title: Japan national rugby union team

text: On 28 May 1989, a strong Japan coached by Hiroaki Shukuzawa defeated an uncapped Scotland, missing nine British Lions on tour in Australia, for the first time at Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium, 28–24. The Japan team included such Kobe Steel stalwarts as centre Seiji Hirao (captain), and locks Atsushi Oyagi and Toshiyuki Hayashi (38 Japan caps and a member of Oxford University's all-time best XV). Sinali Latu at No. 8 was then a fourth year student at Daito Bunka University, and speedy Yoshihito Yoshida on the wing (no. 14) was a third year at Meiji University. Scotland missed an incredible seven penalties and refused the kicking tee which was generously offered – as a surviving video of the game shows. It was almost the same Japanese team which defeated Zimbabwe in RWC1991.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: After Hirao resigned, Toshiba Brave Lupus coach Shogo Mukai was appointed in March 2001 to lead Japan up to the 2003 Rugby World Cup. After mixed fortunes in his first two years in charge, Japan put in some impressive performances at the tournament with good efforts against and , nevertheless they still left the tournament having failed to reach their target of winning some matches but still won admirers for their exciting brand of play. Mukai left his post after the tournament to spend more time with his family.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: After Shogo Mukai left after the 2003 Rugby World Cup, the JRFU initially tried to appoint Eddie Jones from his post with but were unsuccessful and instead appointed Mitsutake Hagimoto in March 2004 after he won the inaugural Top League with the Kobelco Steelers. Under Hagimoto, Japan decided they would not select foreign born players after Mukai had been criticised for playing too many at the World Cup.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Hagimoto's first match in charge was a disappointing draw with , but his first few matches in charge after that were promising with wins over and to win the Super Powers Cup and pushed close losing 32–19.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: However, in November 2004, Japan went on a disastrous tour to Europe where they were embarrassingly thrashed 100–8 by and 98–0 by and also were comfortably defeated by . Japan's performances were described as "pathetic", and the squad was called "a joke" with some key players ignored or not given permission to travel.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: This disastrous tour forced a rethink from Hagimoto and foreign born players were brought back into the side in 2005, but after losing twice to in June he was sacked and with just 5 wins from 15 matches was the least successful coach for Japan in the professional era.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: After Hagimoto left his post at the end of June 2005, Jean-Pierre Élissalde who had been appointed backs coach three months earlier took full charge and became the first foreigner to be the head coach for Japan. His first match in charge was a 44–29 win over in November 2005.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: In 2006, despite a disappointing campaign in the inaugural Pacific Nations Cup in June where Japan lost all their matches, and also lost to heavily to 52–6, Élissalde was backed to lead the side to the 2007 Rugby World Cup. But Élissalde was later sacked in September after he took on a job with Bayonne without consulting the JRFU and then refused to give up his job with them. Assistant coach Osamu Ota took over as caretaker coach for two Rugby World Cup qualifiers in November 2006.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: John Kirwan was appointed head coach on in October 2006 after Elissalde was sacked. He initially worked as an advisor to caretaker coach Osamu Ota before taking over the job completely in 2007.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: After starting with large wins over the Asian opposition, Japan only won one of their remaining 10 fixtures in 2007, although in the 2007 Rugby World Cup they did gain a draw with a last minute touchline conversion from Shotaro Onishi against Canada to end a long losing streak of World Cup matches stretching back to 1991.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Results began to pick up after the 2007 World Cup and Kirwan led Japan up to a high of 13th in the IRB Rankings and to win their first ever Pacific Nations Cup title in 2011 after they beat away for the first ever time in Japan's history.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: However, despite more positive results in between World Cups, Japan had a disappointing 2011 Rugby World Cup, losing 31–18 to who they had beaten four times in a row since 2008, and drawing again to who they had beaten 46–8 and 27–6 in 2009, and Japan left the World Cup winless meaning they still had not won a match at the tournament since 1991. Kirwan came under pressure after the tournament and he resigned from his post after his contract came to the end at the end of the year.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: The tenure of Kirwan as coach was notable for a large number of imports he selected. Players who originated from New Zealand such as James Arlidge, Bryce Robins, Shaun Webb, Ryan Nicholas, Luke Thompson or Tonga such as Alisi Tupuailei and Sione Vatuvei all featured prominently under Kirwan. The large percentage of foreigners in the national team also caused criticism for Kirwan. However, despite failing to bring Japan a World Cup win, Kirwan left his post as the most successful Japan coach of the professional era with a win rate of 58.18% from 55 matches.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Kirwan chose not to renew his contract as head coach when it expired at the end of 2011, and the Japan Rugby Football Union announced that former Australia coach Eddie Jones would be his successor. Jones stated that his intention was to take the Japanese national team into the top 10 on the international rankings, and that they must develop a style of play to allow them to win games against teams such as Scotland.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Jones made his debut as Japan head coach against Kazakhstan. He had selected a total of 10 uncapped players out of the 22 selected players. They went on to win the match 87–0. They then had a big win over United Arab Emirates where young 18-year-old Yoshikazu Fujita set a new Asian Five Nations record for the most tries in a single match with a total of 6. This was also Fujita's international debut.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: In 2013, Jones led Japan to their sixth consecutive championship win in the Asian Five Nations, where Japan achieved a tournament record score of 121–0 against the Philippines. In May, the nation lost their opening match of the 2013 IRB Pacific Nations Cup to Tonga, followed by a defeat to Fiji in the second round. Following these matches, Japan faced a 2-test series against Wales. Japan lost narrowly, 18–22, in the first test, but won the second test 23–8, and the series ended in a 1–1 draw. This was the first time that Japan had recorded a victory over the Welsh.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: On 16 October 2013, Jones was hospitalised after having a suspected stroke and was released from hospital 2 days later on 18 October 2013.<ref name="http://www.abc.net"></ref> After his release from hospital, it was announced that Jones would miss Japan's 2013 end-of-year rugby union tests against New Zealand, Scotland, Gloucester, Russia and Spain, and former Australia skills coach and current technical adviser for Japan Scott Wisemantel would interim coach Japan for their 2013 end-of-year rugby union tests.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: On 19 September 2015, Japan stunned South Africa by a last minute try from Karne Hesketh to win 34–32 in their opening group pool game at the 2015 Rugby World Cup in Brighton, England. BBC reported the win as "arguably the biggest upset in rugby union history". In 2015, Japan became the first team in World Cup history to win three pool games but still be eliminated at the group stage, due to their heavy loss to Scotland.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Jamie Joseph, former coach of New Zealand's Highlanders Super Rugby team and the Māori All Blacks, took over as head coach for Japan (and the Sunwolves Super Rugby team) in 2016. In the 2017 Asia Rugby Championship, Japan sealed their twelfth consecutive Asia Rugby Championship, winning all four games. They went on to defeat Romania 33–21 in the 2017 June rugby union tests, but lost to Ireland 2–0, during their first test series since 2005, losing the first test 50–22 and the second 35–13. In November 2017, Joseph led his side to a single win and a draw in four games. They started their End-of-year series with two consecutive home losses, a 27–47 loss to a World XV side and a 30–63 loss to Australia. Japan's first win came against Tonga 39–6 in Toulouse, France, before going on to draw with France 23–23, which was the first time that these two nations had drawn with one another.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: During the 2018 June tests, Joseph led Japan to a 1–all series draw with Italy, winning the first test 34–17, and losing the second 25–22. The team then beat Georgia 28–0 at the Toyota Stadium.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: In 2019, Japan won the Pacific Nations Cup with wins against Fiji, Tonga and the United States, with no losses.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Japan hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2019, and the team repeated their feat of a shock win in Brighton at the 2015 World Cup, this time beating world No. 2-ranked Ireland 19–12 at Shizuoka Stadium in Fukuroi, Shizuoka They reached the quarter-finals for the first time in the team's history after beating Scotland 28–21 at the International Stadium Yokohama in Yokohama that was battered by Typhoon Hagibis only the night before.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Japan traditionally plays with white and red hooped shirts (with white collar and cuffs) with a Sakura embroidered on the chest, paired with white shorts and white socks with red splashes. Between 2003 and 2011, the shirt was predominantly red with two white parallel hoops on the chest with white accents, sometimes with black or navy socks and shorts.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Since its first test against Canada in 1930, Japan played with the traditional hooped red and white shirts, the emblem on the shirt originally depicted the Sakura as "bud, half-open and full-bloomed". The current version of the emblem, depicting three full-bloomed Sakura, was dated 1952, when Japan played against Oxford University XV at Hanazono, Higashi-Osaka, on 1 October 1952.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: On 4 July 2019 the Japan Rugby Football Union on Thursday unveiled the national team's jersey for this year's Rugby World Cup, the shirt featuring a samurai helmet motif representing the tradition of Japan's warrior spirit. The combination of Samurai and Sakura (Cherry Blossom) has long been linked in Japanese culture.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: The away kit usually consist of a navy blue uniform, white or navy shorts and navy blue socks, sometimes with white collar or panels, or black.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: The kit supplier since the 1997 is Canterbury. Before that, the kits were manufactured by Japanese company Sceptre between 1987 and 1995 and in 1982, by Suzuki Sports.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Currently, the jersey sponsors are Lipovitan D (in the front) and Toshiba (in the back). Previously, between 1997 and 2001, the shirt sponsor was Japan Telecom.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: On 23 September, Jamie Joseph announced a 41-man wider squad that will form part of the squad for Japan XVs 3-match series against Australia A and prepare for the test match against New Zealand on 29 October. The squad will be decreased for their 2-match European Tour playing against


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Japan has participated in the Rugby World Cup since the tournament's inception in 1987, and has made appearances in all tournaments thus far. Despite this, they experienced little success until the 2015 tournament, with just one victory over Zimbabwe in 1991, and two draws with Canada in 2007 and 2011. In 2015 they defeated South Africa with a score of 34–32, their first win since 1991 against Zimbabwe, which they followed up with victories over Samoa and the United States in the same pool stage, but despite their 3–1 record failed to reach the knockout round.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: In the 2019 World Cup, Japan were drawn in Group A alongside Ireland, Russia, Samoa, and Scotland. After a nervy opening night win against Russia (30–10), Japan went on to beat Ireland 19–12, a huge upset and a result few predicted. Their third group game against Samoa ended in another win, this time 38–19, while also securing a highly important bonus point (for scoring four or more tries).


