title: Ecstasy (emotion)

text: From a psychological perspective, ecstasy is a loss of self-control and sometimes a temporary loss of consciousness, which is often associated with religious mysticism, sexual intercourse and the use of certain drugs. For the duration of the ecstasy the ecstatic is out of touch with ordinary life and is capable neither of communication with other people nor of undertaking normal actions. The experience can be brief in physical time, or it can go on for hours. Subjective perception of time, space or self may strongly change or disappear during ecstasy. For instance, if one is concentrating on a physical task, then any intellectual thoughts may cease. On the other hand, making a spirit journey in an ecstatic trance involves the cessation of voluntary bodily movement.


title: Ecstasy (emotion)

text: Ecstasy can be deliberately induced using religious or creative activities, meditation, music, dancing, breathing exercises, physical exercise, sexual intercourse or consumption of psychotropic drugs. The particular technique that an individual uses to induce ecstasy is usually also associated with that individual's particular religious and cultural traditions. Sometimes an ecstatic experience takes place due to occasional contact with something or somebody perceived as extremely beautiful or holy, or without any known reason. "In some cases, a person might obtain an ecstatic experience 'by mistake'. Maybe the person unintentionally triggers one of the probably many, physiological mechanisms through which such an experience can be reached. In such cases, it is not rare to find that the person later, by reading, looks for an interpretation and maybe finds it within a tradition."


title: Ecstasy (emotion)

text: People interpret the experience afterward according to their culture and beliefs (as a revelation from God, a trip to the world of spirits or a psychotic episode). "When a person is using an ecstasy technique, he usually does so within a tradition. When he reaches an experience, a traditional interpretation of it already exists." The experience together with its subsequent interpretation may strongly and permanently change the value system and the worldview of the subject (e.g. to cause religious conversion).


title: Ecstasy (emotion)

text: In 1925, James Leuba wrote: "Among most uncivilized populations, as among civilized peoples, certain ecstatic conditions are regarded as divine possession or as union with the Divine. These states are induced by means of drugs, by physical excitement, or by psychical means. But, however produced and at whatever level of culture they may be found, they possess certain common features which suggest even to the superficial observer some profound connection. Always described as delightful beyond expression, these awesome ecstatic experiences end commonly in mental quiescence or even in total unconsciousness." He prepares his readers "... to recognize a continuity of impulse, of purpose, of form and of result between the ecstatic intoxication of the savage and the absorption in God of the Christian mystic."


title: Ecstasy (emotion)

text: "In everyday language, the word 'ecstasy' denotes an intense, euphoric experience. For obvious reasons, it is rarely used in a scientific context; it is a concept that is extremely hard to define."


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Robert Stanton Waterfield (July 26, 1920 – March 25, 1983) was an American professional football player and coach. He played quarterback for the UCLA Bruins and Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams and was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1965. His No. 7 jersey was retired by the Los Angeles Rams in 1952. He was also a motion picture actor and producer.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Born in Elmira, New York, Waterfield moved to Los Angeles as an infant. He played college football for the UCLA Bruins in 1941, 1942, and 1944. In 1942, he led UCLA to a Pacific Coast Conference championship and its first Rose Bowl and was selected as the quarterback on the All-Pacific Coast team.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: From 1945 to 1952, he played quarterback for the Cleveland/Los Angeles Rams in the National Football League (NFL). He led the Rams to NFL championships in 1945 and 1951 and was selected as the NFL's most valuable player in 1945. He was the first-team All-Pro quarterback in 1945, 1946, and 1949. Known as one of the best passers, punters, and place-kickers in the NFL, he set NFL career place-kicking records with 315 extra points and 60 field goals, as well as a single-season record with 54 extra points in 1950, and a single-game record with five field goals in a game.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield was married to movie actress Jane Russell from 1943 to 1968. During the 1950s, Waterfield also worked in the motion picture business, initially as an actor and later as a producer. He remained involved in football as an assistant coach during the 1950s and served as the head coach of the Rams from 1960 to 1962.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield was born in Elmira, New York, in 1920, the son of Staton "Jack" Waterfield (1891–1930) and Frances (Gallagher) Waterfield (1895–1963). In approximately 1921, his family moved to Los Angeles and settled in Van Nuys in the San Fernando Valley. In 1930, when Waterfield was nine years old, his father, who had become the owner and manager of Van Nuys Transfer and Storage Company, died. Waterfield attended Van Nuys High School where he was a star football player.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield enrolled at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) where he played college football for UCLA Bruins football in 1941, 1942, and 1944. During the 1942 regular season, he led the Pacific Coast Conference in passing, completing 53 of 125 passes for 1,033 yards and 12 touchdowns. He also averaged 40 yards on 60 punts and broke the UCLA school record by appearing in 557 of 600 minutes in UCLA's 10 games. He led the 1942 Bruins to the Pacific Coast Conference football championship and was selected as the first-team quarterback on the 1942 All-Pacific Coast football team. In the 1943 Rose Bowl, the Bruins lost to Georgia; the game was scoreless into the fourth quarter when Waterfield's punt was blocked for a safety. Georgia added a touchdown to post a 9–0 win.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In April 1943, Waterfield was married to Jane Russell. Two weeks later, he was inducted into the United States Army and sent to Fort Benning for officer candidate school. He was commissioned as a lieutenant and played quarterback for Fort Benning's 176th Infantry football team in the fall of 1943.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In June 1944, Waterfield was honorably discharged from the Army due to a knee injury. He returned to college, played for the 1944 UCLA football team, and was selected by the Associated Press as a second-team back on the 1944 All-Pacific Coast football team.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In the East–West Shrine Game played on January 1, 1945, Waterfield led the West team with his passing and kicking to a come-from-behind victory. Hailed as a triple-threat star, he had punts of 87, 75, and 59 yards in the game. He caught the winning touchdown pass with three minutes remaining in the game. At the end of his college career, Al Wolf of the "Los Angeles Times" called him "one of the finest kickers and passers in Coast history."


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield was drafted by the Cleveland Rams in the fifth round (42nd overall pick) of the 1944 NFL Draft. He signed with the Rams in June 1945.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: As a rookie, Waterfield won the starting quarterback job and led the 1945 Rams team to the NFL championship with a 9–1 record. Waterfield led the NFL with 1,627 yards of total offense, 14 touchdown passes and an average of 9.4 yards per attempt. He also led the league with 17 interceptions. As a defensive back, he intercepted 6 passes.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: On Thanksgiving Day 1945, Waterfield completed 12 of 21 passes for a season-high 329 yards in a 28–21 victory over the Detroit Lions. Jim Benton caught 10 of Waterfield's passes for an NFL record of 303 receiving yards in a single game.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: On December 16, 1945, in the 1945 NFL Championship Game, Waterfield led the Rams to a 15–14 victory over Sammy Baugh's Washington Redskins in below zero weather in Cleveland. One sports writer opined that Waterfield "literally" beat the Redskins "singlehanded." Waterfield was responsible for both Cleveland touchdowns on passes of 37 and 44 yards, and his punts kept the Redskins pinned deep in their territory. Rams owner Dan Reeves announced that, before the game, Waterfield had signed a three-year contract for $20,000 per year, which made him the highest-paid player in pro football.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: After the season, Waterfield received the Joe F. Carr Trophy as the NFL's Most Valuable Player, outpacing Steve Van Buren by a tally of 65 points to 38. He was also a consensus pick as the first-team quarterback on the 1945 All-Pro Team.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In January 1946, less than a month after winning Cleveland's first NFL championship, the Rams announced that they would move to Los Angeles for the 1946 NFL season. In their first season in Los Angeles, the Rams compiled a 6–4–1 record and finished in second place in the NFL's Western Division. Waterfield firmly established himself as one of the NFL's multi-talented players. As a passer, he led the NFL in pass attempts (251), completions (127), and passing touchdowns (17) and ranked second with 1,747 passing yards and a 67.6 passer rating. He was also the league's second leading scorer (61 points). He led the NFL with 37 extra points out of 37 attempts and field goal percentage (66.7%) and finished third in the league with an average of 44.7 yards per punt. At the end of the season, he was selected by both the Associated Press (AP) and the United Press (UP) as the first-team quarterback on the 1946 All-Pro Team.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In 1947, the Rams dropped to fourth place in the NFL's West Division, and Waterfield did not rank among the league's leaders in any passing category except interceptions. He did, however, lead the NFL with seven field goals and had an 86-yard punt that was the longest in the NFL during the 1947 season. In 1948, the Rams finished in third place in the West. Waterfield ranked among the NFL leaders with 15.6 yards per pass completion (first), 14 passing touchdowns (fourth), and 18 interceptions (third), and for the second year had the longest punt in the league, this one measuring 88 yards. On October 4, 1948, Waterfield led the Rams to a 28–28 tie with the NFL champion-to-be Philadelphia Eagles; the Rams trailed, 28–0, in the third quarter, but Waterfield completed 17 of 35 passes for 263 yards and three touchdowns to lead the comeback.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield and Rams returned to the NFL's elite during the 1949 season. The Rams won the NFL's Western Division championship with an 8–2–2 record and lost to the Philadelphia Eagles in the 1949 NFL Championship Game. In 12 regular season games, Waterfield compiled career highs and ranked among the NFL leaders with 154 completed passes (third), 296 pass attempts (fourth), 2,168 passing yards (second), and 24 interceptions (first). For the third time in his career, he was selected as the quarterback on the 1948 All-Pro Team, receiving first-team honors from the AP and UP.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In 1950, Waterfield shared the quarterback position with Norm Van Brocklin with each starting six games. Waterfield's 57.3% completion percentage was the best in the NFL for the 1950 season. The 1950 Rams compiled a 9–3, won the National Conference championship, defeated the Chicago Bears in a divisional playoff game, and lost to the Cleveland Browns in the 1950 NFL Championship Game. In the playoff game against the Bears, Waterfield came off the bench suffering from the flu and completed 14 of 21 passes for 280 yards, including touchdown passes of 68, 28, and 22 yards to Tom Fears; Waterfield also kicked a 43–yard field goal and three extra points in the game. After the game, George Halas called the Rams "the finest passing team I've ever played against." On the first play from scrimmage in the 1950 NFL Championship Game, Waterfield threw an 82-yard touchdown pass to Glenn Davis, but the Browns prevailed, 30–28.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: During the off-season following the 1950 season, Waterfield tried his hand at an acting career. He starred with Johnny Weissmuller in "Jungle Manhunt" (also known as "Jungle Jim in the Forbidden Land"), playing the part of a football player stranded in the jungle.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In the fall of 1951, Waterfield resumed his role as the Rams' regular starting quarterback, starting 10 of the Rams' 12 games at the position. He led the 1951 Rams to an 8–4 record and the NFL championship. During the 1951 season, Waterfield led the NFL with an 81.8 passer rating, an average of 17.8 yards per completion, and 13 field goals made. He ranked second in the league with 98 points scored. He also had the longest pass in the NFL during the 1951 season, a 91-yard touchdown pass to Elroy Hirsch in a 42–17 victory over the Chicago Bears. At the end of the 1951 season, Waterfield played in his second Pro Bowl and was selected by the UP as the second-team quarterback (behind Otto Graham) on the 1951 All-Pro Team.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In 1952, Waterfield shared the Rams' quarterback job with Norm Van Brocklin, each starting six games. The Rams compiled a 9–3 and lost a divisional playoff game against the Detroit Lions. He announced his retirement on December 1, 1952, and was honored with Bob Waterfield Day for the Rams' final home game on December 14, 1952. The Rams retired Waterfield's No. 7 jersey and presented Waterfield with gifts in pregame ceremonies.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: At the time of his retirement in December 1952, Waterfield held four NFL career records (315 extra points and 60 field goals), a single-season record with 54 extra points in 1950, and a single-game record with five field goals in a game, and was tied for another single-game record with nine extra points in a game.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: During eight seasons with the Rams, he led the team to two NFL championships and four divisional championships. He averaged 42.4 yards as a punter, and he completed 814 passes for 11,849 yards and 97 touchdowns.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In 1954, Waterfield went into business with his wife, Jane Russell, forming Russ-Field Productions to produce motion pictures. Their productions included "Run for the Sun" (1956) and "The King and Four Queens" (1956).


