title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: In 1936, Jawaharlal Nehru denouncing the Act commented, "The monstrous provisions of the Criminal Tribes Act constitute a negation of civil liberty. No tribe [can] be classed as criminal as such and the whole principle [is] out of consonance with all civilised principles."


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: In January 1947, Government of Bombay set up a committee, which included B.G. Kher, then Chief Minister Morarji Desai, and Gulzarilal Nanda, to look into the matter of 'criminal tribes'. In 1949, after a long campaign led by Communist leaders such as P. Ramamurthi and P. Jeevanandham, and Forward Bloc leader U. Muthuramalingam Thevar, who had led many agitations in the villages since 1929 urging the people to defy the CTA, the number of tribes listed under the CTA was reduced. Other provincial governments soon followed suit.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: The Act was repealed in August 1949, which resulted in 2,300,000 tribals being decriminalised. The committee appointed in the same year by the central government to study the utility of the existence of this law, reported in 1950 that the system violated the spirit of the Indian constitution.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: A massive crime wave after the criminal tribes were denotified led to a public outcry. The Habitual Offenders Act (HOA) (1952) was enacted in the place of CTA; it states that a habitual offender is one who has been a victim of subjective and objective influences and has manifested a set practice in crime, and also presents a danger to society. The HOA effectively re-stigmatised the already marginalised "criminal tribes".


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: Many of these denotified tribes continued to carry considerable social stigma from the Act, and come under the purview of the new 'Prevention of Anti-Social Activity Act' (PASA). Many of them have been denied the status of Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST) or Other Backward Classes (OBC), which would have allowed them avail Reservation under Indian law, which reserves seats for them in government jobs and educational institutions, thus most of them are still living Below Poverty Line and in sub-human conditions.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: Over the course of the century since its passing, the criminal identity attached to certain tribes by the Act, was internalised not just by the society, but also by the police, whose official methodology, even after repeal of the Act, often reflected the characteristics of manifestation of an era initiated by the Act, a century ago, where characteristic of crimes committed by certain tribes were closely watched, studied and documented.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: The new Act simply relists the "Criminal Tribes" as denotified tribes. Today the social category generally known as the denotified and nomadic tribes includes approximately 60 million people in India.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: The National Human Rights Commission recommended repeal of the 1952 Habitual Offenders Act in February 2000. Later in March 2007, the UN's anti-discrimination body Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), noted that "the so-called denotified and nomadic which are listed for their alleged 'criminal tendencies' under the former Criminal Tribes Act (1871), continue to be stigmatised under the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) (art. 2 (1)), and asked India to repeal the Habitual Offenders Act (1952) and effectively rehabilitate the denotified and nomadic tribes. According to the body, since much of 'Habitual Offenders Act (1952)' is derived from the earlier 'Criminal Tribes Act 1871', it doesn't show a marked departure in its intent, only gives the formed notified tribes a new name i.e. "Denotified tribes", hence the stigma continues so does the oppression, as the law is being denounced on two counts, first that "all human beings are born free and equal", and second that it negates a valuable principle of the criminal justice system – innocent until proven guilty.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: In 2008, the National Commission for Denotified, Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Tribes (NCDNSNT) of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment recommended that same reservations as available to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes be extended to around 110 million people of denotified, nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes in India; the commission further recommended that the provisions of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 be applicable to these tribes also. Today, many governmental and non-governmental bodies are involved in the betterment of these denotified tribes through various schemes and educational programs.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: At least two short films have made on the situation of denotified tribes in India, first "Mahasweta Devi: Witness, Advocate, Writer" (2001) by Shashwati Talukdar, a film on the life and works of social activist and Magsaysay Award winner, Mahasweta Devi, who has been working for tribes for over three decades. Second, "Acting Like a Thief" (2005) by P. Kerim Friedman & Shashwati Talukdar, about a Chhara tribal theatre group in Ahmedabad, India.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: The 2017 Tamil movie "Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru" was largely based on the criminal acts performed by Bawaria criminal tribes.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: In 2021 Tamil movie (Jai Bhim) has spoken largely about habituation criminal injustice to the native tribes.


title: Criminal Tribes Act

text: The second season of the Indian streaming series "Delhi Crime" depicts the still existing prejudice and abuse of "denotified tribes" in Indian police, politics, and society.


title: Carnival Celebration

text: Carnival Celebration is the current flagship of Carnival Cruise Line. She is Carnival's second vessel of the fleet's Excel class, a subclass of Carnival Corporation & plc's Excellence class. At , she is the largest ship in Carnival's fleet. Unlike her sister ship, "Mardi Gras", as well as the original "Celebration", this ship is named "Carnival Celebration" using the Carnival prefix. Her name was announced on 21 August 2020. Construction started on 13 January 2021 and was completed on 2 November 2022.


title: Carnival Celebration

text: "Carnival Celebration" is divided into six zones incorporating themed elements and spaces that will host activities and events and also house various dining and shopping outlets. On her top decks, "Carnival Celebration" hosts the "Ultimate Playground" zone, where the shipboard roller coaster will be located, dubbed "Bolt". Designed by Maurer AG, the ride will consist of self-propelled cars that ride on an 800-foot track and can travel up to . "Bolt" will also be joined by an extensive water park and sports center.


title: Carnival Celebration

text: Specific to the Carnival Celebration, a new zone called The Gateway features the Golden Jubilee bar and lounge. This is not only dedicated to the cruise line's 50th anniversary but also featuring both replica and original items taken from retired ships of the past, from the original "Mardi Gras" to "Carnival Fascination". This replaces the Brass Magnolia that is featured on the ship's sister ship, "Mardi Gras".


title: Carnival Celebration

text: The ship is currently operating from Miami, Florida sailing a mixture of 6-8 day cruises to the Eastern, Western and Southern Caribbean after a 14 day transatlantic cruise, which departed from Southampton, England on 6 November 2022.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Disney Wonder is a cruise ship operated by Disney Cruise Line. She was the second ship to join the Disney fleet on entering service in 1999. "Disney Wonder" is of the same class as . The other three ships in the fleet are the , , and . The interior of "Disney Wonder" is decorated in the Art Nouveau style, in contrast to her sister ship, "Disney Magic" which is decorated in the Art Deco style. Both ships have 11 public decks, can accommodate 2,400 passengers in 875 staterooms, and have a crew of approximately 950. "Disney Wonder" was built in the year following completion of "Disney Magic". , "Disney Wonder" sails various North American itineraries on a seasonal basis. From early September to late October 2016, the ship underwent dry dock in Cadiz, Spain where she was given many new dining, entertainment, and accommodation enhancements.


title: Disney Wonder

text: In 2022, it was confirmed that "Disney Wonder" would establish a new itinerary from Australia sailing to other parts of Oceania during their summer season. She will position to Sydney via Hawaii in October 2023 and return to Vancouver in March 2024.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Disney had cruise ship designs drawn up by February 1994. In 1995, Disney Cruise Line commissioned the construction of and "Disney Wonder" in Fincantieri, Italy. She was laid down on May 5, 1997, launched on February 23, 1998, and completed on June 18, 1999. The ship's godmother was Disney character Tinkerbell (who only spoke with bell sounds), and Mickey Mouse (voiced by Wayne Allwine) gave the ship's blessing in English. Wonder entered into service in August 1999.


title: Disney Wonder

text: "Disney Wonder" originally sailed three- and four-night cruises to the Bahamas. In 2011, took over these itineraries. Since then, the "Disney Wonder" has been sailing a variety of itineraries that include stops in Alaska, the Mexican Riviera, Hawaii, the Caribbean, and passages through the Panama Canal.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Rebecca Coriam, a 24-year-old crew member, was last seen by one of "Disney Wonder"s security cameras having an apparently upsetting telephone conversation in the early morning hours of March 22, 2011, before apparently disappearing the next day. It was the first such incident in the history of Disney Cruise Lines.


title: Disney Wonder

text: With the arrival of "Disney Dream" in 2011, "Disney Wonder" was relocated to Los Angeles under a two-year contract with a three-year extension with the port.


title: Disney Wonder

text: On January 10, 2013, the ship made her first-call ceremony in Miami, Florida. Cruises while stationed in Miami would consist of four- and five-night itineraries to the Bahamas and Western Caribbean with stops in Cozumel, Mexico; Disney's private island, Castaway Cay; Grand Cayman; Key West and Nassau, Bahamas. The "Disney Wonder" returned in April 2013 to Vancouver, British Columbia, for Alaskan cruises.


title: Disney Wonder

text: The ship was dry docked for an overhaul at the Navantia shipyard in Cadiz, Spain in September 2016 until October 23, 2016. "Disney Wonder" was then stationed out of Galveston, Texas starting November 10, 2016.


title: Disney Wonder

text: In October 2018, Disney Cruise Line began showing "Disney at Sea with D23", a 30-minute entertainment news show that covers the many Disney subsidiaries with input from D23, starting with "Disney Wonder".


title: Disney Wonder

text: A cruise in spring 2020 was shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic. The ship arrived at the Port of San Diego, California, on March 19, 2020, where 1,980 passengers disembarked; there were no reports that any had flu-like symptoms. By April 5, 38 crew members had reportedly tested positive to the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, according to a report by Cruise Law News based on discussions with unnamed individuals on the ship. Disney, however, told other news media that none of the crew had tested positive. A passenger who disembarked at San Diego on March 20 reported that no health screening activities, such as the asking of health-related questions or the taking of temperatures, had occurred upon disembarkation, and that the only health screening that occurred was during the check-in process two weeks prior. After disembarking the passengers in March the ship was placed under a no-sail order, effective through July, by the Centers for Disease Control. As of May 2020 "Disney Wonder" and two other cruise ships were still at anchor offshore from San Diego. Approximately 700 crew were reportedly still aboard "Disney Wonder".


