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Numerous railroad connections were constructed to Jackson, connecting it to many markets. The local invention of the duplex corset by Bortree helped make Jackson a center of corset manufacturing. By the early 20th century, as many as 16 manufacturers of women's corsets operated here; the majority of which were located on Cortland and Pearl streets. As elastics were adopted in manufacturing and fashions changed, the corset industry quickly declined. The majority of the corset manufacturers in Jackson closed their doors by 1920. Only three of the original corset companies survived past the 1920s, by changing their production to therapeutic and prosthetic support garments and devices.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Moses Bortree founded the Bortree Corset Company, the first corset manufacturer outside of New York, in 1868 at 112 W. Cortland. Founded to make crinoline skirts and bustles (hoop skirts!), they began manufacturing Bortree's newest creation, the Duplex Corset, in 1875. Within five years, production rose from 50,000 to 300,000 corsets per year.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Founded in 1884, the Jackson Corset Co. became the largest manufacturer of corset and waist garments in the US. Located at 209-215 W. Cortland St., they employed almost 300 people by 1895.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The Coronet Corset Manufactory opened in 1880 at 146 W. Main St. and later moved to 131-133 W. Pearl St. Coronet had the distinction of being run by the first and only female president, Mrs. C.A. McGee, who invented and patented the Coronet Corset.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Sources: "The History of Business and Industry in Jackson, Michigan" by the Ella Sharp Museum, 1993 (available at Jackson District Library) and recent "Jackson Citizen Patriot" stories (available at http://www.mlive.com/jackson/).


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (1.09%) is water.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Restructuring in heavy industry in the mid-20th century caused a decline in jobs and population in many industrial cities, including Jackson. There are three major private employers in the city. CMS Energy provides natural gas and electrical services to much of Michigan and has its international headquarters in the city. The next two major employers are Henry Ford Health Systems (formerly Foote Hospital) and the Eaton Corporation.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Michigan Automotive Compressor, Inc. (MACI) is the largest manufacturer in Jackson County and its fourth-largest individual employer. In February 2009 it began offering voluntary buyouts to its workers, in reaction to the slowing economy during the financial crisis.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson Flexible Products, just outside the city, has been one of North America's premier custom-molded rubber specialists since 1969. The company employs over 35 people, providing components for the aerospace, automotive and defense industries.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson's state prison complex includes the first state prison building, which was expanded and became known as the largest walled prison in the world. Portions of the prison complex closed in 2007, including the Annex of the Charles Egeler Reception and Guidance Center Annex (RGC) and the Southern Michigan Correctional Facility (JMF). One of the closed cell blocks at JMF has been adapted and re-opened as the Cell Block 7 Prison Museum.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The other facilities in the complex, including two in the old walled building, remain open: the G. Robert Cotton Correctional Facility (JCF), the Cooper Street Correctional Facility (JCS), the Charles Egeler Reception and Guidance Center (RGC), and the Parnall Correctional Facility (SMT).


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson is served by Jackson Public Schools. The Jackson urbanized area is home to approximately 16 elementary public schools, as well as about 16 private or parochial schools. It also has a large public middle school (The Middle School at Parkside). It has nine high schools: the public Jackson High School, East Jackson Secondary School (Public), Jackson County Western High School, and Northwest High School, T. A. Wilson Academy, Napoleon High School, and Vandercook Lake High School; and the private DaVinci Institute (Charter), Jackson Preparatory and Early College (Charter), and Jackson Christian School (Non-Denom), and Lumen Christi Catholic School (Catholic).


