title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean has served as chairman of The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the nation's largest health philanthropy; the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy; the Carnegie Corporation of New York; Educate America; the National Environmental Education and Training Foundation; MENTOR: The National Mentoring Partnership and the Newark Alliance. He has sat on corporate boards including ARAMARK, UnitedHealth Group, Hess Corporation, Pepsi Bottling Group, CIT Group Incorporated, and Franklin Templeton Investments.


title: Thomas Kean

text: In 2006, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission began investigating the conduct of the United Health Group's management and directors. Additionally, the Internal Revenue Service and prosecutors in the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York subpoenaed documents from the company. The investigations came to light after a series of probing articles in "The Wall Street Journal" in May 2006, which reported on the apparent backdating of hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of stock options by UnitedHealth Group's management. The backdating allegedly occurred with the knowledge and approval of the directors, including Kean, who sat on the company's compensation committee during three crucial years, according to the "Journal". Major shareholders have filed lawsuits accusing Kean and the other directors of failing in their fiduciary duty.


title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean holds more than 30 honorary degrees, and numerous awards from environmental and educational organizations. In addition to those noted above, these include,


title: Thomas Kean

text: New York Waterways named the ferry "Governor Thomas Kean" in Kean's honor. On January 15, 2009, the ferry saved two dozen individuals, when flight 1549 made an emergency landing on the Hudson River.


title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean met his future wife, Deborah Bye, at a party in Manhattan. They began dating in October 1966 and married on June 3, 1967. The couple had three children: daughter, Alexandra, and twin sons, Tom and Reed. Debby Kean died on April 24, 2020, at the age of 76 after 53 years of marriage.


title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean resides in Bedminster, New Jersey. Kean's son, Tom, Jr., is a New Jersey State Senator and Minority Leader of the New Jersey Senate, representing New Jersey's 21st district. Kean Jr. was the Republican Senatorial nominee in the November 2006 general election, losing to Democrat Bob Menendez. The race was expected to be close, but Menendez won by a 9-point margin.


title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean is a weekly columnist for "The Star-Ledger", a Newark, New Jersey newspaper, where he and former New Jersey Governor Brendan Byrne (his immediate predecessor as New Jersey Governor) address issues of the day in a column titled "Kean-Byrne Dialogue". Although the two sometimes disagree (as Kean is a Republican, while Byrne is a Democrat), they occasionally see eye to eye on topics, and both men have expressed great mutual respect for each other. Kean is an advisor to, and has been inducted into, Alpha Phi Omega, a national service fraternity. Kean is a partner in Quad Partners, a private equity firm that invests in the education industry.


title: Thomas Kean

text: Kean University of New Jersey in Union Township, Union County, New Jersey is named after the Kean political dynasty. In 1958, the school, then named Newark State College, moved from Newark, New Jersey to the Kean family estate in Union Township. The university is located at the ancestral home of the Kean and William Livingston families at Liberty Hall (New Jersey), a National Historic Landmark on the Liberty Hall Campus of Kean University. In 1973, Newark State was renamed Kean College of New Jersey, in honor of the Kean family, and the school attained university status in 1997. The Keans maintain close ties with Liberty Hall and Kean University.


title: Gironde

text: Gironde ( , , ; , ) is the largest department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region of Southwestern France. Named after the Gironde estuary, a major waterway, its prefecture is Bordeaux. In 2019, it had a population of 1,623,749. The famous Bordeaux wine region is in Gironde. It has six arrondissements, making it one of the departments with the most arrondissements (Nord also has six, while Pas-de-Calais has the most of any department, with seven).


title: Gironde

text: Gironde is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from parts of the former provinces of Guyenne and Gascony.


title: Gironde

text: From 1793 to 1795, the department's name was changed to "Bec-d'Ambès" to avoid the association with the Girondist political party of the French Revolution.


title: Gironde

text: Gironde is part of the current region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and is surrounded by the departments of Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Dordogne and Charente-Maritime and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. With an area of 10,000 km, Gironde is the largest department in metropolitan France. If overseas departments are included, however, Gironde's land area is dwarfed by the 83,846 km of French Guiana.


title: Gironde

text: Gironde is well known for the Côte d'Argent beach which is Europe's longest, attracting many surfers to Lacanau each year. It is also the birthplace of Jacques-Yves Cousteau who studied the sea and all forms of life in water.


title: Gironde

text: The most populous commune is Bordeaux, the prefecture. As of 2019, there are 7 communes with more than 30,000 inhabitants:


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The fifth and final season of the American Fox science fiction television series "Fringe" premiered on September 28, 2012, and concluded on January 18, 2013. The series is produced by Bad Robot Productions in association with Warner Bros. Television. The show was officially renewed for a 13-episode fifth season on April 26, 2012. The fifth season was released on DVD and Blu-ray in region 1 on May 7, 2013.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: J. H. Wyman served as a sole showrunner during the last season, with four other writers: Alison Schapker, Graham Roland, David Fury and Kristin Cantrell. Lead actors Anna Torv, John Noble, Joshua Jackson, Jasika Nicole reprised their roles as Olivia Dunham, Walter Bishop, Peter Bishop, and Astrid Farnsworth, respectively. Previous series regulars Lance Reddick, Blair Brown and Seth Gabel returned as special guest stars.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: This season takes place in 2036, the Observer-ruled dystopian future previously seen in Season 4's "Letters of Transit". The opening sequence for the season retains the one featured in "Letters of Transit", with terms including community, freedom, joy, imagination, individuality and free will.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The ninth episode of the season, "Black Blotter", serves as a "19th episode", showing hallucinations from Walter's drug trip. The hunt for the tapes which contain the plan to defeat the Observers, serve as the way to contain one story into one episode, thus creating a procedural side of storytelling.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The fifth season was received positively by television critics, earning 78 out of 100 on the aggregate review website Metacritic, indicating a "generally favorable" critical reception. Reviewers praised the conclusion of the story, with most critics lauding the final scene. They said that the finale satisfied hardcore fans, created a great integration of elements from previous seasons and made a natural conclusion for the characters.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The fifth season takes place in 2036, 24 years after the conclusion of the fourth season; in 2012, with the information about Olivia's pregnancy. Numerous Observers from the 27th century, having made the Earth uninhabitable in their own time, traveled through time to take over the Earth from humanity, instituting a Purge to kill off a large fraction.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The remaining humans are tamed in an Orwellian manner by the Observers and their human Loyalist collaborating soldiers, though an underground resistance still eludes capture by the Observers. A common scene used through this season is one where Peter, Olivia, and their young daughter Etta are enjoying a picnic on the day of the Observers' arrival and conquering of the Earth in 2015; Etta goes missing in this scene during all the confusion and destruction.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Walter had been warned of this by September before the Observers' appearance and, with his help, devised a plan to defeat the Observers in the future, scattering key elements across various locations and leaving messages for the future on video tapes in his lab, which he then encased in amber to protect their discovery. September "partitioned" the plan in Walter's brain to make it impossible for anyone to retrieve without the use of a thought unifier, a piece of Observer technology.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Walter, Peter, Olivia, Astrid, and William Bell purposely ambered themselves soon afterward. They are recovered by Etta Bishop, revealed to be Peter and Olivia's adult child who had gone missing during the Observer invasion, and while a Fringe division member, also working with the underground along with Broyles.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Walter is soon captured by the lead Observer, Captain Windmark, who puts him under a vigorous memory scan that destroys Walter's memories of the plan, before he can be rescued. Despite this loss, the Fringe team consider clues left in the lab, and come across the tapes. They painstakingly recover each tape and follow its instructions, gathering the elements, including the (apparently) young Observer child first encountered in season 1 ("Inner Child"), later named Michael by his protectors. They find that an unseen man named Donald had helped to hide these elements with Walter.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Meanwhile, Olivia and Peter work with Etta and the underground to combat the Observers, but in one encounter, Windmark catches Etta and fatally wounds her; Etta counters by triggering an anti-matter device that wipes her and several other Observers and Loyalists out. Olivia is shocked for several days at the loss of her daughter, while Peter is enraged and, at one point, uses an Observer implant on himself in order to understand how the Observers work to enable him to get revenge on Windmark. This would have soon caused his brain to sacrifice areas dedicated to feelings and emotions in order to increase space for intellect and logic, which is what happened to the Observers originally - and would have been an irreversible process. Olivia finally manages to talk him out of it.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Michael proves difficult to communicate with, but after working with Nina Sharp at the cost of her life, they gain technology that can aid in communications. Michael reaches out to Walter, flooding his mind with memories, and revealing that the man Donald is really the Observer September. They are able to locate September, now more human due to his "biological reversion" by other Observers for aiding Fringe. September reveals the full extent of the plan: to use the parts to construct a time machine to send Michael forward in time to 2167 as to stop an experiment in human genetics that would lead to the creation of the Observers. September further reveals that Michael is his "son", grown in the future from his genetic material but had his maturation halted when it was discovered that his brain is different from other Observers' — capable of both superior intelligence and deep emotions. September helps Fringe to gather the remaining equipment, and reminding Walter that he will need to sacrifice himself for this plan.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: As Captain Windmark and the Observers close in, Michael allows himself to be captured and taken to the high-secure facility on Liberty Island; Olivia takes Cortexiphan to allow her to jump to the parallel universe, travel safely to the open Liberty Island there with the aid of her doppelganger Fauxlivia and her friend Lincoln Lee, and jump back in the same manner. Though Michael is recovered, September finds the core initiating reactor for the time machine is insufficient, and pleads with December to get a new one from the future. Though December does so, he is caught and killed by the Observers. Astrid has the idea of using the wormhole-based shipping lanes as their conduit to the future, and the plan is quickly altered for this. Peter learns of Walter's plan to sacrifice himself to take the child into the future, necessary to prevent a time paradox. September offers to take Michael instead, having come to appreciate his role as a father, but he is shot by a stray bullet as they set up the wormhole, while Olivia, enhanced by the Cortexiphan, uses the power to smash Windmark between two cars and kill him. Walter recognizes his fate, and after looking back to Peter and Olivia, takes Michael through.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Time flashes back to the 2015 picnic, and the invasion of the Observers never occurs. On returning home, Peter finds a letter from Walter, containing only a slip of paper with a drawn white tulip.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: In June 2012, it was announced that co-showrunner/executive producer Jeff Pinkner, who had been with the show since the second episode, would be departing. Pinkner's former co-showrunner, executive producer J. H. Wyman, serves as the sole showrunner during the final season. Series co-creators and former executive producers Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, who have been credited as consulting producers since they left the series in the middle of the first season, are now no longer credited. Also, director/executive producer Joe Chappelle departed the series. Wyman announced that season five only was employing four writers, himself, Alison Schapker, Graham Roland, and David Fury. Later that number was revised to five, with script coordinator Kristin Cantrell scripting installment nine, "Black Blotter".