title: Disney Wonder

text: After the resumption of cruising in October 2021, "Disney Wonder" made sailing short cruises from San Diego, Galveston, and New Orleans, Louisiana, with a significantly reduced passenger load.


title: Disney Wonder

text: On March 31, 2022, the "Disney Wonder" made its inaugural trip to Avalon, Catalina Island on a 4-night cruise, also stopping at Ensenada. This was celebrated in accordance with maritime tradition plaque exchanges.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Entertainment on "Disney Wonder" includes live Broadway-style shows with many Disney characters at the Walt Disney Theater, the Buena Vista movie theater, which features both Disney films and first-run movies, several night clubs and lounges, several pools, and many Disney-themed parties and celebrations, including a Sail-Away Celebration, Pirate Night, and sometimes a Marvel or Star Wars Day at Sea.


title: Disney Wonder

text: On the ship's forward funnel, there is a 24-by-14 foot LED screen known as the "Funnel Vision", due to its location on the rear of one of the ship's funnels, where guests can watch various movies and shows either from the deck or from inside Goofy's Pool.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Children 3-12 can spend time at the Oceaneer Club and the Oceaneer Lab, which are connected by a passageway. The Club provides a slide, multiple TVs, dress up clothing, and counselor-led activities. The Lab provides video games, computers, cooking classes, and TV time geared towards the older end of that age bracket. Children receive an RFID badge when registered that allows the cruise staff to know the child's location in the activity areas, and to help with Check-in and Checkout. Tweens ages 11–14 can enjoy the Edge on deck 9, where they can watch movies, play games, enjoy arts and crafts and more with other cruisers their age. Finally, the Vibe exists in the funnel on deck 11 for teens ages 14–17, where they can chill, hang out with friends, listen to music, watch TV, play group games, and more.


title: Disney Wonder

text: For adults, one of the ship's three pools is reserved exclusively for older guests to relax and spend time, featuring a poolside bar and a number of deck chairs. There is also a shipboard spa at the front of the ship, past the adult pool, as well as a gym. There are also adults-only activities, including limited alcohol tastings, trivia, and other activities in the After Hours section of the ship, which becomes adults-only after 9pm.


title: Disney Wonder

text: The ship also has a promenade/walking track around the exterior on deck four. On some cruisings, there are fireworks at sea on one night of the cruise, as well as a Pirate Night and/or Star Wars/Marvel Day at Sea.


title: Disney Wonder

text: Disney Cruise line is known for pioneering the rotational dining setup, in which guests and their wait staff rotate through three differently themed restaurants throughout their cruise. The Disney Wonder's restaurants include Triton's (serving "continental food with a french flair"), Tiana's Place (serving southern-, cajun-, and creole-inspired food), and Animator's Palate (which is present on all of the Disney cruise ships). Additionally, the up-scale, adults-only restaurant Palo, situated at the rear of the ship, requires a separate reservation and serves high-end Italian cuisine.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: Prabjhote Kaur "Jyoti" Gondek (born 1969) is a Canadian politician serving as the 37th and current mayor of Calgary since October 25, 2021.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: Born in London, England, Gondek is the daughter of Indian Punjabi Sikh parents Jasdev Singh Grewal, a lawyer, and Surjit Kaur Grewal. She immigrated to Canada with her parents at age four, initially settling in Manitoba.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: Gondek pursued a bachelor's degree in criminology and sociology from the University of Manitoba, where she worked as a policy analyst with the government of Manitoba before moving to Calgary, where she worked in sales and marketing for the Credit Union of Central Alberta. Gondek pursued a master's degree in organizational sociology during a two-year stint at Greyhound.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: She founded a strategic planning and communications consultancy, Tick Consulting, while pursuing a PhD in urban sociology at the University of Calgary, where she also taught and eventually directed a real-estate studies initiative at the University's Haskayne School of Business. Gondek was a member of the Calgary Planning Commission from 2012 to 2016. Gondek's successfully deposited her dissertation in 2014. It was called Pressures of Hybridity: An analysis of Urban-Rural Nexus. it offered a case study of Rocky View County, a municipality that shares both rural and urban features. Rocky View County surrounds most of Calgary, forming the city's northern boundary and most of the city's western and eastern boundaries.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: From 2017 to 2021 she was the councillor for Ward 3, which includes the communities of, Carrington, Country Hills, Country Hills Village, Coventry Hills, Harvest Hills, and Panorama Hills. Ward 3 is in the NW region of Calgary. Prior to her term as a city councillor, Gondek sat as a citizen member of the city's planning commission.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: In 2021, it was reported that in 2013, Gondek's consultancy was hired by the Urban Development Institute, a special interest group for the development industry in Calgary, to influence public opinion in favour of urban sprawl. This, along with the fact that contributions from developers made up 47% of her donations in the 2017 municipal election—above the average of 35%—made her the subject of controversy.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: On October 18, 2021, she was elected the 37th mayor of Calgary. Gondek was sworn in along with the incoming city council on October 25, 2021, becoming the first female mayor in the city's history.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: During the swearing-in ceremony for the new City Council, Gondek refused to swear in Sean Chu, who was embroiled in a scandal following allegations of impropriety with a minor while he was a member of the Calgary Police Service. Gondek attended a rally calling for Chu's resignation.


title: Jyoti Gondek

text: On March 29, 2022, a poll by ThinkHQ Public Affairs pegged Gondek's approval rating at 38%, with 53% of respondents disapproving and the remaining 9% unsure. The unusually low approval rating in the first few months of her mayoral tenure has been attributed to the failed Calgary Event Centre deal, a four percent tax increase, and the COVID-19 pandemic, including the related protests in the Beltline neighbourhood. Gondek responded to the poll, saying it was a "data point at a very specific point in time," and reflective of residents' frustrations with the uncertain economy caused by the pandemic.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group E

text: The 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group E was one of the ten UEFA groups in the World Cup qualification tournament to decide which teams would qualify for the 2022 FIFA World Cup finals tournament in Qatar. Group E consisted of five teams: Belarus, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Estonia and Wales. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format.


text: The group winners, Belgium, qualified directly for the World Cup finals, while the runners-up, Wales, and the third-placed team, the Czech Republic, advanced to the second round (play-offs).


text: The fixture list was confirmed by UEFA on 8 December 2020, the day following the draw. Times are CET/CEST, as listed by UEFA (local times, if different, are in parentheses).


title: Kouta Hirano

text: Hirano said he learned how to be a manga artist from reading Akira Toriyama and Akira Sakuma's "Hetappi Manga Kenkyūjo". Starting his career first as a manga artist's assistant (self-described as "horrible" and "lazy" in said assistant position), and later a hentai manga artist, he went on to enjoy somewhat limited success with other relatively unknown manga titles such as "Angel Dust", "Coyote", "Gun Mania" and "Hi-Tension". His first major success came with his manga series "Hellsing", which got its start and was subsequently serialized in a monthly manga magazine, "Young King OURs", towards the latter half of 1997.


title: Kouta Hirano

text: However, "Hellsing" was not the earliest Hirano series to be published in "Young King OURs" monthly. In 1996, the same year "Hellsing"'s precursor, "The Legends of Vampire Hunter", was first released as a single H short story in "Heavenly Pleasure" (a monthly H-centric manga magazine), another World War II-based short story named "Hi-And-Low" was being published in "Young King OURs" by a then lesser-known Kouta Hirano. The story takes place primarily at a train station in Russia and features two female characters that are strikingly similar to Integra Helsing from "Hellsing" and Yumiko/Yumie in "Crossfire"; and who are, in actuality, undercover Axis spies in-league with one another for a common purpose: the success of Operation Barbarossa. This story saw ink in one issue of "OURs" before being discontinued in favor of "Hellsing" itself.


title: Kouta Hirano

text: A number of Hirano's older works are now considered collector's items due to the small number of them that exist. Many characters from "Hellsing" appear in his previous works and, as mentioned above, there is a rare hentai prototype of "Hellsing" titled "The Legends of (the) Vampire Hunter". At Otakon 2006, he said in an interview that in about a year and a half to two years, he will finish "Hellsing" and move on to a different project which he says will be kept a secret until the time comes. This statement was proven true when "Hellsing" ended with 95 chapters in October 2008. Hirano has since begun a new series, "Drifters", which was published in April 30's issue of "YKO" and which Hirano keeps working on to this day.


title: Kouta Hirano

text: Hirano has also been part of a doujinshi circle titled GUY-YA, consisting of himself and "Read or Die" manga artist Shutaro Yamada.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The Order of the Dannebrog () is a Danish order of chivalry instituted in 1671 by Christian V. Until 1808, membership in the order was limited to fifty members of noble or royal rank, who formed a single class known as "White Knights" to distinguish them from the "Blue Knights" who were members of the Order of the Elephant. In 1808, the Order was reformed and divided into four classes.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "Grand Commander" class is reserved to persons of princely origin. It is awarded only to royalty with close family ties with the Danish Royal House. The statute of the Order was amended in 1951 by a Royal Ordinance so that both men and women could be members of the Order.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Today, the Order of the Dannebrog is a means of honouring and rewarding the faithful servants of the modern Danish state for meritorious civil or military service, for a particular contribution to the arts, sciences or business life, or for working for Danish interests.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "badge" of the Order is a white enamelled Dannebrog cross (i.e., a cross pattée, the lower arm being longer than the others) with a red enamelled border, for the Knights in silver, and for everyone else in gold or silver gilt. At the top of this cross is the royal cypher of the bestowing monarch, crowned with the distinctive Danish royal crown On its front, the cross bears the royal cyphers of Christian V at its centre, as well as the motto of the Order: (God and the King) on its arms. On its reverse are found the crowned royal cyphers of Valdemar II Sejr, Christian V and Frederik VI, as well as the years 1219, 1671 and 1808, the years that each of them ascended the Danish throne. In each of the four angles of the cross is found a small Danish royal crown.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The Grand Cross can, as a special honor, be awarded "with diamonds" (S.K.i diam.) (). There is also a Cross of Honour (D.Ht.) ().


