title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: The median income for a household in the city was $26,720, and the median income for a family was $33,740. Males had a median income of $28,906 versus $21,348 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,619. About 18.8% of families and 21.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.5% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 32,822 people, 13,243 households, and 8,623 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 15,198 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 48.7% White, 46.6% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. 4.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: There were 13,243 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.4% were married couples living together, 23.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.9% were non-families. 30.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.03.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.9% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 11.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.0 males.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: The median income for a household in the city was $33,120, and the median income for a family was $39,417. Males had a median income of $36,827 versus $27,001 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,883. About 20.3% of families and 23.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.7% of those under age 18 and 13.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 38,816 people, 14,716 households, and 9,170 families residing in the city.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: Unlike the rest of Alabama which lies in the Central Time Zone, Phenix City's proximity to the larger city of neighboring Columbus, Georgia, located in the Eastern Time Zone, and its strong economic links leads Phenix City (including its municipal government) and localities within a radius (such as Smiths Station) to observe Eastern Time on a "de facto" basis.


title: Phenix City, Alabama

text: There are three radio stations licensed in Phenix City: WHTY (1460 AM), WURY-LP (97.1 FM), & WGSY (100.1 FM).


title: Two-man rule

text: The two-man rule is a control mechanism designed to achieve a high level of security for especially critical material or operations. Under this rule, access and actions require the presence of two or more authorized people at all times.


title: Two-man rule

text: Per US Air Force Instruction (AFI) 91-104, "the two-person concept" is designed to prevent accidental or malicious launch of nuclear weapons by a single individual.


title: Two-man rule

text: In the case of Minuteman missile launch crews, once a launch order is received, both operators must agree that it is valid by comparing the authorization code in the order against a "Sealed Authenticator" (a special sealed envelope containing a verification code). These Sealed Authenticators are stored in a safe which has two separate locks. Each operator has the key to only one lock, so neither can open the safe alone. Also, each operator has one of two launch keys; once the order is verified, they must insert the keys in slots on the control panel and turn them simultaneously. As a further precaution, the slots for the two launch keys are positioned far enough apart to make it impossible for one operator to reach both of them at once. For additional protection, the missile crew in another launch control center must do the same for the missiles to be launched. A total of four keys are thus required to initiate a launch.


title: Two-man rule

text: On a submarine, both the commanding officer and the executive officer must agree that the order to launch is valid and then mutually authorize the launch with their operations personnel. Instead of another party who would confirm a missile launch as in the case of land-based ICBMs, a third officer – the Weapons Officer – must also confirm the launch. In addition, the set of keys is distributed among the key personnel on the submarine and the keys are kept in safes (each of these crew members has access only to his or her keys). Some keys are stored in special safes on board which are secured by combination locks. Nobody on board has the combination to open these safes; the unlock key comes as a part of the launch order (Emergency Action Message) from the higher authority.


title: Two-man rule

text: Journalist Ron Rosenbaum has pointed out that, once the order is issued, the process is entirely concerned with authenticating the identity of the commanding officers and the authenticity of the order, and there are no safeguards to verify that the order or the person issuing it is actually sane. Notably, Major Harold Hering was discharged from the Air Force for asking the question, "How can I know that an order I receive to launch my missiles came from a sane President?"


title: Two-man rule

text: The two-man rule only applies in the missile silos and submarines; there is no check on the US president's sole authority to order a nuclear launch.


title: Two-man rule

text: Two-person integrity (TPI) is the security measure taken to prevent single-person access to COMSEC keying material and cryptographic manuals. TPI is accomplished as follows:


title: Two-man rule

text: At no time can one person have in his or her possession the combinations or keys to gain lone access to a security container or cryptographic equipment containing COMSEC material. Neither can one person have sole possession of COMSEC material that requires TPI security.


title: Two-man rule

text: A no-lone zone is an area that must be staffed by two or more qualified or cleared individuals at all times. The individuals must maintain visual contact with each other and with the component(s) that require the no-lone-zone area designation. Such a zone may contain a cryptographic component, weapon system hardware under test, a nuclear weapon, active weapon controls, or other such critical information or devices.


title: Two-man rule

text: In the United States Air Force (USAF) policy concerning critical weapons, a no-lone zone is an area for which entry by a single unaccompanied individual is prohibited. The two-person concept requires the presence of at least two individuals knowledgeable of the task(s) to be performed; in addition, each individual must be capable of detecting an incorrect or unauthorized procedure on the part of any others regarding the task(s).


title: Two-man rule

text: The two-man rule is used in other safety critical applications where the presence of two people is required before a potentially hazardous operation can be performed. This is common safety practice in, for example, laboratories and machine shops. In such a context, the additional security may be less important than the fact that if one individual is injured the other can call for help. As another example, firefighters operating in a hazardous environment ("i.e.", interior structure fire, HAZMAT zone, also known as IDLH, or "immediately dangerous to life or health") function as a team of at least two personnel. There is commonly more than one team in the same environment, but each team operates as a unit.


title: Two-man rule

text: Dual keys require the authorization of two separate parties before a particular action is taken. The simplest form of dual key security is a lock that requires two keys to open, with each key held by a different person. The lock can only be opened if both parties agree to do so at the same time. In 1963, Canada accepted having American W-40 nuclear warheads under dual key control on Canadian soil, to be used on the Canadian BOMARC missiles.


title: Two-man rule

text: Similarly, many banks implement some variant of the two-man rule to secure large sums of money and valuable items. Under this concept, unlocking the vault requires two individuals with different keys if the vault is secured by a key lock system. For bank vaults secured by combination locks, two or more employees may each be given a portion of the combination. None of them knows the entire combination, and all of them must be physically present in order to open the vault.


title: Two-man rule

text: As an extension of the broader rationale for the "two-man rule", regulations for some companies or not-for-profit organizations may require signatures of two executives on checks. These rules make it harder for an individual acting alone to defraud the organization.


title: Two-man rule

text: Some software systems enforce a two-man rule whereby certain actions (for example, funds wire transfers) can only take place if approved by two authorized users. This helps prevent expensive errors, and makes it more difficult to commit fraud or embezzlement. While such requirements are common in financial systems, they are also used in controls for critical infrastructure, such as nuclear reactors for electrical power generation, and dangerous operations, such as biohazard research facilities.


title: Two-man rule

text: Finally, the testimony of two witnesses is valuable in various situations to deter a wrongful act or a false accusation of one, or to prove that a wrongful act occurred.


title: Two-man rule

text: In some correctional facilities inmates may be given a "two man rule" designation, which means that a minimum of two correctional officers must be utilized to move that particular inmate, primarily due to disciplinary reasons or possible officer safety issues.


title: Two-man rule

text: In late March 2015 many civil aviation authorities and/or airlines made the cockpits of aircraft in flight mandatory "two-man" or "no-lone zones" as a result of the Germanwings Flight 9525 crash. Early on in the investigation of that crash, it was believed from the cockpit voice recorder audio, and later supported by flight data recorder information, that the co-pilot deliberately crashed the aircraft after locking the cockpit door when the captain left to use the toilet.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: The Asiatic Society is a government of India organisation founded during the Company rule in India to enhance and further the cause of "Oriental research", in this case, research into India and the surrounding regions. It was founded by the philologist William Jones on 15 January 1784 in a meeting presided over by Justice Robert Chambers in Calcutta, the then-capital of the Presidency of Fort William.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: At the time of its foundation, this Society was named as "Asiatick Society". In 1825, the society was renamed as "The Asiatic Society". In 1832 the name was changed to "The Asiatic Society of Bengal" and again in 1936 it was renamed as "The Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal". Finally, on 1 July 1951, the name of the society was changed to its present one. The Society is housed in a building at Park Street in Kolkata (Calcutta). The Society moved into this building during 1808. In 1823, the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta was formed and all the meetings of this society were held in the Asiatic Society.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: In January 1784, Sir William Jones sent out a circular-letter to a selected number of British residents of Calcutta with a view to establish a society for the Asiatic studies. At his invitation, 30 British residents met in the Grand Jury Room of the Supreme Court (in Calcutta's Fort William) on 15 January 1784. The meeting was presided over by Sir Robert Chambers. At this meeting, Jones explained the aims of the Society he would establish. The "Memorandum of Articles" of the Asiatic Society, prepared by Jones said:


title: The Asiatic Society

text: From 1784 to 1828, only Europeans were elected members of the Society. In 1829, at the initiative of H.H. Wilson, a number of Indians were elected members, which include Dwarakanath Tagore, Sivchandra Das, Maharaja Baidyanath Roy, Maharaja Bunwari Govind Roy, Raja Kalikrishna Bahadur, Rajchunder Das, Ram Comul Sen, and Prasanna Coomar Tagore. On 12 December 1832, Ram Comul Sen was elected 'Native Secretary'. Later, Rajendralal Mitra became the first Indian President in 1885. Both the orientalist Brajendranath De, and one of his grandsons, the historian Barun De, were for some time vice-president of the Asiatic Society.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: One of the main activities of the Asiatic Society was to collect the old manuscripts of India. There was an enormous collection of Sanskrit manuscripts with the society. At present, the library of the Asiatic Society has a collection of about books and 79,000 journals printed in almost all the major languages of the world. It has also a collection of 293 maps, microfiche of 48,000 works, microfilm of 387,003 pages, 182 paintings, 2500 pamphlets, and 2150 photographs. The earliest printed book preserved in this library is Juli Firmici's "Astronomicorum Libri" published in 1499. It has in its possession a large number of books printed in India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The library also possesses many rare and scarcely available books. The library has a rich collection of about 47,000 manuscripts in 26 scripts. The most notable amongst them are an illustrated manuscript of the "Qur'an", a manuscript of the "Gulistan" text, and a manuscript of "Padshah Nama" bearing the signature of Emperor Shahjahan. The number of journals in the possession of the library is about 80,000 at present.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: The early collection of this library was enriched by the contributions it received from its members. On 25 March 1784, the library received seven Persian manuscripts from Henri Richardson. The next contribution came from William Marsden, who donated his book "The History of Sumatra" (1783) on 10 November 1784. Robert Home, the first Library-in-Charge (1804) donated his small but valuable collection of works on art. The first accession of importance was a gift from the Seringapatam Committee on 3 February 1808 consisting of a collection from the Palace Library of Tipu Sultan. The library received the Surveyor-General Colonel Mackenzie's collection of manuscripts and drawings in December 1822.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: Since 1849, the Society has printed "Bibliotheca Indica", a collection of rare and unpublished works belonging to or treating of Oriental literature and containing original text-editions as well as translations into English, and also grammars, dictionaries, bibliographies, and studies.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: The museum of the Society was founded in 1814 under the superintendence of Nathaniel Wallich. The rapid growth of its collection is evident from its first catalogue, published in 1849. By 1849, the Society had its own museum consisting of inscriptions in stone and metal, icons, old coins, and Sanskrit manuscripts etc.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: When the Indian Museum of Calcutta was established in 1814, the Society handed over most of its valuable collections to it. The Society, however, still has a museum of its own which possesses a rock edict of Asoka (c. 250 BCE) and a significant collection of copper plate inscriptions, coins, sculptures, manuscripts, and archival records. Some masterpieces, like Joshua Reynolds’ "Cupid asleep on Cloud", Guido Cagnacci's "Cleopatra", Thomas Daniell's "A Ghat at Benares," and Peter Paul Rubens’ "Infant Christ" are also in the possession of this museum.


title: The Asiatic Society

text: The Society's journal has had several changes of name, sometimes reflecting changes in the Society. It is currently called the "Journal of the Asiatic Society".


title: No More Drama

text: No More Drama is the fifth studio album by American singer Mary J. Blige, released on August 28, 2001, by MCA Records.


title: No More Drama

text: Following the critical and commercial success of her fourth studio album, "Mary" (1999), "No More Drama" was similarly well received. It debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 and at number one on the R&B Albums chart, selling 294,000 copies in its first week. It has spawned four singles that have attained "Billboard" chart success, including its lead single "Family Affair", which became Blige's first career number-one single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart and a worldwide number-one hit.


title: No More Drama

text: The album received two Grammy Award nominations for Best R&B Album and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance (for "Family Affair") at the 44th Grammy Awards. Blige would win her first in the latter category for the track "He Think I Don't Know" the following year. As of December 2016, the album has been certified triple platinum for shipping over three million copies in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: No More Drama

text: The inspiration for "No More Drama" came largely from Blige's own confused and hectic life. In a later interview she confessed to living a life of alcohol and drug abuse at the time, and as a result getting involved in a series of abusive relationships. The album was an attempt to break free from this vicious circle, which was a result of a deprived childhood.


title: No More Drama

text: Stylistically, the album diverged from the blues-soaked R&B of "Mary" into her earlier 1990s hip-hop beats. This is especially evident in the first single, "Family Affair". Rapper Eve appears on the track "Where I've Been" as well, and urban influences can be heard throughout the album.


title: No More Drama

text: Early in its development, the album carried the full title "Mary Jane: No More Drama" and was to be a sequel to 1999's "Mary". Blige's then-manager hinted that the album would be the second in a trilogy and be followed by an album titled "Mary Jane Blige". During this time, the first single was supposed to be a song called "Rock Steady" featuring a rap from Jay-Z and Lenny Kravitz on guitar. The song was leaked to mixtapes around June 2001, two months before the album was scheduled to be released and subsequently did not make the final cut on the album.


title: No More Drama

text: The original advance copy of "No More Drama" was slightly different from the later, official release. A vocal loop repeated throughout the whole of the version included with the intention of anti-piracy sings "Mary J. Blige, No More Drama!". The first publish of an AMG review printed in All Music Guide to Soul, a guide to R&B and soul, of "No More Drama" mistakenly pointed this out as if it were part of the actual album, calling it "as subtle and congruent as a consistent drum hit."


title: No More Drama

text: "No More Drama" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 12 reviews. AllMusic editor Liana Jonas complimented Blige's ability to write relatable lyrics, writing that she "has a killer instinct for creating gritty, thick, and soul-infused R&B fare. Her music is more than heard. It is felt, and audiences would be hard-pressed to not surrender to her groove." Writing for "The A.V. Club", Nathan Rabin believed "Blige sounds happier and more relaxed than ever. Boasting nearly as many producers as songs, "No More Drama" [is] a testament to Blige's force of personality and the authenticity of her vision that the disc feels as personal and intimate as the most heartfelt four-track demo." "Entertainment Weekly"s David Browne felt that "from the Dre-produced theatricality of the single ”Family Affair” to refined funk and crisp quiet-storm R&B, the multi-producer arrangements are expansive yet warm, and Blige's pushy rasp has never sounded better." Robert Marriott from "Rolling Stone" said the record "presents Blige more in touch with her roots, more grounded and ready for her next set of challenges, musical and otherwise, an analog soul thriving in a digital age." Barry Walters from "The Village Voice" called it "Blige's most rhythm album ever, and even the ballads that can drag r&b down here bristle with bumping beats."


title: No More Drama

text: The newspaper's Robert Christgau was somewhat less enthusiastic, finding the record "front-loaded", highlighting the songs "PMS" and "Steal Away" while writing "positive attitude's a bitch, not to mention a drag". Ethan Brown was unimpressed by Blige's more optimistic songs, writing in "New York" magazine that, "miserable, Blige can be penetrating and profound; happy, she comes off generic and bland."


title: No More Drama

text: "No More Drama" debuted and peaked at number two on the ""Billboard" 200", the official albums chart in the United States, on September 6, 2001 – second only to Aaliyah's self-titled third album. The album sold 294,351 units in its first week of release. "No More Drama" was Blige's highest debut week album sales, until it was surpassed by "The Breakthrough" (2005), which sold 729,000 copies in its first week. By the end of 2001, the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and became the seventy-third best-selling album of that year in the United States. The album's commercial performance was reinforced by the subsequent release of a reissue. The release of the special edition helped "No More Drama" to re-enter the top ten in February 2002, gaining more than 200 percent in sales at a total of 61,000 copies. The same month, "No More Drama" was certified double platinum by the RIAA. As of August 2003, the album has sold 1.9 million copies in the US, while the special edition moved an additional 1.1 million units.


title: No More Drama

text: In Germany, the album was her most successful one in her career in this country, reaching #13 and staying in the German Albums Chart for 35 weeks


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)" is a song written and performed by John Lennon. It was released on the 1980 album "Double Fantasy", the last album by Lennon and Ono released before his death.


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: Paul McCartney has stated this is one of his favourite songs composed by Lennon, and when he appeared on "Desert Island Discs" in 1982 included it as his favourite in his selection, as did Yoko Ono as the only John Lennon song in 2007.


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: It was used as the B-side of "Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" to promote the compilation album "The John Lennon Collection" in November 1982.


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: The song was for Lennon's son, Sean, his only child with Yoko Ono. It begins with John comforting his son from what is presumably a nightmare and develops into John passionately describing the love he has for his son and the joy Sean gave him.


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: At the end of the song, John Lennon whispers, "Good night, Sean. See you in the morning. Bright and early."


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: The lyrics of "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)" contain the famous Allen Saunders 1957 "Reader's Digest" quote "Life is what happens to you while you're busy making other plans".


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: "Beautiful Boy" was recorded by Celine Dion for her album, "Miracle" (2004). It was released on 4 October 2004, in North America and parts of Europe as the first promotional single.


title: Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)

text: The song reached number two on the Quebec Airplay Chart. "Beautiful Boy" was also popular on adult contemporary charts, peaking at number 18 in the US and number 23 in Canada. It also reached number 30 on the Hungarian Airplay Chart.


title: Concept art

text: Concept art is a form of visual art used to convey an idea for use in films, video games, animation, comic books, or other media before it is put into the final product. Concept art usually refers to world-building artwork used to inspire the development of media products, and is not the same as visual development art, though they are often confused.


title: Concept art

text: Concept art is developed through several iterations. Multiple solutions are explored before settling on the final design. Concept art is not only used to develop the work but also to show the project's progress to directors, clients, and investors. Once the development of the work is complete, concept art may be reworked and used for advertising materials.


title: Concept art

text: The term "concept art" was used by the Walt Disney Animation Studios as early as the 1930s. A concept artist is an individual who generates a visual design for an item, character, or area that does not yet exist. This includes, but is not limited to, film, animation, and more recently, video game production. Being a concept artist takes commitment, vision, and a clear understanding of the role.


title: Concept art

text: While it is necessary to have the skills of a fine artist, a concept artist must also be able to work under strict deadlines in the capacity of a graphic designer. Some concept artists may start as fine artists, industrial designers, animators, or even special effects artists. Interpretation of ideas and how they are realized is where the concept artist's individual creativity is most evident, but subject matter is often beyond their control. Many concept artists work in a studio or from home remotely as freelancers. Working for a studio has the advantage of an established salary. The average salary for a concept artist in video games is $60,000-$70,000 a year, although many make much less or more than that.


