title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: Yokoyama's "Tetsujin", much like Osamu Tezuka's "Astro Boy", was influenced by the artist's wartime experiences. In Yokoyama's case, this was through the bombing of Kobe in World War II.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: As he had written in "Ushio" magazine in 1995, "When I was a fifth-grader, the war ended and I returned home from Tottori Prefecture, where I had been evacuated. The city of "Kobe" had been totally flattened, reduced to ashes. People said it was because of the B-29 bombers...as a child, I was astonished by their terrifying, destructive power." Another influence on Tetsujin's creation was the Vergeltungswaffen, a set of wonder weapons designed for long-range strategic bombing during World War II, and the idea that Nazi Germany possessed an "ace in the hole to reverse [its] waning fortunes". The third work to inspire Yokoyama's creation was the 1931 film "Frankenstein", which shaped Yokoyama's belief that the monster itself is neither good or evil.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: "Tetsujin 28-go" was serialized in Kobunsha's "Shōnen" magazine from July 1956 to May 1966, for a total of 97 chapters. The series was collected into 12 tankōbon volumes, which are re-released every ten years.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: The 1963 television incarnation of "Tetsujin 28-go" aired on Fuji TV from 20 October 1963 to 25 May 1966. The series initially ended with 84 episodes, but then returned for 13 more, for a total of 97 episodes. The series had mostly short plots that never took up more than three episodes, but was generally more light-hearted than the anime that would succeed it. Shotaro, Otsuka, Shikishima and Murasame functioned as a team in this version.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: In North America due to the Marvel Comics character Iron Man appearing in that market before "Tetsujin 28-go" (which literally means "Iron Man No. 28") debuted there, so the series was renamed "Gigantor" for the American version. The dub was done by Fred Ladd, all of the character names were changed, and the wartime setting removed. Shotaro Kaneda became Jimmy Sparks, Dr. Shikishima became Dr. Bob Brilliant, Inspector Otsuka became Inspector Ignatz J. Blooper, and Kenji Murasame became Dick Strong. The series' setting was pushed forward to the year 2000. Only 52 of the 97 episodes were ever dubbed in English.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: The 1980-81 "New Tetsujin 28" series was created with 51 color episodes based on a modernized take upon the original concept art. In 1993, Fred Ladd and the TMS animation studio converted the series into "The New Adventures of Gigantor" and had it broadcast on America's Sci-Fi Channel from September 9, 1993 to June 30, 1997.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: Chō Dendō Robo Tetsujin 28-go FX is a sequel to Tetsujin 28-go directed by Tetsuo Imazawa and produced at the Tokyo Movie Shinsha studio. It ran on Nippon Television from April 5, 1992 to March 30, 1993, totaling 47 episodes. It has been brought over to Latin America, but never released in English-speaking countries.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: The show follows Shotaro's son, Masato, who controls a new edition of Tetsujin and works at a detective agency with other children. Among them are Shiori Nishina, granddaughter of Chief Otsuka. The Tetsujin FX (Iron Hero 28 Future X) is controlled by a remote control gun, which has to be aimed at the robot for it to take commands.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: Written and directed by Yasuhiro Imagawa, the 2004 remake takes place ten years after World War II, approximately the same time as the manga debuted. The new television series has been released in the United States under its original name "Tetsujin-28" by Geneon and in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment, the first time a "Tetsujin-28" property has not been localized to "Gigantor" in America or other English speaking nations. The television series focused mainly on Shotaro's pursuit to control and fully understand Tetsujin's capabilities, all the while encountering previous creations and scientists from the Tetsujin Project. While not fully based on the original manga, it followed an extremely different storyline than in the 1960s series.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: On July 1, 2004, a video game was released for the PlayStation 2 developed by Sandlot and published by Bandai. The game uses the same voice actors as the animation, though it takes presentation cues from the anime, the manga, as well as the "kaiju" film genre.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: On March 31, 2007, a feature-length film, entitled "Tetsujin 28-go: Hakuchu no Zangetsu" (which translates as "Tetsujin #28: The Daytime Moon") was released in Japanese theaters. The film used the same character designs and scenery as the 2004 television series, albeit the film remade the series from the beginning. Among the changes, a new character "Shoutarou" debuted, Shotaro's older half-brother who was in the same airforce troop as Ryuusaku Murasame. Also a character named Tsuki, with a heavily bandaged body, attempts to murder Shotaro.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: A live-action adaptation of the series, directed by Shin Togashi, was released in Japan on March 19, 2005. It was later released on DVD in the US by Geneon Entertainment and by Manga Entertainment in the UK. The film centers on Shotaro (Sosuke Ikematsu), who is living in the modern age with his widowed mother. He discovers Tetsujin 28, a giant robot left for him by his father (Hiroshi Abe). With the help of Chief Otsuka and classmate Mami Tachibana, Shotaro learns to control Tetsujin and does battle with the villainous Dr. Reiji Takumi and Black Ox.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: On December 26, 2008, Felix Ip, the creative director of Imagi Animation Studios, revealed screenshots from a computer-animated teaser trailer featuring Tetsujin and Black Ox. On January 9, 2009, the Japanese animation company Hikari Productions and Imagi launched the projects website, as well as the full teaser featuring Shotaro and Dr. Franken. The film was subsequently cancelled, along with several other projects, when Imagi went defunct in 2010.


title: Tetsujin 28-go

text: "Idlewild" director Bryan Barber reportedly acquired the rights to "Gigantor" in 2011, with plans to adapt it into a feature film. The project never came to fruition, however, and no further developments have been made since.


title: 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series

text: The 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series was the first season of the LIV Golf Invitational Series. The season consisted of seven 54-hole tournaments, featuring 48 players and no cut, and a team championship event at the season end.


title: 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series

text: On 17 March 2022, the first eight tournament schedule with prize money of $255 million was announced by Greg Norman. The 54-hole tournaments will have no cut and will feature 48 players drafted into 12 four-man teams, with shotgun starts. The first seven events will have $20 million purses with an additional $5 million split among the top three teams each week; a team championship concludes the schedule with a $30 million on offer to the top three players and an additional $50 million in team prizes.


title: 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series

text: Currently LIV Golf broadcasts events on its website and on its own YouTube and Facebook pages. Arlo White serves as lead broadcaster with pundits Jerry Foltz and Dom Boulet. Su-Ann Heng serves as an on-course reporter and Troy Mullins is billed as both on-course reporter and influencer for the tour. In July, it was confirmed that David Feherty would be leaving NBC Sports to join the LIV Golf broadcast team.


title: 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series

text: In the U.S., the organization attempted to buy time on Fox as its broadcaster, but were unable to reach an agreement. All of the remaining major television networks in the U.S. have ties to the PGA Tour's media rights, and Turner Sports is under the purview of Warner Bros. Discovery, which serves as the tour's major broadcaster overseas, which would effectively prevent them from airing LIV Golf due to its animosity. Likewise, PGA Tour media partners have largely avoided direct references to LIV during golf telecasts, only discussing it from a critical perspective.


title: 2022 LIV Golf Invitational Series

text: Players finishing top-24 at each Invitational Series tournament receive points ranging from 40 (first place) to 1 (21st–24th place), and the player with the most points after the seven regular season events will be crowned Individual Champion. Prizes are $18 million to the individual champion, $8 million to the runner-up and $4 million to third.


title: Corporate (TV series)

text: Corporate is an American comedy television series created by Pat Bishop, Matt Ingebretson, and Jake Weisman. A ten-episode first season premiered on Comedy Central on January 17, 2018. On February 26, 2018, the series was renewed for a second season. "Corporate"s third and final season premiered on July 22, 2020.


title: Corporate (TV series)

text: "Corporate" is set in multinational corporation Hampton DeVille and follows the miserable lives of two downtrodden employees.


title: Corporate (TV series)

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 87% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 8.0/10. The website's critics consensus reads, ""Corporate" takes a bleak, absurdist look at corporate life to deliver a clever show with a more nihilistic bent than your typical workplace comedy." On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the series has a score 75 out of 100, based on 7 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Corporate (TV series)

text: Variety reviewed the series, calling it, “Deliciously dark and hilariously ruthless…a scathing satire of contemporary office culture that feels long, long overdue."


title: Corporate (TV series)

text: Adweek also lauded the show saying, “It’s the kind of universe building that’s usually reserved for prestige dramas…or big-budget sci-fi feature films.”


title: Caber toss

text: The caber toss is a traditional Scottish athletic event in which competitors toss a large tapered pole called a "caber" (/ˈkeɪbər/). It is normally practised at the Scottish Highland Games. In Scotland, the caber is usually made from a larch tree and it can be between tall and weighs . The term "caber" derives from the Gaelic word "cabar", which refers to a wooden beam.


title: Caber toss

text: It is said to have developed from the need to toss logs across narrow chasms (in order to cross them), lumberjacks needing to transport logs by throwing them in streams, or by lumberjacks challenging each other to a small contest. Although the sport is primarily associated with Scotland, a similar exercise, "casting the bar", was popular in England in the 16th century.


title: Caber toss

text: The record for most caber tosses in three minutes is currently held by the Canadian Danny Frame. He managed to perform 16 successful caber tosses on 20 July 2018 at the Heart of the Valley Festival in Middleton, Nova Scotia, Canada.


title: Caber toss

text: The primary objective is to toss the caber so that it turns end over end, falling away from the tosser. Ideally it should fall directly away from the tosser in the "12 o'clock" position. The distance thrown is unimportant.


title: Caber toss

text: The tosser balances the caber upright, tapered end downwards, against his or her shoulder and neck, the caber being supported by stewards or fellow-competitors while being placed into position. The tosser then crouches, sliding their interlocked hands down the caber and under the rounded base, and lifts it in their cupped hands.


title: Caber toss

text: The tosser must balance the caber upright; this is not easy with the heavier end at the top, and less-experienced tossers may be unable to stop the caber falling to one side after lifting it. The tosser then walks or runs a few paces forward to gain momentum, and flips the tapered end upwards so that the large end hits the ground first, and, if well tossed, the caber falls directly away from the tosser.


title: Caber toss

text: Weight and strength are essential for success, but technique is also important for balancing the caber when lifting it, and flipping up the held (tapered) end to promote a clean toss.


title: Caber toss

text: The straightest end-over-end toss scores highest. If the caber lands on its end but falls back towards the thrower, the score is lower than for any end-over-end throw but is based upon the maximum vertical angle that the caber achieved (side-judging may involve a second judge).


title: Caber toss

text: End-over-end tosses are scored according to the hours on a clock, with a 12:00 score being highest (falling directly away from the thrower), down to a 9 or 3 for cabers that reach a vertical, before falling to the side.


The Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party (NDPP) is a regional political party in the Indian state of Nagaland. Chingwang Konyak is the president of NDPP. The symbol of the party is a globe.


The NDPP was formed by Naga People's Front rebels who supported former Chief Minister of Nagaland Neiphiu Rio, and split to form the Democratic Progressive Party. In October 2017, the DPP changed its name to "Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party".


title: Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party

text: In January 2018, former Chief Minister Neiphiu Rio joined the party after the Naga People's Front broke its ties with the Bharatiya Janata Party for the 2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. The NDPP then formed an alliance with the BJP for the election. Within the same month, 10 NPF MLAs quit the party and began negotiations with the NDPP.


text: In the 2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election, the NDPP won 18 seats with 253,090 votes and 25.20% vote share. They then came to power in a coalition with the BJP, with Rio as chief minister.


text: On April 29, 2022, 21 Naga People's Front Nagaland MLAs joined the Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party increasing the number of NDPP MLAs to 42.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: A carbon–carbon bond is a covalent bond between two carbon atoms. The most common form is the single bond: a bond composed of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and is formed between one hybridized orbital from each of the carbon atoms. In ethane, the orbitals are sp-hybridized orbitals, but single bonds formed between carbon atoms with other hybridizations do occur (e.g. sp to sp). In fact, the carbon atoms in the single bond need not be of the same hybridization. Carbon atoms can also form double bonds in compounds called alkenes or triple bonds in compounds called alkynes. A double bond is formed with an sp-hybridized orbital and a p-orbital that is not involved in the hybridization. A triple bond is formed with an sp-hybridized orbital and two p-orbitals from each atom. The use of the p-orbitals forms a pi bond.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: Carbon is one of the few elements that can form long chains of its own atoms, a property called catenation. This coupled with the strength of the carbon–carbon bond gives rise to an enormous number of molecular forms, many of which are important structural elements of life, so carbon compounds have their own field of study: organic chemistry.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: Branching is also common in C−C skeletons. Carbon atoms in a molecule are categorized by the number of carbon neighbors they have:


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: In "structurally complex organic molecules", it is the three-dimensional orientation of the carbon–carbon bonds at quaternary loci which dictates the shape of the molecule. Further, quaternary loci are found in many biologically active small molecules, such as cortisone and morphine.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: Carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions are organic reactions in which a new carbon–carbon bond is formed. They are important in the production of many man-made chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and plastics.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: Some examples of reactions which form carbon–carbon bonds are the aldol reaction, Diels–Alder reaction, Grignard reaction, cross-coupling reactions, the Michael reaction and the Wittig reaction.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: The directed synthesis of desired three-dimensional structures for tertiary carbons was largely solved during the late 20th century, but the same ability to direct quaternary carbon synthesis did not start to emerge until the first decade of the 21st century.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: The carbon-carbon single bond is weaker than C-H, O-H, N-H, H-H, H-Cl, C-F, and many double or triple bonds, and comparable in strength to C-O, Si-O, P-O, and S-H bonds, but is commonly considered as strong.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: The values given above represent C-C bond dissociation energies that are commonly encountered; occasionally, outliers may deviate drastically from this range.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: Various extreme cases have been identified where the C-C bond is elongated. In Gomberg's dimer, one C-C bond is rather long at 159.7 picometers. It is this bond that reversibly and readily breaks at room temperature in solution:


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: In the even more congested molecule hexakis(3,5-di-"tert"-butylphenyl)ethane, the bond dissociation energy to form the stabilized triarylmethyl radical is only 8 kcal/mol. Also a consequence of its severe steric congestion, hexakis(3,5-di-"tert"-butylphenyl)ethane has a greatly elongated central bond with a length of 167 pm.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: The structure of tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) is highly distorted. The dihedral angle for the two NC ends is 28º although the C=C distance is normal 135 pm. The nearly isostructural tetraisopropylethylene also has a C=C distance of 135 pm, but its C core is planar.


title: Carbon–carbon bond

text: On the opposite extreme, the central carbon–carbon single bond of diacetylene is very strong at 160 kcal/mol, as the single bond joins two carbons of sp hybridization. Carbon–carbon multiple bonds are generally stronger; the double bond of ethylene and triple bond of acetylene have been determined to have bond dissociation energies of 174 and 230 kcal/mol, respectively. A very short triple bond of 115 pm has been observed for the iodonium species [HC≡C–IPh][CFSO], due to the strongly electron-withdrawing iodonium moiety.


title: Blue Bloods (season 9)

text: The ninth season of "Blue Bloods", a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, premiered on CBS September 28, 2018. The season concluded on May 10, 2019 and contained 22 episodes.


title: Blue Bloods (season 9)

text: Donnie Wahlberg (Danny Reagan), Bridget Moynahan (Erin Reagan), Will Estes (Jamie Reagan), and Len Cariou (Henry Reagan) are first credited. Sami Gayle (Nicky Reagan-Boyle) is credited next, marking the fifth season she has been included in the opening credits. Tom Selleck (Frank Reagan) receives an "and" billing at the close of the main title sequence.


title: Blue Bloods (season 9)

text: Marisa Ramirez, as Danny's partner Detective Maria Baez, and Vanessa Ray, as Jamie's partner Eddie Janko, continue to receive "also starring" billing for season 9. Gregory Jbara as Deputy Commissioner of Public Information Garrett Moore, Robert Clohessy as Lt. Sidney Gormley, and Abigail Hawk as Detective Abigail Baker, Frank's primary aide, appear regularly and receive "special guest star" billing.


title: The Way I Am (Eminem song)

text: "The Way I Am" is a song written, produced, and performed by American rapper Eminem from his third album "The Marshall Mathers LP" (2000). It was released as the second single from the album on October 3, 2000, later being featured on his 2005 compilation album, "". In the tradition of most of Eminem's follow-up singles, "The Way I Am" is one of the rare songs for which he has sole songwriting credit. It features a much darker and emotionally driven sound than the album's lead single "The Real Slim Shady". "The Way I Am" peaked at number 58 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside of the United States, "The Way I Am" peaked within the top ten of the charts in Belgium (Wallonia), Finland, the Netherlands, Ireland, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.


title: The Way I Am (Eminem song)

text: The song was written by Eminem to express the negative side of the fame that he had gained. The song makes points such as him not being able to go out in public and live a normal life due to him being harassed by fans. He also vents about the pressure put on him to top his earlier work on The Slim Shady Lp. The song has also been remixed by Danny Lohner featuring Marilyn Manson, who has performed the song with Eminem live on stage. In 2005 it was re-released on the album "". "The Way I Am" was certified Gold in Sweden, selling over 20,000 copies.


title: The Way I Am (Eminem song)

text: The song received very positive reviews. Aspects lauded were the vocal delivery, rhyme pattern, production and political material covered. Cynthia Fuchs of PopMatters was positive: "In 'The Way I Am', Eminem expounds, 'Since birth I've been cursed with this curse to just curse / And just blurt this berserk and bizarre shit that works / And it sells and it helps in itself to relieve / All this tension, dispensin' these sentences.' So there it is: he's performing therapy." AllMusic highlighted the song. Sputnikmusic described this song as "Amityville's portrayal of the Detroit he grew up in; 'The Way I Am' as a whole". Same critic listed it in Recommended Downloads and praising the single: "Built over doomy, gothic arpeggios, rumbling bass, and church bells, Eminem lays down one of the most perfectly formed lyrics of his career, weaving in and out of a tight rhyme scheme that echoes the loping piano motif. Interesting aside: this is one of the first Eminem songs that gives him 100% of the writing credits." IGN praised the song: "Eminem is an angry ass white boy and the vitriol continues on 'The Way I Am', in which he soundly states 'I am whatever you say I am / If I wasn't why would I say I am?' And when he complains that he's 'so sick and tired of being admired...', one almost believes that he'll hang up the mic and disappear (but Em obviously loves the attention so that's not an option at this point in the game). The throbbing, tubular bell and piano laced beat only add to the intensity of the track (incidentally it was crafted by Em himself and it's one of the more stellar examples of his often hit or miss production techniques)." Sal Cinquemani called this song: "He (Eminem) revels in the fact that there's teen violence in upper-class cities on the epic 'The Way I Am'. The song was named the 35th Best Song of the decade by the magazine "Complex". The same magazine, in April 2011, ranked the song at #3 on their 100 Best Eminem Songs list. The line, "If I wasn't, then why would I say I am" was taken from the song "As The Rhyme Goes On" by Eric B. & Rakim from the album Paid in Full .


