title: Polyacrylamide

text: Considering the volume of polyacrylamide produced, these materials have been heavily scrutinized with regards to environmental and health impacts.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Polyacrylamide is of low toxicity but its precursor acrylamide is a neurotoxin and carcinogen. Thus, concerns naturally center on the possibility that polyacrylamide is contaminated with acrylamide. Considerable effort is made to scavenge traces of acrylamide from the polymer intended for use near food.


title: Polyacrylamide

text: Additionally, there are concerns that polyacrylamide may de-polymerise to form acrylamide. Under conditions typical for cooking, polyacrylamide does not de-polymerise significantly.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm). Its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest radiograph of many tiny spots distributed throughout the lung fields with the appearance similar to millet seeds—thus the term "miliary" tuberculosis. Miliary TB may infect any number of organs, including the lungs, liver, and spleen. Miliary tuberculosis is present in about 2% of all reported cases of tuberculosis and accounts for up to 20% of all extra-pulmonary tuberculosis cases.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Patients with miliary tuberculosis often experience non-specific signs, such as coughing and enlarged lymph nodes. Miliary tuberculosis can also present with enlarged liver (40% of cases), enlarged spleen (15%), inflammation of the pancreas (<5%), and multiple organ dysfunction with adrenal insufficiency (adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones to regulate organ function). Stool may also be diarrheal in nature and appearance.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Firstly, many patients can experience a fever lasting several weeks with daily spikes in morning temperatures.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Secondly, hypercalcemia prevails in 16 to 51% of tuberculosis cases. It is thought that hypercalcemia occurs as a response to increased macrophage activity in the body. Such that, 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (also referred to as calcitriol) improves the ability of macrophages to kill bacteria; however, higher levels of calcitriol lead to higher calcium levels, and thus hypercalcemia in some cases. Thus, hypercalcemia proves to be an important symptom of miliary tuberculosis.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Thirdly, chorodial tubercules, pale lesions on the optic nerve, typically indicate miliary tuberculosis in children. These lesions may occur in one eye or both; the number of lesions varies between patients. Chorodial tubercules may serve as important symptoms of miliary tuberculosis, since their presence can often confirm suspected diagnosis.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Lastly, between 10 and 30% of adults, and 20–40% of children with miliary tuberculosis have tuberculosis meningitis. This relationship results from mycobacteria from miliary tuberculosis spreading to the brain and the subarachnoid space; as a result, leading to tuberculosis meningitis.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: The risk factors for contracting miliary tuberculosis are being in direct contact with a person who has it, living in unsanitary conditions, and poor nutrition. In the U.S., risk factors for contracting the disease include homelessness and HIV/AIDS.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Miliary tuberculosis is a form of tuberculosis that is the result of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis" travelling to extrapulmonary organs, such as the liver, spleen and kidneys. Although it is well understood that the bacteria spread from the pulmonary system to the lymphatic system and eventually the blood stream, the mechanism by which this occurs is not well understood.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: One proposed mechanism is that tuberculous infection in the lungs results in erosion of the epithelial layer of alveolar cells and the spread of infection into a pulmonary vein. Once the bacteria reach the left side of the heart and enter the systemic circulation, they may multiply and infect extrapulmonary organs. Once infected, the cell-mediated immune response is activated. The infected sites become surrounded by macrophages, which form granuloma, giving the typical appearance of miliary tuberculosis.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Alternatively, the bacteria may attack the cells lining the alveoli and enter the lymph node(s). The bacteria then drain into a systemic vein and eventually reach the right side of the heart. From the right side of the heart, the bacteria may seed—or re-seed as the case may be—the lungs, causing the eponymous "miliary" appearance.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: Testing for miliary tuberculosis is conducted in a similar manner as for other forms of tuberculosis, although a number of tests must be conducted on a patient to confirm diagnosis. Tests include chest x-ray, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, open lung biopsy, head CT/MRI, blood cultures, fundoscopy, and electrocardiography. The tuberculosis (TB) blood test, also called an Interferon Gamma Release Assay or IGRA, is a way to diagnose latent TB.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: A variety of neurological complications have been noted in miliary tuberculosis patients—tuberculous meningitis and cerebral tuberculomas being the most frequent. However, a majority of patients improve following antituberculous treatment. Rarely lymphangitic spread of lung cancer could mimic miliary pattern of tuberculosis on regular chest X-ray.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: The tuberculin skin test, commonly used for detection of other forms of tuberculosis, is not useful in the detection of miliary tuberculosis. The tuberculin skin test fails due to the high numbers of false negatives. These false negatives may occur because of higher rates of tuberculin anergy compared to other forms of tuberculosis.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: The standard treatment recommended by the WHO is with isoniazid and rifampicin for six months, as well as ethambutol and pyrazinamide for the first two months. If there is evidence of meningitis, then treatment is extended to twelve months. The U.S. guidelines recommend nine months' treatment. "Common medication side effects a patient may have such as inflammation of the liver if a patient is taking pyrazinamide, rifampin, and isoniazid. A patient may also have drug resistance to medication, relapse, respiratory failure, and acute respiratory distress syndrome."


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: If left untreated, miliary tuberculosis is almost always fatal. Although most cases of miliary tuberculosis are treatable, the mortality rate among children with miliary tuberculosis remains 15 to 20% and for adults 25 to 30%. One of the main causes for these high mortality rates includes late detection of disease caused by non-specific symptoms. Non-specific symptoms include: coughing, weight loss, or organ dysfunction. These symptoms may be implicated in numerous disorders, thus delaying diagnosis. Misdiagnosis with tuberculosis meningitis is also a common occurrence when patients are tested for tuberculosis, since the two forms of tuberculosis have high rates of co-occurrence.


title: Miliary tuberculosis

text: John Jacob Manget described a form of disseminated tuberculosis in 1700 and expressed its resemblance to numerous millet seeds in size and appearance and coined the term from Latin word "miliarius", meaning "related to millet seed".


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Avalon High is a 2010 Disney Channel Original Movie starring Gregg Sulkin, Britt Robertson, Joey Pollari, and Devon Graye. The movie is loosely based on the 2005 book of the same name by Meg Cabot. It premiered on November 12, 2010, in the United States, January 22, 2011, in Australia and New Zealand, and January 28, 2011, in the United Kingdom.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Allie Pennington, the daughter of two medieval literature scholars, enrolls at Avalon High and becomes involved in a prophesied re-staging of Arthurian legend. Allie meets various new people who she later discovers are the reincarnations of figures from the legendary Camelot. She befriends two boys: Will, a quarterback and most likely the reincarnation of Arthur, and Miles, who has psychic flashes and is most likely the reincarnation of Merlin. There's also a third boy, Marco—Will's stepbrother—whom Allie believes is the reincarnation of Mordred and determined to kill Arthur (Will), which would send the world into "another" dark age.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: At Avalon High, Allie gets assigned to a project in which Miles becomes her partner. When they are studying together at her house, they receive help from her parents who co-wrote the book which they are doing the project on.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: As Allie gets closer to her classmates, she starts to experience visions of King Arthur and becomes better friends with Will. She starts to suspect that the legend of the prophecy is true. She discovers at a party that Jennifer, Will's girlfriend, and Lance, Will's best friend, are having an affair behind Will's back. Allie fears if Will finds out, he would suffer the same fate as King Arthur and meet his downfall. Together, Miles and Allie discover the day King Arthur is prophesied to return.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Will suffers from a blow both in school and at practice that shakes his confidence before the big game, which Will has to win in order to gain a scholarship. Allie tries to tell Will about Jennifer and Lance's affair but is constantly "interrupted", so she enlists the help of Mr. Moore (Allie, Will, Lance, and Miles' medieval history teacher) to protect Will.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: On the night of the game Will arrives early to school and sees Jennifer and Lance together and takes off; Allie gives chase. Finding Will at the forest where they had previously spent time together, she tells him that he is King Arthur, but he takes it as a metaphor about him returning to the game. Allie and Miles then attend and watch as Will returns to the game as the prophesied eclipse and meteor shower take place. At half time, Lance apologizes to Will for the affair but Will instead gives his blessing for Lance and Jennifer to be together, forgiving them both. Will then asks to meet Allie after the game, but he disappears. Allie and Miles go in search and Miles uses his psychic power to find him.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Going to the school theater, they find an injured Marco outside and Will inside the theater, again Allie tells him the truth of his identity. Mr. Moore arrives and reveals that he is really Mordred and Marco reveals that his father was actually a member of the Order of the Bear before he died. Ever since he died, Marco has sworn to continue his father's job to protect Arthur (Will), and had been trying to gain Mr. Moore's trust. Mr. Moore (Mordred) then attacks the group. Allie grabs a prop sword to stop Mr. Moore, but it transforms into Excalibur, revealing that "she" is the real reincarnation of King Arthur. Mr. Moore and Allie duel in an alternate reality, where Will, Marco, Miles (Merlin), and Lance (Lancelot) are also present and fighting. With the help of Merlin, Allie defeats Mordred.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Back in the theater, they are able to escape and Mr. Moore is "detained" by the security officer after he tries to tell him that Allie is king Arthur and her prop sword was real. Will then rushes off to finish the football game and promises to talk with Allie afterward, and he proceeds to win the game, taking the Knights to state for the first time. Having not witnessed Allie and Mr. Moore's great battle, Allie's parents remark sadly about how they'll never find Arthur, never realizing that their own daughter is his reincarnation. Miles now embraces his powers and becomes more social which gets him a girlfriend. At the end of the game, Will kisses Allie.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: All the characters gather together at the round table dressed as their legendary counterparts. The movie closes with Allie riding along the beach with a horse.