title: Concept art

text: Concept art has embraced the use of digital technology. Raster graphics editors for digital painting have become more easily available, as well as hardware such as graphics tablets, enabling more efficient working methods. Prior to this, any number of traditional mediums such as oil paints, acrylic paints, markers and pencils were used. Many modern paint packages are programmed to simulate the blending of color in the same way paint would blend on a canvas; proficiency with traditional media is often paramount to a concept artist's ability to use painting software. Popular programs for concept artists include Photoshop and Corel Painter. Others include Manga Studio, Procreate and ArtRage. Most concept artists have switched to digital media because of ease of editing and speed. A lot of concept work has tight deadlines where a highly polished piece is needed in a short amount of time.


title: Concept art

text: Concept art has always had to cover many subjects, being the primary medium in film poster design since the early days of Hollywood, but the two most widely covered areas are science fiction and fantasy. Since the recent rise of its use in video game production, concept art has expanded to cover genres from fantasy to realistic depending on the final product.


title: Concept art

text: Concept art ranges from stylized to photorealistic depending on the needs of the project. Artists working on a project often produce a large turnover in the early 'blue sky' stage of production. This provides a broad range of interpretations, most being in the form of sketches, speed paints, and 3D overpaints. Later pieces, such as matte paintings, are produced as realistically as required. Concept artists will often have to adapt to the style of the studio they are hired for. The ability to produce multiple styles is valued in a concept artist.


title: Concept art

text: There are many concept art generalists, but there are also many specialized concept artists. The various specializations include, but are not limited to, drafting of characters, as well as creatures, as well as environments, or even industry-related designs. Specialization is regarded as better for freelancers than concept artists who want to work in-house, where flexibility is key. Knowing the foundations of art, such as anatomy, perspective, color theory, design, and lighting are essential to all specializations.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The Infiniti QX60, formerly called the Infiniti JX until 2013, is a mid-size luxury crossover SUV with three-row seating produced by Infiniti, the luxury vehicle division of Japanese automaker Nissan. It is underpinned by an elongated Nissan Murano platform also used by the Nissan Pathfinder.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: In keeping with Infiniti's naming scheme for 2014, in which cars begin with Q and SUVs begin with QX, the JX was renamed to QX60. While the number previously denoted engine displacement (for example, 35=3.5L engine), the new number, 60, is largely to do with its place in the product lineup, with larger numbers usually corresponding to more expensive vehicles.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The Infiniti QX60 was announced in April 2012 in the United States as a 2013 model. A concept version debuted at the 2011 Pebble Beach Concours d'Elegance event, while the production model was unveiled at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The QX60 was the first three-row crossover to be released by Infiniti. Design work was done through 2009, by Naoyuki Ohkoshi under Shiro Nakamura. In 2012 Nissan announced that the Pathfinder would also have the same platform as the QX60 for the 2013 model year.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The QX60 had previously been under consideration for the Australian market, but the numbers for right-hand-drive re-engineering and local homologation failed to add up and get approved by Australian authorities unlike its Nissan Pathfinder sibling. This results that the QX60 would not be available in RHD markets as it would only be available exclusively in LHD markets.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The QX60's 3.5 liter V6 engine produces an output of and . The QX60 uses a continuously variable transmission.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: For the 2014 model year, a hybrid version was introduced. The hybrid is powered by a supercharged 2.5-liter twin-cam 16-valve four cylinder engine with an electric motor and a compact 0.6 kWh lithium-ion battery pack located under the 3rd row seat. The new supercharged inline-four ("QR25DER") is rated at and , while the electric motor kicks in and . Claimed total system power stands at and . The QX60 Hybrid was discontinued in Summer 2017 for the 2018 model year, 3 years after the Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid was discontinued in fall 2014 for the 2014 model year. Hybrid versions will be reintroduced in 2021 or 2022 as part of Nissan's electrification plans starting with the second generation model. The QX60 and QX60 Hybrid were the first vehicles in Infiniti's North American lineup to use Nissan's Continuously Variable Transmission.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: For the 2014 model year, the JX35 was rebadged as the QX60. New features include a USB port added in the center console, now available with 8 inch touch screen and navigation with AroundView Monitor, now available with Forward Braking System, Forward Collision Warning and Lane Departure Warning/Prevention systems, Rear View Camera now standard, now available with Bose speakers and surround sound, and Hybrid variant added (Limited and late Availability for hybrid).


title: Infiniti QX60

text: For the 2015 model year, the QX60 received an updated CVT and now is available with Backup Collision Intervention/Blind Spot Warning/Intervention Systems.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: For the 2016 model year update, the QX60 received an exterior refresh which featured new front and rear fascias with restyled headlights and taillights (LED Daytime Running Lights are added to the headlight assembly on U.S. QX60 Models and is with the restyled BI-XENON HID Projector Headlamps and Front Turn Signal Lights for 2016), LED Fog Lights, Rear Turn Signal Lights (For 2016 they're now the same color as the Rear Brake Lights "Red"), an interior update which now adds 3 USB ports to all 2016 Infiniti QX60 Non-Hybrid Models versus the 2015 Infiniti QX60 which only has 1 USB port, and updated Deluxe Touring Package. The Technology Package became standard on all 2016 QX60 models equipped with the Deluxe Touring Package and will be renamed Deluxe Technology Package, which includes Pre-crash Front Seatbelts, Front and Rear Sonar System, Backup Collision Intervention, Forward Collision Warning, Lane Departure Warning/Prevention, Roof Rails with Crossbars, High beam Assist (added mid year into the 2017 model year), Tri-Pane Panoramic Moonroof with sunshade, Climate-controlled front seats switch, Blind Spot Warning/Intervention, Distance Control Assist, BOSE Surround Sound System with 15- speakers and 5.1 channel decoding, Heated Outboard Second Row Seats, Advanced Climate-controlled System, 20-7.5 Inch Wheels, Active Trace Control, Eco Pedal, Unique Seat Quilts (Front and Outboard Second Row Seats), Forward Emergency Braking with Pedestrian Detection, Power Fold Third Row Seats (Not available on Hybrid Models), Motion Activated Liftgate (Available for the 2017 model year), and Maple Interior Accents. All 2016 QX60 Models (and its cousin the 2017 Nissan Pathfinder) also have redesigned cup holders and new exterior colors and chassis enhancements.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The QX60 Hybrid Models also received a new facelift with restyled headlights and taillights for 2016, just like the gasoline version but has Premium Package, Navigation System, AroundView Monitor, HEV Gauge, Remote Engine Start, Driver's Memory Seat System, Pedestrian Detection, Lithium-Ion Battery (Located under 3rd Row seats), Electric Motor, HCVT with Manual Shift, 250 hp 2.5L I-4 Supercharged Hybrid Engine with INFINITI HYBRID RESPONSE, Active Noise Control, Rear Lithium-Ion Battery air vents, regenerative braking, HYBRID EMBLEM, and Roof Rails without Crossbars as additional standard features added to the QX60 Hybrid versus the Gasoline QX60.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The Infiniti QX60 increased in power to . Models now have a WI-FI option as part of models with the rear seat entertainment system only and the QX60 Hybrid variant will be available later than the regular variant unlike for the 2016 model year. The models with rear seat entertainment system also received bigger DVD headrest screens unlike in previous model years. Models with the Deluxe Technology Package also received high beam assist and a Motion Activated Liftgate as part of the package which changes the rear bumper by adding a motion sensor for the liftgate. The 2017 Infiniti QX60 also received a new direct-injected V6 Engine with CVT just like the facelifted 2017 Nissan Pathfinder.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The Infiniti QX60 doesn't have major updates. The only changes are that the QX60 will have Automatic Emergency Braking and Rear Door Alert systems added. Also the hybrid variant of the QX60 will be discontinued for the 2018 model year but Infiniti plans to launch a hybrid or all electric version of the QX60 starting with the second generation in the future as part of Nissan's vehicle electrification trends/plans imposed by Nissan under the leadership of CEO Hiroto Saikawa.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: New Limited Edition trim level is now added to the 2019 Infiniti QX60 trim level family along with a new exterior paint color option. The 2019 Infiniti QX80 will also have a new Limited Edition trim level added. 2019.5 mid model year update includes LED headlamps standerd on all trims.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The 2020 model is available in four trim levels, Pure, Pure AWD, Luxe, and Luxe AWD. The Pure models are the least expensive trim levels, having fewer options compared to Luxe, and are not available with any packages. The Edition 30 package is introduced as an available option on the Luxe and Luxe AWD trim levels with the Essential Package but it is not available on vehicles with the Sensory, Proactive, and Theater/Rear Seat Entertainment System Packages or on vehicles that are not equipped with the Essential Package.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: On October 9, 2013, Nissan Pathfinder units and Infiniti JX35/QX60 units manufactured between September 15, 2011, and September 20, 2013, were recalled due to the risk of output software on the antilock brake system causing vehicle damage and a crash.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: On February 13, 2017, Infiniti QX60 hybrid units sold in China that were manufactured between January 19, 2016 and February 5, 2016 were recalled due to certain parts of fuel tanks being thinner than standard, leading to possible fuel leakage under heavy collision and possibly causing a vehicle fire. This affected 205 vehicles that were built in 2016.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: In November 2019, Nissan recalled 400,000 Nissan and Infiniti vehicles including certain 2017-2019 model year Infiniti QX60s and Nissan Pathfinders, 2015-2018 model year Nissan Muranos, and 2016-2018 model year Nissan Maximas due a faulty pump seal that will wear down prematurely and cause the brake fluid to leak leading to a vehicle fire if owners ignore the ABS warning light when it turns on. The recall also includes vehicles that were part of a previous similar recall that haven't been repaired. This recall comes after woman's 2016 Nissan Murano parked on a street near community mailboxes in Texas ignited on fire several minutes after the ABS warning light came on and didn't realize initially that her Murano was included in the recall until she started smelling burnt melted plastic with the warning coming on. Another Nissan vehicle fire occurred as well when another 2016 Nissan Murano at a car dealership in Georgia ignited on fire. A third accident also occurred when a 2017 Nissan Maxima ignited on fire and exploded less than a month after it was manufactured and purchased due to brake fluid leaking onto the circuit board. Nissan currently doesn't have any fix for this recall and stated that all owners of the affected vehicles are to park their vehicles immediately in open spaces away from garages, buildings, and other vehicles as soon as the ABS warning light turns on. Nissan says that is working on a remedy and once the remedy becomes available, Nissan will eventually send a final notification letter to owners of the affected vehicles asking them to bring the vehicles to authorized Nissan and Infiniti dealers immediately to have the vehicles inspected and remedy work completed at no cost for parts and labor.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The second-generation QX60 was unveiled on June 23, 2021. The vehicle was previously previewed by the QX60 Monograph concept, and has been developed alongside the R53 Nissan Pathfinder that debuted in early February 2021 also as a 2022 model. It also uses a version of the architecture used by the previous generation, updated with additional high-strength steel and other materials for more stiffness.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The vehicle uses the same powertrain as the previous generation and the Pathfinder, which is the "VQ35DD" 3.5-liter V6 gasoline engine mated to a 9-speed automatic from ZF, replacing the continuously variable transmission. Slightly uptuned in the Infiniti, the engine makes and . Front-wheel drive is standard and an updated all-wheel-drive system with a direct coupling is optional. Some grades will have the capability to tow up to , 20 percent more than the outgoing model due to an uprated transmission oil cooler, an integrated hitch receiver, trailer-tuned stability programming, and dedicated pre-wiring harnesses. The Chinese version of the 2nd-generation Infiniti QX60 will be powered by a turbocharged four cylinder KR20DDET engine instead of the VQ35DD 3.5-liter V6 gasoline engine as the 3.5-liter V6 engine is unable to comply with China's automotive emissions standards and due to China's excise tax on internal-combustion engines that are more 3.0 liters.


