title: Astitva

text: In a flashback, Shrikant is an up-and-coming star at a firm, seeking to break out onto his own. His work keeps him traveling almost constantly. This leaves his newlywed wife Aditi lonely and frustrated.


title: Astitva

text: When she asks him to let her work someplace (clearly to relieve her boredom and find a good use for her time), he takes it as an insult and rebuffs her saying no woman in his family has ever worked outside the home and that he earns enough for them to live comfortably. He suggests (although not very enthusiastically) that she take up music. The music teacher is Malhar Kamat. Shrikant continues his unending travels all over the world, although he makes it clear to Malhar that music will not be anything more than a hobby for Aditi.


title: Astitva

text: Aditi's sister Sudha (Resham Tipnis) and her husband come to live with Aditi. Their constant lovemaking further deepens Aditi's feelings of yearning and abandonment. And one spring afternoon, as Malhar breaks into his new "ghazal" in the rain, Aditi's resolve is broken under the influence of the season. Malhar returns a couple of days later, and Aditi asks him to leave stating she loves only Shrikant. Aditi has missed a period. Sudha learns this and advises her to do something.


title: Astitva

text: When Shrikant returns, Aditi breaks down and tries to tell him the truth about her pregnancy. But Shrikant is doubly elated, having won the first major contract for his own firm and, hearing of his imminent fatherhood, and breaks out into celebrations without letting Aditi complete her story.


title: Astitva

text: As the story comes back to present time, Shrikant punishes Aditi by making her tell the truth in front of Aniket, Ravi and Meghna. Meghna loathes Shrikant, since she suffered spousal abuse from her drunkard husband before divorcing him and marrying Ravi. Aniket is disgusted with his mother after knowing the truth of his existence.


title: Astitva

text: Ravi confronts Shrikant, reminding him of his many extramarital affairs. Shrikant refuses to accept it stating he is a man and he did not bring any children, born of those affairs, home.


title: Astitva

text: Shrikant decides that he will live with Aditi, but any spousal relationship between them will not exist. After Revati knows the truth, she breaks the engagement, not because of the truth, but because she realizes that Aniket is no different from the man whom he considered his father till now.


title: Astitva

text: Meghna decides to take Aditi to Goa with her, but Aditi declines. Before leaving the house, she demands her husband and son's presences to hear her. She states how her weakness is called sin, whereas Shrikant's weaknesses are accepted easily. She questions who has the authority to accept his weakness. Aditi also reveals to Shrikant that she has harbored another secret from him that he is impotent and that is why she was not able to bear children with him. And how she could have been made responsible for that too if she didn't have a child. Revati enters the house and gives her new generation views to Aniket stating he is alive as his mother didn't decide otherwise. Aditi walks out of the house with Revati. The movie ends with Revati and Aditi walking out the house and on the road, whilst Shri and Aniket stand in the doorway, watching them go.


title: Astitva

text: The role of lead actress was first offered to Madhuri Dixit, a leading lady of her times. When she rejected the offer, it went to Tabu, who received an important film of her acting career.


title: Astitva

text: The story is based on Guy de Maupassant's novel "Pierre et Jean", which was also made into a movie Una mujer sin amor, a Spanish movie released in 1952.


title: ¡Dos!

text: ¡Dos! (stylized in all caps) is the tenth studio album by American rock band Green Day. The album was released on November 9, 2012, in Australia, November 12 in the United Kingdom and on November 13 in the United States through Reprise Records. It is the second installment in the "¡Uno!" "¡Dos!" "¡Tré!" trilogy. Following its predecessor's power pop style, "¡Dos!" was billed as Green Day's take on garage rock.


title: ¡Dos!

text: The album accumulated the highest average reviews of all three trilogy albums, receiving generally positive reviews from music critics, who praised its dynamic style and catchy songs; others found its music dull and observed filler on the album. It debuted at number nine on the US "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 69,000 copies in the United States, a low for the band, becoming their first album since signing to a major record label to not sell 100,000 records in its first week.


title: ¡Dos!

text: In an interview with Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt, it was stated that "¡Dos!" was going to have a "more garage rock—a little dirtier, like you're in the middle of the party" feel to it, similar to their side band Foxboro Hot Tubs. In a couple of interviews, Armstrong even went as far as calling "¡Dos!" "the second Foxboro album." The track "Fuck Time", originally performed as a Foxboro Hot Tubs song, was recorded for the album, as was the track "Stray Heart".


title: ¡Dos!

text: Unlike the other two albums in the trilogy, this album features thirteen tracks instead of twelve. The final track "Amy" is dedicated to the late Amy Winehouse. The song "Nightlife" features guest vocals from Lady Cobra of the band Mystic Knights of the Cobra. The song is one of the slower and darker songs from the trilogy and has Lady Cobra rapping in her respective parts of the track. The album's tenth track, titled "Lady Cobra" is inspired by her. A black-and-white cutout of her with a sailor hat is seen on the back cover with her eye crossed out with a pink "X".


title: ¡Dos!

text: A trailer for the album was released on June 21, 2012 on the band's YouTube channel, it included a preview of the song "Fuck Time". A preview of the song "Lazy Bones" was featured in a special Green Day themed level pack of Angry Birds Friends. Green Day also released previews of the songs "Stray Heart", "Makeout Party", "Wild One", "Fuck Time", "Lady Cobra" and "Nightlife" during an interview on BBC Radio One. A very short preview of the song "See You Tonight" was featured in one of their tour videos. On October 3, 2012, Green Day officially announced the track list for the album on their website. The songs "Stop When the Red Lights Flash", "Amy" and "Nightlife" were featured on the episode "Unspoken" of "" alongside "Kill the DJ" from "¡Uno!" and "The Forgotten" from "¡Tré!", narrating the first dialogue-free 30 minutes of the episode. An official trailer was released on October 15 and featured previews of "Stop When the Red Lights Flash", "Fuck Time", and "Stray Heart". "Stop When the Red Lights Flash" is featured in the 2012 Electronic Arts racing game, "", and is included on the game's soundtrack album.


title: ¡Dos!

text: The album was officially released to listen by Green Day on the Rolling Stone website on November 6. Vinyl copies of "¡Dos!" feature "Drama Queen" (from "¡Tré!") instead of "Stray Heart" due to the fact that they were pressed before the two tracks were swapped. A clean version of the track "Fuck Time" was released under the name "F-Woo Time".


title: ¡Dos!

text: The band uploaded a trailer for the album on their official channel on YouTube showing the band in the recording studio as well as performing the song "Fuck Time" with their garage rock side band, Foxboro Hot Tubs. During the trailer the cover artwork for the album was revealed. It features a black-and-white cutout of Mike Dirnt, with his eyes crossed-out with pink X's, on a geometric, orange background. The words "Green Day" are loudly splashed in blue across the top of the cover, while the word "¡Dos!" is sprawled graffiti-style in white in the lower left-hand corner, much like the artwork for their previous album "¡Uno!"


title: ¡Dos!

text: "Stray Heart" premiered on Idiot Club, Green Day's official fan club, on October 8, 2012, and premiered on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on the same day. It was later confirmed to be released as a single for the album on October 15 in the UK, and October 23 in the US. On October 18, it was announced on Idiot Club that fans could go to downtown LA to appear in the music video for "Stray Heart" on October 19. The video was released on November 7. The song reached number 10 on the Japan "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 in October. It was the only single to be released from the album.


title: ¡Dos!

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, "¡Dos!" received an average score of 68, based on 24 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine complimented its "high-octane" style and called it a "terrific little party record." Randall Roberts of the "Los Angeles Times" commended Green Day for "allowing in a much wider range of sounds and styles", and found the album "way more impressive than the rudimentary math of "Uno!"", calling it "an excellent Green Day album — one of its best — a catchy, revealing work". Jon Dolan of "Rolling Stone" wrote that Green Day "harness[es] the sound of immolating, teenage-wasteland lust for an album with a distinct sense of life coming off the rails". Scott Heisel of the "Alternative Press" felt that, apart from "Fuck Time" and "Nightlife", the album is "so focused and straightforward", and commented that despite some "rote" lyrics, Green Day "function[s] at their best with hook-filled songs that are typically three minutes or less." Despite noting a few "outright missteps", AJ Ramirez of PopMatters found the album generally "engaging" and dubbed it "the best Green Day studio album since "American Idiot"—given the uneven nature of the LPs in between, that's praise that demands qualifiers." "Kerrang!" complimented the album's "variety" and observed a "musical joie de vivre" throughout.


title: ¡Dos!

text: By contrast, Jason Heller of "The A.V. Club" perceived a lack of "joy" in the band's "garage-rock angle", writing that they "feel like they're writing a paper on the genre rather than celebrating it in song." Phil Mongredien of "The Observer" called the album "oddly leaden and largely witless", and criticized the band for "flailing ever further from the pop nous that has underscored their finest moments". Barry Nicolson of "NME" found "¡Dos!" "too cluttered with filler to measure up against the best of the band's stuff." Slant Magazine's Jonathan Keefe wrote similarly, "only a handful of its tracks are truly essential additions to the Green Day catalogue." Mark Roche of "State" felt that it "has as many disappointing tracks as it does impressive ones" and observed from Green Day "the attempt to forge modern expectations with old school sensibility, even if it doesn't always work." Sputnikmusic's Joseph Viney felt that "Armstrong's lyrics are the biggest hindrance" and called the songs musically "limp". Jon Young of "Spin" felt that Armstrong "might want to abandon" his "juvenile posturing ... even the most seductive rascals lose their boyish allure eventually." Kyle Anderson from "Entertainment Weekly" stated "scratches the party-till-you-puke surface and there's plenty of minor-key darkness lurking below, as in the bleary-eyed ‘Lazy Bones’ and the lounge- lizard groove propping up ‘Nightlife’.”


title: ¡Dos!

text: The album debuted at number nine on the "Billboard" 200, with first-week sales of 69,000 copies in the United States. The album has sold over 175,000 copies in the US. The album also debuted at number 10 in the UK with first-week sales of 24,613 and total sales of 91,870 as of October 13, 2016. ¡Dos! became the band's first album since their 1994 release "Dookie" that did not sell 100,000 copies in its first week.


title: Mink Brar

text: Mink Brar (born 4 November, 1983) is a German model, actress and producer. Mink is known for her work in Bollywood films and on Indian television shows. She participated in the reality show "Bigg Boss" in 2012.