title: Avalon High (film)

text: Filming took place in Auckland, New Zealand, from May 3 to June 3, 2010. Bethells Beach was used as a location for full-armour battle sequences. Mechnology Visual Effects created 134 visual effects shots for the production.


title: NME's The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time

text: "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time" is a 2013 special issue of British magazine "NME", available digitally or in newsstands on October 23. The list presented was compiled based on votes from current and past "NME" journalists. The list and writer's choices voting several times for the same act, were criticized by several papers including "The Guardian".


text: Made in a similar fashion to the "Rolling Stone"s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, the list was voted for by "NME" journalists past and present, each of whom submitted a weighted list of 50 albums.


text: This "NME" listing was criticized by the media. "The Guardian" noted that "NME"s Features Editor in 2013, Laura Snapes, rated in her top four spots four albums by the same band, the National. Snapes included a fifth National album at number 7 in her top ten greatest albums of all time. Similarly another "NME" journalist, Kevin EG Perry, also selected four albums by the same band in his top four spots, this time the Rolling Stones.


text: Ben Kaye of "Consequence of Sound" wrote that "if Laura Snapes had her wish, the top four would all be The National albums". He wrote:


text: The Smiths' "The Queen Is Dead" is the greatest album of all time. It's better than anything the Beatles ever did (though "Revolver" came close). Meanwhile, the band Queen is nowhere on the list at all, whereas Queens of the Stone Age shows up thrice (they also show up Thrice, who don't appear). Some other interesting highlights include Oasis' "Definitely Maybe" starting the top 10, PJ Harvey's "Let England Shake" making an impressive No. 15, Arcade Fire's "Funeral" (13) slotting higher than My Bloody Valentine's "Loveless" (18), and Outkast's "Stankonia" only good enough to slip in at 500.


text: More oddities: The highest ranked Michael Jackson album ("Thriller") hits at 131, while LCD Soundsystem broke the top 50 with "Sound of Silver" (49). It's rad that Jimmy Eat World's "Bleed American" (429) made it on, but having it one spot below Bruce Springsteen's "Born in the U.S.A." and two above Soundgarden's "Badmotorfinger" seems kinda crazy. Speaking of the Boss, "Nebraska" (148) isn’t quite as good as Frank Ocean’s "Channel Orange" (147), but slightly better than Elliott Smith's "Either/Or" (149) and The Streets "Original Pirate Material" (150). Also, apparently Arctic Monkeys' one-month-old "AM" (449) is already better than Big Star's "Third" (451).


text: He also pointed out the differences between the list and the Top 100 British Albums Ever, released by "NME" in 2006. Michael Nelson of Stereogum thought the top three albums were a good choice, but said the rest was "a waking nightmare."


title: The Inspection

text: The Inspection is a 2022 American drama film written and directed by Elegance Bratton. Inspired by Bratton's real-life experiences, the film follows a young man who faces homophobia, both at a Marines boot camp and at home from his mother. It stars Jeremy Pope, Raúl Castillo, McCaul Lombardi, Aaron Dominguez, Nicholas Logan, Eman Esfandi, Andrew Kai, Aubrey Joseph, Bokeem Woodbine, and Gabrielle Union.


title: The Inspection

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2022, and was theatrically released in the United States on November 18, 2022, by A24. The film received generally positive from critics, with Pope's performance being praised and earning a Golden Globe nomination.


title: The Inspection

text: Ellis French enlists in the Marine Corps and ends up at boot camp on Parris Island, South Carolina. He initially meets the physical requirements, but is not as successful in disguising his sexual orientation, making him the target of a near-lethal hazing from training instructor Leland Laws and a fellow recruit, Laurence Harvey.


title: The Inspection

text: In June 2021, it was announced Jeremy Pope, Gabrielle Union, Bokeem Woodbine and Raúl Castillo had joined the cast of the film, with Elegance Bratton directing from a screenplay he wrote, with Gamechanger Films set to produce, and A24 set to produce and distribute. Principal photography concluded by November 2021.


title: The Inspection

text: Bratton enlisted Animal Collective to compose and perform a score for the film. The soundtrack album, which features a collaboration with Indigo De Souza titled "Wish I Knew You", was released on November 18.


title: The Inspection

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2022 Toronto International Film Festival on September 8, 2022. It also screened at the 60th New York Film Festival on October 14, 2022. It was released in the United States on November 18, 2022.


title: Celsus

text: Celsus (; , "Kélsos"; ) was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity. His literary work, "The True Word" (also "Account", "Doctrine" or "Discourse"; Greek: ), survives exclusively in quotations from it in "Contra Celsum", a refutation written in 248 by Origen of Alexandria. "The True Word" is the earliest known comprehensive criticism of Christianity. Hanegraaff has argued that it was written shortly after the death of Justin Martyr (who was possibly the first Christian apologist), and was probably a response to his work. Origen stated that Celsus was from the first half of the 2nd century AD, although the majority of modern scholars have come to a general consensus that Celsus probably wrote around AD 170 to 180.


title: Celsus

text: All that is known about Celsus personally is what comes from the surviving text of his book and from what Origen says about him. Although Origen initially refers to Celsus as an Epicurean, his arguments reflect ideas of the Platonic tradition, rather than Epicureanism. Origen attributes this to Celsus's inconsistency, but modern historians see it instead as evidence that Celsus was not an Epicurean at all. Joseph Wilson Trigg states that Origen probably confused Celsus, the author of "The True Word", with a different Celsus, who was an Epicurean philosopher and a friend of the Syrian satirist Lucian. Celsus the Epicurean must have lived around the same time as the author of "The True Word" and he is mentioned by Lucian in his treatise "On Magic". Both Celsus the friend of Lucian and Celsus the author of "The True Word" evidently shared a passionate zeal against "superstitio", making it even easier to see how Origen could have concluded that they were the same person.


title: Celsus

text: Stephen Thomas states that Celsus may not have been a Platonist "per se", but that he was clearly familiar with Plato. Celsus's actual philosophy appears to be a blend of elements derived from Platonism, Aristotelianism, Pythagoreanism, and Stoicism. Wilken likewise concludes that Celsus was a philosophical eclectic, whose views reflect a variety of ideas popular to a number of different schools. Wilken classifies Celsus as "a conservative intellectual", noting that "he supports traditional values and defends accepted beliefs". Theologian Robert M. Grant notes that Origen and Celsus actually agree on many points: "Both are opposed to anthropomorphism, to idolatry, and to any crudely literal theology." Celsus also writes as a loyal citizen of the Roman Empire and a devoted believer in Greco-Roman paganism, distrustful of Christianity as new and foreign.


title: Celsus

text: Thomas remarks that Celsus "is no genius as a philosopher". Nonetheless, most scholars, including Thomas, agree that Origen's quotations from "The True Word" reveal that the work was well-researched. Celsus demonstrates extensive knowledge of both the Old and New Testaments and of both Jewish and Christian history. Celsus was also closely familiar with the literary features of ancient polemics. Celsus seems to have read at least one work by one of the second-century Christian apologists, possibly Justin Martyr or Aristides of Athens. From this reading, Celsus seems to have known which kinds of arguments Christians would be most vulnerable to. He also mentions the Ophites and Simonians, two Gnostic sects that had almost completely vanished by Origen's time. One of Celsus's main sources for Books I–II of "The True Word" was an earlier anti-Christian polemic written by an unknown Jewish author, whom Origen refers to as the "Jew of Celsus". This Jewish source also provides well-researched criticism of Christianity and, although Celsus was also hostile to Judaism, he occasionally relies on this Jewish author's arguments.


title: Celsus

text: Celsus was the author of a work titled "The True Word" ("Logos Alēthēs"). The argument was contested by the contemporary Christian community and the book eventually banned in 448 AD by order of Valentinian III and Theodosius II, along with Porphyry's 15 books attacking the Christians, "The Philosophy from Oracles", so no complete copies are extant, but it can be reconstructed from Origen's detailed account of it in his 8 volume refutation, which quotes Celsus extensively. Origen's work has survived and thereby preserved Celsus' work with it.


title: Celsus

text: Celsus seems to have been interested in Ancient Egyptian religion, and he seemed to know of Hellenistic Jewish logos-theology, both of which suggest "The True Doctrine" was composed in Alexandria. Origen indicates that Celsus was an Epicurean living under the Emperor Hadrian.


title: Celsus

text: Celsus writes that "there is an ancient doctrine ["archaios logos"] which has existed from the beginning, which has always been maintained by the wisest nations and cities and wise men". He leaves Jews and Moses out of those he cites (Egyptians, Syrians,


title: Celsus

text: Indians, Persians, Odrysians, Samothracians, Eleusinians, Hyperboreans, Galactophagoi, Druids, and Getae), and instead blames Moses for the corruption of the ancient religion: "the goatherds and shepherds who followed Moses as their leader were deluded by clumsy deceits into thinking that there was only one God, [and] without any rational cause ... these goatherds and shepherds abandoned the worship of many gods". However, Celsus' harshest criticism was reserved for Christians, who "wall themselves off and break away from the rest of mankind".