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: In the highly anticipated final group game against Scotland, both teams needed to win to progress to the knockout stages at the expense of the other. The match went ahead despite pre-game worries that it would have to be cancelled due to the ongoing issues caused by Typhoon Hagibis. The pre-tournament rules stated that if the typhoon was sufficient enough to intervene, the game would be cancelled, and the result declared a draw. This controversial rule would have allowed Japan to progress by default due to previous results.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: After final safety checks, the game was allowed to commence. Japan edged out Scotland 28–21 to register their second shock win of the tournament. They also became the first Asian nation to top their group at a Rugby World Cup, and the first Asian team to progress to the knockout stages.


title: Japan national rugby union team

text: Japan played South Africa in the quarter-finals in Tokyo on Sunday 20 October 2019, kick off 19:15 JST. They kept pace with South Africa in the first half, but two tries and three penalties in the second half for South Africa put the game out of reach and Japan lost 26–3.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: In digital image processing, thresholding is the simplest method of segmenting images. From a grayscale image, thresholding can be used to create binary images.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: The simplest thresholding methods replace each pixel in an image with a black pixel if the image intensity formula_1 is less than a fixed value called the threshold formula_2, or a white pixel if the pixel intensity is greater than that threshold. In the example image on the right, this results in the dark tree becoming completely black, and the bright snow becoming completely white.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: While in some cases, the threshold formula_2 can be selected manually by the user, there are many cases where the user wants the threshold to be automatically set by an algorithm. In those cases, the threshold should be the "best" threshold in the sense that the partition of the pixels above and below the threshold should match as closely as possible the actual partition between the two classes of objects represented by those pixels (e.g., pixels below the threshold should correspond to the background and those above to some objects of interest in the image).


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: Many types of automatic thresholding methods exist, the most famous and widely used being Otsu's method. The following list, based on the works of Sezgin et al. (2004) categorizes thresholding methods into broad groups based on the information the algorithm manipulates. Note however that such a categorization is necessarily fuzzy as some methods can fall in several categories (for example, Otsu's method can be both considered a histogram-shape and a clustering algorithm)


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: In most methods, the same threshold is applied to all the pixel of an image. However, in some cases, it can be advantageous to apply a different threshold to different parts of the image, based on the local value of the pixels. This category of methods is called local or adaptive thresholding. They are particularly adapted to cases where images have inhomogeneous lighting, such as in the sudoku image on the right. In those cases, a neighborhood is defined and a threshold is computed for each pixel and its neighborhood. Many global thresholding methods can be adapted to work in a local way, but there are also methods developed specifically for local thresholding, such as the Niblack or the Bernsen algorithms.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: Color images can also be thresholded. One approach is to designate a separate threshold for each of the RGB components of the image and then combine them with an AND operation. This reflects the way the camera works and how the data is stored in the computer, but it does not correspond to the way that people recognize color. Therefore, the HSL and HSV color models are more often used; note that since hue is a circular quantity it requires circular thresholding. It is also possible to use the CMYK color model.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: Instead of a single threshold resulting in a binary image, it is also possible to introduce multiple increasing thresholds formula_4. In that case, implementing formula_5 thresholds will result in an image with formula_5 classes, where pixels with intensity formula_7 such that formula_8 will be assigned to class formula_9. Most of the binary automatic thresholding methods have a natural extension for multi-thresholding.


title: Thresholding (image processing)

text: In difficult cases, thresholding will likely be imperfect and yield a binary image with false positives and false negatives.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: Hampton by Hilton, formerly known (and still commonly referred to) as Hampton Inn or Hampton Inn & Suites, is an American chain of hotels trademarked by Hilton Worldwide. The Hampton hotel brand is a chain of moderately priced, budget to midscale limited service hotels with limited food and beverage facilities. Most Hampton hotels are independently owned and operated by franchisees, though a few are managed by Hilton. Hampton by Hilton is one of the largest hotel franchises in the U.S. As of December 31, 2019, the Hampton franchise includes 2,544 hotels in 30 countries and territories with 266,933 rooms.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: Originally, the hotel chain was founded in 1984 as Hampton Inn, a budget hotel by the Holiday Corporation. The first hotel was a two-story, exterior-entrance building with 128 guest rooms located in Memphis, Tennessee. In late 1989, after some financial difficulties, Holiday Corporation prepared to sell its hallmark Holiday Inn hotels and started the holding company Promus Hotel Corporation, which included Hampton Inn, Embassy Suites, and Homewood Suites. With this change, Promus re-invested in the Hampton Inn brand and began its change from a budget hotel to a middle-market limited service hotel to compete with their freshly sold former brand. The hotel chain was the first of the mid-price hotels to offer free continental breakfast and the first to introduce the "100 percent satisfaction guarantee." By 1990, the Hampton Inn chain included over 220 properties with more than 27,000 rooms. Hampton Inn and Suites was introduced in 1995, which featured two-room suite style hotel rooms complete with living room and kitchen areas.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: In 1999, the Promus Hotel Corporation was bought by Hilton Worldwide for $3.7 billion. In 2004, as part of the $100 million "Make it Hampton" initiative, Hampton began upgrading its hotels including the production of an alarm clock which featured an easy-to-set alarm and an mp3 player hook-up. Other changes made during the upgrade were the switch to white bedding, adding hot food items to continental breakfast options and free high-speed internet to rooms. In 2012, under the "Perfect Mix" initiative, the company completed upgrades to the lobbies of its hotels adding more social space. Hampton continued to renovate its spaces with a campaign introduced in 2013, directed towards younger clientele that included in-room mini-fridges, new bedside tables with power access, updated bathrooms, and updated hotel exteriors. Hampton by Hilton was ranked in the top 5 in "Entrepreneur"'s Franchise 500 from 2010-2015.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: Today Hampton is in the budget to midscale lodging segment, designed to compete against other limited service brands like Fairfield Inn by Marriott, Holiday Inn Express, and Comfort Inn/Comfort Suites.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: In 2020, three Hampton Inn locations were used to hold over 100 refugee children by the United States Department of Homeland Security prior to their deportation.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: As of December 31, 2019, Hampton by Hilton includes 2544 hotels in 30 countries and territories with 266,933 rooms, including 72 that are managed with 10,061 rooms and 2,472 that are franchised with 256,872 rooms. 2,231 of Hampton's properties are located in the United States with 220,174 rooms, including 38 that are managed with 4,697 rooms and 2,193 that are franchised with 215,477 rooms. The brand's first international location opened in Niagara Falls, Ontario in 1993.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: Starting in May 2007, the brand began to operate as "Hampton by Hilton" exclusively abroad at its locations in Canada and Latin America. In 2009, the first "Hampton by Hilton" signage was put in place in the United Kingdom with the opening of the brand's first European location. The brand continued to operate internationally as Hampton by Hilton until 2015, when Hilton announced that the official brand names of Embassy Suites and Hampton would include "by Hilton" at all of their locations.


title: Hampton by Hilton

text: In October 2014, the Hampton by Hilton brand launched in China through a licensing agreement with Plateno Hotels Group. The first of 400 Chinese Hampton hotels opened in 2015. A similar agreement with the Wasl Asset Management group will bring Hampton by Hilton to Dubai.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Thromboangiitis obliterans, also known as Buerger disease (English ; ) or Winiwarter-Buerger disease, is a recurring progressive inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of small and medium arteries and veins of the hands and feet. It is strongly associated with use of tobacco products, primarily from smoking, but is also associated with smokeless tobacco.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: There is a recurrent acute and chronic inflammation and thrombosis of arteries and veins of the hands and feet. The main symptom is pain in the affected areas, at rest and while walking (claudication). The impaired circulation increases sensitivity to cold. Peripheral pulses are diminished or absent. There are color changes in the extremities. The colour may range from cyanotic blue to reddish blue. Skin becomes thin and shiny. Hair growth is reduced. Ulcerations and gangrene in the extremities are common complications, often resulting in the need for amputation of the involved extremity.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: There are characteristic pathologic findings of acute inflammation and thrombosis (clotting) of arteries and veins of the hands and feet (the lower limbs being more common). The mechanisms underlying Buerger's disease are still largely unknown, but smoking and tobacco consumption are major factors associated with it. It has been suggested that the tobacco may trigger an immune response in susceptible persons or it may unmask a clotting defect, either of which could incite an inflammatory reaction of the vessel wall. This eventually leads to vasculitis and ischemic changes in distal parts of limbs.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: A concrete diagnosis of thromboangiitis obliterans is often difficult as it relies heavily on exclusion of other conditions. The commonly followed diagnostic criteria are outlined below although the criteria tend to differ slightly from author to author. Olin (2000) proposes the following criteria:


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Buerger's disease can be mimicked by a wide variety of other diseases that cause diminished blood flow to the extremities. These other disorders must be ruled out with an aggressive evaluation, because their treatments differ substantially from that of Buerger's disease, for which there is no treatment known to be effective.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Some diseases with which Buerger's disease may be confused include atherosclerosis (build-up of cholesterol plaques in the arteries), endocarditis (an infection of the lining of the heart), other types of vasculitis, severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with connective tissue disorders (e.g., lupus or scleroderma), clotting disorders or the production of clots in the blood.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Angiograms of the upper and lower extremities can be helpful in making the diagnosis of Buerger's disease. In the proper clinical setting, certain angiographic findings are diagnostic of Buerger's. These findings include a "corkscrew" appearance of arteries that result from vascular damage, particularly the arteries in the region of the wrists and ankles. Collateral circulation gives "tree root" or "spider leg" appearance. Angiograms may also show occlusions (blockages) or stenosis (narrowings) in multiple areas of both the arms and legs. Distal plethysmography also yields useful information about circulatory status in digits.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: To rule out other forms of vasculitis (by excluding involvement of vascular regions atypical for Buerger's), it is sometimes necessary to perform angiograms of other body regions (e.g., a mesenteric angiogram).