title: Mink Brar

text: Mink was born on 4 November 1983 in Frankfurt, Germany to Punjabi parents who migrated from India to Germany. About her name, Mink says, "It's a very unique name. Mink is an animal that loves water and freedom, and is known for its precious fur." She was raised in Germany. Mink wanted to be a magistrate as a child. She got her education from Germany and completed a bachelor's degree.


title: Mink Brar

text: Veteran actor Dev Anand introduced Mink to the Indian film industry when she was 13. She made her debut in the Indian film industry with Dev Anand's Hindi film "Pyaar Ka Tarana", which was released in September 1993. She then appeared in several films like "Jung" (1996), "Saat Rang Ke Sapne" (1998), "Yamraaj" (1998), "Hum Aapke Dil Mein Rehte Hain" (1999), "Ganga Ki Kasam" (1999), "Maa Kasam" (1999), "Jwalamukhi" (2000), "Ajnabee" (2001), "Zahreela" (2001), "Pitaah" (2002), "Chalo Ishq Ladaaye" (2002), Raaz(2002),"Border Hindustan Ka" (2003), and "Oops" (2003). She also worked in some South Indian films, including a Telugu movie, "Prematho Raa" (2001)


title: Mink Brar

text: In 2006, Mink turned into a producer and started a production house called Bro and Sis Productions with her brother Punnu Brar. She said in an interview, "Be it films, serials or even event management, we are ready. Bro and Sis Productions will be a complete entertainment house." Their first major work was the movie "Katputtli", which was released in August 2006, in which Mink played the lead role. The film, however, failed to do any good business. The production company is presently producing an untitled project.


title: Mink Brar

text: In February 1999, Mink made a special dance appearance for the song "Jumbalakka" in the Tamil film En Swasa Kaatre. Mink appeared in the music video "Lal Garara", from the movie and album Badal, which was released in February 2000. In August 2008, her production company released a music album, Ghonghat Mix, in which she acted in the music video, "Mujhko Ranaji Maaf Karna". This music album was "Bro and Sis Productions" second major work after the movie Katputtli. Mink said in an interview, "We were so exhausted after making Katputtli that we wanted to make something more enjoyable and easy to do."


title: Mink Brar

text: She participated in a dance reality TV show "Dancing Queen" for the TV channel Colors. The show went on air in December 2008. In March 2009, she appeared in Sarkaar Ki Duniya, an adventure reality show on Real, from where she was eliminated in the 17th week in June 2009.


title: Mink Brar

text: In February 2011, she appeared in sports entertainment reality game TV show, "", on Imagine TV which was hosted by Shahrukh Khan. The show was based on the American reality show "Wipeout". She told IANS, "I lost six kilos while I was shooting for Zor Ka Jhatka. I got hurt, but I tried my level best to be in the competition". She next participated in a celebrity reality TV show "Bigg Boss" Season 6, entering the show in October 2012 as a wild card contestant. She said in an interview with PTI, "I am not here for getting a new platform because Bigg Boss is a show which can make somebody popular or destroy their image. I would not like to come out as an aggressive or a crazy person." She was voted out from the Bigg Boss house in December 2012. Talking about her experience in the show, after her exit, she said in an interview with The Times of India, "It was a life time experience, it's a mixture of all good and bad and everything that even don't exits I would say."


title: Mink Brar

text: Mink was raised in a conservative and protective environment, with her family trying to inculcate in her traditional Indian values instead of western ones. Her immediate family consists of her mother and brother named Punnu Brar, who is three years older to her.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: Ha-Joon Chang (; ; born 7 October 1963) is a South Korean institutional economist, specialising in development economics. Chang is the author of several widely discussed policy books, most notably "Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective" (2002). In 2013, "Prospect" magazine ranked Chang as one of the top 20 World Thinkers.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: He has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, the European Investment Bank, as well as to Oxfam and various United Nations agencies. He is also a fellow at the Center for Economic and Policy Research in Washington, D.C. In addition, Chang serves on the advisory board of Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP).


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: After graduating from Seoul National University's Department of Economics, he studied at the University of Cambridge, earning an MPhil and a PhD for his thesis entitled "The Political Economy of Industrial Policy – Reflections on the Role of State Intervention" in 1991. Chang's contribution to economics started while studying under Robert Rowthorn, a leading British Marxist economist, with whom he worked on the elaboration of the theory of industrial policy, which he described as a middle way between central planning and an unrestrained free market. His work in this area is part of a broader approach to economics known as institutionalist political economy which places economic history and socio-political factors at the centre of the evolution of economic practices.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: In his book "Kicking Away the Ladder" (which won the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy's 2003 Gunnar Myrdal Prize), Chang argued that all major developed countries used interventionist economic policies in order to get rich and then tried to forbid other countries from doing the same. The World Trade Organization, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund come in for strong criticism from Chang for "ladder-kicking" of this type which, he argues, is the fundamental obstacle to poverty alleviation in the developing world. This and other work led to his being awarded the 2005 Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought from the Global Development and Environment Institute (previous prize-winners include Amartya Sen, John Kenneth Galbraith, Herman Daly, Alice Amsden and Robert Wade).


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: The book's methodology was criticized by American Douglas Irwin, Professor of Economics at Dartmouth College and author of a 2011 study of the Smoot–Hawley tariff, writing on the website of the Economic History Association:


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: Chang only looks at countries that developed during the nineteenth century and a small number of the policies they pursued. He did not examine countries that failed to develop in the nineteenth century and see if they pursued the same heterodox policies only more intensively. This is a poor scientific and historical method. Suppose a doctor studied people with long lives and found that some smoked tobacco, but did not study people with shorter lives to see if smoking was even more prevalent. Any conclusions drawn only from the observed relationship would be quite misleading.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: Chang countered Irwin's criticisms by arguing that countries that had failed to develop had generally followed free market policies. Chang also argued that while state interventionism sometimes produced economic failures, it had a better record than unregulated free market economies which, he maintained, very rarely succeeded in producing economic development. He cited evidence that GDP growth in developing countries had been higher prior to external pressures recommending deregulation and extended his analysis to the failures of free trade to induce growth through privatisation and anti-inflationary policies. Chang's book won plaudits from Nobel Prize–winning economist Joseph Stiglitz for its fresh insight and effective blend of contemporary and historical cases but was criticised by former World Bank economist William Easterly, who said that Chang used selective evidence in his book. Chang responded to Easterly's criticisms, asserting that Easterly misread his argument. Easterly in turn provided a counter-reply.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: Ha-Joon Chang has examined a large body of historical material to reach some very interesting and important conclusions about institutions and economic development. Not only is the historical picture re-examined, but Chang uses this to argue the need for a changing attitude to the institutions desired in today's developing nations. Both as historical reinterpretation and policy advocacy, "Kicking Away the Ladder" deserves a wide audience among economists, historians, and members of the policy establishment.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: Chang's next book, "23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism", was released in 2011. It offers a twenty-three point rebuttal to aspects of neo-liberal capitalism. This includes assertions such as "Making rich people richer doesn't make the rest of us richer," "Companies should not be run in the interests of their owners," and "The washing machine has changed the world more than the internet has." This book questions the assumptions behind the dogma of neo-liberal capitalism and offers a vision of how we can shape capitalism to humane ends. This marks a broadening of Chang's focus from his previous books that were mainly critiques of neo-liberal capitalism as it related to developing countries. In this book, Chang begins to discuss the issues of the current neo-liberal system across all countries.


title: Ha-Joon Chang

text: He is the son of a former minister of industry and resources, Chang Jae-sik, brother of a historian and philosopher of science, Hasok Chang, and cousin of a prominent economist and professor at Korea University, Chang Ha-Seong.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: Enucleation is the removal of the eye that leaves the eye muscles and remaining orbital contents intact. This type of ocular surgery is indicated for a number of ocular tumors, in eyes that have sustained severe trauma, and in eyes that are otherwise blind and painful.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: Self-enucleation or auto-enucleation (oedipism) and other forms of serious self-inflicted eye injury are an extremely rare form of severe self-harm that usually results from mental illnesses involving acute psychosis. The name comes from Oedipus of Greek mythology, who gouged out his own eyes.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: Removal of the eye by enucleation or evisceration can relieve pain and minimize further risk to life and well-being of an individual with the above noted conditions. In addition, procedures to remove the eye should address the resultant appearance of the orbit. Orbital implants and ocular prostheses are used by the surgeon to restore a more natural appearance.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: An orbital implant is placed after removal of the eye to restore volume to the eye socket and enhance movement or motility of an ocular prosthesis and eyelids. The eyeball is a slightly elongated sphere with a diameter of approximately 24 millimetres. To avoid a sunken appearance to the eye socket, an implant approximating this volume can be placed into the space of the removed eye, secured, and covered with


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: Tenon's capsule and conjunctiva. Implants can be made of many materials with the most common being plastic, hydroxylapatite, metal alloy or glass.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: Later, once the conjunctiva have healed and post-operative swelling has subsided, an ocular prosthesis can be placed to provide the appearance of a natural eye. The prosthesis is fabricated by an ocularist. Its form is that of a cupped disc so that it can fit comfortably in the pocket behind the eyelids overlying the conjunctiva that covers the orbital implant. The external portion of the ocular prosthesis is painted and finished to mimic a natural eye color, shape and luster. It can be removed and cleaned periodically by the individual or a care giver.


title: Enucleation of the eye

text: The two part system of orbital implant and ocular prosthesis provides a stable, and well tolerated aesthetic restoration of the eye socket. Although vision is not restored by removal of the eye with placement of an orbital implant and ocular prosthesis, a natural appearance can result. The implant, along with the attached, visible ocular prosthesis, can be moved by intact extraocular muscles that will track or move simultaneously with the other eye. The eyelids are able to move and blink over the prosthesis as well.


title: Neelofa

text: Noor Neelofa Mohd Noor (born 10 February 1989) is a Malaysian actress, television presenter, commercial model and entrepreneur. She rose to fame when participated in a drama queen competition, Dewi Remaja, winning the Dewi Remaja 2009/10 title organised by the Malaysian teen magazine, "Remaja". She received her Bachelor International Trade and Marketing education at Sunway University College. Neelofa was named amongst 'Forbes 30 Under 30 Asia' in 2017. Beyond her entertainment career, she has been involved in multiple business ventures and launched Naelofar Hijab.