title: Infiniti QX60

text: The L51 QX60 is a seven-seater vehicle, with a two-position rear bench that preserves room in the middle for a storage box, or an optional pair of captain’s chairs.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Jonathan Robert Papelbon (; born November 23, 1980) is an American former professional baseball relief pitcher. He played 12 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB), most notably for the Boston Red Sox, with whom he was an All-Star in four consecutive seasons (2006–2009), won the 2007 Delivery Man of the Year Award, and was a 2007 World Series champion. The Red Sox drafted him in the 4th round of the 2003 Major League Baseball Draft, and he played three seasons of minor league baseball before breaking into the majors. He also played for the Philadelphia Phillies from 2012 to 2015, and the Washington Nationals from 2015 to 2016.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Jonathan Robert Papelbon was born on November 23, 1980, in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. He was the oldest son of three to John, a staff sergeant in the United States Army, and Sheila, a corporate trust banker. In college, Sheila had been a pitcher for the softball team at Louisiana State University, and all of her children grew up to become baseball pitchers. Papelbon attended Bishop Kenny High School in Jacksonville, Florida, where he was a standout first baseman for the school baseball team. He was named All-City for three consecutive years, and during his senior year in 1999, Papelbon batted .336 with five home runs and 27 runs batted in (RBI). He pitched only occasionally, but threw two no-hitters that same year.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In his senior year of high school, Papelbon committed to play college baseball for Mississippi State University.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon was a closer for the Mississippi State Bulldogs and had a 9–6 record with 13 saves and 2.90 ERA in his three years on the team. During his time at MSU, the Bulldogs appeared in the 2001 and 2003 NCAA Tournaments and won the 2001 SEC Tournament. During the summer after his freshman year, Papelbon played with the Silver Spring-Takoma Thunderbolts in suburban D.C., a summertime collegiate baseball team in the Cal Ripken Collegiate Baseball League. During the subsequent summers of his college career Papelbon played for the Danville Dans, a summer baseball team in Danville, Illinois. Soon after arriving in Danville, he led the team to a CICL championship.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In the 2002 MLB draft, the Oakland Athletics selected Papelbon with a 40th-round draft pick. Oakland's 2002 draft became known as the "Moneyball draft" after the team's scouting strategies were featured in the book "Moneyball", which later became a movie by the same name. The team was taking a chance with the pick in the hopes that Papelbon would agree to leave Mississippi State after his junior year, but Athletics scouting director Eric Kubota said Papelbon was firm in his decision to return to school. Papelbon graduated from Mississippi State in 2003.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the fourth round of the 2003 Major League Baseball draft. Papelbon began his minor league career as a starting pitcher for the Lowell Spinners of the New York–Penn League. In 13 games (6 started), he had a 1–2 record, a 6.34 ERA, 43 hits, 36 strikeouts, and 9 walks in innings pitched.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: After a 13–10 record for Class-A Lowell Spinners and Sarasota Red Sox from 2003 to 2004, Papelbon was 5–2 in 14 starts for Double-A Portland in 2005. Promoted to Triple-A Pawtucket, he went 1–2 with a 3.57 ERA in four starts, walking two and striking out 21 in 22 innings.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon made his major league debut with the Red Sox on July 31, 2005 against the Minnesota Twins, in which he went 5 innings, struck out seven batters and issued five walks in Boston's 4–3 victory. He did not receive a decision. He earned his first major league win on September 12, pitching three scoreless innings in an extra-inning game against the Toronto Blue Jays. In two postseason appearances in 2005, he pitched four scoreless innings against the eventual World Series Champion Chicago White Sox. The Red Sox had plans of slotting Papelbon into their starting rotation prior to the regular season in 2006. However, the incumbent closer, Keith Foulke, proved to be ineffective trying to come back from an injury-plagued 2005.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In April 2006, he changed his hair to a Mohawk style, after Charlie Sheen's character Ricky Vaughn from the film "Major League" due to a wager with teammate Kevin Youkilis in which they bet whether he could start the season with 10 scoreless innings.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On April 5, the second game of the 2006 season, Papelbon recorded his first career save against the Texas Rangers. On April 29, he set a major league record with his 10th save, against the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, becoming the first rookie in major league history to record double-digit saves in the month of April. He subsequently received the Delivery Man of the Month Award for April. In early September, Papelbon injured his shoulder. When the Red Sox were eliminated from playoff contention, he was shut down for the remainder of the season to rest. The team considered using Papelbon as a starter due to his shoulder problems, but he was moved back to the bullpen before the start of the 2007 season and remained the team's closer. Papelbon in 2006 saved 35 games, struck out 75 batters in 68 innings, and held opposing batters to a .167 batting average.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On October 11, 2007, Papelbon was named the 2007 winner of the "DHL Presents the Major League Baseball Delivery Man of the Year Award." Papelbon garnered 39,043 votes out of almost 125,000 votes cast.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In Game 2 of the World Series, Papelbon was brought in with the bases empty and two outs in the eighth with the Red Sox leading 2–1 to face Rockies hitter Matt Holliday. Papelbon gave up a single to Holliday before picking him off to end the inning. Papelbon pitched a one-two-three ninth for the save. In Game 4, he entered in the eighth inning to shut down the Rockies' comeback, and pitched the ninth inning where he struck out Seth Smith to clinch the 2007 Championship for the Red Sox.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On March 6, 2008, Papelbon agreed to terms with the Red Sox for $775,000. Papelbon's deal set the record for the largest contract for a closer not eligible for salary arbitration, topping Mariano Rivera's previous record by $25,000. Boston was under no obligation to pay Papelbon more than the league minimum of $390,000. On January 20, 2009, Papelbon agreed to a one-year $6.25 million contract with the Red Sox, avoiding arbitration. This was the largest contract for a closer in his first year of arbitration eligibility. Papelbon recorded his 100th career save on July 13, 2008. Among pitchers who had thrown at least 200 innings, Papelbon's 0.930 WHIP through 2008 was the lowest in major league history.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon criticized former teammate Manny Ramirez in the April 2009 issue of "Esquire" magazine, citing his selfishness and incapability of working with his teammates.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On June 29, 2009, Papelbon gained his 132nd save, in a 4–0 shut out against the Baltimore Orioles, tying Bob Stanley's team record for saves which had stood for 20 years. Stanley prophetically commented to the "Boston Herald" in reference to Papelbon breaking the record ""He’s a great kid and competitor. If anyone’s going to break it, that’s a good guy to do it. He’s probably going to end up with a lot more than 132." On July 1, Papelbon recorded his 133rd save with the Red Sox, to break the franchise record. He was selected to represent Boston at the 2009 All-Star Game.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon was cited repeatedly for his slow play. On September 4, 2009, it was reported that he had been fined $5,000 for failing to deliver his first pitch within the required time in a September 1 appearance. Papelbon told the "Boston Herald" that he had been cited on at least five occasions, and fined more than $10,000 for these violations. Papelbon jokingly added, "I think they're going to call my parole officer and put me away."