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Before the start of the fifth season, J. H. Wyman stated that "another part of the challenge was to bring back things that you’ve forgotten about and maybe some things you haven’t forgotten about, recontextualize them and have the series make sense. That was really a very big part of what I was after, to make sure that [the viewers] would say, 'Oh, my gosh, I thought they forgot about that, but they didn’t.' There’s going to be a lot of that. There’s one, specifically, that’s going to be very impactful, I hope."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Anna Torv said that the opportunity to end the series properly is "a luxury that you don't always get. To be able to enjoy the last leg of what's turned into a marathon. Five years is a long time to spend with these characters. And we're making the most of it. The writers are excited to finish properly, without having to straddle the line of 'Could this be the end or not'?"


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: After "Fringe" was renewed for the fifth season, Jasika Nicole stated that she "was just really thankful we had four seasons. So when we found out that we did get a fifth season, it felt like it was such a gift to everybody who watched the show. This is what you get for being such genuine, sincere, consistent fans of this show. This is your payment. This is what you get for following us through different universes, different timelines, different characters, different timeslots. We were all over the place, and then I felt like the fifth season was a big thank-you to everybody who stuck with us for this long."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Joshua Jackson said that he was pleased with the way the story was concluded: "I feel like the entire fifth season has been the closing chapter of the "Fringe" story and that we were able to settle so much of the story along the way. With the finale, to put the finishing touches on Fringe and leave the characters in what feels like the right place, it all feels good right now. I think that Wyman wrote the perfect ending for Peter's story over all these years. His journey from prodigal son to dedicated father and husband is complete". John Noble stated that he "wasn't surprised by the general ending at all, actually. It seemed like there was only one way to end this story properly and beautifully."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Wyman admitted that "up until the very end, the very, very literal end, it didn't really come together until I think a week before I wrote it. I had a whole bunch of things and I'd change them. It's been a living breathing organism that's changed in so many ways."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Filming of the season commenced on July 18, 2012. On July 24, 2012, production was temporarily halted as John Noble sought treatment for a sleep disorder, Blair Brown recuperated from a minor illness, and Jasika Nicole recovered from a minor car accident. Production resumed on August 7, 2012.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Wyman said that the season's ninth episode acted as the season's episode 19, which is known for departing from the status quo. The two-hour series finale aired on January 18, 2013, which Wyman wrote and directed.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Prop master Rob Smith, who had worked on the series since the second season, worked on creating futuristic gadgets to help create the 2036 setting. He explained, "It’s not like we’re gonna get the iPhone version 25. Basically what [we saw] is that reality has changed, and we live in a computer-dominated society. It was an interesting extrapolation of what we did in the past." He added, "There [weren't] any real rules, we [tried] to make it look as believable as we could, but nobody really knows what it’s gonna be like. And furthermore, the reality that we’re depicting probably won’t be what it’s like in 25 years… I hope."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Seth Gabel, whose character, Lincoln Lee, had recurred in seasons two and three and then joined as a series regular in season four, does not return as a main cast member in season five, but he did reprise his role in the series finale. For the final season, Lance Reddick and Blair Brown are no longer credited among the main cast, and instead are credited under a "special appearance by" billing. Reddick and Brown each appeared in three episodes in the final season.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Major recurring characters in the fifth season include Michael Kopsa as Captain Windmark, the main antagonist of the season. Georgina Haig portrayed Henrietta "Etta" Bishop. She appeared in the first four episodes, and numerous times during the rest of the season in flashback or memories. Michael Cerveris reprised his role as a human version of September, Donald, in "Anomaly XB-6783746", "The Boy Must Live", "Liberty" and "An Enemy of Fate". Shaun Smith recurred as Anil, a member of Resistance.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Guest stars in the season include Eric Lange as Manfretti in the second episode, "In Absentia". Among the other guest actors were Paul McGillion as Edwin Massey ("The Recordist"), Zak Santiago as Cecil ("Through the Looking Glass and What Walter Found There"), Gabe Khouth as Dr. Darryl Hastings ("Five-Twenty-Ten" and "Anomaly XB-6783746"), Tom Butler as Richard, and James Kidnie as The Commander (last three episodes). Jenni Blong reprised her role as Dr. Carla Warren in "Black Blotter", after previously appearing in the second-season episode "Peter". Eugene Lipinski reprised his role as December the Observer in the final two episodes; he previously recurred in seasons two to four. Jill Scott played Simone, an intuitive and oracle-like woman, in "The Human Kind".


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 88% with an average score of 9 out of 10 based on 16 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Fringe" overcomes a compressed episode count and humbled production values to deliver a moving and rousing conclusion to its fans." Aggregate review site Metacritic gave the fifth season 78 out of 100 based on five critical reviews, indicating the "generally favorable" critical reception.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: After watching the "Transilience Thought Unifier Model-11", Matt Roush of "TV Guide" wrote that "this endgame for one of TV's most adventurous sci-fi fables is staged as a battle for mankind's survival against the invading Observers, who've poisoned the environment and eradicated hope: "Nothing grows from scorched earth," one Observer remarks. Fringe has always grounded its bold and entertaining imaginative storytelling in deep emotional realities, and this is especially true as time-tripping Peter (Joshua Jackson) and Olivia (Anna Torv) reunite with their now-grown daughter Etta (Georgina Haig), a resistance leader, while continuing to fret over Walter". Mike Hale of "The New York Times" also stated that "no matter how drastic the swings between seasons, an overall consistency has been maintained, helped by the tight focus on a relatively small number of relationships. Most important, it’s ("Fringe") continued to combine ambitious storytelling with pulpy, Saturday-matinee energy."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Chris Cabin of "Slant Magazine" criticized the final season saying that "as "Fringe"s ambitions have grown, the sense of real risk, danger, and punishment have diminished to close to nothing as the series nears what will likely be an inadequate conclusion". Writing for IGN, Ramsey Isler rated the fifth season with a score of 8 out of 10, stating that "Fringe"s final season was a hit with hardcore fans, and praising the great integration of elements from previous seasons and emotional moments that gave the characters even more depth.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: Ken Tucker of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the whole series a very positive review, saying that "in the end, "Fringe" — which concluded with a back-to-back, two-episode wallop on Friday night — fulfilled nearly every promise it made to its audience over the course of five seasons. It remained true to its core values: the primacy of family, the sacredness of trust, the joy of a good joke, the exhilaration of intellectual inquiry, and the jolting power of love", and concluded with a thought: "This is the legacy of "Fringe". (That, and a Gene forever preserved in amber.) Now it’s up to us to carry that into our futures, and to be on the look-out for whatever television (of any kind, in any genre) can pick up on "Fringe"‘s ever-reverberating vibe. Why? I quote Walter from the final hour and one last time: "Because it's cool."


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: "Fringe" remained in its Friday night slot during its fifth season. "Transilience Thought Unifier Model-11" aired in the United States on September 28, 2012. An estimated 3.2 million viewers watched the episode. It earned a ratings share of 1.1 among adults aged 18 to 49. The episode was up slightly from the previous season finale, but less than "Fringe"s fourth-season premiere rating of 1.5.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: "Fringe" reached its lowest ratings ever with the episode "The Boy Must Live" which first aired in the United States on January 11, 2013 on Fox to an estimated 2.44 million viewers, and earned a ratings share of 0.8 among adults aged 18 to 49.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: The two-part series finale, "Liberty" and "An Enemy of Fate" earned "Fringe" its highest rating of the season, with 3.2 million viewers and a 1.0 rating for adults 18-49.


title: Fringe (season 5)

text: "Fringe" received six nominations for the 39th Saturn Awards, including Best Network Television Series and nominations each for Anna Torv, Joshua Jackson and John Noble in the Best Actress, Actor and Supporting Actor categories respectively. Blair Brown and Lance Reddick have both been nominated for a Best Guest-Starring Role In a Series.


title: Deployment environment

text: In software deployment, an environment or tier is a computer system or set of systems in which a computer program or software component is deployed and executed. In simple cases, such as developing and immediately executing a program on the same machine, there may be a single environment, but in industrial use, the "development" environment (where changes are originally made) and "production" environment (what end users use) are separated, often with several stages in between. This structured release management process allows phased deployment (rollout), testing, and rollback in case of problems.


