title: Distortion

text: The transfer function of an ideal amplifier, with perfect gain and delay, is only an approximation. The true behavior of the system is usually different. Nonlinearities in the transfer function of an active device (such as vacuum tubes, transistors, and operational amplifiers) are a common source of non-linear distortion; in passive components (such as a coaxial cable or optical fiber), linear distortion can be caused by inhomogeneities, reflections, and so on in the propagation path.


title: Distortion

text: Amplitude distortion is distortion occurring in a system, subsystem, or device when the output amplitude is not a linear function of the input amplitude under specified conditions.


title: Distortion

text: Harmonic distortion adds overtones that are whole number multiples of a sound wave's frequencies. Nonlinearities that give rise to amplitude distortion in audio systems are most often measured in terms of the harmonics (overtones) added to a pure sinewave fed to the system. Harmonic distortion may be expressed in terms of the relative strength of individual components, in decibels, or the root mean square of all harmonic components: Total harmonic distortion (THD), as a percentage. The level at which harmonic distortion becomes audible depends on the exact nature of the distortion. Different types of distortion (like crossover distortion) are more audible than others (like soft clipping) even if the THD measurements are identical. Harmonic distortion in radio frequency applications is rarely expressed as THD.


title: Distortion

text: Non-flat frequency response is a form of distortion that occurs when different frequencies are amplified by different amounts in a filter. For example, the non-uniform frequency response curve of AC-coupled cascade amplifier is an example of frequency distortion. In the audio case, this is mainly caused by room acoustics, poor loudspeakers and microphones, long loudspeaker cables in combination with frequency dependent loudspeaker impedance, etc.


title: Distortion

text: This form of distortion mostly occurs due to electrical reactance. Here, all the components of the input signal are not amplified with the same phase shift, hence making some parts of the output signal out of phase with the rest of the output.


title: Distortion

text: Can be found only in dispersive media. In a waveguide, phase velocity varies with frequency. In a filter, group delay tends to peak near the cut-off frequency, resulting in pulse distortion. When analog long distance trunks were commonplace, for example in 12 channel carrier, group delay distortion had to be corrected in repeaters.


title: Distortion

text: As the system output is given by y(t) = F(x(t)), then if the inverse function F can be found, and used intentionally to distort either the input or the output of the system, then the distortion is corrected.


title: Distortion

text: An example of a similar correction is where LP/vinyl recordings or FM audio transmissions are deliberately pre-emphasised by a linear filter, the reproducing system applies an inverse filter to make the overall system undistorted.


title: Distortion

text: Correction is not possible if the inverse does not exist—for instance if the transfer function has flat spots (the inverse would map multiple input points to a single output point). This produces an uncorrectable loss of information. Such a situation can occur when an amplifier is overdriven—causing clipping or slew rate distortion when, for a moment, the amplifier characteristics alone and not the input signal determine the output.


title: Distortion

text: Many symmetrical electronic circuits reduce the magnitude of even harmonics generated by the non-linearities of the amplifier's components, by combining two signals from opposite halves of the circuit where distortion components that are roughly the same magnitude but out of phase. Examples include push-pull amplifiers and long-tailed pairs.


title: Distortion

text: In binary signaling such as FSK, distortion is the shifting of the significant instants of the signal pulses from their proper positions relative to the beginning of the start pulse. The magnitude of the distortion is expressed in percent of an ideal unit pulse length. This is sometimes called "bias distortion".


title: Distortion

text: Telegraphic distortion is a similar and older problem, distorting the ratio between "mark" and "space" intervals.


title: Distortion

text: In the art world, a distortion is any change made by an artist to the size, shape or visual character of a form in order to express an idea, convey a feeling, or enhance visual impact. Such distortions or "abstractions" primarily refer to purposeful deviations from photorealistic perspective or from realistic proportionality. Examples include "The Weeping Woman" by Picasso and "The Adoration of the Shepherds" by El Greco, whose human subject matters are irregularly and (as is often with physical distortions) asymmetrically proportioned in a way that is not possible in standard perspective.


title: Distortion

text: With respect to audio, distortion refers to any kind of deformation of an output waveform compared to its input, usually clipping, harmonic distortion, or intermodulation distortion (mixing phenomena) caused by non-linear behavior of electronic components and power supply limitations. Terms for specific types of nonlinear audio distortion include: crossover distortion and slew-induced distortion (SID).


title: Distortion

text: Other forms of audio distortion are non-flat frequency response, compression, modulation, aliasing, quantization noise, wow and flutter from analog media such as vinyl records and magnetic tape. The human ear cannot hear phase distortion, except that it may affect the stereo imaging.


title: Distortion

text: In most fields, distortion is characterized as unwanted change to a signal. Distortion in music is often intentionally used as an effect when applied to an electric guitar signal in styles of rock music such as heavy metal and punk rock.


title: Distortion

text: In optics, image/optical distortion is a divergence from rectilinear projection caused by a change in magnification with increasing distance from the optical axis of an optical system.


title: Distortion

text: In cartography, a distortion is the misrepresentation of the area or shape of a feature. The Mercator projection, for example, distorts by exaggerating the size of regions at high latitude.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: The Ashtavakra Gita (Sanskrit: अष्टावक्रगीता; IAST: aṣṭāvakragītā) or Song of Ashtavakra is a classical text in the Advaita Vedanta tradition in the form of a dialogue between the sage Ashtavakra and Janaka, king of Mithila.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Radhakamal Mukerjee, an Indian social scientist, dated the book to the period immediately after the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita (c. 500–400 BCE). J. L. Brockington, emeritus professor of Sanskrit at the University of Edinburgh, places the Ashtavakra Gita much later, supposing it to have been written either in the eighth century CE by a follower of Adi Shankara, or in the fourteenth century during a resurgence of Shankara's teaching. Sri Swami Shantananda Puri suggests that since the book contains the seed of the theory of non-creation Ajata Vada developed later by Gaudapada in Mandookya Karika, this book comes from a period prior to that of Gaudapada (6th century CE) and hence prior to Shankara.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Ashtavakra is probably identical to the holy sage with the same name who appears in Mahabharata, though the connection is not clearly stated in any of the texts. Mukherjee identifies Janaka as the father of Sita and disciple of the sage Yajnavalkya in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad. Janaka is also depicted as a king who has attained perfection in vedas.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Ashtavakra Gita is a dialogue between Ashtavakra and Janaka on the nature of Self/Atman, reality and bondage. It offers a radical version of non-dualist philosophy. The Gita insists on the complete unreality of the external world and absolute oneness of existence. It does not mention any morality or duties, and therefore is seen by commentators as 'godless'. It also dismisses names and forms as unreal and a sign of ignorance.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: In a conversation between Janaka and Ashtavakra, pertaining to the deformity of his crooked body, Ashtavakra explains that the size of a temple is not affected by how it is shaped, and the shape of his own body does not affect himself (or Atman). The ignorant man's vision is shrouded by names and forms, but a wise man sees only himself:


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: The work was known, appreciated and quoted by Ramakrishna and his disciple Vivekananda, as well as Ramana Maharshi. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan refers to it with great respect.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Ashtavakra Gita continues to inspire people. The first musical form of Ashtavakra Gita Saksi I (Chapter 1) was set in the raga Svadhya by Composer Rajan.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Radhakamal Mukerjee (1889–1968) continued the discourse into English with his work posthumously published in 1971. Stroud (2004) wrote on the Astavakra Gita as a work of multivalent narrative.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Swami Chinmayananda wrote a commentary on the Ashtavakra Gita, which has references to the Upanishads to help convey the meaning of the text.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Osho has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita in a long series of 91 discourses named as "Ashtavakra Mahageeta", given in his Pune Ashram.


title: Ashtavakra Gita

text: Pujya Gurudevshri Rakeshbhai has given commentary on Ashtavakra Gita through 60 discourses totalling more than 116 hours.


title: Title 42 of the United States Code

text: Title 42 of the United States Code is the United States Code dealing with public health, social welfare, and civil rights.


title: Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon

text: Rupert Alexander George Cambridge, Viscount Trematon (24 April 1907 – 15 April 1928) was an English-born great-grandson of Queen Victoria. Originally Prince Rupert of Teck, he and his family relinquished their German titles in 1917. As heir apparent to the Earldom of Athlone, he was known as Lord Trematon, but he died before he could inherit the title.


title: Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon

text: Prince Rupert was born on 24 April 1907 at Claremont House, England. His parents were Prince Alexander of Teck and the former Princess Alice of Albany, great-grandson and granddaughter of George III and Queen Victoria respectively. Prince Rupert was a haemophiliac, a condition he shared with many descendants of Queen Victoria, including his maternal grandfather, Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, who died because of it. Rupert attended Ludgrove School as a boy. For university he was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge.


title: Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon

text: During the First World War, anti-German feeling in the United Kingdom led Rupert's uncle King George V to renounce all Germanic titles for himself and his family. In response to this, Prince Alexander, Rupert's father, renounced his title of a prince of Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg and the style "His Serene Highness". Alexander, along with his brother, Prince Adolphus of Teck, adopted the name Cambridge, after their maternal grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge. A few days later, the King created his brother-in-law Earl of Athlone and Viscount Trematon. Alexander was now styled The Right Honourable The Earl of Athlone. Rupert adopted the courtesy title of Viscount Trematon. His mother retained her title of Princess of Great Britain and Ireland with the style Her Royal Highness and became known as Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone.


title: Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon

text: Viscount Trematon died on 15 April 1928 from an intracerebral hemorrhage as a result of a car crash in France. On 1 April 1928, Lord Trematon was driving with two friends on the road from Paris to Lyon. While overtaking another car, Trematon's car hit a tree and overturned. One of his friends died from injuries and Trematon was taken to a nearby hospital at Belleville-sur-Saône with a slight fracture of the skull. He never recovered and died in hospital in the early hours of 15 April. His funeral took place in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, and was attended by King George V and Queen Mary. He was buried in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore, on 20 April 1928. His death, following the death of his infant brother Maurice in 1910, meant that the title of Earl of Athlone became extinct in 1957 when his father died.