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In Game 3 of the 2009 ALDS, with Boston down two games to none, Papelbon blew the save and Boston was swept. He allowed four hits and three runs; all of the runs scored with two outs. His difficulties continued into the next season.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In 2010, he blew eight saves (including one against the Yankees on May 17, 2010, where he allowed four earned runs and a walk-off home run for the first time in his career), leaving open the possibility that he might be traded. The Red Sox kept Papelbon as their closer and his productivity improved over the 2011 season.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On June 7, 2011, Papelbon recorded his 200th career save against the New York Yankees, and achieved the mark in the fewest appearances (359), beating Mariano Rivera's mark in 382 appearances. For the 2011 season, Papelbon recorded 31 saves in 34 opportunities. He blew just three saves all season long, but two occurred during the final month of the season, including the final game of the 2011 regular season; the Red Sox and Rays tied in the standings for the AL Wild Card, and Papelbon blew a 3–2 lead against the Baltimore Orioles and allowed them a walk-off 4–3 win. Just moments later, the Rays won their game against the Yankees with a walk-off home run by Evan Longoria to clinch the Wild Card, capping off a nine-game comeback in the standings against Boston and officially eliminating them from the playoffs. Following the 2011 World Series, Papelbon became a free agent.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In November 2011 Papelbon agreed with the Philadelphia Phillies on a four-year, $50 million contract (equivalent to $ million in ) with a vesting option for a fifth year, bringing the total possible contract value to $60 million. It was the largest contract ever signed by a relief pitcher. He was signed to fill the role of former closer Ryan Madson, who left to join the Reds.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: During April, Papelbon started using Metallica's song "For Whom the Bell Tolls" as his entrance music. Papelbon finished the season with 64 games finished (leading the National League), 38 saves, 92 strikeouts, and a 2.44 ERA over 70 innings pitched.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon finished the 2013 season with 29 saves in 61 games. His save total was the lowest of any of his complete MLB seasons to that point, and the Phillies finished with a 73–89 win–loss record. Papelbon said that he could not remember playing for another losing team. He lost more than two miles per hour off of his average fastball velocity, and after the season he said he had been playing with an injured hip.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On June 10, Papelbon earned his 300th career save against the San Diego Padres, becoming the 27th member of the 300 save club. On August 26, Papelbon recorded his 100th save with the Philadelphia Phillies becoming tied for fourth on the all-time franchise saves list. On September 1, Papelbon was one of four pitchers who combined for a no-hitter in the Phillies' 7–0 win over the Atlanta Braves.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On September 14, 2014, Papelbon blew a save against the Miami Marlins, and was booed by the hometown Phillies fans at Citizens Bank Park. He then made an obscene gesture toward the fans, for which he was ejected from the game. He initiated a confrontation with umpire Joe West, who had thrown him out of the game, and was subsequently suspended by MLB for seven games. His high school coach said: "The persona that I think he exhibits makes ... fans ... dislike [him]. Unless you're a Phillies fan ... and even some of them don't like him."


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: In April 2015, he had a heated argument with radio/TV commentator Howard Eskin in the Phillies clubhouse, and the two needed to be separated and restrained. On May 13, Papelbon became the Phillies all-time saves leader with 113 saves.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon began to express discontent with being on the Phillies as the trade deadline inched closer. On July 28, 2015, the Phillies traded Papelbon to the Washington Nationals for Nick Pivetta. Papelbon assumed the role of Nationals' closer from Drew Storen.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On September 23, Papelbon intentionally threw a pitch at Manny Machado's head, resulting in immediate ejection. Machado tried to dodge the ball from hitting his head by throwing up his left shoulder and the ball hit his shoulder. The hit by pitch came after Machado hit a go-ahead home run in the 7th off of Max Scherzer which gave the Orioles the lead and the win. Two days later, MLB suspended Papelbon for three games and fined him; he initially appealed the suspension.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon initiated an argument with teammate Bryce Harper during their September 27 game, as Harper was returning to the dugout following his at bat. The exchange escalated, and Papelbon grabbed Harper by the throat and then shoved Harper toward the bench with both hands, before the two were separated by teammates. Nats fans on Twitter offered to donate $100 each (totaling thousands of dollars) to a charity of the Nats' choosing if it got rid of Papelbon. The Nationals suspended Papelbon for four games without pay for attacking Harper, costing Papelbon $284,153. Papelbon dropped his appeal of his suspension for hitting Machado. With seven games remaining for the Nationals, the pair of suspensions ended his season. Papelbon finished the season with seven saves with the Nationals, and 24 in total for the season. On December 6, 2015, Papelbon filed a grievance complaint against the Nationals organization, seeking the money he lost when he was suspended.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: During the offseason, Storen was traded to the Toronto Blue Jays, cementing Papelbon as the team's closer. On June 14, 2016, Papelbon was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to an Intercostal muscle strain, the first stint on the disabled list in his career. The team acquired Mark Melancon to supplant him as closer in late July.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: On August 13, Papelbon requested and was granted his release from the Nationals. The Nats released Papelbon despite still being obligated to pay him $3.3 million over the remainder of the season. In 2016, Papelbon was 2–4 with a career-high 4.37 ERA and 19 saves for the Nationals.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon's velocity fueled much discussion about his overall value as a pitcher. Around 2011, his four-seam fastball reached , but by 2013, one column on FanGraphs asserted that his velocity was "on the down side of that mountain", and that, for a reliever, he did not strike out enough hitters. Peter Gammons tweeted that some teams were not interested in acquiring Papelbon because of his velocity decline as well as poor performance in clutch situations – in 2013, he converted only five of nine one-run save opportunities.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon threw three pitches. His predominant pitch was the fastball, which he cut with "hard sweeping movement", particularly effectively against left-handed hitters. He also threw an occasional two-seam fastball, which averaged . Secondarily, he threw a splitter, which he utilized as a strikeout pitch and particularly "work[ed] well with the fastball". His tertiary pitch was a sweeping slider, the velocity of which was around .


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon and his wife, Ashley Jefferies, live in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. They have two children: a daughter born December 27, 2008, and a son born April 17, 2010.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: He appeared on the "Late Show with David Letterman" on October 31, 2007, after the Red Sox won the 2007 World Series. On December 20, 2007, Papelbon claimed that his dog "Boss" chewed up the ball that recorded the final out of the 2007 World Series. Papelbon is an avid fan of the Jacksonville Jaguars and attended games at TIAA Bank Field after the completion of the baseball season.


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: His Red Sox teammate Curt Schilling said of Papelbon: "He's not exactly a charter member of Mensa." His former general manager Theo Epstein observed: "He’s not a Rhodes Scholar ... obviously." "Esquire"'s Chris Jones had a slightly different take, writing: "Papelbon's not stupid. He just hasn't acquired ... an understanding of consequence: He says all the dumb things most of us probably think but keep back."


title: Jonathan Papelbon

text: Papelbon appeared on the 2022 ballot for the National Baseball Hall of Fame. He appeared on only five ballots (1.3% of submissions), falling short of the five percent voter threshold required to appear on future ballots.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Jan Dara () is a 2001 Thai erotic-period-drama film directed and co-written by Nonzee Nimibutr and co-starring Hong Kong cinema actress Christy Chung. It is based on a novel by Utsana Phloengtham and follows the titular character as he attempts to break free from the cycle of sex and abuse perpetuated in his wealthy household while fulfilling his own pleasures and desires. The film premiered at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival. In Thailand, the film was controversial because its sex scenes tested the censorship bounds of the 1930 Film Act.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Jan Dara is a boy growing up in 1930s Siam in a wealthy, dysfunctional family where sex has a huge impact on everyone's lives. Jan is viewed by his father, Khun Luang, as cursed, since his mother died giving birth to him, and he is relegated to doing servant work in the house as a result. The younger sister of Jan's mother, Aunt Waad, is brought in to care for Jan. The sex-addicted Luang has sex with many women in his household, including Waad, which Jan is constantly exposed to. Jan becomes jealous since he has developed feelings for his aunt.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Waad and Luang have a daughter, Kaew. Luang spoils Kaew and raises her to despise her own brother. Waad, meanwhile, resents her daughter's rotten personality and affectionately treats Jan as her own son instead. The teenaged Jan befriends Khen, the son of the family cook, who has begun a secret relationship with Kaew's nanny Saisoi. Khen introduces him to sex by making him lose his virginity to Saisoi. He also falls in love with and pursues Hyacinth, a student he encounters and later escorts to her home daily after she finishes school.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Luang's longtime mistress, the sophisticated nymphomaniac Boonlueang, moves into a guesthouse on the estate. She is surprisingly compassionate to Jan, and she and Jan eventually begin a sexual relationship. However, his affair makes him hesitant to pursue a relationship with Hyacinth and he writes her a farewell letter. A teenaged Kaew, who had become attracted to Saisoi, begins resenting Khen and Saisoi after discovering their relationship; she later accuses Jan of rape when he catches her seducing Khen to set him up as revenge for pursuing Saisoi. Knowing her daughter's deceitful nature, Waad defends Jan, but Luang ultimately banishes Jan and Khen. Jan willingly leaves the house, having finally decided to stand up against his own father. As he packs his things to leave, Waad reveals to him that he was conceived after his mother was gang raped by Waad's then-boyfriend and his friends, making it impossible to know who is his biological father.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: After years away from Bangkok investigating about his real father, the adult Jan is brought back to the family estate. Kaew has become pregnant and Jan is forced into a loveless arranged marriage with his sister so that the damage to the family's reputation is smoothed over. Jan agrees to the marriage as long as he is promised the deed to the estate. He also deduces that Luang is the father of Kaew's child, having forced his daughter to have sex with him when she became an adult, and he uses this to finally gain power over Luang and Kaew in exchange for maintaining the secret. Jan rekindles his affair with Boonlueang. Jan learns that Hyacinth has died due to typhoid fever during his time away from Bangkok.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: During his wedding to Kaew, Jan impulsively has sex with one of the family's maids in front of the portrait of his mother, with him coming to terms with the fact that he has repeated Luang's promiscuous and abusive ways. Kaew gives birth to her father's child, which has down syndrome. She curses the baby, which leads to his name "Pree." Luang, already crippled from old age and impotent after feeling guilty about getting his daughter pregnant, witnesses Jan have sex with Boonlueang and falls into a catatonic state. After helping Jan raise Pree and seeing that the house has settled, Waad leaves the family to become a nun. Jan discovers Kaew is also having a longtime secret affair with Boonlueang, and he agrees to his wife's proposal to share her. In exchange, he demands that Kaew give him a child since his true love, Hyacinth, has died. He repeatedly rapes his wife, despite her only being attracted to women. When Kaew becomes pregnant with Jan's child, she has the baby aborted instead to his and Boonlueang's horror.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Feeling guilty for tormenting Kaew, Jan eventually becomes impotent as well and could not be aroused with anyone anymore, even with Boonlueang. Kaew continues to maintain a certain authority in the premises, while Luang remains catatonic even when his son/grandson Pree tries to play with him. As Jan looks over as the ruler of the household, he once again ponders about his true father.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: Christy Chung said it was a 'great, new experience' to work with the shy 17-year-old Thai actor, Suwinit Panjamawat. He was so embarrassed during their sex scenes, she claims, that he had to wear a jock strap. Chung says this garment hurt her considerably on the set, explaining rather graphically how the grinding of its fabric against her skin caused friction burns during the more frenetic moments of simulated passion."