title: Neelofa

text: Neelofa studied in Maktab Rendah Sains MARA Langkawi, and achieved excellent results. After graduating, she studied and took A Levels (June 2007 – June 2009) for two years at KDU University College. Her dream was to further her studies in the United States of America, but her family did not approve of her decision. Neelofa then pursued her studies at Sunway University in Bachelor of International Business & Marketing.


title: Neelofa

text: Neelofa is a winner in Dewi Remaja (Miss Teen Malaysia) 2009/2010. She appeared in "Kau Yang Terindah" as Alisya and is a host of the television programs "MeleTOP" and "Nona".


title: Neelofa

text: In 2014, she took acting classes at the New York Film Academy. Alongside Nabil Ahmad, Neelofa was also a host for a Malaysian television programme, "MeleTOP" aired on Astro Ria. She announced on the series that she was resigning as the host in December 2019 after seven years.


title: Neelofa

text: Positive reviews of her were given in the press and from the public for her acting in "Lukisan Takdir" and "Wan Embong".


title: Neelofa

text: Neelofa's grandfather, Noor Mohamed Mohammad Din died on 20 November 2018 at the age of 83, but his cause of death is unknown. She is a cousin of celebrity chef, Adam Didam who died on 19 May 2019 due to lung infection. On 15 October 2020, Neelofa decided to wear niqab.


title: Neelofa

text: On 27 March 2021, she married televangelist and actor, Haris Ismail who is six years of her junior. Their first child, a son called Muhammad Bilal, was born on 29 January 2022.


title: Neelofa

text: Outside of showbiz career, Neelofa also involved in several business ventures including contact lens brand Lofalens, health care products Beautea Slim pills, and Muslim women's clothing brand Naelofar Hijab, which is sold through online and retail stores in Selangor and distributors across Malaysia and Singapore.


title: Neelofa

text: With more than eight million followers on Instagram, Naelofar has become a fashion icon for many Muslim women who wear the hijab, or 'tudung' as it is referred to in the region of Malaysia and Singapore. She has fronted campaigns for Dior, Lancome and Swarovski, representing modest fashion at shows in New York, Milan and Paris Fashion Week.


title: Neelofa

text: She became the first Malaysian to win the 2019 Influencer Awards at Monaco under the Entrepreneur category on 7 October 2019. Each nomination was chosen by a jury, with the nominations coming from all over the world.


title: Neelofa

text: On 8 December 2017, AirAsia appointed Neelofa as its new non-executive independent director. Tony Fernandes, the AirAsia Group chief executive officer described Neelofa as "super smart, young and independent". She resigned as director on 19 August 2020 due to "her other personal commitments”.


title: Neelofa

text: On 18 December 2020, she received the Business Icon Award during Nona Superwoman Award 2020 presentation by the women's magazine Nona.


title: Neelofa

text: Neelofa founded and helmed NH Prima Sdn Bhd as its director since 2014. Her hijab brand, "Naelofar Hijab" is sold in more than 37 countries including Singapore, Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, UAE, United Kingdom and Europe.


title: Neelofa

text: In June 2017, the brand took on new heights when it collaborated with AirAsia to design hijab for female pilots of AirAsia and AirAsia X.


title: Neelofa

text: In conjunction with her birthday celebration in 2018, Neelofa launched a turban range, “Be Lofa Turban” at Zouk KL. The new turban line was sold out in less than 24 hours after launching. However, she received backlash from Internet commentators for holding her product launch in the nightclub . On 1 March 2018, she has issued a public statement of apology saying "I would like to sincerely apologise for causing stress and negative sentiments on the selection of the venue."


title: Neelofa

text: In 2019, she has partnered with Starbucks to produce the Starbucks x Naelofar exclusive collection which retailed only at Starbucks. Within five years, she has sold more than 10 million hijabs.


title: Neelofa

text: In December 2019, Neelofa introduced the Nilofa brand with the banana milk as its first product, to the Malaysian market under the Nilofa Group name. An advertisement of the product claimed that the milk would have benefits such as reducing obesity, lowering high blood pressure, increasing metabolism rate and removing toxins from the body. UK-based general surgeon Dr Nur Amalina Che Bakri used Twitter to call out these claims false advertising.


title: Neelofa

text: Neelofa's response was that the advertising was published by the marketing agency without her company's approval. She kept her team small and had outsourced the marketing. The controversy led Malaysian Ministry of Health (MOH) to visit the factory to investigate the processes of the milk product behind the claims. MOH found no major issues with the packaging but gave some recommendations concerning packaging the product to clearly communicate the product as a banana milk.


title: Neelofa

text: In 2020, Chatime collaboration with Neelofa to launch their new menu Nilofa Dalgonana. The drink are made from her own banana milk. In March 31, 2021 Neelofa and her husband PU Riz get caught by travelling to Langkawi for honeymoon but she denied it because she travelling to Langkawi for a business trip not for honeymoon. She says, she and her husband will attend for launch a new branch Chatime at Langkawi.


title: Neelofa

text: In 2021, her launch her own Islamic content mobile application called The Noor. Beside that Noor collaboration with Fipper.


title: Neelofa

text: In April 2012, Neelofa alongside Nazim Othman, Fizo Omar, Zoey Rahman, Intan Ladyana and Aiman Hakim Ridza was appointed as the "Young Biz Icons" for "Oxford Centre of Excellence (Oxcell)". According to Oxcell, "The appointment of six icons was based on academic success and career development in the arts". Through this program, the celebrity icons will share their experiences throughout involved in the world of business and the arts.


title: Neelofa

text: In July 2013, the Malaysian private, free-to-air television channel, TV3 appointed Neelofa along with Adi Putra, Nora Danish, Fiza Sabjahan, Amar Asyraf, Nelydia Senrose, Tasha Shilla and Aiman Hakim Ridza as the ambassador for "Anugerah Syawal 2013". According to TV3 "The appointment of these celebrities is to promote programs on television and radio throughout the month of Shawwal."


title: Neelofa

text: During the wedding ceremony between Neelofa and PU Riz on March 27, 2021, the pictures of the audience sitting close and violating the standard operating procedure (SOP) for controlling COVID-19 infection became contagious and received criticism from the people of the country in general. This caught the attention of the police who opened an investigation paper on the violation under Section 21A of the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Act 1988 (Act 342), and called on the organizers, hotel owners and family members involved to assist in the investigation. Meanwhile, Minister in the Prime Minister's Department (Religious Affairs), Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri who was also present and gave a speech at their wedding ceremony declined to comment further on the collision.


title: Mercedes Junior Team

text: The Mercedes Junior Team is an initiative by the Mercedes-AMG F1 Team to help nurture talent from karts through the feeder series ladder to promote them to their Formula One team. All eligible drivers have been promoted to Formula One, with Pascal Wehrlein, Esteban Ocon and George Russell, the latter driving for Mercedes from 2022.


title: Jan Karski

text: Jan Karski (24 June 1914 – 13 July 2000) was a Polish soldier, resistance-fighter, and diplomat during World War II. He is known for having acted as a courier in 1940–1943 to the Polish government-in-exile and to Poland's Western Allies about the situation in German-occupied Poland. He reported about the state of Poland, its many competing resistance factions, and also about Germany's destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and its operation of extermination camps on Polish soil that were murdering Jews, Poles, and others.


title: Jan Karski

text: Emigrating to the United States after the war, Karski completed a doctorate and taught for decades at Georgetown University in international relations and Polish history. He lived in Washington, D.C., until the end of his life. Karski did not speak publicly about his wartime missions until 1981 when he was invited as a speaker to a conference on the liberation of the camps. Karski was featured in Claude Lanzmann's nine-hour film "Shoah" (1985), about the Holocaust, based on oral interviews with Jewish and Polish survivors. After the fall of the Soviet Union, Karski was honored by the new Polish government, as well as honored by the US and European nations for his wartime role.


title: Jan Karski

text: Jan Karski was born Jan Romuald Kozielewski on 24 June 1914 in Łódź, Poland. Karski was born on St John's Day, and named Jan (the Polish equivalent of John), following the Polish custom of naming children after the saint(s) of their birthday. His baptismal record—in error—listed 24 April as his birthdate, as Karski explained later in interviews on several occasions (see Waldemar Piasecki's biography of Karski, "One Life", as well as published interviews with his family).


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski had two brothers and one sister. Among his sibling was , a police inspector in Warsaw. The children were raised as Catholics and Karski remained a Catholic throughout his life. His father died when he was young, and the family struggled financially. Karski grew up in a multi-cultural neighborhood, where a majority of the populace was Jewish.


title: Jan Karski

text: After military training at the school for mounted artillery officers in Włodzimierz Wołyński, he graduated with a First in the Class of 1936 and was ordered to the 5th Regiment of Mounted Artillery, the same unit where Colonel Józef Beck, later Poland's Foreign Affairs Minister, served.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski completed his diplomatic apprenticeship between 1935 and 1938 at various posts in Romania (twice), Germany, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, and joined the diplomatic service. After completing and gaining a First in Grand Diplomatic Practice, on 1 January 1939 he started work in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs.


title: Jan Karski

text: During the Polish September Campaign, Karski's 5th Regiment was part of the Kraków Cavalry Brigade, under General Zygmunt Piasecki, a unit of the "Armia Kraków" defending the area between Zabkowice and Częstochowa. After the Battle of Tomaszów Lubelski on 10 September 1939, some units, including Karski's 1st Battery, 5th Regiment, tried to reach Hungary but were captured by the Red Army between 17 and 20 September. Karski was held prisoner in the Kozielszczyna camp (presently in Ukraine). He successfully concealed his true rank of second lieutenant and, after a uniform exchange, was identified by the NKVD commander as a private. He was transferred to the Germans as a person born in Łódź, which was incorporated into the Third Reich, and thus escaped the Katyn massacre of Polish officers by the Soviets.


title: Jan Karski

text: In November 1939 Karski was among POWs on a train bound for a POW camp in the General Government zone, a part of Poland that had not been fully incorporated into The Third Reich. He escaped and made his way to Warsaw. There he joined the SZP ("Służba Zwycięstwu Polski")—the first resistance movement in occupied Europe, organized by General Michał Karaszewicz-Tokarzewski, the predecessor to ZWZ, later the Home Army (AK).