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Waterfield also worked as the Rams' kicking coach in 1954 and again in 1955, working with Rams' linebacker Les Richter on his placekicking. In 1957, he also worked as an assistant coach for the Toronto Argonauts in the Canadian Football League.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: In June 1958, Waterfield returned to the NFL as an assistant coach for the Rams. He was assigned to develop the team's quarterbacks. He developed Bill Wade into an outstanding quarterback in 1958, but Waterfield left the team after the 1958 season.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: Sid Gillman resigned as the Rams head coach after the team went 2–10 in 1959. In January 1960, Waterfield signed a five-year contract to take over as the Rams' head coach. After two seasons with four wins each, the third season in 1962 was even less successful and he resigned after the eighth game with just one win. Waterfield's overall record as the Rams' head coach was 9–24–1 (.289). He was later a team scout and a rancher near Van Nuys.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: On April 24, 1943, Waterfield married actress Jane Russell, his sweetheart from Van Nuys High School who had subsequently gained fame as a pin-up girl. The couple eloped to Las Vegas shortly after Waterfield entered the military. They adopted three children, Thomas, Tracy, and Robert John, during the 1950s. Russell filed for divorce in February 1967, and Waterfield counterclaimed accusing Russell of habitual intemperance and excessive drinking. The divorce was granted in July 1968, with custody of the two oldest children being granted to Russell and custody of the youngest to Waterfield. He married Janet Ann Green in 1970.


title: Bob Waterfield

text: After an extended illness, Waterfield died of respiratory failure on March 25, 1983, at the age of 62, five weeks before his teammate Van Brocklin. He had been in the intensive care unit at St. Joseph Medical Center in Burbank for two weeks prior to his death.


title: Pot still

text: A pot still is a type of distillation apparatus or still used to distill liquors such as whisky or brandy. In modern (post-1850s) practice, they are not used to produce rectified spirit, because they do not separate congeners from ethanol as effectively as other distillation methods. Pot stills operate on a batch distillation basis (as contrasted with Coffey or column stills, which operate on a continuous basis). Traditionally constructed from copper, pot stills are made in a range of shapes and sizes depending on the quantity and style of spirit desired.


title: Pot still

text: Spirits distilled in pot stills top out between 60 and 80 percent alcohol by volume (ABV) after multiple distillations. Because of this relatively low level of ABV concentration, spirits produced by a pot still retain more of the flavour from the wash than distillation practices that reach higher ethanol concentrations.


title: Pot still

text: Under European law and various trade agreements, cognac (a protected term for a variety of brandy produced in the region around Cognac, France) and any Irish or Scotch whisky labelled as "pot still whisky" or "malt whisky" must be distilled using a pot still.


title: Pot still

text: During first distillation, the pot still (or "wash still") is filled about two-thirds full of a fermented liquid (or wash) with an alcohol content of about 7–12%. In the case of whiskey distillation, the liquid used is a beer, while in the case of brandy production, it is a base wine. The pot still is then heated so that the liquid boils.


title: Pot still

text: The liquid being distilled is a mixture of mainly water and alcohol, along with smaller amounts of other by-products of fermentation (called congeners), such as aldehydes and esters. At sea level, alcohol (ethanol) has a normal boiling point of while pure water boils at . As alcohol has a lower boiling point, it is more volatile and evaporates at a higher rate than water. Hence the concentration of alcohol in the vapour phase above the liquid is higher than in the liquid itself.


title: Pot still

text: During distillation, this vapour travels up the "swan neck" at the top of the pot still and down the "lyne arm", after which it travels through "the condenser" (also known as the "worm"), where it is cooled to yield a distillate with a higher concentration of alcohol than the original liquid. After one such stage of distillation, the resulting liquid, called "low wines", has a concentration of about 25–35% alcohol by volume.


title: Pot still

text: These "low wines" can be distilled again in a pot still to yield a distillate with a higher concentration of alcohol. In the case of many Irish whiskeys, the spirit is distilled for a third time. However, cognac and most single malt Scotch whiskies are distilled only twice.


title: Pot still

text: A still used for the redistillation of already-distilled products (especially in the United States) is known as a "doubler" named after its approximate effect on the level of the distillation purity. Distillers of around 1800 having sufficient resources to operate both a primary still and a separate doubler would typically use a smaller still for the doubler (typically about half the capacity) than for the first distillation.


title: Pot still

text: An alternative way to reach an increased distillation purity without a full second stage of distillation is to put another pot (often a passive pot i.e., without an external heat source) between the pot still and the cooling worm. Such a pot is known as a "thumper" named after the sound made by the vapour as it bubbles through a pool of liquid in the thumper. The distinction between a thumper and a doubler is that a thumper receives its input as a vapour prior to cooling, while the intake of a doubler is an already-condensed liquid.


title: Pot still

text: During distillation, the initial and final portions of spirit which condense (with the first portions termed the "foreshots" and "heads" and the final parts called the "tails" and "feints") may be captured separately from that in the centre or "heart" of the distillation and may be discarded. This is because these portions of the distillate may contain high concentrations of congeners (which it may be desirable to keep out of the final distillate for reasons of style, taste and toxicity). For example, the presence of pectin in the wash (e.g., due to using a mash made from fruit) may result in the production of methanol (a.k.a. wood alcohol), which has a lower boiling point than ethanol and thus would be more concentrated in the foreshots. Methanol is toxic and at sufficient concentrations, it can cause blindness and fatal kidney failure. It is especially important to discard the initial foreshots, while a small amount of the near-centre heads and tails are often included in the final product for their effect on the flavour.


title: Pot still

text: The largest pot still ever used was in the Old Midleton Distillery, County Cork, Ireland. Constructed in 1825, it had a capacity of and is no longer in use. As of 2014 the largest pot stills in use are in the neighbouring New Midleton Distillery, County Cork, Ireland, and have a capacity of .


title: SM Investments

text: SM Investments Corporation (SMIC), also known as SM Group, is a Filipino conglomerate with interests in shopping mall development and management, retail, real estate development, banking, and tourism. Founded by Henry Sy, it has become one of the largest conglomerates in the Philippines, being the country's dominant player in retail with 208 stores nationwide. Of these, 47 are SM Department Stores; 38 are SM Supermarkets; 37 are SM Hypermarkets and 86 are SaveMore branches.


title: SM Investments

text: It is the largest company in the Philippines in terms of market capitalization, and has repeatedly ranked as the top Philippine company in the Forbes Global 2000.


title: SM Investments

text: In 1958, Henry Sy Sr. started his first company, ShoeMart (SM), a small shoe store in Carriedo, Manila. He initially focused on buying large supplies of shoes from the United States. His business expanded as he transformed his shoe store into a department store.


title: SM Investments

text: At this point, Sy set up his second company, SM Department Store Inc., and began selling stocks to department stores. In 1978, he began buying supermarkets at the northern end of EDSA in Quezon City. During the 90s when he opened SM Megamall, his companies were listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange, SM Prime Holdings Inc. By 2005, the SM Investments Corporation was inaugurated.


title: SM Investments

text: SM Foundation is the corporate responsibility arm of the SM Group of Companies. The foundation has various areas of advocacy: education, scholarship programs, building schoolhouses, a mall-based outreach program, health care, medical missions, mobile clinics, hospital activity centers and religious community projects.


title: SM Investments

text: SM Cares is a program created to consolidate and coordinate all of SM Prime's corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. Carried out in all 40 SM malls nationwide, SM Cares' CSR projects cover environmental conservation (energy, air and water), and assistance to customers of SM malls with special needs such as the disabled, special children, the elderly and nursing mothers.