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: In addition to its premiere at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival, "Jan Dara" has also screened at the Vancouver International Film Festival, London Film Festival, Pusan International Film Festival, International Film Festival Rotterdam and the San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival.


title: Jan Dara (2001 film)

text: The DVD, with English subtitles, has been issued by Kino International (Region 1) and in Thailand by APS (Region 3).


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Timeline is a science fiction novel by American writer Michael Crichton, his twelfth under his own name and twenty-second overall, published in November 1999. It tells the story of a group of history students who travel to 14th-century France to rescue their professor. The book follows in Crichton's long history of combining science, technical details, and action in his books, this time addressing quantum and multiverse theory.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: The novel spawned Timeline Computer Entertainment, a computer game developer that created the "Timeline" PC game published by Eidos Interactive in 2000. Additionally, an eponymous film based on the book was released in 2003.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: In northern Arizona near Corazón Canyon, a married couple driving through the desert encounter an elderly man. They take him to a hospital in Gallup, New Mexico. Hospital staff learn that he works for the company ITC. After he suddenly dies, an autopsy reveals that he had unexplainable abnormalities in his blood vessels.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: In the Dordogne region of southwest France, Professor Edward Johnston leads a group of archaeologists and historians as they study a site that includes the fourteenth-century towns of Castelgard and La Roque. Suspicious of the detailed knowledge of the site shown by their funds provider ITC, Johnston travels to New Mexico to investigate. During his absence, the researchers make disturbing discoveries in the ruins, including the lens to Johnston's eyeglasses, and a written message from him that is determined to be over 600 years old. Four of the researchers—graduate students Chris Hughes and Kate Erickson, assistant professor André Marek, and technology specialist David Stern—are flown to ITC's research headquarters in Black Rock, New Mexico.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: During the flight, ITC vice president John Gordon informs them that Johnston traveled to the year 1357 using their undisclosed quantum technology. After touring the facility and meeting with ITC president Robert Doniger, the historians decide to venture into the past to rescue the professor. Stern chooses to stay behind because the time period is extremely dangerous.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: A team consisting of Chris, Kate, Marek and two ITC guards travels to 1357. Soon after they arrive, they are attacked by knights chasing a boy. The ITC guards are killed, and one activates a grenade before he is fatally wounded and initiates his return, causing the present-day transit pad to be severely damaged by the explosion. Stern and the ITC employees struggle to repair it so the team can return home.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Kate and Marek find Johnston at a monastery, but he is soon taken captive by the soldiers of Lord Oliver de Vannes, an English knight and resident lord of Castelgard, who is convinced Johnston knows the secret passageway to the otherwise impregnable castle of La Roque, which Oliver controls. Oliver's enemy, French commander Arnaut de Cervole, plans to attack Oliver's domain, and Oliver wants the secret to defend it.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Separated from the others, Chris follows the boy and inadvertently identifies himself as a nobleman. The "boy" leads Chris to the castle of Castelgard, and is revealed to be Lady Claire d'Eltham in disguise. She is being pressured to marry Sir Guy de Malegant. Chris and Marek (who has since found Chris) are challenged to a joust by Guy: Chris's apparent nobility and him accompanying Lady Claire have turned him into the enemy of Guy. The two survive the challenge thanks to Marek's knowledge of medieval combat.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Oliver orders the historians' imprisonment. They escape Castelgard and are pursued by Sir Robert de Kere, Oliver's advisor. Meanwhile, Oliver relocates to La Roque, taking Johnston with him. In order to rescue Johnston, the historians search for clues to the location of the secret passage to La Roque. After gathering information at the monastery, they find a clue in a water mill, but get captured and interrogated by Arnaut. After escaping Arnaut's forces, Chris and Kate find the entrance to the passage at a decrepit chapel while Marek gains entry into La Roque by posing as Johnston's assistant. Marek learns that the professor is helping Oliver build an incendiary weapon to use against Arnaut's forces, believing that Oliver will lose the siege anyway as he historically does.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: The historians have learned that another person from the present is helping Oliver's forces. The person is revealed to be de Kere, who is really Rob Deckard, an ITC employee driven insane from errors in the process of teleporting to another time that built up in his body over multiple trips, much like the elderly man the couple in Arizona found. Deckard plans to prevent the historians' return to the present and kill them.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Chris and Kate use the passage to enter La Roque. Arnaut begins the siege of La Roque, and later enters the castle by apparently using the passage. During the battle, Kate is chased by Guy and sends him falling to his death. Marek and Chris free Johnston from a dungeon. Arnaut duels with Oliver, resulting in Oliver being trapped in a pit of putrid water. As the historians flee, Chris is attacked by Deckard, but kills him by setting him on fire with Johnston's incendiary weapon.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Stern and the ITC employees repair the transit pad just in time for the historians' return. Marek, who has always wanted to live in the Middle Ages, decides to stay behind, while Chris, Kate, and Johnston return to the present.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: The historians and Gordon confront Doniger, who had little concern for the travelers' safety and intends to exploit the quantum technology for corporate gain. Gordon renders him unconscious and sends him to 1348 Europe, during the Black Death.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: In an epilogue, Chris and Kate are implied to be a couple, and Kate is pregnant. While examining a site in England, the researchers find the graves of Marek and Lady Claire, whom he married. They have bittersweet feelings knowing that Marek had a happy life, but also miss him.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Andre Marek is a researcher who works with Professor Johnston in Dordogne. Marek has always had a fascination with medieval times that is so intense that he has taught himself to joust, to fight with a sword, and to shoot a longbow. He also learned to speak and understand medieval languages such as Occitan and Middle English. Therefore, when Marek gets the chance to go to that era, via ITC's invention, he jumps at it.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Marek proves himself very brave in the medieval world. He fights multiple soldiers, not hesitating to take their lives; bravely stands up to medieval warlords and Archpriests; and is very convincing in the role of a knight. No one - not even knights who oppose him - have a doubt about his being one, fully entitled to be called "Sir Andre". Ultimately, Marek realizes that he was meant to live in this period. For this reason, he chooses to remain behind. When Professor Johnston, Kate, and Chris return to their own world, they find Marek's grave and discover that he lived a happy life in that alternate universe.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Kate Erickson began her college career as an architecture student but found it boring and switched her major to history. Kate now works the Dordogne site from the perspective of architecture, examining the ruins to see how they were built and to make recommendations for restoration.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Kate is part of Marek's team that travels to the 14th century to save Professor Johnston. Kate repeatedly demonstrates her bravery and uses her climbing skills to outwit the soldiers of the period. Kate is also something of a romantic and falls in love with Chris during the adventure.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Chris Hughes is a student of Professor Johnston's. Chris’ specialty at the archeological site at Dordogne is the mill; he is trying to determine whether or not the mill was fortified, a feature that was fairly new at the time. When Johnston disappears and Marek asks Chris to be part of the team that rescues him, Chris jumps at the chance.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Chris is something of a weakling who often finds himself getting in difficult situations, usually over women. When he goes to the past, he finds himself lying to a pretty girl to impress her, and his lie causes him to end up having to joust with her potential husband. As time passes, however, Chris proves himself to be much braver than he appears. In fact, he single-handedly kills de Kere, the one man crazy enough to kill Chris' entire team.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Professor Edward Johnston is a college professor who is in charge of the archeological site at Dordogne, in France. Johnston is an inspiration to and supportive of his students, and they admire him. When Johnston goes missing after traveling to New Mexico to confront ITC's CEO, his team rallies to find a way to save him.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Johnston has traveled to the past through a separate universe. He has been found by the local people and for this reason has created a new persona for himself, as a Magister who has come to help the local monastery's abbot look for important information in their archives. In this capacity, Johnston quickly becomes something of a local legend. This causes Sir Oliver to request his help in defeating Arnaut. Johnston plays along until the moment comes when he can return home.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: David Stern is a physicist who takes a job with the Dordogne River Valley archeological site just to be close to where his girlfriend is attending school. When Doniger calls Marek and asks him to pick his three best people to return to New Mexico, Marek chooses Stern to be part of the team. When the science behind the ability to transmit people to other universes is discussed, Stern probably understands it better than anyone else and, therefore, is also the only one who recognizes that it is dangerous and chooses not to go. However, by not going, Stern becomes a key part of the team by assuring their survival via his innovations to rebuild the water walls that provide buffer for the re-building team. Stern saves their lives.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: "Cahners Business Information" says the book will "grab teens' attention from the very first page", and "Entertainment Weekly" calls "Timeline" "exhilarating entertainment." The novel has also grasped the attention of scholars of medievalism, since Crichton praises Norman Cantor's "Inventing the Middle Ages" (1989) as a central influence on his characterization of academic research on the medieval past. Crichton's narrative seems to support Cantor's notion that the work of academic medievalists amounts to little more than subjective reinventions of the medieval era.