title: Jan Karski

text: About that time Karski (until then, Kozielewski) adopted the "nom de guerre", Jan Karski, which he later made his legal name. Other names used by him during World War II included Piasecki, Kwaśniewski, Znamierowski, Kruszewski, Kucharski, and Witold. In January 1940 Karski began to organize courier missions to transport dispatches from the Polish underground to the Polish government-in-exile, then based in Paris. As a courier, Karski made several secret trips between France, Britain, and Poland. During one such mission in July 1940, he was arrested by the Gestapo in the Tatra Mountains in Slovakia. Tortured, he was transported to a hospital in Nowy Sącz, from which he was smuggled out with the help of Józef Cyrankiewicz. After a short period of rehabilitation, he returned to active service in the Information and Propaganda Bureau of the headquarters of the Polish Home Army.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1942, Karski was selected by Cyryl Ratajski, the Polish Government Delegate's Office at Home, to undertake a secret mission to see prime minister Władysław Sikorski in London. Karski was to contact Sikorski and various other Polish politicians and brief them on Nazi atrocities in occupied Poland. In order to gather evidence, Karski met Bund activist Leon Feiner. He was twice smuggled by the Jewish underground into the Warsaw Ghetto in order to directly observe what was happening to Polish Jews.


title: Jan Karski

text: My job was just to walk. And observe. And remember. The odour. The children. Dirty. Lying. I saw a man standing with blank eyes. I asked the guide: what is he doing? The guide whispered: “He’s just dying”. I remember degradation, starvation and dead bodies lying on the street. We were walking the streets and my guide kept repeating: “Look at it, remember, remember” And I did remember. The dirty streets. The stench. Everywhere. Suffocating. Nervousness.


title: Jan Karski

text: Disguised as a Ukrainian camp guard (although in some of his writings Karski stated he was disguised as an Estonian guard, for security and political reasons) he also visited a "Durchgangslager" ('transit camp') for Bełżec death camp located in the town of Izbica Lubelska, midway between Lublin and Bełżec. While Karski accurately reported the location in his initial reports, written in 1943, in his book published in the USA during the war, Karski identified the camp as the Bełżec death camp, which has led to some confusion among historians. According to Thomas Wood and Stanislaw Jankowski, Karski was initially told he was going to be taken to see Bełżec and in his book, Karski was referring to the overall system of murder centered on Bełżec rather than the camp itself.


title: Jan Karski

text: Starting in 1940, Karski reported to the Polish, British, and US governments on the situation in Poland, especially on the destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto and the Nazi extermination of Polish Jews. He smuggled out of Poland microfilm with further information from the underground movement on the extermination of European Jews in German-occupied Poland. His reports were transcribed and translated by Walentyna Stocker, the personal secretary and interpreter for Sikorski. Based on Karski's microfilm, Polish Foreign Minister Count Edward Raczyński provided the Allies with one of the earliest and most accurate accounts of the Nazi Holocaust. Raczyński's Note, addressed to the governments of the United Nations on 10 December 1942, was later published along with other documents in a widely distributed leaflet entitled "The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland".


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski met with Polish politicians in exile including the prime minister, as well as members of political parties such as the Socialist Party, National Party, Labor Party, People's Party, Jewish Bund and Poalei Zion. He also spoke to the British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, giving a detailed account of what he had seen in Warsaw and Bełżec.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski also traveled to the United States, where on 28 July 1943 he met with President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Oval Office, the first eyewitness to tell Roosevelt of the situation in Poland and the Jewish Holocaust. Roosevelt asked no questions about the Jews. Karski met with many other government and civic leaders in the United States, including Supreme Court Justice Felix Frankfurter, Cordell Hull, William Joseph Donovan, and Rabbi Stephen Wise. Karski presented his report to media, bishops of various denominations (including Cardinal Samuel Stritch), members of the Hollywood film industry and artists, but without result, as most people could not comprehend the scale of extermination that he recounted. But Karski's accounts of the problems of stateless people and their vulnerability to murder helped inspire the formation of the War Refugee Board, changing US governmental policy from neutrality to support for war refugees and civilians in Europe, and after the war, inspiring the creation of the Office of High Commissioner for Refugees.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1944, Karski published "Courier from Poland: The Story of a Secret State" (a selection was featured in "Collier's" magazine six weeks before the book's publication).


title: Jan Karski

text: According to historian Adam Puławski, Karski's main mission as a courier was to alert the government-in-exile of the conflicts within Polish underground movements. He discussed the Warsaw Ghetto liquidation as part of that account, almost incidentally. Without diminishing Karski's contributions, Puławski notes that facts about the Holocaust were available to the Allies for at least a year and a half before Karski met with Roosevelt, thus saying that his mission was primarily to report on the Holocaust is in error.


title: Jan Karski

text: At the war's end, Karski remained in the United States in Washington, D.C. He began graduate studies at Georgetown University, receiving his Ph.D. in 1952. In 1954, Karski became a naturalized citizen of the United States.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski taught Eastern European affairs, comparative government, and international affairs at Georgetown University for 40 years. In 1985, he published the academic study "The Great Powers and Poland", based on research during a Fulbright fellowship in 1974 to his native Poland.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski's 1942 report on the Holocaust and the London Polish government's appeal to the United Nations were briefly recounted by Walter Laqueur in his history "The Terrible Secret: Suppression of the Truth about Hitler's Final Solution" (1980).


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski did not speak publicly about his wartime mission until 1981 when he was invited by activist Elie Wiesel to serve as keynote speaker at the International Liberators Conference in Washington, D.C.<


title: Jan Karski

text: French filmmaker Claude Lanzmann interviewed Karski at length in 1978, as part of his preparation for his documentary "Shoah", but the film was not released until 1985. Lanzmann had asked participants not to make other public statements during that time, but Karski got a release for the conference. The nine-and-a-half hour film included a total of 40 minutes of testimony by Karski, an excerpt from the first of two days of Lanzmann interviewing Karski. It ends with Karski saying that he made his report to leaders. Lanzman later said that, on the second day of interviews, Karski recounted in detail his meetings with Roosevelt and other high US officials. Lanzman said that the tone and style of Karski's second interview were so different, and the interview so long, that it did not fit with his vision of the film and was thus not used. Unhappy with how he was presented in the film, Karski published an article, later a book, "Shoah, a Biased Vision of the Holocaust" (1987), in the French journal "Kultura". He argued for another documentary to include his missing testimony and also to show more of the help given to Jews by many Poles (some are now recognized by Israel as the Polish Righteous among the Nations).


title: Jan Karski

text: Following the fall of communism in Poland in 1989, Karski's wartime role was officially acknowledged by the new government. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, the highest Polish civil decoration, and the Order Virtuti Militari, the highest military decoration awarded for bravery in combat.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1994, E. Thomas Wood and Stanisław M. Jankowski published a biography, "Karski: How One Man Tried to Stop the Holocaust". They noted that Karski had urged the production of another documentary to correct what he thought was the bias in Lanzmann's "Shoah."


title: Jan Karski

text: During an interview with Hannah Rosen in 1995, Karski discussed the Allies' failure to rescue most of the Jews from mass murder:


title: Jan Karski

text: It was easy for the Nazis to kill Jews, because they did it. The Allies considered it impossible and too costly to rescue the Jews, because they didn't do it. The Jews were abandoned by all governments, church hierarchies and societies, but thousands of Jews survived because thousands of individuals in Poland, France, Belgium, Denmark, Holland helped to save Jews. Now, every government and church says, "We tried to help the Jews", because they are ashamed, they want to keep their reputations. They didn't help, because six million Jews perished, but those in the government, in the churches they survived. No one did enough.


title: Jan Karski

text: The documentary film "My Mission" (1997), directed by Waldemar Piasecki and Michal Fajbusiewicz, presented the full details of Karski's wartime mission. In 1999, Piasecki published "Tajne Panstwo" ("Secret State", edited and adapted from Karski's wartime book), which became a bestseller. In the same year, the Museum of the City of Łódź opened "Jan Karski's Room", displaying memorabilia, documents, and decorations, all organized under Karski's supervision.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 2010, French author Yannick Haenel published a novel "Jan Karski", drawn from the courier's World War II activities and memoir. Haenel also added a third part in which he inserted his own views into Karski's "character", particularly in his approach to Karski's meeting with President Roosevelt and other US leaders. Claude Lanzmann criticized the author strongly and argued that Haenel ignored important historic elements of the time. Haenel said that was part of his freedom in fiction.


title: Jan Karski

text: In response, Lanzmann released the second half of his interview with Karski as a 49-minute documentary in 2010, edited and entitled "The Karski Report", also on ARTE. It is mostly about Karski's meeting with President Roosevelt and other American leaders.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski's wartime book was re-published posthumously by Georgetown University Press as "My Report to the World: The Story of a Secret State" (2013). A Tribute to Jan Karski panel discussion was held at the university that year in conjunction with the book's release. It featured a discussion of Karski's legacy by School of Foreign Service Dean Carol Lancaster, Georgetown University Board Chair Paul Tagliabue, former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, former National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski, Polish Ambassador Ryszard Schnepf, and Rabbi Harold S. White.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski had several siblings, mostly brothers: Marian, Boguslaw, Cyjrian, Edmund, Stefan, and Uzef and a sister Laura.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski's eldest brother, Marian Kozielewski (b. 1898), reached the rank of colonel in the military and was also considered a hero in World War II. He had been arrested by the Germans in Warsaw in 1940 and was among Catholic Poles who survived being imprisoned as political prisoners at Auschwitz concentration camp. After being released in 1941, he returned to Warsaw and joined the resistance. The Kozielewski brothers admired Jozef Pilsudski and members of the "forgotten army", who had suffered many deeply personal wounds. After the war, Marian emigrated initially to Canada, where he married. He struggled as a refugee, holding low-level jobs after settling in Washington, D.C., in 1960 near his brother Jan. Marian Kozielewski committed suicide there in 1964 and is buried at Mount Olivet Cemetery.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1965, Karski married Pola Nireńska, a 54-year-old Polish Jew who was a dancer and choreographer. With the exception of her parents, who had emigrated to Israel in 1939 shortly before the Nazi invasion of Poland, all of her family had been murdered in the Holocaust. She committed suicide in 1992.