title: The Way I Am (Eminem song)

text: The music video at the beginning plays a slow instrumental of his song "Kim", after the "Kim" instrumental is played, the song carries on as normal and when the song starts, it shows him about to jump out the window of a tall building, and shows him falling through the sky, in a sequence inspired by the Coen brothers film "The Hudsucker Proxy", in which the hero also falls slowly from a skyscraper window. Marilyn Manson appears behind Eminem when the song refers to him — and a few more times thereafter. Other shots show fans coming up to him, asking for his autograph,The scene when EM throws a chair at his Slim Shady LP platinum plaque was inspired by the pressure EM felt by his label to write a hit as the first single for the Marshall Mathers LP. In “The Way I Am” video, Proof is in the scene when EM is doing a radio interview and flips the DJ off. Also, the little boy who asks for Eminem's photo in the public bathroom is his half-brother, Nathan. It Released By Paul Hunter as well as Eminem in his neighborhood in front of an old house. At the end of the video, when Eminem hits the ground, it bounces him safely like a giant mattress. It was named the 19th Best Music Video of the 2000s by "Complex" magazine. In the music video version of the song wind sound effects can be heard when Eminem is singing the intro, the first & last chorus. This can't be heard in the album version.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Victor Erik Olof Hedman (; born 18 December 1990) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenseman and alternate captain for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the National Hockey League (NHL). Hedman was selected second overall by the Lightning in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Widely considered to be one of the best defensemen in the NHL, Hedman is a five-time James Norris Memorial Trophy finalist, winning the award in 2018. Hedman won back-to-back Stanley Cups with the Lightning in 2020 and 2021, and won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the 2020 playoffs.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman began his junior ice hockey career in the Swedish J20 SuperElit with the Modo Hockey organization. He recorded 25 points in 34 games during his first full season in the league in 2006–07. Hedman then turned professional and joined the Elitserien with Modo at the age of 16. At the beginning of the 2008–09 season, he was ranked first overall amongst all draft-eligible skaters in the International Scouting Services' preliminary rankings. In the same season, he was nominated as the SHL Rookie of the Year. Following his performance at the 2009 World Junior Championships for Sweden, Hedman was listed atop the rankings of European skaters by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau. Despite the unlikelihood of Hedman playing in Russia, he was drafted 83rd overall by the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)'s Spartak Moscow on 1 June 2009.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Going into the 2009 NHL Entry Draft, Hedman was listed as the second-ranked player and top European player. He was drafted second overall by the Tampa Bay Lightning, second to John Tavares who was drafted first overall by the New York Islanders.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman has drawn comparisons to Hart Trophy-winning defenseman Chris Pronger, who is also 6' 6" and 220 lbs, as well as also being drafted second overall.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman made his NHL debut for the Lightning on 3 October 2009, against the Atlanta Thrashers. He registered his first point, an assist, on a Martin St. Louis goal. His first NHL goal was then scored on 5 December against Dwayne Roloson of the New York Islanders.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 5 January 2011, during his sophomore NHL season in 2010–11, Hedman checked Pittsburgh Penguins captain Sidney Crosby from behind, receiving a minor boarding penalty. The hit was one of two that were eventually blamed for causing a severe concussion on Crosby that kept him out of play for over a year.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 29 November 2011, shortly into the 2011–12 season, Hedman signed a five-year, $20 million contract extension with Tampa Bay. On 25 September 2012, it was announced that Hedman signed a contract with Barys Astana of the KHL during the 2012–13 NHL lockout.


title: Victor Hedman

text: During the 2013–14 season, Hedman had a breakout season, posting a career best in goals (13), assists (42) and points (55). Hedman followed up his breakout season with a strong start to the 2014–15 season. However, his start would be derailed after he suffered a broken finger, which was expected to rule him out of play for four to six weeks. At the time, Hedman was tied for the lead amongst NHL defensemen with seven points, and was considered a possible James Norris Memorial Trophy candidate for Defenseman of the Year entering into the season. Despite the injury, Hedman still had a productive season with the Lightning, scoring 10 goals, 28 assists and 38 points in 59 games played. After Game 2 of the Stanley Cup Final against the Chicago Blackhawks, Hedman had recorded the most points by a Lightning defensemen in a single playoff year, with one goal, 11 assists and 12 points. On 8 June 2015, during Game 3 of the Final series, Hedman set Lightning records for career playoff assists (20) and points (23) by a defenseman, surpassing Dan Boyle, who previously held the record with three goals and 19 assists (22 points).


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 24 October 2015, Hedman played in his 400th career NHL game in an OT loss to the Chicago Blackhawks. On 20 December, Hedman recorded his 200th NHL point, which was an assist on a Nikita Kucherov power play goal. The point came during a 5–2 Lightning victory over the visiting Ottawa Senators. On 20 May 2016, Hedman recorded two assists in a 4–3 Lightning win over the Pittsburgh Penguins. The two assists moved Hedman past Vincent Lecavalier (28) and Brad Richards (29) for number two all-time in playoff assists with the franchise. On 24 May, Hedman became the leader in playoff games played for the Lightning. He surpassed former teammates Martin St. Louis and Vincent Lecavalier, who were tied for the most playoffs games played in franchise history.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 1 July 2016, the Lightning re-signed Hedman to an eight-year contract extension worth $7.875 million per season. Hedman lead all Lightning defensemen in goals, assists (37), points and plus/minus. He also led all Lightning skaters in plus/minus, average ice time (23:03), takeaways (48) and blocked shots (132). He also posted a career high with a plus-21 rating. Hedman currently ranks third all-time in franchise history among defensemen in career points (229), behind Dan Boyle (253) and Pavel Kubina (243). He is also second all-time among defensemen in assists (180) and fourth for goals (49). Hedman ranks third all-time among Lightning defensemen for games played, trailing only Pavel Kubina (662) and Cory Sarich (490). In addition, Hedman is the Bolts' all-time playoff leader for points, goals, assists and plus/minus among defensemen. On 26 October, Hedman recorded his 50th career NHL goal. The goal came in a 7–3 Lightning victory over the Toronto Maple Leafs at the Air Canada Centre. On 5 November, Hedman recorded his 187th assist, which tied him with Dan Boyle for most career assists by a Lightning defenseman. The assist came in a 4–1 Lightning victory over the visiting New Jersey Devils. On 10 November, Hedman recorded his 188th career assist which is the most assists by a defenseman in Lightning history. Hedman is now seventh in franchise history in assists. On 14 November, Hedman recorded his 189th assist, which tied with Brian Bradley for 6th in assists in Lightning history. The assist came in a 4–0 Lightning win over the New York Islanders at the Barclays Center. On 15 November, Hedman recorded his 190th assist, which moved Hedman past Bradley for sixth all time in assists in Lightning history. The assist came in a 4–3 win over the Detroit Red Wings at Joe Louis Arena. On 21 November, Hedman recorded an assist, which was Hedman's 243rd career point. This put Hedman into a tie with Pavel Kubina for 10th place on the Lightning's all-time scoring list. Hedman is also tied with Kubina for second all-time in points by a defensemen in Lightning history. On 23 November, Hedman recorded a goal in a 4–2 Lightning victory over the visiting Philadelphia Flyers. This was Hedman's 244th career point, which moved him past Kubina for second in points by a defenseman and 10th in points in Lightning history. On 14 December, Hedman skated in his 500th career NHL game, which came in a 6–3 Lightning victory over the Calgary Flames. Additionally, Hedman recorded three assists, and now only needs two points to tie Dan Boyle (253) for most all-time points by a Lightning defenseman. On 16 December, Heman recorded his 253rd career NHL point, which moved him into a tie with Dan Boyle. On 17 December, Hedman became the all-time leader in points by a defenseman with his 254th career point. Hedman also moved into ninth place on the all-time franchise list for all skaters. On 20 December, Hedman recorded his 200th career NHL assist. Hedman also became the first defensemen in Lightning history to record 200 career assists. On 28 December, Hedman recorded two points to move past Chris Gratton in to eighth place on the Lightning's all-time scoring list. On 10 January 2017, Hedman was named to the 2017 NHL All-Star game as a member of the Atlantic Division team. On 23 February, Hedman recorded his 526th and 527th career hits against the Calgary Flames, which moved him past Eric Brewer for the most hits in Lightning history. On 11 March, Hedman recorded his 287th career point in a Lightning uniform. This moved him past Fredrik Modin for 7th most points all-time in franchise history. On 27 March, Hedman recorded his 50th assist of the season to become the first defenseman in Lightning history to record 50th assists in a single season. On 30 March, Hedman recorded an assist in the second period to move him past Roman Hamrlik for the most points (66) in a single season by a defenseman in Lightning history. On 6 April, Hedman recorded three assists to become the first defenseman in Lightning history to reach 70-points in a single season. Hedman also joined Börje Salming, Nicklas Lidström, and Erik Karlsson as the only Swedish defensemen to reach 70-points in a single season. On 9 April, Hedman recorded a goal and an assist in a 4–2 Lightning win over the visiting Buffalo Sabres. Hedman's two points moved him past Brian Bradley for sixth all-time in franchise history in points (301). On 21 April, Hedman was named as a finalist for the James Norris Memorial Trophy, which is awarded annually to the NHL's top defenseman. Hedman finished third in Norris voting that season. On 21 June, Hedman was named as a NHL Second Team All Star for the 2016–17 season.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 12 October 2017, Hedman skated in his 553rd game, which moved Hedman past Brad Richards for fifth most games played in Lightning history. On the same night, Hedman recorded his 66th goal in his career. This goal moved him into a tie with Dan Boyle for second most goals by a Lightning defensemen in franchise history. On 4 November, Hedman recorded two assists in a 5–4 Lightning win over the visiting Columbus Blue Jackets. The two assists moved Hedman past Václav Prospal (245) for fifth most assists in Lightning franchise history. On 10 January 2018, Hedman was named to the 2018 NHL All-Star Game. Hedman also became the only defenseman in Lightning history to be named to multiple All-Star games. However, he could not play due to injury and he was replaced by Brayden Point. Hedman was unable to play in the All-Star game due to an injury suffered prior to the event. However, Hedman did participate in the event by serving an assistant equipment manager. On 8 February, Hedman recorded a goal in a 5–2 win over the visiting Vancouver Canucks. The goal moved Hedman past Pavel Kubina for the most goals by a defenseman in franchise history. On 3 March, Hedman recorded a four-point game in a 7–6 Lightning shootout win over the visiting Philadelphia Flyers. With his four-point effort Hedman became the only defenseman in Lightning history to record multiple 4+ point games. On 20 June, Hedman won the James Norris Memorial Trophy for the first time in his career. This was Hedman's second nomination for the award in his career. Hedman was the first defenseman in Lightning history to win the award.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 29 December 2018, Hedman recorded his 300th career NHL assist. On 10 January 2019, Hedman skated in his 663rd game in a Lightning uniform. This moved Hedman past Pavel Kubina for the most games played by a defenseman in franchise history. On 10 February, Hedman recorded his 400th career NHL point in a 5–4 Lightning victory over the Pittsburgh Penguins. On 7 March, Hedman moved past Dan Boyle for most power play points by a defenseman in Lightning history (127).