title: Celsus

text: Celsus initiated a critical attack on Christianity, ridiculing many of its dogmas. He wrote that some Jews said Jesus' father was actually a Roman soldier named Pantera. Origen considered this a fabricated story. In addition, Celsus addressed the miracles of Jesus, holding that "Jesus performed his miracles by sorcery (γοητεία)":


title: Celsus

text: Origen wrote his refutation in 248. Sometimes quoting, sometimes paraphrasing, sometimes merely referring, Origen reproduces and replies to Celsus' arguments. Since accuracy was essential to his refutation of "The True Doctrine", most scholars agree that Origen is a reliable source for what Celsus said.


title: Celsus

text: Biblical scholar Arthur J. Droge has written that it is incorrect to refer to Celsus' perspective as polytheism. Instead, he was a henotheist, as opposed to the Jewish strict monotheism; historian Wouter Hanegraaff explains that "the former has room for a hierarchy of lower deities which do not detract from the ultimate unity of the One." Celsus shows himself familiar with the story of Jewish origins. Conceding that Christians are not without success in business ("infructuosi in negotiis"), Celsus wants them to be good citizens, to retain their own belief but worship the emperors and join their fellow citizens in defending the empire. It is an earnest and striking appeal on behalf of unity and mutual toleration, though centered on submission to the state and military service. One of Celsus' most bitter complaints is of the refusal of Christians to cooperate with civil society, and their contempt for local customs and the ancient religions. The Christians viewed these as idolatrous and inspired by evil spirits, whereas polytheists like Celsus thought of them as the works of the Daemons, or the god's ministers, who ruled mankind in his place to keep him from the "pollution of mortality". Celsus attacks the Christians as feeding off faction and disunity, and accuses them of converting the vulgar and ignorant, while refusing to debate wise men. As for their opinions regarding their sacred mission and exclusive holiness, Celsus responds by deriding their insignificance, comparing them to "a swarm of bats, or ants creeping out of their nest, or frogs holding a symposium round a swamp, or worms in conventicle in a corner of the mud". It is not known how many were Christians at the time of Celsus (the Jewish population of the empire may have been about 6.6-10% in a population of 60 million to quote one reference).


title: BYD e6

text: The BYD e6 is an all-electric compact crossover/compact MPV manufactured by BYD from 2009. Field testing for the first generation model began in China in May 2010 with 40 units operating as taxis in the city of Shenzhen. Sales to the general public began in Shenzhen in October 2011, over two years behind schedule of the originally planned release date of 2009. A number of e6 units were operating in fleet service as taxis in China, Indonesia, Colombia, Belgium, the U.S. (New York and Chicago), the Netherlands, and the U.K. Australia will be introducing the e6 taxi fleet in 2020. Since 2010 sales in China totaled 34,862 units through December 2016. The BYD e6 ranked as the best-selling pure electric car in China in 2016 and won a golden medal for “Best Quality Product” at the Havana International Fair 2015.


title: BYD e6

text: The first generation BYD e6 is an all-electric compact MPV manufactured by BYD with a range of according to the carmaker. Its exterior design resembles the third generation Honda Odyssey (RB1/2), with the rear end shortened and a redesigned front fascia.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD planned to sell the e6 model in the US for before any government incentives. However, after rescheduling the US launch several times, in October 2011 BYD announced that sales to retail customers would be delayed at least 18 months due to the lack of charging infrastructure. In May 2013, BYD announced that the e6 would not be sold to any retail customer and would sell only to fleet customers for , as the company planned to focus on electric bus sales in North America.


title: BYD e6

text: Specifications include a range of up to 400 km (with an 80-kWh battery), a guaranteed cycle life of 4000 charge cycles and fast battery charging, to 80 percent capacity, in 15 minutes. The cars are often used in vehicle fleets with large range requirements like taxis, police cars or car rentals.


title: BYD e6

text: This range and consumption implies a 72 kWh battery pack, which would have been the largest in any production electric car in 2009.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD mentioned a smaller 48 kWh battery pack for the e6 at its debut at the 2009 North American International Auto Show (no such versions were ever sold, and the vehicles rolled out in Shenzhen, China in 2010 all used batteries with at least 60 kWh capacity). However, at the 2010 NAIAS, BYD indicated a range of per charge, an estimated 0-60 mph acceleration time under 14 seconds, and a top speed of for the e6.


title: BYD e6

text: Range has since dropped and consumption increased. According to BYD, the 40 demonstration vehicles that began operating as taxis in Shenzhen, China, have a range of , a maximum speed of , and consume 21.5 kWh per 100 km. In August 2011, BYD clarified that the e6 has a range of under more demanding conditions, such as running the air conditioning or driving up hill. In more favorable conditions, such as city driving, with much stop and go, the range increases to . This claim, however, has not been verified by any independent third party testing.


title: BYD e6

text: In January 2011 BYD announced that in response to US consumers preferences, the American version will be more powerful than the Chinese version, and it will have a 60 kWh battery pack with a 160 kW electric motor, capable of reaching 0 to 60 mph in less than 8 seconds.


title: BYD e6

text: Plans to sell the vehicle to the general public in the US were shelved, and as of February 2016, under 100 vehicles were imported into the US to be used by fleets. China remained the main market for the car.


title: BYD e6

text: As of 2019, the vehicle is sold with an 80-kWh battery. This is close to the 81-kWh battery which powered the initial long-range version of the Tesla Model S. However, Tesla has made even bigger battery packs available since 2015.


title: BYD e6

text: In Germany, an energy storage company named Fenecon tries to revive the interest in the car, acting as a distributor and also making the car available to European automotive journalists for testing. Nevertheless, so far Asia remains the main market for the BYD e6.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD's "Fe" lithium iron phosphate battery, which powers the e6, represents one of the company's core technologies. All chemical substances used in the battery can be recycled.


title: BYD e6

text: There are four different power combinations for the e6: 101 hp (75 kW), 101+54 hp (75+40 kW), 215 hp (160 kW) and 215+54 hp (160+40 kW).


title: BYD e6

text: According to the manufacturer the lithium iron phosphate battery of the car is charged at a fast charging station within 15 minutes to 80%, after 40 minutes at 100%.


title: BYD e6

text: After a drunk driver crashed a high-speed Nissan GT-R into a BYD e6 taxi at 180 km/h[112 mph] in Shenzhen on May 26, 2012, the electric car caught fire after hitting a tree and all three occupants died in the accident. The Chinese investigative team concluded that the cause of the fire was ""electric arcs caused by the short-circuiting of high voltage lines of the high voltage distribution box ignited combustible material in the vehicle including the interior materials and part of the power batteries"." The team also found that the collisions were the cause of death of the occupants, not the fire. They also noted that the battery pack did not explode, and 75% of the single cell batteries did not catch on fire, and no flaws in the safety design of the vehicle were identified.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD calculates on its website that a BYD e6 (taxi) achieved with a maturity of 5 years alone in energy costs, so power consumption instead of petrol consumption, a saving of about $74,000.


title: BYD e6

text: protected in a compartment that is fully integrated into the vehicle. The battery pack's outer dimensions are: long, wide and in height.


title: BYD e6

text: On November 4, 2012, BYD released its new gimmick for promoting the sales of its pure-electric vehicle e6 and electric bus at a Beijing-based press conference, which is called "Zero vehicle purchase price, Zero costs, Zero emissions" and supported financially by China Development Bank, over 30 Billion RMB now being ready for this financial program. According to the scheme targeting specifically the public transit operators/companies, customers can choose one of three provided optional operating models which could be most suitable to themselves. The three operating models as the following table reads.


title: BYD e6

text: The policy initiate explained the concept of "ZERO COST" by comparing the five-year fees between a fuel taxi and its all-electric cab in Shenzhen city and after a sequence of calculations, it came to the conclusion that "if the hire car runs for 5 years, and the total saving over 5 years is deducted from the higher cost of the vehicle and the interest on multiple payments, it can save 326,400 RMB. Besides, the company said if enough mileages are done, "the vehicle payment will be entirely offset". BYD also emphasized the "ZERO EMISSION" feature of its renewable-energy vehicles by stating that "an e6 electric taxi saves 14,120 litres of fuel per year, with 32 tonnes fewer CO2 emissions", and "169 million litres of fuel could be saved with CO2 emissions reduced by 38.62 million tonnes per year" if all Chinese taxis would be replaced with its EVs.


title: BYD e6

text: The Brussels local government selected BYD to provide electric taxis. In 2014, 35 BYD e6 taxis started their service in Brussels.


title: BYD e6

text: In Quebec, 80-kWh BYDs are used as taxis. An electric taxi importer company started rolling out these vehicles in 2019, when the first 25 vehicles arrived; the vehicles are offered to taxi drivers on a lease-purchase basis. The company stated they hope to put as many as 2,000 of them on the road within two years.


