title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Colima, Michoacán and Morelos legalized such adoptions following the approval of their respective same-sex marriage laws in May 2016. In September 2016, the head of Veracruz's adoption agency announced that same-sex couples may adopt children jointly in the state. In February 2017 and April 2017, the heads of Baja California's and Querétaro's adoption agencies made similar statements, confirming that same-sex couples are allowed to legally adopt in their respective states. Following the Supreme Court's ruling which struck down Chiapas' same-sex marriage ban, officials from the state confirmed that same-sex couples are allowed to adopt, like married opposite-sex couples. Puebla officials similarly confirmed that same-sex couples are allowed to adopt, after the August 2017 Supreme Court ruling striking down Puebla's marriage ban.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In early 2018, the president of the Supreme Court of Aguascalientes, Juan Manuel Ponce Sánchez, stated that no law prohibits same-sex couples from adopting in Aguascalientes. His statement was echoed by several deputies and government officials.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In May 2019, in a unanimous ruling, the Mexican Supreme Court ruled that it is unconstitutional to deny a same-sex couple the right to register their children with the Civil Registry. In this particular case, which originated in Aguascalientes, a lesbian couple had applied in 2015 to register their newborn child with both the mothers' surnames, which the Civil Registry refused to do. The Supreme Court held that the refusal violated the "fundamental rights of equality and non-discrimination, the right of the identity of minors and the principle of their interest, as well as the right to protection of the organization and development of the family."


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Adoption by same-sex couples became legal in San Luis Potosí and Hidalgo in May and June 2019, following the approval of same-sex marriage. Same-sex couples may also adopt in Jalisco and Nuevo León. Adoption by same-sex couples in Quintana Roo was legalized by the state congress in August 2022 and in Baja California Sur in November 2022.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: On 29 April 2003, the Federal Congress unanimously passed the "Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination" (), including sexual orientation as a protected category. The law, which went into effect on 11 June 2003, created the National Council to Prevent Discrimination ("Consejo Nacional para Prevenir La Discriminación", CONAPRED) to enforce it. Mexico became the second country in Latin America, after Ecuador, to provide anti-discrimination protection for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Article 4 of the law defines discrimination as:


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: CONAPRED is an organ of the state created by "Federal Law to Prevent and Eliminate Discrimination", adopted on 29 April 2003, and published in the Official Journal of the Federation ("Diario Oficial de la Federación") on 11 June. The Council is the leading institution for promoting policies and measures contributing to cultural development and social progress in social inclusion and the right to equality, which is the first fundamental right in the Federal Constitution.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: CONAPRED is also responsible for receiving and resolving grievances and complaints of alleged discriminatory acts committed by private individuals or federal authorities in carrying out their duties. CONAPRED also protects citizens with any distinction (or exclusion), based on any aspect mentioned in Article 4 of the federal law. The Council has legal personality, owns property, and is part of the Interior Ministry. Technical and management decisions are independent for its resolutions on claims and complaints.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In 2011, the Mexican Constitution was amended to prohibit discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. An amendment to the Constitution requires ratification by at least 16 states. The states of Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, México, Michoacán, Nayarit, Querétaro, Quintana Roo, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán and Zacatecas subsequently ratified the amendment. Article 1 of the Constitution reads:


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Hate crimes laws that recognize motivation by gender and sexual preferences have been passed in Mexico City and in the states of Aguascalientes, Baja California Sur, Colima, Coahuila, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Nayarit, Puebla, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tlaxcala, Veracruz and Zacatecas.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Mexico's Supreme Court ruled in 2013 that two anti-gay slurs, "puñal" and "maricones," are not protected as freedom of expression under the Constitution, allowing people offended by the terms to sue for moral damages.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The Mexican Armed Forces' policy on sexual orientation is ambiguous, leaving homosexual and bisexual soldiers in a "legal limbo". Officially, there is no law or policy preventing homosexuals from serving, and applicants are not questioned on the subject. In practice, however, outed homosexual and bisexual soldiers are subject to severe harassment and are often discharged. One directive, issued in 2003, described actions "contrary to morality or good manners on- and off-duty" () as serious misconduct warranting disciplinary action. Other references to morality are found throughout military documents, leaving room for interpretation with regards to sexual orientation. Although there is no clear position from current military leadership, several retired generals have agreed that homosexual soldiers were usually removed from service either through an encouraged withdrawal or dishonorable discharge. By 2018, homosexuals were allowed to serve openly in the military. People whose homosexuality is discovered face harassment from other soldiers.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In 2007, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation ruled that it is unconstitutional to discharge soldiers for being HIV-positive. Previously, a 2003 law required that HIV-soldiers be discharged from service.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: On 13 March 2004, amendments to the Mexico City Civil Code to allow transgender people to change their gender and name on their birth certificates took effect. In September 2008, the PRD-controlled Mexico City Legislative Assembly approved a further law, in a 37-17 vote, making gender changes easier for transgender people.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: On 13 November 2014, the Legislative Assembly of Mexico City unanimously (46-0) approved a gender identity law. The law makes it easier for transgender people to change their legal gender. Under the new law, they simply have to notify the Civil Registry that they wish to change the gender information on their birth certificates. Sex reassignment surgery, psychological therapies or any other type of diagnosis are no longer required. The law took effect in early 2015. By late 2018, 3,481 transgender people (2,388 trans women and 1,093 trans men) had taken advantage of the law.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: As of 2022, eighteen states have followed suit: Michoacán (2017), Nayarit (2017), Coahuila (2018), Hidalgo (2019), San Luis Potosí (2019), Colima (2019), Baja California (2019), Oaxaca (2019), Tlaxcala (2019), Chihuahua (2019), Sonora (2020), Jalisco (2020 [codified in 2022]), Quintana Roo (2020), Puebla (2021), Baja California Sur (2021) the State of Mexico (2021)., Morelos (2021), and Sinaloa (2022).


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In August 2018, a federal judge in Tamaulipas ordered the modification of transgender women's birth certificates.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In October 2018, the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation held that forbidding transgender people from changing their legal gender on official documents is a violation of constitutional rights, in a case of a transgender person from Veracruz who was denied recognition of their legal name and gender. Likewise, it ruled in May 2019 that the right to self-determination of gender identity is a fundamental human right. This case involved a transgender person from Jalisco who was denied the right to change their legal gender.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In February 2022, Mexico issued the first non-binary gender marker on a birth certificate by a court ruling.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In July 2022, Mexican Secretariat of the Interior issued the first non-binary Personal ID code by a court ruling. In November 2022, the Hidalgo state congress voted unanimously to recognize non-binary gender identity.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Conversion therapy has a negative effect on the lives of LGBT people, and can lead to low self-esteem, depression and suicide ideation.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: As of 2022, a bill to ban the pseudoscientific practice and foresee punishments of up to twelve years imprisonment for anyone practicing or promoting it is pending in the Mexican Congress. On 11 October 2022, the Mexican Senate passed the bill in a 69-16 vote. The bill was then sent to the Chamber of Deputies.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In August 2012, new health regulations allowing for gay and bisexual men to donate blood were approved. The regulations were published in the country's regulatory diary in October and took effect on Christmas Day, 25 December 2012.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: A 2020 Pew Research Center opinion survey showed that 69% of Mexicans believed homosexuality should be accepted by society up from 61% in 2013. Younger people were more accepting than people over 50: 82% of people between 18 and 29 believed it should be accepted, 72% of people between 30 and 49 and 53% of people over 50.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In May 2015, PlanetRomeo, an LGBT social network, published its first Gay Happiness Index (GHI). Gay men from over 120 countries and territories were asked about how they feel about society’s view on homosexuality, how do they experience the way they are treated by other people and how satisfied are they with their lives. Mexico was ranked 32, just above Portugal and below Curaçao, with a GHI score of 56.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Following President Enrique Peña Nieto's proposal to legalize same-sex marriage in Mexico, a poll on the issue was carried out by "Gabinete de Comunicación Estratégica". 69% of respondents were in favor of the change. 64% said they saw it as an advance in the recognition of human rights. Public opinion changed radically over the course of 16 years. In 2000, 62% felt that same-sex marriage should not be allowed under any circumstances. In 2016, only 25% felt that way.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: According to the first National Poll on Discrimination (2005) in Mexico (conducted by the CONAPRED), 48 percent of the Mexican people interviewed indicated that they would not permit a homosexual to live in their house. 95 percent of gays interviewed indicated that in Mexico there was discrimination against them; four out of ten declared they were a victim of exclusionary acts; more than half said they felt rejected, and six out of ten felt their worst enemy was society.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: LGBT social life thrives in the country's largest cities and resorts. The center of the Mexico City LGBT community is the Zona Rosa, where over 50 gay bars and dance clubs exist. Surrounding the nation's capital, there is a substantial LGBT culture in the State of Mexico. Although some observers claim that gay life is more developed in Mexico's second-largest city, Guadalajara.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Other centers include border city Tijuana, northern city Monterrey, central cities Puebla, and León, and major port city Veracruz. The popularity of gay tourism (especially in Puerto Vallarta, Cancún, and elsewhere) has also drawn national attention to the presence of homosexuality in Mexico. Among young, urban heterosexuals, it has become popular to attend gay dance clubs and to have openly gay friends.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In 1979, the country's first LGBT Pride parade (also known as the LGBT Pride March) was held in Mexico City and was attended by over 1,000 people. Ever since, the parade has been held each June with different themes. It aims to bring visibility to sexual minorities, raise consciousness about AIDS and HIV, denounce homophobia, and demand the creation of public policies such as the recognition of civil unions, same-sex marriages, and the legalization of LGBT adoption. According to organizers, the XXXI LGBT Pride parade in 2009 was attended by over 350,000 people (100,000 more than its predecessor). Attendance was 500,000 in 2010, and 250,000 in 2018.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In 2003, the first Lesbian Pride March was held in the nation's capital. In Guadalajara, well-attended LGBT Pride parades have also been held each June since 1996. Tijuana, Puebla, Veracruz, Xalapa, Cuernavaca, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Acapulco, Chilpancingo, and Mérida also host a variety of pride parades and events.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In May 2019, the National Association of Commerce and Tourism LGBT of Mexico (Cancotur) revealed that LGBT-related tourism in Mexico has been growing steadily, up to 8% each year, and that the most "gay-friendly" destinations in the country were Mexico City, Puerto Vallarta, Cancún, Oaxaca, Puebla, Coahuila and Morelos.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Same-sex sexual acts are legal in Mexico, but LGBT people have been prosecuted through the use of legal codes that regulate obscene or lurid behavior ("atentados a la moral y las buenas costumbres"). Over the past twenty years, there have been reports of violence against gay men, including the murders of openly gay men in Mexico City and of transgender people in the southern state of Chiapas. Local activists believe that these cases often remain unsolved, blaming the police for a lack of interest in investigating them and for assuming that gays are somehow responsible for attacks against them.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In mid-2007, Emilio Alvarez Icaza Longoria (chairman of the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City) said he was deeply concerned that Mexico City had the worst record for homophobic hate crimes, with 137 such crimes reported between 1995 and 2005. Journalist and author Fernando del Collado ("Homophobia, Hate, Crime and Justice 1995–2005") affirmed that during the decade covered by his book, 387 hate crimes due to homophobia were committed in Mexico (98 percent of which remained unprosecuted).