title: Good faith

text: In human interactions, good faith () is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction. Some Latin phrases have lost their literal meaning over centuries, but that is not the case with "bona fides", which is still widely used and interchangeable with its generally-accepted modern-day English translation of "good faith". It is an important concept within law and business. The opposed concepts are bad faith, "mala fides" (duplicity) and perfidy (pretense). In contemporary English, the usage of "bona fides" is synonymous with credentials and identity. The phrase is sometimes used in job advertisements, and should not be confused with the "bona fide" occupational qualifications or the employer's good faith effort, as described below.


title: Good faith

text: "Bona fides" is a Latin phrase meaning "good faith". Its ablative case is "bona fide", meaning "in good faith", which is often used as an adjective to mean "genuine". While today "fides" is concomitant to faith, a more technical translation of the Latin concept would be something like "reliability", in the sense of a trust between two parties for the potentiality of a relationship. In ancient Rome "bona fides" was always assumed by both sides, and it had implied responsibilities and both legal and religious consequences if broken. Fides was one of the original virtues to be considered a religious "divinity" in Roman paganism. Modern interpretation is that it is a return of favor for the completion of a favor.


title: Good faith

text: In law, "bona fides" denotes the mental and moral states of honesty and conviction regarding either the truth or the falsity of a proposition, or of a body of opinion; likewise regarding either the rectitude or the depravity of a line of conduct. As a legal concept "bona fides" is especially important in matters of equity. The concept of "bona fide" is also proclaimed by the original version of "Magna Carta". In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly and fairly, so as not to destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract. In insurance law, the insurer's breach of the implied covenant may give rise to a legal liability known as insurance bad faith.


title: Good faith

text: Most US jurisdictions view breaches of implied covenants of good faith and fair dealing solely as a variant of breach of contract. Linguistically, in the US, American English usage of "bona fides" applies it as synonymous with credentials, professional background, and documents attesting a person's identity, which is not synonymous with "bona fide" occupational qualifications. More recently, other common law countries have begun to adopt good faith as a general principle. In the UK, the High Court in "Yam Seng Pte Ltd v International Trade Corp Ltd" expressed this preference. In Canada, the Supreme Court declared in "Bhasin v. Hrynew" that good faith was a general organizing principle.


title: Good faith

text: "Bona fide" occupational qualifications (employer's good faith effort) are qualities or attributes that employers are allowed to consider when making decisions on the hiring and retaining of employees. An employer's good faith effort is used as an evaluation tool by the jurisdiction during the annual program review process to determine an employer's level of commitment to the reduction goals of the Washington State's Commute Trip Reduction (CTR) Law. United States federal and state governments are required by affirmative action (and other such laws) to look for disabled, minority, female, and veteran business enterprises when bidding public jobs. Good faith effort law varies from state to state and even within states depending on the awarding department of the government. Most good faith effort requires advertising in state certified publications, usually a trade and a focus publication. Other countries such as Canada have similar programs.


title: Good faith

text: Public wikis depend on implicitly or explicitly assuming that its users are acting in good faith. Wikipedia's principle "Assume Good Faith" (often abbreviated AGF) has been a stated guideline since 2005. It has been described as "the first principle in the Wikipedia etiquette". According to one study of users' motives for contributing to Wikipedia, "while participants have both individualistic and collaborative motives, collaborative (altruistic) motives dominate."


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The Kingdom of Singapura (Malay: "Kerajaan Singapura") was an Indianised Malay Hindu-Buddhist kingdom thought to have been established during the early history of Singapore upon its main island Pulau Ujong, then also known as Temasek, from 1299 until its fall in 1398. Conventional view marks as the founding year of the kingdom by Sang Nila Utama (also known as "Sri Tri Buana"), whose father is Sang Sapurba, a semi-divine figure who according to legend is the ancestor of several Malay monarchs in the Malay World. The historicity of this kingdom based on the account given in the "Malay Annals" is uncertain, and many historians only consider its last ruler Parameswara (or Sri Iskandar Shah) a historically attested figure. Archaeological evidence from Fort Canning Hill and the nearby banks of the Singapore River has nevertheless demonstrated the existence of a thriving settlement and a trade port in the 14th century.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The settlement developed in the 13th or 14th century and rose from a small Srivijayan trading outpost into a centre of international trade in the Malay Archipelago, India and the Yuan Dynasty. It was however claimed by two regional powers at that time, Ayuthaya from the north and Majapahit from the south. As a result, the kingdom's fortified capital was attacked by at least two major foreign invasions before it was finally sacked by the Majapahit in 1398 according to the "Malay Annals", or the Siamese according to Portuguese sources. The last king, Parameswara or Iskandar Shah, fled to the west coast of the Malay Peninsula to establish the Malacca Sultanate in 1400.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The name "Singapura" is derived from Sanskrit meaning "Lion City". "Singa" comes from the Sanskrit word "siṃha", which means "lion", and "pūra" means "city" in Sanskrit. According to the "Malay Annals", Sri Tri Buana and his men were exploring Tanjong Bemban while in Bintan when he spotted an island with white sandy beach from a high point. On learning that the island was called Temasek, they set sail for the island, but encountered a severe storm on the way. After they managed to land safely on the island, they went to hunt for wild animals. He suddenly saw a strange animal with a red body, black head and a white neck breast. It was a fine-looking animal and moved with great speed as it disappeared into the jungle. He asked his chief minister, Demang Lebar Daun, what animal it was, and was told that it probably was an Asiatic lion. He then decided to stay in Temasek, named the city he founded Singapura or "Lion City".