title: BYD e6

text: In March 2010, the South China Morning Post reported that BYD had postponed plans to mass-produce purely electric cars in China in 2010, to instead only produce 100 e6 cars for use as taxis in Shenzhen for field testing in 2010 in favor of marketing the less-expensive F3DM plug-in hybrid for the Chinese market.


title: BYD e6

text: The field testing program in Shenzhen began in May 2010 with 40 e6 electric cars running as taxis operated by BYD's subsidiary Pengcheng Electric Taxi Co., out of a fleet of 100 planned to be deployed later in 2010. This expansion did not take place, as 50 cars ended up being used. BYD released an upbeat announcement about the success of the testing program in conjunction with investor Warren Buffett's September visit, but did not release any information about range, acceleration or speed achieved by the test cars.


title: BYD e6

text: In April 2011, one year after the taxi trial began, BYD reported that its e6 taxi fleet in Shenzhen had accumulated a total of around . The electric taxis are continuously quick charged in 20 to 30 minutes without showing any diminished range or drop in battery performance due to rapid-charging conditions, which according to BYD, ""provides a proven track record for its Iron-Phosphate battery technology"." BYD also announced that 250 e6s are being delivered to the International University in Shenzhen before August 2011. In June 2011 BYD announced that the fleet of e6 taxicabs had surpassed


title: BYD e6

text: In October 2011, BYD commenced sales of the e6 to the general public of Shenzhen at a price of 369,800 RMB before government subsidies, or 249,800 RMB after subsidies. Production e6s are equipped with BYD's "i" system, which enables owners to control parts of the car (e.g. the air conditioning and door locks) remotely from a smartphone. At the beginning of 2013, BYD won a big order for providing 500 battery-electric, e6 police vehicles to the Shenzhen Municipal Public Security Bureau, adding to the existing 300 BYD e6 Taxis with 18.6 million total miles in this city.


title: BYD e6

text: Only 33 units were sold in 2010, 401 during 2011, 1,690 in 2012, and 1,544 during 2013. Sales increased significantly in 2014 to 3,560 units, 7,029 in 2015, and climbed to 20,605 units were delivered in 2016, making the e6 the top selling all-electric plug-in passenger car in China in 2016. Cumulative sales in China totaled 34,862 units through December 2016.


title: BYD e6

text: 45 units of BYD e6 are scheduled for Hong Kong as e-taxis in May, 2012 according to Mr. Wang Chuanfu, Chairman and President of BYD Co. Ltd. when he addressed at a press conference for BYD's "Electrified Transportation Solution" aiming at a dramatical automobile emission-reduction of 56% for this city. The amount of BYD e6 taxis in Hong Kong may hit up to 1,000 next year and then enormously increase to 3,000 units by 2015. The first batch of charging poles for these 45 BYD e-cabs are under construction at present and the second batch of charging stations is expected to be in place before this May, ensuring that each e-taxi will get access to one charging appliance.


title: BYD e6

text: The two-year trial run of the e-taxis project was halted by the Hong Kong Government, as the three trial operators have switched to register the vehicles as private cars due to poor performance. The project was branded as a failure by BYD.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD partnered with Carshare.hk and other car rental stores to offer rental of refurbished e6. With carshare.hk e6 adapt a rent-to-own model where for around 4500 HKD / months for 3 years, renter will have complete ownership of the vehicle.


title: BYD e6

text: In 2018, BYD started to scale back and eventually stopped their free charging services. Chargers at various carparks are still installed, but no longer function.


title: BYD e6

text: The first South American all-electric taxi fleet made up of BYD e6 was launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogotá, the capital city of Colombia after receiving operation approval by the Colombia Ministry of Transportation without any bothering license plate restrictions, in an effort to improve the local air quality and set an example to other cities in this green-energy chasing country. In September 2013 a total of 45 e6 taxis of this pilot program were delivered. The e6 fleet are part of Colombia's "BIOTAXIS Project." This e-taxi fleet has also operated in the charge of Praco Didacol, the distributor of BYD Auto in Colombia. Another three BYD e6s were sent to Colciencias, Bogota's Tech, Science and Innovation Administration.


title: BYD e6

text: In January 2013 the local representative of BYD Auto signed an agreement with the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy to deploy 200 BYD e6 electric cars for use as "green taxis." The electric cars will be exempt from import duties and the government has agreed to deploy charging stations in strategic locations in San José, Costa Rica. Since May 2013 the e6 is available for sale for taxi use only.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD and Blue Bird Group, the largest taxi company in Indonesia, entered an agreement to deliver a 25-unit fleet of BYD e6s for use on Blue Bird's new electric cab operations in Jakarta named the "e-Taxi". The e6s were delivered in early 2019, along with 5 units of Tesla Model X 75Ds, with operations being started in April 2019. The e6 would serve as a regular Blue Bird taxicab, whereas the Model X would serve under Blue Bird's black executive cab operations, "Silver Bird". So far, both the BYD e6 and Tesla Model X electric taxis can only be hailed at the Soekarno–Hatta International Airport due to the limited number of charging stations in the city. Blue Bird stated that they would expand its e6 fleet up to 200 units within the next couple of years. The BYD e6 is currently not available for sale to the public.


title: BYD e6

text: In June 2011 BYD and the city of Rotterdam entered a binding agreement for an undisclosed number of e6s to be delivered for use as taxicabs. The deal is part of a larger scheme named "75-EV-RO", where the city has pledged to purchase 75 alternative energy vehicles. In December 2013 the Rotterdam Taxi Centre, one of the biggest taxi operators in the Netherlands, put two e6 taxis into service a successful trial period. The company plans to expand its e6 fleet to 25 within the next 19 months.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD Taiwan, a joint venture of BYD Hong Kong and Taiwan Solar Energy Co., said it has received orders from a local taxi association for more than 1,500 e6 cars, with delivery scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2014. The company said it has commissioned a local automaker to assemble the first BYD e6 vehicles to be sold in Taiwan to speed up regulatory inspections and approvals.


title: BYD e6

text: BYD signed an agreement with Green Tomato Cars, the second largest quality minicab service in London, to deliver a 50-unit fleet of BYD e6 to the city. The delivery was scheduled to take place in the second quarter of 2013. In February 2014 Green Tomato Cars announced that the deal with BYD was canceled. However, 20 units were delivered in February 2014 to run as minicabs in London by a new firm called Thriev.


title: BYD e6

text: In 2009 BYD indicated the e6 would be available in the United States in 2010 at a price just over , and planned a rollout beginning in Southern California followed by several American cities. In October 2010 BYD announced that it was delaying its plans and US sales were rescheduled to 2011. In December 2010 the carmaker announced plans to ship as many as 50 BYD e6 electric cars by the end of 2011 to fleet customers in Southern California, including the municipal government of Los Angeles. BYD plans to sell the e6 model in the US for before any government incentives. One of the biggest obstacles will be passing US crash testing, something which BYD plans to complete in 2011. As of August 2011, sales were scheduled to begin in the second quarter of 2012. However, in October 2011 BYD opened its headquarters in Los Angeles, a year behind schedule, and announced that retail sales will be delayed at least for 18 months due to the lack of charging infrastructure.


title: BYD e6

text: Some commentators have noted that BYD has yet to bring a single all-electric car to the American consumer market and has repeatedly missed launch deadlines, giving rise to speculation about BYD's labor-intensive process of cell production's capability of achieving the uniformity of quality required for electric car batteries.


title: BYD e6

text: In 2010 the City of Los Angeles agreed to purchase 10 e6 electric cars and lease a further 20. City officials also intend to start a pilot program running five of BYD's K9 electric buses.


title: BYD e6

text: As of 19 February 2013, there were 11 units of BYD e6 reaching US from China and then heading to BYD North America headquarters located in Los Angeles. However the purpose of this fleet has not been officially proclaimed. In May 2013, BYD announced that the e6 will be sold in the US only to fleet consumers, and instead of making the car available to the general public, the company will focus on electric bus sales in North America.


title: BYD e6

text: By March 2015 there were about 25 BYD e6s being used by Uber drivers in Chicago as part of a test program. BYD's dealer in the city offered several options to drivers interested in the e6, including a traditional lease or a lease-to-own program. The most popular program allows an Uber driver to lease an e6 for a week and use it for a driving shift, and thereafter the car is returned to a dealer lot, where it is charged until it is used again. According to BYD America Vice President, , about 80 units have been imported to the U.S., with about 50 of those brought to New York for vehicle for hire companies.


title: BYD e6

text: As of January 2018 there was at least 25 BYD e6 taxi in operation in Montevideo, Uruguay. UTE has installed 11 charging stations in Montevideo and announced plans to install 4 more in 2019.


title: BYD e6

text: 50 units were delivered in 2018 to EV Society Co, operating a taxi fleet at Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi Airport. In early 2019, 50 more bookings were received from the same company for their operations at Bangkok-Don Mueang Airport.