title: Deployment environment

text: Environments may vary significantly in size: the development environment is typically an individual developer's workstation, while the production environment may be a network of many geographically distributed machines in data centers, or virtual machines in cloud computing. Code, data, and configuration may be deployed in parallel, and need not connect to the corresponding tier—for example, pre-production code might connect to a production database.


title: Deployment environment

text: Deployment architectures vary significantly, but, broadly, the tiers are bookended by starting at "development" (DEV) and ending at "production" (PROD). A common 4-tier architecture is "development, testing, model, production" (DEV, TEST, MODL, PROD), with software being deployed to each in order. Other common environments include Quality Control (QC), for acceptance testing; sandbox or experimental (EXP), for experiments that are not intended to proceed to production; and Disaster Recovery, to provide an immediate fallback in case of problems with production. Another common architecture is development, testing, acceptance and production (DTAP).


title: Deployment environment

text: This language is particularly suited for server programs, where servers run in a remote data center; for code that runs on an end user's device, such as applications (apps) or clients, one can refer to the user environment (USER) or local environment (LOCAL) instead.


title: Deployment environment

text: Exact definitions and boundaries between environments vary – test may be considered part of dev, Acceptance may be considered part of test, part of stage, or be separate, etc. The main tiers are progressed through in order, with new releases being deployed ("rolled out" or "pushed") to each in turn. Experimental and recovery tiers, if present, are outside this flow – experimental releases are terminal, while recovery is typically an old or duplicate version of production, deployed after production. In case of problems, one can "roll back" to the old release, most simply by pushing the old release as if it were a new release. The last step, deploying to production ("pushing to prod") is the most sensitive, as any problems result in immediate user impact. For this reason this is often handled differently, at least being monitored more carefully, and in some cases having phased rollout or only requiring flipping a switch, allowing rapid rollback. It is best to avoid a name like Quality Assurance (QA); QA doesn’t mean software testing. Testing is important, but it is different from QA.


title: Deployment environment

text: Sometimes deployment is done outside of this regular process, primarily to provide urgent or relatively minor changes, without requiring a full release. This may consist of a single patch, a large service pack, or a small hotfix.


title: Deployment environment

text: Environments can be of very different sizes: development is typically an individual developer's workstation (though there may be thousands of developers), while production may be many geographically distributed machines; test and QC may be small or large, depending on the resources devoted to these, and staging can range from a single machine (similar to canary) to an exact duplicate of production.


title: Deployment environment

text: The development environment (dev) is the environment in which changes to software are developed, most simply an individual developer's workstation. This differs from the ultimate target environment in various ways – the target may not be a desktop computer (it may be a smartphone, embedded system, headless machine in a data center, etc.), and even if otherwise similar, the developer's environment will include development tools like a compiler, integrated development environment, different or additional versions of libraries and support software, etc., which are not present in a user's environment.


title: Deployment environment

text: In the context of revision control, particularly with multiple developers, finer distinctions are drawn: a developer has a "working copy" of source code on their machine, and changes are submitted to the repository, being committed either to the trunk or a branch, depending on development methodology. The environment on an individual workstation, in which changes are worked on and tried out, may be referred to as the "local environment" or a sandbox. Building the repository's copy of the source code in a clean environment is a separate step, part of integration (integrating disparate changes), and this environment may be called the "integration environment" or the "development environment"; in continuous integration this is done frequently, as often as for every revision. The source code level concept of "committing a change to the repository", followed by building the trunk or branch, corresponds to pushing to release from local (individual developer's environment) to integration (clean build); a bad release at this step means a change broke the build, and rolling back the release corresponds to either rolling back all changes from that point onward, or undoing just the breaking change, if possible.


title: Deployment environment

text: The purpose of the test environment is to allow human testers to exercise new and changed code via either automated checks or non-automated techniques. After the developer accepts the new code and configurations through unit testing in the development environment, the items are moved to one or more test environments. Upon test failure, the test environment can remove the faulty code from the test platforms, contact the responsible developer, and provide detailed test and result logs. If all tests pass, the test environment or a continuous integration framework controlling the tests can automatically promote the code to the next deployment environment.


title: Deployment environment

text: Different types of testing suggest different types of test environments, some or all of which may be virtualized to allow rapid, parallel testing to take place. For example, automated user interface tests may occur across several virtual operating systems and displays (real or virtual). Performance tests may require a normalized physical baseline hardware configuration, so that performance test results can be compared over time. Availability or durability testing may depend on failure simulators in virtual hardware and virtual networks.


title: Deployment environment

text: Tests may be serial (one after the other) or parallel (some or all at once) depending on the sophistication of the test environment. A significant goal for agile and other high-productivity software development practices is reducing the time from software design or specification to delivery in production. Highly automated and parallelized test environments are important contributors to rapid software development.


title: Deployment environment

text: A stage, staging or pre-production environment is an environment for testing that exactly resembles a production environment. It seeks to mirror an actual production environment as closely as possible and may connect to other production services and data, such as databases. For example, servers will be run on remote machines, rather than locally (as on a developer's workstation during dev, or on a single test machine during the test), which tests the effects of networking on the system.


title: Deployment environment

text: The primary use of a staging environment is to test all the installation/configuration/migration scripts and procedures before they're applied to a production environment. This ensures all major and minor upgrades to a production environment are completed reliably, without errors, and in a minimum of time.


title: Deployment environment

text: Another important use of staging is performance testing, particularly load testing, as this is often sensitive to the environment.


title: Deployment environment

text: Staging is also used by some organizations to preview new features to select customers or to validate integrations with live versions of external dependencies.


title: Deployment environment

text: The production environment is also known as "live", particularly for servers, as it is the environment that users directly interact with.


title: Deployment environment

text: Deploying to production is the most sensitive step; it may be done by deploying new code directly (overwriting old code, so only one copy is present at a time), or by deploying a configuration change. This can take various forms: deploying a parallel installation of a new version of code, and switching between them with a configuration change; deploying a new version of code with the old behavior and a feature flag, and switching to the new behavior with a configuration change that performs a flag flip; or by deploying separate servers (one running the old code, one the new) and redirecting traffic from old to new with a configuration change at the traffic routing level. These in turn may be done all at once or gradually, in phases.


title: Deployment environment

text: Deploying a new release generally requires a restart, unless hot swapping is possible, and thus requires either an interruption in service (usual for user software, where applications are restarted), or redundancy – either restarting instances slowly behind a load balancer, or starting up new servers ahead of time and then simply redirecting traffic to the new servers.


title: Deployment environment

text: When deploying a new release to production, rather than immediately deploying to all instances or users, it may be deployed to a single instance or fraction of users first, and then either deployed to all or gradually deployed in phases, in order to catch any last-minute problems. This is similar to staging, except actually done in production, and is referred to as a "canary release", by analogy with coal mining. This adds complexity due to multiple releases being run simultaneously, and is thus usually over quickly, to avoid compatibility problems.


title: Deployment environment

text: Development, Staging and Production are known and documented environment variables in ASP.NET Core. Depending on the defined variable, different code is executed and content rendered, and different security and debug settings are applied.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: Jesús Hector Gutiérrez Rebollo (19 April 1934 – 19 December 2013) was a Mexican military general who was sentenced to 40 years in prison on multiple charges, including involvement in organized crime in the late nineties.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: He was born in 1934 in Jonacatepec, Morelos. He was a career soldier who rose to the rank of Division General. He commanded the Fifth Military Region based in Jalisco, and worked for the office of the Attorney General where he was appointed the country's top-ranking drug interdiction officer in 1996 as head of the "Instituto Nacional para el Combate a las Drogas" (INCD).


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: Gutiérrez had access to local intelligence and to intelligence provided to Mexico by the United States, including anti-drug investigations, wiretaps, interdiction programs, operations and informant identities.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: The authorities began investigating Gutiérrez on February 6, 1997, after they received a tip that he had moved into an expensive apartment "whose rent could not be paid for with the wage received by a public servant." Mexican authorities also obtained a recording of Gutiérrez and drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes in which Gutiérrez allegedly discussed payments to be made to him in exchange for ignoring Carrillo Fuentes' illegal drug activities. Gutiérrez was taken into custody and charged with bribery, perverting the course of justice and facilitating the transportation of cocaine. Gutiérrez Rebollo later was convicted of aiding the drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: Early in 1997, he was fired from his post after an investigation showed that he had received bribes from the Juárez drug cartel. He was sentenced to 31 years 10 months 15 days imprisonment for misuse of weapons restricted to the Army. In 2007 he was sentenced by a federal court to a further forty years imprisonment and a fine of 24,716,829 pesos.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: Gutiérrez died of brain cancer at the Central Military Hospital in Mexico City on 19 December 2013, while he was serving his 40-year sentence. He was 79.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: "Traffic" is a 2000 American crime drama film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Stephen Gaghan. It explores the intricacies of the illegal drug trade from a number of perspectives: a user, an enforcer, a politician and a trafficker, whose lives affect each other although they do not meet. The character General Arturo Salazar is closely modeled after General Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo.