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 10 October 2019, Hedman skated in his 700th career NHL game. Hedman became the first Lightning defenseman to play in 700 games. On 5 December, Hedman scored his 100th career NHL goal. Hedman became the first defenseman in Lightning history to record 100 regular season goals and the seventh Swedish-born defenseman to do so. On 30 December, Hedman was announced as a selection for the 2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game. On 23 August 2020, Hedman recorded 2 goals in a 3–2 loss against the Boston Bruins in the first game of the second round of the playoffs. The goals moved Hedman past Lecavalier for fifth most points (53) in Lightning playoff history. On 25 August, Hedman recorded an assist in a game two overtime victory over the Boston Bruins. The assist moved him past Steven Stamkos for fourth most playoff points (54) in Lightning history. The assist also moved Hedman past Erik Karlsson and Calle Johansson for fourth most playoff assists (44) among Swedish defensemen. On 31 August, Hedman scored the game-winning goal and series clinching double-overtime goal over the Boston Bruins. The goal was his fourth of the series and fifth of the playoffs. The 4 goals set a franchise record for most goals by a defenseman in a single playoff series. The fifth goal extended his current Lightning record of most goals by a defensemen in a single playoff year. As the Lightning beat the Stars for their second Stanley Cup in franchise history, Hedman won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player in the playoffs. His 10 goals during the 2020 playoffs were the third-most by a defenseman during a playoff year in league history, behind only Paul Coffey (12 in 1985) and Brian Leetch (11 in 1994). Lightning defenseman Victor Hedman on May 9, 2022 was named a Norris Trophy finalist for the sixth consecutive season.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman played for Sweden at the 2008 World Junior Championships, where he helped the team to a silver medal, losing to Canada 3–2 in the final, and was selected to the tournament All-Star Team. He later became one of the youngest players to play for Sweden's men's team when he made his debut at age 17 in an exhibition game against Norway. Hedman would once again play for Sweden's junior team at the 2009 World Junior Championships in Ottawa, where he met Canada for the second consecutive year in the gold-medal game, earning another silver medal in a 5–1 loss.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 2 March 2016, the Swedish Ice Hockey Association named Hedman to its roster for the 2016 World Cup of Hockey. Hedman was joined by Lightning teammate Anton Strålman. The tournament ran from 17 Sep to 1 October 2016, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.


title: Victor Hedman

text: On 15 April 2017, the Swedish Ice Hockey Association named Hedman to its roster for the 2017 IIHF World Championship. On 28 April, Hedman was named as an assistant captain for the tournament. On 21 May, Hedman helped team Sweden capture gold in a 2–1 victory over Canada.


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman has two older brothers — Oscar Hedman, who was also a professional hockey player that played for Modo Hockey; as well as Johan Hedman, who does not play professionally.


title: Victor Hedman

text: As a child, Hedman originally started out playing as a goaltender. He also played hockey on the streets together with his friends, among them, famous iRacing driver Fredrik Sellgren. His father, Olle Hedman, told his son that if he left the net, he would purchase him the new helmet that he coveted. He has not played in goal since that day. Victor said "I'm thankful for that now. You never know what would have happened otherwise."


title: Victor Hedman

text: Hedman's other passions were flying (he has logged eight hours on a Piper PA-32), and football. His father said that his son would just outrun everyone on the field. Hedman still plays soccer in the summer, and religiously follows the sport. He supports Premier League side Manchester United F.C. In an article it was revealed that when quizzed on any player on any Premier League team, he couldn't be stumped. His dad said that his son "probably knows more about football than hockey." However, "Hedman knew that hockey would be his future, encouraged by some of the game's greats. They'd come back every summer to play for a team called the Icebreakers, inviting Hedman to play." Some notable players on the team included Peter Forsberg, Markus Näslund, Henrik Zetterberg, and Nicklas Bäckström. Hedman said that "looking back at it now, it was an unbelievable experience."


title: Victor Hedman

text: In 2014 Hedman started a hockey school in his hometown. The spots in the school sold out in two hours. Hedman said that "to see the thrill in the kids' eyes, it's worth it all."


title: Victor Hedman

text: In a 2016 interview with "The Hockey News", Hedman explained why he wears the jersey number 77. During his childhood in Sweden, he regularly watched Colorado Avalanche games; one of the Avalanche's star players at the time, Peter Forsberg, is Swedish. A memorable moment for Hedman came at the conclusion of the 2001 Stanley Cup Finals, when Avalanche captain Joe Sakic handed the Stanley Cup to teammate Ray Bourque (one of Hedman's favorite players), who had played 22 years in the NHL before winning a championship. Hedman wore the jersey number 41 in Sweden, but when he was drafted by the Lightning, that number was already worn by Mike Smith. Hedman chose his new number, 77, as a tribute to Bourque.


title: Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

text: The Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard (also called the Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard or the Parable of the Generous Employer) is a parable of Jesus which appears in chapter 20 of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. It is not included in the other canonical gospels. It has been described as a difficult parable to interpret.


title: Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

text: The parable has often been interpreted to mean that even those who are converted late in life earn equal rewards along with those converted early, and also that people who convert early in life need not feel jealous of those later converts. An alternative interpretation identifies the early laborers as Jews, some of whom resent the late-comers (Gentiles) being welcomed as equals in God's Kingdom. Both of these interpretations are discussed in Matthew Henry's 1706 Commentary on the Bible.


title: Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

text: An alternative interpretation is that all Christians can be identified with the eleventh-hour workers. Arland J. Hultgren writes: ""While interpreting and applying this parable, the question inevitably arises: Who are the eleventh-hour workers in our day? We might want to name them, such as deathbed converts or persons who are typically despised by those who are longtime veterans and more fervent in their religious commitment. But it is best not to narrow the field too quickly. At a deeper level, we are all the eleventh-hour workers; to change the metaphor, we are all honored guests of God in the kingdom. It is not really necessary to decide who the eleventh-hour workers are. The point of the parable—both at the level of Jesus and the level of Matthew's Gospel—is that God saves by grace, not by our worthiness. That applies to all of us.""


title: Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard

text: Some commentators have used the parable to justify the principle of a "living wage", though generally conceding that this is not the main point of the parable. An example is John Ruskin in the 19th century, who quoted the parable in the title of his book "Unto This Last". Ruskin did not discuss the religious meaning of the parable but rather its social and economic implications.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Maryville is a city in and the county seat of Blount County, Tennessee, and is a suburb of Knoxville. Its population was 31,907 at the 2020 census.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: It is included in the Knoxville Metropolitan Area and a short distance from popular tourist destinations such as the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Dollywood, Gatlinburg, and Pigeon Forge.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: When the first European explorers arrived in the area, they found the Great Indian Warpath, which ran along the route where the modern US-411 has been built. The trail was long used by the indigenous peoples of the area. A historic Cherokee village known as "Elajay" was situated at the confluence of Ellejoy Creek (named after the village) and the Little River. Its site was near the modern Heritage High School. Ensign Henry Timberlake passed through the village in 1762 while returning from his expedition to the Overhill villages to the west. He reported that it had been abandoned.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: In 1785, Revolutionary War veteran John Craig built a wooden palisade enclosing cabins at what is known as Fort Craig (or Craig's Station) in present-day Maryville. Such stations were built throughout the frontier to defend settlers against attacks from the Cherokee. For example, "on April 11, 1793, when settlers believed Indian attacks were imminent, 280 men, women, and children gathered in small huts at John Craig's station on Nine Mile Creek."