title: BYD e6

text: As of February 2021, news of the second generation BYD e6 surfaced. The second generation e6 model is heavily based on the BYD Song Max. The second generation model uses the vehicle body of the BYD Song Max while featuring a redesigned front fascia with the Dragon Face design language resulting in an increased length and height compared to the Song Max. Performance wise, the second generation e6 uses BYD's Blade Batteries and is powered by a electric motor. This model also supports 40kw AC fast charging which is unique amongst new EVs.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Yekuno Amlak (Ge’ez: ይኩኖ አምላክ); throne name Tasfa Iyasus (ተስፋ ኢየሱስ; died 19 June 1285) was Emperor of Ethiopia, and the founder of the Solomonic dynasty, which lasted until 1974. He was a ruler from Bete Amhara (in parts of modern day Wollo and northern Shewa) who became the Emperor of Ethiopia following the defeat of the last Zagwe king.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Yekuno Amlak hailed from an ancient Amhara family. Much of what is known about Yekuno Amlak is documented; his letter to the Egyptian ruler serving as one of the oldest examples, along with medieval hagiographies, and to a lesser extent based on oral traditions.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Yekuno Amlak was the local ruler of Geshen and Ambassel around the Lake Hayq region. where he was educated at Lake Hayq's Istifanos Monastery. Later medieval hagiographies state Saint Tekle Haymanot raised and educated him, helping him depose the last king of the Zagwe dynasty. Earlier hagiographies, however, state that it was Iyasus Mo'a, the abbot of Istifanos Monastery near Ambasel, who helped him achieve power. G.W.B. Huntingford explains this discrepancy by pointing out Istifanos had once been the premier monastery of Ethiopia, but Tekle Haymanot's Debre Libanos eventually eclipsed Istifanos, and from the reign of Amda Seyon it became the custom to appoint the abbot of Debre Libanos "Ichege", or secular head of the Ethiopian Church. However, neither of these traditions is contemporary with any of the individuals involved.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: There was also the story, related in both the "Life of Iyasus Mo'a" and the "Be'ela nagastat", that a rooster was heard to prophesize outside of the house of the Yakuno Amlak for three months that whoever ate his head would be king. The king then had the bird killed and cooked, but the cook discarded the rooster's head—which Yekuno Amlak ate, and thus became ruler of Ethiopia. Scholars have pointed out the similarity between this legend and one about the first king of Kaffa, who likewise learned from mysterious voice that eating the head of a certain rooster would make him king, as well as the Ethiopian "Mashafa dorho" or "Book of the Cock", which relates a story about a cooked rooster presented to Christ at the Last Supper which is brought back to life.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Traditional history further reports that Yekuno Amlak was imprisoned by the Zagwe King Za-Ilmaknun ("the unknown, the hidden one") on Mount Malot, but managed to escape. He gathered support in the Amhara provinces and in Shewa, after receiving considerable aid from the Muslim Sultanate of Shewa with an army of followers, defeated the Zagwe king at the Battle of Ansata. Taddesse Tamrat argued that this king was Yetbarak, but due to a local form of "damnatio memoriae", his name was removed from the official records. A more recent chronicler of Wollo history, Getatchew Mekonnen Hasen, states that the last Zagwe king deposed by Yekuno Amlak was Na'akueto La'ab.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Yekuno Amlak took the name of his father as his throne name upon becoming emperor of Ethiopia, and is said to have campaigned against the Kingdom of Damot, which lay south of the Abbay River. According to Arabic texts found in Harar, a deposed Dil Marrah of the Sultanate of Shewa successfully appealed to Yekuno Amlak in 1279 to restore his rule. Due to Yekuno Amlak's friendly relations with the Emirs of Harar, he founded Ankober, an alternative capital near their principality.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Recorded history affords more certainty as to his relations with other countries. For example, E.A. Wallis Budge states that Yekuno Amlak not only exchanged letters with the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII, but sent to him several giraffes as a gift. At first, his interactions with his Muslim neighbors were friendly; however his attempts to be granted an Abuna for the Ethiopian Orthodox Church strained these relations. A letter survives that he wrote to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars, who was suzerain over the Patriarch of Alexandria (the ultimate head of the Ethiopian church), for his help for a new Abuna in 1273; the letter suggests this was not his first request. When one did not arrive, he blamed the intervention of the Sultan of Yemen, who had hindered the progress of his messenger to Cairo.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Taddesse Tamrat interprets Yekuno Amlak's son's allusion to Syrian priests at the royal court as a result of this lack of attention from the Patriarch. Taddesse also notes that around this time, the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch were struggling for control of the appointment of the bishop of Jerusalem, until then the prerogative of the Patriarch of Antioch. One of the moves in this dispute was Patriarch Ignatius IV Yeshu's appointment of an Ethiopian pilgrim as Abuna. This pilgrim never attempted to assume this post in Ethiopia, but—Taddesse Tamrat argues—the lack of Coptic bishops forced Yekuno Amlak to rely on the Syrian partisans who arrived in his kingdom.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: Yekuno Amlak is credited with the construction of the Church of Gennete Maryam near Lalibela, which contains the earliest surviving dateable wall paintings in Ethiopia.