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "collar" of the Order is made of gold, with small enamelled Dannebrog crosses alternating with alternating crowned royal cyphers representing Kings Valdemar II Sejr and Christian V, the reputed and actual founders of the Order. When the collar is worn the sash is not worn.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "star" of the Order is an eight-pointed silver star with straight rays with an enamelled Dannebrog cross (similar to the front of the badge but without the royal cypher above and the royal crowns between the arms of the cross) at the centre.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "breast cross" of the Order is similar to the cross on the "star" but larger and with faceted silver instead of white enamel and without the silver rays of the "star".


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The Order originally had a distinctive habit worn by the knights (after 1808, by the Knights Grand Cross) on very solemn occasions. The habit consisted of a white doublet, white breeches, white stockings and white shoes, over which was worn a red mantle with a white lining and with the star of the order embroidered in silver on its left side. Over this red mantle was worn a short white shoulder cape with a standing collar embroidered in gold, upon which was worn the collar of the Order (the habit was always worn with the collar and never with the ribbon of the Order). The habit also had a black hat with a plume of white and red ostrich feathers. This habit was almost identical to that worn by the knights of the Order of the Elephant.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Each Danish ministry has a quota of Knights and Knights 1st class that they may use at their discretion. It is most often given to high-ranking officers of the police, armed forces and emergency services.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Also used for politicians in Folketinget after 8 years of elected service. Ministers are given the rank of Knight 1st Class.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The rank of Commander is given to colonels, ministers and other high-ranking officials as a retirement-decoration after long service. Commander 1st class is given for admirals, generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors, and other governmental leaders as a retirement decoration.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The Grand Cross is most often used for admirals, generals, Supreme-court judges, ambassadors and similar as a reward for very meritorious service to Denmark.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Grand Cross with Breaststar with Diamonds is most often given to high-ranking officers of the Royal Court, such as Hofmarskals.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Finally, the Grand Commander grade is given only to 8 people. The reigning monarch is always a Grand Commander, and he/she may give the grade to 7 others, most often close family.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: Award of the Order of the Dannebrog is often used as a tool of diplomacy. If a foreign country has an Order that they give to foreign diplomats in their country, then their diplomats in Denmark can be given an Order of the Dannebrog. To be eligible, the foreign ambassador must reside in Denmark for at least three years.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The "Dannebrogordenens Hæderstegn" (Cross of Honour of the Order of the Dannebrog) in modern times is only awarded to Danes on whom the Order of the Dannebrog has already been bestowed. It is also worn by the individual members of the royal family. Its badge is similar to the badge of the Order, but all in silver, and is worn on a ribbon (gentlemen) or bow (ladies) with rosette on the left chest.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: The late Prince Henrik of Denmark had been a Grand Commander since 1973. As such, his death in 2018 left one position of Grand Commander available. The number of Grand Commanders never exceed 8.


title: Order of the Dannebrog

text: It is possible for membership in the Order to be revoked. Before 1808, membership had only been revoked on two occasions, Peder Griffenfeld who was charged with treason, and Samuel Christoph von Plessen who was charged with looting and gross misconduct. In more recent times it has been revoked on basis of criminality, such as Peter Adler Alberti (1910), Erik Ninn-Hansen (1995), and Peter Brixtofte (2008). Foreigners have also had their membership revoked. Several prominent Nazi officials, such as Hermann Göring and Konstantin von Neurath were awarded the order, which was later revoked.


title: 49th Annie Awards

text: The 49th ceremony of the Annie Awards, honoring excellence in the field of animation for the year of 2021, was held on March 12, 2022, at the University of California, Los Angeles's Royce Hall in Los Angeles, California as a virtual event. The nominations were announced on December 21, 2021.


title: 49th Annie Awards

text: The nominees were announced on December 21, 2021, "Raya and the Last Dragon" led the nominations with ten, followed by "Encanto" with nine. For TV, "Arcane" led with nine nominations, followed by "Maya and the Three" with seven.


title: 49th Annie Awards

text: "Belle" has received five Annie Award nominations, including one for Best Independent Animated Feature. Its total makes it the most nominations for a Japanese anime film ever at the awards, surpassing the previous films "Spirited Away", "Millennium Actress" (both 2001), and "Weathering with You" (2019) with four.


title: 49th Annie Awards

text: "The Mitchells vs. the Machines" (Film) and "Arcane" (TV) swept every category with eight and nine, became the first year to sweep both. "The Mitchells vs. the Machines" became the second film by Sony Pictures Animation to sweep the Annies after "" in 2019. "Arcane" became the first television series to both win the most awards in a single year, and to sweep the Annies. "Flee" also won Best Animated Feature — Independent, making it the first animated documentary to do so.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president of Barbados is the head of state of Barbados and the commander-in-chief of the Barbados Defence Force. The office was established when the country became a parliamentary republic on 30 November 2021. Before, the head of state was Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados, who was represented on the island by a governor-general. The first and current president is Sandra Mason, who previously served as the last governor-general.


title: President of Barbados

text: In 1979, a commission of inquiry known as the Cox Commission on the Constitution was constituted and charged with studying the feasibility of introducing a parliamentary republican system. The Cox Commission came to the conclusion that Barbadians preferred to maintain the constitutional monarchy. The proposal to move to a republican status was therefore not pursued. The 1994 manifesto of the Barbados Labour Party dealt with the republic issue, proposing a referendum. In line with this promise, on 29 October 1996 a Constitution Review Commission, chaired by Henry de Boulay Forde, was appointed to review the Constitution of Barbados. The Commission reported back on 15 December 1998, and recommended that Barbados adopt a parliamentary republican system. In 1999, the Barbados Labour Party's manifesto proposed that the findings of the commission and its recommendation that Barbados become a republic would receive the early attention of the government.


title: President of Barbados

text: A referendum bill was introduced in parliament and had its first reading on 10 October 2000. With the dissolution of parliament just prior to the elections in 2003, the bill was not carried over.


title: President of Barbados

text: Prime Minister Owen Arthur established in 1998 a constitutional commission led by Henry Forde. It concluded, "Barbadians, with few exceptions, believe that our head of state should be a citizen of Barbados by birth or descent, who lives in Barbados." Arthur subsequently called for a referendum on becoming a republic to be held in 2005. Accordingly, a second referendum bill was introduced in 2005, and passed into law in October 2005. The referendum under the 2005 act was planned to be held concurrently with the 2008 Barbadian general election. On 2 December 2007, reports emerged that this vote was put off due to concerns raised by the Electoral and Boundaries Commission. Following the election, David Thompson replaced Arthur as prime minister, and the plan was shelved.


title: President of Barbados

text: On 22 March 2015, Prime Minister Freundel Stuart announced his intention to move the country towards a republican form of government "in the very near future". The general secretary of the Democratic Labour Party, George Pilgrim, confirmed the move and said that it is expected to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Barbadian independence in 2016.


title: President of Barbados

text: The Barbados Labour Party government of Prime Minister Mia Mottley announced in its Throne Speech in September 2020 that Barbados would become a republic by November the following year, abolishing the position of monarch of Barbados and replacing that of governor-general with a president (of Barbadian nationality) as head of state, as Mottley asserted that "Barbadians want a Barbadian head of state [sic]". It was this proposal that was eventually enacted into law—on 20 September 2021, the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Bill, 2021 was introduced to the Parliament of Barbados, and was subsequently passed on 6 October. Prime Minister Mia Mottley described the move as "having the confidence that we can be responsible for our affairs, in every respect — and that means having a Barbadian head of state." It instituted a parliamentary republic with a prime minister as head of government and a predominantly ceremonial president as head of state.


title: President of Barbados

text: The first candidate for president of Barbados, the Governor-General of Barbados, Sandra Mason, was nominated jointly by the prime minister and the leader of the opposition on 12 October 2021, and subsequently elected by parliament on 20 October. Mason took office on 30 November 2021.


title: President of Barbados

text: The prime minister and the leader of the opposition jointly nominate a consensus candidate 90 days before the incumbent's term is due to expire, and that candidate is then elected in a walkover without a vote unless any member of Parliament lodges their objection. If an objection is lodged, the joint sitting is suspended and the two Houses of Parliament, the Senate and the House of Assembly, meet separately and each vote on accepting or rejecting the nominee. A two-thirds majority of valid votes in each house separately is then required to elect a candidate on all rounds of balloting.


title: President of Barbados

text: If no consensus candidate is nominated by the 60th day before the end of the incumbent's term, the election is opened to other candidates. To gain ballot access in such an open election, a candidate must be nominated either by the prime minister, the leader of the opposition, or at least ten members of the House of Assembly. The requirement for a two-thirds majority of valid votes in each house separately also applies in an open election; this means that if only one candidate has been nominated, the voting system is the same as when a consensus candidate has been objected to.


title: President of Barbados

text: Whenever the office of president is temporarily vacant; until a new president is appointed; and whenever the holder of the office is absent from Barbados, on vacation, or is for any reason unable to perform the functions conferred upon them by the Constitution, those functions are performed by an individual appointed by the prime minister, after consultation with the leader of the opposition, to serve as acting president. However, if the president is suspended from office in case of ongoing impeachment proceedings, the president of the Senate of Barbados serves as acting president. The presidential line of succession is not defined beyond that.