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Some scholars believe that the person Sri Tri Buana and the story of its founding to be fictional, and a number of alternative suggestions for the origin of the name of Singapore have been given. For example, it has been proposed that the name Singapura was adopted by Parameswara as an indication that he was re-establishing in Temasek the lion throne that he had originally set up in Palembang as a challenge to the Javanese Majapahit Empire. In this version of events, Parameswara had assassinated the local ruler of Temasek and usurped the throne, and changed the name of Temasek to strengthen the legitimacy of his claim over the island. Others linked the name to the Javanese kingdom of Singhasari as well as a Majapahit Buddhist sect whose adherents were referred to as lions. Although it is believed that the name Singapura replaced Temasek some time in the 14th century, the origin of the name cannot be determined with certainty.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The only comprehensive account of Singapore's history in this era is the "Malay Annals". These were written and compiled during the heyday of Melaka and re-compiled in 1612 by the court of its successors in the Johor Sultanate. It is the basis for accounts of its founding, the succession of rulers and its decline. As no specific date is given in the "Malay Annals", the chronology of the history of the kingdom of Singapura as set out in the "Malay Annals" can be calculated from the date of death of Parameswara given in the "Ming Annals". While various aspects of the accounts of the Melaka and Johor sultanates given in the "Malay Annals" are relatively accurate, the same could not be said for the kingdom of Singapura for which there is little corroborating evidence for large part of its accounts. Historians are therefore generally in doubt over the historicity of the kingdom as described in the semi-historical "Malay Annals", nevertheless some consider Singapura to be a significant polity that existed between the decline of Srivijaya and the rise of Melaka. Some also argued that the author of the "Malay Annals", whose purpose is to legitimise the claim of descent from the Palembang ruling house, invented the five kings of Singapura to gloss over an inglorious period of its history. However, Iskandar Shah/Parameswara, the last ruler of Singapura and founder of the Melaka Sultanate, is a figure that could be considered factual.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Accounts of Singapura in its final years are also briefly given in Portuguese sources, such as those by Tomé Pires, Brás de Albuquerque (who published letters by his father Afonso de Albuquerque), Godinho de Erédia, and João de Barros. For example, the "Suma Oriental", written shortly after the Portuguese conquest of Melaka, briefly mentions Singapura in relation to the foundation of Melaka. Both "Suma Oriental" and "Malay Annals" contain similar stories about a fleeing Palembang prince who arrived and lay claim to Singapura, and about the last king of Singapura who fled to the west coast of Malay peninsula to found Melaka. However, both accounts differ markedly as "Suma Oriental" identifies the fleeing prince and the last king of Singapura as Parameswara. In contrast, the "Malay Annals" identifies the fleeing prince and the last king as completely two different persons separated by five generations, Sang Nila Utama and Iskandar Shah respectively. "Suma Oriental" noted further that the fleeing Palembang prince assassinated the local ruler "Temagi" or "Sang Aji" and usurped the throne of Singapura sometimes around the 1390s, and Parameswara then ruled Singapura for five years with the help of the "Çelates" or Orang Laut.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Portuguese sources also named Iskandar Shah as Parameswara's son, Chinese Ming dynasty sources similar named Iskandar Shah as the second ruler of Melaka. Many modern scholars believe Parameswara to be the same person as Iskandar Shah, and some scholars argued that they were mistaken as two different persons due to a change of name from Parameswara to Iskandar Shah after he had converted to Islam. There are however also different opinions, and many now accept Megat Iskandar Shah as the son of Parameswara.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The only first-hand account of 14th-century Singapore may be the descriptions of a place named "Danmaxi" (generally identified with Temasek) written by Wang Dayuan in the "Daoyi Zhilue", a record of his travels. It indicates that Temasek was ruled by a local chief during Wang's visit around 1330, however the word used (酋長, "tribal chief") by Wang indicates that the ruler may not have been independent, rather he was a vassal of another more powerful state. Wang also mentioned that the Siamese attacked the fortified city of Temasek with around 70 ships a few years before he visited, but Temasek successfully resisted the attack which lasted a month. Other settlements on the island recorded by Wang are Long Ya Men (identified with Keppel Harbour) and Ban Zu (possibly a transcription of "Pancur", or a sacred spring on Fort Canning Hill); the exact relationship between these settlements is unclear.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Although the existence of the kingdom as described in the "Malay Annals" is debatable, archaeological excavations on Fort Canning and its vicinity along the banks of the Singapore River since 1984 by John Miksic have confirmed the presence of a thriving settlement and a trade port here during the 14th century. Remnants of a wall of significant size (described by John Crawfurd as around five metres wide and three metres high) and unique to the region were found inland along present day Stamford Road. Excavations also found evidence of structures built on what is now Fort Canning Hill, along with evidence of fruit orchards and terraces. Local lore when the British arrived in the early 1800s associated it with the royalty of ancient Singapura where its last ruler was buried, and the hill was known to them as the forbidden hill ("Bukit Larangan"), as it was the site of spirits. Items of gold jewelries of Javanese Majapahit style, including rings, earrings, an arm band and what was likely a head ornament have also been found in 1928 when workers excavated the hill for a reservoir. Numerous fragments of ceramics, porcelain, and other objects have been found at three different locations around the Singapore River and Fort Canning Hill, with those from Fort Canning Hill of a higher quality than the others, offering further evidence that it was the residence of the elites, all of which supports the notion that Singapore was a political and commercial center in the 14th century.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The once great empire of Srivijaya had been weakened by numerous raids launched by the Chola Empire in the 11th century and was entering its terminal decline by the end of the 13th century, when it caught the attention of the expansionist Javanese King, Kertanegara of Singhasari. In 1275, Kertanegara launched the Pamalayu expedition to overrun Sumatra and by 1288, Singhasari naval expeditionary forces successfully sacked Jambi and Palembang and brought Srivijaya to its knees. Over the course of the next decade, the Majapahit Empire would emerge as the regional hegemon in the wake of the Mongol invasion of Java.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The conquest of Srivijaya caused a massive flight of the Srivijayan princes and nobles, some of whom raised rebellions against the Javanese rule and left the area of southern Sumatra in chaos and desolation. With this period of political fragmentation as a backdrop, Temasek, also known as Singapura, emerged as a regional emporium around the turn of the 14th century, with the archaeology of Singapore indicating a strong entanglement with mainland and archipelagic Southeast Asia as well as with Yuan Dynasty and Ming Dynasty China.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The primary source concerning the history of the rulers of Singapura is "Malay Annals", and the rest of this section is mainly built upon reconstructions from its text, although corroborating evidence is scarce and its polemic nature suggests strongly against literal interpretations of this chronicle. Other sources for Singapore's history in this period include the Yuan Dynasty merchant Wang Dayuan's compendium known as the "Daoyi Zhilue" ("Records of the Barbarians of the Isles"), Portuguese apothecary Tome Pires' "Suma Oriental" and scattered references in the Majapahit "Nagarakretagama" and Ming records.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: According to the "Malay Annals", a fleeing Palembang prince named Sang Nila Utama, who claimed to be a descendant of Alexander the Great (via his Islamic interpretation as Iskandar Zulkarnain), took refuge in the island of Bintan for several years before he set sail and landed on Temasek in 1299. In the Srivijayan era, Temasek was a small trading outpost and primarily inhabited by Orang Laut seafarers. Historically, these Orang Laut were very loyal to the Malay kings, patrolling adjacent seas and repelling other petty pirates, directing traders to their Malay overlords' ports and maintaining those ports' dominance in the area. These "Orang Laut" eventually acclaimed him as "Raja" ("king"), and Sang Nila Utama renamed Temasek as "Singapura" and founded his capital around the mouth of the Singapore River.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The area was suitable for a new settlement due to the nearby presence of a spring and a hill. The fresh water from a spring on the hill's slope served both as a bathing place for royalty and, at the base of a hill, a source of fresh water for the populace. The hill (modern-day Fort Canning hill) itself represented Mount Meru, the seat of the gods in Hindu-Buddhist mythology, which was associated with kingship and divinity in ancient Southeast Asian culture. Building a palace on a hill would have helped Sang Nila Utama to assert his role as a semi-divine ruler.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The king styled himself as Sri Tri Buana, or "The Lord of Three Worlds", indicating authority over the universe. Within few decades, the small settlement grew into a thriving cosmopolitan city serving as a port of call for richly laden trade ships plying the pirate-infested waters of the Melaka Straits region. The "Malay Annals" mention that supplies of workers, horses and elephants were sent from Bintan by the king's adoptive mother, Queen Parameswari of Bintan.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: It was during this period that contacts with Yuan Dynasty China were established. It was recorded that in 1320, Yuan China sent envoys to "Long Ya Men" (thought by some to stretch from modern-day Keppel Harbour south to northwestern side of Sentosa and west to what is today Labrador Park) "to obtain tame elephants", and the natives of "Long Ya Men" returned with tributes and a trade mission to China in 1325.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: "Long Ya Men" was part of Temasek (the kingdom of Singapura) according to Chinese traveler Wang Dayuan who visited Temasek in the 1330s and wrote an account of his travel in "Dao Yi Zhi Lue". He describes Temasek as comprising two settlements – "Ban Zu" (after the Malay word "pancur" or fresh-water spring), a peaceful trading port city under the rule of the King. The second settlement he describes as an area surrounding the "Long-ya-men", which was occupied by ferocious pirates who launched frequent attacks on passing merchant ships. He also notes that Chinese traders lived there, "side by side with the natives". He also mentions some of the trade goods bartered in Singapura: red gold, cotton prints, blue satin, lakawood and fine hornbill casques.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The Siamese attempted to subjugate the island kingdom in this period. According to Wang's account, possibly a few years before he visited Temasek in the 1330s, a Siamese fleet consisted of 70 junks descended upon the island kingdom and launched an attack. The moated and heavily fortified city managed to withstand the siege of the Siamese for a month until the Siamese fleet withdrew with the arrival of Javanese ships.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: In 1347, Sri Teri Buana was succeeded by Sri Wikrama Wira. The increasingly powerful Javanese kingdom of Majapahit, the successor of Singhasari, began eyeing the growing influence of the tiny island kingdom. Under the leadership of its ambitious warlord, Gajah Mada, Majapahit started to embark on overseas expansions against all kingdoms of Nusantara. In 1350, Hayam Wuruk ascended to the throne of Majapahit. The new king sent an envoy to Singapura demanding the submission of the tiny kingdom. Wikrama Wira refused to do so and even sent a symbolic message threatening to shave the Majapahit king's head should he proceed to Singapura.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The furious Majapahit king ordered an invasion with a fleet of 100 main warships (jong) and innumerable smaller vessels under the command of Damang Wiraja. The fleet passed through the island of Bintan, from where the news spread to Singapura. The defenders immediately assembled 400 warboats to face the invasion. Both sides clashed on the coast of Singapura in a battle that took place in three days and three nights. Many were slain on both sides, however in the evening of the third day, the Javanese were driven back to their ships.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The victorious Sri Wikrama Wira died in 1362 and succeeded by his son, Sri Rana Wikrama. Despite the failure in the previous campaign, the Javanese chronicle "Nagarakretagama" lists Singapura as a subject of Majapahit in 1365. During his reign, Sri Rana Wikrama established a diplomatic ties with a Sumatran Muslim kingdom, Peureulak. It was during the reign of Sri Rana Wikrama that a legendary man with an unusual strength, Badang, was said to have demonstrated his feat of strength in Rana Wikrama's court, including casting the Singapore Stone to its location at the mouth of the Singapore River, where it stood until it was demolished by the British East India Company.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: In 1375, Rana Wikrama was succeeded by his son Sri Maharaja. According to "Malay Annals", the reign of Sri Maharaja was marked with the event of "todak" (garfish) ravaging the coast of Singapura. A young boy, Hang Nadim, thought of an ingenious solution to fend off the "todak" by planting banana plants along the shoreline, where they would get stuck whilst leaping out of the water. The king was initially grateful, but felt increasingly envious of the attention the boy's intelligence was garnering, and ordered to have the boy executed.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: In 1387, Paduka Sri Maharaja was succeeded by Iskandar Shah, commonly identified as the king Parameswara mentioned in the "Suma Oriental" of Tome Pires. Based on his peculiar Persian name and title, it is believed that Iskandar Shah was the first king of Singapura to embrace Islam. Portuguese accounts by Pires however suggested that the Iskandar Shah mentioned in his text (and said to be Parameswara's son) only converted when he was 72 as the ruler of Malacca.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: As mentioned in the Malay annals, the story of the fall of Singapura and the flight of its last king begins with Iskandar Shah's accusation of one of his concubines of adultery. As punishment, the king had her stripped naked in public. In revenge, the concubine's father, Sang Rajuna Tapa who was also an official in Iskandar Shah's court, secretly sent a message to the king of Majapahit, pledging his support should the king choose to invade Singapura. In 1398, Majapahit dispatched a fleet of 300 jong and hundreds of smaller vessels (of kelulus, pelang, and jongkong types), carrying no fewer than 200,000 men.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The Javanese soldiers engaged with the defenders in a battle outside the fortress, before forcing them to retreat behind the walls. The invasion force laid a siege of the city and repeatedly tried to attack the fortress. However the fortress proved to be impregnable. After about a month passed, the food in the fortress began to run low and the defenders were on the verge of starvation. Sang Rajuna Tapa was then asked to distribute whatever grain left to the people from the royal store. Seeing this opportunity for revenge, the minister lied to the King, saying the stores were empty. The grain was not distributed and the people eventually starved. The final assault came when the gates were finally opened under the order of the treacherous minister. Knowing that defeat was imminent, Iskandar Shah and his followers fled the island. The Majapahit soldiers rushed into the fortress and a terrible massacre ensued. According to the "Malay Annals", "blood flowed like a river" and the red stains on the laterite soil of Singapore are said to be blood from that massacre.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Portuguese sources give a significantly different account of the life of last ruler of Singapura. These accounts named the last ruler of Singapure and founder of Malacca as Parameswara, a name also found in Ming annals. It is generally believed that the Iskandar Shah of the "Malay Annals" is the same person as Parameswara. However, Portuguese accounts and Ming sources indicate that Iskandar Shah was the son of Parameswara who became the second ruler of Malacca, and some therefore argued for Megat Iskandar Shah as the son of Parameswara. According to the Portuguese accounts, Parameswara was a prince from Palembang who attempted to challenge Javanese rule over Palembang sometime after 1360. The Javanese then attacked and drove Parameswara out of Palembang. Parameswara escaped to Singapore, and was welcomed by its ruler of with the title Sang Aji named Sangesinga. Parameswara assassinated the local ruler after 8 days, then ruled Singapura for five years with the help of the "Çelates" or Orang Laut. He was however driven out by the Thais, possibly as a punishment for killing the Sang Aji whose wife may have been from the Kingdom of Patani.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: "Malay Annals" provides a well-defined hierarchical structure of Singapura, which was later partly adopted by its successor, Melaka. The highest hierarchical position was the "Raja" (king) as an absolute monarch. Next to the king were "Orang Besar Berempat" (four senior nobles) headed by a "Bendahara" (equivalent to a Grand Vizier) as the highest-ranking officer and the advisor to the King. He was then assisted by three other senior nobles based on the order of precedence namely; "Perdana Menteri" (prime minister), "Penghulu Bendahari" (chief of treasurer) and "Hulubalang Besar" (grand commander).