title: Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo

text: The telenovela "El Señor de los Cielos" is loosely based on the life of Amado Carrillo Fuentes and how he was helped by General Jesús Gutiérrez Rebollo.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno is a runtime for JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly that is based on the V8 JavaScript engine and the Rust programming language. Deno was co-created by Ryan Dahl, who also created Node.js.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno explicitly takes on the role of both runtime and package manager within a single executable, rather than requiring a separate package-management program.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno was announced on JSConf EU 2018 by Ryan Dahl in his talk "10 Things I Regret About Node.js". In his talk, Dahl mentioned his regrets about the initial design decisions with Node.js, focusing on his choices of not using promises in API design, usage of the legacy build system GYP, node_modules and package.json, leaving out file extensions, magical module resolution with index.js and breaking the sandboxed environment of V8. He eventually presented the prototype of Deno, aiming to achieve system call bindings through message passing with serialization tools such as Protocol Buffers, and to provide command line flags for access control.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno was initially written in Go and used Protocol Buffers for serialization between privileged (Go, with system call access) and unprivileged (V8) sides. However, Go was soon replaced with Rust due to concerns of double runtime and garbage collection pressure. Tokio was introduced in place of libuv as the asynchronous event-driven platform, and FlatBuffers was adopted for faster, "zero-copy" serialization and deserialization but later in August 2019, FlatBuffers was removed after publishing benchmarks that measured a significant overhead of serialization in April 2019.


title: Deno (software)

text: A standard library, modeled after Go's standard library, was created in November 2018 to provide extensive tools and utilities, partially solving Node.js' dependency tree explosion problem.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno Deploy, inspired by Cloudflare Workers, was released on June 23, 2021. Announced May 4, 2022 Beta 4 improves the dashboard and adds billing functionality. General availability of Deno Deploy is eyed for the third quarter of 2022.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno Fresh 1.0 was announced June 28, 2022. It features a new full stack web framework for Deno that sends zero JavaScript to the client. The framework has no build step which allows for an order of magnitude improvements in deployments times. Version 1.1 was released September 8, 2022.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno aims to be a productive and secure scripting environment for the modern programmer. Similar to Node.js, Deno emphasizes event-driven architecture, providing a set of non-blocking core I/O utilities, along with their blocking versions. Deno could be used to create web servers, perform scientific computations, etc. Deno is open source software under the MIT License.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno and Node.js are both runtimes built on Google's V8 JavaScript engine, the same engine used in Google Chrome. They both have internal event loops and provide command-line interfaces for running scripts and a wide range of system utilities.


title: Deno (software)

text: On March 29, 2021, Deno Land Inc was announced, with backing in millions of dollars from Shasta Ventures, Mozilla Corporation and a few others. It was established to further the development of Deno and provide a commercial offering to users.


title: Deno (software)

text: Global codice_2 namespaces expose APIs that are not available in the browser. Unix cat program could be implemented as follows:


title: Deno (software)

text: Note:codice_3 function used above is similar to Go's codice_4, where codice_5 (standard output) is the destination codice_6, and codice_7 is the source codice_8.


title: Deno (software)

text: Deno automatically downloads and caches the remote standard library files when the script is run, and then compile the code.


title: Deno (software)

text: Similarly, we can run a standard library script (such as a file server) directly without explicitly downloading, by providing the URL as the input filename (codice_9 turns on all permissions):


title: Separatory funnel

text: A separatory funnel, also known as a separation funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used in liquid-liquid extractions to separate ("partition") the components of a mixture into two immiscible solvent phases of different densities. Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous, and the other a lipophilic organic solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane, chloroform, or ethyl acetate. All of these solvents form a clear delineation between the two liquids. The more dense liquid, typically the aqueous phase unless the organic phase is halogenated, sinks to the bottom of the funnel and can be drained out through a valve away from the less dense liquid, which remains in the separatory funnel.


title: Separatory funnel

text: A separating funnel takes the shape of a cone with a hemispherical end. It has a stopper at the top and stopcock (tap), at the bottom. Separating funnels used in laboratories are typically made from borosilicate glass and their stopcocks are made from glass or PTFE. Typical sizes are between 30 mL and 3 L. In industrial chemistry they can be much larger and for much larger volumes centrifuges are used. The sloping sides are designed to facilitate the identification of the layers. The stopcock-controlled outlet is designed to drain the liquid out of the funnel. On top of the funnel there is a standard taper joint which fits with a ground glass or Teflon stopper.


title: Separatory funnel

text: To use a separating funnel, the two phases and the mixture to be separated in solution are added through the top with the stopcock at the bottom closed. The funnel is then closed and shaken gently by inverting the funnel multiple times; if the two solutions are mixed together too vigorously emulsions will form. The funnel is then inverted and the stopcock carefully opened to release excess vapor pressure. The separating funnel is set aside to allow for the complete separation of the phases. The top and the bottom stopcock are then opened and the lower phase is released by gravitation. The top must be opened while releasing the lower phase to allow pressure equalization between the inside of the funnel and the atmosphere. When the bottom layer has been removed, the stopcock is closed and the upper layer is poured out through the top into another container.


title: Separatory funnel

text: The separating funnel relies on the concept of "like dissolves like", which describes the ability of polar solvents to dissolve polar solutes and non-polar solvents to dissolve non-polar solutes. When the separating funnel is agitated, each solute migrates to the solvent (also referred to as "phase") in which it is more soluble.


title: Separatory funnel

text: The solvents normally do not form a unified solution together because they are immiscible. When the funnel is kept stationary after agitation, the liquids form distinct physical layers - lower density liquids will stay above higher density liquids. A mixture of solutes is thus separated into two physically separate solutions, each enriched in different solutes.


title: Separatory funnel

text: The stopcock may be opened after the two phases separate to allow the bottom layer to escape the separator funnel. The top layer may be retained in the separating funnel for further extractions with additional batches of solvent or drained out into a separate vessel for other uses. If it is desired to retain the bottom layer in the separating funnel for further extractions, both layers are taken out separately, and then the former bottom layer is returned to the separating funnel.


title: Separatory funnel

text: Each independent solution can then be extracted again with additional batches of solvent, used for other physical or chemical processes. If the goal was to separate a soluble material from mixture, the solution containing that desired product can sometimes simply be evaporated to leave behind the purified solute. For this reason, it is a practical benefit to use volatile solvents for extracting the desired material from the mixture.


title: Separatory funnel

text: One of the drawbacks of using a separating funnel is emulsions can form easily, and can take a long time to separate once formed. They are often formed while liquids are being mixed in the separating funnel. This can occur when small droplets are suspended in an aqueous solution. If an emulsion is formed, one technique used to separate the liquids is to slowly swirl the solution in the separating funnel. If the emulsion is not separated by this process, a small amount of saturated saline solution is added ("salting out").


title: Separatory funnel

text: Research is being done on alternative, more efficient techniques, mostly utilizing stir bars (stirrer bars) to decrease or even eliminate the chance of emulsification, thus decreasing the amount of waiting time.


title: Separatory funnel

text: The largest risk when using a separating funnel is that of pressure build-up. Pressure accumulates during mixing if a gas evolving reaction or physical change occurs. This problem can be easily handled by simply opening the stopper at the top of the funnel routinely while mixing. More standard procedure is to invert the separating funnel upside down, and open the stopcock to release the pressure, a step done repeatedly known as 'venting'. This should be done with the tip of the funnel pointed away from the body.


title: Helloween discography

text: The following is a discography of Helloween, an influential German heavy metal band, credited as the "fathers" of the power metal subgenre.


title: M Huncho

text: M Huncho is a British rapper and singer from London. He performed a Mad About Bars online freestyle session in 2017, and releasing his first EP "Get Out" that October, with the single "Mediocre" and another EP, "48 Hours", following in 2018. 2019 debut studio mixtape 'Utopia' has been streamed over 77 million times globally, and reached number 13 in the UK Albums Chart. His second mixtape, "Huncholini the 1st", was released in January 2020 and peaked at number 5 in the UK. M Huncho has also worked with Nafe Smallz, Yxng Bane, Headie One, Yung Bleu, Dutchavelli and Unknown T.


title: Loose coupling

text: Components in a loosely coupled system can be replaced with alternative implementations that provide the same services. Components in a loosely coupled system are less constrained to the same platform, language, operating system, or build environment.


title: Loose coupling

text: If systems are decoupled in time, it is difficult to also provide transactional integrity; additional coordination protocols are required. Data replication across different systems provides loose coupling (in availability), but creates issues in maintaining consistency (data synchronization).


title: Loose coupling

text: Loose coupling in broader distributed system design is achieved by the use of transactions, queues provided by message-oriented middleware, and interoperability standards.


title: Loose coupling

text: Four types of autonomy, which promote loose coupling, are: "reference autonomy", "time autonomy", "format autonomy", and "platform autonomy".


title: Loose coupling

text: Loose coupling is an architectural principle and design goal in service-oriented architectures; eleven forms of loose coupling and their tight coupling counterparts are listed in:


title: Loose coupling

text: Enterprise Service Bus (ESB) middleware was invented to achieve loose coupling in multiple dimensions; however, overengineered and mispositioned ESBs can also have the contrary effect and create undesired tight coupling and a central architectural hotspot.


title: Loose coupling

text: Loose coupling of interfaces can be enhanced by publishing data in a standard format (such as XML or JSON).


title: Loose coupling

text: Loose coupling between program components can be enhanced by using standard data types in parameters. Passing customized data types or objects requires both components to have knowledge of the custom data definition.


title: Loose coupling

text: Loose coupling of services can be enhanced by reducing the information passed into a service to the key data. For example, a service that sends a letter is most reusable when just the customer identifier is passed and the customer address is obtained within the service. This decouples services because services do not need to be called in a specific order (e.g. GetCustomerAddress, SendLetter).


title: Loose coupling

text: Coupling refers to the degree of direct knowledge that one component has of another. Loose coupling in computing is interpreted as encapsulation vs. non-encapsulation.