title: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

text: "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" is a 1900 children's novel written by American author L. Frank Baum. Since its first publication in 1900, it has been adapted many times: for film, television, theatre, books, comics, games, and other media.


title: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

text: Many of the television programs cited in this list are not strict adaptions of "The Wizard of Oz"; rather, they have reinterpreted aspects of the book, such as characters and plot, to create sequels, prequels or side-plots, which are inspired by Baum's original text.


title: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

text: There are over 40 canonical Oz books, including 14 by Baum, all of which are considered "official" sequels or prequels to "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz". In addition, the following books use the Oz milieu as settings for their tales:


title: Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz

text: Kevin Scott Collier. "The Wonderful Animated World of the Wizard of Oz: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly!" CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.


title: GT World Challenge Europe

text: GT World Challenge Europe (known as the Blancpain GT Series between 2014 and 2019) is a sports car racing series organised by SRO Motorsports Group. It features grand tourer racing cars modified from production road cars complying with the FIA's GT3 regulations.


title: GT World Challenge Europe

text: The series is divided into two separate championships, the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup and the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup, with five weekends each for 2022. Each race meeting focuses on Sprint Cup OR Endurance Cup exclusively.


title: GT World Challenge Europe

text: Although the GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup (then the Blancpain Endurance Series) has been organised since 2011, the inaugural season of the Blancpain GT Series was 2014, because in that year the FIA GT Series became the Blancpain Sprint Series, which is now the GT World Challenge Europe Sprint Cup. The series was primarily sponsored by Swiss watchmaker Blancpain.


title: GT World Challenge Europe

text: After developing their partnership, Blancpain and the SRO have decided that 2016 will see both the Sprint and Endurance Series further integrated into the Blancpain GT Series, putting the emphasis on the prestigious overall drivers' and manufacturers' titles, and causing the Sprint Series name to change from "Blancpain Sprint Series" to "Blancpain GT Series Sprint Cup" and the Endurance Series name to change from "Blancpain Endurance Series" to "Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup".


title: GT World Challenge Europe

text: In 2019, SRO Group announced that their sponsorship agreement with Blancpain had come to an end, this resulted in the "Blancpain GT Series" being renamed the "GT World Challenge Europe" with the "Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup" and "Blancpain GT World Challenge Europe" being renamed the "GT World Challenge Europe Endurance Cup" and "Sprint Cup" respectively.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: FCV Farul Constanța (), commonly known as Farul Constanța or simply as Farul, is a Romanian professional football club based in the city of Constanța, Constanța County, which currently plays in the Liga I. "Farul" is a Romanian word which translates as "the Lighthouse", alluding the fact that Constanța is the largest port on the Black Sea coast.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Established in 1920 as "SPM Constanța", the team has spent over 40 seasons in the first league, the highest position it achieved being fourth place on three occasions, last time at the end of the 1973–74 season. It also played one Cupa României final in 2005, which it lost 0–1 to Dinamo București. Farul has produced several talented players, the most notable of them being Gheorghe Hagi, the joint top goalscorer of the Romania national team; he currently holds shares in the company and is also in charge of the senior team.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: "The White and Blues" play their home games on the Viitorul Stadium in Ovidiu, since their traditional Farul Stadium is in an advanced state of degradation, this will be demolished and a new one will be built in its place.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The club was founded in 1920 as SPM Constanța (Serviciul Porturi Maritime – Maritime Port Services), and by this name it played until 1946, when it was renamed PCA Constanța (Porturi Comunicații Ape – Communication Ports Maritime).


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The modern history of the football club from Constanța eventually started in 1949, when the two teams of the city, Dezrobirea Constanța and PCA Constanța, merged forming a new club that would be called as "Locomotiva PCA". The new club was registered for the Divizia B promotion play-off, along with four other regional champions: Metalul 1 Mai Ploiești, Dinamo Oltenița, Progresul CPCS București and Bucegi Câmpulung Pitești. "Constănțenii" finished first in the group and were promoted to the second league.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: In 1953 Locomotiva PCA Constanța was renamed simply as "Locomotiva Constanța". One year later, at the end of the 1954 season, Locomotiva Constanța obtained its first promotion to the Divizia A. The team was ranked 1st in the third series of the Divizia B, with three points more than the 2nd place, Dinamo Bacău. After the last game, an away 1–0 win against Dinamo Bârlad, the players were welcomed at Constanța's old train station by a large crowd that had come to celebrate the promotion. The players that obtained the performance with Locomotiva were as follows: Nebela, Doicescu, Zlotea, Mark, Tatomir, Jarnea (Bedivan, Manta), Vultur, Neli Ispas, Gogu Cojocaru, Sever, Cristof, Bobi Georgescu, Gigi Datcu, Linzoiu, Keszkei; coached by Ion Troancă.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: In the spring of 1955 Locomotiva began their first season in the first league. The team was strengthened with players from Politehnica Timișoara, CFR București and Flamura Roșie Arad, and had a new coach in the person of Eugen Mladin. The first match of "the Sailors" was played in Bucharest against the future champion, Dinamo București. Gogu Cojocaru opened the score and became the first scorer of the team in the first league, but the match was lost 4–1. At the end of the season, Locomotiva finished 12th out of 13 and was relegated to Divizia B. During the same season the Farul Stadium (named at that time as 1 Mai Stadium) was inaugurated. The debut match was a 4th round league game between Locomotiva and the defending champions, Flamura Roșie Arad. The game was played on 23 March 1955, and it was won 1–0 by the hosts after a goal scored with a shot from 40 meters by Manole.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Locomotiva finished the 1956 Divizia B season on the 6th place, then on the 3rd position at the end of 1957. The return to an autumn-spring format at the beginning of 1957–58 season and the renaming of the team to Farul Constanța had brought good luck to the "Sailors", who won the second league and returned to the first scene of Romanian football. After a tough first season in which the club finished just above the relegation positions, Farul made their best season until that point and finished 4th at the end of the 1959–60 edition. The squad used was composed of: Horia Ghibănescu, Nicolae Botescu, Grigore Ciuncan, Lucrețiu Florescu, Gheorghe Corneanu, Gheorghe Toma, Petre Comăniță, Mircea Bibere, Eugen Pană, Gheorghe Datcu, Vasile Stancu, Constantin Moroianu, Ion Ciosescu, Paul Niculescu, Dumitru Sever, Iacob Olaru, Ștefan Nunu – players; Iosif Lengheriu – head coach; Foti Foti – President.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The 1960s began with "the Sharks" on the first football scene of the country. Due to the failure of newcomers Brânzei, Stancu and Vasilescu to integrate in the squad, at the end of the 1960–61 season Farul finished 13th and was relegated alongside CSMS Iași and Corvinul Hunedoara. Motivated by a new presence in the first league, "Constanțenii" did not stay long in the Divizia B and at the end of the 1961–62 season, promoted back to the first league, after finishing first. Also in that season, Farul achieved its first national football title, by winning the U-19 championship. In the following year "the Sailors" had a very good season and managed to end the first part of the season as the leaders of the Divizia A. The second part was not as good as the first and they lost some positions, ranking fifth at the end of the championship. Also in the 1962–63 season, the offensive trio Bükössy-Ciosescu-Dinulescu has been remarked by managing to score 48 goals. Farul Constanța won the second consecutive title in the U-19 league, the students of Gheorghe Smărăndescu defeating Dinamo București with the score of 2–1, in the final.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The next three seasons started well for Farul, but were finished on mediocre positions. In the 1963–64 season, the club from the shore of the Black Sea finished 8th after occupying the 3rd place at the end of the first half, the season in which appeared in the squad the all-time goalscorer of Farul, Marin Tufan (62 goals). In the following year "the Sailors" trembled and finished at only one point above the first relegated team, Minerul Baia Mare, then, in the 1965–66 edition, Farul occupied only the 9th place, out of 14. A notable performance gained by the team from Constanța was the qualification for the 1964–66 Balkans Cup, which was their first participation in European competitions. On 28 April 1965, was registered the first European match of "the Sailors", Farul meeting Spartak Plovdiv, in a game played away and ended undecided, score 1–1. The second match played in Constanța two weeks later was won 1–0 by Farul, this being the first European success in the history of the club. In the next game, "the white and blues" played in Skopje, against Vardar, which they defeated 4–0, in the second match being recorded a new victory, this time only with the score of 1–0. Then came the match against the Greek side, Olympiacos, the victories being divided, at Piraeus, won the Greeks with 1–0 and at Constanța, Farul, by forfait, thus obtaining the first place in Group A. The final of the competition was a Romanian one, Farul met Rapid București, but the team from Constanța lost on aggregate, after a 3–3 draw in Bucharest and a 0–2 loss in Constanța. Another notable performance of that season was the good run from the Romanian Cup, where "the Sharks" were eliminated in the semi-finals by UTA Arad (2–3).