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The "Perdana Menteri" assisted "Bendahara" in administrating the internal affairs of the kingdom and usually sit opposite to "Bendahara" in the royal court, while "Penghulu Bendahari" was responsible to the financial affairs of the kingdom.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The "Hulubalang Besar" acted as a chief of staff of the army and commanded several other Hulubalangs (commanders), that in turn leading smaller military units. These four senior nobles were then assisted by other lower ranking officials titled "Orang Besar Caterias", "Sida Bentaras" and "Orang Kayas".


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Singapura's rise as a trade-post was concurrent with the era known as Pax Mongolica or "Mongolian peace", where the Mongol influence over both the overland and maritime silk roads provided a context in which a new global trading system could develop. Previously, shipping occurred on a long-distance routes from the far east to India or even further west to the Arabian peninsula, which was relatively costly, risky and time-consuming. However, the new trading system involved the division of the maritime silk road into three segments: an Indian Ocean sector linking the Gulf of Aden and the Straits of Hormuz-based Arab traders to India, a Bay of Bengal sector linking the Indian ports with the Straits of Malacca and its associated ports including Singapura and the South China Sea sector linking Southeast Asia with Southern China.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: Singapura achieved its significance due to its role as a port. It seems to fit as least in part the definition of a port of trade in which trade is less a function of the economy and more a function of government policy; thus trading would have been highly structured and institutionalized, with government agents playing key roles in port activities. Portuguese traders' account in particular, suggest that Singapura operated in such a manner. Reports from merchants of different countries also indicate that Singapura was a point of exchange, rather than a source for goods. Local products were limited in type and mainly consisted of lakawood, tin, hornbill casques (an ivory-like part of the hornbill bird, which was valued for carved ornaments), some wooden items and cotton. Other commonly traded products included a variety of fabrics (cotton and satins), iron rods, iron pots, and porcelains. Chinese traders also reported that there were agricultural products but very few due to poor soil. Although these goods were also available from other Southeast Asian ports, those from Singapura were unique in terms of their quality. Singapura also acted as a gateway into the regional and international economic system for its immediate region. South Johor and the Riau Archipelago supplied products to Singapore for export elsewhere, while Singapura was the main source of foreign products to the region. Archaeological artefacts such as ceramics and glassware found in the Riau Archipelago evidence this. In addition, cotton was transshipped from Java or India through Singapura.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The increase in activities by Chinese traders seems especially significant for Singapura and its trade. Report by Wang Dayuan indicates that, by this time, there was a Chinese settlement in Singapore living peaceably with the indigenous population.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: According to the "Malay Annals", after they had sacked Singapura, the Majapahit army abandoned the city and returned to Java. The city would have been ruined and greatly depopulated. The rivalry between the courts of Javanese and Malay in the region nevertheless was renewed few years later when the last king Iskandar Shah, founded his new stronghold on the mouth of Bertam river in the west coast of Malay peninsula. Within decades, the new city grew rapidly to become the capital of Melaka Sultanate and emerged as the primary base in continuing the historic struggles of Singapura and Srivijaya, against their Java-based nemeses. The account by João de Barros suggests that Singapura did not end suddenly after the attack by the Siamese, rather Singapore declined gradually when Parameswara's son Iskandar Shah pushed for trade to move to Melaka instead of Singapura.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: As a major entrepot, Melaka attracted Muslim traders from various part of the world and became a centre of Islam, dissemanting the religion throughout the Maritime Southeast Asia. The expansion of Islam into the interiors of Java in 15th century led to the gradual decline of Hindu-Majapahit before it finally succumbed to the emerging local Muslim forces in the early 16th century. The period spanning from Melakan era right until the age of European colonisation, saw the domination of Malay-Muslim sultanates in trade and politics that eventually contributed to the Malayisation of the region.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: By the mid-15th century, Majapahit found itself unable to control the rising power of Melaka that began to gain effective control of Melaka straits and expands its influence to Sumatra. Singapura was also absorbed into its realm and once served as the fiefdom of Melakan Laksamana (or admiral). The Johor Sultanate emerged as the dominant power around the Straits of Singapore until it was assimilated into the sphere of influence of the Dutch East India Company; the island of Singapore would not regain autonomy from Johor until Sir Stamford Raffles claimed it and its port for the British East India Company in 1819, deliberately invoking its history as related in the "Malay Annals", whose translation by Dr. John Leyden he published posthumously in 1821. The dispute concerning Singapore's legal status, along with other matters arising from British seizure of Dutch colonial possessions during the Napoleonic Wars, was settled by the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, permanently dividing archipelagic and mainland Southeast Asia.


title: Kingdom of Singapura

text: The independent Republic of Singapore, following the confirmation of its past as the Kingdom of Singapura through its archaeology, has promoted Singapura's history as a regional emporium, showcasing it in the Maritime Experiential Museum on Sentosa and incorporating the chronicle of Sang Nila Utama into its primary school social sciences curriculum. As part of events commemorating the bicentennial of Raffles' claim to Singapore, a statue of Sang Nila Utama has been erected (along with those of other Singaporean pioneers contemporary with Raffles) at the Raffles' Landing Site along the very same Singapore River which the Kingdom of Singapura was built upon.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Sandesh Jhingan (born 21 July 1993) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a defender for the Indian Super League club Bengaluru and the Indian national team.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: He won the AIFF emerging player of the year award in 2014 and made his debut for the India national side in 2015. In 2020, Jhingan was honoured with the Arjuna Award, the second-highest sporting honour of India. He is also the recipient of the 2020–21 AIFF Men's Player of the Year Award.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Born in Chandigarh, Jhingan received his football training at the St. Stephen's Academy. While with the academy, Jhingan helped the side reach the South-East Asian finals of the Manchester United Premier Cup. He also represented the Chandigarh state team at the under-19 level, helping them win the B.C. Roy Trophy.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: After impressive performances for his state side and academy team, Jhingan received a call-up to attend trials at I-League 2nd Division side United Sikkim in November 2011. The trials were successful for Jhingan and he signed for the club the next month in December. Playing alongside former India internationals, Bhaichung Bhutia and Renedy Singh, Jhingan helped United Sikkim earn promotion to the I-League after the 2012 season.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Jhingan in a June 2020 interview said that he was rejected by many second and third division clubs in Kolkata. He said, "It was during the starting phase of my career. Back then I was looking for clubs and I appeared for quite a few trials at a number of clubs in Kolkata — even in the second and third divisions. But I was rejected by all."