title: President of Barbados

text: Barbados' constitution gives the country a Westminster parliamentary system of government based on that of the United Kingdom, wherein the role of the head of state is both legal and practical, but not political. Similarly to other parliamentary republics in the Commonwealth of Nations such as India and Trinidad and Tobago, but unlike continental European parliamentary states such as Germany and Italy, the president of Barbados is formally vested with great constitutional power extending to all three branches of government. In practice, the constitutional conventions that bound the head of state and her representatives when Barbados was a constitutional monarchy are expected to remain in force, meaning that executive power will continue to be exercised by the prime minister and cabinet as per the amended constitution, which states the president "shall act in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet or a Minister acting under the general authority of the Cabinet" except in certain circumstances, usually described as the reserve powers.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president is the nominal source of executive power. The president is almost always bound by convention to exercise this power on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet. Hence, in normal practice, like the British sovereign (and heads of state in other Westminster systems), they "reign" but do not "rule", and executive authority is exercised by the prime minister and their cabinet, on behalf of the president.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president appoints as prime minister the individual most likely to maintain the support of the House of Assembly; usually this is the leader of the political party with a majority in that house, but also, when no party or coalition holds a majority (referred to as a minority government situation), or other scenarios in which the president's judgement about the most suitable candidate for prime minister has to be brought into play. The president must additionally appoint to Cabinet, on the advice of the prime minister, at least five other ministers. All ministers are accountable to the democratically elected House of Assembly and, through it, to the people.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president, along with the Senate and the House of Assembly, is one of the three components of parliament. Since the president is almost always required to act on the advice of the cabinet, the president's role in the legislative process is limited to assenting to bills and signing them into law. However, the president has the absolute power to withhold assent to Bills passed by Parliament (i.e. to veto without parliamentary override). Furthermore, a form of pocket veto exists: the Constitution does not give a specific time frame for presidential action on a Bill passed by Parliament, thus the president can hypothetically postpone the signature of a Bill indefinitely, effectively vetoing it. Further, the Constitution outlines that the president is responsible for appointing senators — twelve on the advice of the prime minister, two on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and seven by the president at their discretion to represent various religious, social, economic, or other interests in Barbados.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president additionally summons, prorogues, and dissolves parliament; after the latter, the writs for a general election are usually dropped by the president at State House. In practice, these powers are almost always exercised on the advice of the cabinet.


title: President of Barbados

text: The president has the right to appoint judges on the joint recommendation of the prime minister and leader of the opposition, and pardon offenders.


title: President of Barbados

text: According to the Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 2021 and the First Schedule section of the Constitution of Barbados, the official oath of office or affirmation for the president of Barbados is as follows:


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Alejandro Cao de Benós de Les y Pérez (born 24 December 1974) is a Spanish political activist with close relations with North Korea. He is a Special Representative of the Foreign Ministry of North Korea. He is, according to himself, also the Special Delegate of North Korea's Committee for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries. He is wanted by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation for conspiracy to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA).


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: He is also the founder, president, and only salaried member of the Korean Friendship Association (KFA). He has been an advocate of North Korea since 1990. His Korean name, Cho Son-il ("Korea is One"), is self-given but not a legal name as he travels using his Spanish passport. He is an honorary member of the ruling Workers' Party of Korea and the Korean People's Army. He has lived in Tarragona and Barcelona, working as an IT consultant. In April 2022, the US Department of Justice charged Cao de Benós "with conspiring to violate United States sanctions on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea."


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Cao de Benós comes from a Spanish noble family. His paternal ancestors were the barons of Les, marquesses of Rosalmonte and counts of Argelejo, Grandees belonging to the highest-ranking members of the Spanish nobility, who were linked for centuries to the Spanish Army and Navy. Many of them were defenders of Carlism and Francoism. Although Cao de Benós's grandfather was born rich, he lost his inheritance and ended up working as a guard for Repsol-Butano.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Cao de Benós founded the Korea Friendship Association in 2000, purchasing and establishing his privately owned domain name which whilst claiming to be officially sanctioned is privately owned and registered in his name. All official government and ministerial sites of North Korea have the .kp domain and, given the WHOIS record for KFA's website points towards it being the personally owned domain of Cao de Benós, there is doubt about its claim to be the "official web page of DPR of Korea" and thus Cao de Benós's claims of his actual status in North Korea's hierarchy.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Cao de Benós has regularly visited Pyongyang, assisting with press pass application and acting as a translator for the foreign press (constantly under supervision of local authorities) and helping to schedule business meetings. Cao de Benós acts for a commission as an intermediary in such meetings and in line with having no official paid employment is not paid any base salary. He has written numerous articles on matters relating to the political situation in the Korean Peninsula, dissemination of state propaganda as well as giving press interviews. Cao de Benós is one of the few foreigners to claim to follow the North Korean party line; he continues as president of his company the Korean Friendship Association. Cao de Benós is featured in the documentaries "Friends of Kim", "The Propaganda Game" and "".


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: In July 2016, Cao de Benós founded a bar called Pyongyang Cafe in Tarragona, which is decorated with North Korean propaganda posters and features regular talks on subjects such as tourism. The café closed to the public in March 2017 and became a members-only establishment for KFA members.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Cao de Benós has been the subject of widespread criticism from the Western press for, among other things, trying to restrict freedom of expression of journalists. He has expelled members of the "Association of Friendship with Korea" for "disrespect". He has also been accused of threatening and intimidating journalists critical of North Korea. Andrew Morse of ABC News visited North Korea in 2004, at the invitation of the Association. Morse was accused of using sensationalist language to describe North Korean collective farms. When asked about the incident, Cao de Benós said, "Mr. Morse broke almost every rule specified beforehand, including the DPRK law. So after several warnings that he completely ignored, appropriate measures were taken." The "appropriate measures" included unauthorized entry and search of journalist Morse's Pyongyang hotel room, including destruction of his laptop and recordings; Cao de Benós compelled Morse to write a letter of apology under duress, in exchange for being granted permission to leave the country.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: While he is authorized to "promote and develop cultural relations," Cao de Benós has been criticized for fraudulently representing himself as a North Korean government employee and the KFA as an official North Korean entity, neither of which are true.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: Cao de Benós has been criticized for charging more than twice as much as other tour organizers to bring filmmakers, artists and tourists to North Korea. In exchange for these higher prices, he promises exclusive access, although the attractions on his itinerary are comparable to those on any other tour. Furthermore, Cao de Benós has historically failed to secure permits and permissions for even standard, relatively highly-accessible attractions.


title: Alejandro Cao de Benós

text: In 2020, an unpublished report by the UN Panel of Experts denounced Cao de Benós for violating UN sanctions by facilitating a joint venture between the DPRK and KFA. A federal arrest warrant was issued in the United States District Court, Southern District of New York on January 27, 2022, after he was charged with conspiracy to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA). He is wanted by the FBI from January 2022 for working with an American citizen to illegally provide


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Parthenium hysterophorus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the American tropics. Common names include Santa-Maria, Santa Maria feverfew, whitetop weed, and famine weed. In India, it is locally known as carrot grass, congress grass or Gajar Ghas. It is a common invasive species in India, Australia, and parts of Africa.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: "Parthenium hysterophorus" invades disturbed land, including roadsides. It infests pastures and farmland, causing often disastrous loss of yield, as reflected in common names such as "famine weed". In some areas, heavy outbreaks have been ubiquitous, affecting livestock and crop production, and human health.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: The plant produces allelopathic chemicals that suppress crop and pasture plants, and allergens that affect humans and livestock. It also frequently causes pollen allergies. A study published in 2021 further showed that the plant could promote malaria by supplying much appreciated food and shelter to mosquitoes in Eastern Africa.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: It is being investigated as a means of removing heavy metals and dyes from the environment, control of aquatic weeds, commercial enzyme production, an additive in manure for biogas production, as a biopesticide, and as green manure and compost.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: The species has been listed as an invasive alien species of Union Concern. This means it is illegal to import or sell this species in the whole of the European Union.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Contact with the plant causes dermatitis and respiratory malfunction in humans, and dermatitis in cattle and domestic animals. The main substance responsible is parthenin, which is dangerously toxic. It also is responsible for bitter milk disease in livestock when their fodder is polluted with "Parthenium" leaves.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Among other allelopathic effects of the species, the presence of "Parthenium" pollen grains inhibits fruit set in tomato, brinjal, beans, and a number of other crop plants.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Light infestations of "Parthenium hysterophorus" in cultivated fields may be hoed or weeded by hand if labour is available at acceptable cost.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Generally the application of herbicides is expensive and often harmful; Paraquat sprays may be applied while the weeds are young. Glyphosate is not effective against this species.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: The most satisfactory and promising means of practical long-term control are biological. Several species that feed on the weed are variously in use or on trial in various countries. The best-established control organism so far is a beetle native to Mexico, "Zygogramma bicolorata" (Mexican Beetle), which was first introduced to India in 1984. It since has become widespread and well-established on the subcontinent. It defoliates and often kills the weed, and its damage to the young flowering tops reduces seed production.


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: In various countries, such as Australia and South Africa, several other biocontrol agents have been released or are under evaluation. These include at least two more species of beetles that have been released in South Africa, a stem boring weevil "Listronotus setosipennis", and a seed weevil "Smicronyx lutulentus".


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: Also in South Africa, rust fungi have been of some use: the winter rust "Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola" plus the summer rust "Puccinia xanthii"


title: Parthenium hysterophorus

text: In Australia, apart from the foregoing, yet other biocontrol agents have been employed or evaluated on "Parthenium hysterophorus", to a total of 11 species since 1980. Of those eleven, nine appear to have established in various regions. The two with the greatest effect seem to be the Parthenium beetle "Zygogramma bicolorata" and a stem-galling moth "Epiblema strenuana". However, other species that appear to have established usefully include a leaf-mining moth, "Bucculatrix parthenica"; a stem-galling weevil, "Conotrachelus albocinereus"; and a root-boring moth "Carmenta ithacae".