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: There is adult and higher education as well: Jackson College (formerly Jackson Community College), Baker College, Career Quest Learning Centers, and Spring Arbor University. An additional 15 higher education institutions are within one hour of Jackson County.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 33,534 people, 13,294 households, and 7,872 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,457 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 71.4% White, 20.4% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.3% of the population.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: There were 13,294 households, of which 35.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.7% were married couples living together, 22.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.8% were non-families. 33.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 3.14.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The median age in the city was 32.2 years. 28.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.7% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 10.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 36,316 people, 14,210 households, and 8,668 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,241 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 73.87% White, 19.70% Black or African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.51% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 1.65% from other races, and 3.67% from two or more races. 4.05% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: There were 14,210 households, out of which 33.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.8% were married couples living together, 19.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.0% were non-families. 32.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.12.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.7% under the age of 18, 9.8% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.5 males.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The median income for a household in the city was $31,294, and the median income for a family was $39,072. Males had a median income of $31,957 versus $23,817 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,230. About 15.2% of families and 19.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson has a number of notable historic churches, several of which were established prior to the American Civil War. The First Baptist Church was established in 1839; the present building, a Romanesque Revival structure, was dedicated in March 1872. The First Congregational Church is housed in a monumental Romanesque Revival building constructed in 1859. A basement was added after the structure had been in operation for several years. In 1871 the building was raised eight feet to accommodate lower-level classrooms. Its congregation has actively participated in local social reform efforts, becoming part of the antislavery movement in the 1840s and later supporting the temperance and the civil rights movement. St. Paul's Episcopal Church was also founded in 1839. The congregation's first church building, constructed in 1840, was replaced by a Romanesque Revival building in 1853; it is one of the oldest Episcopal Church structures in southern Michigan.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Constructed in 1857, St. John's the Evangelist Church is the oldest Roman Catholic church in the city. It was established as a mission in 1836 to serve a congregation that was originally predominately Irish immigrants. Given the following waves of Catholic immigrants from other countries, its congregation today is more diverse. St. Mary Star of the Sea was established in 1881 as Jackson's second Catholic church. The present building, a limestone Romanesque structure built between 1923 and 1926, incorporates elements of the parish's first church as well as stained glass windows, marble altars and communion rails imported from Italy and Austria. The first and only Eastern Orthodox Church is St. Demetrius Orthodox Church, founded in 1958. Among the modern churches in the town is Westwinds Community Church, a non-denominational, evangelical Christian church. Founded in 1865 in a blacksmith shop, Community Jackson African Methodist Episcopal Church became the first place of worship for African Americans in Jackson County.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Late 19th-century immigrants included Jews from Germany and eastern Europe. Jackson is home to Temple Beth Israel, a Reform synagogue founded in 1862 by German Jewish immigrants.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: From the late nineteenth century into the mid-twentieth century, Jackson was a major railway hub and for over a century has been known as the crossroads of Michigan. Today the Michigan Central Railroad Jackson Depot on East Michigan Avenue is the nation's oldest train station in continuous active use. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Jackson, operating its Wolverine three times daily in each direction between Chicago and Pontiac, Michigan, via Detroit. Baggage cannot be checked at this location; however, up to two suitcases, in addition to any "personal items" such as briefcases, purses, laptop bags, and infant equipment, are allowed on board as carry-ons.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson and Lansing Railroad (JAIL) owns a line from Jackson to Lansing, Michigan. Norfolk Southern (NS) owns a yard in Jackson as well.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Reynolds Field at Jackson County Airport is the main airport for the city. It hosted commercial service, primarily under the North Central Airlines banner, until 1984. With the "Blue Goose" aircraft now gone, the airport today operates as a general aviation facility. The 700-acre airport, equipped with an ILS system, is located just south of I-94 ( Airport Road exit #137). More than 100 general aviation aircraft are housed here, ranging from single-engine planes to business/corporate jet aircraft.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: The Airport is home to many related businesses, including the Jackson College Flight School, a restaurant, bar, and car rental. The Jackson Blues Festival is held here annually in June.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: Jackson Area Transportation Authority operates ten routes Monday through Saturday out of a central station located downtown. Greyhound Lines provides service from the JATA station. In addition to the publicly funded JATA, there are four private taxicab companies operating in town.


title: Jackson, Michigan

text: This climatic region is typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and cold (sometimes severely cold) winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Jackson has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps.


title: Operating expense

text: An operating expense, operating expenditure, operational expense, operational expenditure or opex is an ongoing cost for running a product, business, or system . Its counterpart, a capital expenditure (capex), is the cost of developing or providing non-consumable parts for the product or system. For example, the purchase of a photocopier involves capex, and the annual paper, toner, power and maintenance costs represents opex. For larger systems like businesses, opex may also include the cost of workers and facility expenses such as rent and utilities.


title: Operating expense

text: In business, an operating expense is a day-to-day expense such as sales and administration, or research & development, as opposed to production, costs, and pricing. In short, this is the money the business spends in order to turn inventory into throughput.


