title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: The governing body of the council is presided over by the Union Health Minister. It is assisted in scientific and technical matters by a scientific advisory board comprising eminent experts in different biomedical disciplines. The board, in its turn, is assisted by a series of scientific advisory groups, scientific advisory committees, expert groups, task forces, steering committees etc. which evaluate and monitor different research activities of the council.


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: The council promotes biomedical research in the country through intramural as well as extramural research. Over the decades, the base of extramural research and also its strategies have been expanded by the council.


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: Intramural research is carried out currently through the council's 30 permanent research institutes/centres which are mission-oriented national institutes located in different parts of India. The institutes pursue specific areas of research such as COVID-19, tuberculosis, leprosy,


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: cholera and diarrhoeal diseases, viral diseases including Rotavirus, dengue, COVID-19, Ebolavirus, Influenza, Japanese encephalitis, AIDS, malaria, kala-azar, vector control, nutrition, food & drug toxicology, reproduction, immunohaematology, oncology, and medical statistics. Six Regional Medical Research Centres address regional health problems, and also aim to strengthen or generate research capabilities in different geographic areas of the country. It has also been involved in research related to rare diseases like Handigodu syndrome.


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: Extramural research is promoted by ICMR by establishing Centres for Advanced Research in different research areas around existing expertise and infrastructure in selected departments of medical colleges, universities and other non-ICMR research institutes. The ICMR also funds task force studies which emphasise a time-bound, goal-oriented approach with clearly defined targets, specific time frames, standardised and uniform methodologies, and often a multicentric structure. Open-ended research is conducted on the basis of applications for grants-in-aid received from scientists in non-ICMR Research Institutes, Medical colleges and Universities located in different parts of the country. Collaborative research projects with other institutes such as that between Institute of Pathology, Delhi and NCRM are also undertaken.


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: ICMR's Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratories (VRDL) for diagnosis of the viral and other infectious diseases is gradually evolving and is proposed to be the largest network of laboratories for timely identification of viruses and other agents causing morbidity significant at public health level and specific agents causing epidemics and/or potential agents for bioterrorism and undertake research for identification of emerging and newer genetically active/ modified agents. In addition to research activities, ICMR also provides international fellowship programme for research and training and exposure of Indian biomedical scientists in various countries as well as offering opportunities to scientists from developing countries to come and work in Indian institutes/laboratories. It is also the secretariat for Health Ministry's Screening Committee (HMSC) meeting organised monthly for consideration of international collaborative research projects. It also encourages human resource development in biomedical research through Research Fellowships, Short-Term Visiting Fellowships, Short-Term Research Studentships, and various training programmes and workshops conducted by ICMR institutes and headquarters.


title: Indian Council of Medical Research

text: For retired medical scientists and teachers, the council offers the position of emeritus scientist to enable them to continue or take up research on specific biomedical topics. The council also awards prizes to Indian scientists, in recognition of significant contributions to biomedical research as well as those who work in the underdeveloped parts of the country. At present, the council offers 38 awards, of which 11 are meant exclusively for young scientists (below 40 years).


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: Nouvelle Vague is a French cover band led by musicians Olivier Libaux and Marc Collin. Their name means "new wave" in French, and refers simultaneously to the French New Wave cinema movement of the 1960s, to the new wave music movement of the 1970s and 1980s, which provides many of the songs that the band covers, and to bossa nova (Portuguese for "new wave"), a musical style that the band frequently uses in its arrangements.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: The group's recordings and live performances have featured a large rotating cast of mostly female vocalists. Several of the artists who have performed with the band have also had successful solo careers, including Camille, Phoebe Killdeer, Mélanie Pain, and Nadéah Miranda. Libaux died in 2021 but the band continue to tour.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: The group's first album, the self-titled "Nouvelle Vague", was released in 2004. Explaining how the project came about, Libaux later said: "Marc Collin and I were both musicians and producers in the French music industry when, in 2003, Marc called me with this very strange idea of covering Love Will Tear Us Apart in a bossa nova version. I thought this idea was absolutely crazy but very exciting. So we decided to get into the studio and try it out as soon as possible. Then we did Just Can't Get Enough and Guns Of Brixton. We put the album together in just eight months. And after that we called ourselves Nouvelle Vague ... and that's the story!"


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: The songs on the first album were recorded with female vocalists who reportedly had not previously heard the songs they would be singing. Eight singers feature on the album in total, including Eloisia, Camille, who performs four songs, and Mélanie Pain, who sings on two tracks. The album features remakes of songs by XTC, Modern English, Killing Joke, The Clash, Joy Division, Tuxedomoon, The Cure, and The Undertones. The album was a commercial success, peaking at number 69 in the French album charts and spending a total of 39 weeks in the top 200. In 2006 it was reported that the album had sold more than 200,000 copies worldwide.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: The group's second album, "Bande à Part", released in 2006, was again a commercial success. It charted in several European countries, peaking at number 23 in the French album charts, number 15 in the German charts, number 8 in Portugal, and reaching number 79 in the UK Albums Chart. The album includes versions of the Buzzcocks song, "Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Shouldn't've)", of New Order's "Blue Monday", "The Killing Moon" by Echo & the Bunnymen, "Don't Go" by Yazoo, "Eisbär" by Grauzone, and "Heart of Glass" by Blondie.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: In 2008, Collin released an album titled "Hollywood, mon amour", consisting of recordings made following the Nouvelle Vague formula, of songs from 1980s film soundtracks. The album includes new versions of "Eye of the Tiger" from "Rocky III", and of the song "Footloose" from the 1984 film of the same name. Morcheeba's Skye Edwards performs versions of Duran Duran's James Bond theme song "A View to a Kill", and of Blondie's "Call Me" (which features in the 1980 film "American Gigolo"). The actress and singer Juliette Lewis performs a new arrangement of "This Is Not America" (from the 1985 film "The Falcon and the Snowman"). The album also features performances by the Israeli-French singer Yael Naim, by the Brazilian musician Cibelle, and by the Australian singer Nadéah Miranda, who toured with Nouvelle Vague for a time. A reviewer wrote of the album, "The results can be more than surprising – who would have thought that Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do) could be transformed from nauseating manufactured rubbish into something sultry, smooth and genuinely romantic?"


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: On "3" Depeche Mode's Martin Gore sings "Master and Servant" with Nouvelle Vague singer Mélanie Pain; Ian McCulloch of Echo & the Bunnymen duets with Pain on "All My Colours"; Marina Celeste performs "Our Lips Are Sealed" with Terry Hall of The Specials and Fun Boy Three; and Magazine's "Parade" is sung by Barry Adamson and Nouvelle Vague's Nadeah Miranda. For additional tracks that did not make the final album, Chris Bailey from Australian rockers The Saints performs a duet, likewise Samy Birnbach of Belgian new-wavers Minimal Compact.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: In 2010 the group released an album of French-language remakes, "Couleurs sur Paris". The album features guest appearances from some well-known musicians, including Vanessa Paradis, Olivia Ruiz, and Cœur de pirate. It also features an appearance by Camille, who returns to perform a version of the song "Putain putain" by the Belgian band TC Matic.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: In the same year, the group also released a fifteen-track "Best of" compilation. A special edition version of the compilation features an additional disc of rare and unreleased material.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: The band's critical and commercial success peaked with the release of their second album, "Bande à Part". With the release of "3" and "Couleurs sur Paris", critics gave the band less attention. The band subsequently went into hiatus, releasing no new material and performing few live shows. Collin later explained this hiatus, saying, "I was bored of myself doing covers," and citing diminishing critical acclaim: "With the first and second albums, all the media said: ‘This is a great idea, a great rendition’ – and after the third album it was suddenly, ‘OK, it’s always the same thing, the same concept, we don’t want to talk about it'."


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: A new album "I Could Be Happy" was released on 4 November. The title track, a cover of the song by Altered Images, was made available for download and digital streaming on 29 September.


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: In 2016 it was announced that the band would be releasing an "anniversary album" and a documentary, to be titled "Nouvelle Vague by Nouvelle Vague and Some Friends". The album is expected to feature "four new remixes of existing material, four previously released covers re-recorded on location with traditional musicians in China, India, Mexico and Hungary, four new covers (provisional picks are tracks by The Ramones, Cocteau Twins, The Associates and Richard Hell) and – wait for it – four original songs."


title: Nouvelle Vague (band)

text: Several of the vocalists who have performed with Nouvelle Vague have subsequently found success as solo singers. Libaux has attributed this fact to Collin's talent for discovering female singers: "I think he is the best talent scout in the world for female singers. All the female singers we have worked with are just beginning their career. For these girls to be part of Nouvelle Vague for three years - meaning you play 200, 250 gigs - I think it's a very good way to learn about this job." The band's singers have included Camille, Phoebe Killdeer, Mélanie Pain, Nadéah Miranda, Gerald Toto, Helena Noguerra, Liset Alea, Mareva Galanter, Jenia Lubich and Elodie Frégé. In 2010 the band released a compilation featuring solo work by several of their vocalists, under the title "Nouvelle Vague: The Singers". This includes Phoebe Killdeer & the Short Straws's "Fade Out Lines", which later became a major international hit when it was remixed by French producer The Avener, topping the charts in Germany, Spain, and Austria, and reaching number 3 in France and number 6 in Italy.


title: Eric Warren Singer

text: Singer and fellow screenwriter, David O. Russell, were nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the 2013 film "American Hustle", but lost to Spike Jonze for "Her.


title: Eric Warren Singer

text: Sony Pictures Entertainment bought "Marita", a pitch from Singer, which would star Jennifer Lawrence.


title: 10 nm process

text: In semiconductor fabrication, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) defines the 10 nm process as the MOSFET technology node following the 14 nm node. 10 nm class denotes chips made using process technologies between 10 and 20 nm.