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: Attu Station is a census-designated place (CDP) located on Attu Island in the Aleutians West Census Area in the U.S. state of Alaska. The population was 21 at the 2010 census, consisting entirely of coast guard personnel who resided and worked at Casco Cove Coast Guard Station, but left the island when the station was closed in August 2010, leaving it uninhabited. LORAN Station Attu had provided a navigational signal for mariners of the North Pacific since the 1970s.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: Although often considered the westernmost place in the United States, due to its location relative to the rest of the country, Attu Station is actually one of the easternmost points in the United States, located at , on the opposite side of the 180th meridian from the rest of the United States (See Extreme Points of the United States, even though Attu is not listed there).


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: After the Japanese invasion of Attu Island and the battle to retake it, the United States government constructed a LORAN station on the southern tip of the island, at Theodore Point. The equipment to build the station came from Holtz Bay and was ferried on barges and landing craft to Baxter Cove, about east of the station. Bulldozers were used to cut a road from Baxter Cove to Theodore Point.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: In 1960, the station was moved to Casco Cove, near the former United States Navy base at Massacre Bay. Later, it was moved to Massacre Bay. LORAN Station Attu ceased transmission of the LORAN signal on February 8, 2010 and the Russian-American signal ceased on August 1, 2010.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , for which of it is land and of it (0.75%) is water.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: Attu (Naval) Station first appeared on the 1980 U.S. Census as "Attu", a census-designated place (CDP). It did not return on the 1990 census. The name was changed to Attu Naval Station and redesignated a CDP in 2000. It appeared lastly on the 2010 census, just before the closure of the station in August that year and the departure of its remaining residents.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: At the 2000 census there were 20 people, 0 households, and 0 families in the CDP. The population density was . There were 0 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 18 White, 1 from other races, and 1 from two or more races. Five of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: The age distribution was 7 from 18 to 24, 12 from 25 to 44, and 1 from 45 to 64. The median age was 30 years. There were 19 men and one woman.


title: Attu Station, Alaska

text: Males had a median income of $26,250, which is the same as for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $26,964. None of the population was below the poverty line.


title: Honeyland

text: Honeyland (, transliterated: "Medena zemja") is a 2019 Macedonian documentary film that was directed by Tamara Kotevska and Ljubomir Stefanov. It portrays the life of Hatidže Muratova, a loner beekeeper of wild bees who lives in the remote mountain village of Bekirlija and follows her lifestyle before and after neighbors move in nearby. The film was initially planned as a short film documenting the region surrounding the river Bregalnica but its area of focus changed when the directors met Hatidže. "Honeyland" received its world premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on 28 January and it has grossed $1,315,037.


title: Honeyland

text: Filming of "Honeyland" lasted three years, and 400 hours of footage was filmed. Several environmental topics are explored, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and exploitation of natural resources. The directors primarily focused on the visual aspects and wanted to portray humanity's balance with the ecosystem through Hatidže, and consumerism and resource depletion through her neighbors. The documentary also portrays Hatidže's relationships with her bedridden mother and her neighbors. "Honeyland" contains elements of several documentary styles, including fly on the wall, direct cinema, and cinéma vérité.


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" received universal critical acclaim from film critics, who praised its attention to detail and applauded its conservationist message. The documentary received numerous awards and nominations at film festivals, including three awards at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival and two nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards in the categories for Best International Feature Film and Best Documentary Feature. "Honeyland" is the first documentary to receive a nomination in both categories in the history of the Oscars.


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" documents the life of Hatidže Muratova, a Macedonian beekeeper of Turkish descent, who lives in the village of Bekirlija in the municipality of Lozovo. She is one of the last keepers of wild bees in Europe. Due to its location in a secluded mountain, the village has no access to electricity and running water. Hatidže lives with her 85-year-old, partly blind and bedridden mother Nazife, who is completely dependent on her daughter. Hatidže earns a living by selling honey in the country's capital Skopje, which is four hours away from the village.


title: Honeyland

text: The atmosphere in the village changes when the nomadic rancher Hussein Sam arrives with his wife Ljutvie, their seven children, and their imported domestic animals. Initially, Hatidže maintains good relationships with the family and spends time playing with the children. In need of money, and inspired by Hatidže's way of earning money, Sam takes an interest in wild beekeeping himself. Hatidže instructs him on collecting honey and provides him with several bees so Sam can start his own colony. Despite his initial success, one of Sam's customers demands more honey than his bees can produce. Sam disregards Hatidže's advice to always leave half of the honey for his bees and proceeds to sell the entire stock of honey. This leads to Sam's colonies attacking Hatidže's during the resource-scarce winter. Hatidže scolds Sam for ignoring her advice and her bee colony collapses. Soon after, her mother dies. As the nomadic family decides to move to another village, Hatidže remains alone in Bekirlija.


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" is Tamara Kotevska's and Ljubomir Stefanov's second collaboration on a documentary movie after "Lake of Apples" (2017). The movie was originally intended as government-funded documentary short focusing on the Bregalnica river and the preservation of the surrounding region in Lozovo municipality, central North Macedonia. The project was also part of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation's program for preservation of North Macedonia's natural resources. Finance came from a $25,000 grant awarded by San Francisco International Film Festival's documentary fund and three million Macedonian denars awarded by North Macedonia Film Agency.


title: Honeyland

text: Initially, the directors were planning to focus on the rotational farming practices of villagers inhabiting the area around Bregalnica. They also planned to follow the natural change of the river's flow that takes place every ten years. Upon arriving at the location, the film crew was introduced to Hatidže. Although initially reluctant to participate in the documentary, Hatidže agreed to get involved to send a message of sustainable living to the world. The film was going to focus on Hatidže's relationship with her mother and the directors had no conflict planned until the nomad family arrived sometime later. Hatidže and the nomad family were camera-shy at first but became used to the process as filming progressed. According to Kotevska, virtually none of the film's scenes are inauthentic – the only part that had to be recreated was the Sams’ arrival in the village, which the filmmakers had missed their first year of filming.


title: Honeyland

text: Starting in 2015, the documentary was filmed over three years and the final version was condensed from more than 400 hours of footage. Due to the remoteness of Bekirlija, the production team stayed there for three-to-four consecutive days before going to nearby towns for supplies and to recharge their filming equipment. They slept in tents and hammocks in front of Hatidže's house. The production involved a crew of six: the two directors, two directors of photography, an editor, and a sound engineer. They spent the better course of three years visiting the families of the film. Fejmi Daut, one of the documentary's cinematographers, said the lack of electricity in the village meant the production crew relied on daylight, candles, gaslight and a fireplace to achieve desired image quality. Each of the directors focused on a different element of the narrative; Kotevska's main role was the portrayal of relationships while Stefanov captured the environmental aspects.


title: Honeyland

text: The documentary uses fly on the wall style; it does not use any voice-overs and subjects filmed do not look directly at the camera, which gives it an "invisible" quality. According to Kotevska and Stefanov, during filming they mainly relied on visual observations of their subjects, whose language they did not understand. This approach was followed during the post-production stages and the first six months of the rough cut, which together lasted approximately 12 months. The directors focused only on the visuals without making use of audio recordings or transcripts. According to Kotevska, they wanted to make sure the movie's narrative is completely understandable even if it is followed visually. The filming technique has elements of direct cinema and cinéma vérité. The camerawork, which is steady during the first half of the movie, later becomes less steady with the arrival of the nomadic neighbors.


title: Honeyland

text: The film's score was composed and performed by the Macedonian band Foltin under the musical supervision of Rana Eid from the production company DB Studios in Beirut, Lebanon. The directors decided to collaborate with Foltin on the movie's score because they deemed Foltin original and capable of creating music specifically tailored for the documentary.


title: Honeyland

text: After the film, the filmmakers bought Hatidže a house close to her brother's family, although she still spends bee season in her old village. They also set up a donation page supporting Hatidže and the Sam kids on the film's website.


title: Honeyland

text: According to Stefanov, the directors' main focuses in "Honeyland" were climate change, biodiversity loss exemplified by the decline of the bee population, and the use of natural resources. Stefanov said, "The point is to take as much as you need, not to take everything, and leave [something] for tomorrow and those who are providing for you". Kotevska said the most suitable description of the documentary's main theme is modern consumerism. She described Hatidže's case as a portrayal of "how consumerism destroys ... natural resources completely". She elaborated that Sam's initial hesitation to sell more honey than he could produce comes from the conflict between his moral values and "the pressures of society". Josh Kupecki from the "Austin Chronicle" said "Honeyland" successfully depicts the way "capitalism functions even in the most rural areas". Sheena Scott, writing for "Forbes", said Sam's actions were motivated by profit "to the detriment of a more suitable sustainable way of living".


title: Honeyland

text: Set in the context of global warming and the rise of contemporary environmental awareness, numerous critics emphasized the message of sustainability. A.O. Scott from "The New York Times" viewed Hatidže as a "heroic figure" who sends a message to her "wasteful, wanton neighbors". Michael O'Sullivan from "The Washington Post" also found a prominent, cautionary message about the consequences of disrupting the universe's equilibrium. David Fear writing for "Rolling Stone" viewed it as a documentary that portrays "rural regionalism and lost art forms", also saying the directors ensured viewers are immersed in Hatidže's way of living during the first half of the movie so they realize what is being lost during the latter half. The documentary's producer Atanas Georgiev said the production team was "very eager" to send the message of sustainability to the citizens and the government of North Macedonia, and to prompt action to improve the country's air quality and reduce pollution.


title: Honeyland

text: In an interview, Hatidže said she views her work as a means of restoring the ecosystem's balance. This is exemplified when she chants "half for me, half for you" to her bees when collecting honey. This principle is based on the customs and traditions of her grandfather, who taught her bees need to use their own honey to obtain enough energy to fly and mate. The documentary includes numerous scenes of Hatidže and her neighbors during the beekeeping process, including the handling of the apiaries where the bees are kept, the cutting of honeycombs and the collection of honey in jars.