title: Loose coupling

text: An example of tight coupling occurs when a dependent class contains a pointer directly to a concrete class which provides the required behavior. The dependency cannot be substituted, or its "signature" changed, without requiring a change to the dependent class. Loose coupling occurs when the dependent class contains a pointer only to an interface, which can then be implemented by one or many concrete classes. The dependent class's dependency is to a "contract" specified by the interface; a defined list of methods and/or properties that implementing classes must provide. Any class that implements the interface can thus satisfy the dependency of a dependent class without having to change the class. This allows for extensibility in software design; a new class implementing an interface can be written to replace a current dependency in some or all situations, without requiring a change to the dependent class; the new and old classes can be interchanged freely. Strong coupling does not allow this.


title: Loose coupling

text: This is a UML diagram illustrating an example of "loose" coupling between a dependent class and a set of concrete classes, which provide the required behavior:


title: Loose coupling

text: For comparison, this diagram illustrates the alternative design with "strong" coupling between the dependent class and a provider:


title: Loose coupling

text: Computer programming languages having notions of either functions as the core module (see Functional programming) or functions as objects provide excellent examples of loosely coupled programming. Functional languages have patterns of Continuations, Closure, or generators. See Clojure and Lisp as examples of function programming languages. Object-oriented languages like Smalltalk and Ruby have code blocks, whereas Eiffel has agents. The basic idea is to objectify (encapsulate as an object) a function independent of any other enclosing concept (e.g. decoupling an object function from any direct knowledge of the enclosing object). See First-class function for further insight into functions as objects, which qualifies as one form of first-class function.


title: Loose coupling

text: So, for example, in an object-oriented language, when a function of an object is referenced as an object (freeing it from having any knowledge of its enclosing host object) the new function object can be passed, stored, and called at a later time. Recipient objects (to whom these functional objects are given) can safely execute (call) the contained function at their own convenience without any direct knowledge of the enclosing host object. In this way, a program can execute chains or groups of functional objects, while safely decoupled from having any direct reference to the enclosing host object.


title: Loose coupling

text: For example: Some entity provides another with a phone number to call to get a particular job done. When the number is called, the calling entity is effectively saying, "Please do this job for me." The decoupling or loose coupling is immediately apparent. The entity receiving the number to call may have no knowledge of where the number came from (e.g. a reference to the supplier of the number). On the other side, the caller is decoupled from specific knowledge of who they are calling, where they are, and knowing how the receiver of the call operates internally.


title: Loose coupling

text: Carrying the example a step further, the caller might say to the receiver of the call, "Please do this job for me. Call me back at this number when you are finished." The 'number' being offered to the receiver is referred to as a "Call-back". Again, the loose coupling or decoupled nature of this functional object is apparent. The receiver of the call-back is unaware of what or who is being called. It only knows that it can make the call and decides for itself when to call. In reality, the call-back may not even be to the one who provided the call-back in the first place. This level of indirection is what makes function objects an excellent technology for achieving loosely coupled programs.


title: Loose coupling

text: Communication between loosely coupled components may be based on a flora of mechanisms, like the mentioned asynchronous communication style or the synchronous message passing style


title: Loose coupling

text: The degree of the loose coupling can be measured by noting the number of changes in data elements that could occur in the sending or receiving systems and determining if the computers would still continue communicating correctly. These changes include items such as:


title: Friendship paradox

text: The friendship paradox is the phenomenon first observed by the sociologist Scott L. Feld in 1991 that most people have fewer friends than their friends have, on average. It can be explained as a form of sampling bias in which people with more friends are more likely to be in one's own friend group. In other words, one is less likely to be friends with someone who has very few friends. In contradiction to this, most people believe that they have more friends than their friends have.


title: Friendship paradox

text: The same observation can be applied more generally to social networks defined by other relations than friendship: for instance, most people's sexual partners have had (on the average) a greater number of sexual partners than they have.


title: Friendship paradox

text: The friendship paradox is an example of how network structure can significantly distort an individual's local observations.


title: Friendship paradox

text: In spite of its apparently paradoxical nature, the phenomenon is real, and can be explained as a consequence of the general mathematical properties of social networks. The mathematics behind this are directly related to the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality and the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.


title: Friendship paradox

text: Formally, Feld assumes that a social network is represented by an undirected graph , where the set of vertices corresponds to the people in the social network, and the set of edges corresponds to the friendship relation between pairs of people. That is, he assumes that friendship is a symmetric relation: if is a friend of , then is a friend of . The friendship between and is therefore modeled by the edge and the number of friends an individual has corresponds to a vertex's degree. The average number of friends of a person in the social network is therefore given by the average of the degrees of the vertices in the graph. That is, if vertex has edges touching it (representing a person who has friends), then the average number of friends of a random person in the graph is


title: Friendship paradox

text: The average number of friends that a typical friend has can be modeled by choosing a random person (who has at least one friend), and then calculating how many friends their friends have on average. This amounts to choosing, uniformly at random, an edge of the graph (representing a pair of friends) and an endpoint of that edge (one of the friends), and again calculating the degree of the selected endpoint. The probability of a certain vertex formula_2 to be chosen is


title: Friendship paradox

text: The first factor corresponds to how likely it is that the chosen edge contains the vertex, which increases when the vertex has more friends. The halving factor simply comes from the fact that each edge has two vertices. So the expected value of the number of friends of a (randomly chosen) friend is


title: Friendship paradox

text: where formula_6 is the variance of the degrees in the graph. This allows us to compute the desired expected value as


title: Friendship paradox

text: For a graph that has vertices of varying degrees (as is typical for social networks), formula_8 is strictly positive, which implies that the average degree of a friend is strictly greater than the average degree of a random node.


title: Friendship paradox

text: Another way of understanding how the first term came is as follows. For each friendship , a node mentions that is a friend and has friends. There are such friends who mention this. Hence the square of term. We add this for all such friendships in the network from both the 's and 's perspective, which gives the numerator. The denominator is the number of total such friendships, which is twice the total edges in the network (one from the 's perspective and the other from the 's).


title: Friendship paradox

text: After this analysis, Feld goes on to make some more qualitative assumptions about the statistical correlation between the number of friends that two friends have, based on theories of social networks such as assortative mixing, and he analyzes what these assumptions imply about the number of people whose friends have more friends than they do. Based on this analysis, he concludes that in real social networks, most people are likely to have fewer friends than the average of their friends' numbers of friends. However, this conclusion is not a mathematical certainty; there exist undirected graphs (such as the graph formed by removing a single edge from a large complete graph) that are unlikely to arise as social networks but in which most vertices have higher degree than the average of their neighbors' degrees.


title: Friendship paradox

text: The Friendship Paradox may be restated in graph theory terms as “the average degree of a randomly selected node in a network is less than the average degree of neighbors of a randomly selected node”, but this leaves unspecified the exact mechanism of averaging (i.e., macro vs micro averaging). Let formula_9 be an undirected graph with formula_10 and formula_11, having no isolated nodes. Let the set of neighbors of node formula_12 be denoted formula_13. The average degree is then formula_14. Let the number of "friends of friends" of node formula_12 be denoted formula_16. Note that this can count 2-hop neighbors multiple times, but so does Feld's analysis. We have formula_17. Feld considered the following "micro average" quantity.


title: Friendship paradox

text: Each edge formula_26 contributes to MacroAvg the quantity formula_27, because formula_28. We thus get


title: Friendship paradox

text: The analysis of the friendship paradox implies that the friends of randomly selected individuals are likely to have higher than average centrality. This observation has been used as a way to forecast and slow the course of epidemics, by using this random selection process to choose individuals to immunize or monitor for infection while avoiding the need for a complex computation of the centrality of all nodes in the network. In a similar manner, in polling and election forecasting, friendship paradox has been exploited in order to reach and query well-connected individuals who may have knowledge about how a lot of the others are going to vote.


title: Friendship paradox

text: A study in 2010 by Christakis and Fowler showed that flu outbreaks can be detected almost two weeks before traditional surveillance measures would do so by using the friendship paradox in monitoring the infection in a social network. They found that using the friendship paradox to analyze the health of central friends is "an ideal way to predict outbreaks, but detailed information doesn't exist for most groups, and to produce it would be time-consuming and costly."


title: Friendship paradox

text: Friendship paradox based sampling (i.e., sampling random friends) has been theoretically and empirically shown to outperform classical uniform sampling for the purpose of estimating the power-law degree distributions of scale-free networks. This is because sampling the network uniformly will not collect enough samples from the characteristic heavy tail part of the power-law degree distribution to properly estimate it. However, sampling random friends incorporates more nodes from the tail of the degree distribution (i.e., more high degree nodes) into the sample. Hence, friendship paradox based sampling captures the characteristic heavy tail of a power-law degree distribution more accurately and reduces the bias and variance of the estimation.


title: Friendship paradox

text: The "generalized friendship paradox" states that the friendship paradox applies to other characteristics as well. For example, one's co-authors are on average likely to be more prominent, with more publications, more citations and more collaborators, or one's followers on Twitter have more followers. The same effect has also been demonstrated for Subjective Well-Being by Bollen et al (2017), who used a large-scale Twitter network and longitudinal data on subjective well-being for each individual in the network to demonstrate that both a Friendship and a "happiness" paradox can occur in online social networks.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4)

text: The fourth season of the television sitcom "Brooklyn Nine-Nine" premiered September 20, 2016 on Fox and ended May 23, 2017 with 22 episodes.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4)

text: Jake and Holt are placed in Florida as part of the witness protection program until the Nine-Nine helps them take down Figgis. The squad is subsequently punished by being placed on the night shift, but are put back on the day shift when Captain Jason "C.J." Stentley is transferred from active duty for his incompetence. Charles and Genevieve adopt a son, Nikolaj. Adrian returns and resumes his romance with Rosa, but they call off their wedding and decide to take their time getting to know each other. Jake and Amy move in together after having a bet to see which of them can keep their apartment for catching the most escaped criminals. Gina gets hit by a bus and becomes pregnant with the child of a Boyle cousin, Milton. She also saves the precinct from getting shut down. Terry becomes a victim of racial profiling. Jake and Rosa compete for a spot on their idol Lt. Hawkins' task force, but Hawkins turns out to be a dirty cop and she frames them for bank robbery. They are found guilty and are each sentenced to 15 years in jail.