title: Operating expense

text: On an income statement, "operating expenses" is the sum of a business's operating expenses for a period of time, such as a month or year.


title: Operating expense

text: In throughput accounting, the cost accounting aspect of the theory of constraints (TOC), operating expense is the money spent turning inventory into throughput. In TOC, operating expense is limited to costs that vary strictly with the quantity produced, like raw materials and purchased components. Everything else is a fixed cost, including labour (unless there is a regular and significant chance that workers will not work a full-time week when they report on their first day).


title: Operating expense

text: In a real estate context, operating expenses include costs associated with the operation and maintenance of an income-producing property.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann Meredith Perkins, RN, portrayed by Rashida Jones, is a fictional character in the NBC comedy "Parks and Recreation". She is a nurse and Leslie Knope's best friend.


title: Ann Perkins

text: At the start of the series, Ann Perkins is living with her boyfriend Andy Dwyer (Chris Pratt). Ann is far more mature and responsible than Andy, who remains lazy, spoiled, and unemployed. After Andy falls into a large pit next to her house and breaks his legs, Ann is inspired to attend Parks and Recreation meetings to advocate for filling in the pit, which leads Ann to befriend the department's deputy director Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler). Eventually, after Andy's leg casts are removed, Ann learns he could have taken them off weeks prior, but did not because he enjoyed being pampered and spoiled by Ann. This leads to an angry confrontation, and eventually the two break up, much to Andy's despair.


title: Ann Perkins

text: After Andy, Pawnee city planner Mark Brendanawicz (Paul Schneider) fell into the construction pit (at the end of season one) and is nursed by Ann during his time at the hospital. The two develop a romantic interest in each other and start dating only after Leslie, who previously harbored feelings for Mark, assures Ann she is fine with the pairing. At first, Ann seems to be happy with Mark, but as time goes on, she starts getting bored having a normal and healthy relationship, remembering that her relationship with Andy, while terrible, was more interesting. Furthermore, she shows a hint of jealousy toward Andy's budding relationship with Parks Department intern April Ludgate (Aubrey Plaza). However, she continues to date Mark, unsure of what her true feelings are for him. Yet, when Mark attempts to propose to her, she realises that she has fallen out of love with him, and that she really wants to be with Andy. She and Mark break up, and Mark leaves his government job to work in the private sector. In the season finale episode, after Andy crashes his motorcycle, Ann kisses him while nursing him at the hospital. On another night, she gets drunk and kisses state auditor Chris Traeger (Rob Lowe), which prompts him to continually ask her out on a date, which she declines because she is put off by his relentless positivity.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Chris continues to ask Ann out, but she repeatedly turns him down. Leslie sees an opportunity to utilize Chris' positivity to bring more funds into the Parks Department by having Ann bring it up on a date. While out, Ann learns of the reason for Chris' positivity: he was born with a rare blood disorder and was expected to die as a baby, and so he is happy to still be alive many years later; as a result, she takes a genuine liking to him. Their date is ruined when both Leslie and state auditor Ben Wyatt (Adam Scott) crash it, and Leslie accidentally reveals the motive behind the date. Ann later apologizes to Chris and asks him out on another date, and the two soon enter into a relationship.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Initially, Ann is intimidated by Chris' intensity, calling him "the perfect human man". But after he is incapacitated by a serious flu virus and so drops his appearance of perfection, Ann relaxes. After a few weeks of dating, Ann is infatuated enough with Chris to have no issues with the idea of leaving Pawnee and following him to Indianapolis. When the two discuss the issue of a long-distance relationship or the notion of Ann's moving with him, Ann believes that things are a bit cleared up although she came up with no definite solution on the issue. Ann later tells Leslie Chris became distant after their "talk", which prompts Leslie to search his house for items that could suggest his infidelity, when she and Ron visit his house in Indianapolis. There, she finds a pink razor and pink swim cap, and calls Ann about it. Ann then storms into Chris' house, accusing him of cheating on her, only to find out that he had actually broken up with her in their conversation the week before; Ann did not realize he had dumped her, because Chris was so cheerful about it. (The razor and swim cap both actually belonged to Chris.)