title: Jan Karski

text: Karski died of unspecified heart and kidney disease in Washington, D.C., in 2000. He died at Georgetown University Hospital. He was interred at Mount Olivet Cemetery in Washington, next to the graves of his wife, Pola Nirenska, and brother Marian. He and Pola had no children.


title: Jan Karski

text: On 2 June 1982, Yad Vashem recognised Jan Karski as Righteous Among the Nations. A tree bearing a memorial plaque in his name was planted that same year at Yad Vashem's Avenue of the Righteous Among the Nations in Jerusalem.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1991, Karski was awarded the Wallenberg Medal of the University of Michigan. Statues honoring Karski have been placed in New York City at the corner of 37th Street and Madison Avenue (renamed as "Jan Karski Corner") and on the grounds of Georgetown University in Washington, DC. Additional benches, which were made by the Kraków-based sculptor Karol Badyna, are located in Kielce, Łódź, and Warsaw in Poland, and on the campus of Tel Aviv University in Israel. The talking Karski bench in Warsaw near the Museum of the History of Polish Jews has a button to activate a short talk by Karski about the war. Georgetown University, Oregon State University, Baltimore Hebrew College, Warsaw University, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, and the University of Łódź all awarded Karski honorary doctorates.


title: Jan Karski

text: In 1994, Karski was made an honorary citizen of Israel in honor of his efforts on behalf of Polish Jews during the Holocaust. Karski was nominated for the Nobel Prize and formally recognized by the UN General Assembly shortly before his death.


title: Jan Karski

text: Shortly after his death, the Jan Karski Society was established, initiated by his close friend, collaborator and biographer, Professor Waldemar Piasecki. The society preserves his legacy and administers the Jan Karski Eagle Award, which he established in 2000. The list of laureates includes: Elie Wiesel, Shimon Peres, Lech Walesa, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Bronisław Geremek, Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Karol Modzelewski, Oriana Fallaci, Dagoberto Valdés Hernández, Stanisław Dziwisz, "Tygodnik Powszechny" magazine, the Hoover Institution, and the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.


title: Jan Karski

text: In April 2011, the Jan Karski US Centennial Campaign was created to increase interest in the life and legacy of the late Polish diplomat, as the centennial year of his birth in 2014 approached. In November 2012, having met its major goals, the Jan Karski US Centennial Campaign was succeeded by the Jan Karski Educational Foundation, which continues to promote Karski's legacy and values. The president of the foundation is Polish-American author Wanda Urbanska. The foundation sponsored three major conferences about Karski in his centennial birth year, at Georgetown University in Washington, at Loyola University in Chicago, and in Warsaw.


title: Jan Karski

text: The campaign group was seeking to obtain the Presidential Medal of Freedom for Karski in advance of his anniversary. In addition, they wanted to promote educational activities, including workshops, artistic performances, and a reprint of his 1944 book, "Story of a Secret State". In December 2011, the support of 68 US Representatives and 12 US Senators was obtained and a supporting nomination for the medal was submitted to the White House. On 23 April 2012, US President Barack Obama announced that Karski would receive the country's highest civilian honor, the Presidential Medal of Freedom. The medal was awarded posthumously by President Obama on 29 May 2012 and presented to Adam Daniel Rotfeld, the former Foreign Minister of Poland and himself a Jewish Holocaust survivor. Jan Karski's family was not invited to the presentation ceremony, which they strongly protested. The medal, along with other honors given to Karski, is on display at the "Karski office" in Łódź Museum. This is in accordance with the wishes of his surviving family, led by his niece and goddaughter Dr. Kozielewska-Trzaska.


title: Jan Karski

text: A controversy erupted when a misspoken word in Barack Obama's Presidential Medal of Freedom speech came to be known as "Gafa Obamy" or 'Obama's gaffe', when the president referred to "a Polish death camp" instead of "a death camp in Poland" when talking of the Nazi German transit death camp that Karski had visited. "Polish death camps" is a term often used to refer to Nazi concentration camps in Poland, as opposed to (as may be implied) Polish concentration camps. The terms "Polish death camp" or "Polish concentration camp" reportedly originated with ex-Nazis working for the West German secret services. Historian Leszek Pietrzak explains the propaganda strategies from the 1950s. President Obama later characterized his term as a misstatement and his characterization was accepted by Polish President Bronisław Komorowski.


title: Jan Karski

text: In early February 2014, the Jan Karski Society and the Karski family appealed to President of Poland Bronisław Komorowski to posthumously promote Jan Karski to the rank of brigadier general in recognition of his contribution to the war effort as well as all couriers and emissaries of the underground Polish state. The appeal received no response for a year. Member of the Polish parliament Professor Tadeusz Iwiński recently openly criticized the president of Poland for inaction on Karski's behalf.


title: Jan Karski

text: On 24 June 2014, the "Jan Karski Mission Accomplished" Conference took place in Lublin under the patronage of Professor Elie Wiesel, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate, Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland (1995–2005), Moshe Kantor, President of the European Jewish Congress, and Michael Schudrich, Chief Rabbi of Poland.


title: Jan Karski

text: Former Foreign Minister of Poland Władysław Bartoszewski, in his speech at the ceremony of the 60th anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 27 January 2005, said: "The Polish resistance movement kept informing and alerting the free world to the situation. In the last quarter of 1942, thanks to the Polish emissary Jan Karski and his mission, and also by other means, the Governments of the United Kingdom and of the United States were well informed about what was going on in Auschwitz-Birkenau."


title: Jan Karski

text: A full-length play on Karski's life and mission, "Coming to See Aunt Sophie" (2014), written by Arthur Feinsod, was produced in Germany and Poland. An English translation was produced in Bloomington, Indiana at the Jewish Theatre in June 2015, and in Australia in August of that year.


title: Jan Karski

text: A new play, "My Report to the World", written by Clark Young and Derek Goldman, premiered at Georgetown University during the conference honoring Karski's centennial year. It starred Oscar-nominated actor David Strathairn as Karski. It was performed in Warsaw before being produced in New York in July 2015; Strathairn played the Karski role in all productions. Goldman directed the play in both Washington DC and New York. The July performances were presented in partnership with The Museum of Jewish Heritage, The Laboratory for Global Performance and Politics at Georgetown University, Bisno Productions, and the Jan Karski Educational Foundation.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Kool (stylized as KOOL) is an American brand of menthol cigarette, currently owned and manufactured by ITG Brands LLC, a subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco Company. Kool cigarettes sold outside of the United States are manufactured by British American Tobacco.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Launched in 1933 by Brown and Williamson as an unfiltered 70-millimeter "regular" cigarette. Kool enjoyed continued success through the 1950s. A 1953 Roper survey showed that two percent of white Americans and five percent of African Americans preferred the Kool brand.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Growing public concern about the health risks associated with smoking prompted Brown and Williamson responded to release filtered varieties of Kool: an 85-millimeter "king-sized" version in the 1960s, followed by a 100-millimeter or "long" version in the 1970s. The 1980s saw the introduction of Kool lights and a loss of market share to other menthol brands, such as Newport.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: In 2003, Brown and Williamson purchased the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, making Kool a Reynolds brand. The iconic green and white pack, virtually unchanged for some seventy years, was overhauled, and the original unfiltered Kool cigarette was discontinued. These changes did little to boost sales.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: In 2015 a merger between Reynolds American and the Lorillard Tobacco Company brought the Kool brand into the Imperial Tobacco Company portfolio of properties.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Kool cigarette advertising began with the character of "Willie" the penguin, who was portrayed as several different professions, among which were a doctor, a soldier and a chef. In the early 1950s, the company placed a number of decal signs at entrance doors reading "Come in... it's Kool inside", indicating that the space was air-conditioned.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: In the early 1960s, the image of the cartoon penguin was no longer used, and Kool instead began marketing their cigarettes by linking the taste of menthol to outdoor scenes portraying water or snow. Elaine Devry and John Clarke (actor) featured in Kool's advertisement at this time, as the female smoker whose day was improved by a passer-by who changed her car's flat tire. This was decades before whistleblower Jeffrey Wigand exposed Brown and Williamson's deliberate lacing of their tobacco with harmful substances.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: In 1971, Kool initiated an advertising campaign where consumers could mail order a Snark sailboat with the Kool logo on the sail—for $88 (later $99) along with one Kool carton flap—including delivery. The sailboats retailed at the time for $120. As one of Kool's highest scoring ads, the company received over 18,000 orders for "Sea Snarks" in 1971.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Kool sponsored jazz festivals and many advertisements from the era featured a musician or an actor, playing a saxophone. Also, Kool was notoriously targeted to African-Americans, as were many menthol cigarettes.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Kool was the main sponsor of Team KOOL Green in the CART series from the 1997 season until the 2002 season. In 2002, after the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement passed, Kool cigarettes could not be displayed on the cars for the IRL's Indianapolis 500, and the logo was replaced with 7-Eleven.


title: Kool (cigarette)

text: Kool cigarettes are mainly sold in the United States, but also were or still are sold in Canada, Honduras, Antigua, Bahamas, Jamaica, Chile, Colombia, Argentina, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Japan and Australia. The Estonian Patent Office denied permission for the Kool trademark to be used in Estonia because the name means "school" in the Estonian language.


title: Montana Freemen

text: The Montana Freemen were an anti-government militant Christian Patriot group based outside the town of Jordan, Montana, United States. The members of the group referred to their land as "Justus Township" and had declared their leaders and followers "sovereign citizens" no longer under the authority of any outside government. They became the center of public attention in 1996 when they engaged in a prolonged armed standoff with agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).


title: Montana Freemen

text: The Montana Freemen, who were direct ideological descendants of the Posse Comitatus movement, espoused the doctrine of individual sovereignty and based on this belief, they rejected the authority of the federal government of the United States. On March 2, 1995, William Stanton, a Garfield County rancher, became the first Montana resident ever to be convicted of terrorism; District Judge Kenneth Wilson sentenced Stanton to 10 years in prison (the maximum penalty) for using violence for political ends. The following day, four armed men who styled themselves the "Garfield County Freemen" were arrested when they entered the Musselshell County Courthouse and tried to file papers protesting the seizure of Rodney Skurdal's house by the Internal Revenue Service.