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Jhingan made his senior professional debut in the I-League on 6 October 2012 in United Sikkim's first match of the season against Salgaocar. Jhingan started the match and lasted the whole ninety minutes and scored the winning goal for United Sikkim as they won 3–2. He then scored his second goal for the club on 18 November 2012 against Sporting Goa. His goal was the only one for United Sikkim as they lost 2–1. Despite United Sikkim suffering from relegation at the end of the season and conceding a league high 63 goals, Jhingan was noticed to be a bright talent from the team. In February 2013 it was reported that Jhingan was receiving interest from Chinese League One clubs and that he would head to China for trials. However, selection into the India national team meant that Jhingan could not attend trials.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: After the 2012–13 season, Jhingan signed a contract with IMG–Reliance to eventually be part of the Indian Super League which was to start in 2014. Despite struggling to sign a contract with an I-League club before the ISL began, Jhingan did reject an offer from Dempo. "Dempo is a big club and to receive an offer from them in itself was a big thing for me. There is no doubt that being associated with the club and playing under coach Arthur Papas would have benefitted me as a player. However, I don't regret my decision," Jhingan said in an interview. In November 2013 it was reported that Jhingan had signed with Rangdajied United on loan for the remainder of the season. However, not long after, it was announced that Jhingan had instead signed for Mumbai for the rest of the I-League campaign. He made his debut for the club on 7 December 2013 against Pune. Jhingan started the match and played for the whole match as Mumbai won 2–1.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: A few weeks later, on 15 December, Jhingan received a red card for a second yellow offense in a match against Rangdajied United. Despite being ejected, Mumbai still drew the match 1–1.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 22 July 2014, a day after his 21st birthday, Jhingan was selected in the second round of the 2014 ISL Inaugural Domestic Draft by the Kerala Blasters. He appeared on the bench for the side in their opening match of the season against NorthEast United. Despite not playing in the first match, Jhingan did start for the Blasters in their second match of the season against Chennaiyin. He started the match and put in a good performance but could not prevent the Kerala Blasters from losing 2–1. From that point Jhingan remained a constant presence for the Kerala Blasters throughout the 2014 season, appearing 14 times for the side. His performance for the Kerala Blasters helped earn Jhingan the "Emerging Player of the League" award.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 20 December 2014, Jhingan started for the Kerala Blasters in the 2014 Indian Super League Final against Atlético de Kolkata. Despite putting in a valiant performance, Jhingan could not prevent Atlético de Kolkata from taking the title as the Kerala Blasters fell 1–0.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 8 February 2015, after the 2014 ISL season, Jhingan signed with Sporting Goa on loan for the 2014–15 I-League. He made his debut for the club on the same day against Mumbai. He started and played the full match as Sporting and Mumbai drew 0–0.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: After the conclusion of the season, Jhingan was retained by the Kerala Blasters for the 2015 season and in the process became the highest paid Indian player in the league, earning more than 10 million. Despite his performances from last season, which also earned Jhingan interest from abroad, he was not able to replicate the same quality in 2015. Despite being partnered at times with former Spanish international Carlos Marchena and former Newcastle United defender Peter Ramage, Jhingan and the Blasters conceded a league worst 27 goals and finished last in the table.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 4 March 2016, after the 2015 ISL season, it was announced that Jhingan would join I-League side DSK Shivajians on loan from the Kerala Blasters. He made his debut for the side two days later on 6 March against East Bengal. He started the match and played the full ninety minutes as DSK Shivajians won the match 2–0.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Because of his solid performance at the defence and due to immense pressure from fans, Jhingan was once again retained in the draft by the Kerala Blasters for the 2016 season. In the first match of the season, Jhingan was placed at right-back as the center of defense was taken up by Aaron Hughes and Cédric Hengbart. Kerala Blasters lost the match 1–0. The next match saw Jhingan return to his preferred center back role after Hughes left for FIFA World Cup qualification. The result did not improve as the Kerala Blasters were defeated 1–0 by Atlético de Kolkata. For the rest of the season, after Hughes returned, Jhingan stayed primarily as a right-back, earning praise for his performances which helped the Blasters to reach their second Indian Super League final in three seasons.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 12 January 2017, another I-League club, Bengaluru, announced the signing of Jhingan on a season long loan deal from the Kerala Blasters. He made his debut for the club six days later in a league match against Mumbai as a 71st-minute substitute for Harmanjot Khabra as Bengaluru won 3–0. Jhingan started his first match on 11 February 2017 against Minerva Punjab in a 1–1 draw.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 14 March 2017, Jhingan played in his first career club continental match when he started for Bengaluru in an AFC Cup match against fellow Indian side Mohun Bagan. He scored the equalizing goal for Bengaluru, his first for the club, in the 51st minute to tie the score at 1–1 before Sunil Chhetri scored the winner for the club six minutes later as the club achieved a 2–1 victory. He scored his second goal for the club, and only goal in the league, on 22 April 2017 against his former club DSK Shivajians. His 90th-minute goal was the last in a 7–0 rout by Bengaluru.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 21 May 2017, Jhingan was part of the squad that helped Bengaluru FC win the 2016–17 Federation Cup, beating Mohun Bagan 2–0 in the final as Jhingan won his first top tier piece of silverware.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 8 July 2017, it was announced that Jhingan has been retained by the Blasters for the 2017–18 season after he signed a long-term contract that made him the highest paid defender in the Indian Super League. Jhingan was one of three Indian players retained by the Kerala Blasters, the others being C.K. Vineeth and Prasanth Karuthadathkuni, and the deal he signed reportedly kept him at the club until 2020, paying him ₹38 million.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 16 November 2017, a day before the Kerala Blasters' first match of the season against ATK, Jhingan was announced as the captain of the Blasters for the upcoming season.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: He continued as the captain in the following 2018–19 season. Before the beginning of the 2019–20 season, he was ruled out for the entire season due to ACL injury.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 21 May 2020, Kerala Blasters announced they have parted ways with Jhingan on mutual consent. "When we parted ways, it was mutual and it was a mature decision from both ends. If my decision to leave Kerala was about money, I would have done that long ago when I had much-better offers. I remained loyal because I loved the project, the club and the fans. I’ve given my all to the club. I’ve played with stitches, concussions and muscle problems. Kerala Blasters will always remain a part of me. Nobody can take that away." Jhingan said about his decision of leaving the Blasters"."


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: As a tribute to his contributions to the club, Blasters permanently retired his jersey number 21. But the Blasters later brought back the jersey in April 2022 after Jhingan was involved in a controversy by making a sexist comment after a match against the Blasters during his second tenure at ATK Mohun Bagan.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 26 September 2020, ATK Mohun Bagan announced the signing of Jhingan on a 5-year deal. He was chosen as one of the 5 captains of the team. Jhingan's partnership with Tiri in the backlne helped ATK Mohun Bagan to keep 10 clean sheets throughout the season in 22 matches. He was featured in all matches except one where he picked up an injury after a collision with his team's goalkeeper Arindam Bhattacharya against Hyderabad. ATK Mohun Bagan finished as runners up in the playoffs and was qualified for the AFC Cup 2022. They finished second in the league table behind Mumbai City.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Despite having a five-year deal with ATK Mohun Bagan, Jhingan's contract had clauses which allowed him to move to a European club upon receiving an offer. On 18 August 2021, Croatian First Football League side Šibenik announced the signing of Jhingan on a one-year deal with an option to extend for another year, becoming the first Indian to play in Croatia. Three days since signing the contract, Jhingan sustained a calf injury 30 hours prior to the next match day.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: He returned to training in early October. After nearly two-month long injury, he made it to matchday squad in a league match against Slaven Belupo on 22 October. However he didn't get any minutes as he was benched throughout the game. He was again benched in the next match against Hrvatski Dragovoljac on 30 October.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: During the 2022 January transfer window, Jhingan returned to ATK Mohun Bagan after parting ways with Šibenik. He signed a short term contract with the club. Jhingan totally played in nine matches during the 2021–22 season. On 28 July 2022, ATK Mohun Bagan announced the departure of Jhingan after the expiry of his contract.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: After his triumph for his state team at the B.C. Roy Trophy, Jhingan was called up to the India under-19 side. Injuries however meant that Jhingan could not attend. Jhingan was then called up to the senior India side in February 2013 for their preparatory camp but once again an injury kept him off the team.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Prior to the 2013 SAFF Championship, Jhingan was selected to be part of the India national team. In September 2014, Jhingan was selected into the India under-23 side that would play in the 2014 Asian Games. Jhingan made his international debut at this level in India's opening match against the United Arab Emirates on 15 September 2014. He started the match and gave an own goal as India lost 5–0.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: After his performance during the 2014 ISL season, Jhingan made his senior international debut for India against Nepal in the country's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier. Jhingan started the match and played the full ninety minutes as India won 2–0. Jhingan then scored his first international goal for India on 29 March 2016 against Turkmenistan. His goal was the only one though for India as they fell 2–1. Jhingan then scored his second goal for India on 7 June 2016 against Laos. His 48th-minute goal was one of six as India won 6–1.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Prior to the qualifiers for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup, Jhingan scored his third international career goal when he scored in the 54th minute in an international friendly against Cambodia on 22 March 2017. His strike was the third for India as they went on to win 3–2. He then scored his fourth goal for India in another international friendly, on 6 June 2017, against Nepal. The goal was the first for India as they won 2–0. Jhingan was then handed the India national team captaincy by head coach Stephen Constantine before their friendly matches against Mauritius and St. Kitts and Nevis in the absence of regular captain Sunil Chhetri. Speaking after the match against Mauritius, in which India won 2–1, Constantine praised Jhingan, saying "Sandesh is a player who should be playing in a bigger league. He is a fighter and leads by example." A couple months later, on 11 November, India secured qualification for the Asian Cup when they defeated Macau 4–1. Jhingan started that match, thus starting in all four of India's qualification matches up till that point, and helped India keep the clean sheet against Macau, Myanmar, and Kyrgyzstan.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: In 2018 Intercontinental Cup, Jhingan was a wall at the back for the Indian team. The Indian defense led by him got 3 clean sheets out of 4 matches and they won the tournament by defeating Kenya in the final.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: In a friendly match against a stronger Chinese side on 13 October 2018, Jhingan was named as the captain and the match ended 0–0. It was the first time that India were undefeated on Chinese soil.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: The 2019 AFC Asian Cup was the tournament where Jhingan performed at his full potential during his first 5 years with the national side. In the first match of the tournament against Thailand, India defeated them by a score of 4–1. Jhingan's performance during the match was praised by several football pundits. Even though India was defeated by a stronger UAE by 2–0, in the next match they were at the verge of reaching the pre-quarter of the tournament. They only needed a draw against Bahrain in their last group match. India was able to hold them for 90-minute.But an injury time penalty conceded by Pronay Halder costed them the game and they were eliminated from the tournament.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: 9 September was the last time that Jhingan played for India in 2019. In a crucial away match against Qatar for the 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, the match ended 0-0. He suffered an ACL injury later that month in a pre-friendly match and was reported to be sidelined for the next 6 months. He missed all the remaining 4 matches in this period due to this injury. His absence seriously affected the Indian team and they were at the bottom of the table when 5 matches were completed. They even ended up in a draw against a weaker Bangladesh side. Bangladesh assistant coach Stuart Watkiss even said that the absence of Sandesh Jhingan for their Group E Asian Qualifiers for the FIFA World Cup was slightly advantageous for them. "I mean, obviously the two defenders are very good players. Sandesh is excellent, not only defending but he's a big threat from set pieces," he told the reporters.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: Jhingan made his comeback to the national team on 25 March 2021 in a friendly against Oman, where he also captained the side.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 21 August 2020, Jhingan became the twenty seventh footballer to win the Arjuna Award. Jhingan is a supporter of the Premier League club Manchester United. He is married with Ivanka Pavlova, a Yakutian photographer.