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann is emotionally affected by the break up, and she begins engaging in impulsive behaviors, such as dyeing part of her hair red and making out with a patient during the Harvest Festival. When Chris returns to Pawnee as the temporary city manager, the two of them discuss their relationship over dinner, where Ann is fooled again by his positive attitude into thinking their relationship is back on. In order to cope, she decides to start dating again, which causes her to be more distant from Leslie. Leslie, in response, recommends her as the new Health Department public relations director. Ann ends up taking the job part-time so she can still be a nurse at the hospital.


title: Ann Perkins

text: In season four, Ann moves on from Chris after they shoot a PSA. Ann gets closer to Ron and April after she tells them a disgusting medical story. This results from several failed attempts to engage in small talk, over fact-checking Leslie's book. Ann is again a big supporter in Leslie and Ben getting back together. She also agrees to help Leslie with her campaign and temporarily became her campaign manager. In "Operation Ann", Leslie tries to help Ann meet a date. She ends up going out with Tom Haverford (Aziz Ansari), even though almost everything he does annoys her and they frequently break up. On election night, a drunken Ann agrees to move in with Tom.


title: Ann Perkins

text: In season five, Ann and Tom have moved in together. Despite realizing, within two days, that it was a mistake, they stay together to thwart their co-workers' expectations that it wouldn't last, and so Tom won't lose his $1,000 bet with Donna Meagle (Retta). They publicly break up when Donna tells them she knows the truth and lets Tom off the hook.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann decides she wants to have a child and begins the process of in vitro fertilization, asking Chris to father her child. Chris accepts her offer in the episode "Bailout". Ann and April's friendship expands this season, culminating in a hug and an admission on April's part that she considers Ann a friend.


title: Ann Perkins

text: In the episode "New Beginnings", Chris and Ann briefly get engaged but decide that they don't need to be married since they're both happy with their relationship. They also learn they are having a boy.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Chris and Ann decide to move to Ann Arbor, Michigan, as Chris is offered a job at the University of Michigan coupled with their desire to be closer to Ann's family, who reside in Michigan. Upon hearing the news, Leslie decides to throw Ann a goodbye party and start groundbreaking on "Pawnee Commons", the lot that was a pit at the start of the series, which Leslie vowed to turn into a park. On Ann and Chris' final day in Pawnee, Ann tells Leslie she will always be her best friend and invites her to come and visit, then she and Chris leave Pawnee until moving back in the final episode of season 7.


title: Ann Perkins

text: On "Galentine's Day", Ann hangs up on Leslie from their scheduled phone call. Leslie later finds out that Ann did this because she was in labor and didn't want Leslie to drop everything to come see her because she could be in labor for hours. Ann is later visited by Leslie at the hospital, and she is seen holding her newborn son Oliver Perkins-Traeger. Chris is not featured in the episode because he was asked to be the birthing coach for another patient, since he did such a great job with Ann.


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann and Chris, now married, return for a guest appearance in the series finale in order to advise Leslie in 2025. It is revealed that after Oliver, the couple had a second child, a daughter named Leslie.


title: Ann Perkins

text: While in early stages of developing "Parks and Recreation", Greg Daniels and Michael Schur had been considering ideas for a possible show involving Rashida Jones before the concept of the series was even established. Both Daniels and Schur had worked with Jones on the Daniels-created NBC comedy series, "The Office", in which Jones played the character Karen Filippelli. It was only after Amy Poehler was cast as protagonist Leslie Knope that the concept of the show and Ann's character were fully developed. While most of the "Parks and Recreation" character work for the local Pawnee government, Ann Perkins was initially conceived as a political outsider who became indirectly involved in municipal government and, in Schur's words, "got drawn into Leslie's world".