title: Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 4)

text: The fourth season received critical acclaim, with many lauding the Florida story arc and the tactful treatment of systematic racism. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating, with an average score of 8.09/10, based on 13 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "Riotous shenanigans still reign supreme, but "Brooklyn Nine-Nine"s fourth season also broaches controversial issues with its trademark compassion and eloquent humor."


title: Hochtief

text: Hochtief AG is a German construction company based in Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Hochtief is Germany's largest construction company and operates globally, ranking as one of the largest general construction companies in the United States through its Turner subsidiary, and in Australia through a 90% shareholding in CIMIC Group. In 2010 it employed more than 70,000 employees across five corporate divisions. One of these, Hochtief Concessions, is a major airport operator. The others are involved with construction project planning, finance, construction and operation. Work done in 2010 was €23.23 billion, with more than 80% coming from operations outside Germany.


title: Hochtief

text: The company's history dates back to 1874 and includes engineering feats such as the transplantation of the Abu Simbel rock temples in Egypt (saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam), and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport and Germany's first nuclear power plant. It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement, particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery and the reconstruction of the Kandinsky-Klee house in Dessau; both World Heritage Sites. During World War II it deployed forced labor on construction projects. It built the Führerbunker in Berlin, the scene of Adolf Hitler's suicide, as well as Hitler's home in Berghof and the Wolfsschanze headquarters. More recent constructions have included Bosphorus Bridge (Turkey), King Abdulaziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia), and the Messeturm and Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt.


title: Hochtief

text: In late 2010, Spanish construction company ACS Group, which already owned a 30 percent stake of Hochtief, launched a bid that would allow ACS to acquire an additional 20 percent stake of Hochtief. The bid was approved by the German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin) on 29 November 2010. ACS increased its stake in Hochtief to 50.16 percent in June 2011, effectively taking over control of Hochtief.


title: Hochtief

text: The company was probably founded in 1874 (its first mention in the local address book) as "Gebrüder Helfmann, Bauunternehmer" by the Kelsterbach-born brothers Philipp and Balthasar Helfmann, a lumber merchant and mechanic respectively, in Bornheim near Frankfurt am Main. While Balthasar focused on the completion of construction contracts, Philipp developed the financing side of the business. Their first major contract was for the University of Giessen in 1878. By the 1880s the company had begun to produce its own construction materials but was still only a regional player. Shortly after the death of Balthasar, Philipp converted the company into a joint stock corporation, "Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten" ("Construction and Civil Engineering Corporation", though literally the "Corporation for High - "Hoch" and Deep - "Tief" Construction - "Bauten"). A major development was the contract for the spa project in Bad Orb in 1899, with the corporation not simply erecting buildings but also to provide infrastructure like roads and gardens, to arrange the finances for the project, and to maintain some responsibilities for operating the project after its construction. Also in 1899, another turnkey project, a new grain silo in Genoa, Italy, was both the firm's first international venture and its first project using reinforced concrete. Philipp Helfmann died in the same year, with his son-in-law, Hans Weidmann, taking over as Chief Executive.


title: Hochtief

text: The firm grew rapidly, but was not comparable with the major German construction concerns of the era. In 1921 it attracted investment from the industrialist Hugo Stinnes (described by "Time" as the "New Emperor of Germany" for his wealth and influence) and in 1922 the firm moved its base to Essen as part of its integration into the Stinnes group. Stinnes planned to use Hochtief for all his construction projects, while the Hochtief saw an opportunity to profit from the Treaty of Versailles, organising the delivery of construction materials to France as part of German reparations for World War I. Fate intervened as Stinnes died in 1924 and within a year his industrial empire collapsed, while the French occupation of the Ruhr destroyed the chance to profit from the reparations contract that had been made with the French industrialist Guy Louis Jean de Lubersac. With the help of several banks, the company (now known as "Hochtief Aktiengesellschaft für Hoch- und Tiefbauten vorm. Gebrüder Helfmann") avoided insolvency. In the aftermath of the Stinnes collapse, the major utility RWE and electrical equipment producer AEG became major share-holders in Hochtief, and Hans Weidmann stepped down in 1927.


title: Hochtief

text: A series of major construction projects ensued, including the Echelsbach Bridge (then Germany's largest single span reinforced concrete bridge), the Schluchsee dam and work at the Zollverein colliery. The Zollverein architects Fritz Schupp and Martin Kremmer seem to be influenced by the Bauhaus, one of the reasons the complex became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The iconic Shaft 12 at the colliery was named after Albert Vögler, CEO of the Vereinigte Stahlwerke AG, which was owner of the colliery since 1926. There was also canal work: the Moselle Canal in France and the Albert Canal in Belgium.


title: Hochtief

text: Under the Third Reich, Jewish members of the Supervisory Board were expelled under the Nuremberg Laws in 1935. The CEO, Eugen Vögler, did not join the Nazi party until 1937, however, he did offer his services to the Nazis as leader of the "Construction Industry Business Group" and took a position in the Hitler Youth. The construction business flourished under the Four year plan, with its vast public works programme, including the Autobahn network, and the industrial build-up in preparation for war, for example the construction of a new truck factory for Opel in Brandenberg. Hochtief also worked on a new centre for Nazi rallies in Nuremberg. In 1936 it moved its Essen headquarters from the Pferdemarkt to its current location in Rellinghauser Straße. As war became imminent, the company began work on the Westwall defensive network. During World War II, it later worked on the Atlantic Wall defences, and a range of infrastructure projects across German-dominated Europe. Hochtief also constructed buildings for Hitler himself, notably his Bavarian Alpine retreat, the Berghof, his Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg, and the Führerbunker in Berlin, where Hitler ultimately committed suicide.


title: Hochtief

text: After 1939 the firm began to use forced labour extensively on its projects, as did many other German industrial concerns at the time. Hochtief's slave workers suffered from malnutrition, beating and constant abuse. The consortium-led nature of construction projects obscures the firm's exact involvement, as does the destruction of many records.


title: Hochtief

text: During the closing stages of the war, most of the company's branch offices were destroyed, and employees in the East fled the Soviet advance. The head office in Essen suffered a direct hit from a bomb in March 1945, and regional offices and construction centres in Danzig, Halle, Katowice, Königsberg, Kraków, Leipzig and Magdeburg were lost as the territory they were in was allotted to Poland or the Soviet Zone of occupation. As Eugen Vögler was on the run from the new authorities, he was replaced as CEO by Artur Konrad.


title: Hochtief

text: During the initial post-war period, a shortage of machinery, tools, and materials, as well as a dearth of new orders, hampered operations. Some salvage work occurred, as well as rubble-clearance and basic repairs. One of the first, rare, major contracts was for a university hospital in Bonn, 1946–49. The introduction of the German mark in 1948 and the beginning of the Wirtschaftswunder brought more new work.


title: Hochtief

text: Josef Müller took over as CEO in 1950. A decision was taken to undertake more international projects, following a period of essentially domestic work after World War II. This included a series of power infrastructure works in Turkey and bridge and smelting works construction in Egypt during the early 1950s. Many projects from this period were undertaken outside of the First World, often funded from development aid budgets.


title: Hochtief

text: A high-profile success for the company came in the 1960s, again in Egypt. The rising waters of the River Nile (a result of the construction of the Aswan High Dam) threatened the ancient Abu Simbel temples complex. The entire site was dismantled and reassembled 200 m further from the river, and 65 m higher, at a cost of around US$36 million.


title: Hochtief

text: The focus of the company began to switch away from purely construction and towards more turnkey work and service provision, for example the 1961-3 Hilton Hotel, Athens, project. Most work was domestic, driven by Germany's strong economic growth, with a particular strength in power plant construction. This included the construction of the Federal Republic of Germany's first nuclear power plant, Kahl Nuclear Power Plant, near Dettingen am Main. The construction contract had been awarded by AEG, which had been commissioned by the utility company RWE to build the plant. The plant began to feed its electricity to the grid in June 1961. By contrast, the first East German nuclear plant, at Rheinsberg, was connected to the grid in 1966.


title: Hochtief

text: There was also considerable transport infrastructure activity, including on the Hernandarias Subfluvial Tunnel, Argentina in the 1960s and the New Elbe Tunnel in Hamburg in the 1970s


title: Hochtief

text: By the mid-1970s, foreign work (such as the Bosporus Bridge in Turkey, completed 1974) was accelerating while domestic orders were receding, according to the company's annual report of 1975. By 1980, foreign work accounted for more than 50% of Hochtief's business. A major factor was the contract for King Abdulaziz International Airport (completed 1981), the largest airport in Saudi Arabia, and the most valuable contract Hochtief had ever been involved with. The architecture of the airport is highly rated aesthetically, and it has several unusual features, including Terminal Three, used only during the Hajj, reserved for pilgrims travelling to Mecca. It has a tent-shaped fibreglass roof, contains a mosque, can accommodate 80,000 travellers at once, and is believed to be the largest terminal in the world.