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Skin biopsies of affected extremities are rarely performed because of the frequent concern that a biopsy site near an area poorly perfused with blood will not heal well.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: The cause of the disease is thought to be autoimmune in nature and heavily linked to tobacco use in patients with Buerger's as primary disease.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Smoking cessation has been shown to slow the progression of the disease and decrease the severity of amputation in most patients, but does not halt the progression.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: In acute cases, drugs and procedures which cause vasodilation are effective in reducing pain experienced by patient. For example, prostaglandins like Limaprost are vasodilators and give relief of pain, but do not help in changing the course of disease. Epidural anesthesia and hyperbaric oxygen therapy also have vasodilator effect. There is moderate certainty evidence that intravenous iloprost (prostacyclin analogue) is more effective than aspirin for relieving rest pain and healing ischemic ulcers. No difference have been detected between iloprost or clinprost (prostacyclin) and alprostadil (prostaglandin analogue) for relieving pain and healing ulcers.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: In chronic cases, lumbar sympathectomy may be occasionally helpful. It reduces vasoconstriction and increases blood flow to limb. It aids in healing and giving relief from pain of ischemic ulcers. Bypass can sometimes be helpful in treating limbs with poor perfusion secondary to this disease. Use of vascular growth factor and stem cell injections have been showing promise in clinical studies. There may be a benefit of using bone marrow-derived stem cells in healing ulcers and improving pain-free walking distance, but larger, high-quality trials are needed. Debridement is done in necrotic ulcers. In gangrenous digits, amputation is frequently required. Below-knee and above-knee amputation is rarely required.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Despite the clear presence of inflammation in this disorder, anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids have not been shown to be beneficial in healing, but do have significant anti-inflammatory and pain relief qualities in low dosage intermittent form. Similarly, strategies of anticoagulation have not proven effective.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Buerger's is not immediately fatal. Amputation is common and major amputations (of limbs rather than fingers/toes) are almost twice as common in patients who continue to smoke. Prognosis markedly improves if a person quits smoking. Female patients tend to show much higher longevity rates than men. The only known way to slow the progression of the disease is to abstain from all tobacco products.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Buerger's is more common among men than women. Although present worldwide, it is more prevalent in the Middle East and Far East. Incidence of thromboangiitis obliterans is 8 to 12 per 100,000 adults in the United States (0.75% of all patients with peripheral vascular disease).


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: Buerger's disease was first described by Felix von Winiwarter in 1879 in Austria. It was not until 1908, however, that the disease was given its first accurate pathological description, by Leo Buerger at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City, who referred to the condition as "presenile spontaneous gangrene".


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: As reported by Alan Michie in "God Save the Queen", published in 1952 (see pages 194 and following), King George VI was diagnosed with the disease on 12 November 1948. Both legs were affected, the right more seriously than the left. The king's doctors prescribed complete rest and electric treatment to stimulate circulation, but as they were either unaware of the connection between the disease and smoking (the king was a heavy smoker) or unable to persuade the king to stop smoking, the disease failed to respond to their treatment. On 12 March 1949, the king underwent a lumbar sympathectomy, performed at Buckingham Palace by James R. Learmonth. The operation, as such, was successful, but the king was warned that it was a palliative, not a cure, and that there could be no assurance that the disease would not grow worse. From all accounts, the king continued to smoke.


title: Thromboangiitis obliterans

text: The author and journalist John McBeth describes his experiences of the disease, and treatment for it, in the chapter "Year of the Leg" in his book "Reporter: Forty Years Covering Asia".


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Abby Lea Finkenauer (born December 27, 1988) is an American politician who served as the U.S. representative for Iowa's 1st congressional district from 2019 to 2021. She is a member of the Democratic Party.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Before being elected to Congress, Finkenauer served in the Iowa House of Representatives for the 99th district from 2015 to 2019. On November 6, 2018, Finkenauer and fellow Democrat Cindy Axne became the first women from Iowa elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Finkenauer also became the second-youngest woman to ever be elected to the U.S. House. She lost reelection in 2020 and lost a primary election for the United States Senate in 2022.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Finkenauer grew up in Sherrill, Iowa. Her father is a welder and her mother works at a public school.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: She graduated from Hempstead High School in Dubuque. In 2011, Finkenauer graduated from Drake University in Des Moines, Iowa, with a bachelor's degree in public relations.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: In 2006, Finkenauer was a page for U.S. Representative Jim Nussle, a Republican who represented Northeast Iowa in Congress. The following year, after Nussle ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Iowa, Finkenauer was a page for Patrick Murphy, the Democratic Speaker of the Iowa State House of Representatives.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: In 2007, Finkenauer was the Iowa volunteer coordinator for the Joe Biden presidential campaign. She was later legislative aide for Democratic state Representative Todd Taylor and communications specialist for the Community Foundation of Greater Dubuque.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Murphy gave up his seat in 2014 to make an unsuccessful run for Congress, and Finkenauer ran for Murphy's old seat and won. In the Democratic primary, Finkenauer defeated defense attorney Steve Drahozal, receiving 57.8% of the vote. In the general election, she faced lawyer Daniel Dlouhy and defeated him, receiving 60.8% of the vote. She was 25 when first elected to the Iowa House of Representatives.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: In May 2017, Finkenauer announced her candidacy for Iowa's 1st congressional district, which was held by Republican and Dubuque resident Rod Blum. Blum had unexpectedly defeated her former boss, Murphy, in 2014.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: On June 5, 2018, she won the Democratic primary, defeating former congressional staffer Thomas Heckroth, engineer Courtney Rowe and retired military officer George Ramsey. She received 66.9% of the vote.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: As of September 2018, her race was classified as Lean Democratic or Tilt Democratic by 3 major rating firms. On October 1, 2018, former President Barack Obama endorsed Finkenauer. She defeated Blum with 50.9% of the vote, a margin of 5%.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: In 2020, Finkenauer ran again without any Democratic primary opposition. She was defeated in the general election by Republican state Representatives Ashley Hinson, 51.3% to 48.7%.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Finkenauer and Cindy Axne, elected in 2018 to represent Iowa's 3rd congressional district, became the first women to represent Iowa in the U.S. House. She is the second youngest woman ever elected to the House, being about ten months older than fellow 2018 freshman Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez; Finkenauer turned 30 a week before being sworn in on January 3, 2019. Finkenauer also served in House Leadership as an assistant whip during the 116th United States Congress.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: On July 22, 2021, Finkenauer announced her candidacy in the Democratic primary for the 2022 U.S. Senate election in Iowa, for the seat held by Chuck Grassley. On April 11, 2022, a judge ruled that she was ineligible for the Democratic primary because her nominating petitions did not have enough verified signatures. Finkenauer said she would appeal the ruling, and four days later on April 15, the Iowa Supreme Court unanimously reversed the decision and allowed Finkenauer to appear on the primary ballot.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Michael Franken, a retired vice admiral in the United States Navy, defeated Finkenauer in the primary election. The "Des Moines Register" called Franken's victory an upset, as Finkenauer had been the perceived front-runner.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Finkenauer married Daniel Wasta, the Iowa Political Director for the Elizabeth Warren 2020 presidential campaign, on August 8, 2020.