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann Perkins appeared in every episode of "Parks and Recreation" until Season 6, except for "Woman of the Year", which she missed because she was filming scenes for the David Fincher film "The Social Network" (2010). Her last name was inspired by Nancy Perkins, one of the casting directors who worked on the show. In crafting the Ann Perkins character, the staff were drawn to the idea of building a show around a female relationship, namely Ann and Leslie Knope's.


title: Ann Perkins

text: While most reviewers have praised Rashida Jones' performance, the character of Ann Perkins initially received mixed reviews from critics. Ann often serves as a straight man to the other characters, particularly Leslie Knope, and some reviewers have said Rashida Jones' talent has been under-utilized in the role. Steve Heisler of "The A.V. Club" wrote, "While I like Rashida Jones in the part, her character usually does best when she's got some wacky person to play off of." "Entertainment Weekly" writer Hillary Busis said, "Even "Parks and Rec" lovers often agree that Rashida Jones’s character can seem, well, kind of boring." Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "Ann isn't necessarily the funniest character on the show, to say the least", but he said she is capable of being very humorous, adding: "Rashida Jones is sexy and funny, but a lot of her humor is subtle and thankless." "New York" magazine writer Steve Kandell said he did not believe the Ann character was necessary for the show because she was too far removed from the other characters. He added, "The "Parks and Recreation" writers are the smartest in the business, and even they seem at a loss as to what to do with Ann Perkins." However, "Los Angeles Times" reporter Robert Lloyd said he felt Jones and Amy Poehler had a good comedic rhythm with each other, and "The Atlantic" writer Scott Meslow said Jones has a "natural comic sensibility" who rarely gets the best material due to her straight man role. Television columnist Alan Sepinwall said Jones not only plays a good straight man, but particularly excels in bringing the best comedic potential out of her fellow cast members. The character was listed in Wetpaint's "10 Hottest TV Nurses".


title: Ann Perkins

text: Many reviewers were critical of the pairing of Mark and Ann, feeling the couple lacked chemistry and were often the least funny parts of the individual episodes. "Entertainment Weekly" writer Margaret Lyons called Mark and Ann the show's "Achilles' heel", and Sandra Gonzalez, also from "Entertainment Weekly", wrote, "No matter what they do with these two, I can’t help but be bored." Alan Sepinwall said the relationship was ineffective because both Mark and Ann are "straight man" characters, and he called the pairing one of the few mistakes of the second season. In his review of "94 Meetings", in which Mark discusses his intentions to marry Ann, Leonard Pierce of The A.V. Club wrote of the couple, "their scenes just seemed to lay there and die: action was set up but never resolved, and the deferral contained no laughs to compensate for the dramatic fizzle". Matt Fowler of IGN called the pairing one of the "lesser elements" of the second season, but said it had more to do with Mark than Ann: "Mark just wound up feeling extraneous, [but] I can also appreciate the nuanced realism of Ann just realizing that she wasn't ultimately that 'into him' as a way to break them up."


title: Ann Perkins

text: Ann would receive much more positive reviews in the later seasons. Many reviewers claimed Ann's relationship with Chris in the third season was a major improvement, with several writing that Chris' near-perfection took the normally composed Ann out of her comfort zone, giving Rashida Jones more comedic material to work with. Several commentators felt Ann's character in general saw major improvements during the third season, such as in subplots where she started acting eccentrically after her break-up with Chris, or her phase of dating several random men. Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that by the middle of the third season, "Ann's character defies all the expectations heaped on her from two previous seasons". Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com wrote: "Rashida Jones hasn't been given too much opportunity to shine within the ensemble, so pushing her off the deep-end seems to be a good decision. Jones is a really funny actress if given the right material, and it's quickly becoming apparent that the 'crazy, almost slutty' approach is one that works in a comedic way for her very, very well." Matt Fowler of IGN wrote, "While Ann still isn't the best of the bunch as far as characters go, she was able to be a part of more great scenes this year by getting paired up with Chris in the first half of the season and getting to have some great moments of drunken anger in 'The Fight'." Several reviews also praised the pairing of Ann and Donna Meagle, who gives her dating advice in the episode "Harvest Festival" and "April and Andy's Fancy Party".


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: Alstonia scholaris, commonly called blackboard tree, Scholar Tree, Milkwood or devil's tree in English, is an evergreen tropical tree in the Dogbane Family (Apocynaceae). It is native to southern China, tropical Asia (mainly the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia）and Australasia, where it is a common ornamental plant. It is a toxic plant, but is used traditionally for myriad diseases and complaints.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: "Alstonia scholaris" is a glabrous tree and grows up to tall. Its mature bark is grayish and its young branches are copiously marked with lenticels.One unique feature of this tree is that in some places, such as New Guinea, the trunk is three-sided (i.e. it is triangular in cross-section).