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: In the 1966–67 season, Farul made again a good impression in the Divizia A and finished 4th. The squad that made that performance was formed of: Vasile Utu, Constantin Tâlvescu, Constantin Manciu, Marin Georgescu, Constantin Koszka, Martin Graef, Suliman Etem, Cicerone Manolache, Constantin Pleșa, Dumitru Antonescu, Ilie Ologu, Marin Tufan, Constantin Iancu, Tiberiu Kallo, Ion Zamfir, Dumitru Caraman, Iosif Bükössy, Constantin Mareș, Vasile Dumbravă; Virgil Mărdărescu – head coach; Foti Foti – President. At the end of that season, as a reward for the form shown, Farul went into the first international tournament, played in Lebanon, Kuwait and Syria, where "the Sailors" played 6 games.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Farul competed in the 1966–67 Balkans Cup and were drawn in group against AEK Athens (3rd place in the Alpha Ethniki), Lokomotiv Sofia (8th place in the Bulgarian First League) and Vardar (10th place in the Yugoslav First League). The Sailors" started with two consecutive wins in Constanța, 4–1 against Lokomotiv Sofia and 2–0 against Vardar Skopje. However, they could not replicate their good home form in the away matches, and they lost all three: 0–4 against Vardar, 0–3 against AEK Athens and 1–5 versus Lokomotiv Sofia. In the last match of the group they made a 1–1 draw against AEK and finished the group in the 3rd place.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The Sharks finished the 1967–68 season on the 7th position, and competed once again the Balkans Cup. Their opponents were Beroe Stara Zagora (10th place in the Bulgarian First League), Vllaznia Shkodër (6th place in the Albanian Superliga) and Gençlerbirliği (6th place in the Süper Lig). The results obtained were as follows: 3–1 and 2–1 against Gençlerbirliği, two defeats with the same score of 1–2 at Shkodër and Stara Zagora, followed by a 2–1 win against Vllaznia in Constanța and a 1–2 defeat against Beroe. Farul ended the group on the 3rd place and didn't qualify for the next stage.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: In the next two seasons, Farul consolidated its reputation as a hard team to beat They finished 9th and reached the semi-finals of the 1968–69 Cupa României at the end of the 1968–69 season. This was followed by obtaining the 6th place in the league and reaching the quarter-finals of the Cupa României in the 1969–70 season.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Early 1970s transformed Farul in a regular team from the middle of the Divizia A standings: 1970–71 – 11th, 1971–72 – 11th and 1972–73 – 8th, but the club had a refresh in the summer of 1973 when was renamed as "FC Constanța". The restart had a positive effect and the team finished 4th at the end of the next season, qualifying for the 1975 Balkans Cup. The format of the competition had changed, and the group was formed by only three teams, in Constanța's group being assigned Eskişehirspor (4th place in the Süper Lig) and Lokomotiv Sofia (5th place in the Bulgarian First League). One victory (2–1 against Lokomotiv Sofia), one draw (2–2 against Eskişehirspor) and two defeats (1–2 and 0–1 against Eskişehirspor and Lokomotiv), both in away matches.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Between 1974 and 1988 FC Constanța had fluctuating results, oscillating between the first and the second leagues, being far from the results obtained in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s. After two rankings in the middle of the standings, 10th place, at the end of the 1974–75 and 1975–76 seasons, FC Constanța was at only one step from relegation, finishing the 1976–77 season just above the relegation zone, at the same number of points with the first relegated team, Rapid București. FC Constanța did not take this warning seriously, relegating at the end of the next season after finishing 16th, out of 18. Back in Divizia B after 16 years of absence, Constanța finished only 4th in the first season, then 2nd at the end of the 1979–80, but far away from the leader, Brașov. "The Sailors" promoted back to the first league in 1981, but made another pale season and finished only 14th, two points over the relegation line, being relegated finally at the end of the 1982–83 season. Followed four consecutive Divizia B seasons with mediocre results: 1983–84 – 5th, 1984–85 – 4th, 1985–86 – 4th and 1986–87 – 4th. The club promoted back in the Divizia A at the end of the 1987–88 season after winning its series, being also renamed as Farul Constanța in the summer of 1988. During this time, despite the weaker results, the team from the shore of the Black Sea gave some big names to the Romanian football, such as: Gheorghe Hagi, Constantin Gache, Ștefan Petcu or Ion Moldovan, among others.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The late 1980s and early 1990s found Farul in the Divizia A, but with results which did not impress too much: 1988–89 – 9th, 1989–90 – 10th, 1990–91 – 10th, 1991–92 – 13th, 1992–93 – 9th and 1993–94 – 6th. Things started to change during the 1994–95 season, which was an important one for the team from the shore of the Black Sea. Even if the ranking was lower than in the previous season, 11th, Farul was enrolled in the 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup, making its debut in the competition. The five teams group in which the team from Constanța was assigned was formed of: Cannes (9th place in the Ligue 1), Dnepr Mogilev (5th place in the Belarusian Premier League), Bečej (4th place in the First League of Serbia and Montenegro) and Pogoń Szczecin (8th place in the Ekstraklasa). Farul won surprisingly the group, after 3 victories, 1 draw and no defeat. The draw brought in front of Farul an important club, Heerenveen, 9th place in the Eredivisie in the previous season. The match was played in the Netherlands on 29 July 1995 at the Abe Lenstra Stadion. The stadium was not full, with only 5,000 spectators present, out of a total capacity of 20,000 seats. The match was clearly dominated by the Dutch side, for which played also a young man named Jon Dahl Tomasson, who would become a well-known player over a few years. Florin Marin, the coach of Farul, sent on the field the following 11: Cristian Munteanu – Stelian Carabaș, Daniel Ghișan, Marian Dinu (C), Mihai Matei, Ștefan Nanu – Gheorghe Barbu, Dănuţ Moisescu, Gheorghe Ciurea – Mugurel Cornățeanu, Laurențiu Zadea. The course of the game was in a single direction, to the Farul's goal. In the 19-minute Erik Regtop opened the score and 16 minutes later same Regtop increased it. After the break, Jon Dahl Tomasson (48') and Romeo Wounden (71') set the final score, 4–0. "The Sailors" continued their good form also next season, especially in the Romanian Cup, where were eliminated in the quarter-finals.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: After the UEFA Intertoto adventure, Farul returned to its middle-table results from before the 1995 and finished on the following positions: 1995–96 – 8th, 1996–97 – 10th, 1997–98 – 12th and 1998–99 – 12th. The most notable performance of these seasons was the 1000 match played by Farul in the top flight of the Romanian football, performance achieved during the 1998–99 campaign. The financial problems and lack of interest of the local authorities of the time put their mark on the team in the 1999–2000 season, when at the end of the 34 rounds, "the Sharks" relegated to Divizia B. Before the last round, "the Sailors" were on the 13th position, which was saving them, but in the 34th round they lost 1–2 against FC Onești and finished 15th, relegating after 12 years spent on the first stage of the Romanian football.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Motivated by the return to the first stage, "Constănțenii" dominated alongside Sportul Studențesc the 1st series of the Divizia B and finished the 2000–01 season on the second place with 74 points. The second place assured them a promotion/relegation play-off against FCM Bacău, 14th place in the Divizia A. The two clubs equally shared victories, (2–1 and 1–2), Farul promoted finally, after the penalty shoot-outs. The return in the top flight was also marked by the beginning of the owner's era at Constanța. During the Socialist Republic of Romania all the football clubs were owned by public institutions, after the Romanian Revolution the ownership continued in a dual aspect, clubs owned by public institutions and clubs owned by businessmen. 1990s and early 2000s are known as the start of the owner's era in the Romanian football when most clubs have become private, and generally run by a single businessman. The businessman from Constanța who bought Farul was Gheorghe Bosânceanu, owner of the Constanța Shipyard.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Despite being in a better financial situation, "the Sailors" finished on the 14 place in the 2001–02 season and had to play in the promotion/relegation playoff. Farul met FC Baia Mare and defeated them 1–0 in Constanța. A 0–0 draw at Baia Mare meant that the white and blues remained in the Divizia A.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: There were several seasons of growing for the club from the shore of the Black Sea. In the 2002–03 season they ended on the 10th place, then in the 2003–04 season on the 9th and in the 2004–05 season on the 5th place (the best ranking after the Revolution), being called in that year "the champion of the province", the first four places were occupied by: Steaua București, Dinamo București, Rapid București and Național București. In the same season, "the Sharks" obtained one of the greatest performances in their history, by playing the Cupa României final. The 67th final of the Cupa României was played on the Cotroceni Stadium, between Farul Constanța and Dinamo București, in front of 15,000 people (of which about 6,000 came from Constanța), the referee was from France, Laurent Duhamel. Petre Grigoraș started the match with the following team: George Curcă (C) – Răzvan Farmache, Ion Barbu, Cristian Șchiopu, Cosmin Pașcovici (75' – Mihai Baicu) – Florin Lungu, Adrian Senin, Dinu Todoran (85' – Laurențiu Florea) Mihai Guriță, Vasilică Cristocea (10' – Iulian Apostol) – Liviu Mihai. Dinamo won 1–0, goal scored by Ștefan Grigorie in the 6th minute.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: After a very good run in the 2004–05 edition of the championship and the cup, Farul continued its good form also in the next season, when was reaching the semi-finals of the Romanian Cup, being eliminated by Național București, 2–4 on aggregate. In the Divizia A "the Sailors" finished 7th and the club enrolled in the 2006 UEFA Intertoto Cup, where they eliminated Pobeda, 4–2 on aggregate and Lokomotiv Plovdiv, 3–2 on aggregate. In the final stage of the competition, Farul met Auxerre (6th place in the Ligue 1). The French team took part in the competition due to the non-participation of the Italian side, Palermo (because of the 2006 Italian football scandal). The "double" with Auxerre offered the team at the seaside the chance to set a premiere in the history of the club, the first participation in the UEFA Cup. Farul lost 2–4 on aggregate and missed the chance of participating in the UEFA Cup. In that season, despite the investments of more than 2 million€ promised by the owner Gheorghe Bosânceanu, after the match against Auxerre, Farul remained the whole season in the bottom of the rankings, ending the 2006–07 season on the 14th place.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The 2007–08 season is considered to be one of the most spectacular post-Revolution seasons of the Liga I, but it found Farul in a not-so-good form. "Constănțenii" were even the last one of the league for three rounds. "The sailors" managed to save themselves from relegation and finished on the 13th place. The next season would represent the beginning of the decline for the club from the shore of the Black Sea. After almost 10 years spent in the top flight, Farul was relegated again in the second league, after failing to finish above the red line of the standings. The last match of Farul in the first division also represented a negative record of that season, "the Sharks" losing against Otopeni with the score of 0–6.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The relegation has brought also the withdrawal of Gheorghe Bosânceanu, the owner of the club in the last eight years, who sold it to Giani Nedelcu, former investor at Rocar București and Știința Bacău, clubs which went bankrupt in the period when Nedelcu ruled them. The supporters have not been too optimistic ever since and their fears would be fulfilled in the next years, when Farul has struggled in vain, without getting any promotion. In the 2009–10 season, Farul doesn't find the resources needed for a quick promotion on the first stage and finished on the 8th place. The beginning of the next season was full of emotions, the club receiving the Liga II license very late because of the financial problems which were now bigger. These problems put their mark on the play of the team as well, "the Sailors" ending the season only 13th. In the 2011–12 season, "the Sharks" made a progress and finished 8th, but far away from the promotion places.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The smell of the Liga III was beginning to feel with the 2012–13 season. From the first series have relegated five teams in that season. FCM Bacău, Astra II Giurgiu and Callatis Mangalia withdrew from the championship, while Dinamo II București and Chindia Târgoviște relegated. Due to these championship withdrawals, Farul finished first over the red line, just one point above Chindia. In the 2013–14 season, Liga II change its format to the play-off / play-out system, and "the Sailors" finished the regular season on the 11th place, in the play-out zone. In the play-out phase they ended up on the last place but again are saved from relegation to the third division due to the exclusion of Dunărea Galați. In the 2014–15 season, Farul played again in the play-out, where it finished on the 4th place and saved from relegation. Things seemed to change in the 2015–16 season when Farul finished the regular season on the 4th place and entered the play-off group. "The Sharks" have managed to obtain 29 points and finished on the 5th place, giving to the supporters the chance to hope for a better next season. However, the growing financial problems eventually suffocated the club and before the start of the 2016–17 season, Farul withdrew from the second league. The situation has remained uncertain for a while, Giani Nedelcu hoping, however, that he will even be able to get the license for the third league. The FRF Licensing Commission, however, announced they would not allow this because of an imminent bankruptcy that would hit the club from Constanța.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: On 22 September 2016 Farul Constanța was declared bankrupt, after 67 years in which represented the city of Constanța in the Liga I, Liga II, Cupa României, UEFA Intertoto Cup and Balkans Cup.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: When it became clear that bankruptcy was unavoidable, a group of Farul supporters, organized in the "Farul Supporters Association", moved quickly and in just a few weeks managed to build and register a new entity with the sole purpose to continue the tradition of Farul Constanța. Thus, on 8 August 2016 they founded Suporter Spirit Club Farul Constanța, club which assured the football continuity of Farul, avoiding seasons of extinction or pause.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The new club retained the white and blue colors and adopted Farul's old logo which portrays the lighthouse of Constanța, the Black Sea and a seagull in flight. The team was enrolled in the Constanța County series of Liga IV in time for the 2016–17 season. Farul won their series of Liga IV. They recorded 32 victories in 34 games, and scored 135 goals while conceding 14. "The Sailors" then won the promotion play-off 8–2 on aggregate against Tulcea County champions Pescărușul Sarichioi and were promoted to the Liga III. In the summer of 2017 Petre Grigoraș was named as the new coach and important players have been transferred. Farul promoted at the end of the 2017–18 season, but after a tough fight against Progresul Spartac București, the team with which they had the same number of points until the last rounds of the season.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: In the summer of 2018, former Romanian international footballer Ciprian Marica bought Farul Constanța's brand for €49.150 (around 228.892 RON). The move sparked a short-lived conflict between Marica and Farul's supporters, despite the former claiming to have tried to have a dialogue with SSC Farul's leadership, ultimately leading Marica to form a new team, "FC Farul Constanța", and enroll it in Liga IV. Ultimately, Marica and the supporters reached a consensus, with the ex-footballer announcing that he's going to take over SSC Farul; in addition, the Liga IV team would become the club's reserve team and the brand will be transferred to the Liga II side by winter. In his first press conference as Farul's owner, Marica announced his future plans for the club, including promotion back in Liga I by 2020, followed by slowly building a team to aim for a place in the European competitions and league title.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: On 21 June 2021, Gheorghe Hagi, owner and founder of Viitorul Constanța, Gheorghe Popescu, chairman of Viitorul, and Ciprian Marica, owner of Farul Constanța, announced in a press conference that their teams have merged. The club that would continue in the Liga I will be Farul, while Viitorul virtually disappeared in the process of merger. Farul will play its home matches on the Viitorul Stadium, as the old Farul Stadium will be in a rebuilding process.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: As the senior teams of Farul and Viitorul merged in 2021, the Farul Constanța Academy subsequently merged with Gheorghe Hagi Football Academy. Young players aged between 8 and 13 are now part of Gheorghe Hagi Academy, while players over 13 are part of Farul Constanța Academy. Viitorul's academy was well known for developing young players in Romania and having some of the best facilities in the country.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The club used to play its home matches on Stadionul Farul in Constanța. Originally known as "Stadionul 1 Mai", the stadium was opened in 1955 and had the shape of the letter "U", but subsequently it was expanded with another stand, finally reaching the capacity of 15,520 seats. After the bankruptcy of the club in 2016, the new entity has encountered administrative problems that have prevented the team from playing on the stadium for more than a year and a half. SSC Farul played from 2016 until 14 April 2018 on Stadionul Sparta, from Techirghiol, with a capacity of 1,000 people. Stadionul Farul reached an advanced condition of degradation due to lack of activity, and had to be cleaned and restored as functional by Farul supporters through several volunteer campaigns.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: On 21 June 2021, as the merge between Farul and Viitorul was announced, it was also mentioned that Farul will play its home matches on Viitorul Stadium, due to Farul Stadium's advanced state of degradation.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: Farul has many supporters in the Dobruja region, and especially in Constanța. Farul supporters are organized in the Farul Supporters Association, and this organization brought the club back to life in 2016 after the bankruptcy of the old entity. The first ultras group, entitled "Ultras Farul '92", appeared in 1992. They were followed in 1996 by "Legiunea Marină", and over time by several other groups, such as: "Aria Ultra'", "Baricada", "Fervent" or "Alcoholics".