title: Timeline (novel)

text: Paramount Pictures produced a feature film adaptation, with a budget of $80 million, released on November 26, 2003. The adaptation was written by Jeff Maguire and George Nolfi, and directed by Richard Donner, and stars Paul Walker as Chris, Gerard Butler as Marek, Billy Connolly as Professor Johnston, and Frances O'Connor as Kate. The film was poorly received by critics and audiences.


title: Sentinel tank

text: The AC1 Sentinel was a cruiser tank designed in Australia in World War II in response to the war in Europe, and to the threat of Japan expanding the war to the Pacific or even a feared Japanese invasion of Australia. It was the first tank to be built with a hull cast as a single piece, and the only tank to be produced in quantity in Australia. The few Sentinels that were built never saw action as Australia's armoured divisions had been equipped by that time with British and American tanks.


title: Sentinel tank

text: When design work began in November 1940, the AC1 was originally intended to be a 2 pounder gun-equipped vehicle, a true Cruiser tank, with a weight of between 16 and 20 tonnes. Due to a lack of home grown experience in tank design, a mission was sent to the US to examine the M3 design and Colonel W.D. Watson MC, an artillery officer with many years of tank design experience was provided by the UK. He arrived in December 1940. Like the Canadian Ram, the Australian Cruiser was to be based on the engine, drive train, and lower hull of the American M3 Medium tank, mated to an upper hull and turret built closely along the lines of a British Crusader. By 1942, attempting to keep pace with German tank developments, the design specification had become more like an American medium tank, resulting in a heavier design and a higher silhouette profile.


title: Sentinel tank

text: The Australian Cruiser tank Mark 1 (AC1) was designated "Sentinel" in February 1942. Manufactured by the New South Wales Railway Company, fabrication took place at Sydney's Chullora Tank Assembly Shops with serial production vehicles emerging in August 1942, the premises also being used as a testing ground. The design used existing parts where available from other tank designs, simplified where necessary to match the machining capacity present in Australia. The hull was cast as a single piece, as was the turret; a technique not used on the hull of any other tanks of the era.


title: Sentinel tank

text: The Sentinel was designed to mount either a QF 2 pounder or a QF 6 pdr (57 mm, 2.25 in). However, as the production order for 6 pounder tank guns had not been acted on, none of these were available and the first 65 tanks were built with the 2 pounder. Two Vickers machine guns were carried as secondary armament, one in the hull and a second mounted coaxially beside the main gun. The preferred engines suitable to power a 28 tonne tank, a Pratt & Whitney "Wasp" single row petrol radial, or a Guiberson diesel radial, were not available within Australia, so the Sentinel was powered by the combined output of three Cadillac V8 engines – petrol car engines with a displacement of each. The three engines were installed in a clover-leaf configuration (two engines side-by-side to the front and a single to the rear) with all feeding power to a common gearbox.


title: Sentinel tank

text: Sixty-five production vehicles had been completed by June 1943. The completed Sentinel tanks were used for evaluation purposes only and were not issued to operational armoured units. The Australian Cruiser tank programme was terminated in July 1943 as it was thought better for Australia to put the effort spent on the AC tanks towards building her own railway locomotives and supporting the large number of US tanks due to arrive. The tanks that had been produced were placed in storage until the end of the war. In 1943, the 3rd Army Tank Battalion was equipped with a squadron of AC1 tanks that had been modified to resemble German tanks. These tanks were used in the filming of the movie "The Rats of Tobruk". This appears to have been the only time a squadron of Sentinels was used for any purpose.


title: Sentinel tank

text: The Sentinel was to be succeeded by the AC3 Thunderbolt, a much improved design with better armour protection, and most importantly increased firepower. The next step up in firepower available in Australia was the 25 pounder (87.6 mm, 3.45 in) gun-howitzer. This was quickly redesigned as a tank gun, work that would later prove useful for the design of the Short 25 Pounder.


title: Sentinel tank

text: In an effort to further improve the firepower of the Australian produced tanks, a new turret was built and placed on the first of the earlier development vehicles to assess the vehicle's ability to mount the foremost Allied anti-tank gun of the day – the British 17 pounder (76 mm, 3 in). This was achieved by mounting two 25 pounder gun-howitzers that, when fired together, would significantly exceed the recoil of a 17 pounder. It was later fitted with a 17 pounder and after successful gunnery trials the 17 pounder was selected for the AC4 tank. On the AC4 tank, the 17 pounder was to be mounted in a new and larger turret, attached by a 70 inch (1778 mm) diameter turret ring, the space for which was accommodated by changes to the upper hull permitted by the compact nature of the "Perrier-Cadillac". The design for the AC4 tank was not finalised before the programme ended.


title: Sentinel tank

text: All but three tanks were disposed of by the Australian government in 1945. The 65 tanks that were not required to serve as a physical record in war museums in Australia and the UK were sold off by the Commonwealth Disposals Commission.


title: Sentinel tank

text: Of the three that were retained, the first is at the RAAC tank museum at Puckapunyal Victoria (AC1 serial number 8030), the second is at the Bovington Tank Museum (AC1 serial number 8049), the third and only completed AC3 (serial number 8066) is located at the Treloar Resource Centre at the Australian War Memorial in Canberra.


title: Sentinel tank

text: From those that were sold, mostly for agricultural use, a third AC1 was reassembled at the Melbourne Tank Museum using the hull of AC1 8006 and the turret of AC1 8040. This tank was sold to the Military Vehicle Technology Foundation when the Melbourne Tank Museum closed in 2006, and subsequently bought by Wargaming when the MVTF collection was partly auctioned in 2014. It was placed on exhibit at the Camp Mabry Museum in Austin, Texas, for a period before being shipped to the Australian Armour and Artillery Museum to be repainted and put on display. A second Australian cruiser tank is also on display at the AAAM. This tank, acquired from the MTM, has a largely uncut hull, with turret, gearbox and running gear, otherwise bare inside. This vehicle consists of the hull of AC1 8040 and an AC3 turret. The tank was externally restored in 2014. It now has a 17 pounder barrel in an attempt to represent the AC4 prototype; the mantlet and gun mount were fabricated by the AAAM. An AC3 mockup was assembled from unused AC3 armour castings and a mix of AC3 and AC1 parts at the Melbourne Tank Museum in 1996–97, this piece was sold to a private collector in 2006.


title: For the People Act

text: The For the People Act, introduced as H.R.1, is a bill in the United States Congress intended to expand voting rights, change campaign finance laws to reduce the influence of money in politics, ban partisan gerrymandering, and create new ethics rules for federal officeholders.


title: For the People Act

text: The act was originally introduced by John Sarbanes in 2019, on behalf of the newly elected Democratic majority in the United States House of Representatives as the first official legislation of the 116th United States Congress. The House passed the bill on March 8, by a party-line vote of 234–193. The bill was viewed as a "signature piece of legislation" from the Democratic House majority. After the House passed the bill, it was blocked from receiving a vote by the then Republican-controlled Senate, under Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.