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Del Collado expressed his concern about a lack of prosecution and reported that according to the Citizens Commission Against Hate Crime because of Homophobia (CCCOH), three gays are murdered per month in Mexico. Del Collado indicated that between 1995 and 2005, 126 gays were murdered in Mexico City. Of those, 75 percent were reclaimed by their families. In 10 percent of the cases, families identified the victim but did not reclaim their bodies (which were buried in common graves) and the remaining 5 percent were never identified.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Former assistant attorney for crime victims at the Federal District Attorney General's Office (PGJDF) Barbara Illan Rondero strongly criticized the lack of sensitivity and professionalism on the part of investigators in crimes committed against gays and lesbians:


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Alejandro Brito Lemus, director of the news supplement "Letra S" (""Letter S""), claimed in 2007 that only four percent of gays and lesbians who suffer from discrimination present their complaints to authorities:


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: LGBT participation is a part of the long-governing Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Since the triumph of the Liberals under President Benito Juárez in the 1860s and the 1910 Revolution, there has been separation of church and state in Mexico. With morality generally considered the province of the Church, the PRI (which considers itself the party of the Revolution) has generally been reluctant to be seen as implementing the will of the Catholic Church. However, it has also been careful not to offend Catholic moral sensibilities. Nevertheless, most individual officeholders tend to view LGBT issues as a private matter (to be ignored) or a moral problem (to be opposed). The PRI has allied with the PAN to block legislation concerning LGBT rights in some states (except in some cases). The party unanimously voted in favor of the recognition of same-sex civil unions in Mexico City and Coahuila, for instance. There was some internal debate within the PRI whether or not the party should have a platform plank on the issue.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The National Action Party (PAN), a rightist party, tends to endorse Roman Catholic Church teachings and oppose LGBT issues on moral grounds. Some PAN mayors have adopted ordinances (or policies) leading to the closing of gay bars or the detention of transvestites (usually on prostitution charges). Many of its leaders have taken public stands describing homosexuality as "abnormal", a "sickness", or a "moral weakness". Nevertheless, in Campeche and Nayarit, PAN deputies voted unanimously to legalize same-sex marriage.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In the 2000 presidential elections, PAN candidate (and eventual winner) Vicente Fox used homosexual stereotypes to demean and humiliate his principal opponent (Francisco Labastida). Fox accused Labastida of being a sissy and a mama's boy and nicknamed him "Lavestida" ("the cross-dressed"). When Mexico City and Coahuila legalized same-sex civil unions, the chief opposition came from the PAN, former President Vicente Fox and former President Felipe Calderón. Since then, the party has opposed similar bills, with the rationale of protecting traditional family values. Nonetheless, PAN officials have insisted that homosexuals have rights as human beings and should in no case be subjected to hatred or physical violence.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Participation by sexual minorities is widely accepted in the left-wing Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD), one of Mexico's three major political parties. Since its creation during the late 1980s, the PRD has supported LGBT rights and has a party program committed to ending discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. In the 1997 parliamentary elections, Patria Jiménez became the first openly lesbian member of the Federal Congress, and LGBT rights advocate David Sánchez Camacho was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District (ALDF).


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Two years later, the PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly of the Federal District passed an ordinance banning discrimination based on sexual orientation (the first of its kind in the country). In 2004, a bill concerning gender identity was passed, allowing transgender people to change their gender and sex on official documents. In the 2009 parliamentary elections, of the 38 LGBT candidates presented by several political parties, only Enoé Uranga succeeded: an openly lesbian politician who, in 2000, promoted the legalization of same-sex civil unions in Mexico City. The bill passed six years later in the PRD-controlled Legislative Assembly, allowing same-sex couples inheritance and pension rights. Similar bills have been proposed by the PRD in many more states.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: Other leftist, smaller parties such as the Citizens' Movement and the Labor Party (PT), have supported the LGBT community and PRD-proposed bills regarding LGBT rights.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The defunct Social Democratic Party (PSD), a minor progressive party, was noted for its support of the LGBT community. In the 2006 presidential elections, Patricia Mercado, the first woman presidential candidate, was the only candidate openly supporting same-sex marriage. In the 2009 parliamentary elections, the party nominated 32 LGBT candidates (out of a total of 38 presented by other parties) for seats in the Federal Congress.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In the municipality of Guadalajara, the second-largest city of Mexico, Miguel Galán became the first openly gay politician to run for mayor in the country. During his campaign, Galán was a target of homophobic comments, notably by Green Party rival Gamaliel Ramírez (who, on a radio show, joked about homosexuals and referred to the PSD as "a dirty party of degenerates"). Ramírez also called homosexual practices "abnormal" and said they should be outlawed. The following day, Ramírez issued a written apology after his party condemned his comments. Despite losing the election, Galán received 7,122 votes.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The first AIDS case in Mexico was diagnosed in 1983. Based on retrospective analyses and other public-health investigative techniques, HIV in Mexico may be traced back to 1981. LGBT groups were instrumental in initiating programs to combat AIDS—a shift in focus which curtailed (at least temporarily) an emphasis on gay organizing.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The National Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS (CENSIDA) is a program promoting prevention and control of the AIDS pandemic with public policies, promotion of sexual health, and other evidence-based strategies. It aims to diminish the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases and to improve the quality of life of affected people (within a framework of the common good). CENSIDA has been active since 1988 and collaborates with other government agencies and non-governmental organizations (including those for persons living with HIV/AIDS).


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: According to a 2011 estimate, 0.2 percent of persons aged 15–49 were HIV-positive, which along with Cuba and Nicaragua was the lowest rate in Latin America and the Caribbean. In absolute numbers, an estimated 180,000 people in Mexico were living with HIV in 2011, the second-largest affected population in the region after Brazil. According to CENSIDA, as of 2009, over 220,000 adults are HIV-positive; 60 percent are men who have sex with men, 23 percent are heterosexual women and 6 percent are commercial sex workers' clients (mainly heterosexuals). Over 90 percent of the reported cases were the result of sexual transmission.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: The spread of HIV in Mexico is exacerbated by stigma and discrimination, which act as a barrier to prevention, testing and treatment. Stigmatization occurs within families, in health services, with the police, and in the workplace. A study conducted by Infante-Xibille in 2004 of 373 health care providers in three Mexican states described discrimination within health services. Testing was conducted only with perceived high-risk groups (often without informed consent), and AIDS patients were often isolated.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: A 2005 five-city participatory community assessment by Colectivo Sol (a non-governmental organization) found that some HIV hospital patients had a sign over their beds stating they were HIV-positive. In León, Guanajuato, researchers found that 7 out of 10 people in the study had lost their jobs because of their HIV status. The same study also documented evidence of discrimination that men who have sex with men experienced within their families.


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: In August 2008, Mexico hosted the 17th International AIDS Conference, a meeting that contributed to overcoming stigmas and highlighting the achievements in the struggle against the illness. In late 2009, Health Secretary José Ángel Córdova said in a statement that Mexico had met the concerning HIV/AIDS (which demanded that countries begin to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS before 2015). The HIV infection rate then was 0.4 percent, below the 0.6 percent target set by the World Health Organization for Mexico.<ref name="HIV/AIDS"></ref>


title: LGBT rights in Mexico

text: About 70 percent of people requesting treatment for HIV/AIDS arrive without symptoms of the disease, which increases life expectancy by at least 25 years. Treatment for HIV/AIDS in Mexico is free, and is offered at 57 specialized clinics to people living with HIV. The Mexican Government spends about $2 billion MXN (US$151.9 million) each year fighting the disease.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Daya Nayak is an Indian police assistant inspector with the Mumbai police. He joined Mumbai police - then known as Bombay - in 1995, and rose to fame as an encounter-specialist in the late 1990s. As a member of the Detection Unit, he gunned down more than 80 gangsters of the Mumbai underworld. In 2006, he was temporarily suspended, based on allegations of criminal links and disproportionate income by a journalist. The Anti-Corruption Bureau could not find any evidence against him, and he was reinstated by the Mumbai Police in 2012. He was transferred to Nagpur in January 2014, and suspended in July 2015 after he reportedly declined to join his new posting at Nagpur fearing his family's safety. The transfer order was cancelled in August 2015, and Nayak was reinstated in January 2016.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Daya Nayak was born in a brahmin family at Yennehole village of the Karkala taluk, Udupi district in a Konkani-speaking family. He studied till the 7th standard in a Kannada-medium school built by his grandfather. In 1979, he came to Mumbai, after his father asked him to earn some money to help the family. He worked at a hotel canteen, sleeping on the hotel's porch. He continued his education while working, and graduated 8 years later from the CES college in D.N. Nagar. After graduating, he started working with a plumber as a supervisor, earning a monthly salary of 3,000. He continued staying at the hotel until he got a police job.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Daya Nayak joined the Bombay Police as a trainee in 1995. After completing his training, he was posted to the Juhu police station in 1996. His first encounter killing happened on the night of 31 December, when he shot dead two members of the Chhota Rajan gang after they opened fire on him. Subsequently, he was shifted to the special squad working against the gangsters.