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: The upper side of the leaves are glossy, while the underside is greyish. Leaves occur in whorls of three to ten; petioles are ; the leathery leaves are narrowly obovate to very narrowly spathulate, base cuneate, apex usually rounded and up to nine inches (23 centimeters) long by up to three inches (8 cm) in width. lateral veins occur in 25 to 50 pairs, at 80–90° to midvein. Cymes are dense and pubescent; peduncle is long. Pedicels are usually as long as or shorter than calyx. The corolla is white and tube-like, ; lobes are broadly ovate or broadly obovate, , overlapping to the left. The ovaries are distinct and pubescent. The follicles are distinct and linear.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: Flowers bloom in the month October. The flowers are very fragrant similar to the flower of "Cestrum nocturnum".


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: Seeds of "A. scholaris" are oblong, with ciliated margins, and ends with tufts of hairs . The bark is almost odorless and very bitter, with abundant bitter and milky sap.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: This is a toxic plant. At high doses, an extract of the plant exhibited marked damage to all the major organs of the body in both rats and mice. The toxicity appears to depend on the plant organ studied, as well as the season it is harvested, with the bark collected in the monsoon season being the least toxic, and bark in the summer the most. Intraperitoneal administration is much more toxic than oral. Rats were more susceptible to the poison than mice, and pure-bred mice strains were more susceptible than crossbred. The toxic effects may be due to the echitamine content of the bark, an alkaloid.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: During convocation the leaves of "Alstonia scholaris" ("saptaparni") are awarded to graduates and postgraduates of Visva-Bharati University by the chancellor, given to him in turn by the Prime Minister of India. In recent years, supposedly to prevent excessive damage to environment, the vice chancellor of the University accepts one "saptaparni" leaf from the chancellor on behalf of all the students. This tradition was initiated by the founder of the University, Gurudeb Rabindranath Tagore.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: The wood of "Alstonia scholaris" has been recommended for the manufacture of pencils, as it is suitable in nature and the tree grows rapidly and is easy to cultivate. In Sri Lanka its light wood was used for coffins. The wood close to the root is very light and of white colour, and in Borneo was used for net floats, household utensils, trenchers, corks, etc. In Theravada Buddhism, the first Buddha is said to have used "Alstonia scholaris" as the tree for achieving enlightenment.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: The 1889 book "The Useful Native Plants of Australia" states that "the powerfully bitter bark of this tree is used by the natives of India in bowel complaints ("Treasury of Botany"). It has proved a valuable remedy in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery. It has also been found effectual in restoring the tone of the stomach and of the system generally in debility after fevers and other exhausting diseases ("Pharmacopoeia of India"). It is described in the "Pharmacopoeia of India" as an astringent tonic, anthelmintic, and antiperiodic. It is held in the highest repute in the Phillippine Islands ["sic"]." Despite its widespread traditional use as an 'antiperiodic' (a medicine which was supposed to cure the effects of malaria), however, it was found to have little to very weak activity against "Plasmodium falciparum". It had no effect against "Giardia intestinalis", and weak effect against "Entamoeba histolytica", which both cause diarrhoea.


title: Alstonia scholaris

text: The bark contains the alkaloids ditamine, echitenine, echitamine and strictamine. Echitamine is the most important alkaloid found in the bark, as it has been detected in all samples studied and collected from several locations, and which is commercially sold as herbal medicine.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The Fiat New 500 ("project 332") is a battery-electric city car by Italian manufacturer Fiat. It was unveiled on March 4, 2020, in Milan, Italy; it was scheduled to be launched at the Geneva Motor Show, but that event was canceled. The New 500 car is manufactured at the Mirafiori plant in Turin and is sold alongside the conventionally-powered 500 that was introduced in 2007, which will continue to be manufactured in Tychy, Poland. That 2007 car was used as the basis of a previous battery-electric Fiat 500e, which was sold only in the United States from 2013 and had a much smaller range than the New 500.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 has a range on the European WLTP Combined test, and achieves on that test’s Urban cycle, which is generally favourable toward electric vehicles. The car is powered by an 87kW (116hp) electric motor, fed by a 42kWh lithium-ion battery pack.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Sergio Marchionne called for Fiat Chrysler Automobiles to pivot towards electric and hybrid automobiles starting in 2018, including an all-new electric 500 by 2020. Previously, FCA had assembled the 500e, a battery-electric vehicle derived from the 2007 Fiat 500 but limited to the United States market only, at its Toluca Car Assembly plant in Mexico from December 2012 to June 2019. FCA showed the Fiat Centoventi concept at the Geneva Motor Show in March 2019; the Centoventi concept previewed what automotive industry believed to be a future battery-electric Fiat Panda, which in turn was expected to form the basis for the next electric Fiat 500. The concept Centoventi showcased a modular battery concept, allowing an extended range using dealer-installed battery packs.