title: 10 nm process

text: All production 10 nm processes are based on FinFET (fin field-effect transistor) technology, a type of multi-gate MOSFET technology that is a non-planar evolution of planar silicon CMOS technology. Samsung first started their production of 10 nm-class chips in 2013 for their multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory chips, followed by their SoCs using their 10 nm process in 2016. TSMC began commercial production of 10 nm chips in 2016, and Intel later began production of 10nm chips in 2018.


title: 10 nm process

text: Since 2009, however, "node" has become a commercial name for marketing purposes that indicates new generations of process technologies, without any relation to gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch. For example, GlobalFoundries' 7 nm processes are similar to Intel's 10 nm process, thus the conventional notion of a process node has become blurred. TSMC and Samsung's 10 nm processes are somewhere between Intel's 14 nm and 10 nm processes in transistor density. The transistor density (number of transistors per square millimetre) is more important than transistor size, since smaller transistors no longer necessarily mean improved performance, or an increase in the number of transistors.


title: 10 nm process

text: Egyptian-American engineer Mohamed Atalla and Korean-American engineer Dawon Kahng (the original inventors of the MOSFET in 1959) in 1962 demonstrated a device that has a metallic layer with nanometric thickness sandwiched between two semiconducting layers, with the metal forming the base and the semiconductors forming the emitter and collector. They deposited metal layers (the base) on top of single crystal semiconductor substrates (the collector), with the emitter being a crystalline semiconductor piece with a top or a blunt corner pressed against the metallic layer (the point contact). With the low resistance and short transit times in the thin metallic nanolayer base, the devices were capable of high operation frequency compared to bipolar transistors. The device demonstrated by Atalla and Kahng deposited gold (Au) thin films with a thickness of 10 nm on n-type germanium (n-Ge) and the point contact was n-type silicon (n-Si).


title: 10 nm process

text: In 1987, Iranian-American engineer Bijan Davari led an IBM research team that demonstrated the first MOSFET with a 10nm gate oxide thickness, using tungsten-gate technology.


title: 10 nm process

text: In 2002, an international team of researchers at UC Berkeley, including Shibly Ahmed, Scott Bell, Cyrus Tabery, Jeffrey Bokor, David Kyser, Chenming Hu (Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company), and Tsu-Jae King Liu, demonstrated the first FinFET with 10nm gate length.


title: 10 nm process

text: The ITRS's original naming of this technology node was "11 nm". According to the 2007 edition of the roadmap, by the year 2022, the half-pitch (i.e., half the distance between identical features in an array) for a DRAM should be 11 nm.


title: 10 nm process

text: In 2008, Pat Gelsinger, at the time serving as Intel's Chief Technology Officer, said that Intel saw a 'clear way' towards the 10 nm node.


title: 10 nm process

text: In 2011, Samsung announced plans to introduce the 10nm process the following year. In 2012, Samsung announced eMMC flash memory chips that are produced using the 10nm process.


title: 10 nm process

text: In actuality, "10 nm" as it is generally understood in 2018 is only in high-volume production at Samsung. GlobalFoundries has skipped 10 nm, Intel has not yet started high-volume 10 nm production, due to yield issues, and TSMC has considered 10 nm to be a short-lived node, mainly dedicated to processors for Apple during 2017–2018, moving on to 7 nm in 2018.


title: 10 nm process

text: There is also a distinction to be made between 10 nm as marketed by foundries and 10 nm as marketed by DRAM companies.


title: 10 nm process

text: In April 2013, Samsung announced that it had begun mass production of multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory chips using a 10nm-class process, which, according to Tom's Hardware, Samsung defined as "a process technology node somewhere between 10-nm and 20-nm". On 17 October 2016, Samsung Electronics announced mass production of SoC chips at 10 nm. The technology's main announced challenge has been triple patterning for its metal layer.


title: 10 nm process

text: TSMC began commercial production of 10 nm chips in early 2016, before moving onto mass production in early 2017.


title: 10 nm process

text: On 21 April 2017, Samsung started shipping their Galaxy S8 smartphone which uses the company's version of the 10 nm processor. On 12 June 2017, Apple delivered second-generation iPad Pro tablets powered with TSMC-produced Apple A10X chips using the 10 nm FinFET process.


title: 10 nm process

text: On 12 September 2017, Apple announced the Apple A11, a 64-bit ARM-based system on a chip, manufactured by TSMC using a 10 nm FinFET process and containing 4.3 billion transistors on a die of 87.66 mm.


title: 10 nm process

text: In April 2018, Intel announced a delay in volume production of 10 nm mainstream CPUs until sometime in 2019. In July the exact time was further pinned down to the holiday season. In the meantime, however, they did release a low-power 10 nm mobile chip, albeit exclusive to Chinese markets and with much of the chip disabled.


title: 10 nm process

text: In June 2018 at VLSI 2018, Samsung announced their 11LPP and 8LPP processes. 11LPP is a hybrid based on Samsung 14 nm and 10 nm technology. 11LPP is based on their 10 nm BEOL, not their 20 nm BEOL like their 14LPP. 8LPP is based on their 10LPP process.


title: 10 nm process

text: Nvidia released their GeForce 30 series GPUs in September 2020. They are made on a custom version of Samsung's 8 nm process, called Samsung 8N, with a transistor density of 44.56 million transistors per mm.


title: 10 nm process

text: Transistor gate pitch is also referred to as CPP (contacted poly pitch) and interconnect pitch is also referred to as MMP (minimum metal pitch). Samsung reported their 10 nm process as having a 64 nm transistor gate pitch and 48 nm interconnect pitch. TSMC reported their 10 nm process as having a 64 nm transistor gate pitch and 42 nm interconnect pitch. Further investigation by Tech Insights revealed these values to be false and they have been updated accordingly. In addition, the transistor fin height of Samsung's 10 nm process was updated by MSSCORPS CO at SEMICON Taiwan 2017. GlobalFoundries decided not to develop a 10 nm node, because it believed it would be short lived. Samsung's 8 nm process is the company's last to exclusively use DUV lithography.


title: 10 nm process

text: For the DRAM industry, the term "10 nm-class" is often used and this dimension generally refers to the half-pitch of the active area. The "10 nm" foundry structures are generally much larger.


title: 10 nm process

text: Generally "10 nm class" refers to DRAM with a 10-19 nm feature size, and was first introduced c. 2016. As of 2020 there are three generations of 10 nm class DRAM : 1x nm (19-17 nm, Gen1); 1y nm (16-14 nm, Gen2); and 1z nm (13-11 nm, Gen3). 3rd Generation "1z" DRAM was first introduced c.2019 by Samsung, and was initially stated to be produced using ArF lithography without the use of EUV lithography; subsequent production did utilise EUV lithography.


title: 10 nm process

text: Beyond 1z Samsung names its next node (fourth generation 10 nm class) DRAM : "D1a" (for 2021), and beyond that D1b (expected 2022); whilst Micron refers to succeeding "nodes" as "D1α" and "D1β". Micron announced volume shipment of 1α class DRAM in early 2021.


title: Sarvadaman D. Banerjee

text: Sarvadaman D. Banerjee is an Indian film and television actor known for his works in Hindi cinema, Bengali cinema and Telugu cinema. He is best known for playing Krishna in Ramanand Sagar's hit television series "Krishna" (1993). He played the title role in films such as "Adi Shankaracharya" (1983), which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film, and "Swami Vivekananda". In the 1986 film "Sirivennela", he played a blind flutist.


title: Sarvadaman D. Banerjee

text: Banerjee was born into a Bengali Brahmin family on 14 March 1965, in Magarwara, Unnao, Uttar Pradesh. He went to St. Aloysius School, Kanpur and graduated from the Pune Film Institute. He now teaches meditation in Rishikesh. Currently he supports an NGO Pankh which provides free education to slum children and livelihood skills to underprivileged women of Uttarakhand.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Cerebral circulation is the movement of blood through a network of cerebral arteries and veins supplying the brain. The rate of cerebral blood flow in an adult human is typically 750 milliliters per minute, or about 15% of cardiac output. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood, glucose and other nutrients to the brain. Veins carry "used or spent" blood back to the heart, to remove carbon dioxide, lactic acid, and other metabolic products.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Because the brain would quickly suffer damage from any stoppage in blood supply, the cerebral circulatory system has safeguards including autoregulation of the blood vessels. The failure of these safeguards may result in a stroke. The volume of blood in circulation is called the cerebral blood flow. Sudden intense accelerations change the gravitational forces perceived by bodies and can severely impair cerebral circulation and normal functions to the point of becoming serious life-threatening conditions.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: The following description is based on idealized human cerebral circulation. The pattern of circulation and its nomenclature vary between organisms.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Blood supply to the brain is normally divided into anterior and posterior segments, relating to the different arteries that supply the brain. The two main pairs of arteries are the Internal carotid arteries (supply the anterior brain) and vertebral arteries (supplying the brainstem and posterior brain).. The anterior and posterior cerebral circulations are interconnected via bilateral posterior communicating arteries. They are part of the Circle of Willis, which provides backup circulation to the brain. In case one of the supply arteries is occluded, the Circle of Willis provides interconnections between the anterior and the posterior cerebral circulation along the floor of the cerebral vault, providing blood to tissues that would otherwise become ischemic.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: The anterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the anterior portion of the brain including eyes. It is supplied by the following arteries:


title: Cerebral circulation

text: The posterior cerebral circulation is the blood supply to the posterior portion of the brain, including the occipital lobes, cerebellum and brainstem.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: The superficial system is composed of dural venous sinuses, which have walls composed of dura mater as opposed to a traditional vein. The dural sinuses are therefore located on the surface of the cerebrum. The most prominent of these sinuses is the superior sagittal sinus which flows in the sagittal plane under the midline of the cerebral vault, posteriorly and inferiorly to the confluence of sinuses, where the superficial drainage joins with the sinus that primarily drains the deep venous system. From here, two transverse sinuses bifurcate and travel laterally and inferiorly in an S-shaped curve that forms the sigmoid sinuses which go on to form the two jugular veins. In the neck, the jugular veins parallel the upward course of the carotid arteries and drain blood into the superior vena cava.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: The deep venous drainage is primarily composed of traditional veins inside the deep structures of the brain, which join behind the midbrain to form the vein of Galen. This vein merges with the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus which then joins the superficial venous system mentioned above at the confluence of sinuses.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is the blood supply to the brain in a given period of time. In an adult, CBF is typically 750 millilitres per minute or 15% of the cardiac output. This equates to an average perfusion of 50 to 54 millilitres of blood per 100 grams of brain tissue per minute. CBF is tightly regulated to meet the brain's metabolic demands. Too much blood (a clinical condition of a normal homeostatic response of hyperemia) can raise intracranial pressure (ICP), which can compress and damage delicate brain tissue. Too little blood flow (ischemia) results if blood flow to the brain is below 18 to 20 ml per 100 g per minute, and tissue death occurs if flow dips below 8 to 10 ml per 100 g per minute. In brain tissue, a biochemical cascade known as the ischemic cascade is triggered when the tissue becomes ischemic, potentially resulting in damage to and the death of brain cells. Medical professionals must take steps to maintain proper CBF in patients who have conditions like shock, stroke, cerebral edema, and traumatic brain injury.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Cerebral blood flow is determined by a number of factors, such as viscosity of blood, how dilated blood vessels are, and the net pressure of the flow of blood into the brain, known as cerebral perfusion pressure, which is determined by the body's blood pressure. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) is defined as the mean arterial pressure (MAP) minus the intracranial pressure (ICP). In normal individuals, it should be above 50 mm Hg. Intracranial pressure should not be above 15 mm Hg (ICP of 20 mm Hg is considered as intracranial hypertension). Cerebral blood vessels are able to change the flow of blood through them by altering their diameters in a process called cerebral autoregulation; they constrict when systemic blood pressure is raised and dilate when it is lowered. Arterioles also constrict and dilate in response to different chemical concentrations. For example, they dilate in response to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and constrict in response to lower levels of carbon dioxide.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: For example, assuming a person with an arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 40 mmHg (normal range of 38–42 mmHg) and a CBF of 50 ml per 100g per min. If the PaCO2 dips to 30 mmHg, this represents a 10 mmHg decrease from the initial value of PaCO2. Consequently, the CBF decreases by 1ml per 100g per min for each 1mmHg decrease in PaCO2, resulting in a new CBF of 40ml per 100g of brain tissue per minute. In fact, for each 1 mmHg increase or decrease in PaCO2, between the range of 20–60 mmHg, there is a corresponding CBF change in the same direction of approximately 1–2 ml/100g/min, or 2–5% of the CBF value. This is why small alterations in respiration pattern can cause significant changes in global CBF, specially through PaCO2 variations.


title: Cerebral circulation

text: CBF is equal to the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) divided by the cerebrovascular resistance (CVR):


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Control of CBF is considered in terms of the factors affecting CPP and the factors affecting CVR. CVR is controlled by four major mechanisms:


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) causes decreased blood perfusion of brain cells by mainly two mechanisms:


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Cerebral perfusion pressure, or CPP, is the net pressure gradient causing cerebral blood flow to the brain (brain perfusion). It must be maintained within narrow limits; too little pressure could cause brain tissue to become ischemic (having inadequate blood flow), and too much could raise intracranial pressure (ICP).


title: Cerebral circulation

text: Arterial spin labeling (ASL), phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) are neuroimaging techniques that can be used to measure CBF. ASL and PET can also be used to measure regional CBF (rCBF) within a specific brain region.


title: Devika

text: Devika Devadoss (born Prameela Devi) (25 April 1943 – 2 May 2002) was an Indian actress who worked in Tamil, Telugu with few Malayalam, Kannada, Hindi film industry. She was a popular lead actress in the 1960s.


title: Devika

text: Devika is the grand daughter of Telugu cinema doyen and pioneer Raghupathi Venkaiah Naidu. One of her uncles was a Mayor of Chennai. Actress Kanaka is her daughter.


title: Devika

text: In "Mudhalali", an AVM film, in which she made her debut, she paired with S. S. Rajendran. The film received a certificate as the (Best regional language film) for the year from the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil.


title: Devika

text: She paired with M. G. Ramachandran in "Anandha Jodhi". She won accolades from viewers for the role she played in this film.


title: Devika

text: With Sivaji Ganesan she has acted in films like "Karnan", "Kulamagal Radhai", Andavan Kattalai, Anbu Karangal, Annai Illam, Paava Mannippu, Muradan Muthu, Neela Vaanam and "Bale Pandiya".


title: Devika

text: Her role in "Sumaithaangi" was very moving. Though she is paired with Gemini Ganesan in this film, the relationship did not culminate in marriage and the end was a tragedy. This was a film by Sridhar.


title: Devika

text: She acted in some other Sridhar films like "Nenjam Marappathillai" and "Nenjil Or Aalayam". The song "Sonnadhu Nee thaanaa" in "Nenjil or Aalayam" became a hit because of her acting, apart from the lyrics and music.


title: Devika

text: Devika was admitted to Madras Hospital when she complained of chest pain and after a few days she died following a heart attack.


title: Adam Ferrara

text: Adam Ferrara is an American actor and comedian known for playing the role of Chief "Needles" Nelson on the FX series "Rescue Me". He was a co-host on the U.S. version of "Top Gear" and played NYPD Sgt. Frank Verelli opposite Edie Falco on Showtime series "Nurse Jackie". He also played Detective Tommy Manetti on the television series "The Job".


title: Adam Ferrara

text: He is married to indie actress Alex Tyler, who is on the cover of his comedy DVD "Funny as Hell". She also plays the "Beautiful She Devil" in the special's introductory sketch.


title: Adam Ferrara

text: Ferrara has performed on Comedy Central Presents and has twice been nominated for the American Comedy Award for Best Male Stand-Up. Ferrara frequently performs stand-up at Caroline's and the Comedy Cellar. Ferrara also tours often, performing stand-up at the top clubs around the country.


title: Adam Ferrara

text: He has performed stand-up several times on "The Tonight Show", the "Late Show with David Letterman", and Comedy Central. His stand-up was featured in Comedy Central's animated series Shorties Watchin' Shorties in 2004.


title: Adam Ferrara

text: In 2009, Ferrara performed in an hour stand-up special which aired on Comedy Central entitled "Funny As Hell", and was released on DVD the same day. Ferrara appeared on The Tony Kornheiser Show on January 24, 2013, and has made numerous in-person and telephone appearances since that time.


title: Adam Ferrara

text: He recently came up with his new podcast "'30 Minutes You’ll Never Get Back'," which was listed as a 'must listen' by Hidden Remote.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The 2018–19 FA Cup (also known as the Football Association Challenge Cup) was the 138th edition of the oldest football tournament in the world. It was sponsored by Emirates and known as The Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes. It started with the Extra Preliminary Round on the weekend of 11 August 2018 and concluded with the final on 18 May 2019.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: Premier League side Chelsea were the defending champions, but they were eliminated by Manchester United in the fifth round on 18 February 2019 in a rematch of the previous season's final. Manchester City won their sixth FA Cup title and their first since 2011, making them the first English club to complete a domestic treble, having earlier won the EFL Cup and the Premier League.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: All of the competing teams that are not members of either the Premier League or English Football League competed in the qualifying rounds to secure one of 32 available places in the First Round Proper. The qualifying competition began with the Extra Preliminary Round on 11 August 2018. The fourth and final qualifying round was played over the weekend of 20 October 2018.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The First Round draw took place on 22 October and was made by Dennis Wise and Dion Dublin. All 40 First Round Proper ties were to be played on the weekend of 10 November with 13 replays to be played on 20 and 21 November. 32 teams from the qualifying competition joined 48 teams from League One and League Two to compete in this round. This round included three teams from Level 7, the lowest-ranked teams still in the competition at that point: Metropolitan Police, Haringey Borough and Hitchin Town.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The Second Round draw took place on 12 November. The 40 winners of the First Round Proper played in 20 Second Round Proper ties on the weekend of 1 December. This round included five teams from Level 6 (Guiseley, Slough Town, Southport, Stockport County and Woking), who were the lowest-ranked teams still in the competition. This round included an all-Welsh tie, Wrexham at home against Newport County, the first such tie in the FA Cup since the latter took on Swansea City in the first round of the 2006–07 tournament.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The Third Round draw took place on 3 December 2018 and was broadcast live on BBC One and BT Sport before the final second round tie between Guiseley and Fleetwood Town. All 32 Third Round Proper ties took place on the weekend of 4–7 January 2019. A total of 64 clubs played in the third round; 20 winners of the second round, and 44 teams from the Premier League and EFL Championship entering in this round. This round included one team from Level 6, Woking, the lowest-ranked team still in the competition.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The scheduling for the third round was controversial, due to the number of games scheduled outside the traditional kick-off slot of 15:00 GMT on Saturday. Only 10 of 32 Third Round Proper matches kicked off at that time. This was a result of the FA signing a new overseas television deal in October 2016, which came into force this season. The new contract caused a number of matches to be moved to other time-slots to accommodate viewers outside the UK.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The draw for the Fourth Round took place on 7 January following the Southampton–Derby County game. It was shown on BBC and was conducted by Carl Ikeme and Robbie Keane. All 16 Fourth Round ties were played on the weekend of 25–28 January 2019. This round included one team from Level 5, Barnet, the lowest ranking and only non-League side left in the competition.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The draw for the Fifth Round took place on 28 January 2019. Matches were played on the weekend of 15–18 February 2019. This round included one team from Level 4, Newport County, the lowest ranking side left in the competition. As of this season, extra time and penalties replaced replays as the method for resolving a drawn tie.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The draw for the quarter-finals took place on 18 February 2019. Matches were played on the weekend of 16–17 March 2019. This round included two teams from Level 2, Millwall and Swansea City, the lowest ranking sides left in the competition.