title: Abby Finkenauer

text: Finkenauer has discussed her experiences with endometriosis and has worked to pass an amendment that would double endometriosis research funding. She is the founder of the Congressional Endometriosis Caucus.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse is a 2016 role-playing video game developed and published by Atlus for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the sequel to "Shin Megami Tensei IV", set in a post-apocalyptic alternative world. The game is part of the "Shin Megami Tensei" series, the central series of the "Megami Tensei" franchise. The game features gameplay mechanics from previous "Shin Megami Tensei" releases, such as the Press Turn battle system, where players and enemies fight and exploit weaknesses, allowing either side to gain additional turns or lose them.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The story is set in an alternate timeline of "Shin Megami Tensei IV", and focuses on the demon hunter Nanashi, a silent protagonist who dies and is resurrected by the demon Dagda. Development began shortly after the release of "Shin Megami Tensei IV". It received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised the game's feel and quality of life changes from "Shin Megami Tensei IV". The game sold approximately half of the debut sales for "Shin Megami Tensei IV" during its first week, which was still considered successful for a non-numbered series entry.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: In "Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse", the player controls the demon hunter Nanashi as they explore locations including a post-apocalyptic Tokyo and the medieval kingdom Mikado. The setting, most demons, and a large number of mechanics are carried over from the game's predecessor "Shin Megami Tensei IV". The player navigates local environments with a third-person perspective, with the aid of an overhead worldmap. Battles take place from a first-person perspective, and are triggered either through story sequences or encountering enemy sprites in the environment. The party gains experience points and levels up by winning battles and completing quests. When the protagonist gains a level, he is given skill points allotted to five different statistics which alter how he performs in battle. When in battle, Nanashi has a party of three demons and a "Partner", an automated companion with a unique demon roster, giving them a different set of abilities.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: During battle, both player and enemy actions are governed by the turn-based Press Turn System, a battle system carried over from previous entries in the "Shin Megami Tensei" series. The system revolves around exploiting physical or elemental weaknesses, and landing critical attacks: if a character strikes another character's weak point or deals a critical hit, the party gains an extra turn, while if the attack is absorbed or blocked, they lose their turn. If a party member from either side ambushes the enemy, strikes a weakness or gets a critical hit, they may enter "Smirk" status: Smirking temporarily increases a character's damage, eliminates their elemental weaknesses, and gives them a high probability of dodging attacks. It also grants temporary bonuses to a character's skills.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: In addition to fighting demons, they can also be persuaded to join the player's side, as the only way to gather a party. If a demon does not immediately attack, it is open to negotiation and can be persuaded to join. If a demon agrees to join but Nanashi's level is too low, another demon is called in to take the first demon's place. Once part of the party, demons can engage in dialogue, and grant skills and bonuses to Nanashi. Certain abilities also effect the demon's health, magic and elemental resistances, with certain attack types either inflicting penalties or granting additional status buffs. Two or more demons can be fused into a new form, granting new abilities. During fusion, players can choose which skills are retained and which are discarded.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: "Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse" takes place in 2038 in Japan, within the same setting as "Shin Megami Tensei IV". Twenty-five years prior, a devastating war was waged between the angels and the armies of Lucifer. To protect Tokyo from damage, a great rock dome was created. While it protected Tokyo, resources became progressively scarcer over the following years, while angels and demons ruled over humans.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The story incorporates folklore from ancient religions, including deities such as Krishna, Odin, and YHVH. The game's silent protagonist is the demon hunter cadet Nanashi. He is killed while on a demon hunt and he is contacted in the afterlife by the demon Dagda, who offers to restore the protagonist to life in exchange for becoming his "godslayer". When returned to life, he is manipulated by Dagda and Odin into freeing Krishna from a prison made by YHVH, who forms an alliance of various polytheistic deities called the Divine Powers, for the claimed purpose of saving humanity and opposing Merkabah and Lucifer. The storyline takes follows from the beginning of the previous game's neutral route: protagonist Flynn and his companion Isabeau have chosen to ally with the people of Tokyo, while Flynn's former companions Jonathan and Walter have respectively become the hosts for Merkabah, leader of God's angelic forces, and Lucifer, ruler of the demon hordes. There are multiple endings, with both of the primary endings are neutral; the game's law and chaos endings serve as abridged conclusions to the story.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: In post-apocalyptic Tokyo, Nanashi is killed by demons. In the afterlife, a demon named Dagda offers to resurrect him in exchange for his service as a Godslayer. Shortly afterward, Nanashi and his friend Asahi are manipulated into unsealing Krishna, a malevolent deity who intends to destroy the universe and recreate it in his own image. Krishna takes Asahi hostage in order to force Flynn to surrender to him, intending to force Flynn to become his own Godslayer. He also unleashes the monstrous serpent Shesha to begin harvesting human souls for his plans. Nanashi and Asahi set out to defeat Krishna and Shesha. Nanashi and his companions defeat Shesha, defeat Krishna at his base in Tsukiji Konganji, and rescue Flynn. The party then sets out to defeat Merkabah and his angels, as well as Lucifer and his demons. Nanashi has the option of siding with Merkabah, Lucifer, or humanity. Supporting Merkabah will destroy Tokyo and transform Mikado into the new Kingdom of God, while supporting Lucifer will destroy Mikado and plunge the world into anarchy. Nanashi can lead humanity to victory if he kills both Lucifer and Merkabah in a massive three-way battle.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: During the celebration afterwards, Flynn murders the surviving Demon Hunters. He reveals himself to be Shesha, reincarnated in Flynn's form, and explains that Krishna faked his own defeat to manipulate the Hunters into eliminating the angels and demons; the real Flynn remains in Krishna's clutches. Shesha murders Asahi and transforms into the Cosmic Egg, a giant object that will hatch into Krishna's new universe when the full moon rises. The party storms the Cosmic Egg to defeat Krishna and his Divine Powers once and for all. Inside the Egg, Dagda reveals his plan to hijack it and create his own universe where all humans are completely independent from one another, and demands Nanashi's aid in his plan. Dagda's mother Danu opposes him, and wants Nanashi to destroy the Egg. If Nanashi rebels against Dagda, Danu revives Dagda in line with their ideals, and Nanashi kills Dagda's dark side. The true Dagda then resurrects all of Shesha's victims, including Asahi. If Nanashi sides with Dagda, his friends turn against him, and he is forced to kill them all. In either case, Nanashi then makes his way to the heart of the egg, where Krishna and Flynn are. Krishna forcibly fuses with Flynn to become Vishnu-Flynn and battles Nanashi, who defeats Vishnu-Flynn and separates the two.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: If Nanashi sided with his friends, Flynn finishes Krishna off. Nanashi then destroys the heart of the egg, ending Krishna's plans for good. As the group begins to celebrate, Stephen appears and reveals that there is one more enemy standing between humanity and true freedom: YHVH, the creator god. Stephen opens a portal to YHVH's universe, and Nanashi and Flynn invade his realm. They undergo a trial from YHVH's second-in-command Satan, and are deemed worthy to confront YHVH. Satan temporarily resurrects Flynn's old friends Walter and Jonathan to aid them, and the group battles and destroys YHVH once and for all. Afterwards, humanity is finally freed from the gods and a new peace is forged by Tokyo, Mikado, and the demons.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: If Nanashi sided with Dagda, Flynn is killed in the battle and Nanashi executes Krishna. The Cosmic Egg hatches into Dagda's new universe, and he appoints Nanashi as its new Creator. Afterwards, Stephen appears and explains that the new universe cannot fully come to fruition until YHVH is killed and the old universe destroyed. Dagda resurrects Flynn and a companion of Nanashi's choice to be brainwashed into serving as his Godslayer and Goddess, respectively. After defeating the remaining Hunters, Nanashi invades YHVH's universe and kills Him. The old universe dies and is reborn as a new universe where humans are free from all outside influence. Dagda fades away, leaving Nanashi to rule his new creation.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: "Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse" was created as the developers wanted to see what they could do with the characters from "IV". They decided to make a new title as opposed to an upgraded re-release. Production began after development ended for "Shin Megami Tensei IV" in 2013. As part of their development, the team looked at player feedback with their goal being to make "the number one RPG on the 3DS". Multiple staff from the original game returned, including producer Kazuyuki Yamai, character designer Masayuki Doi, and soundtrack composer Ryota Kozuka. Satoshi Ohyama, who had worked on "Shin Megami Tensei IV" as main programmer, was assigned as director. The game's world and basic scenario were created by Kazuma Kaneko, while the script was written by Yusuke Miyata.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The story's main themes are making or breaking bonds with others, and the advent of "inevitable reality", with a key word in the story being "deicide". An element of the story was the idea of deities from polytheistic deity factions fighting back against being subsumed by the monotheistic Abrahamic deities. Demon designs from the previous game were refined, including the characters Medusa, Merkabah and Lucifer. Doi designed the deity figures based on the traditions surrounding them in their native mythologies. The coloration of polytheistic deities was likewise influenced by beliefs surrounding colors from their native lands. The human forms of Merkabah and Lucifer were based around the idea of the monotheistic factions drawing power from human faith. The game's main protagonist was originally designed to be much older, with his adult design carrying over into one of the game's non-playable characters. Instead, the protagonist was made into a teenager so as to better relate the game's themes of immaturity. Tying into the game's themes is the fact that the main protagonist comes from a far lower-class, less elite force than the protagonist of "Shin Megami Tensei IV". The music was handled by composer Ryota Kozuka, who had previously worked as composer for "Shin Megami Tensei IV". He worked on "Apocalypse" alongside his work arranging tracks for "".


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: For its Western release, the subtitle was changed from ""Final"" to ""Apocalypse"". The localization took their time to select a name that would give the same implications as the Japanese title while being easier for Western players to understand. Among the titles that needed to be turned down were "End War" due to copyright issues and "Holy War" due to potential backlash. As an "A" symbol was incorporated into the logo, they decided on a word beginning with A. The title ""Apocalypse"" was reached after much discussion. For about two weeks during this process, the team considered dropping the game's numeral as had been done with "Nocturne".


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The game was first teased through the main website for "Shin Megami Tensei IV": when a specific hashtag had been forwarded through Twitter 15,000 times, a rocky surface hiding the title would break and reveal its secret. The game was eventually revealed on October 5, 2015, when development was approximately 90% complete. The game was released for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on February 10, 2016, and in North America on September 20, 2016. It was also released in the PAL region by Deep Silver, on December 2, 2016 in Europe and on December 9 in Australia. North American pre-orders and launch day copies included a set of three metal emblem pins in the forms of a peace symbol, an anarchy symbol, and Dagda's mark.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: "Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse" was generally well received by critics, according to the review aggregator website Metacritic. It was the highest selling game in Japan during its debut week, with an estimated 96,300 copies sold. These sales figures were approximately half of the debut sales for "Shin Megami Tensei IV", and were noted by "Siliconera" as a good performance for a "Shin Megami Tensei" game outside of new, numbered entries.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: Reviewers were impressed with the games visuals, with Heidi Kemp of "GameSpot" stating "Apocalypse" had an "amazing sense of visual design". "USGamer" Jeremy Parish praised the game and called it one of the most "uniquely realistic games on 3DS". Luca Forte writing for "Eurogamer Italy" called the visuals detailed and pleasant and a definite improvement from "IV". However, Chris Carter writing for "Destructoid" stated the graphics were "drab", attributing this to the limitations of the 3DS.