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Craig donated next to his fort for the founding of a new town. Incorporated as a city on July 11, 1795, the settlement was named in honor of Mary Grainger Blount, wife of the territorial governor William Blount. Blount County was named after him.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: The family of Sam Houston moved to Maryville from Virginia in 1808, when Houston was 15. His older brothers put him to work as a clerk in a store they established in town, but he ran away. Houston lived for a few years with the Cherokee at Hiwassee Island, on the Hiwassee River, where he became fluent in their language and appreciative of their culture. After his return to Maryville about 1811, Houston started a one-room schoolhouse. He signed up for the army during the War of 1812 and rose rapidly in rank, beginning his military and political career. The schoolhouse still stands just off US-411 near the community of Wildwood.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Maryville was a center of abolitionist activity throughout the early 19th-century; it was generated mostly by the Society of Friends, which had a relatively large presence in Blount County. They were supported by anti-slavery advocates such as Isaac L. Anderson, the founder of Maryville College. When Tennessee voted on the Ordinance of Secession in 1861, only 19 percent of Blount Countians voted in favor of seceding from the Union.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Although staunchly pro-Union throughout the Civil War, Maryville was not liberated by federal troops until May 1864. In August of that year, a Confederate cavalry raid, under the command of General Joseph Wheeler, attacked the courthouse where the Union troops had taken shelter. To try to dislodge the federal soldiers, Confederates set fire to several buildings, including a store where the city's records were being kept. Polly Tool, an African-American slave, rescued most of the records. She was honored by a statue in the Blount County courthouse. In the Reconstruction Era Maryville became a hub of Radical Republican activity for East Tennessee. Its local Union League provided a lively forum for political discussion, and the Freedmen's Normal Institute was established on the present-day site of Maryville High School. The city elected William Bennett Scott Sr., the country's second African-American mayor, in 1869.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: In the 1970s, after several department stores and other retailers moved from the downtown area to Alcoa's Midland shopping center, the city spent $10 million on a renewal project called "Now Town". Traffic was re-routed, facades were placed on old buildings, slums were cleared, and the Bicentennial Greenbelt Park was created. The project failed to attract business back to the downtown locations; instead retailers moved to the new Foothills Mall a few years later. The downtown area remained in decline until the 2000s, when the city agreed to reverse many of the "Now Town" changes.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander was born in Maryville in 1940. Alexander served as Governor of Tennessee from 1979–1987 and Secretary of Education (1991–1993) under President George H. W. Bush. He ran unsuccessful campaigns for president in 1996 and 2000, both times announcing his candidacy for the Republican Party from his hometown of Maryville. In 2002, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, succeeding Fred Thompson.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: On July 2, 2015, a freight train carrying hazardous materials went off of its tracks. Over 5,000 citizens were displaced from their homes within a two-mile (three kilometer) radius.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Maryville is located in north-central Blount County in the foothills of the Great Smoky Mountains. Chilhowee Mountain, the outermost ridge of the Western Smokies, rises prominently to the south. Chilhowee's eastern flank— known locally as "The Three Sisters"— is visible from almost anywhere in the city, and dominates the southern horizon along US-321 between Maryville and Walland. Maryville is bordered on the north by Maryville's twin city, Alcoa. A number of small suburbs— including Wildwood, Ellejoy, and Clover Hill— surround Maryville to the east and west.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 31,907 people, 10,719 households, and 7,132 families residing in the city.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 27,465 people, 10,712 households, and 7,028 families. The population density was 1,634.8 people per square mile (631.2/km). There were 11,679 housing units at an average density of 637.6 per square mile (246.2/km). The racial makeup of the city was 92.0% White, 3.2% Black, 0.3% Native American, 1.55% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.53% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: There were 10,712 households, out of which 32.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.6% were married couples living together, 12.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.4% were non-families. 30.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 29.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.41 and the average family size was 3.00.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.2% under the age of 18, 6.8% from 20 to 24, 24.2% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.0 males.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: The median income for a household in the city was $46,394, and the median income for a family was $61,227. Males had a median income of $31,478 versus $20,418 for females. The per capita income for the city was $23,579. About 9.0% of families and 10.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.3% of those under age 18 and 3.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Average temperatures in July range from 69 degrees low to 87 degrees high. Average temperatures in January range from 29 degrees low to 46 degrees high. Most of the year is very pleasant with mild temperatures.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: According to Maryville's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the area were:


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: Maryville is home to Maryville College, a private four-year liberal arts college. It was founded in 1819 by Presbyterian minister Isaac L. Anderson for the purpose of furthering education and enlightenment and whose mission was to do good on the largest possible scale. The college is one of the fifty oldest colleges in the United States and the twelfth oldest institution in the South. It is associated with the Presbyterian Church (USA). It enrolls about 1,103 students. Maryville College's mascot is the Scots. The sports teams compete in NCAA Division III athletics in the USA South Athletic Conference and formerly the Great South Athletic Conference.


title: Maryville, Tennessee

text: The East Tennessee Japanese School (イーストテネシー補習授業校 "Īsuto Teneshī Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese education program, holds its classes at Maryville College.


title: Sacrilege

text: Sacrilege is the violation or injurious treatment of a sacred object, site or person. This can take the form of irreverence to sacred persons, places, and things. When the sacrilegious offence is verbal, it is called blasphemy, and when physical, it is often called desecration. In a less proper sense, any transgression against what is seen as the virtue of religion would be a sacrilege, and so is coming near a sacred site without permission.


title: Sacrilege

text: Most ancient religions have a concept analogous to sacrilege, often considered as a type of taboo. The basic idea is that realm of sacrum or haram stands above the world of profanum and its instantiations, see the Sacred–profane dichotomy.


title: Sacrilege

text: The term "sacrilege" originates from the Latin "sacer", meaning sacred, and "legere", meaning to steal. In Roman times, it referred to the plundering of temples and graves. By the time of Cicero, sacrilege had adopted a more expansive meaning, including verbal offences against religion and the undignified treatment of sacred objects.


title: Sacrilege

text: Owing to the phonetic similarities between the words "sacrilegious" and "religious", and their spiritually-based uses in modern English, many people mistakenly assume that the two words are etymologically linked, or that one is an antonym of the other. Religious is derived from the Latin word "religio", meaning "reverence, religion", (from "religare", "to bind [to the god{s}]"; Tully derived it from "re-" [again] and "legere" [to read]), whereas "sacrilegious" is derived ultimately from the Latin combining form "sacr-", meaning sacred, and the verb "legere", meaning "to steal", "to collect", or "to read". The Latin noun "sacrilegus" thus means "one who steals sacred things".


title: Sacrilege

text: With the advent of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, the Emperor Theodosius criminalized sacrilege in an even more expansive sense, including heresy, schism, and offenses against the emperor, such as tax evasion.


title: Sacrilege

text: By the Middle Ages, the concept of sacrilege was again restricted to physical acts against sacred objects, and this forms the basis of all subsequent Catholic teachings on the subject. A major offence was to tamper with a consecrated host, otherwise known as the "Body of Christ".


title: Sacrilege

text: Most modern nations have abandoned laws against sacrilege out of respect for freedom of expression, except in cases where there is an injury to persons or property. In the United States, the U.S. Supreme Court case "Burstyn v. Wilson" (1952) struck down a statute against sacrilege, ruling that the term could not be narrowly defined in a way that would safeguard against the establishment of one church over another and that such statutes infringed upon the free exercise of religion and freedom of expression.


title: Sacrilege

text: Despite their decriminalisation, sacrilegious acts are still sometimes regarded with strong disapproval by the public, even by nominal or former members and non-adherents of the offended religion, especially when these acts are perceived as manifestations of hatred toward a particular sect or creed.


title: Sacrilege

text: Personal sacrilege is irreverence shown to a person consecrated by religious vows (monks, nuns, etc.) or by holy orders (deacons, priests, bishops). Ridiculing, mocking, or abusing members of the clergy is considered personal sacrilege, as often the animosity is directed not at the person themselves but at the Church or at God whom they represent. Whenever those in religious or clerical life violate the sixth Commandment and break their vow of chastity, it is considered a personal sacrilege on their part. Laying violent hands on a cleric used to incur an automatic excommunication according to the 1917 Code of Canon Law. Since 1983, only someone who physically attacks the pope is excommunicated.


title: Sacrilege

text: Local sacrilege is the violation and desecration of sacred places and space. Robbing or vandalizing a church, chapel, oratory, convent, or monastery would be of this category. It could also be committing immoral and sinful acts inside a sacred building, such as murder or sexual acts. The 1917 Code considered the burial of a publicly excommunicated person in a Catholic cemetery or hallowed ground to be sacrilege. The current 1983 Code makes no mention of it.


title: Sacrilege

text: Real sacrilege is the contemptuous irreverence shown for sacred things, especially the Seven Sacraments or anything used for divine worship (altars, vestments, chalices, tabernacles, et al.). This can happen first of all by the administration or reception of the sacraments in the state of mortal sin, as such as receiving Communion, as also by advertently doing any of those things invalidly. Using sacred vessels for secular use, such as a chalice to drink cocktails, or using common items like paper plates and Styrofoam cups for liturgical worship, are also examples of real sacrilege. The worst kind is desecration of the Blessed Sacrament, as it is the most important and most sacred item in Catholicism (far more than any relic or historical artifact whatsoever).


title: Sacrilege

text: In Post-Reformation England, sacrilege was a criminal offence for centuries, though its statutory definition varied considerably. Most English dictionaries of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries appealed to the primary sense of stealing objects from a church.


title: Sacrilege

text: Criminal law was consolidated by Peel's Acts from 1828. Of these, 7 & 8 Geo 4 c 27 repealed the provisions of 1 Ed 6 c 12 in relation to sacrilege, while two created new laws around larceny: 7 & 8 Geo 4 c 29 for England and Wales, and 9 Geo 4 c 55 for Ireland. Section 10 of each was identical:


title: Sacrilege

text: Both of those sections were replaced by section 50 of the Larceny Act 1861, which was described by its marginal note as "breaking and entering a church or chapel and committing any felony" and which read:


title: Sacrilege

text: Section 50 of the Larceny Act 1861 was repealed by section 48(1) of, and the schedule to, the Larceny Act 1916. It was replaced by section 24 of the Larceny Act 1916 which provided:


title: Sacrilege

text: The words "arrestable offence" were substituted for the word "felony", in subsections (1) and (2), by section 10(1) of, and paragraph 12(1) of Schedule 2 to, the Criminal Law Act 1967.


title: Sacrilege

text: Section 24 was replaced by sections 9 and 10 of the Theft Act 1968 (which create the offences of burglary and aggravated burglary.


title: Sacrilege

text: Violence against God was the sign of arrogance which brought attributes of a divine nature down to the material world, while their existence belonged to gods and thus was inviolable.


title: Sacrilege

text: 7. The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica. (n.d.). Theodosian Code. Retrieved March 31, 2017, from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Theodosian-Code


title: Cherish (group)

text: Cherish is an American R&B music group consisting of sisters Fallon, Felisha, Farrah, and Neosha King. Originating from Atlanta, Georgia, both their parents are musicians, their father having been in the band Professions of Sounds, who frequently toured with acts such as the Emotions and Earth, Wind & Fire. The group was signed to Capitol Records and Sho'nuff Records. They experienced chart success with the hit song "Do It to It".