title: Honeyland

text: Critics have viewed it as a film that also explores anthropological topics. Another theme covered in the movie is the mother–daughter relationship between Hatidže and her bedridden mother, which cinematographer Ljuma and Kotevska described as resembling that between a queen bee and a worker bee. The finished film includes six of the twenty-five scenes portraying the relationship between the two. Kotevska and Stefanov stated they tried to reflect the traditions of the region, according to which the last daughter has to take care of her parents until they die, prohibiting the daughter from marrying and establishing her own family.


title: Honeyland

text: The world premiere of "Honeyland" took place at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on 28 January 2019. Its distributor Neon gave it a theatrical release in the United States, opening on 26 July 2019. In North Macedonia, the film had its premiere at the MakeDox Festival in Kuršumli An on 28 August 2019, which was attended by the film crew and Hatidže, and included a concert by Foltin. In the United Kingdom, "Honeyland" was released by Dogwoof on 13 September 2019, which was followed by a wider release in most European countries the same month.


title: Honeyland

text: On 22 October 2019, "Honeyland" was released in the US on video on demand and DVD by Universal Studios. In the UK, it was released on DVD and Blu-ray disc by Dogwoof on 24 February 2020; the disc includes deleted scenes and a theatrical trailer. In Australia and New Zealand, "Honeyland" was released by the production company Umbrella Films on 5 March 2020. As of July 2021, "Honeyland" has grossed $815,082 in the US and Canada, and $499,955 in other territories, making a worldwide gross of $1,315,037.


title: Honeyland

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Honeyland" has an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . According to the website's critical consensus, ""Honeyland" uses life in a remote village to offer an eye-opening perspective on experiences that should resonate even for audiences halfway around the world". At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the film received an average score of 86 based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". A.O. Scott from "The New York Times" praised the directors for "render[ing] the thick complexity of experience with poignant clarity" and called the film "quiet, intimate and intense, but touched with a breath of epic grandeur. It's a poem including history" and listed the film as best pick for 2019. In a separate year-end review, Scott and Manohla Dargis of the same newspaper named "Honeyland" the best film of 2019, and called it "nothing less than a found epic". Bob Verini of "Variety" deemed it a "rare film that would be a strong contender in either [Academy Awards] category, in any year" due to its "strong geopolitical resonance and visual splendor". Guy Lodge, another "Variety" journalist, wrote in a positive review that in the "painstaking observational documentary, everything from the honey upwards is organic".


title: Honeyland

text: Grading "Honeyland" with four stars out of five, Ty Burr from "The Boston Globe" said the film's strongest point is that it serves as "both allegory and example, a symbolic tale about the importance of nature's balance and a specific story about these specific lives", and called Hatidže "a figure for the ages". "Los Angeles Times" journalist Justin Chang described it as one of the rare films that serve as an "intimately infuriating, methodically detailed allegory of the earth's wonders being ravaged by the consequences of human greed". "The New Yorker" Anthony Lane identified numerous topics covered in the movie, writing that it "swarms with difficult, ancient truths about parents, children, greed, respect, and the need for husbandry". Writing for "The Hollywood Reporter", Sheri Linden called it an "unforgettable vérité character study and an intimate look at an endangered tradition". Ed Potton of "The Times", who gave the film four stars out of five, said "[a]lthough it starts as a meditation on the hardship and rhythms of rural life, [the film] becomes something more intimate". Rating it with four stars out of five, Helen O'Hara of "Empire" magazine, summed up the film as "[s]tunningly beautiful and quietly powerful, this is a portrait of a vanishing way of life and of a determined woman who's just trying to make her way in the world".


title: Honeyland

text: David Sims of "The Atlantic" called "Honeyland" "a rare nature documentary that's deeply personal". He elaborated, "a sensitivity to both petty human concerns and striking natural beauty is what makes "Honeyland" a particularly enthralling documentary. Nature filmmaking that focuses only on the environment can feel a little dry, while so-called human-interest storytelling can be cloying; "Honeyland" succeeds by combining the two." Sheena Scott from "Forbes" shared Sims's sentiments, writing that "it is the moments of intimacy that make this film so unique and beautiful". "Austin Chronicle" Josh Kupecki said the documentary is ultimately a "broader impact of humanity (in all its messy glory), and a document of so many things: grief, loss, happiness, and joy". Rating it with three stars out of four, Michael O'Sullivan from "The Washington Post" said despite the worthwhile patience it requires from viewers, the film "sneaks up on you in a quiet yet powerful way". David Ehlrich writing for "IndieWire" gave the film a B+ in his review, calling it "a bitter and mesmerically beautiful documentary that focuses on a single beekeeper as though our collective future hinges on the fragile relationship between her and the hives". One mixed review came from Stephen Whitty writing for "Screen Daily", who praised the painstaking filming and imagery but said its "commercial future seems limited" and that it "leaves plenty of questions – and, occasionally, its audience – behind".


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" was ranked as the third-best documentary and twelfth-best foreign film of 2019 in a survey of over 300 critics around the world conducted by "IndieWire". On Metacritic, it was ranked as the twenty-fourth-best film of 2019. It also appeared on twenty-three critics' year-end top-ten lists, ranking first in three of them.


title: Honeyland

text: Dina Iordanova, an academic of world cinema at the University of St. Andrews criticized the directors' claim that the movie was not scripted or re-enacted and questioned the authenticity of the documentary in her review published in "Docalogue". She stated that the movie was too fictionalized to be regarded as a documentary and claimed it was "a bona fide Flahertian re-enacted documentary. One can also call it “fake.”". She also criticized the alleged romanticization and exploitation of the austere conditions of Hatidže’s circumstance for the political message on sustainability, defining it a "morality tale about environmentalism and sustainability that borders on preaching.".


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" received its first monetary award prize of €30,000 from the Turkish Radio and Television Corporation at the 2019 Sarajevo Film Festival in late August 2019. Money received from the award was used to purchase a new house for Hatidže in the nearby village of Dorfulija in Lozovo Municipality, close to her relatives and friends. Kotevska and Stefanov also started a campaign titled "Donate for the Honeyland Community" that sends jars of natural honey to donors of a fund that benefits Hatidže and her neighbors.


title: Honeyland

text: "Honeyland" was the most awarded movie at the 2019 Sundance Movie Festival, winning awards in three categories, including the Grand Jury Prize, the Special Jury Award for Impact for Change, and the Special Jury Award for Cinematography, all in the World Cinema Documentary Competition category. In February 2020, the documentary won an award in the category of Best International Success at the 23rd Golden Ladybug of Popularity Awards in North Macedonia. Hatidže attended the event and performed two songs after receiving the award.


title: Honeyland

text: On 13 January 2020, "Honeyland" received nominations in the categories for Best Documentary Feature and Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards; it was the first documentary in the history of the Oscars to receive a nomination in the both categories. It is also the second Macedonian film to earn an Oscar nomination after "Before the Rain" (1994). Matilda Coleman of "The New York Times" dubbed the movie an "Oscar game changer" and stated with its two nominations, it paved the way for more success of the documentary genre in future Academy Award nominations. Jake Coyle writing for the Associated Press deemed the documentary a "quietly revolutionary Oscar nominee" and said it "speaks to ... the increasingly boundless nature of [the] documentary [genre]". Following the movie's dual nomination, several other countries started submitting their documentaries for dual categories at the 2021 Oscar awards.


title: YuruYuri

text: Taking place at the fictional Nanamori Middle School in Takaoka, Toyama, the series revolves around the daily lives of the , consisting of Akari Akaza, her childhood friends, Kyōko Toshinō and Yui Funami, and her classmate, Chinatsu Yoshikawa; along with the school's Student Council which is made up of its own set of characters.


title: YuruYuri

text: "YuruYuri" began its serial run in Ichijinsha's Japanese manga magazine "Comic Yuri Hime S" on June 18, 2008. In September 2010, "YuruYuri" was moved to "Comic Yuri Hime" when "Comic Yuri Hime S" ended its publication. The series went on indefinite hiatus starting on July 18, 2018, but resumed publication in January 2019. As of December 2011, over a million copies of the manga have been sold. The manga was briefly released in English on the online reader site JManga before it shut down.


title: YuruYuri

text: Another manga series set in the same universe, , began serialization in "Caramel Febri" magazine's first issue, released on July 24, 2010, and went on hiatus after the fourth issue, on January 25, 2011.


title: YuruYuri

text: A spin-off web manga by Namori focusing on the Ohmuro sisters, titled , has been released on Niconico's "Niconico Seiga" service. The series first released chapters alongside episodes of the second anime season between July 2, 2012, and September 17, 2012, before resuming on Ichijinsha's "Niconico Yuri Hime" web manga publication from February 17, 2013. An isekai spinoff manga series titled , a parody of the "That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime" light novel, was teased as an April Fools' joke on April 1, 2020, before being officially announced on April 17, 2020. The series will be drawn by Naya Minadori and released on Kodansha's "Suiyōbi no Sirius" section of Niconico Seiga. A prequel spin-off by Namori centering around the teachers featured in the main series, titled began release from July 31, 2020.


title: YuruYuri

text: An anime television adaptation of the manga series was announced in the May 2011 issue of "Comic Yuri Hime". Animated by Doga Kobo and directed by Masahiko Ohta, the series aired in Japan on TV Tokyo between July 5 and September 20, 2011.


title: YuruYuri

text: A second season, titled "YuruYuri♪♪", aired in Japan between July 2, 2012, and September 17, 2012. Both series were simulcast by Crunchyroll. The series won the Television award at the 17th Animation Kobe Awards. NIS America have licensed both seasons in North America, releasing the first two seasons subtitled Blu-ray Disc on September 3, 2013, and January 7, 2014, respectively. Later NIS America released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 7, 2014.