title: Sandesh Jhingan

text: On 19 February 2022, Jhingan made headlines for making a 'sexist comment' after a match with ATK Mohun Bagan against his former club Kerala Blasters. In an Instagram story posted by ATK Mohun Bagan after the match concluded, Jhingan was heard saying, ""Aurato ke saath match khel aaya hoon, aurato ke" saath" (I have played a match with women, with women"). He was met with immediate criticism by the fans, and the hashtag "#BringBack21" trended on Twitter with Kerala Blasters fans urging the club management to revert the decision of retiring the number 21 jersey after Jhingan had left the club. Jhingan later formally apologised through his social media platforms. Later on 21 April 2022, the Blasters brought their number 21 jersey out of retirement and gave it to Bijoy Varghese, while announcing his three year contract extension with the club.


title: Code point

text: In character encoding terminology, a code point, codepoint or code position is a numerical value that maps to a specific character. Code points usually represent a single grapheme—usually a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or whitespace—but sometimes represent symbols, control characters, or formatting. The set of all possible code points within a given encoding/character set make up that encoding's "codespace".


title: Code point

text: For example, the character encoding scheme ASCII comprises 128 code points in the range 0 to 7F, Extended ASCII comprises 256 code points in the range 0 to FF, and Unicode comprises code points in the range 0 to 10FFFF. The Unicode code space is divided into seventeen planes (the basic multilingual plane, and 16 supplementary planes), each with (= 2) code points. Thus the total size of the Unicode code space is 17 ×  = .


title: Code point

text: For Unicode, the particular sequence of bits is called a "code unit" – for the UCS-4 encoding, any code point is encoded as 4-byte (octet) binary numbers, while in the UTF-8 encoding, different code points are encoded as sequences from one to four bytes long, forming a self-synchronizing code. See comparison of Unicode encodings for details.


title: Code point

text: Code points are normally assigned to abstract characters. An "abstract" character is not a graphical glyph but a unit of textual data. However, code points may also be left reserved for future assignment (most of the Unicode code space is unassigned), or given other designated functions.


title: Code point

text: The distinction between a code point and the corresponding abstract character is not pronounced in Unicode, but is evident for many other encoding schemes, where numerous code pages may exist for a single code space.


title: Code point

text: The concept of a code point is part of Unicode's solution to a difficult conundrum faced by character encoding developers in the 1980s. If they added more bits per character to accommodate larger character sets, that design decision would also constitute an unacceptable waste of then-scarce computing resources for Latin script users (who constituted the vast majority of computer users at the time), since those extra bits would always be zeroed out for such users. The code point avoids this problem by breaking the old idea of a direct one-to-one correspondence between characters and particular sequences of bits.


title: Dick Warlock

text: Dick Warlock (born February 5, 1940) is an American actor and stuntman. He is known for playing Michael Myers in "Halloween II". He also played the android assassin in "" and he was Kurt Russell's personal stunt double for over 25 years, also collaborating with such directors as Steven Spielberg and John Carpenter. He was active from 1960 until his retirement in 2002. Warlock lives in Kingsport, Tennessee. He has two sons, Billy Warlock and Lance Warlock, and one daughter, Rhonda.


title: Darkness

text: Darkness, the direct opposite of lightness, is defined as a lack of illumination, an absence of visible light, or a surface that absorbs light, such as black or brown.


title: Darkness

text: Human vision is unable to distinguish colors in conditions of very low luminance. This is because the hue sensitive photoreceptor cells on the retina are inactive when light levels are insufficient, in the range of visual perception referred to as scotopic vision.


title: Darkness

text: The emotional response to darkness has generated metaphorical usages of the term in many cultures, often used to describe an unhappy or foreboding feeling.


title: Darkness

text: Referring to a time of day, complete darkness occurs when the Sun is more than 18° below the horizon, without the effects of twilight on the night sky.


title: Darkness

text: The perception of darkness differs from the mere absence of light due to the effects of after images on perception. In perceiving, the eye is active, and the part of the retina that is unstimulated produces a complementary afterimage.


title: Darkness

text: In terms of physics, an object is said to be dark when it absorbs photons, causing it to appear dim compared to other objects. For example, matte black paint does not reflect much visible light and appears dark, whereas white paint reflects much light and appears bright. For more information, see color. An object may appear dark, but it may be bright at a frequency that humans cannot perceive.


title: Darkness

text: A dark area has limited light sources, making things hard to see. Exposure to alternating light and darkness (night and day) has caused several evolutionary adaptations to darkness. When a vertebrate, like a human, enters a dark area, its pupils dilate, allowing more light to enter the eye and improving night vision. Also, the light detecting cells in the human eye (rods and cones) will regenerate more unbleached rhodopsin when adapting to darkness.


title: Darkness

text: One scientific measure of darkness is the Bortle Dark-Sky Scale, which indicates the night sky's and stars' brightness at a particular location, and the observability of celestial objects at that location. (See also: Sky brightness)


title: Darkness

text: The material known as Vantablack is one of the darkest substances known, absorbing up to 99.965% of visible light (at 663 nm if the light is perpendicular to the material) is a material developed by Surrey NanoSystems in the United Kingdom. The name is a compound of the acronym VANTA (vertically aligned nanotube arrays)[6] and the color black.


title: Darkness

text: The color of a point, on a standard 24-bit computer display, is defined by three RGB (red, green, blue) values, each ranging from 0–255. When the red, green, and blue components of a pixel are fully illuminated (255,255,255), the pixel appears white; when all three components are unilluminated (0,0,0), the pixel appears black.


title: Darkness

text: Artists use darkness to emphasize and contrast the presence of light. Darkness can be used as a counterpoint to areas of lightness to create leading lines and voids. Such shapes draw the eye around areas of the painting. Shadows add depth and perspective to a painting. See chiaroscuro for a discussion of the uses of such contrasts in visual media.


title: Darkness

text: Color paints are mixed together to create darkness, because each color absorbs certain frequencies of light. Theoretically, mixing together the three primary colors, or the three secondary colors, will absorb all visible light and create black. In practice it is difficult to prevent the mixture from taking on a brown tint.


title: Darkness

text: As a poetic term in the Western world, darkness is used to connote the presence of shadows, evil, and foreboding, or in modern parlance, to connote that a story is grim, heavy, and/or depressing.


title: Darkness

text: The first creation narrative in Judaism and Christianity begins with darkness, into which is introduced the creation of light, and the separation of this light from the darkness (as distinct from the creation of the sun and moon on the fourth day of creation). Thus, although both light and darkness are included in the comprehensive works of the almighty God—darkness was considered "the second to last plague" (Exodus 10:21), and the location of "weeping and gnashing of teeth" (Matthew 8:12).


title: Darkness

text: In Chinese philosophy, Yin is the complementary feminine part of the Taijitu and is represented by a dark lobe.


title: Darkness

text: The use of darkness as a rhetorical device has a long-standing tradition. Shakespeare, working in the 16th and 17th centuries, made a character called the "prince of darkness" (King Lear: III, iv) and gave darkness jaws with which to devour love. (A Midsummer Night's Dream: I, i) Chaucer, a 14th-century Middle English writer of "The Canterbury Tales", wrote that knights must cast away the "workes of darkness". In "The Divine Comedy", Dante described hell as "solid darkness stain'd".


title: Darkness

text: In Old English there were three words that could mean darkness: "heolstor", "genip", and "sceadu". "Heolstor" also meant "hiding-place" and became holster. "Genip" meant "mist" and fell out of use like many strong verbs. It is however still used in the Dutch saying "in het geniep" which means secretly. "Sceadu" meant "shadow" and remained in use. The word "dark" eventually evolved from the word "deorc".