title: Cherish (group)

text: The group first rose to fame in 2003, when they were featured on the single "In Love wit Chu", by Da Brat. They quickly followed up with their official debut single, "Miss P.", which had minor success on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the US. After the failure of the single, their initial debut album was cancelled. However, they continued recording music, and lent their vocals to the soundtrack for "The Powerpuff Girls Movie". In 2006, they released their second official single, "Do It to It". The single was met with critical and commercial success, and was followed up with their debut album, "Unappreciated", which reached number 4 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the US. 2008 saw the release of the group's second studio album, "The Truth". The album didn't fare as well as their previous, failing to reach the top 20 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. It was, however, preceded by the release of their second Top 40 hit, "Killa", which peaked at number 39 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Cherish (group)

text: Fallon and Felisha also compose music for other artists. Felisha wrote songs for Tamar Braxton and Sevyn Streeter and co-wrote Jacob Latimore's song Climb together with Fallon.


title: Cherish (group)

text: The group originally consisted of four sisters. Farrah King (born February 17, 1984), Neosha King (born January 26, 1986) and twins Fallon and Felisha King (born June 5, 1988). Originally from Maywood, Illinois, the four sisters moved to Atlanta, Georgia to begin their musical career. The girls stated that they have been a group since the oldest, Farrah, was two years old. The girls were also quick to start singing professionally, starting when Farrah was only seven years old. The group also stated, in an interview with MTV, that their father was the one that brought them together, as their parents were singers as well. When asked about where their name came from, the girls stated, "It's funny because we were sitting in the hotel room trying to come up with a name for the group. My father, which is our manager asked us "well what do you cherish?" Do you cherish what you do? We said yes and that's how the name Cherish came about."


title: Cherish (group)

text: Cherish first rose to fame in 2003, when they teamed up with female hip hop artist Da Brat to record a duet with her. The finished track, titled "In Love wit Chu", was released on March 3, 2003. The song became a commercial success in the United States, charting on many charts in the country. The single reached the top 10 of the "Billboard" Rhythmic Top 40 chart, peaking at number 9. The single also became a success on the Hot Rap Songs chart, peaking at number 12. On the "Billboard" Hot 100, the single narrowly missed the top 40, peaking at number 44.


title: Cherish (group)

text: Cherish's first solo single, titled "Miss P.", was produced by Jermaine Dupri, written by Kandi and featured Da Brat. They had been signed to Warner Bros.' imprint Reprise Records. After the success of their collaboration with Da Brat, the single was expected to be a hit. However, the single failed to chart on any major charts in the U.S. or countries other than the girl's own. It did, however, have minor success on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in the United States, where it peaked at number 87. Other than a performance of the song on "Soul Train" in May 2003, the single received little promotion, which can be attributed to its commercial failure. Due to the commercial failure of its lead single, the group's debut album, titled "The Moment", was shelved a few months later. After their album was dropped, the group recorded three songs for "The Powerpuff Girls: Power Pop" soundtrack, called "Chemical X", "Power of a Female", and "Me and My Girls". A music video for "Power of the Female" was released as a promotional single on Cartoon Network in mid-2003.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In 2005, the girls began work on another album, since their previous album had been shelved. They wrote almost the entire album and said this work is so much more mature and themselves than their unreleased previous work. The album had productions from Jermaine Dupri, Don Vito, and Jazze Pha. On March 21, 2006, Cherish released their first single in three years, titled Do It to It. The single featured Sean P on guest vocals. The single was met to a positive critical reception, as well as a strong commercial reception. The single was met with a large amount of success in the US, charting on several "Billboard" charts. The single became their first to reach the top 20 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, when it peaked at number 12. The single was also success on the Pop 100 chart, where it peaked at number 2, as well as the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, reaching a peak of number 10 on that chart. The single also was a major hit in New Zealand, peaking at number 3 on the official singles chart. The song also climbed to the top 40 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, peaking at number 30 and 34 respectively. The song also charted in countries such as Australia, peaking at number 67, Germany, peaking at number 87, and France, reaching a peak of number 48.


title: Cherish (group)

text: After the success of "Do It to It", their debut album was released on August 15, 2006, on Capitol Records and was named "Unappreciated". It debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 selling 91,000 copies making it one of only a few R&B girl group projects to hit the top five on the chart in almost a year. The album also charted in Japan where it reached number 62 on the Oricon chart. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 80, and has since sold 30,000 copies in that country. As of September 21, 2006, the album has been certified Gold by the RIAA. On January 12, Cherish released the album's second single, the title track "Unappreciated". The single was received warmly by critics, however, it failed to achieve the commercial success that its predecessor had. In the US, the single peaked just outside the Top 40 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 41. It did have success on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, peaking at number 20. In the UK, the single spent one week on the single's chart, when it debuted and peaked at 187. A third single titled "Chevy" was supposed to be released, however the song was only released as a promo single because in late 2006/early 2007 their label Capitol was merging with another record label which stopped all promotion and prevented Chingy, LeToya Luckett, Janet Jackson, Brooke Valentine & Cherish from releasing their next singles. By April 29, 2007, the album had sold over 600,000 copies in the United States.


title: Cherish (group)

text: During this time Cherish was the only female group on select dates, as the opening act for Chris Brown's Up Close & Personal Tour, along with Ne-Yo, Lil Wayne, Julez Santana and Dem Franchize Boyz, which ran from August to October. Cherish ended up cancelling a handful of their live shows, mainly their Californian concerts, due to rumors the group was very unorganized; it was stated that Neosha was the only member in the group who was committed. Farrah's son Jayden being sick caused the group to either cancel shows or shorten their live set when she was absent. However, Cherish then embarked on a European promotional tour in November, and finished up the year with a few Jingle Jam shows in December.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In 2007, the girls confirmed that they were back in the studio recording for a new album. They later confirmed that the album would feature production from artist such as Don Vito, Blade, Jazze Pha and Tricky Stewart. In the Summer of 2007, a song titled "Bat to the Range", produced by the Clutch was leaked online. However, it was later decided that the song would not appear on the girls' second album. In October 2007, Cherish revealed the lead single from their second album would be released the following month. It was later confirmed that the single was called Killa, and would feature Yung Joc on guest vocals. The single was released for airplay and digital download on November 27, 2007. The video premiered via BET's Access Granted on December 12, featuring some scenes of the film "". The video was directed by Canadian Little X. In the US, the single became another hit for the group. It became their second top 40 hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100, reaching a peak of number 39. It also reached the top 40 of the Pop 100, peaking at number 23. The single has become one of the group's poorest performing singles on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, only reaching a peak of 53. On the UK Singles Chart, the single climbed to a peak of 52, making it their second highest charting single to date. The single did become their first to chart in the Czech Republic, where it peaked at number 10. It also became their second top 20 hit in New Zealand, reaching a peak of number 18.


title: Cherish (group)

text: Their second album titled "The Truth" was released on May 13, 2008. In a promotional interview, member Fallon said of the album, "The biggest difference to me is the fact that you grow artistically whenever you're being creative and we've been creative for the past couple of years. Our artistry has grown. When we wrote "The Truth", we named the album "The Truth" because basically every song on the album is from personal experiences and we wanted to get personal with our fans. We want everybody to know that they're not alone going through these things and we're here." The album was released in the UK on May 12, while the Japanese release is on May 14 and featured two bonus tracks, "Do It to It" (Rap Remix) and "Silly". In the US, the album only sold 13,000 copies in the first week of release, which led to it debuting at number 40 on the "Billboard" 200. In Japan, the album debuted at number 98 on the official album chart, and has sold only 2,300 copies in that country to date. As of 2011, the album has sold only 30,000 copies in the United States. A second single from the album was released, titled "Amnesia". The single failed to make an impact, however, missing the "Billboard" Hot 100 entirely. It did peak at number 61 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, though.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In Spring 2008, Fallon and Felisha confirmed that they were working on a side project that didn't involve the other two members of the group. Under the name F+F, the girls began recording an album separate from Cherish. The fact they were working on solo projects made many fans speculate that the group was breaking up. In early 2009, a track by F+F called "Infected" was leaked online by an unknown source. This fueled the rumors of the band breaking up even more. Soon after, both Farrah and Neosha left the group, leaving just the duo of Fallon and Felisha. Not much was heard from Cherish until 2010 when Cherish released a tribute song to Haiti called "The Voices Beyond". A few weeks later, the duo filmed a music video for the song "Don't Let Him Get Away" by Rasheeda, as the girls are featured on the track. On September 28, 2010, another track by F+F titled "Lights Out" was leaked online. Later in 2010, Capitol Records confirmed that the remaining members of Cherish would be releasing a new album, titled "The Breakthrough". On October 27, 2010, Fallon & Felisha did an exclusive interview with AceShowBiz, where they were asked on the status of Cherish as a group. Fallon responded by saying "Cherish is a brand and a bond that is unbreakable. We plan on having a very long career in the music industry and to definitely release more albums as a group in the near future". In mid-November 2010, music videos for both "Infected" and "Lights Out" were filmed but have yet to be released.


title: Cherish (group)

text: On May 10, 2011, it was announced on Cherish's official Facebook that they would be working on a new album On September 20, 2011, Cherish stated on their Facebook that they have reunited as a foursome and would be releasing new music in November.


title: Cherish (group)

text: A song called "Like That" by Fallon and Felisha featured in the 2011 film "" (sequel to 2003's "S.W.A.T.") and on the film's soundtrack.


title: Cherish (group)

text: Fallon and Felisha announced on their Twitter account that their next single would be "Young Forever"; however, plans for the single's release became uncertain following the announcement of Cherish's return in May 2011.