title: Daya Nayak

text: In 1997, he was hospitalised after being shot twice and badly wounded by a gangster. Before being shot, he managed to shoot the criminal dead in front of a huge crowd. By 2004, he had killed 83 gangsters, acquiring reputation as an "encounter specialist". Nayak himself disapproved of the sobriquet "encounter specialist", insisting that he is not a trigger-happy man but was forced to kill gangsters to prevent more "bloodshed and mayhem". He also states that none of his encounter killings have been fake. He slowed down after the deputy chief minister R. R. Patil reined in the encounter specialists.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Daya Nayak built a school in his native village Yennehole. The money for building the school was collected through donations from Bollywood personalities in name of the Radha Nayak Educational Trust (named after Nayak's mother). The school was inaugurated by Amitabh Bachchan in 2000 in presence of celebrities like M. F. Husain, Suniel Shetty and Aftab Shivdasani. It was later handed over to the Government of Karnataka, and is now known as the Radha Nayak Government High School.


title: Daya Nayak

text: In 2003, Ketan Tirodkar, a journalist, accused Daya Nayak of having links with the Mumbai underworld, and of amassing wealth disproportionate to his income through illegal means. Tirodkar alleged that he had become friends with Nayak in 2002, and ran an extortion business with him.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Nayak was investigated by the Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act (MCOCA) court for links with the underworld. He came out clean in investigations conducted by ACP Shankar Kamble in 2003 and by DCP K L Bishnoy in 2004. He was given clean chit after another inquiry by ACP Dilip Sawant in 2004. The same year, Tirodkar was taken into custody on the charge of having links with the Dubai-based don Chota Shakeel.


title: Daya Nayak

text: In 2006, Nayak was arrested during an investigation led by the Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) ACP Bhim Rao Ghadge. The ACB officials raided his house on 21 January 2006. He was suspended a day later. The school built by him was also raided without the knowledge of approval of the Karnataka state government. On 18 February 2006, a sessions court issued a non-bailable warrant against him in the disproportionate assets case after his anticipatory bail plea was rejected by the sessions court, the Bombay High Court and after the Supreme Court of India declined to interfere in the case and directed him to surrender. Two days later, he surrendered as directed and was sent to judicial custody. Nayak spent 14 days in police custody and 45 days in judicial custody, and was released on bail after no chargesheet could be filed against him due to lack of evidence.


title: Daya Nayak

text: The 2003 complaint against him stated that he had amassed wealth worth crores of rupees. ACB found his assets to be worth much less – Rs. 8,917,000, but still filed a chargesheet against him, stating that these assets were disproportionate to Nayak's monthly salary of 10,000 as a sub-inspector. Nayak was accused of floating bogus companies with help of his associate Rajendra Phadte, and getting his wife Komal to take property loans from these companies to launder his money. The ACB also stated that he had dealt properties in name of his brother-in-law and Phadte.


title: Daya Nayak

text: The ACB summoned Them 27 times, but could not find any evidence. ACB arrested him at the insistence of the IPS officer Pradnya Saravade, on the charge of laundering Daya Nayak's money. He was jailed for 62 days, during which both his parents died. He appealed to the Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission (MSHRC). The Commission chairman Justice Kshitij R. Vyas criticised the arrest and passed strictures against Pradnya Saravade for her high handedness. MSHRC imposed a fine of on the state government, asking it to be recovered from Saravade.


title: Daya Nayak

text: Nayak insisted that all his money was accounted for, and every transaction was made by cheque. He also pointed out that his assets had been shown as inflated. For example, his Tata Sumo was a government vehicle and the 200,000 rupee expense reimbursed by the government for a post-encounter hospital stay had been counted as an asset. Ghadge claimed that Nayak had assets in Switzerland and owned hotels in Dubai. Nayak denied this, saying that he had never travelled outside India. The ACB alleged that Nayak had transferred 1 billion to a foreign contact from a cyber café in Goa. It claimed that he was in Goa on 18 January 2006, but his duty records proved that he was at the Charkop Police station. ACB also brought up the point that a person called D Naik had travelled several times between Mumbai and Goa by air. It was later found out that the person was the Goa minister Damodar Naik.


title: Daya Nayak

text: According to Nayak's supporters, he was framed by some of his colleagues who had close ties with the underworld criminals, whom Nayak had fought with. Nayak himself termed Ghadge as the "most corrupt officer", and alleged that Ghadge had filed an FIR against him after he refused his demand for a bribe of 10 million.


title: Daya Nayak

text: In 2008, after the Soharbuddin Sheikh encounter case came to light, Tirodkar filed one more affidavit stating that Daya Nayak was involved in the death of Sadiq Jamal, another alleged fake encounter by the Gujarat Police. According to Tirodkar, the Gujarat police had asked Daya Nayak and him to supply "a Muslim boy with some criminal background" to the Gujarat Police, and in response, Nayak handed over Sadiq Jamal to them.


title: Daya Nayak

text: On 16 June 2012, the Mumbai Police reinstated Daya Nayak. He was posted in the Local Arms unit. He was then posted to the Western Zone, and worked out of Bandra. In January 2014, he was transferred to Nagpur. However, he did not report there, and was suspended in July 2015. The transfer order was cancelled in August 2015, and Nayak was reinstated in Mumbai Police on 11 January 2016.


title: Daya Nayak

text: The Hindi films "Ab Tak Chhappan" by Shimit Amin and N Chandra's "Kagaar" are based on Nayak's life, as is the Kannada film "Encounter Daya Nayak". "Ab Tak Chhappan" was later remade into Telugu as "Siddham". The 2007 film "Risk" by Vishram Sawant has overtones from Daya Nayak's life. A Telugu film, titled "Golimaar" released in 2010 is also inspired by his life. The 2012 Bollywood film "Department" highlights the encounter specialists of the Mumbai Police; Daya Nayak's role is played by Sanjay Dutt. Sequel to "Ab Tak Chhappan" was released in February 2015 titled "Ab Tak Chhappan 2."


title: Parinirvana

text: In Buddhism, parinirvana (Sanskrit: '; Pali: ') is commonly used to refer to nirvana-after-death, which occurs upon the death of someone who has attained "nirvana" during their lifetime. It implies a release from "", karma and rebirth as well as the dissolution of the "skandhas".


title: Parinirvana

text: In some Mahāyāna scriptures, notably the "Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra", "parinirvāṇa" is described as the realm of the eternal true Self of the Buddha.


title: Parinirvana

text: In the Buddha in art, the event is represented by a reclining Buddha figure, often surrounded by disciples.


title: Parinirvana

text: In the Buddhist view, when ordinary people die, each person's unresolved karma passes on to a new birth instantaneously; and thus the karmic inheritance is reborn in one of the six realms of "samsara". However, when a person attains nirvana, they are liberated from karmic rebirth. When such a person dies, it is the end of the cycle of rebirth, the Samsara and the Karma.


title: Parinirvana

text: Accounts of the purported events surrounding the Buddha's own parinirvāṇa are found in a wide range of Buddhist canonical literature. In addition to the Pāli Mahāparinibbāna sutta (DN 16) and its Sanskrit parallels, the topic is treated in the "Saṃyutta-nikāya" (SN 6.15) and the several Sanskrit parallels (T99 p253c-254c), the Sanskrit-based "Ekottara-āgama" (T125 p750c), and other early sutras preserved in Chinese, as well as in most of the Vinayas preserved in Chinese of the early Buddhist schools such as the Sarvāstivādins and the Mahāsāṃghikas. The historical event of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa is also described in a number of later works, such as the Sanskrit "Buddhacarita" and the "Avadāna-śataka", and the Pāli "Mahāvaṃsa".


title: Parinirvana

text: According to Bareau, the oldest core components of all these accounts are just the account of the Buddha's "parinirvāṇa" itself at Kuśinagara and the funerary rites following his death. He deems all other extended details to be later additions with little historical value.


title: Parinirvana

text: The "parinirvana" of the Buddha is described in the "Mahaparinibbana Sutta". Because of its attention to detail, this Theravada "sutta", though first committed to writing hundreds of years after his death, has been resorted to as the principal source of reference in most standard studies of the Buddha's life.


title: Parinirvana

text: In contrast to these works which deal with the Buddha's "parinirvāṇa" as a biographical event, the "Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa sūtra" was written hundreds of years later. The Nirvana Sutra does not give details of the historical event of the day of the "parinirvāṇa" itself, except the Buddha's illness and Cunda's meal offering, nor any of the other preceding or subsequent incidents, instead using the event as merely a convenient springboard for the expression of standard Mahayana ideals such as the "tathagata-garbha"/"buddha-dhatu" doctrine, the eternality of the Buddha, and the soteriological fate of the "icchantikas" and so forth.


title: Parinirvana

text: It has been suggested by Waddell that the site of the death and "parinirvana" of Gautama Buddha was in the region of Rampurva: "I believe that Kusīnagara, where the Buddha died may be ultimately found to the North of Bettiah, and in the line of the Aśōka pillars which lead hither from Patna (Pāțaliputra)" in Bihar. It still awaits proper archaeological excavation.


title: Parinirvana

text: According to the "Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra" (also called the "Nirvana Sutra"), the Buddha taught that "parinirvāṇa" is the realm of the Eternal, Bliss, the Self, and the Pure. Dr. Paul Williams states that it depicts the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics. However, the "Mahaparinirvana Sutra" is a long and highly composite Mahayana scripture, and the part of the sutra upon which Williams is basing his statement is a portion of the Nirvana Sutra of secondary Central Asian provenance - other parts of the sutra were written in India.