title: 2018–19 FA Cup

text: The following is the bracket which the FA Cup resembled. Numbers in parentheses next to the match score represent the results of a replay, except for the quarter-finals stage onwards. Numbers in parentheses next to the replay score represents the results of a penalty shoot-out except for the quarter-finals stage onwards.


title: Jon Bois

text: Jon Bois (; born September 24, 1982) is an American sports writer, video producer, and YouTuber. He is the creative director at "SB Nation", a sports blogging network. Bois is known for his speculative fiction works on sports, such as "17776", its follow-up "20020", "The Tim Tebow CFL Chronicles" and several documentary videos.


title: Jon Bois

text: Bois was born on September 24, 1982, and is originally from Louisville, Kentucky. From the fifth grade until high school, Bois was homeschooled. He dropped out of college after one semester. Bois worked at RadioShack sometime in the early to mid 2000s, later publishing multiple articles detailing his personal experiences as an employee.


title: Jon Bois

text: Bois started as an editor at SB Nation in 2009. From 2013 to 2015, Bois published "Breaking Madden," a series of articles in which he created unusual football scenarios in the "Madden NFL" video games. In August 2014, he published "The Tim Tebow CFL Chronicles," a sports story based on the fictional premise that NFL quarterback Tim Tebow had joined the Canadian Football League.


title: Jon Bois

text: In May 2015, Bois published the first episode of a documentary video series called "Pretty Good." The series told true stories of unusual events, often related to sports, such as the career path of baseball player Lonnie Smith, professional poker, and the infamous 1904 Olympic marathon, but also including a variety of other topics such as the Lawnchair Larry flight and the TV series "24". the series has thirteen episodes, the last of which was published in September 2017.


title: Jon Bois

text: In 2016, Bois began another documentary video series called "Chart Party," in which he used statistical analysis to explore and understand sports stories. Of particular note, Bois published an episode in December 2016 called "Every NFL Score Ever," in which he discussed how football's scoring system makes some final game scores very unlikely, and coined the term "scorigami" to describe the act of achieving a never-before-seen final result. The video led one viewer to create a website to track new scorigami instances, and the term has seen usage in other sports publications. The series has also discussed topics such as the saddest punt in the world, how Barry Bonds’ 2004 season would have looked like if he had played without a bat, the NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, and the career of Jeff Francoeur, who Bois describes as his “favorite worst baseball player”.


title: Jon Bois

text: In July 2017, Bois published a serialized multimedia narrative called "17776", a work of speculative fiction describing unusual forms of American football played in the distant future. According to Bois, the story garnered four million pageviews from 700,000 unique visitors in two weeks. The series won a National Magazine Award for Digital Innovation from the American Society of Magazine Editors. Bois began a sequel to "17776", entitled "20020", in September 2020. A sequel to "20020", called "20021", was planned to be released in Spring 2021, but has been delayed.


title: Jon Bois

text: A chapter of "Upon Further Review", a collection of sports what-if scenarios compiled by editor Mike Pesca published in 2018, was written by Bois, with his scenario being "What If Basketball Rims Were Smaller Than Basketballs?"


title: Jon Bois

text: In April 2018, Bois and fellow SB Nation personality Alex Rubenstein began the series "Dorktown", which followed a similar format and style as his prior series "Pretty Good", showcasing unusual events, statistics, and personalities from sports history. In 2020, Bois and Rubenstein released a 6-part special mini-series of Dorktown chronicling the history of the Seattle Mariners baseball franchise. A "Supercut Edition" of the film, running 220 minutes in length, was released on YouTube on September 24, 2020. The film would go on to win the Best Documentary Feature award from the Seattle Film Critics Society in February 2021, with its first episode, "This is not an endorsement of arson," being listed by The New York Times as one of the best episodes of TV of 2020. He and Rubenstein released a similar documentary on the Atlanta Falcons American football franchise throughout August and September 2021. Between March and April 2022, he and Rubenstein released a 4-part documentary on former MLB pitcher Dave Stieb. On June 26, 2022, he and Rubenstein released a documentary about the 1977 NFL Playoffs match between the Baltimore Colts and Pittsburgh Steelers, and the plane crash that happened after the game.


title: Jon Bois

text: In 2018, Bois collaborated with Felix Biederman of "Chapo Trap House" on the five-part documentary "Fighting In the Age of Loneliness", presented in style influenced by British documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis, which focuses on the development of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) from the early development of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Vale Tudo in the development of more complex fighting styles. It focuses on the development of MMA as a mainstream sport, including Pride Fighting Championship and the development of Ultimate Fighting Championships, and their parallels to the 21st century neoliberal socio-political landscape of financial collapse and inequality. On December 29, 2020, a supercut edition of Fighting in the Age of Loneliness was released to YouTube to commemorate the Secret Base channel accumulating 1 million subscribers.


title: Jon Bois

text: In 2019, Bois released a two-part series on professional athletes named Bob. Titled "The Bob Emergency," the series details the specific stories of athletes named Bob, the title referring to the dwindling numbers of such athletes, with Bois only tallying 10 active athletes named Bob at the series' end on May 21, 2019. Bois has previously written on this topic, referring to it as "The Bob Famine" in a 2012 article about Bob Sanders, believed to be the last Bob in major American sports.


title: Jon Bois

text: On September 17, 2019, Bois and SB Nation video producer Kofie Yeboah started a video series called "Fumble Dimension". Similar to Bois's earlier "Breaking Madden", it consists of using in-game mechanics of sports video games to create unusual scenarios, usually with fan input. The games involved vary wildly, involving the titles "NBA 2K19", "NFL Head Coach 09", "The Golf Club 2019 featuring PGA Tour", "Out of the Park Baseball", "Football Manager", "EA Sports UFC 4", "Madden NFL 22", "Rocket League", and "MLB The Show 21".


title: Jon Bois

text: Bois has a very distinctive audiovisual style, heavily utilizing Google Earth as a medium in which to place various visuals, making heavy use of newspaper articles, charts, and timelines to create a collage that builds over the runtime of a video. His videos often make use of smooth jazz, from artists like Keith Mansfield and Alan Hawkshaw, as background music.


title: Lateralus (song)

text: "Lateralus" is a song by American progressive metal band Tool. The song is the third single and title track of their third studio album "Lateralus".


title: Lateralus (song)

text: The song is known for its distinct time signatures and corresponding lyrical patterns. The time signatures of the chorus of the song change from 9/8 to 8/8 to 7/8; as drummer Danny Carey says, "It was originally titled 9-8-7. For the time signatures. Then it turned out that 987 was the 16th number of the Fibonacci sequence. So that was cool."


title: Lateralus (song)

text: In a 2001 interview, singer Maynard James Keenan commented on the lyric mentioning black, white, red and yellow: "I use the archetype stories of North American aboriginals and the themes or colors which appear over and over again in the oral stories handed down through generations. Black, white, red, and yellow play very heavily in aboriginal stories of creation."


title: Lateralus (song)

text: The line "As below so above and beyond, I imagine" is a reference to Hermeticism and the "Emerald Tablet".


title: Lateralus (song)

text: In July 2017, Maynard's friend Joe Rogan described his writing process in his podcast; "He wrote a song to the Fibonacci sequence. The Fibonacci sequence is a mathematical sequence. It starts from one, the next number is one, and the next number being two, creates the 2+1 which is three, continuing in this mathematical progression. That's how they found the chord progression. It began linking up to the Fibonacci sequence." The syllables Maynard sings in the first verse follow the first six numbers in the pattern, ascending and descending in the sequence 1-1-2-3-5-8-5-3. "Black (1), then (1), white are (2), all I see (3), in my infancy (5). Red and yellow then came to be (8), reaching out to me (5). Lets me see (3)." In the next verse, Maynard begins with the seventh number of the Fibonacci sequence (13), implying a missing verse in between. He descends back down with the following pattern; 13-8-5-3. "As below so above and beyond I imagine (13). Drawn beyond the lines of reason (8). Push the envelope (5). Watch it bend (3)." The second verse adds the missing line to complete the sequence; "There is (2), so (1), much (1), more that (2), beckons me (3), to look through to these (5), infinite possibilities (8)." 1-1-2-3-5-8-5-3-2-1-1-2-3-5-8-13-8-5-3.


title: Lateralus (song)

text: "Loudwire" listed "Lateralus" as number one on their list of the Top 50 Metal Songs of the 21st Century.


title: Tom Schilling

text: Schilling grew up in the formerly East German borough of Berlin Mitte. He was discovered at the age of 12 by stage director Thomas Heise, and cast in the stage play "Im Schlagschatten des Mondes" (Under the shadow of the moon) at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company, which he stayed with for the next four years to play in other productions as well. Acting jobs earned him enough money to move out of his parents' place when he was 18 and still in school. He left school with an Abitur certificate.


title: Tom Schilling

text: Schilling's screen acting debut was in 1996, when he appeared in the Sat.1 TV series "Hallo, Onkel Doc!" at the age of 14. He was later cast in the theatrical film "" (1999) where he played alongside Franka Potente, Daniel Brühl and Heiner Lauterbach, but the breakthrough for him came with his performance in "Crazy" (2000, directed by Hans-Christian Schmid), for which he received the "Talented Young Actor Award" of the Bayerischer Filmpreis.


title: Tom Schilling

text: In the critically well-received 2004 film "Before the Fall" (German title: "Napola – Elite für den Führer", directed by Dennis Gansel) Schilling appeared alongside Max Riemelt as a young and fragile student at a Nazi elite school (Napola). In 2006, he received a scholarship for the Lee Strasberg Institute in New York, where he studied for half a year.


title: Tom Schilling

text: In the same year, he became a father to a son. Schilling was later given the role of the young Adolf Hitler in Urs Odermatt's 2009 film "Mein Kampf" (the UK DVD release is marketed as "Dawn of Evil: Rise of the Reich"), co-starring Götz George.