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The traditional rivals of "the Sailors" are Rapid București and Dinamo București. Farul also has some local rivalries against teams from nearby cities, such as CS Năvodari, Săgeata Năvodari or Delta Tulcea. However, these are of low intensity.


title: FCV Farul Constanța

text: The footballers enlisted below have had international cap(s) for their respective countries at junior and/or senior level and/or more than 100 caps for FCV Farul Constanța.


title: Submersible

text: A submersible is a small watercraft designed to operate underwater. The term "submersible" is often used to differentiate from other underwater vessels known as submarines, in that a submarine is a fully self-sufficient craft, capable of independent cruising with its own power supply and air renewal system, whereas a submersible is usually supported by a nearby surface vessel, platform, shore team or sometimes a larger submarine. In common usage by the general public, however, the word "submarine" may be used to describe a craft that is by the technical definition actually a submersible.


title: Submersible

text: There are many types of submersibles, including both crewed and uncrewed craft, otherwise known as remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) or unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs). Submersibles have many uses worldwide, such as oceanography, underwater archaeology, ocean exploration, adventure, equipment maintenance and recovery, and underwater videography.


title: Submersible

text: The first underwater vessel was designed and built by Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel in 1620, with two more built in the following four years. Contemporary accounts state that the final model was demonstrated to King James I in person and that the monarch himself was taken aboard for a test dive, although more recently, these accounts have been called into question as an exaggeration.


title: Submersible

text: The first submersible to be used in war was designed and built by American inventor David Bushnell in 1775 as a means to attach explosive charges to enemy ships during the American Revolutionary War. The device, dubbed Bushnell's Turtle, was an oval-shaped vessel of wood and brass. It had tanks that were filled with water to make it dive and then emptied with the help of a hand pump to make it return to the surface. The operator used two hand-cranked propellers to move vertically or laterally under the water. The vehicle had small glass windows on top and naturally luminescent wood affixed to its instruments so that they could be read in the dark.


title: Submersible

text: Bushnell's Turtle was first set into action on September 7, 1776 at New York Harbor to attack the British flagship HMS "Eagle". Sergeant Ezra Lee operated the vehicle at that time. Lee successfully brought the Turtle against the underside of "Eagle"s hull but failed to attach the charge because of the strong water currents.


title: Submersible

text: Apart from size, the main technical difference between a "submersible" and a "submarine" is that submersibles are not fully autonomous and may rely on a support facility or vessel for replenishment of power and breathing gases. Submersibles typically have shorter range, and operate primarily underwater, as most have little function at the surface. Some submersibles operate on a "tether" or "umbilical", remaining connected to a tender (a submarine, surface vessel or platform). Submersibles have been able to dive to over 10 km (6 mi) below the surface.


title: Submersible

text: There are five basic technologies used in the design of submersibles. Single atmosphere submersibles (one atmosphere subs) have a pressurized hull and the occupants are at standard atmospheric pressure. This requires the hull to be capable of withstanding the high pressure from the water outside that is many times greater than the internal pressure.


title: Submersible

text: Another technology called ambient pressure maintains the same pressure both inside and outside the vessel. This reduces the pressure that the hull has to withstand.


title: Submersible

text: A third technology is the "wet sub", which refers to a vehicle that may or may not be enclosed, but in either case, water floods the interior so SCUBA equipment is used to facilitate breathing. In both single atmosphere and ambient pressure subs, there is no need to use SCUBA equipment and occupants can breathe normally without wearing any equipment.


title: Submersible

text: During underwater operation a submersible will generally be neutrally buoyant, but may use positive or negative buoyancy to facilitate vertical motion. Negative buoyancy may also be useful at times to settle the vessel on the bottom, and positive buoyancy is necessary to float the vessel at the surface. Fine buoyancy adjustments may be made using variable buoyancy pressure vessel as a trim tank. and gross changes of buoyancy at or near the surface may use ambient pressure ballast tanks, which are fully flooded during underwater operations. Some submersibles use high density external ballast which may be released at depth in an emergency to make the vessel sufficiently buoyant to float back to the surface even if all power is lost.


title: Submersible

text: Some submersibles have been able to dive to great depths. The Bathyscaphe Trieste was the first to reach the deepest part of the ocean, nearly 11 km (7 mi) below the surface, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench in 1960.


title: Submersible

text: China, with its Jiaolong project in 2002, was the fifth country to send a man 3,500 meters below sea level, following the US, France, Russia and Japan. On June 22, 2012, the Jiaolong submersible set a deep-diving record for state-owned vessels when the three-person sub descended 22,844 feet (6,963 meters) into the Pacific Ocean.