title: Parinirvana

text: Guang Xing speaks of how the Mahayanists of the "Nirvana Sutra" understand the "mahaparinirvana" to be the liberated Self of the eternal Buddha:


title: Parinirvana

text: Kosho Yamamoto cites a passage in which the Buddha admonishes his monks not to dwell inordinately on the idea of the non-Self but to meditate on the Self. Yamamoto writes:


title: Parinirvana

text: Michael Zimmermann, in his study of the Tathagatagarbha Sutra, reveals that not only the "Mahaparinirvana Sutra" but also the "Tathagatagarbha Sutra" and the "Lankavatara Sutra" speak affirmatively of the Self. Zimmermann observes:


title: Electronicore

text: Electronicore (also known as synthcore or trancecore) is a fusion genre of metalcore with elements of various electronic music genres, often including trance, electronica, and dubstep.


title: Electronicore

text: Sumerian Records noted in the late 2000s that "there has been a surplus of electronica/hardcore music as of late." Attack Attack! is often recognized as the primary American contributor of the style, being inspired by British band Enter Shikari. Enter Shikari is an electronicore band that began in 1999, adding their last member and transforming to "Enter Shikari" from "Hybryd" in early 2003, in St Albans, England. The group has received international radio airplay and a substantial number of musical awards, from Kerrang!, NME, Rock Sound Magazine and BT Digital Music Awards. They express a relationship with electronic music genres such as trance and have been referred to as the "kings of trancecore." Their second album, titled "Common Dreads", was released in June 2009 and debuted on the UK Albums Chart at 16.


title: Electronicore

text: Electronicore is characterized by typical metalcore instrumentation, breakdowns, and heavy use of sequencers, conventional instrument recorded-note samplers, electronic tone-generating synthesizers, auto-tuned singing, and screamed vocals. The genre often features dynamic transitions from soft electronica ballads to intense metalcore passages. However, the degree to which metalcore characteristics are incorporated may vary. In addition to electronica, the fusion may involve a variety of other electronic music genres, including techno, trance, dubstep, electro, and dance.


title: Miss You Already

text: Miss You Already is a 2015 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Catherine Hardwicke and written by Morwenna Banks, based on Banks' 2013 radio drama "Goodbye". The film stars Toni Collette, Drew Barrymore, Dominic Cooper, Paddy Considine, Tyson Ritter, Frances de la Tour, and Jacqueline Bisset. It was screened in the Gala Presentations section of the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival.


title: Miss You Already

text: The film opened theatrically in the United Kingdom on 25 September 2015 and in the United States on 6 November 2015 with positive critical reviews.


title: Miss You Already

text: Milly (Toni Collette) and Jess (Drew Barrymore) are best friends who met in school and do everything together. As they grow older, Milly settles down and marries her rocker boyfriend Kit while Jess becomes an environmentalist and marries her long-time boyfriend Jago.


title: Miss You Already

text: Milly, busy with her career and her young family, learns that she has breast cancer after a long-delayed check-up. She finds herself unable to tell Kit and, after a week, finally confides in Jess. Once she tells Kit and their children, Scarlett and Ben, Milly tasks Jess with helping her get through chemotherapy and the two women joke around as Milly receives her treatments. During this time period, Jess, who has been unable to conceive naturally, puts off IVF treatments with Jago, feeling that she cannot keep trying to have children while Milly is sick. After Jago grows exasperated, Jess finally decides to give it a shot and the couple manage to conceive a baby shortly after.


title: Miss You Already

text: The night Jess learns that she is pregnant, Milly learns that though she has responded to the chemotherapy, she still needs a double mastectomy. She goes to a bar and gets drunk and, when Jess retrieves her, confesses that she has a big ego and does not want to appear unattractive. Jess reassures her that she will always want her in her life. Milly goes through with the double mastectomy but Jess finds herself unable to tell Milly she is pregnant as she feels as though her good news would cause Milly grief. Meanwhile, Jess learns Jago must go away to work on an oil-rig to pay for their IVF treatments.


title: Miss You Already

text: Milly finds herself growing increasingly distant from Kit after the surgery. After he arranges a surprise birthday dinner, Milly walks out, taking Jess with her and the two go all the way to West Yorkshire ostensibly to see the moors where the Brontë sisters grew up, though, in reality, Milly is chasing down a barman, Ace, that she had sex with post-surgery. When Jess discovers the deception, she and Milly argue and she reveals her pregnancy to Milly.


title: Miss You Already

text: For a while, Milly and Jess are estranged. During this period, Jess learns that she is having a high-risk pregnancy while Milly learns that while her breast cancer is in remission she also has fatal malignant tumours in her brain. Milly tracks down Jess and the women reconcile. She also confesses her affair to Kit and although he feels betrayed, he decides to make love to Milly knowing that her days are numbered. Milly eventually tells her children that she will die and must go into hospice care. While there, she tells Jess she is holding on for the birth of Jess's first child.


title: Miss You Already

text: Jess goes into labour early while Jago is still on the oil rig. While Kit does not want Milly to attend the labour, her mother, Miranda, helps her sneak out of the hospice so she is able to be there when Jess gives birth. Some days after, Milly dies at the hospice with Jess by her side. A few years later, Jess is pregnant with her second child, and the two families are having lunch together. Jess muses on how her friend was irreplaceable but then recognises a trait of hers in Scarlett.


title: Miss You Already

text: The film is based on Morwenna Banks' radio play "Goodbye", which was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4. The project was first announced on 11 February 2012, when Paul Andrew Williams was set to direct and co-wrote the script with Morwenna Banks, Entertainment One had the UK, Canada, and Australian rights to the film.


title: Miss You Already

text: On 22 April 2014, it was announced that Catherine Hardwicke was set to direct the film, in which Rachel Weisz, who replaced Aniston and Toni Collette would star as lead actresses. The two leads would play childhood best friends whose relationship becomes troubled when one contracts breast cancer. Hardwicke said about the script,


title: Miss You Already

text: But on 5 September, Drew Barrymore was added to the cast and replaced Weisz to portray her part along with Collette, Dominic Cooper, Paddy Considine, and Jacqueline Bisset. Cooper and Considine to play husbands of Barrymore and Collette, while Bisset would play Collette's character's mother. On 3 October Tyson Ritter joined the cast of the film to play the love interest of one of the lead female actresses.


title: Miss You Already

text: Principal photography began on 7 September 2014 in London and later shooting also took place in West Yorkshire, England. The hospital that features in the film is the UCH Macmillan Cancer Centre.


title: Miss You Already

text: The film was sold to several territories, including Germany, France, Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong.


title: Miss You Already

text: The film features the song "There's a Place" from star Tyson Ritter's band The All-American Rejects. It reached number 33 of Billboard's Digital Rock Songs chart, and was met with widely positive reception from critics and fans alike.


title: Miss You Already

text: "Miss You Already" opened theatrically in the United States on 6 November 2015 in 384 venues and earned $552,506 in its opening weekend. The film ended its run 17 days later on 22 November, with a gross of $1,162,653.


title: Miss You Already

text: The film received positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 71% rating based on 117 reviews, with an average rating of 6.04/10. The site's consensus states: ""Miss You Already" isn't shy about going for filmgoers' tear ducts, but its solid script and talented cast are often powerful enough to make up for its more manipulative moments." Metacritic reports a 59 out of 100 rating, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Milo Aukerman

text: Milo Jay Aukerman (; born January 1, 1963) is an American vocalist, songwriter, and former research molecular biologist. Aukerman is most widely known for being the lead singer of the punk rock band the Descendents, a group widely considered to be pioneers of pop-punk. A caricature of Aukerman serves as the band's mascot.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: Aukerman attended Mira Costa High School, with fellow members of the Descendents. He holds a PhD degree in biology from UC San Diego, conducted postdoctoral research in molecular biology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison and the University of Pennsylvania, and formerly worked as a plant researcher at DuPont and as an adjunct professor at the University of Delaware. In a 2016 interview with "Spin", Aukerman announced that he decided to quit researching in favor of doing music full-time.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: While not an original member, Aukerman joined Descendents after their first single was released ("Ride the Wild" b/w "It's a Hectic World"), which featured founding members Frank Navetta and Tony Lombardo on lead vocals. Aukerman's first recording with Descendents was the "Fat" EP, released in 1981. The first full length Descendents album was released in 1982 and was titled "Milo Goes to College", as Aukerman had by then decided to leave the group to pursue a degree in biochemistry at the University of California, San Diego. From 1983 to 1987 Aukerman would briefly rejoin Descendents several times to record albums and go on tour. Aukerman left the band ostensibly for good at the conclusion of the supporting tour for the 1987 album "All", after which the remaining members continued to tour and record with a series of lead singers under the name All.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: Aukerman decided to rejoin Descendents in 1995, releasing the album "Everything Sucks" the following year. He returned to his molecular biology career following the tour supporting the album, returning to Descendents intermittently over the next several years to tour and to record the album "Cool to Be You" and the EP "'Merican", both released in 2004 on Fat Wreck Chords.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: In July 2016, Aukerman announced he would be leaving his scientific career to pursue the Descendents full-time, citing burnout with biochemistry and getting laid off from DuPont. The band released their seventh studio album, "Hypercaffium Spazzinate", on July 29, 2016.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: As a musician, Aukerman sings in a mid-range tenor, and his generally upbeat lyrics encompass such universal topics as girls/rejection, dependence upon caffeine, and the never-ending quest for good food. He is known for his bespectacled, unabashedly nerdy persona and self-deprecating, "anti-rockstar" demeanor. Apart from his work with Descendents, Aukerman has also provided backing vocals for other musicians (including Descendents offshoot All), and briefly fronted the band Milestone in 1988 in San Diego while attending university.


title: Milo Aukerman

text: Aukerman was born on January 1, 1963 in Los Angeles, California. He has been married to Robin Andreasen since 1995 and is the father of two children, Owen and Claire Andreasen.


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: Breath is a 2017 Australian sports drama film based on the novel of the same name by Tim Winton, and directed by Simon Baker, from a screenplay that Baker and Winton co-wrote with Gerard Lee. Baker also stars in the film alongside Elizabeth Debicki, Samson Coulter, Ben Spence and Richard Roxburgh.