title: Tom Schilling

text: Schilling originally wanted to become a painter and study art after school. In a 2008 interview he said he was not much of an extrovert, and that to him having to deliver oneself up on a day-to-day basis was a major disadvantage of being in the acting profession.


title: Tom Schilling

text: In the early summer of 2014 Schilling's second child, a son, was born - the first child for him and his partner, the assistant director Annie Mosebach. In January 2017, Schilling's first daughter and third child was born - the second child for him and Mosebach.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The lymphatic vessels (or lymph vessels or lymphatics) are thin-walled vessels (tubes), structured like blood vessels, that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells, and have a thin layer of smooth muscle, and adventitia that binds the lymph vessels to the surrounding tissue. Lymph vessels are devoted to the propulsion of the lymph from the lymph capillaries, which are mainly concerned with the absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly bigger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system. Lymph vessels that carry lymph to a lymph node are called afferent lymph vessels, and those that carry it from a lymph node are called efferent lymph vessels, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node, may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the subclavian veins and thus return it to general circulation.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The vessels that bring lymph away from the tissues and towards the lymph nodes can be classified as afferent vessels. These afferent vessels then drain into the subscapular sinus.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The efferent vessels that bring lymph from the lymphatic organs to the nodes bringing the lymph to the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, the largest lymph vessel in the body. These vessels drain into the right and left subclavian veins, respectively. There are far more afferent vessels bringing in lymph than efferent vessels taking it out to allow for lymphocytes and macrophages to fulfill their immune support functions. The lymphatic vessels contain valves.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The general structure of lymphatics is based on that of blood vessels. There is an inner lining of single flattened epithelial cells (simple squamous epithelium) composed of a type of epithelium that is called the endothelium, and the cells are called "endothelial cells". This layer functions to mechanically transport fluid and since the basement membrane on which it rests is discontinuous; it leaks easily. The next layer is that of smooth muscles that are arranged in a circular fashion around the endothelium, which by shortening (contracting) or relaxing alter the diameter (caliber) of the lumen. The outermost layer is the adventitia which consists of fibrous tissue. The general structure described here is seen only in larger lymphatics; smaller lymphatics have fewer layers. The smallest vessels ("lymphatic" or "lymph capillaries") lack both the muscular layer and the outer adventitia. As they proceed forward and in their course are joined by other capillaries, they grow larger and first take on an adventitia, and then smooth muscles.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The lymphatic conducting system broadly consists of two types of channels—the "initial lymphatics", the "prelymphatics" or "lymph capillaries" that specialize in collection of the lymph from the ISF, and the larger "lymph vessels" that propel the lymph forward.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Unlike the cardiovascular system, the lymphatic system is not closed and has no central pump. Lymph movement occurs despite low pressure due to peristalsis (propulsion of the lymph due to alternate contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle), valves, and compression during contraction of adjacent skeletal muscle and arterial pulsation.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The lymphatic circulation begins with blind ending (closed at one end) highly permeable superficial lymph capillaries, formed by endothelial cells with button-like junctions between them that allow fluid to pass through them when the interstitial pressure is sufficiently high. These button-like junctions consist of protein filaments like platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1, or PECAM-1. A valve system in place here prevents the absorbed lymph from leaking back into the ISF. This valve system involves collagen fibers attached to lymphatic endothelial cells that respond to increased interstitial fluid pressure by separating the endothelial cells and allowing the flow of lymph into the capillary for circulation. There is another system of semilunar valves that prevents back-flow of lymph along the lumen of the vessel. Lymph capillaries have many interconnections (anastomoses) between them and form a very fine network.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls through movements may also help draw fluid into the smallest lymphatic vessels, capillaries. If tissue fluid builds up the tissue will swell; this is called edema. As the circular path through the body's system continues, the fluid is then transported to progressively larger lymphatic vessels culminating in the right lymphatic duct (for lymph from the right upper body) and the thoracic duct (for the rest of the body); both ducts "drain" into the circulatory system at the right and left subclavian veins. The system collaborates with white blood cells in lymph nodes to protect the body from being infected by cancer cells, fungi, viruses or bacteria. This is known as a secondary circulatory system.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The lymph capillaries drain into larger "collecting lymphatics". These are "contractile lymphatics" which transport lymph using a combination of smooth muscle walls, which contract to assist in transporting lymph, as well as valves to prevent the lymph from flowing backwards. As the collecting lymph vessel accumulates lymph from more and more lymph capillaries along its length, it becomes larger and eventually becomes an afferent lymph vessel as it enters a lymphs node. The lymph percolates through the lymph node tissue and exits via an efferent lymph vessel. An efferent lymph vessel may directly drain into one of the (right or thoracic) lymph ducts, or may empty into another lymph node as its afferent lymph vessel. Both the lymph ducts return the lymph to the blood stream by emptying into the subclavian veins


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Lymph vessels consist of functional units known as lymphangions which are segments separated by semilunar valves. These segments propel or resist the flow of lymph by the contraction of the encircling smooth muscle depending upon the ratio of its length to its radius.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Lymph vessels act as reservoirs for plasma and other substances including cells that have leaked from the vascular system and transport lymph fluid back from the tissues to the circulatory system. Without functioning lymph vessels, lymph cannot be effectively drained and lymphedema typically results.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The afferent lymph vessels enter at all parts of the periphery of the lymph node, and after branching and forming a dense plexus in the substance of the capsule, open into the "lymph sinuses" of the cortical part. It carries unfiltered lymph into the node. In doing this they lose all their coats except their endothelial lining, which is continuous with a layer of similar cells lining the lymph paths.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Afferent lymphatic vessels are only found in lymph nodes. This is in contrast to efferent lymphatic vessel which are also found in the thymus and spleen.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: The efferent lymphatic vessel commences from the lymph sinuses of the medullary portion of the lymph nodes and leave the lymph nodes at the hilum, either to veins or greater nodes. It carries filtered lymph out of the node.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Efferent lymphatic vessels are also found in association with the thymus and spleen. This is in contrast to afferent lymphatic vessels, which are found only in association with lymph nodes.


title: Lymphatic vessel

text: Lymphedema is the swelling of tissues due to insufficient fluid drainage by the lymphatic vessels. It can be the result from absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional lymphatic vessels. In hereditary (or primary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are absent, underdeveloped or dysfunctional due to genetic causes. In acquired (or secondary) lymphedema, the lymphatic vessels are damaged by injury or infection. Lymphangiomatosis is a disease involving multiple cysts or lesions formed from lymphatic vessels.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Shobna Gulati (born 7 August 1966) is an English actress and presenter. Gulati is known for her roles as Anita in "dinnerladies", and Sunita Alahan in the soap opera "Coronation Street" from 2001 to 2013. From 2013 to 2014, Gulati appeared as a panellist on the lunchtime talk show "Loose Women".


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati was born in Oldham, Lancashire, to Hindu Indian parents. She grew up in the Salcombe area of Openshaw, Manchester, where she became friends with actress Sarah Lancashire. She has a degree in Arabic and Middle Eastern politics from the University of Manchester.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: One of Gulati's earliest appearances was as a dancer in the video for Boy George's 1991 single "Bow Down Mister". In the late 1990s, she appeared in both series of Victoria Wood's BBC sitcom "dinnerladies". She appeared as Ameena Badawi from October to December 2000 in "EastEnders". She appeared in "Coronation Street" as Sunita and in the same role in "East Street", a crossover between both soaps, as part of the 2010 Children In Need telethon. In 2001, she appeared in the short film "Shadowscan", directed by Tinge Krishnan, which won a Bafta Award and, in 2004, was nominated for a "Manchester Evening News" theatre award for her work in the play "Dancing Within Walls", which was staged at the Contact Theatre in Manchester.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati has also appeared on the TV quiz shows "Call My Bluff", "Have I Got News for You", "The Weakest Link", "Russian Roulette" and as Diana Ross in Celebrity "Stars in Their Eyes". In early 2006, Gulati took part in the Reality TV series "Soapstar Superstar".


title: Shobna Gulati

text: After Gulati left "Coronation Street" for the first time in 2006, she played Nisha Clayton, a regular role in the final series of "Where the Heart Is", and made appearances in "New Street Law" and the one-off comedy drama "Magnolia", which was written by Dave Spikey for BBC's "Comedy Playhouse" series.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: In October 2006, Gulati appeared at the Royal Albert Hall as part of a short skit featured in "The Secret Policeman's Ball". In the sketch, Gulati and her co-star Nitin Ganatra play a holidaying couple who are under the mistaken belief Guantanamo Bay is a holiday resort. The sketch also starred the American actors Chevy Chase and Seth Green.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati was one of the storytellers in a CBBC revival of "Jackanory" and in the UK tour of the hit play "Girls Night" by Louise Roche. She also appeared on the Channel 4 special "Empire's Children", tracing her family's history during the partition of India. In summer 2007, she appeared in "Pretend You Have Big Buildings" at the Royal Exchange, Manchester.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: In 2008, Gulati made her debut as a filmmaker, producing the short film "Akshay" for the motiroti's 60x60 Secs. This was shortlisted for the Satyajit Ray short film awards. During this same period, she returned to her "Coronation Street" role as Sunita Alahan, where she stayed for three years.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: On 11 June 2009, Gulati appeared in the BBC1 programme "Celebrity MasterChef". She did the first stage tour of "dinnerladies" in early 2009 and she has appeared as a guest story teller for "Bedtime Stories" on CBBC. Gulati made her "Loose Women" debut on 18 November 2010 to celebrate 50 years of "Coronation Street", appearing with regulars Kate Thornton, Sherrie Hewson and Carol McGiffin. Gulati returned to the show on 11 April 2012 appearing alongside regulars Andrea McLean, Jane McDonald and Janet Street-Porter during soap week. Gulati returned to the show as a regular from 13 March 2013, taking over from Sally Lindsay who took time off to film "Mount Pleasant", from September 2013, Gulati became an occasional panellist on the show, before leaving on 30 May 2014.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: In June 2011, Gulati was a guest on "Countdown". Announcing her departure from "Coronation Street", she expressed her desire to write and perform more comedy than her work in a soap opera had permitted her time to do. In 2016, she appeared in the ITV/Netflix series "Paranoid". Gulati made a guest appearance in "Casualty" on 29 October 2016.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: In 2018, Gulati appeared in the "Doctor Who" episodes "Arachnids in the UK" and "Demons of the Punjab" as Najia Khan, mother of The Doctor's companion Yasmin Khan.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: She played Ray in the West End production of "Everybody's Talking About Jamie" at the Apollo Theatre in 2018. Now adapted as a screenplay, Gulati plays the part of Ray alongside Sarah Lancashire. "Everybody's Talking About Jamie" which was released on 17 September 2021. In May 2021, Gulati starred as "Vicky" in the three-part comedy drama murder mystery series, "Murder, They Hope".