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The game received a lot of comments on its quality of life upgrades from those found in the previous title. Parish praised the modifications to gameplay, while Forte noted the improvements to the game's map system. Kemp for "GameSpot" praised the game for its "host of improvements to its core gameplay that immensely improves the experience of demon hunting and exploration".


title: Shin Megami Tensei IV: Apocalypse

text: The in-game universe of "Apocalypse" was criticized for being too similar to that of the previous game. Writing for "Game Informer", Daniel Tack commented that "other than the story, not a whole lot is new" with "Apocalypse". Morgan Sleeper, however, for "Nintendo Life" described it as a "sequel-of-sorts" whilst Forte wrote that the game was "not a sequel or even a DLC, but a masterpiece".


title: Jesse Rath

text: Jesse Rath (born February 11, 1989) is a Canadian actor. He starred in the television series "18 to Life" as Carter Boyd and as Ram on "Aaron Stone". He also appeared on the Syfy series "Defiance" playing the role of Alak Tarr, on "Being Human" as Robbie Malik and on "Supergirl" as Brainiac 5.


title: Jesse Rath

text: Rath was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His mother is of Goan Indian descent, whereas his father is of English and Austrian-Jewish heritage. His older sister is actress Meaghan Rath.


title: Jesse Rath

text: Rath's first role was in 2005, as a runner in the sports film "The Greatest Game Ever Played", and he later joined a low-budget movie, "Prom Wars: Love Is a Battlefield", followed by "The Trotsky". He got his biggest break on television in 2009 after getting cast in the miniseries "", playing Federico Auditore, the role of one of the sons of the lead character, Giovanni. The same year, he was cast in a recurring role in the Disney XD show "Aaron Stone". He was then cast as one of the main leads in the CBC show "18 to Life". He starred in a direct-to-video film, "". He later joined another Canadian series, "Mudpit". He also guest-starred on "Being Human", playing the role of the younger brother of the female lead, his real-life sister Meaghan Rath. In mid-2012, he was cast in the sci-fi television series "Defiance".


title: Jesse Rath

text: He was co-nominated for two Gemini Awards in 2010 and 2011, for Best Ensemble Performance in a Comedy Program or Series, for "18 to Life".


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: Computer-aided engineering (CAE) is the broad usage of computer software to aid in engineering analysis tasks. It includes , , , durability and optimization. It is included with computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) in the collective abbreviation "CAx".


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: Computer-aided engineering primarily uses computer-aided design (CAD) software, which are sometimes called CAE tools. CAE tools are used, to analyze the robustness and performance of components and assemblies. CAE tools encompass simulation, validation, and optimization of products and manufacturing tools. CAE systems aim to be major providers of information to help support design teams in decision-making. Computer-aided engineering is used in various fields, like automotive, aviation, space, and shipbuilding industries.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: CAE systems can provide support to businesses. This is achieved by the use of reference architectures and their ability to place information views on the business process. Reference architecture is the basis from which information is modeled, especially product and manufacturing models.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: The term CAE has been used to describe the use of computer technology within engineering in a broader sense than just engineering analysis. It was in this context that the term was coined by Jason Lemon, founder of SDRC in the late 1970s. This definition is however better known today by the terms CAx and PLM.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: CAE systems are individually considered a single node on a total information network and each node may interact with other nodes on the network.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: This cycle is iterated, often many times, either manually or with the use of commercial optimization software.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: CAE tools are widely used in the automotive industry. Their use has enabled automakers to reduce product development costs and time while improving the safety, comfort, and durability of the vehicles they produce. The predictive capability of CAE tools has progressed to the point where much of the design verification is done using computer simulations (diagnosis) rather than physical prototype testing. CAE dependability is based upon all proper assumptions as inputs and must identify critical inputs (BJ). Even though there have been many advances in CAE, and it is widely used in the engineering field, physical testing is still a must. It is used for verification and model updating, to accurately define loads and boundary conditions, and for final prototype sign-off.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: Even though CAE has built a strong reputation as a verification, troubleshooting and analysis tool, there is still a perception that sufficiently accurate results come rather late in the design cycle to really drive the design. This can be expected to become a problem as modern products become ever more complex. They include smart systems, which leads to an increased need for multi-physics analysis including controls, and contain new lightweight materials, with which engineers are often less familiar.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: CAE software companies and manufacturers are constantly looking for tools and process improvements to change this situation.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: On the software side, they are constantly looking to develop more powerful solvers, to better utilize computer resources, and to include engineering knowledge in pre and post-processing. On the process side, they try to achieve a better alignment between 3D CAE, 1D system simulation, and physical testing. This should increase modeling realism and calculation speed.


title: Computer-aided engineering

text: CAE software companies and manufacturers try to better integrate CAE in the overall product lifecycle management. In this way they can connect product design with product use, which is needed for smart products. This enhanced engineering process is also referred to as predictive engineering analytics.


title: Travel class

text: A travel class is a quality of accommodation on public transport. The accommodation could be a seat or a cabin for example. Higher travel classes are designed to be more comfortable and are typically more expensive.


title: Travel class

text: Traditionally, an airliner is divided into, from the fore to aft, first, business, and economy classes, sometimes referred to as cabins. In recent years, some airlines have added a premium economy class as an intermediate class between economy and business classes.


title: Travel class

text: Each class is further divided into invisible booking or fare classes, which although booked into the same cabin differ in conditions and benefits outside of the cabin class travelled, such as frequent-flyer points, baggage limit, change or refund policy, etc.


title: Travel class

text: Before cruise ships dominated the passenger ship trade, ocean liners had classes of service, often categorized as First Class, Second Class, and Steerage. Companies such as Cunard Line continue this tradition, offering Queen's Grill, Princess Grill and Britannia cabins, each of which have their own allocated lounges and restaurants on board.


title: Travel class

text: Trains often have first class (the higher class) and second class (known as standard class in the UK). For trains with sleeping accommodations, there may be more levels of luxury.


title: Travel class

text: Traditional trains commonly offer the following classes: soft sleeper, hard sleeper, soft seat and hard seat, depending on the route.


title: Travel class

text: China Railway High-speed (CRH) EMUs offer the following classes: soft sleeper (available only on few overnight routes), business seat, 1st class seat and 2nd class seat.


title: Travel class

text: Prior to 1949, most railway bureaus (under the direction of the Transport Ministry) had a three-class structure. As with most contemporary cases, few people could afford first class or even second class, so at times there would be no first class or second class service available in some trains. Some went as far as offering a fourth class "service" with goods wagons.


title: Travel class

text: In 1949, the first "Limited Express with Reserved Seating" (特快對號車) appeared with the Railway Bureau of Taiwan, and it offered a three-class service, inherited locally from Japanese colonial rule. This structure was the norm for all trains, normal or express, until 1953.


title: Travel class

text: In 1953, the "Equality Express" was introduced with second class carriages only. Eventually, all expresses save for the sole Limited Express offered only second class service, and all other, slower trains, offered only third class. This resulted in the quality of service being associated with the speed of the train. The Diesel Limited Express was introduced in 1956 with one class only.


title: Travel class

text: In 1960, with the reforming of Limited Expresses (the Limited Express with Reserved Seating and Diesel Limited Express merged into one fare), all passenger trains officially offered only one class. Therefore, all expresses had only second class carriages and other trains only third class. As time passes, more types of carriages were introduced, but these were thought as types instead of classes.


title: Travel class

text: At the very beginning of the railway age in Europe, almost every railway operator offered three classes for passenger services: "First class" was the most luxurious and least demanded class, equipped with rich upholstered seats, while "second class" was also upholstered, but on a lower level and with less seating space. In contrast, "third class" only provided wooden benches. While most passenger trains carried just one or two "first class" and "second class" carriages, every other carriage was "third class" only.


title: Travel class

text: Today there are generally two classes, known as "first class" and "second class" or "economy class", or the equivalent in the local language. In the United Kingdom, the Midland Railway abolished its "second class" in 1875, offering only "first class" and "third class" travel. In fact, it was the basic wood-seated "third class" carriages and compartments which were removed, with "third class" passengers now travelling in what had been "second class" but at the original lower price. At the same time, the Midland reduced the cost of its "first class" tickets to the prices previously charged for "second class". This move attracted many more passengers to Midland trains and other railway companies were pressured to follow. By the end of the 19th century, virtually all British trains consisted of only two classes (still called "first" and "third", both with fully upholstered (and lit and heated) seating arrangements. The exceptions were some "third class" trains provided for workmen under the Cheap Trains Act 1883 which retained wooden benches for ease of cleaning, and boat trains connecting with ferries and trains to continental Europe, where three travel classes on trains were still the norm and so continued to provide "first", "second" and "third" class accommodation, although the "third class" accommodation remained broadly equivalent to "second class" on other European trains.


title: Travel class

text: The three-tier class structure was abolished on most European railways by the end of the 1950s in favor of a two-tier structure conceived by the UIC. In fact, the old "first class" from the pre-World-War-II era was deleted without substitution because of low ridership in postwar times, therefore the old "second class" became the new "first class" and the "third class", with hardly any wooden seatings left, was declared the new "second class".


title: Travel class

text: Trains in Great Britain continued to provide a two-tier class structure, with the higher tier called "first class". The lower tier was re-branded from "third class" to "second class" by British Rail from 3 June 1956, and then to "standard class" from 11 May 1987.