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: It premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival and the 2017 Zurich Film Festival. It was released on 3 May 2018 in Australia by Roadshow Films, and on 1 June 2018 in the United States by FilmRise.


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: In the 1970s two teenage surfer boys, Pikelet and Loonie, growing up in a small town meet and form a connection with an older surfer named Sando, who challenges them to take greater and more dangerous risks.


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: The film is the feature directorial debut of Simon Baker, who also acted in the film and produced it with Mark Johnson and Australian Jamie Hilton. Johnson met Tim Winton in America where he was on a book tour and obtained an option on the book. Winton wrote the first screenplay with the final script by Gerard Lee, Baker and Winton. Financing was provided by "the Australian art councils and... from Screen Australia to ScreenWest", Great Southern Development Commission and Autumn Productions. The Western Australian Government contributed $2.3 million in a bid to promote the state as a premier filming location.


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: Producer Mark Johnson said, "It's got universal themes—about being desperately afraid that you're ordinary, about being afraid as a young man that there's nothing exceptional about you—and I think that has great application in a universal way, but this is also a specifically Western Australian story". Simon Baker's view is that "Tim's book viscerally captures the restless curiosity and yearning for identity that often defines our coming of age".


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: The Western Australian coastal town of Denmark, part of the Great Southern region, is the location for filming. For Tim Winton this was an ideal location; "The Great Southern region has had an enormous impact on my life and work so I'm very pleased this film is being shot on the beaches and streets and forests that inspired the book."


title: Breath (2017 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 80%, based on 50 reviews, and an average rating of 6.63/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "A coming of age drama with a surfing twist, "Breath" navigates seemingly familiar waters — but has surprising depth below the surface." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Inga Arvad

text: Inga Marie Arvad Petersen (6 October 1913 – 12 December 1973) was a Danish-American journalist noted for being a guest of Adolf Hitler at the 1936 Summer Olympics and for her romantic relationship with John F. Kennedy in 1941 and 1942. The juxtaposition of these facts led to suspicions during World War II that she was a Nazi spy. Secret U.S. investigations uncovered no such evidence, and her past did not harm her professional life or social standing in the United States. She was a motion picture writer for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1945 and a Hollywood gossip columnist, and from the late 1940s until her death she was the wife of wealthy cowboy actor and military officer Tim McCoy.


title: Inga Arvad

text: Arvad was the 1931 beauty queen selected by the Danish newspaper "Berlingske Tidende". Arvad attended the Columbia School of Journalism in New York, and then moved to Washington D.C., where she worked as a columnist at the Washington Times-Herald. She met John F. Kennedy in Washington through his sister Kathleen, who was a reporter at the same newspaper. Arvad was said to have a good "intuitive style of writing" by her editor.


title: Inga Arvad

text: In 1935, as a freelance reporter, she interviewed Hitler, and this connection would color the rest of her life. She is thought to be among the few Scandinavians who interviewed Hitler. He granted her two or, perhaps, three interviews. Arvad had scooped her colleagues earlier by reporting that Hermann Göring was soon to marry German actress Emmy Sonnemann.


title: Inga Arvad

text: She was invited to the wedding and met important Nazis. Through Joseph Goebbels she secured an interview with Hitler. In her article, a description of Hitler was later translated into English as: "You immediately like him. He seems lonely. The eyes, showing a kind heart, stare right at you. They sparkle with force." Arvad was Hitler's guest at the 1936 Summer Olympics, which led to her being investigated by the FBI in America as a potential spy. Hitler had told her that she was a perfect example of Nordic beauty. A photograph of her with Hitler surfaced and the FBI followed her, finding out that she was dating an American ensign, John F. Kennedy, son of the former U.S. ambassador to Britain. Kennedy's prominence led only to greater scrutiny of Arvad and suspicions about her that were never substantiated. Though she wrote only society news and never embraced Hitler's politics, the connection to him shadowed her professional life.


title: Inga Arvad

text: In November 1941, while John F. Kennedy served as an ensign in the U.S. Navy's Office of Naval Intelligence, he and Arvad began a romantic relationship. Arvad was already being followed by the FBI because she was a resident alien. FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover expressed concerns that she was a German spy given her personal contact with Adolf Hitler. When the FBI discovered that the "Ensign Jack" who had been visiting Arvad was, in fact, John F. Kennedy, they extended their investigation through wiretaps. There was no evidence found to show Arvad, who was still married to Paul Fejos, was guilty of "any wrongdoing". However, that did not deter Hoover's FBI from the continued use of listening devices when Arvad and Kennedy were together.


title: Inga Arvad

text: Kennedy's superior officer at the time, Captain Seymour A. D. Hunter, was quoted as saying that the U.S. Navy viewed Arvad as similar to Mata Hari. They thought she was using Kennedy to find out all she could about what was going on in the Navy Department. Captain Howard Klingman, then assistant director of the Office of Naval Intelligence, called Hunter into his office. Hunter was told that Kennedy needed to be put out of the Navy. Hunter pointed out that the situation was delicate because of Joseph P. Kennedy's having been United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. However, he believed the young naval intelligence officer was not privy to information that would be "more than a bit embarrassing". Hunter advised that Kennedy be transferred to a seagoing unit.


title: Inga Arvad

text: Kennedy was reassigned to a desk job in South Carolina in January 1942, and the relationship with Arvad ended after a few brief encounters. Kennedy later stated he thought Hoover might have had something to do with his transfer. Kennedy and Arvad knew they were being followed, and in the FBI transcripts of their encounters they sometimes spoke to "whoever is listening". Arvad later reflected on her time with Kennedy as a "passing affair".


title: Inga Arvad

text: Arvad's first husband was Kamal Abdel Nabi, whom she married in 1931, when she was 17. Her second husband was to Hungarian film director Paul Fejos. She appeared in two Danish films, "Storm Varsel" and a Fejos-directed 1934 film "Flight from the Millions". She was still married to Fejos when she traveled to the United States, as well as during her affair with Kennedy. She obtained a divorce from Fejos in June 1942.


title: Inga Arvad

text: She became engaged to Robert Boothby, a British member of Parliament, in May 1945. He met Arvad in Los Angeles while he was with a British delegation to a conference in San Francisco, California. Boothby sent her a 20-page letter pleading with her to marry him after he returned to England. Arvad accepted, but then broke off the engagement because of a compliment Hitler once paid her as being "the perfect Nordic beauty" and the effect it might have on Boothby's political career. Arvad commented that she despised Hitler's policies and only saw him on the two occasions of her interviews. However, the English press made much of her audience with him and Boothby was soon to be seeking re-election. Arvad was suspected of being the mistress of Axel Wenner-Gren, a Swedish industrialist on the U.S. State Department blacklist. No proof of such a relationship has surfaced.


title: Inga Arvad

text: She and McCoy had two sons, Ronald and Terence. McCoy met Arvad when he was making a film short shot on a Native American reservation. McCoy and Arvad resided on a estate in Bucks County, Pennsylvania named Dolington Manor, also known as the Benjamin Taylor Homestead. McCoy moved there after selling his Wyoming ranch, the Eagle's Nest, where he had lived for 37 years. When their first child was born in August 1947, McCoy was 56. He had three children from his previous marriage to Agnes Miller, daughter of actress Bijou Heron.


title: Inga Arvad

text: In January 1946 David O. Selznick sent Arvad on a tour of 25 to 30 American cities to promote "Duel in the Sun". She was accompanied by Anita Colby, Florence Pritchett, and Laura Wells.


title: Inga Arvad

text: Inga Arvad died of cancer on a ranch near Nogales, Arizona in 1973. She was survived by her husband and their two sons. She was buried in Mount Olivet Cemetery in Saginaw, Michigan.


title: Arena Națională

text: Arena Națională () is a retractable roof football stadium in Bucharest, Romania. It opened in 2011 on the site of the original National Stadium, which was demolished between 2007 and 2008. The stadium hosts major football matches including home matches of the Romania national football team, and usually Romanian Cup Final. With 55,634 seats, it is the largest stadium in Romania and now serves primarily as the home of Liga I club FCSB.


title: Arena Națională

text: Designed by Gerkan, Marg and Partners, the stadium was built by German firm Max Bögl and Italian firm Astaldi. The stadium has a retractable roof which covers the playing surface.


title: Arena Națională

text: In addition to Romania home games and the Romanian Cup final, the stadium also hosts other major games in Romanian football, including the season-opening Supercupa României. A UEFA category four stadium, Arena Națională hosted the 2012 UEFA Europa League Final, and four games at UEFA Euro 2020 (including the Round of 16). The stadium has also been used as the venue for The International 2021, the annual "Dota 2" world championship esports tournament. Arena Națională has hosted concerts by Metallica, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Depeche Mode, and Ed Sheeran.


title: Arena Națională

text: The old stadium was demolished between 18 December 2007 and 20 February 2008, although a symbolic removal of seats took place on 21 November 2007, after Romania defeated Albania 6–1 in a qualifying match for Euro 2008.


title: Arena Națională

text: The construction phase generated some controversy over costs and delays, with Bucharest mayor Sorin Oprescu claiming that the works were 20 weeks behind schedule in May 2009.


title: Arena Națională

text: On 8 October 2009, it was decided that the stadium should also include a retractable roof worth €20,000,000.


title: Arena Națională

text: The venue holds 55,634 people. 3,600 VIP seats are available, with another 126 seats allotted for the press (with a possible expansion to 548 seats). The stadium includes some 360 restrooms and a retractable roof, which can be opened or closed in 15 minutes. It is also endowed with a floodlight system and 2100 parking spaces. The stadium is also very similar to the Stadion Narodowy in Warsaw, Poland, in terms of age, capacity and the roof.


title: Arena Națională

text: The National Stadium is a Category 4 venue and as such, it hosted the UEFA Europa League 2011–12 final, as announced by UEFA at Nyon on 29 January 2009. It was required to host at least two major events beginning in July 2011, one with an attendance of 10,000 and the second with an attendance of at least 40,000.