title: Hochtief

text: The 1980s were a difficult time financially, with less foreign work coming through; though they headed the consortium that built the Mosul Dam in Iraq from 1981 to 1984. There was domestic growth, highlighted by the architecturally radical Messe Torhaus in Frankfurt, completed in 1984. It was later involved in the construction of the Messeturm in the same city; once completed in 1991 it was Europe's tallest building. In the mid-1990s, Hochtief was involved in yet another major skyscraper development in Frankfurt, the Commerzbank Tower, which overtook the Messeturm to become Europe's tallest building, losing the record to Triumph-Palace in Moscow in 2003.


title: Hochtief

text: The 1990s brought an opportunity to expand operations in the airport management sector, as many countries privatised their airports. When Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport needed upgrading in the early 1990s, LOT Polish Airlines was unable to afford the cost, so a complex financing arrangement was established whereby a bank would pay Hochtief two-thirds of the costs to upgrade the airport, while the airline assigned to the bank the revenues from aircraft using Polish airspace for a period. The company began to take responsibility for more operational aspects of projects, including service provision, financing, facility management and software development, following a concept of being a "system leader", as set out by CEO Hans-Peter Keitel. These tasks were felt to be higher up the value chain, and would help the firm shake off the slowdown that had followed the initial boom of German reunification. These concepts were notably put into action during the construction of the new Athens International Airport in the late 1990s.


title: Hochtief

text: In 1999, Hochtief made big inroads into the United States market through its merger with Turner Corporation, while in 2000 it celebrated its 125th anniversary. A part of those celebrations was the DM 1 million donation to the restoration of the Kandinsky-Klee House in Dessau, a project for which it was the general contractor. The house had been used by the Bauhaus movement as an example of a "Meisterhaus", but Nazi persecution of the Bauhaus, and subsequent neglect, had left significant damage. The house was re-opened on 4 February 2000, after a two-year restoration programme. It forms part of the UNESCO Bauhaus World Heritage Site.


title: Hochtief

text: In May 2013, Hochtief sold its airports division to Canada's Public Sector Pension Investment Board for 1.1 billion euros.


title: Hochtief

text: Hochtief is an Aktiengesellschaft, roughly equivalent to a public limited company in the United Kingdom. Its shares are traded on all the German stock exchanges, including the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and Börse München, using the Xetra system. Hochtief is a component of the MDAX share index. The major shareholders are ACS Group with 61%, and Qatar Investment Authority, with more than 10%.


title: Hochtief

text: As of January 2011, Hochtief has streamlined its corporate operations. The group is now divided into four divisions:


title: Hochtief

text: The European division plans, develops, implements, operates and manages real estate and infrastructure facilities in Europe and in selected regions worldwide.


title: Hochtief

text: The Asia-Pacific division includes the activities of CIMIC Group (formerly known as Leighton Holdings prior to April 2015) in Australia and Asia. CIMIC does not only provide construction and construction services but is also the world's largest contract miner. The Americas division co-ordinates the United States subsidiaries Turner Construction (acquired in 1999), Flatiron Construction (acquired in 2007) and E.E. Cruz (acquired in 2010).


title: Hochtief

text: Hochtief Concessions develops and implements concession projects. Its business areas include airports, roads, social infrastructure and further public-private partnership projects. One of its subsidiaries, Hochtief Airports, holds stakes in Athens International Airport, Düsseldorf Airport, Hamburg Airport, Sydney Airport, Budapest Airport and Rinas Mother Teresa Airport (Tirana).


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe (; Norman: "Dgieppe") is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region of northern France.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.


title: Dieppe

text: Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.


title: Dieppe

text: First recorded as a small fishing settlement in 1030, Dieppe was an important prize fought over during the Hundred Years' War.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe housed the most advanced French school of cartography in the 16th century. Two of France's best navigators, Michel le Vasseur and his brother Thomas le Vasseur, lived in Dieppe when they were recruited to join the expedition of René Goulaine de Laudonnière which departed Le Havre for Florida on April 20, 1564. The expedition resulted in the construction of Fort Caroline, the first French colony in the New World. Another expedition two years before where Goulaine de Laudonnière was under command of Jean Ribault, a local Huguenot captain, had resulted in the foundation of Charlesfort, now in South Carolina. Dieppe was the premier port of the kingdom in the 17th century.


title: Dieppe

text: After King Edward VI died, putting an end to a Protestant country in England on July 6, 1553, John Knox left England to evade the Catholic-fist of Mary I. First, under the permission of his friends, he went back to his home country of Scotland. Then after he stayed in Dieppe for a few months, he continued on his tracks and stayed in Geneva. There he met one of his influences, John Calvin.


title: Dieppe

text: At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Dieppe lost 3,000 of its Huguenot citizens, who fled abroad.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe was an important target in wartime; the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch naval bombardment in 1694. It was rebuilt after 1696 in a typical French classical style by Ventabren, an architect, who gave it its unique feature for a sea port. It was popularised as a seaside resort following the 1824 visit of the widowed Duchess of Berry, daughter-in-law of Charles X. She encouraged the building of the recently renovated municipal theatre, the "Petit-Théâtre" (1825), associated particularly with Camille Saint-Saëns.


title: Dieppe

text: During the later 19th century, Dieppe became popular with English artists as a beach resort. Prominent literary figures such as Arthur Symons loved to keep up with the latest fads of avant-garde France here, and during "the season" sometimes stayed for weeks on end.


title: Dieppe

text: During the Second World War Dieppe was occupied by German naval and army forces after the fall of France in 1940. In order to allow a better defence of the coast against a possible Allied landing, the Germans destroyed the mauresque casino that was located near the beach area. The destruction of the casino had only begun at the time of the Dieppe Raid.


title: Dieppe

text: The raid proved a costly lesson for the Allies. On August 19, 1942, Allied soldiers, mainly drawn from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, landed at Dieppe in the hope of occupying the town for a short time, gaining intelligence and drawing the "Luftwaffe" into open battle. The Allies suffered more than 1,400 deaths, 907 Canadian, and 1,946 Canadian soldiers were captured – more prisoners than the army lost in the 11 months of the 1944–45 NW Europe campaign. However, no major objectives were achieved. More recent research suggests the raid was a massive cover for an intelligence operation to capture German code machine components.


title: Dieppe

text: French soldiers from the region, captured in the fighting of 1940, were returned to the area after the Dieppe Raid as a reward by the German occupation authorities, who felt that the conduct of the French civilians in Dieppe had been correct and had not hindered the defence of the port during the battle.


title: Dieppe

text: The port remained garrisoned by German forces until the conclusion of the Battle of Normandy. When the First Canadian Army approached at the end of August, the garrison withdrew, not desiring to enter into battle for the port.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe was liberated on September 1, 1944, by soldiers from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On September 3, the entire division paused for reorganization, and a victory parade was held; contingents representing all major units of the 2nd Division marched 10 abreast behind the massed pipes and drums of the division's highland regiments. A memorial service was held in the nearby Canadian military cemetery to honour those killed in the Dieppe Raid.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe, a city in New Brunswick, Canada, received its present name in 1946, in honour of the commemoration of the 913 Canadian soldiers killed in the Dieppe Raid. The majority of its inhabitants are of Acadian descent.


title: Dieppe

text: It is located on the Channel coast, north of Rouen at the mouth of the river Arques and lies east of the mouth of the river Scie.


title: Dieppe

text: Mentioned as "Deppae" in 1015–1029, "Dieppa" in 1030, then in the 12th century: "Deppa", "Deupa" and "Diopa".


title: Dieppe

text: From Old English "dēop" or Old Norse "djúpr" "deep", same meaning. The Nominalization from an Old English or Norse adjective, being unusual, "dēop" / "djúpr" could be followed by the Old English word "ǣ" / "ea" or Old Norse "á" "stream, river" (cf. Djúpá, river in Iceland).


title: Dieppe

text: The same adjective can be recognized in other place-names like Dieppedalle (f. e. Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle) and Dipdal in Normandy, which is the same as Deepdale in Great Britain.


title: Dieppe

text: The stream running through Dieppe was called "Tella" in Merovingian and Carolingian documents, before being called "Dieppe" in the 10th century. The name has stuck to the town, although the name of the stream changed again, to Béthune.


title: Dieppe

text: The castle, Château de Dieppe, which survived the 1694 bombardment, is now a museum and exhibition space, with a strong maritime collection. A rich collection of 17th- and 18th-century ivory carvings, including lacy folding fans, for which Dieppe was known, and the furnishings and papers of Camille Saint-Saëns. The castle's interior courtyard is picturesque.


title: Dieppe

text: At the Square du Canada, near the castle in a park at the western end of the Esplanade, there is a monument erected by the town commemorating the long relationship between Dieppe and Canada. The events recorded begin with the early 16th century, and culminate with the Dieppe Raid and the liberation of Dieppe by Canadians on September 1, 1944. The base of the monument is inscribed with the words ""nous nous souvenons"" ("we remember"). Above the monument, the Canadian Maple Leaf flag is flown side by side with that of France.


title: Dieppe

text: Some of the Canadian soldiers who were killed are buried in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery, in the "commune" of Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie south-west of Dieppe.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe railway station, operated by SNCF, has frequent departures for Rouen-Rive-Droite. SNCF operates also buses to Gisors-Embranchement through Serqueux.


title: Dieppe

text: Dieppe has a ferry port with direct services to the English town of Newhaven, situated at the mouth of the River Ouse in East Sussex. The twice-daily service to the Port of Newhaven is operated by DFDS Seaways, under a concession subsidised by the French government. Services are normally operated using the MS Côte D'Albâtre.


title: Dieppe

text: The current mayor of Dieppe is Nicolas Langlois. Member of the French Communist Party, he was elected in 2017, and re-elected in 2020.