title: Travel class

text: A convention used by most European railway companies is that the first-class section of a train is marked in yellow, usually with a yellow band above the doors and/or windows. First-class areas may be complete carriages or at one end of a carriage, the other end being second class. Second-class compartments usually have "2+2" seating (2 seats each side of the aisle); first-class compartments are typically "2+1". In Britain and France, some short-distance suburban trains use "2+3" for the lower class and "2+2" for first class.


title: Travel class

text: Metro, suburban and local trains are sometimes second-class-only. First-class-only trains were common up to the 1980s (see Trans Europe Express) but are now rare. High-speed trains often charge more than slower-speed trains on the same route, but still have first- and second-class seats.


title: Travel class

text: Trains in Ireland are primarily operated as standard-class only, with only some of the longest distance services having a higher class, called Premier on IE 22000 Class stock, CityGold on Mark 4 loco-hauled carriages and First Plus on the cross-border Enterprise service. No commuter services have premium classes. Premium benefits can be as limited as a reading light and waiter service; but reach to 2+1 recliner seating and enhanced catering options.


title: Travel class

text: In Germany, there existed a "fourth class" ("4. Klasse") on almost every local train from the second half of the 19th century to 1928. It provided just a very low travel comfort, the passengers had to sit on even wooden planks with rudimentary backrests. Much of the space in the compartments was left empty to allow country folks to carry their goods and livestock inside the carriage.


title: Travel class

text: Indonesian trains, operated by the state-owned PT Kereta Api Indonesia (the Indonesian Railways Co.), have now four classes for long-distance travel. All types of carriages are seating-only (no sleeper cars).


title: Travel class

text: All classes are non-smoking and air conditioned. All passengers require a seat reservation, "except" for commuter trains. All seats can be reserved from 30 to 90 days before travel date until minutes before departure time when seats are still available.


title: Travel class

text: Medium and long-distance trains have onboard cafeteria, flushing toilets (older passenger coaches have squatting toilets), onboard customer service representative (Train Manager), onboard security, and onboard cleaning services.


title: Travel class

text: Executive class trains are the fastest and stop only on a few major stations (first priority). Business trains are somewhat slower, but generally do not stop too often as well there may be economy cars in these trains (second priority). Economy trains take significantly more time to reach the destination, as they stop on many smaller stations and have to pass all executive and business class traffic going in the same direction (third priority). Many less important routes lack either business or executive service, or both. Some services have more two or three classes mixed together (executive-business, executive-economy, executive-premium economy, or executive-business-economy).


title: Travel class

text: For local or commuter trains, single class service is the most common type of service. But in some areas there may be other classes as well which have different seating arrangement and travel time in which the lower classes has more stops than the upper one. For example, Jogjakarta–Solo route there are "Sriwedari" train services which is air conditioned and has transverse seating and also "Prambanan Express" train which is non air conditioned, has longitudinal seating and more stops. Meanwhile, in Jakarta metropolitan area, there's only one class of service available since mid-2013 which is air conditioned and has longitudinal seating; however, a tradition that started in the mid-90s made it customary for commuter trains to be technically classified as executive-class trains. Commuter trains in Jakarta are operated by Kereta Commuter Indonesia, a subsidiary of the Indonesian Railways Co.


title: Travel class

text: From 1872, Japan had a three-class structure for both seating carriages and sleeping carriages. By 1960, as conditions improved on second and third class trains, there were few passengers travelling on first class; therefore, the few remaining first class carriages were rebranded "special" carriages available for hire, and consequently moved Japan's railway system to a two-class system, of which the original second class became the first, and the original third became second.


title: Travel class

text: In 1969, the class structure was abolished altogether. The first class was renamed "Green" carriages and the second "Standard" carriages.


title: Travel class

text: All members of the Japan Railways Group (JR) offer separated classes of travel, with varying levels of availability on any given train.


title: Travel class

text: The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyūshū), Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), and East Japan Railway Company (JR East) all offer an enhanced service known as the Green Car on nearly all of their intercity trains. Additionally, the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) and Shikoku Railway Company (JR Shikoku) offer a Green Car on some trains, and a few West Japan Railway Company (JR West) trains also have a Green Car. The alternative to Green Car is the Ordinary Car. Although Ordinary Car tickets may be purchased with or without reserved seating, all Green Car tickets are reserved seating. A ticket must be purchased in advance, and a special version of the Japan Rail Pass allowing travel in Green Cars is available.


title: Travel class

text: Most JR Group Green Cars seats have increased width and pitch. In some stations, Green Cars are located nearer to the staircases and escalators leading to/from the train platform. Green Cars also frequently offer slippers and reading materials in Japanese.


title: Travel class

text: Additionally, JR East offers a third category of service, the GranClass, available on its Hayabusa route. Features of GranClass cars include leather seats that recline to a 45 degree angle, raised footrests, adjustable dining tables and cocktail trays, and personal reading lights. Full-service meals, both Japanese and Western, are provided by specialized GranClass attendants, who also serve soft drinks and alcoholic beverages. Because the Hayabusa is a long-distance service to the Tōhoku region, overnight amenities such as slippers, blankets, and eye masks are provided.


title: Travel class

text: During the Victorian era, most trains in the United Kingdom had three classes of accommodation: first class, second class and third class. From 1875, when the Midland Railway redesignated its second class accommodation as "third class", second class (equivalent to either premium economy or business class) was gradually abolished, while first class and third class were retained. This was because the Railway Regulation Act 1844 required a third-class service to be offered. In addition to this, British third class was initially of a comparable standard to continental European third class and British first class with European first class (the continent having retained three classes). This meant that boat trains in Britain still often operated with three classes of accommodation after the abolition of second class in the rest of the country. From 3 June 1956 British Railways redesignated third class as "second class", finally (as British Rail) renaming it "standard class" from 11 May 1987, in view of the pejorative overtones of "second class".


title: Travel class

text: In the United States and Canada, train classes emulate the airlines, although airlines probably took the class levels from trains of the time when they were coming of age (e.g. first, business, coach). Amtrak Acela Express trains have two classes: First Class and Business Class. Amtrak Northeast Regional trains have Business Class and Coach class. Canada's Via Rail has the same classes as Amtrak. Trains with sleeper cars have additional levels. Commuter trains in USA and Canada rarely offer multiple classes of service.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: Emergency Declaration ( "Bisang Seoneon") is a 2021 South Korean aviation disaster-action film directed by Han Jae-rim and starring Song Kang-ho, Lee Byung-hun, Jeon Do-yeon, Kim Nam-gil, Im Si-wan, Kim So-jin and Park Hae-joon. Filming restarted on September 12, 2020, after postponement due to COVID-19 resurgence in August 2020. The film was wrapped up on October 24, 2020.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: The film was first screened in the out of competition section of the 74th Cannes Film Festival on July 16, 2021. It was released theatrically in South Korea on August 3, 2022, on a 4DX screen combining 4DX and ScreenX in addition to IMAX.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: Produced with cost of , the film opened at number one at South Korean box office and surpassed two million admissions in 18 days. It is currently the 6th highest-grossing Korean film of 2022 with a gross of US$19.1 million and 2 million viewers.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: On August 29, 2019, Showbox confirmed that Song Kang-ho and Lee Byung-hun have agreed to appear in director Han Jae-rim's next film "Emergency Declaration". On 30 March 2020, it was reported that the film has been put on hold due to outbreak of COVID-19. In May 2020, the cast of the film was finalized as Song Kang-ho, Lee Byung-hun, Jeon Do-yeon, Kim Nam-gil, Yim Si-wan, Kim So-jin and Park Hae-joon. Filming began in the same month.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: The airplane set, was made by airlifting the entire waste plane from the United States. The motif of the early model of the Boeing 777, was used to create set. With the help of a gimbal with a diameter of 7 meters and a length of 12 meters, it was made to rotate at 360-degree rotation.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: On 31 August 2020, the distributors of the film Showbox informed that filming was stopped due to resurgence in COVID-19. The filming restarted on September 12, 2020 and was wrapped up on October 24, 2020. The director on wrap up said, "As a producer and a director, I am very satisfied with the fact that everyone finished shooting well." On post production, the director Han Jae-rim said about the filming and performance, "The set is also a set, but the part to watch out for in the airplane scene is the outstanding performance of the actors. This is what I really want to show off"


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: "Emergency Declaration" has been invited to the out of competition section of the 74th Cannes Film Festival to be held from 6 to 17 July 2021.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: It had its world premiere on July 16, at the Cannes Film Festival. It was slated to release theatrically in January 2022, but due to a new wave of the COVID-19 pandemic its release was delayed. It was finally released theatrically in South Korea on August 3, 2022 and will be released in the United States on August 12, 2022. The film was released in Singapore, Thailand, Hong Kong, and Malaysia on August 4, and has been invited to the Orbita section, the competition section at 55th Sitges Film Festival to be held from October 6 to October 16, 2022.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: The film was released on August 3 on 1776 screens. It opened at number 1 place on the Korean box office with 336,751 viewers. It logged one million viewers on fourth day of its release after topping the box office for two days. It took 18 days for the film to surpass 2 million viewers.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: , it is the 6th highest-grossing Korean film of 2022 with a gross of US$14.7 million and 2.1 million admissions according to the Korean Film Council.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 52% approval rating, based on 25 reviews with an average rating of 4.8/10.