title: Arena Națională

text: The stadium also hosted The International 2021, the annual world championship for the video game "Dota 2", in October 2021. This came after the original hosts, Sweden, did not classify esports as a sporting event, making it more difficult for players to procure visas to the country.


title: Arena Națională

text: The official inauguration was initially scheduled for 10 August 2011, and was to feature a football match between Romania and Argentina.


title: Arena Națională

text: However, on 26 July, Argentina officially cancelled the friendly match after their manager Sergio Batista departed the team, so the stadium was instead inaugurated on 6 September 2011, with a UEFA Euro 2012 Group D qualifier match between Romania and France. The game ended 0–0 in front of a crowd of 49,137.


title: Arena Națională

text: The highest audience for a football game was achieved at the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification match between Romania and Netherlands, hosted on 16 October 2012, which brought 53,329 people to the stadium.


title: Arena Națională

text: The 2nd highest audience was achieved at the UEFA Europa League Final hosted on 9 May 2012. The game between the two Spanish teams, Atlético Madrid and Athletic Bilbao, brought 52,347 people to the stadium.


title: Arena Națională

text: On 6 September 2011, the Romanian national football team, played the opening match against the French team which ended with a goalless draw, after Argentina cancelled the official inauguration, a friendly match between Romania and Argentina on 10 August 2011.


title: Arena Națională

text: Arena Națională was one of the stadiums that hosted matches for the UEFA Euro 2020. Three Group C matches and a Round of 16 game were played there.


title: Arena Națională

text: The stadium is served by public transport with buses, trolleybuses, trams and the subway system. The nearest subway station (Piata Muncii) is about 1.7 km away (a 22 minute walk).


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: New Smyrna Beach is a city in Volusia County, Florida, United States, located on the central east coast of the state, with the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Its population is 30,142 in 2020 by the United States Census Bureau.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The downtown section of the city is located on the west side of the Indian River and the Indian River Lagoon system. The Coronado Beach Bridge crosses the Intracoastal Waterway just south of Ponce de Leon Inlet, connecting the mainland with the beach on the coastal barrier island.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The surrounding area offers many opportunities for outdoor recreation; these include fishing, sailing, motorboating, golfing, and hiking. Visitors participate in water sports of all kinds, including swimming, scuba diving, kitesurfing, and surfing. In July 2009, New Smyrna Beach was ranked number nine on the list of "best surf towns" in "Surfer." It was recognized as "one of the world's top 20 surf towns" by "National Geographic" in 2012. It has also been dubbed "The Shark Bite Capital of the World."


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The area was first settled by Europeans in 1768, when Scottish physician Dr. Andrew Turnbull, a friend of James Grant, the governor of British East Florida, established the colony of New Smyrna. Dr. Turnbull had married Gracia Dura Bin (some sources give her name as Maria Gracia Rubini), the daughter of a Greek London merchant from the Ottoman city of Smyrna (modern-day İzmir in Turkey) and named the settlement in honor of his wife's birthplace, and the homeland of some of those in his future labor force who were Greek from the Mani peninsula. No one had previously attempted to settle so many people at one time in a town in North America.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Turnbull recruited about 1,300 settlers, intending for them to grow hemp, sugarcane, and indigo, as well as to produce rum, at his plantation on the northeastern Atlantic coast of Florida. The majority of the colonists came from Menorca (historically called "Minorca" in English), one of the Mediterranean Balearic Islands of Spain, and were of Catalan culture and language. Around 500 or so came from the Mani peninsula of Greece.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Although the colony produced relatively large amounts of processed indigo in its first few years of operation, it eventually collapsed after suffering major losses due to insect-borne diseases and Indian raids, and growing tensions caused by mistreatment of the colonists on the part of Turnbull and his overseers. The survivors, about 600 in number, marched nearly 70 miles north on the King's Road and relocated to St. Augustine, where their descendants live to this day. In 1783, East and West Florida were returned to the Spanish, and Turnbull abandoned his colony to retire in Charleston, South Carolina.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The St. Photios Greek Orthodox National Shrine on St. George Street in St. Augustine honors the Greeks among the settlers of New Smyrna; they were the first Greek Orthodox followers in North America. The historical exhibit adjoining the chapel tells the story of their plight, with accompanying exhibits, and of their contributions to the city.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Central Florida remained sparsely populated by white settlers well into the 19th century, and it was frequently raided by Seminole Indians trying to protect their territory. United States troops fought against them in the Seminole Wars, but they were never completely dislodged. During the Civil War in the 1860s, the St. Augustine Blues fought a small skirmish in New Smyrna that resulted in the death of several Union troops. Later on, in 1863, the "Stone Wharf" of New Smyrna was shelled by Union gunboats.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: In 1887, when New Smyrna was incorporated, it had a population of 150. In 1892, Henry Flagler provided service to the town via his Florida East Coast Railway. This led to a rapid increase in the area's population. Its economy grew as tourism was added to its citrus and commercial fishing industries.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: During Prohibition in the 1920s, the city and its river islands were popular sites for moonshine stills and hideouts for rum runners, who came from the Bahamas through Mosquito Inlet, now Ponce de León Inlet. "New Smyrna" became "New Smyrna Beach" in 1947, when the city annexed the seaside community of Coronado Beach. Today, it is a resort town of over 20,000 permanent residents.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Like St. Augustine, established by the Spanish, New Smyrna has been under the rule of four "flags": the British, Spanish, United States (from 1821, with ratification of the Adams–Onís Treaty), and the Confederate Jack. After the end of the Civil War in 1865, it returned with Florida to the United States.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: New Smyrna Beach's motto is "cygnus inter anates", which is Latin for "a swan among ducks." The city is located in the so-called "Fun Coast" region of the state of Florida, a regional term created by the Daytona Beach/Halifax area Chamber of Commerce. This coincides with the local area code, 386, which spells FUN on touchtone phones. According to the United States Census Bureau, it has a total area of ; of it are land, and of it (8.46%) is covered by water. It is bordered by the city of Port Orange to the northwest, unincorporated Volusia County to the north, the census-designated place of Samsula-Spruce Creek to the west, and the cities of Edgewater and Bethune Beach and the Canaveral National Seashore to the south. Bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, New Smyrna Beach is on the Indian River. The city is connected to other parts of the state by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 1, and State Road 44.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Like the rest of Florida north of Lake Okeechobee, New Smyrna Beach has a humid subtropical (Köppen "Cfa") climate characterized by hot, humid summers and warm, mostly dry winters. The rainy season lasts from May until October, and the dry season, from November to April. New Smyrna averages only about two freezes per year, and many species of subtropical plants and palms are grown in the area. The city has recorded snowfall only three times in its 250-year history. The summers are long and hot, with frequent severe thunderstorms in the afternoon, as central Florida is the lightning capital of North America. Winters are pleasant with frequent sunny skies and dry weather.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Weather hazards include hurricanes from June until November, though direct hits are rare. Hurricane Charley exited over New Smyrna Beach on August 13, 2004, after crossing the state in a northeastern direction from its initial landfall in Punta Gorda. The storm caused extensive damage to the beachside portion of the city and toppled many historic oak trees in the downtown area and along historic Flagler Avenue.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: As of the census of 2010, 22,464 people, 11,074 households, and 6,322 families resided in the city. The population density was . The 16,647 housing units averaged 491.9 per square mile (189.9/km). The racial makeup of the city was 90.8% White, 5.9% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.1% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2.8% of the population.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Of the 11,074 households, 14.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.9% were not families. About 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.01 and the average family size was 2.54.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: In the city, the population was distributed as 13.9% under the age of 18, 3.6% from 20 to 24, 17.9% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 31.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 54.3 years. Females were 52.1% of the population, and males were 47.9%.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the city was $49,625, and for a family was $62,267. Males had a median income of $38,132 versus $32,087 for females. The per capita income for the city was $31,013. About 10.9% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 8.3% of those aged 65 or over.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Named one of "America's Top Small Cities for the Arts", New Smyrna Beach is home to the Atlantic Center for the Arts, an artists-in-residence community and educational facility, the Harris House, the Little Theatre, and a gallery of fine arts, Arts on Douglas. Arts shows featuring visual and performing arts occur throughout the year.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: The New Smyrna Speedway is a half-mile paved racetrack opened in 1967 that currently hosts the ARCA Menards Series East, NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour, Southern Super Series and World Series of Asphalt Stock Car Racing.


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: According to the "International Shark Attack File" maintained by the University of Florida, in 2007, Volusia County had more confirmed shark bites than any other region in the world. Experts from the university have referred to the county as having the "dubious distinction as the world's shark-bite capital". The trend continued in 2008, when the town broke its own record, with 24 shark bites. An "Orlando Sentinel" photographer shot a picture of a four-foot spinner shark jumping over a surfer, a reversal of "jumping the shark".


title: New Smyrna Beach, Florida

text: Sharks bit three different surfers on September 18, 2016, in the span of a few hours at the same beach. Very few of the shark bites are fatal.


title: Joanna Kulig

text: Joanna Kulig (; born 24 June 1982) is a Polish actress and singer, best known for her role in the 2018 historical drama film "Cold War", which earned her the Best Actress Award at the 31st European Film Awards. Her other notable credits include the films "Elles", "The Woman in the Fifth", "Ida" and "The Innocents", as well as the Netflix series "The Eddy".


title: Joanna Kulig

text: Kulig was born on 24 June 1982 in Krynica, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Poland. Her mother worked as a cook at a local kindergarten and her father was a folk poet. She was raised with four siblings in Muszynka. Her younger sister, Justyna Schneider, is also an actress and adopted their great-grandmother's surname to avoid confusion as their first names are similar.


title: Joanna Kulig

text: While still living in Krynica, Kulig graduated from the Frédéric Chopin First Degree State Music School where she studied piano. At 18, she moved to Kraków, and enrolled at the Mieczysław Karłowicz State Music School Complex, from which she graduated in singing. In the meantime, she also completed the Kraków Vocational Technical High School for Hotel Administration. In 2007, Kulig earned an acting degree with a specialisation in singing from the AST National Academy of Theatre Arts in Kraków. She was the first in her family to graduate from a university.