title: Submersible

text: Among the most well-known and longest-in-operation submersibles is the deep-submergence research vessel DSV Alvin, which takes 3 people to depths of up to 4,500 metres (14,800 ft). Alvin is owned by the United States Navy and operated by WHOI, and as of 2011 had made over 4,400 dives.


title: Submersible

text: James Cameron made a record-setting, crewed submersible dive to the bottom of Challenger Deep, the deepest known point of the Mariana Trench on March 26, 2012. Cameron's submersible was named Deepsea Challenger and reached a depth of .


title: Submersible

text: More recently, private firms such as Florida based Triton Submarines, LLC. SEAmagine Hydrospace, Sub Aviator Systems (or 'SAS'), and Netherlands-based U-Boat Worx have developed small submersibles for tourism, exploration and adventure travel. A Canadian company in British Columbia called Sportsub has been building personal recreational submersibles since 1986 with open-floor designs (partially flooded cockpits).


title: Submersible

text: Small uncrewed submersibles called "marine remotely operated vehicles" or MROVs are widely used today to work in water too deep or too dangerous for divers.


title: Submersible

text: Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) repair offshore oil platforms and attach cables to sunken ships to hoist them. Such remotely operated vehicles are attached by an umbilical cable (a thick cable providing power and communications) to a control center on a ship. Operators on the ship see video and/or sonar images sent back from the ROV and remotely control its thrusters and manipulator arm. The wreck of the "Titanic" was explored by such a vehicle, as well as by a crewed vessel.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: Paramount Television Studios (formerly known as Paramount Television from 2013 to 2020) is an American television production and distribution company, that is a division of Paramount Pictures, a subsidiary of Paramount Global.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: It is the successor to the original Paramount Television, as it was transferred to CBS Corporation during its split from Viacom, which retained Paramount Pictures and its motion picture division in 2005. After the spin-off in January 2006, the division was renamed as CBS Paramount Television, and then CBS Television Studios in May 2009, after the three-year agreement for licensing the Paramount trademarks expired.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: In March 2013, Paramount returned to television production based on the technological expansion of television via streaming services, making it a vigorous business and Hollywood's growth engine. There was also recognition that severing the television operation from Paramount had given them little to fall back on when films fail, except for studio stage rentals.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: On January 14, 2020, Paramount Television was rebranded as Paramount Television Studios, following the closed merger of ViacomCBS (now Paramount Global).


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: On March 4, 2013, Viacom president/CEO Philippe Dauman announced that Paramount opted to produce a television series based on one of their films. The show would allow Paramount to “get back, with very little investment, into the television production business.” Hours later, Paramount chairman/CEO Brad Grey announced that the studio was co-producing a CBS television series based on "Beverly Hills Cop" with Sony Pictures Television; however, the pilot did not move forward.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: On July 22, 2013, it was announced that Amy Powell was made president of Paramount Television. Until the re-merger of CBS Corporation and Viacom in 2019, the current Paramount Television had no ties to the CBS network, unlike the previous incarnation in its later years before the Viacom/CBS split.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: A television series based on the film "School of Rock" was announced to air on Nickelodeon. As of August 2014, Paramount and HBO are planning a new series titled "Ashecliffe", which will serve as a prequel to the 2010 Paramount film "Shutter Island".


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: In May 2014, Paramount Television and Anonymous Content signed a three-year first-look deal to produce and distribute scripted programming developed by Anonymous Content. In October 2014, Kyle Killen and Scott Pennington's company Chapter Eleven signed a two-year deal with Paramount Television and Anonymous Content after leaving 20th Century Fox Television.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: In July 2014, Paramount Television signed a first-look pact with Robert Zemeckis, his producing partner Jack Rapke, and their production company Compari Entertainment.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: In July 2018, Powell was fired from her position of president, following reports that several people had "concerns around [Powell's] comments [made in a] professional setting, which they believed were inconsistent" with Viacom's and Paramount's values. Powell countered the claims that she had made such insensitive comments and said she was considering legal action. In September 2018, Nicole Clemens became the new president of Paramount Television.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: Viacom indicated that Paramount Television generated $400 million in 2018 revenue and produced nine series at the year end. In 2019, Paramount's chief executive Jim Gianopulos indicated that Paramount Television would have 20 series in production and double its profit. More recently, Auriel Rudnick had signed an overall deal with the studio.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: Paramount Worldwide Television Licensing & Distribution is the television distribution and broadcast syndication arm of Paramount Television Studios, itself the television production and distribution division of Paramount Pictures, a subsidiary of Paramount Global.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: It is the successor to Paramount's original syndication arm, Paramount Domestic Television, which was renamed to CBS Paramount Domestic Television in January 2006, and later was merged with King World Productions to form CBS Television Distribution in September 2006.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: It is also the successor to Paramount's original international distribution arm, Paramount International Television, which was merged with CBS Broadcast International to form CBS Paramount International Television in August 2004, and was later renamed to CBS Studios International in May 2009.


title: Paramount Television Studios

text: Paramount returned to television production and distribution in March 2013, forming a new syndication unit in the process.


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: The Foot Fist Way is a 2006 American low-budget martial arts black comedy film directed by Jody Hill and starring Danny McBride. The film was produced by Gary Sanchez Productions that picked up distribution rights to the film and hoped for it to achieve a "Napoleon Dynamite"-like success. It premiered in 2006 at the Los Angeles Film Festival and at Sundance.


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: Fred Simmons (Danny McBride) is a fourth-degree black belt in Taekwondo who runs his own dojang in a small North Carolina town. He styles himself a big shot, driving a Ferrari and extolling the virtues of Taekwondo to potential new students, but loses his confidence after he discovers that his wife, Suzie (Mary Jane Bostic) gave her boss a handjob after a drunken office party. In order to restore his confidence, he attends a martial arts expo. He meets his idol, B movie action star Chuck "the Truck" Wallace (Ben Best), who in reality turns out to be a dirty and drunken mess. After nearly brawling with Chuck's seedy friends, Fred persuades Chuck to make an appearance at his upcoming Taekwondo belt test and then parties with his friends and students in Chuck's hotel room. Fred returns home and sells his Ferrari to pay Chuck's $10,000 appearance fee. Shortly thereafter, Suzie returns to Fred after losing her job. On the night before the belt test, Fred catches Suzie having sex with Chuck on his own couch. Fred challenges Chuck to a fight, but is eventually beaten and driven off. The next morning, Suzie once again asks to be taken back, but Fred rejects her and urinates on his wedding ring. Fred arrives at the test late, battered and bruised, but with his confidence restored. When Chuck arrives for his appearance, Fred challenges him to a martial arts demonstration of board breaking, which he wins. At the following belt ceremony, Fred reads a new student pledge that he has written, which outlines the goals and responsibilities of Taekwondo.


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: All martial artists in the film, excluding McBride and Best, were played by true Taekwondo practitioners, many from Concord Taekwondo in Concord, North Carolina.


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: On February 26, 2008, McBride appeared as Fred Simmons in "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Many viewers were unfamiliar with either Fred or McBride and as a result there was initially much speculation as to whether the seemingly disastrous Tae Kwon Do demonstration, during which Fred asked for a "redo" after a failed block-splitting attempt and awkward interview, during which he repeatedly lashed out at fellow guest Will Ferrell for dancing around in a sexual nature during his interview segment earlier, were real or staged. Among the only immediate clues to suggest the interview was a setup was when the website for the film was flashed onscreen during the interview.


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: "The Foot Fist Way" received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 54% approval rating, based on 84 reviews, with an average rating of 5.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The rough edges and biting humor of this martial arts comedy will keep audiences laughing and cringing in turns." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 63 out of 100, based on 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: The Foot Fist Way

text: John Anderson of "Variety" gave the film a fairly positive review, stating that the film is "crying out to be discovered by midnight movie mavens".


title: Clock face

text: A clock face is the part of an analog clock (or watch) that displays time through the use of a flat dial with reference marks, and revolving pointers turning on concentric shafts at the center, called hands. In its most basic, globally recognized form, the periphery of the dial is numbered 1 through 12 indicating the hours in a 12-hour cycle, and a short hour hand makes two revolutions in a day. A long minute hand makes one revolution every hour. The face may also include a "second hand", which makes one revolution per minute. The term is less commonly used for the time display on digital clocks and watches.


title: Clock face

text: A second type of clock face is the 24-hour analog dial, widely used in military and other organizations that use 24-hour time. This is similar to the 12-hour dial above, except it has hours numbered 1–24 around the outside, and the hour hand makes only one revolution per day. Some special-purpose clocks, such as timers and sporting event clocks, are designed for measuring periods less than one hour. Clocks can indicate the hour with Roman numerals or Hindu–Arabic numerals, or with non-numeric indicator marks. The two numbering systems have also been used in combination, with the prior indicating the hour and the latter the minute. Longcase clocks (grandfather clocks) typically use Roman numerals for the hours. Clocks using only Arabic numerals first began to appear in the mid-18th century.


title: Clock face

text: The clock face is so familiar that the numbers are often omitted and replaced with unlabeled graduations (marks), particularly in the case of watches. Occasionally, markings of any sort are dispensed with, and the time is read by the angles of the hands.


title: Clock face

text: Most modern clocks have the numbers 1 through 12 printed at equally spaced intervals around the periphery of the face with the 12 at the top, indicating the hour, and on many models, sixty dots or lines evenly spaced in a ring around the outside of the dial, indicating minutes and seconds. The time is read by observing the placement of several "hands", which emanate from the centre of the dial:


title: Clock face

text: All three hands continuously rotate around the dial in a clockwise direction – in the direction of increasing numbers.


title: Clock face

text: The word "clock" derives from the medieval Latin word for "bell"; "clocca", and has cognates in many European languages. Clocks spread to England from the Low Countries, so the English word came from the Middle Low German and Middle Dutch "Klocke". The first mechanical clocks, built in 13th-century Europe, were striking clocks: their purpose was to ring bells upon the canonical hours, to call the local community to prayer. These were tower clocks installed in bell towers in public places, to ensure that the bells were audible over a wide area. Soon after these first mechanical clocks were in place clockmakers realized that their wheels could be used to drive an indicator on a dial on the outside of the tower, where it could be widely seen, so the local population could tell the time between the hourly strikes.