title: Cherish (group)

text: On November 18, 2011, Cherish confirmed that their EP had been pushed back and would not be released in November, as previously stated in September 2011. The release date was then set for February 2012.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In December 2011, two new songs marked as Cherish tracks, "Invader" and "Secretary", leaked online. On January 14, 2012, Cherish announced a possible reality series based on the band, and that they were filming the pilot. On February 22, 2013, Cherish announced via their official Facebook that a single titled "Get That Boy" would be released on March 1, 2013. A promotional video was also made and uploaded onto the band's YouTube page. However, it was later revealed that the single would be pushed back until March 15, 2013, in favor of "Going in Circles", which was released on March 2, 2013, via YouTube.


title: Cherish (group)

text: On December 19, 2016, sisters Fallon and Felisha King announced during a Facebook live video they were reuniting as Cherish once again working on new music as a duo and that Farrah and Noesha would feature on a lot of music but the group will remain as a two-piece.


title: Cherish (group)

text: On February 5, 2017, Fallon and Felisha King announced their excitement for their upcoming album and that they would be releasing four singles back-to-back and announcing a new tour would be coming and the first single "One Time" would be released on February 24, 2017, through their Facebook page. "One Time" was released on February 24, 2017, as the first single from their upcoming album.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In 2021, Fallon and Felisha starred in "" which documented the formation of R&B supergroup BluPrint alongside Shamari Devoe of Blaque, and Kiely Williams of 3LW. Their eponymous debut EP was released August 11, 2021.


title: Cherish (group)

text: In 2021, Staten Island-born, Orlando-based DJ and producer Charlie Duncker (Acraze) remixed their 2006 single "Do It to It". Originally a UK Top 40 hit featuring 'Sean Paul of YoungBloodZ' (Sean P.), the new version was credited to "Acraze featuring Cherish" and was released on August 20, 2021. On November 12, the track (as issued by Thrive Music) entered the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart for the first time, arriving at number 36 (up from number 60). It was also a top 40 hit in Germany and on the Official Irish Singles Chart. On the chart of December 7, 2021, "Do It to It" reached to UK Top 10 for the first time when it climbed up from number 43 to number 9 in its tenth week on the chart. The single also reached the Official Irish Singles Chart Top 3 on this date. In the United States, it reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart, and in Australia, it reached number 13 on the ARIA Club Tracks chart.


title: Cherish (group)

text: "Unappreciated" features mainly hip hop and R&B tracks. During an interview about the album, when asked about its composition, the group said: "You can expect a lot of realness, [and] we're trying to bring real R&B back to the world. Right now, R&B is not a genre anymore. It's pop, it's hip-hop, it's other things. I wanna bring back rhythm and blues." During a different interview, the girls talked about how different this album was from their shelved debut: "Well it's very different coming out now because with this album we have more creative control. When we came out in 2003, we were young and we didn't have much of a say in what went down. But this time around, we were able to write every song on the album, which makes this album very personal for all of us." They later added on, "From this album you can expect realness. Expect to hear all of our individual voices. A lot of crunk tracks like our first single 'Do It to It'. Also expect a lot of a cappella singing."


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in "The General Theory" of John Maynard Keynes, with subsequent development influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Sidney Weintraub, Paul Davidson, Piero Sraffa and Jan Kregel. Historian Robert Skidelsky argues that the post-Keynesian school has remained closest to the spirit of Keynes' original work. It is a heterodox approach to economics.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: The term "post-Keynesian" was first used to refer to a distinct school of economic thought by Eichner and Kregel (1975) and by the establishment of the "Journal of Post Keynesian Economics" in 1978. Prior to 1975, and occasionally in more recent work, "post-Keynesian" could simply mean economics carried out after 1936, the date of Keynes's "General Theory".


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Post-Keynesian economists are united in maintaining that Keynes' theory is seriously misrepresented by the two other principal Keynesian schools: neo-Keynesian economics, which was orthodox in the 1950s and 60s, and new Keynesian economics, which together with various strands of neoclassical economics has been dominant in mainstream macroeconomics since the 1980s. Post-Keynesian economics can be seen as an attempt to rebuild economic theory in the light of Keynes' ideas and insights. However, even in the early years, post-Keynesians such as Joan Robinson sought to distance themselves from Keynes, and much current post-Keynesian thought cannot be found in Keynes. Some post-Keynesians took a more progressive view than Keynes himself, with greater emphases on worker-friendly policies and redistribution. Robinson, Paul Davidson and Hyman Minsky emphasized the effects on the economy of practical differences between different types of investments, in contrast to Keynes' more abstract treatment.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: The theoretical foundation of post-Keynesian economics is the principle of effective demand, that demand matters in the long as well as the short run, so that a competitive market economy has no natural or automatic tendency towards full employment. Contrary to the views of new Keynesian economists working in the neoclassical tradition, post-Keynesians do not accept that the theoretical basis of the market's failure to provide full employment is rigid or sticky prices or wages. Post-Keynesians typically reject the IS–LM model of John Hicks, which is very influential in neo-Keynesian economics, because they argue endogenous bank lending to be more significant than central banks' money supply for the interest rate.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: The contribution of post-Keynesian economics has extended beyond the theory of aggregate employment to theories of income distribution, growth, trade and development in which money demand plays a key role, whereas in neoclassical economics these are determined by the forces of technology, preferences and endowment. In the field of monetary theory, post-Keynesian economists were among the first to emphasise that money supply responds to the demand for bank credit, so that a central bank cannot control the quantity of money, but only manage the interest rate by managing the quantity of monetary reserves.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: This view has largely been incorporated into mainstream economics and monetary policy, which now targets the interest rate as an instrument, rather than attempting to accurately control the quantity of money. In the field of finance, Hyman Minsky put forward a theory of financial crisis based on financial fragility, which has received renewed attention.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: There are a number of strands to post-Keynesian theory with different emphases. Joan Robinson regarded Michał Kalecki's theory of effective demand to be superior to Keynes' theories. Kalecki's theory is based on a class division between workers and capitalists and imperfect competition. Robinson also led the critique of the use of aggregate production functions based on homogeneous capital – the Cambridge capital controversy – winning the argument but not the battle. The writings of Piero Sraffa were a significant influence on the post-Keynesian position in this debate, though Sraffa and his neo-Ricardian followers drew more inspiration from David Ricardo than Keynes. Much of Nicholas Kaldor's work was based on the ideas of increasing returns to scale, path dependence, and the key differences between the primary and industrial sectors.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Paul Davidson follows Keynes closely in placing time and uncertainty at the centre of theory, from which flow the nature of money and of a monetary economy. Monetary circuit theory, originally developed in continental Europe, places particular emphasis on the distinctive role of money as means of payment. Each of these strands continues to see further development by later generations of economists.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Modern Monetary Theory is a relatively recent offshoot influenced by the macroeconomic modelling of Wynne Godley and Hyman Minsky's ideas on the labour market, as well as chartalism and functional finance.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Recent work in post-Keynesian economics has attempted to provide micro-foundations for capacity underutilization as a coordination failure (economics), justifying government intervention in the form of aggregate demand stimulus.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: Much post-Keynesian research is published in the "Review of Keynesian Economics" (ROKE), the "Journal of Post Keynesian Economics" (founded by Sidney Weintraub and Paul Davidson), the "Cambridge Journal of Economics", the "Review of Political Economy", and the "Journal of Economic Issues" (JEI).


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: There is also a United Kingdom academic association, the Post Keynesian Economics Society (PKES). This was previously called the Post Keynesian Economics Study Group (PKSG) but changed its name in 2018. In the UK, post-Keynesian economists can be found in:


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: In Germany, post-Keynesianism is very strong at the Berlin School of Economics and Law and its master's degree course: International Economics [M.A.]. Many German Post-Keynesians are organized in the Forum Macroeconomics and Macroeconomic Policies.


title: Post-Keynesian economics

text: The University of Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, houses the post-Keynesian think-tank the Centre of Full Employment and Equity (CofFEE).


title: Raisina Hill

text: Raisina Hill (IAST: "Rāyasīnā Pahāṛī"), often used as a metonym for the seat of the Government of India, is an area of New Delhi, housing India's most important government buildings, including Rashtrapati Bhavan, the official residence of The President of India on citadel at Raisina Hill and the Secretariat building housing the Prime Minister's Office and several other important ministries. The hill is seen as an Indian acropolis with Rashtrapati Bhavan as the Parthenon.


title: Raisina Hill

text: Under the Central Vista project, the Prime Minister’s residence will be shifted behind the existing South Block, while the V-P’s residence is proposed to be relocated behind North Block. The Vice President's enclave will be on a site of 15 acres, with 32 five-storey buildings at a maximum height of 15 meters. The Prime Minister's new office and residence will be on a site of 15 acres, with 10 four-storey buildings at a maximum height of 12 meters with a building for keeping Special Protection Group. The project also includes converting North and South Blocks into public museums, creating an ensemble of new secretariat buildings to house all ministries.


title: Raisina Hill

text: As a geographic feature, The "Raisina hill" is a slightly elevated portion high, about higher than the surrounding area and is located in a well-drained area between the Delhi Ridge and the Yamuna River with good drainage facility too.


title: Raisina Hill

text: The Raisina Hill is open to the public and offers individual and group guided tours. The Raisina Hill buildings continue to attract thousands of visitors from across the world for the sense of grandeur they project.


title: Raisina Hill

text: During the colonial era, leading British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker envisaged the Central Vista complex as the centre of administration in India to house all facilities needed for efficient functioning of the Government. It was inaugurated in 1931 and consisted of the buildings Rashtrapati Bhawan, Parliament House, North and South Blocks and the Record Office (later named as The National Archives), along with the India Gate monument and the civic gardens on either side of the Rajpath. The plan was designed using traditional urban planning instruments, featuring a strong axis, an emphasised focal point, formation of important nodes, and a definitive termination point. At the time, it was one of the largest projects of its kind in the world, conceived and designed to reflect the spirit, progress and global importance of India.Indian influences marked the overall design of the Raisina Hill(Central Vista). It used red and beige sandstone, which had been used for the monumental architecture of Delhi since the 13th century; the modelling of the dome of Viceroy’s House on the Great Stupa at Sanchi; ancient Indian bell capitals for the Pillars of Dominion placed between the Secretariat Blocks; and countless features of Indian architecture – jalis (pierced stone screens), chhajas (projecting overhangs), chhatris (pillared cupolas), and more.