title: Montana Freemen

text: The Freemen, led by LeRoy M. Schweitzer, used "inter alia" "Anderson on the Uniform Commercial Code" and "Bankers Handbook" to draw notices of lien against public officials. The liens were then allegedly sold to generate equity to fund an effort to make a "firm offer to pay off the national debt." The Freemen claimed that the liens conformed to the Uniform Commercial Code and that their township's court had an interest in a tort claim for damages incurred by the named public officials for violations of their oaths of office. They also claimed that support of the corporate credit system was an unconstitutional and corrupt act which has throughout the last half of the twentieth century "...[deprived the majority of Americans] of their property until [their] posterity wakes up homeless...", a paraphrased quotation attributed to Thomas Jefferson.


title: Montana Freemen

text: The Freemen were known to produce their own very realistic counterfeit checks and money orders, sometimes ordering items and deliberately overpaying so they could demand refunds. The president of one bank reported that over an 18-month period his bank received two to five complaints a week about Freemen checks. In 1995, members wrote a fraudulent check to try to purchase $1.4 million worth of firearms, ammunition, and bulletproof vests.


title: Montana Freemen

text: In late 1994, foreclosure proceedings were initiated against the farm that contained Justus Township. The Freemen refused to be evicted from the land. They had also conducted their own mock trials of numerous public officials, and issued their own writ of execution against a federal judge. The FBI investigated the group and initiated a sting operation aimed at one of the Freemen's financial programs, which led to the arrest of two members of the group in March 1996. The FBI also had warrants for eight other persons suspected to be in the farm, but before they were able to arrest them an armed confrontation developed and the FBI withdrew to a safe distance to avoid violence. The similar 1993 standoff in Waco, Texas, involving the Branch Davidians, as well as the 1992 incident between the Weaver family and the FBI at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, were still fresh in the public mind, and the FBI was extremely cautious and wanted to prevent a recurrence of those violent events. After 81 days of negotiations, the Freemen surrendered to authorities on June 14, 1996.


title: Montana Freemen

text: LeRoy Schweitzer was convicted of conspiracy, bank fraud, mail fraud, wire fraud, false claims to the IRS, interstate transportation of stolen property, threats against public officials, armed robbery of a television news crew, and firearms violations. He received a 22-year sentence for 25 convictions in a South Carolina federal prison. After Ervin Elbert Hurlbert and Donald Little, who identified themselves as "Montana Marshals", attempted to free Schweitzer from the prison, he was moved to the Administrative Maximum (ADX) facility at the Florence Federal Correctional Complex at Florence, Colorado, in 2006. Schweitzer died, aged 73, in ADX Florence on September 20, 2011.


title: Montana Freemen

text: On April 7, 2008, Russell Dean Landers' sentence was extended by 15 years because he had recently attempted to extort his release from prison. He and two other inmates at the federal prison in El Reno, Oklahoma, had demanded millions of dollars from officials for the use of their names, which they claimed were "copyrighted". They were found guilty of "conspiring to impede the duties of federal prison officials and extortion in (their) efforts to gain release from prison by making financial demands on prison staff and attempting to seize their property."


title: Montana Freemen

text: On April 6, 2010, Daniel E. Petersen was sentenced to serve additional time because he had recently filed bogus liens against three federal judges from prison. One of the judges who was targeted in the liens was the judge who originally sentenced Petersen to prison. In 1996, Petersen was sentenced to 15 years in prison. He was convicted of 19 out of a total of 20 counts, the counts which he was convicted of included bank fraud and armed robbery. While he was serving his sentence in a federal prison in Minnesota, Petersen devised a scheme in which he would retaliate against three judges who were involved in his case. After they completed an investigation, federal prosecutors found that Petersen invented a company that supposedly held assets that included a $100 trillion default judgment against the United States. He then sold "shares" of the phony company to fellow inmates and others. He claimed that these shares were backed by "redemption certificates" which would be redeemed when the judgment was collected. The judgment which he referred to came from a self-created court, after former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright declined to respond to his demands. He demanded $100 trillion, as well as $1 billion per day in interest because he believed that the United States government was unlawfully confining him. Petersen followed up by filing liens against property which was owned by the three federal judges, and he also offered bounties for the arrest of the same judges. The purpose of the bounties was to entice someone to bring the three judges to Minnesota in order to force them to respond to his liens.


title: Montana Freemen

text: Scott Roeder, convicted for the 2009 murder of physician and abortion provider George Tiller, was also reportedly involved with the Freemen.


title: Montana Freemen

text: A 2011 National Public Radio report claimed that some of the people who were associated with the Montana Freemen were imprisoned in a highly restrictive Communication Management Unit.


title: Dylan Bruce

text: Dylan Bruce (born April 21, 1980) is a Canadian actor known for his roles as Chris Hughes on the CBS daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" and Paul Dierden on BBC America and Space's "Orphan Black".


title: Dylan Bruce

text: Bruce was born on April 21, 1980, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and raised in Boundary Bay. Bruce attended University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, and graduated with a degree in Drama and Economics before moving to Los Angeles, California. He launched his career by modeling in Seattle through Seattle Models Guild. He appeared on the cover of the November 10, 2004, issue of "Daily Variety".


title: Dylan Bruce

text: In 2005, Bruce landed his first role as Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU) Agent Martin Kail on "", a mobile-only spin-off of the television series "24". That same year, he guest-starred for two episodes on the NBC daytime soap opera "Passions" and appeared as a waiter on the television sitcom "Joey". In 2006, he appeared on "The Sopranos" and on the reality television series "Breaking Up with Shannen Doherty". He appeared as Sam Marquez (Vanessa Marcil)'s secretary, Anthony, on "Las Vegas" in 2007.


title: Dylan Bruce

text: In 2007, Bruce landed his most notable role of Chris Hughes on the CBS daytime soap opera "As the World Turns". Bruce became the eighth actor to play the role, succeeding Bailey Chase, who played the role from January 29, 2003 to January 20, 2005. Bruce made his debut on October 25, 2007. In August 2008, it was announced that Bruce was downgraded to recurring status. He made his final appearance on October 15, 2008.


title: Dylan Bruce

text: Bruce made his big screen debut in the Denzel Washington thriller "Unstoppable". In 2011, Bruce starred in Hallmark Channel's original film "Love's Christmas Journey". In the following year, he had the role of Mark Hanson in Lifetime's thriller film "Willed to Kill".


title: Dylan Bruce

text: As of 2013, Bruce co-starred as Paul Dierden on the sci-fi television series "Orphan Black", co-produced by Space and BBC America. He also guest-starred as Adam Donner on The CW series "Arrow".


title: Dylan Bruce

text: In 2014, Bruce starred as Bart Winslow in the modern remake of V.C. Andrews's "Flowers in the Attic", and its sequel, "Petals on the Wind". In January 2015, Bruce starred in the television movie "A Novel Romance" on the Hallmark Channel.


title: Dylan Bruce

text: In May 2015, after leaving "Orphan Black", Bruce said: "I count my lucky stars every day to have been blessed with this experience. Paul was definitely a fun character to play, I really had fun researching him and researching military guys and how they operate and how they think. It was just a really, really life-altering experience that I'll never forget."


title: Dylan Bruce

text: In October 2015, Bruce appeared in "Heroes Reborn" as Captain James Dearing in recurring role. In 2016, Bruce starred in the action comedy movie "First Round Down". He starred in the NBC series "Midnight, Texas", where he played Bobo Winthrop. On August 31, 2021, "Deadline" announced that Bruce had joined the cast of Hallmark Movies & Mysteries film called "The Christmas Promise" alongside Torrey DeVitto and Patrick Duffy. Production began in early September in Vancouver. In the film, Bruce stars as Joe, a charming carpenter renovating Nicole's (DeVitto) house.


title: The Crow: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

text: The album featured covers, including Nine Inch Nails who covered Joy Division's "Dead Souls", Pantera who covered Poison Idea's "The Badge", and Rollins Band who covered Suicide's "Ghost Rider", which is about a Marvel Comics character. Rage Against the Machine re-recorded their 1991 B-side "Darkness of Greed" and renamed it "Darkness" for this soundtrack. My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult re-recorded their original song, "Nervous Xians" and re-titled it, "After the Flesh" for this film. They were also the band onstage during the nightclub shootout scene. The Cure also wrote the song "Burn" for the movie. Stone Temple Pilots originally intended to re-record a song off their "Mighty Joe Young" demo, titled "Only Dying", but instead chose to submit the track "Big Empty" to the project when Brandon Lee was accidentally killed on-set during production. Medicine re-recorded their song "Time Baby II" for the film's soundtrack album as "Time Baby III", which featured guest vocals by Elizabeth Fraser of Cocteau Twins, although the original version is performed by Medicine in the film. "It Can't Rain All the Time" was co-written by Jane Siberry and the film's composer Graeme Revell, performed by Siberry. An orchestral version of "It Can't Rain All the Time" can be heard in the film multiple times.


text: The inclusion of songs written by The Cure and Joy Division are notable because the influences of both bands are present in the original comic book. James O'Barr, the creator of "The Crow", reprinted the lyrics to the song "The Hanging Garden" by The Cure on an entire page, and some chapters of the comic book are named after Joy Division songs – "Atmosphere" and "Atrocity Exhibition", for example. In one panel, Eric even quotes a lyric from the song "Disorder" from the album "Unknown Pleasures". O'Barr was a big fan of both bands when he was creating the comic book.


text: The other music in the film which is not included in the soundtrack is instead on "" of original, mostly orchestral music, with some electronic and guitar elements, written for the film by Graeme Revell.


text: Peaking at the top of the Billboard Top 200 Albums Chart, the album has sold 3.8 million copies in the United States, and has been certified 3x-Platinum by RIAA.


title: Secretary of State for India

text: In 1937, the India Office was reorganised which separated Burma and Aden under a new Burma Office, but the same Secretary of State headed both departments and a new title was established as His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for India and Burma. The India Office and its Secretary of State were abolished in August 1947, when the United Kingdom granted independence in the Indian Independence Act, which created two new independent dominions, India and Pakistan. Burma soon achieved independence separately in early 1948.


title: Secretary of State for India

text: "Before the establishment of the British Empire on 2 August 1858, Lord Stanley had served as President of the Board of Control."