title: YuruYuri

text: An original video animation titled was screened in five theaters in Japan on November 29, 2014 before being released on Blu-ray and DVD on February 18, 2015. Unlike the series, the OVA is animated by TYO Animations instead of Doga Kobo, with Hiroyuki Hata replacing Ohta as director, Michiko Yokote replacing Takashi Aoshima as scriptwriter, and Motohiro Tanaguchi replacing character designer Chiaki Nakajima and serving as chief animation designer. Two additional episodes, titled "Nachuyachumi!+", aired on August 21 and September 18, 2015.


title: YuruYuri

text: A third anime season, titled "YuruYuri San☆Hai!", also produced by TYO Animations, aired in Japan between October 6, 2015, and December 21, 2015. Like the previous two seasons, it was simulcast by Crunchyroll.


title: YuruYuri

text: A new OVA, titled "YuruYuri, "(pronounced "YuruYuri Ten"), was announced on April 22, 2018, to celebrate the manga's tenth anniversary. The OVA is animated by Lay-duce instead of TYO Animations, with Daigo Yamagishi as director, Takahiro as scriptwriter, and Kazutoshi Inoue serving as character designer and chief animation designer. The new OVA was crowdfunded and completed its goal in February 2019. It was released on November 13, 2019 and had its television premiere on AT-X on February 23, 2020


title: YuruYuri

text: A four-episode original net animation series produced by DMM.Futureworks and W-Toon Studio, titled "MiniYuri", began streaming on Pony Canyon's YouTube channel from September 25, 2019. The series is directed by Seiya Miyajima, with Takahiro as scriptwriter, and Yasuhiro Misawa composing the music.


title: YuruYuri

text: The main opening and ending themes are performed by the , a unit consisting of the four main voice actresses, Minami Tsuda, Rumi Ōkubo, Shiori Mikami and Yuka Ōtsubo. For the first season, the opening theme is while the ending theme is . For the second season, the opening theme is while the ending theme is . The opening theme for episode six is by Ayana Taketatsu while the ending theme for episode eight is by Minami Tsuda and Rumi Ōkubo. For the OVA, the opening and ending themes are and , both performed by the Nanamori Middle School Amusement Club. For "Nachuyachumi! +", the opening and ending themes are and . For "San☆Hai", the main opening and ending themes are and by the Nanamori Middle School Amusement Club. The ending theme for episode 12 is by the Nanamori Middle School Amusement Club. For the 10th anniversary OVA, the opening and ending themes are and , both performed by the Nanamori Middle School Amusement Club.


title: YuruYuri

text: Characters and songs from "YuruYuri" appeared alongside other anime characters in the rhythm game, "Miracle Girls Festival", which was developed by Sega for the PlayStation Vita, and was released on December 17, 2015. The series also had a collaboration with "Release the Spyce: Secret Fragrance", a mobile game based on the anime series "Release the Spyce" that Namori had a hand in creating.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Reginald Joseph Mitchell CBE, FRAeS, (20 May 189511 June 1937) was a British aircraft designer who worked for the Southampton aviation company Supermarine from 1916 until 1936. He is best remembered for designing racing seaplanes such as the Supermarine S.6B, and for leading the team that designed the Supermarine Spitfire.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Born in Butt Lane, Staffordshire, Mitchell attended Hanley High School and afterwards worked as an apprentice at a locomotive engineering works, whilst also studying engineering and mathematics at night. In 1917 he moved to Southampton to join Supermarine. He was appointed Chief Engineer in 1920 and Technical Director in 1927. Between 1920 and 1936 he designed 24 aircraft, which included flying boats and racing seaplanes, light aircraft, fighters, and bombers. From 1925 to 1929 he worked on a series of racing seaplanes, built by Supermarine to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition, the final entry in the series being the Supermarine S.6B. The S.6B won the trophy in 1931. Mitchell was authorised by Supermarine to proceed with a new design, the Type 300, which went on to become the Spitfire.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In 1933, Mitchell underwent surgery to treat rectal cancer. He continued to work and earned his pilot's licence in 1934, but in early 1937, he was forced by a recurrence of the cancer to give up work. After his death that year, he was succeeded as chief designer at Supermarine by Joseph Smith.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Reginald Joseph Mitchell was born on 20 May 1895 at 115 Congleton Road, Butt Lane, in Staffordshire, UK. He was the second eldest of five children, and the eldest of three brothers. His father Herbert Mitchell was a Yorkshireman who became headmaster of three Staffordshire schools in the Stoke-on-Trent area, before he retired from teaching. He then helped to establish a printing business, Wood, Mitchell and C. Ltd, in Hanley. Herbert Mitchell's wife Eliza Jane Brain was the daughter of a cooper. When Reginald was a child, the family lived in Normacot, now a suburb of Stoke-on-Trent.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Reginald (known to his family as "Reg") attended Queensberry Road Higher Elementary School from the age of eight, before moving on to Hanley High School. There he developed an interest in making and flying model aircraft. In 1911, after leaving school at the age of 16, he worked as an apprentice for Kerr Stuart & Co. of Fenton, a railway engineering works. After completing his apprenticeship he worked in the drawing office at Kerr Stuart, whilst studying engineering and mathematics at a local technical college, where he displayed a talent for mathematics.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: After leaving Kerr Stuart in 1916, Mitchell worked for a period as a part-time teacher. He applied to join the armed forces on two occasions, but was on each occasion rejected because of his training as an engineer.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In 1916, Mitchell joined the Supermarine Aviation Works at Southampton, possibly for a probationary period. Since its formation in 1912, the company had specialized in building flying boats, producing its first aircraft, the Pemberton-Billing P.B.1, in 1914. During the First World War, Supermarine was taken over by the British Government, and during this period the company produced the first British single-seat flying boat fighter, the Supermarine Baby.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: On joining the company, Mitchell was given the opportunity to develop skills in a number of roles, so as to gain experience of the aircraft industry. His basic engineering training would have helped him to become established, as he adjusted from working with locomotives to understanding aeroplanes. A competent mathematician, Mitchell's ability to think creatively and use his intuition when looking at a design was soon recognised. The earliest record of his work at Supermarine is as a draughtsman, and dates from 1916. By 1917, he had become assistant to the company's owner and designer, Hubert Scott-Paine. He is likely to have played a role in the development of the Baby when in 1919 it was adapted for racing for the Schneider Trophy, and was renamed the Supermarine Sea Lion.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In 1918, Mitchell was promoted to become the works manager's assistant. When Supermarine’s chief designer William Hargreaves left the company in the summer of 1919, he was replaced by Mitchell, who took up his new duties later that year, leading a team that had in 1918 consisted of six draughtsmen and a secretary. Following his promotion, the 19-year-old returned to Staffordshire and married his fiancé Florence Dayson, an infant school headmistress, who was 11 years his senior. By 1921 he had become Supermarine's chief engineer. Following the departure of Scott-Paine in November 1923, Mitchell was able to negotiate a new contract, which led to greater influence in the company. The 10-year contract was a sign of his indispensability to Supermarine.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: It is unclear how Mitchell came about to become so quickly promoted when he was still a young man, as few documents relating to his early career have survived. However, his early promotion was not usual at that time; other men of Mitchell's age held similar positions in other aircraft companies. Decades after his death, when approached for information about him, those surviving Supermarine colleagues who had known Mitchell were reluctant to recall their personal memories.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Between 1920 and 1936, Mitchell designed 24 aeroplanes. His early projects often involved adapting Supermarine's earlier aircraft; in June 1920 the Air Ministry announced a civilian aircraft competition, and Supermarine's entry for the competition was the Commercial Amphibian, an adaptation by Mitchell of the company's Supermarine Channel. The Amphibian finished second, but was judged the best of the three entrants in terms of design and reliability. His redesigned Supermarine Baby, renamed the Supermarine Sea King, was exhibited the Olympia International Aero Exhibition in 1920, the first international exhibition to be held in the UK since the end of World War I. In 1922, the Chilean government bought a Channel, modified by Mitchell. That year he redesigned a version of the Commercial Amphibian, the Supermarine Sea Eagle.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell produced new designs for aircraft early in his career; he designed the Supermarine Seal II in 1920, and the triplane Flying Boat Torpedo Carrier the following year. The historian Ralph Pegram notes that the unbuilt Torpedo Carrier reveals the "first true indication of Mitchell’s thoughts as a designer". In 1921 work began on the Supermarine Swan, a commercial carrier, but only the prototype was built. The Supermarine Seagull II—later used as the basis for future designs—began to receive production orders in 1922. The Amphibian Service Bomber was designed by Mitchell in 1924. Renamed the Supermarine Scarab, 12 aircraft were bought by the Spanish Navy; they remained in service until 1928.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Supermarine's first design for a land aircraft, the Supermarine Sparrow, competed unsuccessfully during the Air Ministry's Light Air Competition of 1924, and subsequently failed to gain orders. A variant, the Supermarine Sparrow II, was used by Mitchell to test his different airfoil designs.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Work on the Supermarine Southampton started in March 1924. It flew for the first time the following March, and entered service in July 1925. By the end of 1925, Mitchell's team had designed the Southampton II—the Southampton but with a metal hull. The plane, more powerful, lighter, and more durable than its predecessor, flew for the first time in 1927. A paper by Mitchell on the use of the Southampton appeared in the March 1926 edition of "Flight" magazine. In 1928, a flight of Supermarine Southampton IIs left Felixstowe on 14 October for Australia, and returned to the UK on 11 December. The expedition provided Mitchell's design team with valuable information about operating aircraft in the tropics. The Southampton was one of the most successful flying boats of the between-war period, and established Britain as a leading developer of maritime aircraft. It was used to equip six RAF squadrons up to 1936.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In 1926, the Air Ministry issued specification 21/26 as a way to address the need for new fighter aircraft, and Mitchell's design team, which he had re-organised that year into separate drawing and technical offices, responded with a number of designs, including the Single Seat Fighter. By this time, Supermarine was moving away from wooden amphibious aircraft. The company concentrated instead on designing larger metal flying boats, such as the 3-Engined Biplane Flying Boat, designed in November 1927. The Supermarine Air Yacht, and a new design, the Southampton X (not related to other planes with the same name), was ordered in June 1928. Mitchell dispensed with the complicated curved surfaces for the wings and the hulls of the Air Yacht and the Southampton X, and as a result these aircraft appeared "boxy".