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: Im Soo-yeon of "Cine21", stated that the film "resembles director Bong Joon-ho's "Monster" rather than a Hollywood movie about hijacking or aviation disasters". Concluding, Im wrote, "This is a new film from director Han Jae-rim, who directed "Contemplation" and "The King"." Lee Marshall reviewing the film for Screen Daily was critical of the timing of the film. He appreciated the car chase sequence filmed through the windscreen of vehicle in pursuit. Concluding Lee wrote, "... but the film remains as a series of sketches that are all but erased by the film’s trite and inauthentic ending." Peter Debruge of Variety appreciating the film wrote, "From a storytelling perspective, seeing what Han can do with the interior of a plane — and a whole lot of CGI — is downright inspirational." Jared Mobarak writing in The Film Stage graded the film as B- and wrote, "The plane is in danger. It can't land until a plan to alleviate that danger is made on the ground. Everything that occurs reinforces those two truths. Even so, it's never boring." Laura Sirikul of The Nerds of Color rated the film 3.5/5 and praised, the production design, cinematography, and CGI on the plane interior as "incredible". Sirikul stated, "The film was filled with so many twists and turns that you don’t really notice the long duration. It also amps up the anxiety and stakes by adding more and more surprises."


title: Emergency Declaration (film)

text: Therese Lacson writing in Collider graded the film as C+ and wrote, "With so much holding it down, it feels impossible for Emergency Declaration to take flight, and it lives in the shadow of disaster films that capitalize on the hallmarks of its genre, rather than trying to do too much at the same time."


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: "" (, English: Oh! Shall I tell you, Mama) is a popular children's song in France. Since its composition in the 18th century, the melody has been applied to numerous lyrics in multiple languages – the English-language song "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" is one such example. It was adapted in Twelve Variations on "Ah vous dirai-je, Maman" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: According to Henri-Irénée Marrou, the origin of the melody is an anonymous pastoral song dating from 1740, with children's lyrics added relatively recently. The melody was first published in 1761. In 1774, the earliest known printed publication of the lyrics together with the music was in volume two of by M.D.L. () published in Brussels, under the title "".


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: The French lyrics of the nursery rhyme exist in several variations, of which the following one is one of the most common versions.


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: The lyrics of the nursery rhyme are a parody of the original lyrics, an anonymous love poem, "" ("The naive Confidence").


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: Many songs in various languages have been based on the "" melody. In English, "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star", the "Alphabet Song" and "Baa, Baa, Black Sheep" are all based on this melody.


title: Ah! vous dirai-je, maman

text: The German Christmas carol "" with words by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, also uses the melody, as does the Hungarian Christmas carol "", the Dutch "", the Spanish "", the Greek "Φεγγαράκι μου λαμπρό" and the Turkish "".


title: Program music

text: Program music or programatic music is a type of instrumental art music that attempts to musically render an extramusical narrative. The narrative itself might be offered to the audience through the piece's title, or in the form of program notes, inviting imaginative correlations with the music. A well-known example is Sergei Prokofiev's "Peter and the Wolf".


title: Program music

text: The genre culminates in the symphonic works of Richard Strauss that include narrations of the adventures of Don Quixote, "Till Eulenspiegel", the composer's domestic life, and an interpretation of Nietzsche's philosophy of the Übermensch. Following Strauss, the genre declined and new works with explicitly narrative content are rare. Nevertheless the genre continues to exert an influence on film music, especially where this draws upon the techniques of 19th-century late romantic music. Similar compositional forms also exist within popular music, including the concept album and rock opera.


title: Program music

text: The term is almost exclusively applied to works in the European classical music tradition, particularly those from the Romantic music period of the 19th century, during which the concept was popular, but pieces which fit the description have long been a part of music. The term is usually reserved for purely instrumental works (pieces without singers and lyrics), and not used, for example for opera or lieder. Single-movement orchestral pieces of program music are often called symphonic poems. Absolute music, in contrast, is intended to be appreciated without any particular reference to the outside world.


title: Program music

text: Composers of the Renaissance wrote a fair amount of program music, especially for the harpsichord, including works such as Martin Peerson's "The Fall of the Leafe" and William Byrd's "The Battell". For the latter work, the composer provided this written description of the sections: "Souldiers sommons, marche of footemen, marche of horsmen, trumpetts, Irishe marche, bagpipe and the drone, flute and the droome, marche to the fighte, the battels be joyned, retreat, galliarde for the victorie."


title: Program music

text: In the Baroque era, Vivaldi's "The Four Seasons" has poetic inscriptions in the score referring to each of the seasons, evoking spring, summer, autumn, and winter. While many cantatas by J. S. Bach contain programmatic elements, an example of outright program music is his "Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother", BWV 992.


title: Program music

text: Program music was perhaps less often composed in the Classical era. At that time, perhaps more than any other, music achieved drama from its own internal resources, notably in works written in sonata form. It is thought, however, that a number of Joseph Haydn's earlier symphonies may be program music; for example, the composer once said that one of his earlier symphonies represents "a dialogue between God and the Sinner". It is not known which of his symphonies Haydn was referring to. His Symphony No. 8 also includes a movement named "La tempesta" that represents a storm. A minor Classical-era composer, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, wrote a series of symphonies based on Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (not to be confused with twentieth-century composer Benjamin Britten's "Six Metamorphoses after Ovid"), which falls into this category.


title: Program music

text: Program music particularly flourished in the Romantic era. As it can invoke in the listener a specific experience other than sitting in front of a musician or musicians, it is related to the purely Romantic idea of the Gesamtkunstwerk describing Wagner's Operas as a fusion of many arts (set design, choreography, poetry and so on), although it relies solely on musical aspects to illustrate a multi-faceted artistic concept such as a poem or a painting. Composers believed that the dynamics of sound that were newly possible in the Romantic orchestra of the era allowed them to focus on emotions and other intangible aspects of life much more than during the Baroque or Classical eras.


title: Program music

text: Ludwig van Beethoven felt a certain reluctance in writing program music, and said of his 1808 Symphony No. 6 ("Pastoral") that the "whole work can be perceived without description – it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone-painting".. Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls, a babbling brook, a storm, and so on. Beethoven later returned to program music with his Piano Sonata Op. 81a, "Les Adieux", which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the Archduke Rudolf.


title: Program music

text: Hector Berlioz's "Symphonie fantastique" was a musical narration of a hyperbolically emotional love story, the main subject being an actress with whom he was in love at the time. Franz Liszt did provide explicit programs for many of his piano pieces and he was also the inventor of the term symphonic poem. In 1874, Modest Mussorgsky composed for piano a series of pieces describing seeing a gallery of ten of his friend's paintings and drawings in his "Pictures at an Exhibition", later orchestrated by many composers including Maurice Ravel. The French composer Camille Saint-Saëns wrote many short pieces of program music which he called "Tone Poems". His most famous are probably the Danse Macabre and several movements from "the Carnival of the Animals". The composer Paul Dukas is perhaps best known for his tone poem "The Sorcerer's Apprentice", based on a tale from Goethe.


title: Program music

text: Possibly the most adept at musical depiction in his program music was German composer Richard Strauss. His symphonic poems include "Death and Transfiguration" (portraying a dying man and his entry into heaven), "Don Juan" (based on the ancient legend of Don Juan), "Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks" (based on episodes in the career of the legendary German figure Till Eulenspiegel), "Don Quixote" (portraying episodes in the life of Miguel de Cervantes' character, Don Quixote), "A Hero's Life" (which depicts episodes in the life of an unnamed hero often taken to be Strauss himself) and "Symphonia Domestica" (which portrays episodes in the composer's own married life, including putting the baby to bed). Strauss is reported to have said that music can describe anything, even a teaspoon.


title: Program music

text: Another composer of programmatic music is Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, whose colorful "musical pictures" include "Sadko", Op. 5, after the Russian Bylina, about the minstrel who sings to the Tsar of the Sea, the very famous "'Scheherazade", Op. 35, after the Arabian Nights entertainments (where the heroine is depicted by a violin and whose stories include "Sinbad the Sailor") and any number of orchestral suites from his operas, including "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" (which also contains "Flight of the Bumblebee"), "The Golden Cockerel", "Christmas Eve", "The Snow Maiden", and "The Legend of The Invisible City of Kitezh".


title: Program music

text: In Scandinavia, Sibelius explored the Kalevala legend in several tone poems, most famously in "The Swan of Tuonela".


title: Program music

text: One of the most famous programs, because it has never been definitively identified, is the secret non-musical idea or theme – the "Enigma" – that underlies Edward Elgar's "Variations on an Original Theme (Enigma)" of 1899. The composer disclosed it to certain friends, but at his request they never made it public.


title: Program music

text: Ottorino Respighi composed a number of tone poems in the 1910s and 1920s, notably three works on different aspects of the city of Rome. Gustav Holst's "The Planets" is another well-known example. Alban Berg's "Lyric Suite" was thought for years to be abstract music, but in 1977 it was discovered that it was in fact dedicated to Hanna Fuchs-Robettin. Important leitmotifs are based on the melodic series A–B–H–F, which is their combined initials. The last movement also contains a setting of a poem by Charles Baudelaire, suppressed by the composer for publication.


title: Program music

text: The term "program music" is not generally used with regard to popular music, although some popular music does have aspects in common with program music. The tradition of purely orchestral program music is continued in pieces for jazz orchestra, most notably several pieces by Duke Ellington. Instrumental pieces in popular music often have a descriptive title which suggests that they could be categorized as program music, and several instrumental albums are completely devoted to some programmatic idea (for example, "China" by Vangelis or "The Songs of Distant Earth" by Mike Oldfield). Some of the genres of popular music are more likely than others to involve programmatic elements; these include ambient, new-age, space music, surf rock, black metal, jazz fusion, progressive rock, art rock and various genres of techno music. Bluegrass has at least one outstanding bit of program music called "Orange Blossom Special".


title: Program music

text: Progressive rock groups and musicians during the 1970s in particular experimented with program music, among which was Rush's "Jacob's Ladder" (1980), which shows clear influences of Smetana's "Má vlast" ("My Homeland") (1874–1879). In addition, Rush's songs "Xanadu", "La Villa Strangiato" "Red Barchetta", and "YYZ" also show their experimentalism with program music, as do parts of "2112", particularly the discovery scene.