title: Clock face

text: Before the late 14th century, a fixed hand (often a carving literally shaped like a hand) indicated the hour by pointing to numbers on a rotating dial; after this time, the current convention of a rotating hand on a fixed dial was adopted. Minute hands (so named because they indicated the small, or "minute", divisions of the hour) only came into regular use around 1690, after the invention of the pendulum and anchor escapement increased the precision of time-telling enough to justify it. In some precision clocks, a third hand, which rotated once a minute, was added in a separate subdial. This was called the "second-minute" hand (because it measured the "secondary minute" divisions of the hour), which was shortened to "second" hand. The convention of the hands moving clockwise evolved in imitation of the sundial. In the Northern hemisphere, where the clock face originated, the shadow of the gnomon on a horizontal sundial moves clockwise during the day.


title: Clock face

text: During the French Revolution in 1793, in connection with its Republican calendar, France attempted to introduce a decimal time system. This had 10 decimal hours in the day, 100 decimal minutes per hour, and 100 decimal seconds per minute. Therefore, the decimal hour was more than twice as long (144 min) as the present hour, the decimal minute was slightly longer than the present minute (86 seconds) and the decimal second was slightly shorter (0.86 sec) than the present second. Clocks were manufactured with this alternate face, usually combined with traditional hour markings. However, it did not catch on, and France discontinued the mandatory use of decimal time on 7 April 1795, although some French cities used decimal time until 1801.


title: Clock face

text: Until the last quarter of the 17th century, hour markings were etched into metal faces and the recesses filled with black wax. Subsequently, higher contrast and improved readability was achieved with white enamel plaques painted with black numbers. Initially, the numbers were printed on small, individual plaques mounted on a brass substructure. This was not a stylistic decision, rather enamel production technology had not yet achieved the ability to create large pieces of enamel. The "13-piece face" was an early attempt to create an entirely white enamel face. As the name suggests, it was composed of 13 enamel plaques: 12 numbered wedges fitted around a circle. The first single-piece enamel faces, not unlike those in production today, began to appear .


title: Clock face

text: It is customary for modern advertisements to display clocks and watches set to approximately 10:10 or 1:50,


title: Clock face

text: as this V-shaped arrangement roughly makes a smile, imitates a human figure with raised arms, and leaves the watch company's logo unobscured by the hands.


title: Clock face

text: In the 1970s, German designer Tian Harlan invented the Chromachron, a wristwatch with a clock face that has no dials but a disc with pie-shaped pattern rotating by the minute over color patterns representing both hours and minutes.


title: Clock face

text: In the 2010s, some United Kingdom schools started replacing analogue clocks in examination halls with digital clocks because an increasing number of pupils were unable to read analogue clocks. Smartphone and computer clocks are often digital rather than analogue, and proponents of replacing analogue clock faces argue that they have become technologically obsolete. However, reading analogue clocks is still part of American elementary school curricula; proponents of analogue clocks argue that their inclusion in the curriculum reinforces basic mathematical concepts that are taught in elementary school.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: Sunanda Nair, better known by her stage name Karthika is an Indian actress who worked predominantly in Malayalam movies and a few Tamil movies. She was one of the popular lead Malayalam actresses during 1984-1988. She is well known for her portrayal of Charumathy in Nayakan.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: Karthika was born on Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to Captain PKR Nair, a retired army officer, Ex Servicemen Corporation Chairman and leader of Ex-Service Congress affiliated to the Congress party. Her mother is a homemaker. She has a sister, Sujatha Balgovind. She is a trained classical dancer and Kathakali artist. She is also an amateur Tennis player.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: Karthika made her cinema debut as a junior artist. Her first film was in 1984, Oru Painkilikatha directed by Balachandra Menon. She played one of the group dancers in the movie. However, she got a heroine role in the very next year. Her second film is Manicheppu Thurannappol. In the movie, she played one among the female leads along with Jalaja.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: She has worked in twenty films, among which two films are Tamil films and the rest are Malayalam films. Adiverukal, Thalavattam, Sanmanassullavarkku Samadhanam, Neela Kurinji Poothappol, Ente Entethu Mathram, Desatanakkili Karayarilla, Kariyilakkattu Pole and Adukkan Entheluppam are the films performed by her in 1986. In 1987, she worked in films like Idanazhiyil Oru Kaalocha, Gandhinagar 2nd Street, Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam, Neeyethra Dhanya, January Oru Orma and Ivide Ellavarkkum Sukham. David David Mr. David and Avanikunnile Kinnari Pookkal are the films performed by her in 1988 and 1989 respectively.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: She made her Tamil debut in 1987 through Nayagan with Kamal Haasan, Saranya Ponvannan and Nizhalgal Ravi. The film directed by Mani Ratnam. Her second cum final Tamil film was with Sathyaraj in Poovizhi Vasalile directed by Fazil.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: At the peak of her career, Karthika decided to quit the film industry. She married Dr Sunil Kumar and settled in Maldives. The couple has a son, Vishnu.


title: Karthika (Malayalam actress)

text: Karthika married Dr Sunil Kumar in 1988. She has a son, Dr Vishnu Sunil Jaikumar, a Veterinary Surgeon & Radiologist.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Emil Henry Kristoffer Krafth (born 2 August 1994) is a Swedish professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Premier League club Newcastle United and the Sweden national team.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Developed at Lagans, Krafth had played for Östers, Helsingborg and Bologna before joining Newcastle United in 2019. He also had a loan spell at Amiens.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth was born in Ljungby, Kronoberg County. Growing up, he began playing football, coming from his parents, Pelle and Pernilla, who were both footballers, and joined his then mother's club, Lagans AIK, at five years old. Krafth was coached by his parents throughout his time at Lagans AIK. He initially started out playing as a defensive midfield and striker positions before switching to the defender positions, eventually playing in the right–back position.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth has a sister and a brother. When he was fifteen years old, Krafth moved out of his parents’ house to Växjö, attending a football high school there and said it was easy to adapt. Growing up, he supported Manchester United.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth began his career at lower-division side Lagans AIK. It was with Lagans AIK that he made his senior debut in 2010, aged just 16. In 2011, he joined Östers IF in Superettan. Krafth debuted for the club at 17 years old, starting the whole game, in a 2–1 win against GIF Sundsvall in the opening game of the season. He quickly became a first team regular for the side, playing in either the defender ad midfield positions and impressed in his first season in the Superettan. For his performance at one point, Krafth was named Tipselit Player of the Month for June. Krafth was also named Sveriges Radio Kronoberg Prize for "Sports Surprise of the Year 2011". At the end of the 2011 season, Krafth made thirty–five appearances in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Following this, Krafth was linked a move away from Östers IF, as he went on trials, such as, Rangers and Malmö.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth earned a move to Allsvenskan side Helsingborgs IF on 10 January 2012. Upon joining the club, he was given number fifteen shirt.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth appeared as an unused substitute in Helsingborgs’ first match of the 2012 season, in a 2–0 win over AIK in the Svenska Supercupen. A month later on 27 April 2012 against Mjällby, he made his Helsingborgs debut, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw. After the match, Krafth's performance was praised by Manager Conny Karlsson. He then appeared in the next three matches for the side, keeping two out of the three clean sheets. However, Krafth suffered an injury that kept him out for weeks and didn't make an appearance until on 28 July 2012 against IFK Norrköping, where he set up the club's only goal of the game, losing 2–1. Krafth then made his UEFA Europa League debut, starting a match and played 65 minutes before being substituted, in a 3–1 loss against Levante on 22 November 2012. Throughout the 2012 season, he found his playing his time, mostly from the substitute bench and made six starts for the side. Krafth went on to make fifteen appearances in all competitions when the season ended.


title: Emil Krafth

text: At the start of the 2013 season, Krafth made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Assyriska in the Svenska Cupen. After suffering a knee injury that he sustained while on international duty, it wasn't until on 18 April 2013 when he made his first league appearance of the season, starting the whole game, and set up Helsingborgs’ first goal of the game, in a 4–1 win against IFK Norrköping. Since the start of the 2013 season, Krafth quickly became a first team regular for the side, playing in the right–back position. It wasn't until on 27 June 2013 when he scored his first goal for the club, in a 2–1 loss against AIK. In addition, Krafth provided assists on three more time later in the 2013 season. He once helped Helsingborgs IF keep two clean sheets on two occasions. At the end of the 2013 season, he went on to make thirty–four appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: At the start of the 2014 season, Krafth helped Helsingborgs IF reach the finals of the Svenska Cupen. However in the Svenska Cupen Final against Elfsborg, he started in the final, playing in the right–back position, as the club lost 1–0. It was announced on 11 April 2014 that Krafth signed a contract with Helsingborgs IF, keeping him until 2016. Since the start of the 2014 season, he continued to be a first team regular for the side, playing in the right–back position. At one point during the 2014 season, Krafth was given the club's vice captaincy. It wasn't until on 3 October 2014 when he scored his first goal of the season, in a 4–1 win against Kalmar. Despite missing two matches during the 2014 season, he made thirty–two appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: At the start of the 2014 season, Krafth helped Helsingborgs IF reach the quarter–finals of the Svenska Cupen, as they were eliminated in the quarter–finals. Since the start of the 2015 season, he continued to be a first team regular for the side, playing in the right–back position. However, Krafth suffered a back injury while training that saw him miss one match. But he made his return, starting a match against Elfsborg on 20 May 2015, scoring in a 2–1 loss. Krafth kept two consecutive clean sheets on two separate occasions. By the time he left the club, Krafth made twelve appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: It was announced on 19 August 2015 that Krafth swapped Sweden for Italy as he joined Serie A outfit Bologna. It came after when Krafth announced his intention to leave Helsingborgs IF in the summer transfer window. Upon joining the club, he was given a number four shirt.


title: Emil Krafth

text: However, Krafth continued to recover from a back injury that he sustained over the summer. It wasn't until on 24 October 2015 when he made his Bologna's debut against Carpi, starting a match and played 42 minutes before being substituted, due to a knee injury, as they won 2–1. Following this, it was announced that Krafth was sidelined for the rest of the year after suffering another injury while on international duty with Sweden U21, and continued to do for the first four months of 2016. It wasn't until on 11 April 2016 when he made his first appearance in months, coming on as an 85th-minute substitute, in a 1–1 draw against A.S. Roma. Krafth made two more appearances later in the 2015–16 season, including a start against Chievo in the last game of the season. At the end of the season, he made four appearances in all competitions. Following this, Krafth said: "I didn't have a lucky season: the recovery from my injury was longer than expected and it kept me out for a long time. However, it was a year in which I learned a lot, especially in terms of mentality. I always hope to train well and play as much as possible in the championship to come, I intend to show that I am a good right back and show you how much I am worth."