title: Fiat New 500

text: In July 2019, FCA announced plans to invest  million in its Mirafiori plant to build a new production line devoted to its first battery-electric vehicle marketed in Europe, tentatively named the 500 BEV, with production to start in the second quarter of 2020. The new line was planned to have an annual production capacity of 80,000 500 BEVs. FCA invested another  million to build a battery production line at Mirafiori in October 2019. Camouflaged prototypes of the 500 BEV were photographed while undergoing tests in December 2019.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The public unveiling on March 4, 2020, previously scheduled for Geneva, was led by FCA Chief Marketing Officer Olivier François, who held the event in Milan "to show that FCA stands close to Milan and to Italy."


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 sits on a totally new platform and is slightly bigger than its 2007 predecessor. Compared to the earlier 500 (2007), the New 500 is longer, wider, and taller, with a increase in wheelbase. The older 500, originally introduced in 2007, is equipped with an internal-combustion engine or a mild hybrid drivetrain and will remain on sale.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 was initially available only as a two-door cabriolet four-seater in the "La Prima" trimline, with production limited to 500 examples per country. The "La Prima" launch editions have a retail price of in Italy, before any local government incentives. "La Prima" was available in one of three colors: Mineral Grey, Ocean Green, and Celestial Blue, designed to be reminiscent of the earth, sea, and sky, respectively; the soft top was finished with an exclusive monogram logo.


title: Fiat New 500

text: A three-door hatchback followed in June 2020, starting at , and Fiat introduced a four-doored hatchback designated "3+1" in October of that year, with a small rear-hinged door on the passenger's side to enhance access to the rear seat, with availability limited to left-hand-drive cars. At that time, in the UK the entry-level three-door was offered at as the "Action" model with a smaller 24 kW-hr battery; the more expensive "Passion" and "Icon" models were offered at and , respectively, and were equipped with a 42 kW-hr battery. The top of the line remained "La Prima", at .


title: Fiat New 500

text: In Autumn 2021, Fiat announced a new Product Red branded edition, fitted with the 42kWh battery and available in hatchback and convertible styles, and the Passion trim level was withdrawn.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Three additional one-off models styled by well-known designers were announced with the launch of the New 500; proceeds from the auctions of the "500 Giorgio Armani", "B.500 "MAI TROPPO"" ("never too much", by Bvlgari), and the "500 Kartell" will benefit environmental organizations set up by Leonardo DiCaprio. The Kartell and Bvlgari models were created though a partnership between FCA and Altagamma. These were not the first Fiat-fashion limited editions; previously, Frida Giannini of Gucci had collaborated with Fiat Centro Stile to produce a special edition of the preceding Fiat 500 (2007 model), released in 2011.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Lasers were used to engrave the steel body panels are used on the "Armani", which is finished in a "silk effect" grey-green matte finish which includes anti-pollution and anti-bacterial technologies. The seats are finished in a similar color leather from certified sources. After the car was unveiled in front of Duomo Cathedral, it was moved throughout Milan "to send a strong message of positivity to Italy, and to Milan in particular".


title: Fiat New 500

text: The "Kartell" is finished in a monochrome "Kartell blue" color, extending to metal, plastic, and rubber exterior surfaces. The wheels, front grille, side mirror housings, and dashboard are covered in a plastic texture derived from the brand's "Kabuki" lamp, and the seats are upholstered with 100% recycled polypropylene.