title: Yekuno Amlak

text: His descendant Emperor Baeda Maryam I had Yekuno Amlak's body re-interred in the church of Atronsa Maryam.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Lorne Malvo is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the first season of the FX television series "Fargo". He is portrayed by Billy Bob Thornton, who received critical acclaim for his performance and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award, and won a Golden Globe Award and a Critics' Choice Television Award.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Lorne Malvo is a hitman for hire, based in Reno, Nevada. He is hired to kidnap and presumably murder Phil McCormick. He abducts McCormick from his workplace, strips him of his clothes, and throws him in the trunk of his car. On his way to his destination, Malvo hits a deer outside Bemidji, Minnesota, and goes off the road, injuring his head. The trunk pops open, allowing McCormick to escape, however, he freezes to death in the nearby woods.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: While getting his injury checked out at the local hospital, Malvo meets Lester Nygaard, who is waiting in line to receive treatment after Sam Hess broke his nose in a public altercation. Lester tells Malvo about how Hess was his childhood bully. Lester makes a joke about killing Hess, and Malvo takes the suggestion seriously. He asks Lester for confirmation on whether he wants Hess dead or not, but Lester gives no answer. Lester's name is called and a nurse repeatedly urges Lester to move along, which makes him rise in annoyance and yell "yeah" which Malvo interprets as an approval. Later, Malvo murders Hess at a strip club by throwing a knife into the back of his head while Hess is in the middle of having sex with a stripper.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: When Lester hears of Hess's death (as his insurance company handled Hess's life insurance policy), he confronts Malvo in a coffee shop, where Malvo encourages him to take matters into his own hands. Later that night, after being aggravated by his wife, Lester murders her and calls Malvo for help. Lester plans to murder Malvo with his shotgun and blame his wife's death on Malvo once he arrives, but the local police chief, Vern Thurman, arrives first, seeking to question him about Hess's murder. As Vern is preparing to arrest Lester after noticing a blood trail that leads to his wife's corpse in the basement, Malvo appears and shoots Thurman twice, retreating downstairs and slipping out as Molly Solverson arrives on the scene. Malvo steals Lester's car and is later pulled over for speeding in Duluth, Minnesota, where he threatens Deputy Gus Grimly, who lets him go out of fear.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: The next day, Malvo visits a local post office to get a package sent by his employer which contains his new identity: Frank Peterson, a minister and respected member of his community. Malvo then meets with his next client, supermarket "king" Stavros Milos of Phoenix Farms. Malvo is hired to track down the individual blackmailing Stavros, who he later finds out to be Don Chumph, the fitness trainer for Stavros' soon to be ex-wife. Malvo confronts Chumph and takes over the blackmail operation, using Chumph as his lackey in the endeavor. At one point, Gus, who had previously let Malvo go, spots him on the side of the road and arrests him for murder and car theft. While on the way to the police station, Malvo tells Grimly that he is making a big mistake. Malvo alters his look with a pair of stolen glasses and other alterations to his attire, after having arrived at the police station. He uses his new false identity as Frank Peterson to persuade the police to let him go. As a result of the arrest and subsequent misunderstanding, Gus is put on desk work and removed from the field.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Meanwhile, Malvo begins taunting Stavros psychologically, by killing his dog, replacing his medication with adderall, rigging his shower to spray pig's blood, and releasing hundreds of crickets into Stavros' supermarket. Malvo does this to allude to the Book of Exodus, a play on Stavros' deep religious views. While Stavros decides to take the blackmail money back to where he originally found it in 1987, Malvo rigs Chumph to an exercise machine and tapes a shotgun to his hands. Malvo fires a gun out of the window, shooting at passing pedestrians, to draw police attention, before slipping out a back door. A SWAT team is summoned and guns down Chumph as they make entry into the house, not noticing until too late that he has been tied up. Coincidentally, Stavros' son Dmitri is accidentally killed alongside Stavros' head of corporate security Wally Semenko when their car goes off the road in a freak storm of flying fish, completing Malvo's Book of Exodus plot.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: While driving during the whiteout, Malvo's car is attacked and trapped by two Fargo hitmen, Mr. Wrench and Mr. Numbers, seeking revenge for Hess's murder. They then exit their cars and begin shooting at Malvo. After escaping the initial assault, Malvo evades the assailants, taking refuge in the whiteout. Malvo later deliberately cuts the top of his hand and leaves a trail of blood in the snow as bait, which Mr. Numbers follows and is subsequently caught and stabbed repeatedly until he answers Malvo's question about who hired the two hitmen. When he responds with "Fargo", Malvo slits his throat and leaves him to bleed out in the snow. Picking up Mr. Numbers' submachine gun, Malvo moves on, attempting unsuccessfully to find Mr. Wrench.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Now set on finding out who is responsible for the assault, Malvo visits his employer Mr. Rundle in Nevada. When Rundle fails to provide the information he wants, Malvo knocks him unconscious and eventually traces the source of the attack to the Fargo Crime Syndicate. With this new information, Malvo enters the crime syndicate's main base of operations and massacres 22 people within a matter of minutes by himself. Later he locates and pays a visit to Mr. Wrench, who is recovering in the hospital. When he awakens, Malvo taunts Wrench on the death of his partner Mr. Numbers. However, Malvo gives Wrench the key to his handcuffs, and tells him that he respects him for coming closer to killing him than anyone has. He tells Wrench that if he still feels raw about things after he heals, that he should come track him down and try again.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: One year later, Malvo now lives in Kansas City, Missouri, as a dentist named Michaelson. He is there to befriend Dr. Burt Canton so that he can find and kill Burt's brother, who is in the witness protection program. To get even closer to Canton, Malvo gets engaged to Canton's dental assistant Jemma Stalone. While staying in Las Vegas with Jemma, Canton, and Canton's wife for a night before going to meet and kill Canton's brother, Malvo is recognized by Lester Nygaard, who is in the same bar as him. Lester engages Malvo, but Malvo acts like he has never met him before and threatens him to just walk away while his group is preparing to leave. Lester refuses to pretend that he does not know Malvo and joins him and his group in the elevator. Malvo questions Lester, asking him if this is what he really wants. When Lester says yes, Malvo pulls out his gun and kills Canton, Canton's wife, and Jemma. Malvo tells Lester about how the bounty he was working on for the past 6 months is now defunct, and forces Lester to assist him in dragging and disposing the bodies in a dumpster. Scared for his life, Lester strikes Malvo on the head with his trophy and runs away.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo then follows Lester back to Minnesota and visits Lou Solverson's diner, asking around about Lester's whereabouts, only to leave without the information and only moments before Deputy Molly Solverson and two FBI agents arrive to discuss how to track down Malvo himself. Meanwhile, Lester and his new wife Linda prepare to go to Acapulco to escape Malvo and the police, but need to stop by their shop to get their passports. When Lester sends Linda, wearing his coat, to get the passports to see if Malvo is actually there, Malvo emerges from the shadows and shoots and kills Linda, thinking she was Lester.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo then moves into a remote cabin listening to a police scanner to monitor Lester's interactions with the police. Malvo also breaks into the car of FBI agents Pepper and Budge to get their credentials and to call FBI headquarters to cancel their requested backup. He then visits a local car dealership and steals a car resembling the FBI car, taking the salesman hostage. Malvo then waits outside the police station and trails Lester when the agents drive him home. While Pepper and Budge stand guard outside Lester's house, Malvo's car pulls up in front of them. They go to see who is inside the vehicle and see that the salesman is driving, with his hands duct-taped to the steering wheel. Malvo then approaches them from behind, shooting and killing them both.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo then breaks into Lester's home and steps on a hidden beartrap, severely damaging his left leg. Lester then fires a shot at Malvo, but misses. Lester then tries to shoot again but his gun jams and he goes back to the bathroom. Malvo then leaves, and steals the FBI's car to get back to his cabin. When he arrives, Gus Grimly, who was waiting after spotting him leaving the cabin earlier in the day, confronts Malvo and shoots him, killing him. Gus is commended for bravery for his role in bringing down Malvo. While investigating his cabin, Molly discovers Malvo's collection of tapes, which feature recorded conversations with those Malvo has convinced to commit murder. One of them is a recording of the phone call Lester made to Malvo after Pearl's murder, at long last providing proof of Lester's guilt.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo is largely defined by his belief that human beings are still very much like primal beasts. He has fully embraced this philosophy and rarely behaves as though he has the slightest inclination of right and wrong; for example, he abducts a man in broad daylight without any regard for the witnesses or security cameras.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo believes that all human societal rules are an illusion. Like the animal kingdom, the only real rule is power to take or defend what you want. Malvo has no regard for laws or any sense of human morality.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Like other characters from Coen brothers works, such as Anton Chigurh, Malvo can be perceived as a personification of relentless and evolving violence, particularly in his slaughter of Moses Tripoli and his underlings at their headquarters in Fargo.


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Malvo is frequently compared to Satan throughout "Fargo" through the use of cinematography and subtle expository writing, so much so Malvo can be considered a personification of the Devil. In particular, after eating a piece of apple pie at a diner, he comments, “I haven’t had a pie this good since the Garden of Eden.”


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Alan Sepinwall of "HitFix" praised Thornton's performance, calling it "deadpan genius", and wrote that Thornton "is always a pleasure to watch, but the understated mode he's in for this role is perhaps the best use of his particular talents and screen presence."


title: Lorne Malvo

text: Maureen Ryan of "The Huffington Post" also praised Thornton's performance, writing that it "is fascinating from his first moment on the show and steals the entire miniseries out from under everyone. Thornton doesn’t just give one great performance, he gives a few, as his crafty character, the dead-eyed lowlife Lorne Malvo, cuts a swath of destruction through the frosty heart of Minnesota. It’s a delight to witness the restrained malevolence that rolls off Malvo. Like Los Pollos Hermanos proprietor Gus Fring, Malvo is a man who knows exactly who he is and what he wants to do, and Thornton displays a similar level of coiled yet casual mastery."


title: E-flat minor

text: E-flat minor is a minor scale based on E, consisting of the pitches E, F, G, A, B, C, and D. Its key signature consists of six flats. Its relative key is G-flat major (or enharmonically F-sharp major) and its parallel key is E-flat major. Its enharmonic equivalent, D-sharp minor, contains the same number of sharps.


title: E-flat minor

text: Changes needed for the melodic and harmonic versions of the scale are written in with accidentals as necessary. The E-flat harmonic minor and melodic minor scales are:


title: E-flat minor

text: In the 24 canonic keys, most of the composers preferred E-flat minor, while Johann Sebastian Bach, Sergei Lyapunov, and Manuel Ponce preferred D-sharp minor.


title: E-flat minor

text: In Book 1 of "The Well-Tempered Clavier" by Bach, Prelude No. 8 is written in E-flat minor while the following fugue is written in D-sharp minor. In Book 2, both movements are in D-sharp minor.


title: E-flat minor

text: Haydn's Piano Trio No. 41, H. XV.31 in two movements, composed in 1794/95, one of the "London Trios", is in E-flat minor.


title: E-flat minor

text: Beethoven applied E-flat minor to the slow introduction in the sixth (last) movement of his Septet Op. 20 by adding accidentals while bearing the key signature of E-flat major (three flats). His oratorio Christ on the Mount of Olives is also in this key, but with the full six-flat signature.


title: E-flat minor

text: The final piece in Brahms' Klavierstücke, Op. 118, No. 6, is in E-flat minor. The piece, like many pieces in this key, is dark and funereal, being based on the Dies irae chant. Schubert ended his Impromptus No. 2, D. 899, in E-flat minor, the parallel key to E-flat major, and so did Brahms in his Rhapsody No. 4, Op. 119. Chopin wrote his Etude No.6, Op. 10, his Polonaise No. 2, Op. 26, and his Prelude No. 14, Op. 28 in E-flat minor.


title: E-flat minor

text: Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture is a sonata form in E-flat minor framed by an extended introduction and a long coda, both in E-flat major.


title: E-flat minor

text: One of the few symphonies written in this key is Sergei Prokofiev's Symphony No. 6, where none of these three movements ends in E-flat minor. A few other less well-known composers also wrote symphonies in this key, such as Andrei Eshpai, Jānis Ivanovs (fourth symphony "Sinfonia Atlantida", 1941), Ovchinnikov and Nikolai Myaskovsky. Aram Khachaturian wrote his Toccata in E-flat minor while studying under Myaskovsky.


title: E-flat minor

text: E-flat minor is the key in which Dmitri Shostakovich composed his fifteenth and final string quartet.


title: E-flat minor

text: Alexander Scriabin's Prelude No. 14 from his 24 Preludes, Op. 11, and 10th Mazurka from his Op. 3 are in E-flat minor, as well as Johannes Brahms's only independent Scherzo, Op. 4.


title: E-flat minor

text: Sergei Rachmaninoff's Elegie, Op. 3, No. 1, is in E-flat minor, as is his Étude-Tableau, Op. 39, No. 5.


title: E-flat minor

text: The waltz "On the Hills of Manchuria" by Ilya Alekseevich Shatrov, about the loss of Russia in the Russo-Japanese War, is written in E-flat minor. As mentioned, E-flat minor is common in Russian pieces. "On the Hills of Manchuria" is perhaps the most notable example.


title: E-flat minor

text: The extended orchestral introduction to part 2 of Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony is in E-flat minor, as is the dark orchestral introduction to Beethoven's only oratorio, "Christ on the Mount of Olives".