title: For the People Act

text: In 2021, in the 117th Congress, congressional Democrats reintroduced the act as H.R.1 and S.1. On March 3, 2021, the bill passed the House of Representatives on a near party-line vote of 220–210, advancing to the Senate, which is split 50–50 between Democrats and Republicans (with Democratic Vice President Kamala Harris holding the tie-breaking vote), and Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer vowed to bring it to the floor for a vote. On June 22, 2021, a vote on the bill was held in the Senate. It received unified support from the Democratic caucus, but Senate Republicans blocked the bill with a filibuster, as it lacked the 60 votes needed to invoke cloture after a party-line vote. Some Senate Democrats expressed support for abolishing the filibuster for the bill, but others in their caucus remained opposed or expressed reservations about doing so, including Senators Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would require states to offer same-day voter registration for federal elections and to permit voters to make changes to their registration at the polls. It would require states to hold early voting for at least two weeks and would establish automatic voter registration for individuals to be eligible to vote in elections for federal office in the state. Under the automatic voter registration provision, eligible citizens who provide information to state agencies (including state departments of motor vehicles or public universities) would be automatically registered to vote unless they opt out of doing so. The bill would also expand opportunities to vote by mail and would make Election Day a federal holiday. The bill would require states to offer online voter registration, which has already been adopted in 39 states and the District of Columbia; under the bill, states would be required to establish a system to allow applications to be electronically completed, submitted, and received by election officials, and to allow registered voters to electronically update their voter registration information. The bill would establish criminal penalties for persons who "corruptly hinder, interfere with, or prevent another person from registering to vote" and for voter deception or intimidation (the bill would specifically "prohibit knowing and intentional communication of false and misleading informationincluding about the time, place, or manner of elections, public endorsements, and the rules governing voter eligibility and voter registrationmade with the intent of preventing eligible voters from casting ballots"). The bill would instruct the Election Assistance Commission to adopt recommendations for states on the prevention of interference with voter registration.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would also authorize 16- and 17-year-olds to pre-register to vote in advance of their becoming 18. A 2019 proposal by Representative Ayanna Pressley to amend the bill to actually allow 16- and 17-year-olds to vote did not succeed. The bill would also prohibit the practice of voter caging and restrict the practicing of voter-roll purges by limiting states' ability to remove registered voters from the rolls and setting conditions for when they could do so. Specifically, the bill would require states to obtain certain information before removing voters from the rolls, and would prohibit voter purges from taking place less than six months before an election. The bill prohibits any person from communicating "materially false" claims meant to prevent others from voting 60 days before an election and compels the attorney general to correct such misinformation. The bill also requires elections officials to timely notify any voter tagged for removal from the rolls and give them an opportunity to contest the removal or seek reinstatement of their registration. It also restores voting rights to felons who complete prison terms.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill contains various provisions to promote voting access for people with disabilities and provisions to strengthen the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA) by providing additional protections for military and overseas voters. To ensure UOCAVA compliance, the bill would "require all states... to send uniformed service and overseas voters' ballots at least 45 days before a federal election (provided a request was received at least 45 days before the election); require states to use and pay for express delivery and return of ballots if they fail to send ballots to uniformed and overseas voters by that deadline; [and] extend the guarantee of state residency for voting purposes to all spouses and dependents of absent servicemembers (current law extends the guarantee of residency only to servicemembers themselves)." The bill would create a cause of action allowing the attorney general or a private party to sue if a state violates these provisions, and would require states to send reports to Congress documenting "the availability of absentee balloting for servicemembers and overseas voters, how many ballots were transmitted, and how many were returned."


title: For the People Act

text: The bill contains election security provisions, including a voter verified paper ballot provision mandating the use of paper ballots that can be marked by voters either by hand or with a ballot marking device and inspected by the voter to allow any errors to be corrected before the ballot is cast. The bill would also require state officials to preserve paper ballots for recounts or audits, and to conduct a hand count of ballots for recounts and audits. The bill would require the voting machines used in all federal elections to be manufactured in the U.S.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would also direct the National Science Foundation "to make grants to study, test, and develop accessible paper ballot voting, verification, and casting mechanisms."


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would introduce voluntary public financing for campaigns, matching small donations at a 6:1 ratio. The money would come from a new "Freedom From Influence Fund" under the U.S. Treasury, which would collect funds by charging a small fee assessed on criminal and civil fines and penalties or settlements with banks and corporations that commit corporate malfeasance. It also incorporates campaign finance reform provisions from the DISCLOSE Act, which would impose stricter limitations on foreign lobbying, require super PACs and other "dark money" organizations to disclose their donors, and restructure the Federal Election Commission to reduce partisan gridlock. The bill expresses support for a constitutional amendment to overturn "Citizens United v. FEC"


title: For the People Act

text: The bill also raises the limit the national committee of a political party can spend on a political candidate to $100,000,000.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would require the president and vice president, as well as presidential and vice-presidential candidates, to publicly disclose their previous ten years of income tax returns. The bill would also eliminate the use of taxpayer money by members of Congress to settle employment discrimination claims, by requiring members of Congress to reimburse the Treasury for any such payments. Another part of the bill would require the Judicial Conference to establish rules of ethics binding on the Supreme Court of the United States, the only court in the U.S. without a binding canon of judicial ethics.


title: For the People Act

text: The legislation would also set new disclosure rules and limitations on presidential inaugural committees. Inaugural committees would be barred from taking money from corporations; a contribution limit to inaugural committees of $50,000 per person would be imposed (under current law, there is no limit); contributions of more than $1,000 would have to be disclosed within one day; and the use of funds donated to inaugural committees would be restricted only to use for inaugural events and for charitable contributions.


title: For the People Act

text: H.R. 1 makes findings in support of admitting the District of Columbia as a state. Specifically, it affirms Congress's power under the to create a new state in the populated area that is now D.C., while retaining a separate federal district comprising the Capitol Complex, White House, National Mall, and certain other federal areas. H.R.1 does not itself admit D.C. as a state. Separate legislation, H.R.51, would actually admit D.C. to the Union. The House of Representatives passed that legislation in June 2020 on a nearly party-line vote; the measure was not taken up in the Republican-controlled Senate. The House passage of H.R.51 marked the first time that either chamber of Congress had passed a D.C. statehood bill, and the Democratic leadership in the House vowed to bring a D.C. statehood bill to the floor again in the 117th Congress, which they did on April 22, 2021, and which passed again by a vote of 216-208.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill would attempt to thwart gerrymandering by requiring states to use independent commissions to draw congressional district lines, except in states with only one congressional district. Partisan gerrymandering (creating a map that "unduly favor[s] or disfavor[s]" one political party over another) would be prohibited (Illinois is cited as an example). The legislation would require each commission to have 15 members (five Democrats, five Republicans, and five independents) and would require proposed maps to achieve a majority vote to be accepted, with at least one vote in support from a Democrat, a Republican, and an independent. The bill would require the commissions to draw congressional district lines on a five-part criterion: "(1) population equality, (2) compliance with the Voting Rights Act, (3) compliance with additional racial requirements (no retrogression in, or dilution of, minorities' electoral influence, including in coalition with other voters), (4) respect for political subdivisions and communities of interest, and (5) no undue advantage for any party."


title: For the People Act

text: Under current law, the Federal Election Commission (FEC) has six members, no more than three of whom can be members of the same political party, with at least four votes required for any official FEC action. The complaint is that this has resulted in an impotent and gridlocked FEC, with important reforms left unaddressed, such as the updating of campaign finance law for the digital age and effective regulation of political donations. Some advocates for reform have blamed the Republican FEC members for unwillingness either to investigate any potential violations or to impose tougher restrictions, and for loosening restrictions simply by signaling what standards they are willing to enforce.


title: For the People Act

text: The proposed bill would give the FEC five commissioners instead of six, reducing the likelihood of tie votes, and require that no more than two can be members of the same political party. It would set up a "Blue Ribbon Advisory Panel" consisting of an odd number of individuals selected by the president from retired federal judges, former law enforcement officials, or people with experience in election law, except anyone who holds any public office at the time of selection, but the president would not be required to choose from among those recommended by the panel. Some observers claim that there would be no built-in benefit for either party.


title: For the People Act

text: The bill is supported by President Joe Biden, congressional Democrats, and liberal political commentators. In addition, a number of civil rights organizations support the bill, such as the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights (which includes the AFL–CIO, Common Cause, NAACP, Sierra Club, Center for Constitutional Rights, and others), the League of Women Voters, the Brennan Center for Justice, End Citizens United, Stand Up America, and the League of Conservation Voters. The editorial boards of the "New York Times" and the "Washington Post" support the bill, with the former saying it would "make the American political system more accessible and accountable to the American people" and "put an end to at least some of the vile voter suppression practices that Republicans have embraced in recent years." "The Economist" has similarly voiced support for the bill, writing that "making voting easy and secure ought to be the aim of any party committed to democracy" and arguing that, while the bill "is not perfect", it would "restrict the ability of state parties to game voting laws".


title: For the People Act

text: Common arguments in support of the bill are that it would limit gerrymandering by mandating districts be drawn by independent redistricting commissions; that it would make voting easier by expanding mail-in voting, requiring at least 15 consecutive days of early voting, and making Election Day a federal holiday; that it would prevent forms of voter suppression like voter-roll purges; that it would reduce the influence of dark money in politics; that it would re-enfranchise felons who have served their sentences; and that it would reduce the influence of "big money" in politics by setting up a donation-matching fund for small-dollar donations. Many political commentators view the bill as a defense against an onslaught of voting restrictions pushed by state Republicans following false claims by former President Donald Trump that the 2020 election was rigged in favor of Joe Biden; in this view, Republicans are pushing a false narrative about the 2020 election in order to lower citizens' confidence in the integrity of elections, and then using that lack of confidence as pretext to impose new voting restrictions.


title: For the People Act

text: At a March 2019 news conference before the House of Representatives passed the bill, Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi said the bill would "restore the people's faith that government works for the public interest, the people's interests, not the special interests". In a June 2021 open letter, more than 100 university professors and scholars urged suspension of the filibuster to pass the Act, writing, "our entire democracy is now at risk" due to Republican efforts at "radical changes to core electoral procedures in response to unproven and intentionally destructive allegations of a stolen election" (the big lie).


title: For the People Act

text: The legislation is opposed by Republican officials, conservative think tanks like the Heritage Foundation and conservative political commentators. The "Wall Street Journal" editorial board opposes the bill, contending that it was "designed to auto-enroll likely Democratic voters, enhance Democratic turnout, with no concern for ballot integrity". The editors of "National Review", a conservative magazine, similarly oppose the bill, calling it a "radical assault on American democracy, federalism, and free speech". Common criticisms of the bill include allegations that it would undermine election security by, among other things, mandating no-excuse mail-in voting and automatic voter registration, restricting voter ID laws and voter caging, and prohibiting laws against ballot collection; that it would subvert states' rights to set election laws by mandating independent redistricting commissions, preventing states from disenfranchising felons, and setting minimum time periods states must offer early voting; that its financial disclosure regulations restrict free speech rights; and that small-dollar donation matching is wasteful spending. Some Republicans have also expressed concern that it would make it more challenging for Republicans to be elected.