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Specification R.6/28, issued in 1928, resulted in a series of designs by Supermarine for a six-engined flying boat, with one of designs being a radical departure for Mitchell—it had a newly-designed cantilever wing with a large surface area and cross section. The aircraft was never built. From 1929 to 1931, he continued to design aircraft based on the Southampton and the Southampton X, such as the Supermarine Sea Hawk and its variant the Sea Hawk II, the Type 179, the Nanok and the Seamew.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In February 1929, Mitchell submitted patent GB 329411 A, "Improvements in the Cooling System of Engines for Automotive Vehicles", a condenser to be placed within the wings of an aircraft. The Air Ministry rejected Supermarine's proposal for such a wing-cooled aircraft, but in May 1929 a new specification allowed Mitchell to use his ideas again. A similar patent was submitted in 1931. The condenser was used in the Type 232, produced in April 1934, which was never put up for tender.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: During the early 1930s, many of Mitchell's ideas never went past the early design stages. Attempts by the company to sell a 5-engined flying boat failed when a contract was cancelled in early 1932, leading to job losses and wage cuts at Supermarine. However in 1933 the company's fortunes were revived when it received an order for 12 Scarpas (previously the Southampton IV) under the specification R.19/33, the first contract for a new design by Mitchell since 1924. This order was followed by orders for the Supermarine Stranraer, which went into production in 1937.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: After the first Seagull V flew in June 1933, the Royal Australian Air Force showed an interest, and 24 planes were ordered. The same year the RAF made an initial order of 12 aircraft, now renamed the Supermarine Walrus. Following the issuance of Air Ministry specification 5/36, Mitchell worked on a redesigned version of the Walrus, which was given the name Sea Otter. Work on the Sea Otter was completed after Mitchell's death in 1937, and it first flew in September 1938.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In October 1934, Mitchell published an article in the "Daily Mirror", ‘What is happening now in Air Transport?’, in which he predicted that air transport would prove to be the safest form of transport.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell and his design team worked on a series of racing seaplanes, built to compete in the Schneider Trophy competition. His team included Alan Clifton (later head of the Technical Office), Arthur Shirvall, and Joseph Smith. These men were fundamental to Supermarine’s success, as was the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), which provided invaluable support, guidance and scientific expertise in the form of detailed reports. The competition helped to place Mitchell at the forefront of aviation design.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell developed the Supermarine Sea King II to become the Sea Lion II, which competed for the 1922 Schneider Trophy in Naples. The Sea Lion II won the race, flying at an average speed of .


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: There was not enough time for Supermarine to design a new flying boat for the 1923 competition, so the Sea Lion II was borrowed back from the Air Ministry to allow Mitchell to adapt it. He increased its maximum speed by , achieved with the assistance of D. Napier & Son, who supplied the Lion III engine. To reduce the effects of drag forces, Mitchell reduced the wingspan from , modified the struts, floats and hull, and changed the way the engines were fitted.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: For the 1923 contest, two of the three British entrants were irreparably damaged before the race, leaving the Sea Lion III to compete alone. The United States team, flying Curtiss seaplanes, dominated the competition, with the winning pilot, David Rittenhouse, managing to reach a top speed of .


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Even whilst the Sea Lion II was being modified at the Woolston works, Mitchell was working on a new plane, as Supermarine knew the American monoplane was the best design then available. The Supermarine S.4—the name was designated by Mitchell, with "S" standing for "Schneider"—was a joint Napier/Supermarine venture. The Supermarine team was backed by the Air Ministry, and had greater freedom than was given by the US government to their designers. The S.4 was described after Mitchell's death as "his first outstanding success". He used the practical experience gained when he designed its successor, the Supermarine S.5.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell was fully aware of the need to reduce drag to increase speed. His new design for was a mid-wing, cantilever floatplane. It was comparable to a French monoplane, the Bernard SIMB V.2, which broken the flight airspeed record in December 1924. The S.4 lacked the newly-designed surface radiators, at that time still unavailable, but it was aerodynamic and aesthetically pleasing. Trial speeds reached and created a sensation in the press.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: The S.4 crashed before the 1925 race, for reasons that were never clearly established. On the day of the navigation trials it stalled before falling flat into the sea from . When the pilot Louis Baird was rescued by a launch, Mitchell, who was on board the rescue launch, jokingly asked the injured man: "Is the water warm?"


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: The Air Ministry, the Society of British Aircraft Constructors and the Royal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) decided against challenging for the Schneider Trophy in 1926, but Mitchell was able to confirm that Supermarine would be ready for the race. His work at the NPL started in November that year. From wind tunnel tests at the NPL he learned that the S.4’s radiators had created a third of the aircraft’s total drag, and without this it would have been the most streamlined aircraft in the world. British aircraft companies intended to produce entries for the 1926 race, but the nature of the specifications issued by the Air Ministry meant that no aircraft could be completed and tested in time to be entered.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Two Supermarine S.5 seaplanes were entered for the 1927 contest, which was held in Venice. Mitchell understood that a monoplane on twin floats produced lower drag than any other aircraft type of its day, and was convinced by wind tunnel tests at the NPL that the cantilever wing design was too heavy and should be abandoned. The NPL had demonstrated that flat-surfaced skin radiators reduced drag better than the corrugated variety preferred by American designers, so Mitchell used them to improve the S.5. He reduced the fuselage cross section area so that it was 35 per cent less than the area of the S.4—and complained about the RAF’s pilots being too large to fit into the resulting S.5's cockpit. The fuselage skin thickness was decreased by using duralumin.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Witnessed by the Italian dictator Mussolini, along with a huge crowd gathered along Venice's Lido, the two Supermarine S.5's alone finished the race, coming first and second. The third British entrant, a Gloster IV, along with the three Italian competitors flying Macchi M.52s, were forced to drop out of the race.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell had been elected to the RAeS in 1918. In 1927 he was awarded the society's Silver Medal. At the end of the year, he became the Technical Director at Supermarine. When the company was taken over by Vickers Ltd in 1928, he remained as Supermarine's chief designer—one of the conditions of the takeover was that he stay as a designer for the next five years.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Interest in the competition waned after the 1927 race. There was no competition the following year, as the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale was persuaded by the Royal Aero Club to hold races every two years in the future.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell was among those who could see a more powerful engine than the Napier Lion was required for any aircraft that competed in future contests. The Air Ministry invited Rolls-Royce Ltd to design a new engine specifically for Supermarine’s new seaplane, now designated the S.6. Rolls Royce, under pressure to produce an engine in time and that matched S.6's streamlined shape, adopted the partially-developed Buzzard. Mitchell in turn had to amend some of his design to accommodate the increase in total weight caused by introducing a larger engine, for instance by repositioning the forward float struts, and redesigning the engine cowling. The Air Ministry ordered two S.6 seaplanes, both of which were built by August 1929. Modifications to the seaplanes were made by Mitchell so the engines could be used at maximum power, as issues were discovered: the radiators were found to be inadequate; high engine torque made the S.6 move in a circle; and the centre of gravity was incorrectly positioned.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: The 1929 race at Calshot was won by Supermarine with the S.6 attaining an average speed of . Three of the four new aircraft were entered by the UK. The older Italian Macchi M.52R came second and Supermarine's backup, an S.5, took third place.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Britain's final entry in the series, the Supermarine S.6B, marked the culmination of Mitchell's quest to "perfect the design of the racing seaplane". It was sponsored by a wealthy philanthropist, Lady Houston, who donated after the British Government decided not to enter an RAF team for the 1931 contest.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Mitchell opted to design an improved version of the S.6, whilst making as few changes as possible. The improvements that were made included a more powerful engine, and provision was made for such effects as the increase in engine-produced heat and extra torque, and the greater quantities of cooling oil and fuel required. The S.6B was a larger seaplane than the S.6, and had to be given a more efficient cooling system, and a stronger frame.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: The S.6B competed the course successfully, and won the 1931 race. As the Schneider Trophy rules included the stipulation that the contest would end when any one country managed to win the trophy three times in five years, the S.6B's victory won the contest outright for Britain. The aircraft went on to break the world air speed record when it reached a speed of that year. Mitchell was awarded the Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE) on 29 December 1931 for services in connection with the Schneider Trophy contest.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: In 1930, specification F7/30 was issued for a fighter aircraft able to be used by both day and night squadrons. Mitchell's proposed design, the Type 224, was one of three monoplane designs made into prototypes for the Air Ministry. The final design incorporated an open cockpit, four Vickers machine guns, and a Rolls-Royce Goshawk engine, along with a fixed undercarriage. Also included was an inverted gull wing, needed due to the demands of the engine's cooling system. The wing lacked flaps, a requirement for the aircraft to land at safe speeds.


title: R. J. Mitchell

text: Unofficially named the Spitfire, the Type 224 first flew on February 1934. The aircraft looked clumsy, and was inefficient, in part because the cooling system failed to prevent the engine from overheating. The RAF decided that the Type 224's performance was unsatisfactory, and selected the Gloster Gladiator in preference.