title: E-flat minor

text: Guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen has composed a number of pieces in E-flat minor, including the Concerto Suite for Electric Guitar and Orchestra.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: Binibining Pilipinas 2022 was the 58th edition of Binibining Pilipinas. It took place at the Smart Araneta Coliseum in Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines on July 31, 2022.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: At the end of the event, Hannah Arnold crowned Nicole Borromeo of Cebu as Binibining Pilipinas International 2022, Cinderella Obeñita crowned Gabrielle Basiano of Borongan City, Eastern Samar as Binibining Pilipinas Intercontinental 2022, Maureen Montagne crowned Chelsea Fernandez of Tacloban as Binibining Pilipinas Globe 2022, Samantha Panlilio crowned Roberta Tamondong of San Pablo, Laguna as Binibining Pilipinas Grand International 2022. Nicole Budol of Angono, Rizal was named 1st Runner-Up, and Stacey Gabriel of Cainta, Rizal was named 2nd Runner-Up.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: On August 29, 2022, Wilbert Tolentino, talent manager of Nicole Budol, brought the rights of Miss Planet Philippines. Budol was appointed as Miss Planet Philippines 2022. This was also the last year of Binibining Pilipinas Grand International title to be under Binibining Pilipinas after the franchise of Miss Grand Philippines will be transferred to a new organization.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: ABS-CBN broadcast the coronation night via Kapamilya Channel and free-to-air channels A2Z and TV5. The pageant was also simulcast on ABS-CBN's Metro Channel and livestreamed on iWantTFC and YouTube. The competition was hosted by Nicole Cordoves, Catriona Gray, Samantha Bernardo and Edward Barber.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: 40 contestants were chosen during the final screening which was held at the New Frontier Theater last April 22, 2022. On April 25, 2022, the contestants were given their official numbers and was asked what city/province will they represent. The date of their official sashing ceremony will be announced on a later date.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: On April 27, 2022, Binibining Pilipinas officially announced the withdrawal of three candidates: Gwendoline Meliz Soriano of Pangasinan, Maria Francesca Taruc of Angeles City, Pampanga, and Iman Franchesca Cristal of Pampanga. The three candidates where then replaced by Patricia Ann Tan, Maria Isabela David, and Joanna Rabe.


title: Binibining Pilipinas 2022

text: Binibining Pilipinas introduced several specific changes to the format for this edition. The number of semifinalists was reduced to 12, compared to 13 in 2021. The results of the closed-door interview and various pageant activities determined the 12 semifinalists selected at large. The 12 semifinalists were tasked to give an opening statement, which was then followed by the swimsuit and evening gown competitions. The 12 semifinalists also competed at the question and answer portion, after which the four titleholders and two runners-up were announced.


title: Evidence (law)

text: The law of evidence, also known as the rules of evidence, encompasses the rules and legal principles that govern the proof of facts in a legal proceeding. These rules determine what evidence must or must not be considered by the trier of fact in reaching its decision. The trier of fact is a judge in bench trials, or the jury in any cases involving a jury. The law of evidence is also concerned with the quantum (amount), quality, and type of proof needed to prevail in litigation. The rules vary depending upon whether the venue is a criminal court, civil court, or family court, and they vary by jurisdiction.


title: Evidence (law)

text: The quantum of evidence is the amount of evidence needed; the quality of proof is how reliable such evidence should be considered. Important rules that govern admissibility concern hearsay, authentication, relevance, privilege, witnesses, opinions, expert testimony, identification and rules of physical evidence. There are various standards of evidence, standards showing how strong the evidence must be to meet the legal burden of proof in a given situation, ranging from reasonable suspicion to preponderance of the evidence, clear and convincing evidence, or beyond a reasonable doubt.


title: Evidence (law)

text: There are several types of evidence, depending on the form or source. Evidence governs the use of testimony (e.g., oral or written statements, such as an affidavit), exhibits (e.g., physical objects), documentary material, or demonstrative evidence, which are admissible (i.e., allowed to be considered by the trier of fact, such as jury) in a judicial or administrative proceeding (e.g., a court of law).


title: Evidence (law)

text: When a dispute, whether relating to a civil or criminal matter, reaches the court there will always be a number of issues which one party will have to prove in order to persuade the court to find in his or her favour. The law must ensure certain guidelines are set out in order to ensure that evidence presented to the court can be regarded as trustworthy.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Ancient Roman law allowed freedom to judges to evaluate evidence, but insisted that "proof is incumbent on the party who affirms a fact, not on him who denies it" and "no-one should be convicted on suspicion". Medieval Roman law developed an elaborate grading of degrees of evidence. Building on the Biblical two-witness rule, it concluded that a single witness, or private documents, could constitute half-proof, which though insufficient for conviction might justify torture to extract further evidence. Because evidence in the continental (civil law) system was evaluated by judges rather than juries, that system did not develop exclusionary rules of evidence in the way English law did.


title: Evidence (law)

text: A distinct feature of English common law historically was the role of the jury as a finder of fact, as opposed to the role of the judge as finder of law. The creation of modern jury trials in the 16th and 17th centuries necessitated rules of evidence to regulate what testimony and other evidence could be put before the jury. While much of the early common law evidence rules came from judicial decisions, the English Parliament also played a role. In 1677, Parliament and the Crown enacted the Statute of Frauds and Perjuries, prohibiting plaintiffs from alleging certain contractual breaches to the jury unless accompanied by a signed, written instrument. Another early evidence rule was the prohibition on hearsay, the admission of an out-of-court statement to prove the truth of what is asserted. In the early 19th Century, Chief Justice Lord Mansfield of the Court of Common Pleas stated: "In Scotland and most of the continental states, the judges determine upon the facts in dispute as well as upon the law ; and they think there is no danger in their listening to evidence of hearsay, because, when they come to consider their judgment on the merits of the case, they can trust themselves entirely to disregard the hearsay evidence, or to give it any little weight which it may seem to deserve. But in England, where the jury are the sole judges of the fact, hearsay evidence is properly excluded, because no man can tell what effect it might have upon their minds."Hearsay rules have subsequently been updated numerous times. Most recently in England and Wales, the Civil Evidence Act 1995, section 1, specifically allows for admission of 'hearsay' evidence; legislation also allows for 'hearsay' evidence to be used in criminal proceedings, which makes it possible for the accuser to induce friends or family to give false evidence in support of their accusations because, normally, it would be rejected by the presiding authority or judge. There are several examples where presiding authorities are not bound by the rules of evidence. These include the military tribunals in the United States and tribunals used in Australia to try health professionals.


title: Evidence (law)

text: In every jurisdiction based on the English common law tradition, evidence must conform to a number of rules and restrictions to be admissible. Evidence must be relevantthat is, it must be directed at proving or disproving a legal element.


title: Evidence (law)

text: However, the relevance of evidence is ordinarily a necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for the admissibility of evidence. For example, relevant evidence may be excluded if it is unfairly prejudicial, confusing, or the relevance or irrelevance of evidence cannot be determined by logical analysis. There is also general agreement that assessment of relevance or irrelevance involves or requires judgements about probabilities or uncertainties. Beyond that, there is little agreement. Many legal scholars and judges agree that ordinary reasoning, or common sense reasoning, plays an important role. There is less agreement about whether or not judgements of relevance or irrelevance are defensible only if the reasoning that supports such judgements is made fully explicit. However, most trial judges would reject any such requirement and would say that some judgements can and must rest partly on unarticulated and unarticulable hunches and intuitions. However, there is general (though implicit) agreement that the relevance of at least some types of expert evidenceparticularly evidence from the hard sciencesrequires particularly rigorous, or in any event more arcane reasoning than is usually needed or expected. There is a general agreement that judgments of relevance are largely within the discretion of the trial courtalthough relevance rulings that lead to the exclusion of evidence are more likely to be reversed on appeal than are relevance rulings that lead to the admission of evidence.


title: Evidence (law)

text: According to Rule 401 of the Federal Rules of Evidence (FRE), evidence is relevant if it has the "tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence."


title: Evidence (law)

text: Federal Rule 403 allows relevant evidence to be excluded "if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice", if it leads to confusion of the issues, if it is misleading or if it is a waste of time. California Evidence Code section 352 also allows for exclusion to avoid "substantial danger of undue prejudice." For example, evidence that the victim of a car accident was apparently a "liar, cheater, womanizer, and a man of low morals" was unduly prejudicial and irrelevant to whether he had a valid product liability claim against the manufacturer of the tires on his van (which had rolled over resulting in severe brain damage).