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare is a 2014 multiplayer third-person shooter and tower defense video game developed by PopCap Games and published by Electronic Arts. The third game in the "Plants vs. Zombies" franchise, the basic premise revolves around plants defending humankind from a zombie invasion. In the game, players assume control of either the Plants or the Zombies, as they fight in various cooperative and competitive multiplayer modes. Upon completing matches and finishing objectives, players earn coins to acquire stickers that unlock customization items and character variants.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: PopCap Games began the development of "Garden Warfare" in early 2012. They decided to eschew the series' tower defense roots and use the game to introduce the franchise to a broader audience. The team was inspired by other team-based shooters with colorful visuals such as "Team Fortress 2". They faced different challenges when designing the game's eight classes. The game is powered by the Frostbite 3 engine, and the team collaborated closely with Frostbite's developer EA DICE when implementing its technology.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: The game was revealed at E3 2013, and released in February 2014 as a budget title for Xbox 360 and Xbox One. Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, and PlayStation 4 releases followed. The game received a generally positive reception from critics, with praise directed at its playful tone, art, combat, and character designs. The game's progression, lack of originality, and lack of content were criticized. The game was supported by several pieces of free downloadable content upon its release. By November 2015, more than eight million players had played the game. A sequel, "" was released in February 2016.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: "Garden Warfare" is a team-based third-person shooter where players take control of the Plants or the Zombies in either a cooperative or competitive multiplayer environment. The game features eight classes, four for either faction. The Peashooter and the Foot Soldier act as general ground characters; the Sunflower, Scientist, and Engineer act as support characters; the Chomper and the All-Star are characters that engage in close-up combat, and the Cacti are snipers. In addition to normal third-person shooting, each class has three special abilities. For instance, the Peashooters can deploy a Chili Bean Bomb to launch an area of effect attack, while the Chomper can burrow underground and ambush a zombie from below. As an added compliment to combat, most maps have scattered "Flower Pots" and "Bone Piles"; from these, the Plants can place stationary defensive plants while the Zombies can spawn lesser undead that roam the map on their own. This adds a player versus environment element to most game modes, which are otherwise player-versus-player. These units are controlled by artificial intelligence (AI) and are consumed upon use. Players earn coins, a form of currency in the game, by completing objectives, reviving teammates or killing enemies.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: To progress in the game, players must complete unique challenges to each class. Once completed, these challenges level up the player character, allowing access to upgrades, new character variants, or cosmetic items. In-game items such as character outfits and accessories, weapon upgrades, and spawnable units are obtained from sticker packs. These packs are bought using coins from an in-game shop that contains random items. There are multiple packs available, such as cheap ones that contain only AI units, or more expensive ones that contain items of greater rarity. As for unlocking character variants, once a player has collected five stickers to make a completed picture of the variant in question, it is unlocked for use. In a post-launch update, PopCap introduced microtransactions, which enable players to unlock sticker packs using real-life currency. Variants have different weapons, stats, or an elemental effect compared to their base version. For example, Commando Pea, a variant of Peashooter, uses a fully automatic weapon but cannot deal splash damage, while Cricket Star can inflict additional fire damage to enemies. All unlocked items can be viewed in a sticker book.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: The game features a cooperative mode and several competitive multiplayer modes. Garden Ops has up to four players take control the Plants defending a garden through ten zombie waves, with some waves being boss waves in which a slot machine would spawn different boss characters or reward players with coins. After the last wave, the plants must run to an extraction point and survive until they are evacuated. In Boss Mode, player can take the role of Dr. Zomboss or Crazy Dave (for the Zombies and Plants, respectively) who circle high above the battlefield in a flying contraption and send support to players in the ground by activating radar scans, healing, resurrecting fallen teammates and launching air strikes. This mode is available for Xbox SmartGlass and Kinect users. PlayStation 4 and Xbox One players also have access to a split screen cooperative mode, in which two players engage in combat against endless waves of zombies.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: Up to 24 players can compete with each other in various multiplayer modes. Team Vanquish is a team deathmatch variant which ends when one of the two teams knock out 50 opponents. In Gardens and Graveyards, players either capture (as the Zombies) or defend (as the Plants) various objectives in an expanding map. The last objective on the map is unique for each map. Suburbination (released as part of the Suburbination Pack free DLC) is a classic back and forth zone capture game mode in which teams must compete for control of three different zones, with each zone held granting the team points based on how long the zone is held. Securing all three zones at once will trigger "Suburbination", where point production is greatly increased and players on the team with suburbination active are granted additional coin bonuses. The first team to reach 100 suburbination points wins the game. There is also Gnome Bomb, (released as part of the Garden Variety Pack free DLC), in which both factions attempt to take a respawning objective, the Gnome Bomb, to the opposition camp's base and then detonate it, and Taco Bandits, (released as part of the Legends of the Lawn free DLC) where the Zombies attempt to steal three tacos from Crazy Dave's taco stand and deliver them to Dr Zomboss' mothership tractor beam, while the Plants attempt to defend the tacos at all costs. The game mode Welcome Mat pits newcomers to the game against each other, serving as a mode for them to learn the game's controls and systems. Each consequtive death in Welcome Mat after three deaths in a row will cause the player to spawn with increased health


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: "Garden Warfare" had its roots in an internal gameplay concept produced by a team at publisher Electronic Arts. Believing the concept would work well as a "Plants vs. Zombies" game, the team produced a prototype. Once their prototype was finished, PopCap Games of Vancouver, Canada, incorporated the team into its own structure and commenced development in early 2012. The development team hoped to use "Garden Warfare" to introduce the franchise to a broader audience. They avoided making a 2D tower defense game and opted instead for a different genre. The game's original premise was to have the plants and the zombies fighting each other. The team came up with different gameplay possibilities such as making an open world or a single-player action game. Ultimately, the team decided to make it a multiplayer-focused game because the randomness of a multiplayer—playing with friends or strangers—made the title a great deal of fun to play. The team recruited employees who had worked on other shooters and action games, and those who had worked extensively with the Frostbite engine. They also collaborated closely with EA DICE when they were iterating the game's technology.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: The game's target audience were players who liked action games and fans of "Plants vs. Zombies". The game's tone was not as serious and grim as other shooters such as "Call of Duty" and "Battlefield". This enabled players to simply "sit down, enjoy the game, and laugh out loud" because of its light-heartedness. The team ensured that teamwork, balanced character gameplay and skills are important pillars in the game's gameplay, similar to traditional action games. To introduce tactical depth to the game while maintaining a sense of playfulness, the team took inspirations from other team-based shooters with colorful visuals such as "Team Fortress 2". To make the game more tactical, the team allowed players to spawn stationary plants and zombies, which help assist combat. Another way to add tactical depth was the introduction of character variants. Each of them has unique statistics that slightly alter the gameplay experience.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: When choosing the playable plants from the roster of characters from the "Plants vs. Zombies" franchises, the team opted for characters that are projectile-based, which include the Peashooter and the Cactus. Characters were "cool" and "humorous", so players would want to unlock them. Other characters that have appeared in previous "Plants vs. Zombies" games returned as the artificial intelligence-controlled potted plants or zombies. As for the gameplay aspect, the plants were defensive characters, while zombies had more offensive skills and abilities. The team faced more challenges designing the zombies than plants as all the plants easily fit into different gameplay archetypes whereas the zombies are more one-dimensional in the original game. The team had to create a diverse cast of characters to accommodate different gameplay classes. The team also faced challenges when creating the plants' sounds; these were "abstract" to create when compared to their on-screen actions.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: Electronic Arts officially revealed the game at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013. The game's was initially built for Microsoft Windows and Xbox 360, though it became a limited time Xbox One exclusive in partnership with Microsoft Studios. PopCap called the transition from Xbox 360 to Xbox One a "natural migration" since the development team was unprepared to launch the game on multiple platforms due to the team's small size. Initially set to be released as a budget title in mid-February 2014, the game was delayed by one week to February 25 in the US and February 27 in Europe. The Windows version was released in June 2014 through EA's distribution platform Origin. A Digital Deluxe edition, which included bonus in-game items, was also sold. The game was released for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in August 2014. These versions feature remote play with PlayStation Vita as well as costumes based on Sony's characters including Ratchet, Clank, Sly Cooper and Fat Princess. The game became part of EA Access, EA's subscription service on the Xbox One, in October 2014.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: While PopCap revealed that microtransactions would not be available when the game launched; this function was added to the game in April 2014. By spending real-world money, players gain more coins, the in-game currency. The company also supported the game after the title's launch by releasing several pieces of free downloadable content, including the following:


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: "Garden Warfare" received a generally positive reception. Critics felt that the game was a polished shooter with charm and humor, and its playful tone was among its biggest strengths. Some critics felt that it had successfully converted "Plants vs. Zombies" to a new and broader audience with the genre shift, and recognized PopCap for creating a moderately successful shooter in their first attempt. Reviewers praised PopCap for not fleshing out the franchise's silly premise of plants defending zombies. Many reviewers criticized the small number of multiplayer maps and modes, with Carolyn Petit of "GameSpot" saying that the content was thin even for a budget title. The gameplay was praised for being functional, mechanically solid and precise, with Gies noting the heritage it shared with DICE's "Battlefield" series.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: Critics had a divisive opinion regarding the game's modes. Critics commented that they were polished and functional, but generally lacked innovation and creativity. The Garden Ops cooperative multiplayer mode was described by Hollander Cooper from GamesRadar as a clone of "Gears of War"s horde mode by Cooper, though he thought the concept translated well into the franchise. Petit agreed, writing that she felt that it resembled the tower defense root of the series. However, she commented that the mode was less exciting when compared with the competitive multiplayer modes since players are only fighting enemies controlled by AI. Jon Denton from "Eurogamer" regarded Garden Ops an introduction to the game's systems and felt that the mode was not substantial. The two competitive multiplayer modes also received a generally mixed opinion from critics. Brian Albert from "IGN" called the modes "standard", and Jeff Marchiafava from "Game Informer" felt that most of the modes were uninspired and lacked originality. However, critics appreciated the Gardens & Graveyard mode for its final stages. Albert felt that the final stage assault objectives added difficulty. Denton applauded it for being innovative and its requirement for teamwork and player coordination, while Cooper singled out its massive scale as one of its strengths. "Joystiq"s Mike Wehner was disappointed by the Boss Mode, which did not enhance the game's experience due to its minimal impact.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: Cooper praised the player's ability to plant potted plants and the asymmetry of gameplay classes, though he and Wehner noted that there were some balance issues with some classes being too underpowered and weak. Albert disagreed, adding that none of the classes had particular gameplay advantages. The sticker packs were praised for introducing unpredictability to the game's upgrade mechanics and some critics felt that acquiring different customization options could effectively retain players. though some critics disliked its randomness, saying that it was frustrating as the upgrades are not class-specific, meaning that grinding was needed to acquire the desired upgrades. Marchiafava felt that the randomness of the sticker packs fundamentally hurt the game. Challenges were also criticized by Marchiafava as he felt they were difficult to complete, making progression very slow. The character design was praised. Albert believed that they brought about "enjoyable silliness", and Wehner wrote that the characters could "elicit a giggle".


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: "Garden Warfare" was the fourth best-selling retail game in the UK in its week of release according to Chart-Track, behind only "Thief", "The Lego Movie Videogame" and "FIFA 14". The team secured the fourth position again when the game was launched for the PlayStation systems. The release of the game on PlayStation platforms also made it the eighth best-selling retail game in August 2014 according to NPD Group. As of November 2015, eight million players had played the game since its release.


title: Plants vs. Zombies: Garden Warfare

text: A sequel, "", was revealed at the Microsoft E3 Press Conference and released on February 23, 2016, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A comic series, written by Paul Tobin and drawn by Jacob Chabot, was released by Dark Horse Comics on October 28, 2015; it takes place between "Garden Warfare" and "Garden Warfare 2". A third game, "" was released in October 2019 for Windows, PlayStation 4 and the Xbox One, and in March 2021 for the Nintendo Switch.