title: Ric Young

text: Ric Young is a British character actor. He is best known for his role as Dr. Zhang Lee in the TV series "Alias" (2001–04) and as the henchman Kao Kan in the Steven Spielberg film "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom".


title: Ric Young

text: Young was born in Kuala Lumpur in 1944 as Wing-Wah Yung. He trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and then moved to Los Angeles to study method acting under Shelley Winters and Lee Strasberg.


title: Ric Young

text: At 12 years old, Young took part in radio sketches in Kuala Lumpur. When he moved to the UK in 1958, he was introduced to US theater and film producer Mike Todd, landing him a small part in the film "The Inn of the Sixth Happiness". He moved to Italy for five months, where he played roles in movies and television. On his return to the UK, he performed under the name Eric Young, appearing on TV shows in the 1960s and 1970s such as "The Saint", "The Avengers", "Blake's 7", "The Tomorrow People", "Somerset Maugham Hour", "The Champions", "Danger Man", "The Chinese Puzzle", "Are You Being Served?" and "Room Service".


title: Ric Young

text: Some of his best-known roles include: Kao Kan in "Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom", Bruce Lee's father in "" (1993), Mao Tse-tung in "Nixon" (1995), General Chang Jing Wu in "Seven Years in Tibet" (1997), Mr. Kwai in "The Transporter" (2002) and Henry Lee in "The Corruptor" (1999). He is one of the few individuals who performed in both the original versions of the TV series "The Saint" (in 1964), "Hawaii Five-O" (in 1976) and their reboots in "Return of the Saint" (in 1978) and "Hawaii Five-O" (in 2010).


title: Ezhil

text: Ezhilmaaran known as Ezhil is an Indian film director who works in the Tamil film industry. He has won 2 Tamil Nadu state awards. He made his directorial debut with the 1999 romantic film "Thulladha Manamum Thullum" starring Vijay and Simran. His success streak continued with "Pennin Manathai Thottu" (2000), "Poovellam Un Vasam" (2001) and "Deepavali" (2007). He made a comeback in 2012 after a brief sabbatical with the Sivakarthikeyan starred film "Manam Kothi Paravai" which opened to moderate reviews from critics, but was a commercial hit. Film Directors Suseenthiran and Karu Pazhaniappan were his assistants.


title: Ezhil

text: Ezhil, krishna an erstwhile assistant to Robert-Rajashekhar, Panneer and Parthiban, made his debut as a film-maker with "Thulladha Manamum Thullum" under R. B. Choudary's production house. Prior to release, the role of Vijay's mother in the film was kept under wraps with the media speculating who would play the role. Eventually, no actress played the role although the character played a pivotal part in the film. Vijay took a pay cut for the film, accepting only 3 million rupees instead of 5 million rupees, as he had signed the film before the release of his blockbuster "Kadhalukku Mariyadhai". Initially Ezhil wanted comedian Vadivelu to play the lead role. Vadivelu who was impressed with the story has said to Ezhil that the story line was too good and he doesn't know whether it will work with him in the lead. Vadivelu also asked Ezhil to wait for six months, if he didn't get anyone hero then he will act in it then he was replaced by Vijay.


title: Ezhil

text: The film went on to become a blockbuster, running for hundred days across dozens of theatres in Tamil Nadu, while it also enjoyed similar success in the neighbouring state of Kerala. Vijay and Ezhil immediately decided to follow up this film with another collaboration, "Pennin Manathai Thottu", with either Isha Koppikar or Roja to be hired as the lead actress. However soon after pre-production, Vijay was replaced by Prabhu Deva and the film went on to release in 2000.


title: Ezhil

text: Ajith Kumar signed the film "Poovellam Un Vasam" in early 2001 after he pulled out of Praveenkanth's commercial film "Star". The producers had initially approached Simran, Aishwarya Rai and then Preity Zinta to star, with their refusals leading to the casting of Jyothika. Miss World 2001, Yukta Mookhey was hired to appear in an item number. Ajith gained mass image before the filming so producer Ravichandran expressed his doubts to Ezhil about carrying on with such a family oriented film with an action hero like Ajith in hand. But Ezhil was confident about Ajith's capabilities in pulling off varying roles. The film opened to positive reviews with The Hindu critic labelling it as "reasonably interesting", with Ajith's performance being praised as "Ajith is natural and neat" with claims that "he has to work harder on his soliloquies and sad expressions". The success of the film prompted Ezhil, Ajith Kumar and Jyothika to team up for a venture the following year with "Raja".


title: Ezhil

text: Producer Ambeth Kumar and Ranjeev Menon are friends of director Ezhil. When they asked him how the shooting of Manam Kothi Paravai was proceeding, he made them listen to the songs tuned by D. Imman. Impressed, they decided to produce it.


title: Ezhil

text: It was initially expected that Yuvan Shankar Raja, whom Ezhil had worked with in "Deepavali", would compose the music, but as the budget of this film could not afford to have Yuvan as the music composer, Ezhil opted for D. Imman. After the lead role in Marina and an important role in the recently released 3, Sivakarthikeyan is taking up a full-fledged lead role again for Manam Kothi Paravai.


title: Ezhil

text: The film, which is set in a village, has been shot at Ezhil's native place Kayathur, near Mayavaram and Siva Karthikeyan's Thiruvizhimizhalai.


title: Ezhil

text: After a fairly successful outing with "Manam Kothi Paravai", director Ezhil started his next titled "Desingu Raja", which was in a similar genre rural comedy. He hired Vimal to play the lead Idhayakani, who has been named so by his parents and is a diehard MGR fan. Bindu Madhavi was signed to play the female lead as a Rajini fanatic in the movie, thus pairing with Vimal for second time after "Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga". She said "I play a cheerful, naughty village girl". Muktha Bhanu danced for one song along with Vimal and the group dancers which was shot in Thiruvarur.


Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport (sometimes abbreviated as Lic. Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport) is an international airport in Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico. The airport is named after President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz (1964–70), and had a total of 2.53 million passengers during 2020 and 4.1 million during 2021. It is listed as the 7th busiest airport in Mexico in terms of passenger movement for the 2010s decade.


Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport is mainly a tourist airport, with most passengers visiting the airport in the winter, spring and early summer, just before the rainy season hits the area. The airport serves multiple destinations in North America, and the British tourist airline TUI Airways serves the airport with two weekly year-round flights to both London-Gatwick and Manchester using their Boeing 787 aircraft. Los Angeles, Dallas, and Houston are the busiest international routes from the airport, serving more than 100 thousand passengers annually. Among all airlines that serve the airport, WestJet serves the greatest number of international destinations, connecting 11 different Canadian cities with Puerto Vallarta during the high season.


title: Licenciado Gustavo Díaz Ordaz International Airport

text: The terminal building has two floors, and is divided into two halls: Halls A and B. The first floor contains the check-in area, the international arrivals area, and some food areas. The upper floor has abundant food services and shopping areas, along with the security checkpoint, a VIP Lounge, duty-free shops, and the departures area. Hall A is for domestic traffic, while Hall B is for international traffic.


text: Puerto Vallarta and the Riviera Nayarit area has seen growth and expansion due to higher demand. In the 21st century, multiple airlines have expanded at the airport, along with new airlines and aircraft upgrades.


text: In 2020, it has been announced that the Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico operator group have invested about $4 billion pesos to build a 35,000-square-meter non-energy terminal, which would increase passenger traffic by 60% after completion. In addition, the funds will also be used for a new bus terminal and improved parking lots. This is part of GAP's new expansion plan for its airports in the state of Jalisco, spending a total of $18 billion pesos, and is expected to be completed by 2024.


title: Victor Kalashnikov

text: Victor Mikhailovich Kalashnikov (; 16 July 1942 – 27 March 2018) was a Russian small arms designer known for developing the PP-19 Bizon machine pistols.


title: Victor Kalashnikov

text: Kalashnikov was born 16 July 1942 in Kazakh SSR, Soviet Union, the son of small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov and Ekaterina Viktorovna Kalashnikova.


title: Victor Kalashnikov

text: Kalashnikov began his weapon designing career in 1966 by conducting a series of tests of the AK-47 and summarizing the factors that affect its stability, durability, and reliability. He was then involved in the development of self-loading hunting rifles.


title: Victor Kalashnikov

text: He designed a number of parts and components and participated in developing self-loading hunting rifles and Kalashnikov machine guns. He led a group which designed the Bizon and Vityaz-SN machine pistols.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: The Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing took place on August 26–27, 1980, when several men masquerading as photocopier deliverers planted an elaborately booby trapped bomb containing of dynamite at Harvey's Resort Hotel (now "Harveys") in Stateline, Nevada, United States. After an attempt to disarm the bomb, it exploded, causing extensive damage to the hotel but no injuries or deaths. The total cost of the damage was estimated to be around $18 million. John Birges Sr. was convicted of having made the bomb with a goal of extorting money from the casino after having lost $750,000 there. He died in prison in 1996, at the age of 74.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: John Birges Sr. was a Hungarian immigrant to Clovis, California. He claimed to later biographers he flew for the German Luftwaffe during World War II, during which time he provided intelligence to the United States. He was captured and sentenced to 25 years of hard labor in the Soviet gulag. Eight years into his sentence in the gulag, he was released during a period of mass repatriation of POWs held in the Soviet Union to their home countries and returned to Hungary. From there, he emigrated to the United States. Investigations of Birges's accounts of his life in Europe have not produced any independent evidence of his claims to have flown for the Nazis, spied for the U.S., or been imprisoned in a Soviet gulag.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: Birges built a successful landscaping business, but his addiction to gambling led to him losing a large amount of money and prompted the bomb plot. His gambling debt and experience with explosives were primary pieces of evidence linking him to the bombing.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: As the mastermind behind the bomb, now-former millionaire Birges was attempting to extort $3 million ($ million in ) from the casino, claiming he had lost $750,000 ($ million in ) gambling there.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: The FBI went to the spot that they believed to be the ransom drop, but Birges was waiting at a different location due to vague directions. No money was paid to Birges.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: The bomb was cleverly built and virtually tamper-proof. The ransom note stated that the bomb could not be disarmed even by the bomb builder, but if paid $3 million, he would give instructions on which combination of switches would allow the bomb to be moved and remotely detonated. The FBI determined that it would take four men to move it, and there was no way to know if the bomb was truly disarmed or safe to move. The FBI decided that the bomb would have to be disarmed in the hotel. All guests and staff were evacuated from the hotel and the gas main was shut off.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: After studying the bomb for more than a day through x-rays, bomb technicians decided that, although there were warnings from the bomb maker that a shock would trigger the device, the best hope of disarming it was by separating the detonators from the dynamite. The technicians thought this could be accomplished using a shaped charge of C-4. The attempt to disarm the bomb failed as the technicians did not know that dynamite had also been placed in the top box containing the detonation circuit; the shaped charge detonated the top box explosives, which caused the rest of the bomb to detonate. The bomb destroyed much of the hotel, although no one was injured. The explosion also damaged Harrah's Casino (connected to Harvey's Resort via a tunnel), breaking many of the casino's windows.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: The bomb, one of the largest the FBI had ever seen, was loaded with an estimated of dynamite stolen from a construction site in Fresno, California. According to FBI experts, the Harvey's bomb remains the most complex improvised explosive device they have examined, and a replica of "the machine", as the extortionists called it, was still used in FBI training .