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati wrote a memoir on losing a parent to dementia based on her experiences caring for her mother, who died in 2019. During publicity interviews for the book, Gulati revealed that she had contracted Coronavirus earlier in 2020.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati is the daughter of K.A. Gulati who arrived in Oldham from Bombay, India, in 1960. She has a younger brother, Rajesh, and two older sisters, Sushma and Hema.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati married the architect Anshu Srivastava in a Hindu ceremony on 10 November 1990; the couple divorced in May 1994. Shobna lived separately from her husband and became pregnant. From 1999 to 2003, Shobna was in a relationship with the ex-"Emmerdale" actor Gary Turner.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati has a working knowledge of six languages and is a vocal supporter of Asian women's rights and various anti-racism campaigns. Shobna works on female body image issues. Shobna is a supporter and a season ticket holder of Manchester United.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: In 2015, Shobna was appointed as a deputy lieutenant of Greater Manchester. This gives her the right to use the Post Nominal Letters "DL" for life.


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati was called in to join a murder hunt in December 2004 following the murder of Shafilea Ahmed. At a press conference appealing for more information about the teenager's death, Gulati read out some of the poems found in her bedroom by police during their investigations which "were a testimony to her sadness at being caught in a culture clash with other members of her family". After the reading, Gulati said that she believed they showed that Shafilea was trapped between two cultures. "It can be very difficult if you are born here but your parents were not and there can be a lot of cultural issues," she said. "It is a situation facing many young Asian women who are unable to express themselves properly within their families. I feel these words are the sort of style she would use when talking with her friends. If she is out there she should let people know she is safe because there are organisations and individuals who can help her."


title: Shobna Gulati

text: Gulati went on to say that she sympathised with the teenager's difficulty in balancing her culture with her upbringing. "She has obviously been unable to express herself in terms of her family and she probably talks like this to her friends, or has written these songs in private."


title: Sports in Japan

text: Sports in Japan are a significant part of Japanese culture. Both traditional sports such as sumo and martial arts, and Western imports like baseball, association football, basketball and tennis are popular with both participants and spectators.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Sumo is considered Japan's national sport. Baseball was introduced to the country by visiting Americans in the 19th century. The Nippon Professional Baseball league has been Japan's largest professional sports competition in terms of television ratings and spectators. Martial arts such as judo, karate and modern kendō are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country. Association football has gained wide popularity since the founding of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992. Other popular sports include figure skating, rugby union, golf, table tennis and racing, especially auto racing. Some new sports were invented by changing elements of imported sports.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In 2021, the Nagoya Diamond Dolphins became the first top-tier professional Japanese sports club to sign on to a climate change initiative, as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Sumo shows an important side of traditional Japanese sport, a religious occasion as well as a sporting event. Many sumo rituals are closely associated with Shinto belief. It is believed that some ancient sumo matches were purely religious events with predetermined outcomes as an offering to kami, with some matches regarded as divination - e.g. if a well-liked fisherman competed and won, a good catch was predicted for the year.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The Kamakura period was a starting point for many martial arts. Kyūdō became popular as "kyujutsu", literally "bow skill", as a pastime for the samurai class. Yabusame also started as a sport in this period, but is now considered a sacred ceremony.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In the Edo period, sports became a popular way to spend time. The only problem was that they were often accompanied by gambling. A notice to punish playing and betting on sumo without authorization was repeatedly posted to little effect. Kyūdō was encouraged by "shōguns" and "daimyōs" as a pastime, and contests as well as record making attempts were held. On April 26, 1686, a samurai named "Wasa Daihachiro" competing in the Tōshiya made an unsurpassed record of shooting 13,053 arrows and hitting the mark 8,133 times over a 24-hour period. This is even more remarkable when one considers the shooting range for this attempt, a 120-meter-long corridor with a ceiling of only 2.2 meters. In the Olympic Games, archers shoot over a distance of only 70 meters. Martial arts like jujutsu were popular but schools avoided inter-school matches, leaving room only for intramural matches.


title: Sports in Japan

text: After the Meiji Restoration, various kinds of Western sports were introduced into Japan. Playing sports was adopted as a school activity and matches between universities became popular. During the 1870s, track and field events, baseball, football, rugby union, cricket and ice skating were introduced. In 1911, an Austrian gave skiing instruction to the Japanese army. In those days, Western sports were played by a few people, but through the educational system, they spread throughout the country. Western sports were initially stressed as a form of mental discipline, but Japanese have now come to enjoy them as recreational activities.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Professional sports, the most famous being baseball which continues even today, started in the late 1920s but persistent rumors of bribes and a general attitude that sports should be for players or as a hobby persisted. Matches between schools attracted large crowd until after World War II when airing sporting events on radio and television became common. Manga with sports-themed stories (colloquially called "spokon") have also played a part in attracting readers to slightly less popular sports, such as volleyball, association football, basketball, or American football, although there are also stories focusing on more popular sports like baseball.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Other sports like table tennis and fencing have been popular at different times. Baseball was a staple of early television, and boxing and sumo were aired periodically. Initially, running live sports games was viewed with skepticism as it was believed that fans would rather stay at home if they could watch for free. But, as it actually increased interest and sold more merchandise, airing of sports on television became popular.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Judo has been recognized as an official event in the Olympic Games since the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. It is also one of the four main forms of amateur competitive wrestling practiced internationally today. Keirin racing has also become an Olympic Games event since the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Motorsports have become quite popular in Japan, especially during the latter third of the 20th century. Japanese car manufacturers use a relatively new form of motorsport that is distinctly Japanese and is now being exported abroad.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The most popular professional sports in Japan are baseball, association football, golf, tennis and sumo wrestling. Note that most practitioners in the martial arts are not professional, but played by amateurs.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In addition, there are professional sports for gambling purposes; some fans enjoy them as spectator sports without betting money.


title: Sports in Japan

text: There are opportunities to play various sports for all ages, and school plays an important role in community. Kindergarten and lower elementary school students can play in a private sport club that can be joined for a moderate fee. Most martial arts can be started as little as 5 to 6 years old. When a student starts 5th grade, school offers free after-school activities for its students to participate. Middle and high schools also encourage their students to join school sport clubs.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Prefectural and national-wide level contests and tournaments are held every winter and summer for all sports. Some of the tournaments, such as National High School Baseball Championship, have an inordinate level of popularity among fans as much as professional sports.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The second Monday of October is a national holiday of Japan, Health and Sports Day. This date, originally October 10, commemorates the opening day of the 1964 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo. The event was documented in "Tokyo Olympiad" by filmmaker, Kon Ichikawa. Japan has hosted many international competitions including the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, 2002 FIFA World Cup, and the 2006 and 2009 World Baseball Classic. Tokyo also hosted the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The 2019 Rugby World Cup, or 'RWC 2019' will be hosted by Japan. This was announced by RWCL Chairman Bernard Lapasset in Irish capital Dublin at a special IRB meeting on 28 July 2009, along with the host of the 2015 Rugby World Cup, England.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Many major figure skating events are regularly held in Japan. The Grand Prix event, the NHK Trophy, has been held in various cities throughout Japan every year since 1979. Japan has also been host of the World Figure Skating Championships and ISU Grand Prix Final numerous times. In 2009, it held the first ISU World Team Trophy in Tokyo, an event set to take place every two years. Figure skating is also a commercial success in Japan, and made-for-television competitions and ice shows like the Japan Open are broadcast across the nation. Along with countries such as the United States, Canada, and Russia, Japan is widely considered to be a leading country in the sport.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Sumo wrestling is the national sport in Japan. Sumo wrestling is believed to have originated in Japan, with its governing body being the Japan Sumo Association. It is considered a "gendai budō", which refers to modern Japanese martial art, but the sport has a history spanning many centuries. Many ancient traditions have been preserved in sumo, and even today the sport includes many ritual elements, such as the use of salt purification, from Shinto.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Life as a wrestler is highly regimented, with rules regulated by the Japan Sumo Association. Most sumo wrestlers are required to live in communal sumo training stables, known in Japanese as "heya", where all aspects of their daily lives—from meals to their manner of dress—are dictated by strict tradition.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The history of boxing in Japan began in 1854 when Matthew Perry landed at Shimoda, Shizuoka soon after the Convention of Kanagawa. At that time, American sailors often engaged in sparring matches on board their ships, with their fists wrapped in thin leather. It was the first example of boxing conveyed to Japan. In addition, an ōzeki-ranked sumo wrestler named was summoned by the shogunate, and ordered to fight a boxer and a wrestler from the United States. There were three fought matches, using different martial arts' styles, before Perry and other spectators. Koyanagi reportedly won.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In Japan, every professional boxer must contract with a manager under the Japan Boxing Commission (JBC) rules, and is required to belong to a boxing gym which has exclusive management rights for boxers as a member of each regional subsidiary body of Japan Pro Boxing Association under the Japan's conventional gym system. Two professional boxers belonging to the same gym have not been allowed to fight against each other unless one of them transfers to other gym, because it might disrupt the gym system. However, it is often quite difficult for boxers to transfer between the gyms due to the matters on transfer fees, match fees and so on.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In the 2009–10 season all four reigning World Champion singles skaters were from Japan. Figure skating events in Japan are well attended and TV broadcasts attract a large audience. The major surge in its popularity has come mainly within the past decade with the success of its native skaters, but there have been avid fans in the country for international skaters for much longer. Skater Dorothy Hamill is known to have received pearls from the Japanese royal family in the 1970s. Figure Skaters in Japan also enjoy some level of celebrity—some like Mao Asada and Yuzuru Hanyu (the first Japanese male figure skater to win an Olympic gold medal) becoming household names and gaining large sponsorships. The NHK Trophy, a major figure skating Grand-Prix event, is hosted in Japan every year.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Skiing is also popular and taught in schools in northern parts of the mountainous country. In particular, Japan has been producing good ski jumpers since the Sapporo Olympics in 1972, when Japanese athletes won all three medals in the 70 Meter Jumps with Yukio Kasaya getting the first gold for Japan in Winter Olympics. In the 1990s, Noriaki Kasai and Kazuyoshi Funaki scored many wins in the FIS Ski Jumping World Cup. More recently, Ryoyu Kobayashi won the overall title in the 2018–19 season. In the women's arena, the four-time season champion Sara Takanashi is renewing her world record of most wins in the World Cup.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Table tennis is popular both as competition and recreation. From the 1950s to 1970s, Japan was one of the strongest countries in the world, producing 13 World singles champions. After long struggling years, they regained momentum in the 2010s and won many medals in the World Championships and the Olympic Games, though experiencing difficulty in surpassing China.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Baseball is historically the most popular sport in Japan. It was introduced to Japan in 1872 by Horace Wilson, who taught at the Kaisei School in Tokyo. The first baseball team was called the Shimbashi Athletic Club and was established in 1878. Baseball has been a popular sport ever since. It is called "yakyū" (野球 (やきゅう )) in Japanese, combining the characters for "field" and "ball."