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth started in the first four league matches of the 2016–17 season in the right–back position before being sent–off for a straight red card in the 81st minute, losing 3–1 against Napoli on 17 September 2016. After serving a one match suspension, he returned to the starting line–up against Inter Milan on 25 September 2016 and played 80 minutes before being substituted, as Bologna drew 1–1. However, his return was short–lived when Krafth was sidelined on two occasions that saw him out for two months. It wasn't until on 6 November 2016 when he returned to the starting line–up, starting the whole game, in a 1–1 draw against Roma. Following this, Krafth found himself in and out of the starting eleven for the side, competing with Vasilis Torosidis and Ibrahima Mbaye over the right–back position. He then scored his first goal for Bologna, and set up the club's second goal of the game, in a 4–0 win against Hellas Verona in the fourth round of the Coppa Italia. However, Krafth was sent–off for a straight red card in the last minute, in a 1–1 draw against Cagliari on 29 January 2017. During a 1–1 draw against Genoa on 26 February 2017, he suffered a knee injury and was substituted in the 53rd minute. Initially out in a follow–up match against Lazio, Krafth returned to the starting line–up and started the whole game, in a 2–0 loss. At the end of the 2016–17 season, he made twenty–nine appearances and scoring once in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: At the start of the 2017–18 season, Krafth was sidelined for two weeks following a muscle injury during the club's pre–season tour. Upon returning from injury, he found himself in the substitute bench, and began competing with Torosidis and Mbaye over the right–back position. Krafth made his first appearance of the season, starting the whole game, in a 3–0 loss against Napoli on 10 September 2017. Following the injury of Torosidis during a match against Atalanta on 22 October 2017, he came on as a 25th-minute substitute and played the rest of the match, as Bologna lost 1–0. Following this, Krafth started in the next four matches in the right–back position before Torosidis returned. At the end of the 2017–18 season, he made twelve appearances in all competitions.


title: Emil Krafth

text: It was later revealed his first team opportunities at Bologna was limited, due to his lack of tactical acumen to succeed in Italy.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth made his Amiens SC debut, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–1 loss against Montpellier on 18 August 2018. In a follow–up match against Stade de Reims, he set up the club's third goal of the game, in a 4–1 win. After the match, Krafth was named L’Equipe Team of the Week. He then scored his first goal for Amiens SC, in a 3–1 loss against RC Strasbourg on 22 September 2018. Since making his debut, Krafth quickly established himself in the starting eleven, playing in the right–back position for the club. Later in the 2018–19 season, he later helped Amiens finish in 15th place on the table and secured their survival after a 2-1 victory over already relegated EA Guingamp.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Despite two matches during the 2018–19 season, he made 35 appearances in the French top flight while on loan. Following this, Krafth joined Amiens on a permanent transfer in June 2019 after the two clubs agreed to a €2m transfer.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth signed a four-year deal with Premier League club Newcastle United on 8 August 2019 after the side reached a £5m deal with Amiens SC. Upon joining the club, he said: "It feels really good. It's been a busy couple of days, but finally I'm here. I'm very happy to sign for Newcastle and I can't wait to start training with the guys. When a Premier League team wants to sign you, of course you are happy. I know Newcastle is a big club, so I'm very happy to sign here and to be here right now. It's a good moment in my career to take a step forward. The plans Newcastle had for me, I felt like they was fitting me perfectly, so that was why I chose Newcastle."


title: Emil Krafth

text: He made his debut for the club on 19 August 2019, playing in the right–midfield position, as Newcastle were defeated by Norwich City 3–1. Krafth then made five more starts for the next two months for the side. Following this, he was dropped to the substitute bench when Manager Steve Bruce began using Javier Manquillo and DeAndre Yedlin. It wasn't until on 5 December 2019 when Krafth made his first appearance for Newcastle United in two months, coming on as a late substitute, in a 2–0 win against Sheffield United. He then started in the third round of the FA Cup against Rochdale, as they drew 1–1. However, Krafth suffered ankle injury against Everton on 21 January 2020 and was substituted in the 28th minute. When the time the season was suspended because of the COVID-19 pandemic, he made fourteen appearances for Newcastle United and recovered from the injury. Once the season resumed behind closed doors, Krafth didn't make an appearance until on 1 July 2020 when he started the whole game, in a 4–1 win against Bournemouth. This was followed up by setting up the club's first goal of the game, in a 2–2 draw against West Ham United. Following this, he appeared in the four out of the last five remaining league matches. At the end of the 2019–20 season, Krafth made twenty appearances in all competitions. On 14 May 2021, Krafth scored his first Newcastle goal in a 3–4 home league defeat to champions Manchester City.


title: Emil Krafth

text: In May 2011, Krafth was called up to the Sweden U17 squad for the first time. He only made one appearances for the U17 side.


title: Emil Krafth

text: In August 2012, Krafth was called up to the Sweden U19 squad for the first time. He then scored on his debut, winning 2–0 against Finland U19 on 14 August 2012. Krafth went on to make eight appearances and scoring once for the U19 side.


title: Emil Krafth

text: In May 2012, Krafth was called up to the Sweden U21 squad for the first time. Krafth became the fifth youngest person ever to play in the Sweden U21 team, being 17 years and 309 days old when he played in Sweden U21s' match against Malta on 6 June 2012. Krafth then kept three consecutive clean sheets between 5 June 2014 and 5 September 2014 against Iceland U21, Slovakia U21 and Greece U21, all of them were wins. However during a 2–2 draw against Denmark U21 on 11 June 2015, he suffered a back injury that kept saw him miss the UEFA European Under-21 Championship and Sweden U21 went on to win the tournament. A year later on 3 June 2016 against Georgia U21, Krafth scored the U21 side's second goal of the game, in a 3–2 win, which turns out to be his last appearance for Sweden U21. He went on to make sixteen appearances and scoring once for the U21 side.


title: Emil Krafth

text: In January 2014, Kraft was called up to the Sweden's squad for the first time. He made his debut for Sweden against Moldova, coming on as an 85th-minute substitute, and set up the national's side goal for Erton Fejzullahu, who scored twice, in a 2–1 win on 17 January 2014.


title: Emil Krafth

text: After a two year absent from the national team, Kraft was called up to the Sweden's squad for the second time, appearing as an unused substitute against Netherlands and Luxembourg. It wasn't until on 10 October 2016 when he started against Bulgaria and set up the national side's second goal of the game, in a 3–0 win. The following year on 10 November 2017, Kraft played 83 minutes in the 2018 FIFA World Cup Second Round Play-Off first leg, as Sweden won 1–0 against Italy at the Friends Arena. On 13 November 2017, he appeared as an unused substitute in the game where Sweden held on to force a goalless draw in the second leg at the San Siro to defeat the Italians 1–0 on aggregate in their Russia 2018 World Cup play-off.


title: Emil Krafth

text: In May 2018, Krafth was named in Sweden's 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. Despite suffering a fever, he appeared in the substitute bench in the national side's first three matches. Krafth made his tournament debut, coming on as an 82nd-minute substitute, in a 1–0 win against Switzerland in the Round of 16. Following a suspension of Mikael Lustig, he started in the quarter–finals against England and played 85 minutes in the match before being substituted, as they lost 2–0, eliminating Sweden from the tournament. After the match, his performance was criticised by ESPN and Expressen. Following this, Krafth appeared three more times by the end of the year.


title: Emil Krafth

text: Krafth is in a long-term relationship with Lina Lundqvist. In November 2019, he became a first time father when Lundqvist gave birth to a baby girl.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Dorrel Norman Elvert "Whitey" Herzog (; born November 9, 1931) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and manager, most notable for his Major League Baseball (MLB) managerial career.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: He made his MLB debut as a player in 1956 with the Washington Senators. After his playing career ended in 1963, Herzog went on to perform a variety of roles in Major League Baseball, including scout, manager, coach, general manager, and farm system director.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: As a big-league manager, he led the Kansas City Royals to three consecutive playoff appearances from 1976 to 1978. Hired by Gussie Busch in 1980 to helm the St. Louis Cardinals, the team made three World Series appearances, winning the 1982 World Series over the Milwaukee Brewers and falling in 1985 and 1987.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame on July 25, 2010, and was inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum on August 16, 2014.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Dorrell Herzog was born in New Athens, Illinois, the second of three children of Edgar and Lietta Herzog. His father worked at a brewery and his mother at a shoe factory there. Whitey attended New Athens High School where he played basketball and baseball. He drew interest from the college basketball programs at Saint Louis University and Illinois. As a youth, Herzog delivered newspapers, sold baked goods from a truck, dug graves, and worked at the brewery with his father. He was known as "Relly" — a diminutive of Dorrel, his given first name.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: His older brother Therron played a year of minor league baseball in 1954 in the Cotton States League.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog both batted and threw left-handed. He was originally signed by the New York Yankees by scout Lou Maguolo. While playing for the McAlester Rockets in the Sooner State League in 1949 and 1950, a sportscaster gave Herzog the nickname "Whitey" due to his light blonde hair and resemblance to blonde Yankees pitcher Bob "The White Rat" Kuzava, (rather than the light blonde Yankee starter and future Hall of Famer Whitey Ford, then on the way to a 9-1 rookie season. In 1953, during the Korean War, Herzog served the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, during which time he was stationed at Fort Leonard Wood in Missouri and managed the camp's baseball team.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: After being traded by New York while still a minor league prospect, he played for the Washington Senators (1956–1958), Kansas City Athletics (1958–1960), Baltimore Orioles (1961–62) and Detroit Tigers (1963). In 634 games spread over eight seasons, Herzog batted .257 with 25 home runs, 172 runs batted in, 213 runs scored, 60 doubles, 20 triples, and 13 stolen bases. In reference to his relative success as a player versus being a manager, Herzog has said, "Baseball has been good to me since I quit trying to play it."