title: Joanna Kulig

text: In 1998, Kulig won an episode of the Polish television talent show "Szansa na sukces" by performing Grzegorz Turnau's song "Między ciszą a ciszą". She took part in the show's annual final, and came third. Turnau later invited her to sing with him on his 2002 album "Nawet". Kulig also participated in season two of the Polish television talent show "Idol" in 2002. She was eliminated in the semi-finals.


title: Joanna Kulig

text: Kulig made her stage debut in 2006 as Hermia in the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" at the Helena Modrzejewska National Stary Theater in Kraków. She made her film debut in 2007 in Grzegorz Pacek's drama "Wednesday, Thursday Morning", which earned her the Gdynia Film Festival award for Best Debut. In 2011, she played Alicja opposite Juliette Binoche in Małgorzata Szumowska's drama "Elles". Her performance earned her the Polish Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, and another recognition at the Gdynia Film Festival for Best Supporting Actress. Kulig also starred alongside Ethan Hawke and Kristin Scott Thomas in the 2011 drama "The Woman in the Fifth" directed by Paweł Pawlikowski. In 2013, she appeared in Jacek Borcuch's drama "Lasting", and in Pawlikowski's Academy Award-winning drama "Ida". She received her second Polish Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress for the former. In 2016, she portrayed Sister Irena in Anne Fontaine's critically acclaimed drama "The Innocents".


title: Joanna Kulig

text: Kulig's international breakthrough came in 2018 when she starred in Pawlikowski's historical drama film "Cold War". The part of Zula, a woman in post-war Poland who joins a folk music touring group, was written specifically for her. Mark Kermode of "The Observer" wrote that she "delivers a star-making performance of astonishing range and depth", and Mick LaSalle of "San Francisco Chronicle" stated that "she takes the role of a lifetime between her teeth, chomps on it, pounds it into the ground and never lets go for a second." According to Scott Feinberg of "The Hollywood Reporter", "in a fair world ... Kulig would not only be a serious contender for a best actress nom, but would quickly become an in-demand actress in Hollywood, too." Kulig received the Best Actress Award at the 31st European Film Awards, and the Polish Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance. That same year, she played local priest's girlfriend with whom she gets pregnant in Wojciech Smarzowski's controversial film "Clergy". In 2019, Polish magazine "Wprost" ranked her fourth on its list of the 50 most influential Polish women.


title: Joanna Kulig

text: Kulig starred as jazz singer Maja in Damien Chazelle's 2020 Netflix musical drama series "The Eddy". She served as one of the jurors of the Un Certain Regard section at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival. That year, she also starred in the well-received action thriller "Kompromat" directed by Jérôme Salle. Kulig is set to star in Rebecca Miller's romantic comedy "She Came to Me" alongside Anne Hathaway, Tahar Rahim, Marisa Tomei and Matthew Broderick, and in Michael Keaton's noir thriller "Knox Goes Away". She will also make a guest appearance in the upcoming Apple TV+ miniseries "Masters of the Air".


title: Joanna Kulig

text: In 2009, Kulig married film director and screenwriter Maciej Bochniak. She gave birth to their son in February 2019.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca (also called Chibcha) are an indigenous people and culture of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, Colombia, that formed the Muisca Confederation before the Spanish conquest. The people spoke Muysccubun, a language of the Chibchan language family, also called "Muysca" and "Mosca". They were encountered by conquistadors dispatched by the Spanish Empire in 1537 at the time of the conquest. Subgroupings of the Muisca were mostly identified by their allegiances to three great rulers: the "hoa", centered in Hunza, ruling a territory roughly covering modern southern and northeastern Boyacá and southern Santander; the "psihipqua", centered in Muyquytá and encompassing most of modern Cundinamarca, the western Llanos; and the "iraca", religious ruler of Suamox and modern northeastern Boyacá and southwestern Santander.


title: Muisca

text: The territory of the Muisca spanned an area of around from the north of Boyacá to the Sumapaz Páramo and from the summits to the western portion of the Eastern Ranges. Their territory bordered the lands of the Panche in the west, the Muzo in the northwest, the Guane in the north, the Lache in the northeast, the Achagua in the east, and the Sutagao in the south.


title: Muisca

text: At the time of the Spaniard invasion, the area had a large population, although the precise number of inhabitants is not known. Estimates vary from 500,000 to over 3 million inhabitants. Their economy was based on agriculture, salt mining, trading, metalworking, and manufacturing.


title: Muisca

text: Due to Spanish colonization, the population of the Muisca has drastically decreased and assimilated into the general population. The descendants of the Muisca are often found in rural municipalities including Cota, Chía, Tenjo, Suba, Engativá, Tocancipá, Gachancipá, and Ubaté. A census by the Ministry of Interior Affairs in 2005 reports a total of 14,051 Muisca people in Colombia.


title: Muisca

text: Important contributors to the knowledge about the Muisca have been their main conquistador, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada; Spanish poet, soldier, and priest Juan de Castellanos (16th century); bishop Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita and Franciscan Pedro Simón (17th century); and Javier Ocampo López and Gonzalo Correal Urrego (recent).


title: Muisca

text: Knowledge of events up until 1450 is mainly derived from mythological contexts, but thanks to the "Chronicles of the West Indies" we do have descriptions of the final period of Muisca history, prior to Spanish arrival.


title: Muisca

text: Excavations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense (the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments) show evidence of human activity since the Archaic stage at the beginning of the Holocene era. Colombia has one of the most ancient archaeological sites of the Americas: El Abra, which is estimated to be approximately 13,000 years old. Other archaeological traces in the region of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense have led scholars to talk about an El Abra Culture: In Tibitó, tools and other lithic artifacts date to 9740 BCE; on the Bogotá savanna, especially at Tequendama Falls, other lithic tools dated a millennium later were found that belonged to specialized hunters. Human skeletons were found that date to 5000 BCE. Analysis demonstrated that the people were members of the El Abra Culture.


title: Muisca

text: Scholars agree that the group identified as Muisca migrated to the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Formative era (between 1000 BCE and 500 CE), as shown by evidence found at Aguazuque and Soacha. Like the other formative-era cultures of America, the Muiscas were transitioning between being hunter-gatherers and becoming sedentary farmers. Around 1500 BCE, groups of agrarians with ceramic traditions came to the region from the lowlands. They had permanent housing and stationary camps, and worked the salty water to extract salt. In Zipacón there is evidence of agriculture and ceramics. The oldest settlement of the highlands dates to 1270 BCE. Between 800 BCE and 500 BCE, a second wave of migrants came to the highlands. Their presence is identified by multicolor ceramics, housing, and farms. These groups were still in residence upon the arrival of the Spanish invaders. They left abundant traces of their occupation that have been studied since the 16th century, and allow scientists to reconstruct their way of life. It is possible that the Muisca integrated with more ancient inhabitants, but the Muisca were the ones who molded the cultural profile and the social and political organization. Their language, a dialect of Chibcha, was very similar to those peoples of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Kogui, Ijka, Wiwa, and Kankuamo) and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (U'wa).


title: Muisca

text: "Zipa" Saguamanchica (ruled 1470 to 1490) was in a constant war against aggressive tribes such as the Sutagao, and especially the Panche, who would also make difficulties for his successors, Nemequene and Tisquesusa. The Caribs were also a permanent threat as rivals of the "zaque" of Hunza, especially for the possession of the salt mines of Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca people were organized in a confederation that was a loose union of states that each retained sovereignty. The confederation was not a kingdom, as there was no absolute monarch, nor was it an empire, because it did not dominate other ethnic groups or peoples. It is hard to compare the Muisca Confederation with other American civilizations, such as the Aztec or the Inca empires. The Muisca Confederation was one of the biggest and best-organized confederations of tribes on the South American continent.


title: Muisca

text: Every tribe within the confederation was ruled by a chief or a "cacique". Most of the tribes were part of the Muisca ethnic group, sharing the same language and culture and forming relations through trade. They united in the face of a common enemy. The army was the responsibility of the "zipa" or "zaque". The army was made up of the "güeches", the traditional ancient warriors of the Muisca.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca Confederation existed as the union of two lesser confederations. The southern confederation, headed by the "zipa", had its capital at Bacatá (now Bogotá). This southern polity included the majority of the Muisca population and held greater economic power.


title: Muisca

text: The northern territory was ruled by the "zaque", and had its capital in Hunza, known today as Tunja. Although both areas had common political relations and affinities and belonged to the same tribal nation, there were still rivalries between them. Among the territories there were four chiefdoms: Bacatá, Hunza, Duitama, and Sogamoso. The chiefdom was composed by localities. The tribes were divided into "Capitanías" (ruled by a capitan). There were two kinds: "Great Capitania" ("sybyn") and "Minor Capitania" ("uta"). The status of "Capitan" was inherited by maternal lineage.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca legislation was consuetudinary, that is to say, their rule of law was determined by long-extant customs with the approval of the "zipa" or "zaque". This kind of legislation was suitable to a confederation system, and it was a well-organized one. The natural resources could not be privatized: woods, lakes, plateaus, rivers and other natural resources were common goods.


title: Muisca

text: "Chibcha", also known as "muysca", "mosca", or "muysca cubun", belongs to the Chibchan languages. It was spoken across several regions of Central America and the north of South America. The Tairona culture and the U'wa, related to the Muisca culture, speak similar languages, which encouraged trade. The Muisca used a form of hieroglyphs for numbers.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca had an economy and society considered to have been one of the most powerful of the American Post-Classic stage, mainly because of the precious resources of the area: gold and emeralds. When the Spaniards arrived in Muisca territory they found a rich state, with the Muisca Confederation controlling mining of the following products:


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca traded their goods at local and regional markets with a system of barter. Items traded ranged from those of basic necessity through to luxury goods. The abundance of salt, emeralds, and coal brought these commodities to "de facto" currency status.


title: Muisca

text: Having developed an agrarian society, the people used terrace farming and irrigation in the highlands. Main products were fruits, coca, quinoa, yuca and potatoes.


title: Muisca

text: Another major economic activity was weaving. The people made a wide variety of complex textiles. The scholar Paul Bahn said: "the Andean cultures mastered almost every method of textile weaving or decoration now known, and their products were often finer than those of today."