title: Sports in Japan

text: Hiroshi Hiraoka, who was in the United States studying engineering, introduced the game to his co-workers at Japan's national railways in 1878. He and his co-workers created the first baseball team, the Shimbashi Athletic Club, and dominated other teams which popped up in Japan. However, it was not until 1896 that a team from Ichikō, the elite University of Tokyo preparatory school, defeated a team from the Yokohama Country & Athletic Club 29 to 4 that the sport took a dominant hold in Japanese popular culture. The match was the first recorded international baseball game in Asia. After that victory, several other universities in Japan adopted the sport, and it quickly spread throughout Japan. Since then, teams from Japan have traveled to learn from their American counterparts. Waseda University was one of the first teams to cross the ocean to improve their skills. In 1905, the team traveled to the United States, where it played college teams from around the country. Other universities in Japan made similar trips, and U.S. teams traveled to Japan to play.


title: Sports in Japan

text: From 1913 to 1922, American MLB stars visited Japan and played against university teams. They also held clinics on technique. Herb Hunter, a retired major league player, made eight trips to Japan, from 1922 to 1932 to organize games and coaching clinics.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Baseball is also played in Japan's junior and senior high schools. Each year in March and August, two tournaments are held at Koshien Stadium for senior high school teams that win a prefecture tournament. References to high school baseball (高校野球: kōkō yakyū) generally refer to the two annual baseball tournaments, played by high schools nationwide culminating at a final showdown at Hanshin Kōshien Stadium in Nishinomiya, Japan. They are organized by the Japan High School Baseball Federation in association with Mainichi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Invitational Tournament in the spring (also known as "Spring Kōshien"), and Asahi Shimbun for the National High School Baseball Championship in the summer (also known as "Summer Kōshien"). These nationwide tournaments enjoy widespread popularity, arguably equal to or greater than professional baseball. Qualifying tournaments are often televised locally and each game of the final stage at Kōshien is televised nationally on NHK. The tournaments have become a national tradition, and large numbers of frenzied students and parents travel from hometowns to cheer for their local team. It is a common sight to see players walking off the field in tears after being eliminated from the tournament by a loss.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Association football is one of the most popular sports in Japan. The Japan Football Association (JFA), is the governing body of Japanese football. The JFA organizes the men's, women's, and futsal national teams.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Association football was introduced to Japan during the Meiji period by O-yatoi gaikokujin, foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government, along with many other foreign sports, like baseball. The first Japanese football club is considered to be Tokyo Shūkyū-dan, founded in 1917, which is now competing in the Tokyo Prefectural amateur league.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In the 1920s, football associations were organized and regional tournaments began in universities and high schools, especially in Tokyo. In the 1930s, the Japan national football team was organized and drew 3–3 with China to win their first title at the Far Eastern Championship Games. The Japan national team also competed in the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games, the team had a first victory in an Olympic game with a 3 - 2 win over powerful Sweden.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The Japanese national football team is very successful at an international level, and has competed in the 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010, 2014, and 2018 FIFA World Cups. Their best result was Round 2 in 2002, 2010 and 2018. The Japanese national team has also competed in six AFC Asian Cups, with the team being the Champions in 1992, 2000, 2004 and 2011 AFC Asian Cups. The team's highest ranking was 9th in the world in February 1998. Japan has competed in many other footballing events including the Confederations Cup, the East Asian Football Championship, and the Copa América.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The J.League is the most popular football league in Japan and has grown rapidly in just a few decades-with teams such as FC Tokyo and Kashima Antlers regularly competing in continental competition and the league drawing the talents of Andrés Iniesta and Fernando Torres.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The women's national team has enjoyed major success at the World Cup, winning the 2011 edition in Germany and finishing as runner-up in the 2015 edition in Canada.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The national team's colors are blue and white, Japan's main colors in most international sporting competitions.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Especially since the emergence of Yuta Tabuse and Takuya Kawamura, basketball has received a recent revival and become a popular sport in Japan. The Japan national basketball team won the FIBA Asia Championship twice and has qualified for the event 25 out of 26 times. Japan was host to the 2006 FIBA World Championship which was played in the host cities of Hamamatsu, Hiroshima, Saitama, Sapporo and Sendai and on 9 December 2017, Japan was announced as co-host the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Cup with Philippines and Indonesia some matches will be in host city of Okinawa City.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In 2010 the Japan Basketball Association recognized Takehiko Inoue, the creator of "Slam Dunk", for the series' role in popularizing the sport in Japan as part of its 80th anniversary celebrations.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In 2019, Rui Hachimura was selected ninth overall in the draft by the Washington Wizards of the NBA. He is a son between a Beninese father and Japanese mother.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Cricket is one of the fastest growing sports in the country at grassroots level. Currently the Japan Cricket Association is popularising the game with the help of the popularity of baseball, which has significant similarities to cricket. It is an associate member of the International Cricket Council.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Ice hockey is a minor sport but growing in popularity. Currently, 4 Japanese teams compete in the Asia League Ice Hockey.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Rugby union is a moderately popular sport in Japan. The Japanese national rugby union team, controlled by the Japan Rugby Football Union, has been to every Rugby World Cup since 1987. The country hosted the Rugby World Cup in 2019, where they qualified for the quarter-finals for the first time. Japan's first win in the Rugby World Cup was against Zimbabwe in 1991, which was also one of the national team's first wins. They also caused significant upsets in the 2015 World Cup, beating three-time champions South Africa, and the 2019 World Cup, beating second ranked in the world Ireland 19–12. The Japanese rugby team has been playing in international tournaments since the 1930s.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In 2016, the Sunwolves joined Super Rugby as that competition's first Japanese team and first from the Northern Hemisphere. Super Rugby began in 1996 as Super 12, involving franchised teams from Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa, and had involved only those countries until 2016. The competition became Super 14 in 2006 when it added two teams, and adopted its current name of Super Rugby when it expanded to 15 teams in 2011. The 2016 season saw the addition of three new teams, including the first-ever entry from Argentina. The Sunwolves play home matches mostly at Chichibunomiya Rugby Stadium in Tokyo, with select "home" matches also played in Singapore.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The first recorded instance of rugby being played in Japan was in 1874, when British sailors staged a game in Yokohama. The sport was introduced to students at Keio university in 1899, by Professor Edward Bramwell Clarke and Tanaka Ginnosuke. Japan's first international match took place on 31 January 1932, when a trade delegation from Canada brought the Canada national rugby union team, who were also playing their first game. The Japanese won 9–8.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Volleyball is popular in Japan, where the sport enjoys much coverage by national broadcasters. The sport is played by many junior and senior high school students. The top regional teams play in the Japanese Volleyball League. Since 2006, Japan is the permanent host of the FIVB Volleyball World Cups.


title: Sports in Japan

text: At the 1964 Olympic Games on home soil, Japan became the first country in history to win Olympic gold in women's volleyball. The women's national team has since achieved Olympic podium placements multiple times, including an additional gold medal in 1976. The women's team now ranks seventh in the world. The men's national team has been less successful, having missed the two most recent Olympic games, but have qualified for the upcoming Tokyo 2020 Olympics.


title: Sports in Japan

text: "Haikyu!!," a manga and anime series about high school volleyball, has gained a significant amount of popularity all around the world.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Japan featured a women's national team in beach volleyball that competed at the 2018–2020 AVC Beach Volleyball Continental Cup.


title: Sports in Japan

text: The X-League is the top league in Japan. It was founded in 1971, it has 60 teams split into 4 divisions. The final game is the Japan X Bowl.


title: Sports in Japan

text: In 1999 Japan won the first ever 1999 IFAF World Championship, and also won in the 2003 IFAF World Championship. Japan hosted the 2007 IFAF World Championship, but placed 2nd to the United States. Japan placed 3rd in the 2011 IFAF World Championship.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Additionally, Japan has eight major college football leagues. These leagues are the top level of college football in the country, with the East and West champions playing in the annual Koshien Bowl in Nishinomiya. The eight leagues are:


title: Sports in Japan

text: The Japan men's national lacrosse team has qualified for the World Lacrosse Championship eight consecutive times (1994-2022). At the most recent event (2022), it finished 5th out of 23. They defeated Team England 7-6 in double overtime with 19-year-old Rinta Fujioka scoring the game-winner.


title: Sports in Japan

text: Japan Bandy Federation was established in 2011 and the same year entered Federation of International Bandy. JBF sent a team to 2012 Bandy World Championship and has participated ever since. Already in 2012 they started having plans to build a full-sized bandy arena similar to Medeu. In 2017 a successful deal was struck with Shintoku on Hokkaido, where the new venue will open in December 2017. Many cities are interested in hosting teams. In terms of licensed athletes, bandy is the second biggest winter sport in the world.