title: Whitey Herzog

text: After his playing career ended, Herzog rejoined the Athletics for two seasons, as a scout in 1964 and a coach in 1965.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: The next seven years were spent with the New York Mets, the first, in 1966, as the third-base coach for manager Wes Westrum. Beginning in 1967 Herzog then made his mark with the club during his six-year tenure as its director of player development. On his watch, the Mets produced young talent that either appeared on one or both of its 1969 and 1973 World Series teams in or were dealt and had successful major league careers elsewhere. Among it was Gary Gentry, Wayne Garrett, Jon Matlack, John Milner, Amos Otis and Ken Singleton. Herzog was a candidate to become the Mets' manager after the death of Gil Hodges prior to the 1972 season, but was passed over in favor of first-base coach Yogi Berra, a future Yankee Hall of Fame catcher and brief ex-Met player, by chairman of the board M. Donald Grant. He had been ordered to not attend Hodges' funeral by Grant's associates to avoid speculation.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Perceiving Grant's actions as a snub, Herzog left the Mets to accept the first managerial assignment of his career. On November 2, 1972, he signed a two-year contract to lead the Texas Rangers, the only MLB team have 100 losses in 1972. Hired based on recommendations from general manager Joe Burke to owner Bob Short, he’d been given the understanding that he was to help develop the team's young prospects. He immediately abandoned the platoon system used heavily by his predecessor Ted Williams.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: His debut at the helm was a 3–1 Rangers loss to the Chicago White Sox at Arlington Stadium on April 7, 1973. His first victory was a 4–0 decision over the Kansas City Royals five nights later on April 12 at Royals Stadium.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: He never got the chance to finish the 1973 season. With the team mired deeply at 47-91, he was fired on September 7, three days after a home field 14–0 defeat at Comiskey Park Coach Del Wilber replaced him for one game, followed by Hall of Fame bound Billy Martin, who had been fired by the Detroit Tigers on August 30. Short defended the change by telling reporters, "If my mother were managing the Rangers and I had the opportunity to hire Billy Martin, I'd fire my mother."


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog joined the California Angels as their third-base coach in 1974. He was named the team's interim manager on June 27, 1974, the same day that his predecessor Bobby Winkles was fired and also Hall of Fame bound successor Dick Williams was hired. The first game he managed was a 5–0 win for the Angels, who split a four-game weekend series against the Rangers at Anaheim Stadium during his brief 4-game stint.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog succeeded Jack McKeon as manager of the Kansas City Royals on July 24, 1975, going on to helm the club from 1975 to 1979. At the time, the team was in second place in the American League West but trailed the defending and eventual division champion Oakland Athletics by 11 games. Th Royals went on to win three straight American League Western division titles from 1976 to 1978,


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog next managed the St. Louis Cardinals, from 1980 to 1990). He won the 1982 World Series, and both won the National League Pennant and appeared in the Series again in 1985 and 1987.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog's final season with the Cardinals, and in his managerial career, was the 1990 season; he resigned on July 6 of that year with the team at 33–47 and in last place in the NL East. He jokingly stated, "I came here in last place and I leave here in last place. I left them right where I started." His overall Cardinals record is 822 wins and 728 losses.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: In total, Herzog led six division winners, three pennant winners, and one World Series winner in compiling a 1,281–1,125 (.532) career record.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: With his extensive background in player development, Herzog also was a major league general manager with both the Cardinals (1980–82) and the California Angels from 1993 to 1994.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog succeeded interim skipper Jack Krol as manager of the Cardinals on June 9, 1980, managed for 73 games, then moved into the club's front office as GM on August 26, turning the team over to Red Schoendienst. During the offseason, Herzog reclaimed the manager job, then held both the GM and field manager posts with St. Louis for almost two full seasons, during which he acquired or promoted many players who would star on the Cardinals' three World Series teams of the 1980s. In a 1983 poll of MLB players by "The New York Times", Herzog was voted best manager in baseball.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog's style of play, based on the strategy of attrition, was nicknamed "Whiteyball" and concentrated on pitching, speed, and defense to win games rather than on home runs. Herzog's lineups generally consisted of one or more base-stealing threats at the top of the lineup, with a power threat such as George Brett or Jack Clark hitting third or fourth, protected by one or two productive hitters, followed by more base stealers. This tactic kept payrolls low, while allowing Herzog to win consistently in stadiums with deep fences and artificial turf, both of which were characteristics of Royals Stadium (now Kauffman Stadium) and Busch Memorial Stadium during his managerial career.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: A less noticed (at the time) aspect of Herzog's offensive philosophy was his preference for patient hitters with high on-base percentages: such players included Royals Brett, Hal McRae, and Amos Otis, and Cardinals Clark, Keith Hernandez, José Oquendo, and Ozzie Smith, as well as Darrell Porter, who played for Herzog in both Kansas City and St. Louis. However, in St. Louis Herzog also employed free-swinging hitters who were less patient but speedy runners and fielders, such as six-time (consecutively, the first three +triple-digit) NL stolen base champion Vince Coleman and 1982 LL MVP Willie McGee.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog expressed an interest in becoming President of the National League when that job opened in 1986. The role eventually went to Yale University President A. Bartlett Giamatti, who also became the Commissioner of baseball in 1989. In a nationally televised interview on NBC, after Giamatti accepted the job of NL President, Marv Albert jokingly asked Herzog if he would be interested in the job opening for President of Yale University. Herzog replied, "Well, you're trying to be funny now, Marv. I don't think that's funny at all."


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Both Herzog and ex-Florida Marlins World Series winning manager Jim Leyland were candidates to become manager of the Boston Red Sox following the 1996 season. Both rejected offers from the Red Sox, so the team hired Jimy Williams instead. Herzog was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans' Committee on December 7, 2009, receiving 14 of a possible 16 votes.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: In addition, the Cardinals retired the number '24', which he wore during his managerial tenure with the club, in his honor on July 31, following his induction. Rick Ankiel was the last Cardinal to wear number 24.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: Herzog continues to reside in St. Louis, Missouri. His younger brother, Codell ("Butz") died on February 20, 2010, at 76. He made out Whitey's first lineup with the Cardinals in 1980. His grandson John Urick was a minor league first baseman and outfielder from 2003 until 2010 who played for managers and former Herzog-era Cardinals Garry Templeton and Hal Lanier.


title: Whitey Herzog

text: In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Herzog among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: In archaeology, the classic Maya collapse is the decline of the Classic Maya civilization and the abandonment of Maya cities in the southern Maya lowlands of Mesoamerica between the 7th and 9th centuries. At Ceibal, the Preclassic Maya experienced a similar collapse in the 2nd century.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: The Classic Period of Mesoamerican chronology is generally defined as the period from 250 to 900 CE, the last century of which is referred to as the Terminal Classic. The Classic Maya collapse is one of the greatest unsolved mysteries in archaeology. Urban centers of the southern lowlands, among them Palenque, Copán, Tikal, and Calakmul, went into decline during the 8th and 9th centuries and were abandoned shortly thereafter. Archaeologically, this decline is indicated by the cessation of monumental inscriptions and the reduction of large-scale architectural construction at the primary urban centers of the Classic Period.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: Although termed a collapse, it did not mark the end of the Maya civilization but rather a shift away from the Southern Lowlands as a power center; the Northern Yucatán in particular prospered afterwards, although with very different artistic and architectural styles, and with much less use of monumental hieroglyphic writing. In the Post-Classic Period following the collapse, the state of Chichén Itzá built an empire that briefly united much of the Maya region, and centers such as Mayapán and Uxmal flourished, as did the Highland states of the Kʼicheʼ and Kaqchikel Maya. Independent Maya civilization continued until 1697 when the Spanish conquered Nojpetén, the last independent city-state. Millions of Maya people still inhabit the Yucatán peninsula today.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: Because parts of Maya civilization unambiguously continued, a number of scholars strongly dislike the term collapse. Regarding the proposed collapse, E. Wyllys Andrews IV went as far as to say, "in my belief no such thing happened."


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: The Maya often recorded dates on monuments they built. Few dated monuments were being built circa 500 – around ten per year in 514, for example. The number steadily increased to twenty per year by 672 and forty by around 750. After this, the number of dated monuments begins to falter relatively quickly, collapsing back to ten by 800 and to zero by 900. Likewise, recorded lists of kings complement this analysis. Altar Q at Copán shows a reign of kings from 426 to 763. One last king not recorded on Altar Q was Ukit Took, "Patron of Flint", who was probably a usurper. The dynasty is believed to have collapsed entirely shortly thereafter. In Quirigua, north of Copán, the last king Jade Sky began his rule between 895 and 900, and throughout the Maya area all kingdoms similarly fell around that time.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: A third piece of evidence of the progression of Maya decline, gathered by Ann Corinne Freter, Nancy Gonlin, and David Webster, uses a technique called obsidian hydration dating. The technique allowed them to map the spread and growth of settlements in the Copán Valley and estimate their populations. Between 400 and 450, the population was estimated at a peak of twenty-eight thousand, between 750 and 800 – larger than London at the time. The population then began to steadily decline. By 900 the population had fallen to fifteen thousand, and by 1200 the population was again less than 1000.


title: Classic Maya collapse

text: Over 80 different theories or variations of theories attempting to explain the Classic Maya collapse have been identified. From climate change to deforestation to lack of action by Maya kings, there is no universally accepted collapse theory, although drought has gained momentum in the first quarter of the 21st century as the leading explanation, as more scientific studies are conducted.