title: Raisina Hill

text: The term "Raisina Hill" was coined following acquisition of land from 300 families from local villages was acquired under the "1894 Land Acquisition Act" to begin the construction of the Viceroy's House.


title: Raisina Hill

text: The nearest Delhi Metro stations to the Raisina Hill are: Central Secretariat metro station, Lok Kalyan Marg metro station, Udyog Bhawan Metro station, Jahangirpuri Metro station, Rajiv Chowk Metro station, Patel Chowk Metro station.


title: Norma Major

text: Dame Norma Christina Elizabeth, Lady Major, (, formerly Johnson; born 12 February 1942) is an English philanthropist who is the wife of former British prime minister Sir John Major.


title: Norma Major

text: Norma Christina Elizabeth Wagstaff is the daughter of Norman Reuel Wagstaff, a Lieutenant in the Royal Artillery, and Edith Georgina Wagstaff (née Johnson), a former umbrella saleswoman. She was born in Shropshire while her father was stationed there during World War II. He was killed in a motorcycle accident a few days after the end of the Second World War, when Norma was just three years old, and her mother subsequently reverted to using her maiden name after becoming estranged from her in-laws, so she was known as Norma Johnson growing up.


title: Norma Major

text: Major was educated at a boarding school in Bexhill-on-Sea, Oakfield Preparatory School in Dulwich, and Peckham School for Girls where she was head girl. She was a skilled dressmaker. She was also a member of the Young Conservatives.


title: Norma Major

text: At a Conservative Party meeting during the campaign for the 1970 Greater London Council elections, she was introduced to John Major. The couple married on 3 October 1970.


title: Norma Major

text: They have a son together, James Major, and a daughter, Elizabeth Major. She kept a low profile during her husband's premiership (1990–1997), doing charity work and writing two books, "Joan Sutherland: The Authorised Biography" (1994) and "Chequers: The Prime Minister's Country House and its History" (1997).


title: Norma Major

text: In June 1999, Major was created a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 1999 Birthday Honours, in recognition of her charity work. Major is a supporter of Mencap, and she has been credited with helping to raise £6,000,000 for the charity.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Americo-Liberian people or Congo people or Congau people in Liberian English, are a Liberian ethnic group of African-American, Afro-Caribbean, and Liberated African descent. The sister ethnic group of Americo-Liberians are the Sierra Leone Creole people, who share similar ancestry and related culture. Americo-Liberians trace their ancestry to free-born and formerly enslaved African Americans who emigrated in the 19th century to become the founders of the state of Liberia. They identified there as Americo-Liberians. Some African Americans following resettlement in Canada also participated as founding settlers in Sierra Leone and other Recaptive repatriates settled in present-day Côte d'Ivoire.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Although the terms "Americo-Liberian" and "Congo" had distinct definitions in the nineteenth century, they are currently interchangeable and refer to an ethnic group composed of the descendants of the various free and ex-slave African-American, Caribbean, Recaptive and Sierra Leone Creoles who settled in Liberia from 1822.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The designation 'Congo' for the Americo-Liberian population came into common usage when these African Americans integrated 5,000 liberated Africans called Congos (former slaves from the Congo Basin, who were freed by British and Americans from slave ships after the prohibition of the African slave trade) and 500 Barbadian immigrants into the Americo-Liberian identity. Under Americo-Liberian leadership, the country was relatively stable although they rarely intermarried with indigenous West Africans.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Although Western literature and discourse in the United States and United Kingdom use the term "Americo-Liberians", this term is largely outdated. Indeed, in common parlance, many Liberians and other West Africans, including the Americo-Liberian people themselves, refer to the group as "Congo" or "Congau" people.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: In addition to indigenous Liberian chiefs and royal families, upper-class Americo-Liberians and their descendants led the political, social, cultural and economic sectors of the country; alongside indigenous Liberian elites, upper-class Americo-Liberians ruled the new nation from 19th century until 1980 as a small but dominant minority. From 1878 to 1980, the Republic of Liberia was a "de facto" one-party state, ruled by elites of both the indigenous and Americo-Liberian-dominated True Whig Party and Masonic Order of Liberia.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Americo-Liberians were descended from African-American and Afro-Caribbean settlers, many of whom were freed slaves and their descendants who emigrated to Liberia with assistance from the American Colonization Society (ACS). The first black American settlers arrived in Liberia in 1822. The ACS's plan of encouraging black American migration to Africa was met with mixed responses at the time. Some members of the abolitionist movement, such as Gerrit Smith, opposed the idea, arguing that African-American families had lived in the United States for generations, and their prevailing sentiment was that they were no more African than white Americans were European. Other historians have argued that white Americans encouraged the emigration of people of color to Africa due to their opposition to integration. Additionally, some slave owners manumitted some of their slaves on the condition of emigration. However, other African Americans believed they would face better economic opportunities in Africa and be free from racial prejudice, a sentiment that was endorsed by the Back-to-Africa movement. As black American emigration to Liberia continued steadily into the mid to late nineteenth century, the movement gained support from an assortment of influential figures, including UNIA president Marcus Garvey, who would go on to become president of the Black Star Line which encouraged emigration and economic shipping commerce between the United States and Liberia.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The early African-American settlers practiced Christianity, sometimes in combination with traditional African religious beliefs. They spoke an African-American Vernacular English, which developed into Liberian English.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The early African-American settlers who arrived in the region that was established as Liberia between 1820 and 1843 were mainly free blacks from Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia, while smaller numbers came from northern states like New Jersey, New York, Delaware, and Connecticut. Subsequent movements also included emigrants from Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Florida.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The Liberian exodus saw mass emigration of African Americans from South Carolina to Liberia. Congressman Richard H. Cain called for a million men to leave the injustices they suffered in the United States and leave for Africa. In 1877, the "Liberian Exodus Joint Stock Steamship Company" was formed in Charleston, South Carolina with a fund of $6,000 to assist the emigration of black Americans to Africa. The company then purchased a bark called the "Azor," which arrived in Charleston in March 1878 to start shipping African-American migrants to Liberia. Enthusiasm for the Liberian exodus had been fed partly by exaggerated reports of Liberia's fertility, including claims that potatoes grew so large that a single one could feed a family for a day, and that certain trees produced bacon. However, 23 of the emigrants died during the journey and upon arrival, the passengers discovered that these claims were not true and many found themselves impoverished. Those who could afford it returned to the U.S. in 1879 and plans for a second voyage by the Liberian Exodus Company were scrapped. However, passengers from the "Azor" who stayed did find success and established themselves as some of the most prominent Americo-Liberians, including farmer and agricultural businessman Saul Hill, Liberian Senator Reverend David Frazier and Daniel Frank Tolbert who was the grandfather of future Liberian president William R. Tolbert, Jr.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Although the number of Afro-Caribbean immigrants to Liberia were relatively small in comparison to colonial Sierra Leone, at least 300 Afro-Barbadians settled in Liberia in 1865 and smaller numbers of Afro-Caribbean immigrants settled in Liberia between 1865 and 1930 from Caribbean islands such as Trinidad, Jamaica, and Grenada.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The American Navy was responsible for the recapture of illegal slave vessels seeking to transport enslaved Africans to the Americas following the American abolition of the slave trade in 1808. These enslaved Africans called Liberated Africans or Recaptives, many of whom were from the Congo Basin were designated as 'Congoes' and all Recaptives, including those from modern-day Nigeria, Cameroon, and Ghana were all described as 'Congoes.'


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The early African-American settlers did not relate well to the native African inhabitants they first encountered in Liberia due to cultural differences and soon began to establish a social and economic elite in the country. They retained preferences for Western style of dress, Southern plantation-style homes, American food, Protestantism, the English language, and monogamous kinship practices. Demographically, the Americo-Liberians tended to concentrate in larger cities and towns while native Africans remained in more poorly developed areas before the two groups started to intermingle in the twentieth century.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The settler community developed an Americo-Liberian society, culture, and political organization that was strongly influenced by their roots in the American South as well as the Anglophone Caribbean.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Americo-Liberians were credited for Liberia's largest and longest economic expansion in the early to late twentieth century, especially William V. S. Tubman, who did much to promote foreign investment and to bridge the economic, social, and political gaps between the descendants of the original settlers and the inhabitants of the interior. Most of the powerful old Americo-Liberian families fled to the United States in the 1980s after President William Tolbert was assassinated in a military coup.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: Although Liberianist scholars have neglected internal stratifications such as class and geography among the Americo-Liberian society, regional and local socio-economic differences among the Americo-Liberians resulted in slight cultural differences between rural 'upriver' Americo-Liberians such as those based in Clay-Ashland and city-based Americo-Liberians, particularly those based in Monrovia who were sometimes referred to 'Monrovia Americo-Liberians.' Americo-Liberians based in Monrovia were portrayed as more urbane than their rural counterparts and were perceived by some Americo-Liberians as wielding too great an influence on national political affairs.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The Americo-Liberians settled in Monrovia, Careysburg, Clay-Ashland, Buchanan, Maryland, Mississippi-in-Africa, Cape Mount, Greenville, and in a number of small towns along the St. Paul River. Notably, the families originally from Barbados, which included the Barclays, Morgans, Bests, Thorpes, Weeks, and Portemans, settled in Crozierville.


title: Americo-Liberian people

text: The original "Congo people" were settled in New Georgia. Immigrants from Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast likewise settled in Monrovia.