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: The bomb was delivered to the casino's second floor by two men posing as technicians; witnesses spotted a white van marked with "IBM" on the side. Birges was investigated as a possible suspect due to his white van being identified as being in South Tahoe at the time of the bombing. Birges was eventually arrested based on a tip. One of his sons had revealed to his then-girlfriend that his father had placed a bomb in Harvey's. After the two broke up, she was on a date with another man when they heard about a reward for information, and she informed her new boyfriend about Birges. This man then called the FBI.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: John Birges' two sons both entered pleas of guilty in 1981 for their roles in the bombing, serving no prison time in exchange for testifying against their father. Birges was convicted in 1982 and sentenced to life in prison without parole.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: Birges' two accomplices who delivered the bomb to Harvey's were subsequently sentenced: Terry Lee Hall, in 1982, of conspiracy and interstate transport of explosives; and Hall's father-in-law Willis Brown, who entered a plea of guilty in exchange for a reduced sentence.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: In 1983, the final defendant, Ella Joan Williams, named by prosecutors as the typist of the extortion letter, was convicted of attempted extortion, conspiracy, and interstate travel in aid of extortion.


title: Harvey's Resort Hotel bombing

text: In 1996, at the age of 74, Birges died of liver cancer at the Southern Nevada Correctional Center, 16 years and a day after the bombing.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue (also known as bromothymol sulfone phthalein and BTB) is a pH indicator. It is mostly used in applications that require measuring substances that would have a relatively neutral pH (near 7). A common use is for measuring the presence of carbonic acid in a liquid. It is typically sold in solid form as the sodium salt of the acid indicator.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue acts as a weak acid in a solution. It can thus be in protonated or deprotonated form, appearing yellow or blue, respectively. It is bright aquamarine by itself, and greenish-blue in a neutral solution. The deprotonation of the neutral form results in a highly conjugated structure, accounting for the difference in color. An intermediate of the deprotonation mechanism is responsible for the greenish color in neutral solution.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: The protonated form of bromothymol blue has its peak absorption at 427 nm thus transmitting yellow light in acidic solutions, and the deprotonated form has its peak absorption at 602 nm thus transmitting blue light in more basic solutions. Highly acidic Bromothymol blue is magenta in color.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: The general carbon skeleton of bromothymol blue is common to many indicators including chlorophenol red, thymol blue, and bromocresol green.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: The presence of one moderate electron-withdrawing group (bromine atom) and two moderate donating groups (alkyl substituents) are responsible for bromothymol blue's active indication range from a pH of 6.0 to 7.6. While the conjugation is responsible for the length and nature of the color change range, these substituent groups are ultimately responsible for the indicator's active range.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue is sparingly soluble in oil, but soluble in water, ether, and aqueous solutions of alkalis. It is less soluble in nonpolar solvents such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, and practically insoluble in petroleum ether.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue is synthesized by addition of elemental bromine to thymol blue in a solution in glacial acetic acid.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: To prepare a solution for use as pH indicator, dissolve 0.10 g in 8.0 cm N/50 (a.k.a. 0.02 Normal) NaOH and dilute with water to 250 cm. To prepare a solution for use as indicator in volumetric work, dissolve 0.1 g in 100 cm of 50% (v/v) ethanol.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue may be used for observing photosynthetic activities, or as a respiratory indicator (turns yellow as CO is added). A common demonstration of BTB's pH indicator properties involves exhaling through a tube into a neutral solution of BTB. As CO is absorbed from the breath into the solution, forming carbonic acid, the solution changes color from green to yellow. Thus, BTB is commonly used in science classes to demonstrate that the more that muscles are used, the greater the CO output.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol blue has been used in conjunction with phenol red to monitor the fungal asparaginase enzyme activity with phenol red turning pink and bromothymol blue turning blue indicating an increase in pH and therefore enzyme activity. However, a recent study suggests that methyl red is more useful in determining activity due to the bright yellow ring formed in the zone of enzyme activity.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: It may also be used in the laboratory as a biological slide stain. At this point, the bromothymol is already blue, and a few drops of BTB are used on a water slide. The specimen is mixed with blue BTB solution and fixed to a slide by a cover slip. It is sometimes used to define cell walls or nuclei under the microscope.


title: Bromothymol blue

text: Bromothymol is used in obstetrics for detecting premature rupture of membranes. Amniotic fluid typically has a pH > 7.2, bromothymol will therefore turn blue when brought in contact with fluid leaking from the amnion. As vaginal pH normally is acidic, the blue color indicates the presence of amniotic fluid. The test may be false-positive in the presence of other alkaline substances such as blood or semen, or in the presence of bacterial vaginosis.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: The Indian 1-rupee coin (₹1) is an Indian coin worth one Indian rupee and is made up of a hundred paisas. Currently, one rupee coin is the smallest Indian coin in circulation. Since 1992, one Indian rupee coins are minted from stainless steel. Round in shape, the one rupee coins weighs , has a diameter of and thickness of . In independent India, one rupee coins was first minted in 1950 and is currently in circulation.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: Sher Shah Suri, the founder of the Sur Empire ruled North India from 1540 to 1545 AD. During his reign, Suri issued pure silver coins in 1542 and named it "Rupiya" (from Sanskrit रौप्य, raupya, meaning silver). The denomination remained in usage through the Mughal, Maratha, East India company and British rules. The rupiya was retained by the East India company till 1835 and formed the basis of the British Raj currency till 1947. Each rupiya coin weighed . The sub-unit of rupyia were copper pieces and 40 copper pieces constituted as one rupiya. Sher Shah Suri named the copper pieces as Paisa.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: Each minted their own coinage, with Danish India using Fano; French India: Roupie and fanon till 1954; Portuguese India rupia till 1958, ...


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: In 1717 AD, the East India Company obtained permission from the Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar to coin Mughal style currency, at their Bombay factory. In 1835 AD, the "Coinage Act of 1835" for uniform coinage came into force. Composed of 91.7% silver, the new one rupee coins weighed and had a diameter of . The reverse of all one rupee coins minted after 1835 and before 1862 AD bore "East India Company" instead of the Mughal Empire. The one rupee coins had bust of King William IIII ("IV minted as IIII") and were first minted in 1835 AD. Rupee coins issued after 1840 bore the busts of Queen Victoria (1840 to 1901 AD).


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: The East India Company wanted to introduce the Pound sterling in India, due to the popularity of the Rupiya, the Pound sterling could not be introduced in India.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: The British Raj started in India in 1858 AD and lasted until Indian independence in 1947. In 1862, new one rupee coins were issued, were known as the "Regal issue", bore the bust of Queen Victoria on the obverse and "India" minted on the reverse side. From 1862 to 1939 AD, one rupee coins were minted from 91.7% silver, weighed , had a diameter of and thickness of . The obverse side of the coins featured the busts of Queen Victoria (1862 to 1901 AD), Edward VII (1903 to 1910 AD), George V (1911 to 1936 AD) and George VI (1938 to 1947 AD). Edward VIII was never featured on any one rupee coin since his reign (Jan-Dec 1936 AD) was short.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: Due to World War I and II, there was a shortage of silver. As a result of the shortage, 0.917 silver one rupee coins were replaced by Quaternary silver alloy (0.500) in 1940. In 1947, the silver one rupee coin was replaced by nickel coins.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: Several Princely States issued their own currency, on the demise of the Mughal empire, with Hyderabad state issuing its own Hyderabadi rupee, between 1918 and 1959. As did: Alwar, Ambliara, Awadh, Bahawalpur, Bharatpur, Bikanir, Bund, Chuda, Dhar, Indergadh, Jaisalmer, Jaora, Junagadh, Kalat, Kutch, Mangrol, Mengani, Muli, Mysore, Nawanagar, Palitana, Rajkot, Ramgarh, Sailana, Sayala and several others.


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: On 15 August 1947, India obtained independence and the monetary system and coinage of the British Raj were retained. It was not until 15 August 1950 that India introduced new coins. Introduction of new coins (including one rupee coin) was done in following chronology and reasons;


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: From 1947 to 1957, the Indian rupee was not decimalised and was divided into 16 annas. Each anna was further divided to four Indian pices (from 1835 to 1947, each pice was divided into three Indian pies; till the pie was demonetized in 1947). Table below shows sub-units of one rupee (1835–present).


title: Indian 1-rupee coin

text: As of 2020, one rupee coins are minted by the India Government Mints in Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and in Noida. All coins are circulated only through the Reserve Bank of India.


title: Meagen Fay

text: Meagen Fay is an American actress known for her work in television. Best known as Roxy in "Ohara" (1987-1988), Principal Halloron in "Life With Louie" (1995-1998), and Gretchen Mannkusser in "Malcolm in the Middle" (2002-2004) and Loot on Apple TV+.


title: Meagen Fay

text: Born and raised in Joliet, Illinois, Fay was a featured cast member with Chicago's The Second City in the early 1980s.


title: Meagen Fay

text: She has guest-starred on numerous shows including "Thirtysomething", "Roseanne", "Mad About You", "Seinfeld", "Dharma & Greg", "Gilmore Girls", "Suddenly Susan", "Charmed" and "Freaks and Geeks". She starred in "Carol & Company", "The Home Court", "Tales of the City", and "Woops!", as well as appearing in "Magnolia" (1999). In 2004, she starred in Stephen King's "Kingdom Hospital".