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: Kunal Jaisingh (born 29 July 1989) is an Indian television actor best known for his portrayal of Ranveer Shergill in "The Buddy Project" and Omkara Singh Oberoi in "Ishqbaaaz" and "Dil Boley Oberoi".


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: Jaisingh met Bharati Kumar on the sets of "The Buddy Project" and the two dated for around five years. They got engaged on 18 March 2018 and married each other on 20 December 2018 in Mumbai.


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: His breakthrough came in 2012 with Channel V India's "The Buddy Project" where he portrayed Ranveer Shergill.


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: Jaisingh went onto be a part of various anthology series like "Yeh Hai Aashiqui", "Twist Wala Love", "Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya", "Savdhaan India" etc. In 2015, he played Chiku in Zee TV's "Doli Armaano Ki".


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: From 2016 to 2018, he played Omkara Singh Oberoi in "Ishqbaaaz" opposite Shrenu Parikh for which he won the Gold Award and Indian Telly Award for Best Actor In Supporting Role. Jaisingh also portrayed the same character in 2017 in the show's spin off, "Dil Boley Oberoi".


title: Kunal Jaisingh

text: In 2019, he played Ruhaan in Voot's "Silsila Badalte Rishton Ka" opposite Tejasswi Prakash and Aneri Vajani . In 2020, Jaisingh portrayed Reyansh Khurana in Colors TV's "Pavitra Bhagya" opposite Aneri Vajani. In 2021, he appear in Sony TV's show "Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye" as Prince Veer Pratap Singh.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The Lycoming O-320 is a large family of naturally aspirated, air-cooled, four-cylinder, direct-drive engines produced by Lycoming Engines. They are commonly used on light aircraft such as the Cessna 172 and Piper Cherokee. Different variants are rated for 150 or 160 horsepower (112 or 119 kilowatts). As implied by the engine's name, its cylinders are arranged in horizontally opposed configuration and a displacement of 320 cubic inches (5.24 L).


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The O-320 family of engines includes the carbureted O-320, the fuel-injected IO-320, the inverted mount, fuel-injected AIO-320 and the aerobatic, fuel-injected AEIO-320 series. The LIO-320 is a "left-handed" version with the crankshaft rotating in the opposite direction for use on twin-engined aircraft to eliminate the critical engine.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The first O-320 (with no suffix) was FAA certified on 28 July 1953 to CAR 13 effective 5 March 1952; this same engine was later re-designated, without change, as the O-320-A1A. The first IO-320 was certified on 10 April 1961, with the AIO-320 following on 23 June 1969 and the first aerobatic AEIO-320 on 12 April 1974. The LIO-320s were both certified on 28 August 1969.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The O-320 family of engines externally resembles the Lycoming O-235 and O-290 family from which they were derived. The O-320 shares the same stroke as the smaller engines, but produces more power with the bore increased to . The design uses hydraulic tappets and incorporates the provisions for a hydraulically controlled propeller installation as well. The controllable-pitch propeller models use a different crankshaft from those intended for fixed-pitch propellers.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The O-320 uses a conventional wet sump system for lubrication. The main bearings, connecting rods, camshaft bearings, tappets and pushrods are all pressure lubricated, while the piston pins, cylinder walls and gears are all lubricated by spray. The oil system is pressurized by an accessory-drive mounted oil pump. A remotely mounted oil cooler is used, connected to the engine by flexible hoses.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The versions of the carbureted O-320, are approved for the use of 87 AKI automotive gasoline. Models with 9.0:1 compression ratio are not approved, such as the H2AD model. All other 0-320s are approved for 91 AKI. Airframe approval is also necessary to use automotive gasoline in any certified aircraft.


title: Lycoming O-320

text: The factory retail price of the O-320 varies by model. In 2010 the retail price of an O-320-B1A purchased outright was USD$47,076


title: Sports governing body

text: Sports governing bodies come in various forms and have a variety of regulatory functions. Examples of this can include disciplinary action for rule infractions and deciding on rule


title: Sports governing body

text: changes in the sport that they govern. Governing bodies have different scopes. They may cover a range of sport at an international level, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Paralympic Committee, or only a single sport at a national level, such as the Rugby Football League. National bodies will largely have to be affiliated with international bodies for the same sport. The first international federations were formed at the end of the 20th century.


title: Sports governing body

text: Every sport has a different governing body that can define the way that the sport operates through its affiliated clubs and societies. This is because sports have different levels of difficulty and skill, so they can try to organize the people playing their sport by ability and by age. The different types of sport governing bodies are all shown below:


title: Sports governing body

text: International sports federations are non-governmental non-profit organizations for a given sport (or a group of similar sport disciplines, such as aquatics or skiing) and administers its sport at the highest level. These federations work to create a common set of rules, promote their sport, and organize international competitions. International sports federations represent their sport at the Olympic level where applicable.


title: Sports governing body

text: About 30 international sport federations are located in Switzerland, with about 20 or so in the Lausanne area, where the International Olympic Committee is located.


title: Sports governing body

text: International federations are typically organized with legislative and executive branches at the top. The legislative body is usually referred to as a congress or general assembly of the international federation and is responsible for defining its sports policies. It consists of all of the national federations, each of which receives one vote. On the other hand, the executive branch, which is often referred to as the council or executive committee, consists of elected members by the legislative branch and is responsible for directing, managing, and representing their federation.


title: Sports governing body

text: Trusts are organizations or groups that have control over the money that will be used to help someone else, such as the Youth Sport Trust.


title: Sports governing body

text: National governing bodies have the same objectives as those of an international federation, but within the scope of one country, or even part of a country, as the name implies. They support local clubs and are often responsible for national teams. National Olympic Committees and National Paralympic Committees are both a type of national federation, as they are responsible for a country's participation in the Olympic Games and in the Paralympic Games respectively. However, a national governing body (NGB) can be different from a national federation due to government recognition requirements. Also, national governing bodies can be a supraorganization representing a range of unrelated organizations operating in a particular sport, as evident in the example of the Northern Ireland Federation of Sub-Aqua Clubs.


title: Sports governing body

text: Multi-sport event organizers are responsible for the organization of an event that includes more than one sport. The best-known example is the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the organizer of the modern Olympic Games. General sports organizations are responsible for sports-related topics, usually for a certain group, such as the Catholic or Jewish sports groups. General sports organizations can also exist for the army and other groups, but they usually are medium-sized, as they do not have that much of a budget to work with.


title: Sports governing body

text: Professional sports leagues are usually the highest level of play in sport, specifically if they consist of the best players around the world in a certain sport. Because of this, they usually work with national or international federations, but there is usually a separation between the different federations. Most North American professional leagues usually do not have amateur divisions, as the amateur divisions are mostly run in separate leagues. Also, most professional leagues are related to other leagues, as players usually attempt to play in the league with the highest level of play. Because of this, promotion and relegation can occur; or, in league systems without promotion and relegation, clubs in professional leagues can have a team in the minor leagues. This enables them to shuffle players who are not doing well to the minor leagues, which will inspire them to contribute more to the team by playing better.


title: Sports governing body

text: A 2014 study by the Institute for Human Rights and Business criticized major sports governing bodies including the IOC and FIFA for not having sufficient provisions for human and labor rights.


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville Neville (26 September 1949 – 7 August 2015) was a British league cricketer, football agent and director. His sons are the former professional association football players Gary Neville and Phil Neville and his daughter is the professional netball player and coach Tracey Neville.


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville played cricket for Greenmount Cricket Club in the Bolton Cricket League during the 1980s. His daughter Tracey cites this as her earliest sporting memory.


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville and his wife, Jill, the one-time general manager and Club Secretary of English Football League club Bury, had three children: Gary and twins Tracey and Phil.


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville was the agent for his two sons. The elder Neville represented the two younger Nevilles during contract talks with their respective clubs.


title: Neville Neville

text: When his eldest son Gary decided to postpone any testimonial match until his playing career was over, Neville stated that "In this day and age when players earn such fantastic amounts of money we think it would be better to create some kind of facility for the supporters."


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville was a director of club Bury of the English Football League. He was the spearhead and vice-chairman of the ""Save our Shakers"" appeal which was a bid to give financial assistance to the struggling football club after it had gone into administration.


title: Neville Neville

text: The campaign was "brilliantly orchestrated" by Neville and he was praised for tirelessly organising supporters groups, giving media interviews and working closely with the administrators to arrange a deal to secure the club's safety. In November 2015, the main stand at Gigg Lane was posthumously named after him as a tribute to his contributions as club director.


title: Neville Neville

text: Neville achieved something of a cult status among football fans because of his unusual name. His name is part of what has been called "one of the best chants in football":


title: Neville Neville

text: On 26 March 2013, Neville was arrested by Greater Manchester Police on suspicion of indecent assault. He was released on bail until May of that year, pending further inquiries. He was found not guilty on 19 December 2013.