title: Program music

text: Composers and some theorists argue that there is indeed no such thing as true "absolute ("ars gratia artis") music" and that music always at least conveys or evokes emotions. While non-professional listeners often claim that music has meaning (to them), "new" musicologists, such as Susan McClary, argue that so-called "abstract" techniques and structures are actually highly politically and socially charged, specifically, even gendered. This may be linked to a more general argument against abstraction, such as Mark Johnson's argument that it is, "necessary...for abstract meaning...to have a bodily basis". However, a more specific definition of absolute music is: music which was composed without programmatic intent, or narrative.


title: Program music

text: More traditional listeners often reject these views sharply, asserting that music can be meaningful, as well as deeply emotional, while being essentially about itself (notes, themes, keys, and so on), and without any connection to the political and societal conflicts of our own day, but consciously associated with non-musical ideas, images, or events (poems, art works, etc.)


title: Program music

text: Part of the music from the Baroque and Classical eras is absolute, as is suggested by titles which often consist simply of the type of composition, a numerical designation within the composer's oeuvre, and its key. Johann Sebastian Bach's Concerto for two harpsichords in C minor, BWV 1060 and Mozart's Piano Sonata in C major, K. 545 are examples of absolute music.


title: Program music

text: Some composers of the Baroque era used to design titles for their music in a fashion resembling that of Romantic program music, called the "rappresentativo" (representative) style. Some of the most notable examples were composed by Antonio Vivaldi – some of his violin, flute or recorder concertos bear titles inspired by human affects ("Il piacere" – the pleasure), occupations ("La caccia" – the hunting, "La pastorella" – the shepherdess) or, most notably, aspects of nature and meteors ("The Four Seasons", "La notte" – the night, "La tempesta di mare" – the sea storm). Another well-known example is Heinrich Ignaz Biber's "Sonata representativa" (for violin and continuo), which depicts various animals (the nightingale, the cuckoo, the cat) in a humoristic manner. However, a distinction may be drawn between "representational" music and program music properly speaking, as well as between "imitation" and "representation. Finally, there is the question of whether a deliberate expressive character is sufficient to rank as a "program".


title: Program music

text: Program music was quite popular during the Romantic era. Many mainstream "classical" works are unequivocally program music, such as Richard Strauss's "An Alpine Symphony", which is a musical description of ascending and descending a mountain, with 22 section titles such as "Night", "Sunrise", "By the Waterfall", "In Thicket and Underbrush on the Wrong Path", "Summit", "Mists Rise" and "Storm and Descent". Beethoven's Symphony No. 6 is program music, too, with titled movements and instrumental depictions of bird calls, country dances, and a storm. His fifteenth string quartet, Opus 132, contains a middle movement titled "Heiliger Dankgesang eines Genesenen an die Gottheit, in der lydischen Tonart" ('A Convalescent's Holy Song of Thanksgiving to the Divinity, in the Lydian Mode'), suggesting to some auditors that the entire work can be heard as a tonal evocation of sickness and recovery.


title: Program music

text: During the late-nineteenth and twentieth century, the increased influence of modernism and other anti-Romantic trends contributed to a decline in esteem for program music, but audiences continued to enjoy such pieces as Arthur Honegger's depiction of a steam locomotive in "Pacific 231" (1923). Indeed, Percy Grainger's incomplete orchestral fragment "Train Music" employs the same function. This music for large orchestra depicts a train moving in the mountains of Italy. Heitor Villa-Lobos similarly depicted a rural steam-driven train in "The Little Train of the Caipira" (1930), which has not repulsed all listeners.


title: Program music

text: Indeed, an entire genre sprang up in the 1920s, particularly in the Soviet Union, of picturesque music depicting machines and factories. Well-known examples include Alexander Mosolov's "Iron Foundry" (1926–27) and Sergei Prokofiev's "Le Pas d'acier" (The Steel Step, 1926). An example from outside of the Soviet Union is George Antheil's "Ballet mécanique" (1923–24).


title: Program music

text: Music that is composed to accompany a ballet is often program music, even when presented separately as a concert piece. Aaron Copland was amused when a listener said that when she listened to "Appalachian Spring" she "could "see" the Appalachians and "feel" Spring", the title having been a last-minute thought, but it is certainly program music. Film scores and the orchestration in operas are very often program music, and some film scores, such as Prokofiev's music for "Alexander Nevsky", have even found a place in the classical concert repertoire.


title: Program music

text: A good deal of program music falls in between the realm of purely programmatic and purely absolute, with titles that clearly suggest an extramusical association, but no detailed story that can be followed and no musical passages that can be unequivocally identified with specific images. Examples would include Dvořák's Symphony No. 9, "From the New World" or Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, "Eroica".


title: Program music

text: Influenced by the late Romantic work of Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Ottorino Respighi, Richard Strauss, and others, motion picture soundtrack took up the banner of programmatic music following the advent of "talkies". Many film composers, including Paul Smith, Ennio Morricone, and John Williams (whose 1977 "Star Wars" soundtrack redefined the symphonic movie score) have followed the programmatic model and solidified motion picture soundtrack as its own programmatic genre. Music's power for pictorial suggestion may be said to have culminated in Walt Disney's 1940 film "Fantasia". Disney gave us, too, the term Mickey Mousing, used to describe scores that mimic too obviously the movements of nature. The music of Max Steiner, for instance, often lauded for its uncanny sound-image synchronization, has also been assailed for being too "Mickey Mouse".


title: Iben Hjejle

text: Iben Hjejle (22 March 1971) is a Danish actress, notable for starring in the Stephen Frears film "High Fidelity" (2000). In Denmark, she is perhaps best known for appearing in the Danish television sitcom "Langt fra Las Vegas" ("Far from Las Vegas") and playing the girlfriend of Danish comedian Casper Christensen, her former real life partner. She also plays Christensen's girlfriend in the sitcom "Klovn" ("Clown") and the title role in the TV crime series "Dicte".


title: Iben Hjejle

text: Iben Hjejle has starred in a series of Danish movies, including a Dogme 95 movie, and also in Danish-produced action films such as "Old Men in New Cars". She also played the Swedish Queen Sofia Magdalena in SVT's successful period drama production of "The Marriage of Gustav III" in 2001. Hjejle also appeared in the 1996 film "Portland", "Mifune's Last Song" in 1999, "The Emperor's New Clothes" in 2002, and in "Dreaming of Julia" and "Flickering Lights" in 2003. For her performance in "Mifune's Last Song", she won an Honourable Mention at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival. It was also at the same festival that she was discovered by Stephen Frears, who offered her a part in his film "High Fidelity" (2000), where she played John Cusack's character's girlfriend Laura. In 2008 he offered her a part in "Chéri", in a cameo as Marie Laure. Her involvement was a part of a minor international comeback. Additionally, the same year she worked on "Defiance" with Daniel Craig and in 2009 she filmed "The Eclipse", which received a limited theatrical release in 2010.


title: Iben Hjejle

text: Hjejle was a part of the Danish popular television series "Anna Pihl" until it ended in April 2008, after three seasons. In 2012, she was cast as the lead in the crime show "Dicte" The show debuted in early 2013, and while its reviews were mixed, Hjejle received good reviews for her performance.


title: Iben Hjejle

text: She had a part in Lars von Trier's "Direktøren for det hele" (2006, also known as "The Boss of It All").


title: Iben Hjejle

text: Hjejle was born in Copenhagen. From 1996 to 1999, she was married to Emil de Waal. She turned down the role of Éowyn in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy because she did not like the idea of being so far from home. In an episode of "Langt fra Las Vegas", her character Liva makes a joke about "".


title: Cavalry scout

text: Cavalry Scout is the job title of someone who has achieved the military occupational specialty of 19D Armored Reconnaissance Specialist in the Combat Arms branch of the United States Army. As with all enlisted soldiers in the United States Cavalry, the person holding the Scout specialization will still be referred to as a "Trooper", the traditional colloquialism denoted in the cavalry's Order of the Spur.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Cavalry Scouts are trained covert operation and direct force specialists. Scouts use their special training to obtain, distribute, and share vital combat and battlefield intelligence on the enemy and on combat circumstances and environmental conditions. The Cavalry Scout is also known as the "eyes and ears" of the Army.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Cavalry Scouts gather information on the enemy by dismounted and/or mounted reconnaissance patrols. Cavalry Scouts engage the enemy with anti-armor weapons and scout vehicles in the field, track and report enemy movement and activities, and will direct the employment of various weapon systems onto the enemy.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Their specialized skills enable them to assist with observation and listening posts, perform and help with navigation, and help secure and transport ammunition. The Cavalry Scout leads, serves, or assists as a member of a scout crew, squad, section, platoon or troop in reconnaissance, security, and other combat operations.


title: Cavalry scout

text: Cavalry Scouts wear the ACU, or Army Combat Uniform. The standard camouflage pattern issued is the OCP (OEF) Camouflage Pattern, commonly referred to as Multicam. Two unique articles, the stetson hat as well as spurs, can be worn during special events or when directed by the chain of command. Cavalry Scouts are permitted to wear the Cavalry Stetson Hat with the Dress Uniforms during formal unit functions. The Stetson is traditionally accompanied by wearing the spurs which are earned when the unit conducts a "Spur Ride." Cavalry Spurs can be earned by all Cavalry Scouts. Spurs may be worn on bloused combat boots with the dress uniforms and the duty uniform. The generally accepted Cavalry Spurs are the simplified Prince of Wales spurs (spurs without the rowel, or star-shaped 'wheel' on the back).