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca were an agrarian and ceramic society of the Andes of the north of South America. Their political and administrative organization enabled them to form a compact cultural unity with great discipline. In Spanish, it is called cultura muisca


title: Muisca

text: Pre-Columbian Muisca patterns appear in various seals of modern municipalities located on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, for instance Sopó and Guatavita, Cundinamarca. The remaining Muisca people in central Colombia also have their own seal.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca culture had certain sports which were part of their rituals. The "turmequé" game, also known as tejo, has survived and became a popular sport of Colombia. Also important were matches of wrestling. The winner received a finely woven cotton blanket from the chief and was qualified as a guecha warrior.


title: Muisca

text: Muisca priests were educated from childhood and led the main religious ceremonies. Only the priests could enter the temples. Besides the religious activities, the priests had much influence in the lives of the people, giving counsel in matters of farming or war. The religion originally included human sacrifice, but the practice may have been extinct by the time of the Spanish conquest, as there are no first-hand Spanish accounts.


title: Muisca

text: Oral tradition suggests that every family gave up a child for sacrifice, that the children were regarded as sacred and cared for until the age of 15, when their lives were then offered to the Sun-god, Sué.


title: Muisca

text: The cult of the Muisca centered on two main deities; Sué for the Sun and Chía for the Moon. They developed a vigesimal (based on 20) calendar and knew exactly the timing of the summer solstice (June 21), which they considered the Day of "Sué", the Sun god. The Sué temple was in Sogamoso, the sacred city of the Sun and the seat of the Iraca (priest). The Muisca name of the city, "Suamox" or "Sugamuxi", means "City of the Sun". On the solstice, the "zaque" went to Suamox for a major festival where ritual offerings were made. It was the only day of the year when the "zaque" showed his face, as he was considered a descendant of the Sun god.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca mythology is well documented. Many of the writers who contributed to the "Chronicles of the West Indies" were based in Bogotá. They recorded many of the myths as they were interested in the traditions and culture of the conquered people. The Muisca territory became the seat of the colonial administration for the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: "Nuevo Reino de Granada").


title: Muisca

text: The origin of the legend of "El Dorado" (Spanish for "The Golden One") in the early 16th century may be located in the Muisca Confederation. The "zipa" offered gold and other treasures to the Guatavita goddess. To do so, the "zipa" covered himself with gold dust and washed it off in the lake while tossing gold trinkets into the waters. This tradition was well known outside the Confederation, as far as the Caribbean Sea; the Spaniards were attracted by stories of a "city of gold" that did not exist. Indigenous people sometimes got rid of the avaricious Spaniards in that way, pointing them in the direction of other peoples. Lake Guatavita was explored by conquistadors who were looking for gold offerings from the "zipa" to the goddess. The legend grew until the term became a metaphor for any place where great wealth may be found or made.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca did not construct large stone structures. They didn't use the abundant rock to leave monumental ruins as has happened with other American cultures. Their houses were built with materials such as clay, canes, and wood. The houses had a conical form, most of them to the point that Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, founder of Bogotá, gave the area the name "Valle de los Alcázares" ("Valley of the Palaces"). The houses had small doors and windows, and the dwellings of the higher rank citizens were different. The Muisca used little furniture as they would typically sit on the floor.


title: Muisca

text: Rivalries between the "zaque" and the "zipa" were taken advantage of by the Spaniards as they conquered the heart of what would be Colombia. Some of them, such as Sebastián de Belalcázar, Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, and Nicolás de Federman, interested in locating El Dorado, discovered the rich plains of Cundinamarca and Boyacá. The presence of the Spaniards gave hope to both sovereigns that, were they to make one Confederation, could prevail in a war against the Spaniards. But the Spaniards prevailed.


title: Muisca

text: The reaction of the chief leaders and the people did little to change the destiny of the Confederations. The Spanish executed the last Muisca sovereigns, Sagipa and Aquiminzaque, in 1539 and 1540 respectively. In 1542 Gonzalo Suárez Rendón finally put down the last resistance and the territories of the Confederations were shared by Belalcazar, Federmann, and De Quesada. Later the Spanish Crown would elect De Quesada as the man in charge, with the title "adelantado de los cabildos de Santa Fe y Tunja".


title: Muisca

text: When the Muisca structure disappeared under the Spanish Conquest, the territory of the Confederations of the "zaque" and "zipa" were included in a new political division within the Spanish colonies in America. The territory of the Muisca, located in a fertile plain of the Colombian Andes that contributed to make one of the most advanced South American civilizations, became part of the colonial region named Nuevo Reino de Granada. The priests and nobility of the Muisca were eliminated. Only the "Capitanias" remained. Much information about the Muisca culture was gathered by the Spanish administration and by authors such as Pedro de Aguado and Lucas Fernández de Piedrahita. The Spaniards created indigenous areas to keep the survivors, who were obligated to work the land for them under the quasi-genocidal encomienda system. The colonial era contributed to the importance of Bogotá, and people from the area would play an important role in the fights for independence and republican consolidation. The wars of independence of three nations (Colombia with Panamá, Venezuela, and Ecuador) were led by the descendants of aboriginals; Spaniard-affiliated elites were forcibly deported after independence.


title: Muisca

text: After independence in 1810, the new state dissolved many of the indigenous reservations. The one in Tocancipá was dissolved in 1940. The one in Sesquilé was reduced to 10% of its original size. Tenjo was reduced to 54% of its original size after 1934. The Reservation of Cota was re-established on land bought by the community in 1916, and then recognized by the 1991 constitution; the recognition was withdrawn in 1998 by the state and restored in 2006.


title: Muisca

text: In 1948 the state forbade the production of chicha, a corn-based alcoholic drink. This was a blow to the culture and economy of the Muisca. The ban remained until 1991. Since then, the "Festival of the chicha, maize, life, and joy" is celebrated every year in Barrio La Perseverancia, a neighborhood in Bogotá where most of the chicha is produced.


title: Muisca

text: Since 1989 there has been a process of reconstruction of the indigenous councils by the surviving members of the Muisca Culture. Muisca Councils currently working are Suba, Bosa, Cota, Chía, and Sesquilé. The councils had an Assembly in Bosa on 20–22 September 2002, called the "First General Congress of the Muisca People". In that congress, they founded the Cabildo Mayor del Pueblo Muisca, affiliated to the National Indigenous Organization of Colombia (ONIC). They proposed linguistic and cultural recuperation, defense of the territories nowadays occupied by others, and proposed urban and tourist plans. They support the communities of Ubaté, Tocancipá, Soacha, Ráquira, and Tenjo in their efforts to recover their organizational and human rights.


title: Muisca

text: The Muisca people of Suba opposed the drying up of the Tibabuyes wetland and wanted to recover the Juan Amarillo wetland. They defended the natural reserves like "La Conejera", part of the Suba Hills that is considered by the Shelter's Council to be communal land. "Suati" Magazine ("The Song of the Sun") is a publication of poetry, literature, and essays about Muisca culture.


title: Muisca

text: The community of Bosa made important achievements in its project of natural medicine in association with the Paul VI Hospital and the District Secretary of Health of Bogotá. The community of Cota has reintroduced the growing of quinua, and regularly barter their products at market.


title: Muisca

text: Studies of Muisca culture are abundant and have a long tradition. The first sources come from the "Chronicles of the West Indies", which work lasted for three centuries during the existence of the colonial New Kingdom of Granada.


title: Muisca

text: After the independence wars in 1810, there was a surge of interest in the study of the Muisca culture. Indigenous Colombians established the capital of their republic in Bogotá, the former viceroyal city, which was the capital of the confederation of the "zipa", and was known as Bacatá. Research shows that this site was the cradle of an advanced society whose process of consolidation was cut short by the Spanish conquest.


title: Muisca

text: This search for an identity resulted in giving emphasis to the Muisca culture and overlooking other native nations, which were seen as wild people. Researchers wrongly concluded that the Muisca culture inhabited a previously empty land and that all archeological finds could be attributed solely to the Muisca. In 1849 president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera invited Italian cartographer Agustín Codazzi, who led the Geography Commission with Manuel Ancízar and did descriptive studies of the national territory and an inventory of the archaeological sites. The result of the expedition was published in Bogotá in 1889 as "Peregrinación Alfa". Argüello García pointed out that the goal of that expedition in the context of the new nation was to underline the pre-Hispanic societies and in that sense, they centered on the Muisca culture as the main model. A similar tendency can be found in the works of Ezequiel Uricoechea. An objection to that point of view came from Vicente Restrepo: his work "Los chibchas antes de la conquista española" showed them as barbarians.


title: Muisca

text: Miguel Triana, in his work "La Civilización Chibcha" suggested that the rock art symbols were writing. Wenceslao Cabrera Ortíz was the one who concluded that the Muisca were migrants to the highlands; in 1969 he published on this and reported about excavations at the El Abra archaeological site. Those publications opened a new era in the studies of the pre-Hispanic cultures in Colombia.


title: Muisca

text: Recent archaeological work has also concentrated on the creation and composition of Muisca goldwork, with this data being made available for wider research.


title: Muisca

text: Several (fossil) flora and fauna found in Colombia in the area of the Muisca have been named after the people. Two volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io have been named after the Muisca religion and mythology.


title: Entity–attribute–value model

text: Entity–attribute–value model (EAV) is a data model to encode, in a space-efficient manner, entities where the number of attributes (properties, parameters) that can be used to describe them is potentially vast, but the number that will actually apply to a given entity is relatively modest. Such entities correspond to the mathematical notion of a sparse matrix.