title: Dieppe

text: Historically a major fishing hub, it is still home to a large ferry port and one of the busiest ports in Europe; in the 17th Century the Dieppe Company operated from the port. Until the mid 19th Century the Ave Maria lace, a hand-made lace manufacturer was largely based in Dieppe. Currently the town is now home to the Alpine Automobiles global headquarters.


title: Dieppe

text: The town is home to FC Dieppe, one of the oldest football clubs in the country having been founded in 1896.


title: Snagit

text: Snagit (formerly SnagIt) is screen capture and screen recording software for Windows and macOS. It is created and developed by TechSmith and was first launched in 1990. Snagit is available in English, French, German, Japanese, Portuguese and Spanish versions.


title: Snagit

text: The features are structured around the three main steps of the software workflow: capture, edit and share.


title: Snagit

text: First step is to capture an image (or record a video) with Snagit Capture. This is accomplished through a variety of image capture methods, including fullscreen selection, specific region selection, menu selection, text recognition (OCR with Grab text) and panoramic selection. Alternatively, the software can record a video (from a specific region or fullscreen).


title: Snagit

text: Second step is to edit into Snagit Editor the captured image where it can be resized, annotated or given some other effects (borders...). Another feature is to create a video from captured images (narrating a set of screenshots).


title: Snagit

text: Third step is to share the produced image (or video), as a local file (PNG, JPEG, HEIF, WebP, MP4...), to another application (Microsoft Outlook, Apple Mail, Camtasia...) or to upload it online (YouTube, Google Drive, FTP...).


title: Snagit

text: Although most of the main features are identical between the two versions of the software (Windows and Mac), there are some effects that are specific to one or the other version (e.g. watermark effect is only available on Windows and reflection effect is only available on Mac).


title: Snagit

text: Snagit Capture (Capture Window & Widget) is the image and video capturing program of Snagit. Hotkeys (Windows) and Shortcuts (Mac) are available to speed up the capture process.


title: Snagit

text: Snagit includes Snagit Editor, which is Snagit's image and video editing program. The editor can be used to make changes to screenshots, including adding arrows, annotations and callouts. Other features of the software allow the creation of tutorials (using the Step tool and/or using the Simplify tool, which allows you to create Simplified User Interfaces) and offer guarantees of confidentiality (blurring areas, cropping images). Video editing features are basic and limited (trimming videos).


title: Snagit

text: Snagit also includes the Library (to store the edited images and videos) and the Sharing Destinations (to publish images and videos).


title: Snagit

text: Snagit Capture File .snagx is a cross-platform compatible file format used to store images captures (both on Windows and Mac). Snagit 2021 (and earlier versions) stored image captures in .snag (Windows) and .snagproj (Mac) formats (these two file formats were not compatible).


title: Snagit

text: Snagit can connect through Wi-Fi to TechSmith Fuse app. Images, videos and screen recordings stored on mobile devices can be sent directly to Snagit Library.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: Sarah Joy Brown, sometimes credited simply as Sarah Brown (born February 18, 1975), is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for originating the role of Carly Corinthos on the American daytime drama "General Hospital" from 1996 to 2001. For the role, she won three Daytime Emmy Awards. In 2008, she returned to "General Hospital" in a different role, Claudia Zacchara. She exited "General Hospital" once again in 2009 and began appearing on "The Bold and the Beautiful" in the newly created role of Aggie Jones.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: Brown appeared as Madison James on "Days of Our Lives" from October 2011 until the character's death in August 2012.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: Brown was born in Eureka, California to parents David and Pamela Brown. She attended the Los Angeles County High School for the Arts as a theatre major. Her acting career began at the age of 19, when she was cast as Kaitlin Star on Saban's syndicated action adventure science fantasy series "VR Troopers". In 1996, she made a guest appearance in a 3-part episode of "Power Rangers Zeo" playing Heather Thompson, a girl who has a crush on the Red Ranger's secret identity, Tommy Oliver, but it never led anywhere. An article in FOX Kids Magazine claimed a member of the VR Troopers cast would be quitting the series to become a part of the Power Rangers cast; however, the aforementioned Zeo three-parter and Brad Hawkins voicing the Gold Ranger prior to the return of Austin St. John as Jason Lee Scott is the closest anything like this ever came to happening.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: In April 1996, Brown originated the role Carly Corinthos on the American ABC soap opera "General Hospital". Brown "quickly became an overnight sensation" and received three Daytime Emmy Awards for her portrayal of Carly. She won for Outstanding Younger Actress in 1997 and 1998, was nominated in 1999, and won again for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 2000. In 2010, she received her first Daytime Emmy nomination in the Lead Actress category for her work as Claudia Zacchara. Brown appeared on the cover of "Soap Opera Digest" 19 times during her run in the role, and won two "Soap Opera Digest" Awards in 1998 (Younger Lead Actress) and 2000 (Favorite Actress). She departed the series in April 2001.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: After leaving "General Hospital", Brown guest-starred on several television series, including "Crossing Jordan", "Strong Medicine" and "Without a Trace". She returned to daytime in the role of Julia Morrisey Larrabee on "As the World Turns" from August 2004 to March 2005, in which she appeared in 109 episodes. In 2004, Brown played the lead role of Kate Vignatti in the fact-based television movie "". She became a regular on the popular CBS crime drama "Cold Case" in the fall of 2005 but was let go after only a few months (she appeared in five episodes) with the series. In 2006, she starred in her first feature film, the comedy, "Big Momma's House 2" and appeared in an episode of "Monk" the same year. Brown was also seen in the third season episode 12 of "The Closer" and on a 2007 episode of the Fox police drama "K-Ville".


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: Brown returned to "General Hospital" on January 31, 2008, in the role of Claudia Zacchara. She announced on her Twitter September 16, 2009 that she would be leaving "General Hospital" in mid October 2009. Brown also announced on her Twitter account that she would be making an appearance on ABC's "Castle".


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: In 2011, she had a supporting role in a Tracy J Trost film entitled "The Lamp (All Things are Possible If You Just Believe)". It is based on a novel by Jim Stovall. In July 2011, numerous soap outlets confirmed that Brown would join the cast of "Days of Our Lives" as Madison James, a successful business woman. Her first appearance was October 4, 2011. In April 2012, it was announced that Brown had been let go from the series along with many other cast members.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: In 2014, Brown played Massachusetts State Representative Katherine "Kate" Wesley in the soap opera web series "Beacon Hill". She was nominated for a 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a New Approaches Drama Series, and won a 2015 Indie Series Award for Best Lead Actress (Drama) for the role.


title: Sarah Joy Brown

text: Brown is a practicing convert to Judaism. She has one daughter, Jordan Alexandra Judith Levy (b. July 20, 1998), whose father is Brown's ex-fiancé, Israeli composer Shuki Levy (a former executive producer on "VR Troopers" and the "Power Rangers" franchise). Brown has been diagnosed with Celiac Disease.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel (, also: ; ) is a medieval town situated in the Kitzbühel Alps along the river Kitzbüheler Ache in Tyrol, Austria, about east of the state capital Innsbruck and is the administrative centre of the Kitzbühel district (). Kitzbühel is one of the most famous and exclusive ski resorts in the world. It is frequented primarily by the international high society and has the most expensive real estate in Austria. The proximity to Munich has made it a preferred location for vacation homes among the German elite.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel is situated in the Kitzbühel Alps between Zell am See and Innsbruck. It lies in the Leukental valley on the Kitzbüheler Ache river.


title: Kitzbühel

text: The town is subdivided into the municipalities of Am Horn, Aschbachbichl, Badhaussiedlung, Bichlach, Ecking, Felseneck, Griesenau, Griesenauweg, Gundhabing, Hagstein, Hausstatt, Henntal, Jodlfeld, Kaps, Mühlau, Obernau, Schattberg, Seereith, Siedlung Frieden, Am Sonnberg, Sonnenhoffeld, Staudach, Stockerdörfl and Zephirau.


title: Kitzbühel

text: The neighbouring municipalities are Aurach bei Kitzbühel, Jochberg, Kirchberg in Tirol, Oberndorf in Tirol, Reith bei Kitzbühel, St. Johann in Tirol and Fieberbrunn.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel's historic centre is mainly car-free and hosts a large selection of luxury shops, cafés and fine dining restaurants.


title: Kitzbühel

text: The first known settlers were Illyrians mining copper in the hills around Kitzbühel between 1100 and 800 BC.


title: Kitzbühel

text: Around 15 BC, the Romans under Emperor Augustus extended their empire to include the Alps and established the province of Noricum. After the fall of the western Roman Empire, Bavarii settled in the Kitzbühel region around 800 and started clearing forests.


title: Kitzbühel

text: In the 12th century, the name "Chizbuhel" is mentioned for the first time in a document belonging to the Chiemsee monastery (where it refers to a "Marquard von Chizbuhel"), whereby "Chizzo" relates to a Bavarian clan and "Bühel" refers to the location of a settlement upon a hill. One hundred years later a source refers to the Vogtei of the Bamberg monastery in "Kicemgespuchel" and, in the 1271 document elevating the settlement to the status of a town, the place is called "Chizzingenspuehel".


title: Kitzbühel

text: Kitzbühel became part of Upper Bavaria in 1255 when Bavaria was first partitioned. Duke Ludwig II of Bavaria granted Kitzbühel town rights on 6 June 1271, and it was fortified with defensive town walls. During the next centuries the town established itself as a market town, growing steadily and remaining unaffected by war and conflict. The town walls were eventually reduced to the level of a single storey building, and the stone used to build residential housing.