title: Fiat New 500

text: An "Imperial Saffron" orange paint finish is applied to the exterior of the "B.500" from Bvlgari, using gold dust reclaimed from the firm's manufacture of jewelry; inside, recycled silk scarves from the marque cover the dashboard and are used to trim the leather seats. The steering wheel features a removable brooch set with amethyst, topaz, and citrine stones. In addition, a special hatbox and jewelry case were made for the "B.500", and the gold key to the automobile (set with an ancient coin) may be worn as jewelry as well.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The Abarth New 500 is a performance variant that will be released in 2023. It made its official debut on November 22, 2022, featuring unique scorpion-badged alloy wheels. Initially, it will be released in a "Scoprionissima" edition limited to 1,949 examples. "Scorpionissima" models will be available in a choice of "Acid Green" or "Poison Blue" colors, bearing unique side graphics and wheels.


title: Fiat New 500

text: It has a single electric traction motor that produces and , an increase of and over the standard motor, and accelerates from 0 to in 7 seconds. Three driving modes will be offered: Turismo, Scorpion Street, and Scorpion Track; output power and torque are limited to and in Turismo, while Street maximizes regenerative braking, simulating the engine braking effect of a conventional car equipped with a manual transmission. Track sacrifices range for performance. In manufacturer testing at Balocco, the Abarth New 500 is able to complete laps 1 second quicker than the Abarth 695.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Charging the Abarth New 500 is possible at rates up to 85 kW, an improvement over the regular New 500; the Abarth is equipped with the larger 42 kW-hr battery.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Fiat is expected to unveil the North American specification New 500 at the 2023 Los Angeles Auto Show, before going on sale in the first quarter of 2024 as a 2024 model year. At this year's show, Fiat brought three 500-based concepts designed by Armani, Kartell and Bvlgari.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Expected to be unveiled in the spring of 2023, the Fiat 600 will be a 5-door crossover version of the New 500.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Production began in February 2020, shortly after FCA completed the new production line at Mirafiori. However, production was paused starting on March 13 during the nationwide lockdown in Italy due to the spread of coronavirus infections.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Sales are currently limited to Europe only, with other markets, including Brazil, to follow starting in 2021. Exports to the U.S. could follow if there is sufficient demand. The New 500 competes with electric city cars like the Mini Electric, Honda e and Smart Forfour.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 is the first city car with level 2 autonomous driving, and the first FCA car equipped with the new UConnect 5 infotainment system. The ADAS systems include Autonomous Emergency Brake with pedestrian and cyclist detection; Intelligent Speed Assistant; Lane Control; Intelligent Adaptive Cruise Control (iACC) and Lane Centering; and Emergency Call.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The Android-based UConnect 5 infotainment system is displayed on a touchscreen. It has Android Auto and wireless Apple CarPlay connectivity, automatic call to the emergency services, and can also be used to monitor the car (or control certain functions) remotely using a smartphone app.


title: Fiat New 500

text: Under European Union law, all EVs must produce some form of noise at low speeds to make pedestrians aware of their presence. Most cars use a spaceship-like tone, but the New 500 will instead play the score from "Amarcord", composed by Nino Rota, when cruising below . According to Fiat, alternative sounds will be downloadable in the future.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 is offered with a choice of two motor and battery combinations. One is fitted to the entry level "Action" trim in the UK, equipped with a motor and a 24 kWh battery (21.2 kWh usable) that charges at up to 50 kW. The second are equipped in the higher level "Passion", "Icon", Red and "La Prima" trims, with a motor, 42 kWh battery (37.3 kWh usable), and 85 kW charger. With the larger battery and more powerful motor, the car is limited to ; these models can accelerate from 0– in 3.1 seconds and 0– in 9.0s. The smaller battery reduces power and also weight, by , resulting in an acceleration of 0– in 9.5s, and the top speed is limited to , but both battery models can accelerate to 0– in 3.1 seconds.


title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 has three driving modes branded "Normal", "Range", and "Sherpa". Fiat's press release describes the features of Sherpa mode: "Just like a Himalayan Sherpa, who is in charge of the whole expedition and guides it to the destination, this driving mode adjusts various parameters: maximum speed, limited to ; accelerator response, in order to reduce energy consumption; and deactivation of the climate control system and heated seats." Range mode enables one-pedal driving, with strong regenerative braking as the throttle pedal is lifted.