title: Evidence (law)

text: The United States has a very complicated system of evidentiary rules; for example, John Wigmore's celebrated treatise on it filled ten volumes. James Bradley Thayer reported in 1898 that even English lawyers were surprised by the complexity of American evidence law, such as its reliance on exceptions to preserve evidentiary objections for appeal.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Some legal experts, notably Stanford legal historian Lawrence Friedman, have argued that the complexity of American evidence law arises from two factors: (1) the right of American defendants to have findings of fact made by a jury in practically all criminal cases as well as many civil cases; and (2) the widespread consensus that tight limitations on the admissibility of evidence are necessary to prevent a jury of untrained laypersons from being swayed by irrelevant distractions. In Professor Friedman's words: "A trained judge would not need all these rules; and indeed, the law of evidence in systems that lack a jury is short, sweet, and clear." However, Friedman's views are characteristic of an earlier generation of legal scholars. The majority of people now reject the formerly-popular proposition that the institution of trial by jury is the main reason for the existence of rules of evidence even in countries such as the United States and Australia; they argue that are at work.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Under English law, evidence that would otherwise be admissible at trial may be excluded at the discretion of the trial judge if it would be unfair to the defendant to admit it.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Evidence of a confession may be excluded because it was obtained by oppression or because the confession was made in consequence of anything said or done to the defendant that would be likely to make the confession unreliable. In these circumstances, it would be open to the trial judge to exclude the evidence of the confession under Section 78(1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), or under Section 73 PACE, or under common law, although in practice the confession would be excluded under section 76 PACE.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Other admissible evidence may be excluded, at the discretion of the trial judge under 78 PACE, or at common law, if the judge can be persuaded that having regard to all the circumstances including how the evidence was obtained "admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings that the court ought not to admit it."


title: Evidence (law)

text: In the United States and other countries, evidence may be excluded from a trial if it is the result of illegal activity by law enforcement, such as a search conducted without a warrant. Such illegal evidence is known as the fruit of the poisonous tree and is normally not permitted at trial.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Certain kinds of evidence, such as documentary evidence, are subject to the requirement that the offeror provide the trial judge with a certain amount of evidence (which need not be much and it need not be very strong) suggesting that the offered item of tangible evidence (e.g., a document, a gun) is what the offeror claims it is. This authentication requirement has import primarily in jury trials. If evidence of authenticity is lacking in a bench trial, the trial judge will simply dismiss the evidence as unpersuasive or irrelevant. Other kinds of evidence can be self-authenticating and require nothing to prove that the item is tangible evidence. Examples of self-authenticating evidence includes signed and certified public documents, newspapers, and acknowledged documents.


title: Evidence (law)

text: In systems of proof based on the English common law tradition, almost all evidence must be sponsored by a witness, who has sworn or solemnly affirmed to tell the truth. The bulk of the law of evidence regulates the types of evidence that may be sought from witnesses and the manner in which the interrogation of witnesses is conducted such as during direct examination and cross-examination of witnesses. Other types of evidentiary rules specify the standards of persuasion (e.g., proof beyond a reasonable doubt) that a trier of fact—whether judge or jury—must apply when it assesses evidence.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Today all persons are presumed to be qualified to serve as witnesses in trials and other legal proceedings, and all persons are also presumed to have a legal obligation to serve as witnesses if their testimony is sought. However, legal rules sometimes exempt people from the obligation to give evidence and legal rules disqualify people from serving as witnesses under some circumstances.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Privilege rules give the holder of the privilege a right to prevent a witness from giving testimony. These privileges are ordinarily (but not always) designed to protect socially valued types of confidential communications. Some of the privileges that are often recognized in various U.S. jurisdictions are spousal privilege, attorney–client privilege, doctor–patient privilege, state secrets privilege, and clergy–penitent privilege. A variety of additional privileges are recognized in different jurisdictions, but the list of recognized privileges varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction; for example, some jurisdictions recognize a social worker–client privilege and other jurisdictions do not.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Witness competence rules are legal rules that specify circumstances under which persons are ineligible to serve as witnesses. For example, neither a judge nor a juror is competent to testify in a trial in which the judge or the juror serves in that capacity; and in jurisdictions with a dead man statute, a person is deemed not competent to testify as to statements of or transactions with a deceased opposing party.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Often, a Government or Parliamentary Act will govern the rules affecting the giving of evidence by witnesses in court. An example is the "Evidence Act (NSW)" 1995 which sets out the procedures for witnesses to follow in New South Wales, Australia.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Hearsay is one of the largest and most complex areas of the law of evidence in common-law jurisdictions. The default rule is that hearsay evidence is inadmissible. Hearsay is an out of court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. A party is offering a statement to prove the truth of the matter asserted if the party is trying to prove that the assertion made by the declarant (the maker of the out-of-trial statement) is true. For example, prior to trial Bob says, "Jane went to the store." If the party offering this statement as evidence at trial is trying to prove that Jane actually went to the store, the statement is being offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. However, at both common law and under evidence codifications such as the Federal Rules of Evidence, there are dozens of exemptions from and exceptions to the hearsay rule.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Direct evidence is any evidence that directly proves or disproves a fact. The most well-known type of direct evidence is a testimony from an eyewitness. In eye-witness testimonies the witness states exactly what they experienced, saw, or heard. Direct evidence may also be found in the form of documents. In cases that involve a breach of contract, the contract itself would be considered direct evidence as it can directly prove or disprove that there was breach of contract. Circumstantial evidence, however, is evidence that does not point directly to a fact and requires an inference in order to prove that fact.


title: Evidence (law)

text: A common example of the distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence involves a person who comes into a building, when it may be raining. If the person declares, "It's raining outside", that statement is direct evidence that it is raining. If the person is carrying a wet umbrella, and he is wearing a wet rain coat, those observations are circumstantial evidence that it is raining outside.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Different types of proceedings require parties to meet different burdens of proof, the typical examples being beyond a reasonable doubt, clear and convincing evidence, and preponderance of the evidence. Many jurisdictions have burden-shifting provisions, which require that if one party produces evidence tending to prove a certain point, the burden shifts to the other party to produce superior evidence tending to disprove it.


title: Evidence (law)

text: One special category of information in this area includes things of which the court may take judicial notice. This category covers matters that are so well known that the court may deem them proved without the introduction of "any" evidence. For example, if a defendant is alleged to have illegally transported goods across a state line by driving them from Boston to Los Angeles, the court may take judicial notice of the fact that it is impossible to drive from Boston to Los Angeles without crossing a number of state lines. In a civil case, where the court takes judicial notice of the fact, that fact is deemed conclusively proved. In a criminal case, however, the defense may always submit evidence to rebut a point for which judicial notice has been taken.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Some rules that affect the admissibility of evidence are nonetheless considered to belong to other areas of law. These include the exclusionary rule of criminal procedure, which prohibits the admission in a criminal trial of evidence gained by unconstitutional means, and the parol evidence rule of contract law, which prohibits the admission of extrinsic evidence of the contents of a written contract.


title: Evidence (law)

text: In countries that follow the civil law system, evidence is normally studied as a branch of procedural law.


title: Evidence (law)

text: All American law schools offer a course in evidence, and most require the subject either as a first year class, or as an upper-level class, or as a prerequisite to later courses. Furthermore, evidence is heavily tested on the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE) - approximately one-sixth of the questions asked in that test will be in the area of evidence. The MBE predominantly tests evidence under the Federal Rules of Evidence, giving little attention to matters on which the law of different states is likely to be inconsistent.


title: Evidence (law)

text: Acts that conceal, corrupt, or destroy evidence can be considered spoliation of evidence and/or tampering with evidence. Spoliation is usually the civil-law/due-process variant, may involve intent or negligence, may affect the outcome of a case in which the evidence is material, and may or may not result in criminal prosecution. Tampering is usually the criminal law variant in which a person alters, conceals, falsifies, or destroys evidence to interfere with a law-enforcement, governmental, or regulatory investigation, and is usually defined as a crime. Parallel construction is the creation of an untruthful, but plausible, explanation for how the evidence came to be held, which hides its true origins, either to protect sources and methods used, or to avoid the evidence being excluded as unlawfully obtained. Depending on the circumstances, acts to conceal or destroy evidence or misrepresent its true origins might be considered both tampering and spoliation.


title: That Dirty Black Bag

text: That Dirty Black Bag is a Spaghetti Western television series created by Mauro Aragoni, Silvia Ebreul and Marcello Izzo for AMC+. It features an ensemble cast led by Dominic Cooper, Travis Fimmel and Aidan Gillen. The eight-part series was filmed in Italy, Spain and Morocco, and it premiered March 10, 2022.


title: That Dirty Black Bag

text: In a town full of bounty hunters, bandits and bloody vendettas, Arthur McCoy is the incorruptible sheriff who’s trying to overcome his troubled past to bring law and order to this new frontier. On the other side of things is Red Bill, an infamous solitary bounty hunter known for decapitating his victims and stuffing their heads into a dirty black bag. When the paths of these two men collide, they both learn that in the wild west, there are no heroes, nobody is invincible, and the predators may become the prey.


title: That Dirty Black Bag

text: In December 2019, Mediawan announced they had come on board to distribute "That Dirty Black Bag", which had been in various stages of development for several years. In June 2021, BRON Studios and Palomar announced the stars of the series would be Dominic Cooper and Douglas Booth with the ensemble cast for the series also being announced at the same time. The series comes from Italian filmmaker Mauro Aragoni, who co-wrote the series with Silvia Ebreul, Marcello Izzo and Fabio Paladini. Series Directors are Brian O’Malley and Mauro Aragoni. In November 2021, AMC+ announced that it had acquired "That Dirty Black Bag." The 8-part series is being produced in English with three seasons already planned.


title: Message passing

text: In computer science, message passing is a technique for invoking behavior (i.e., running a program) on a computer. The invoking program sends a message to a process (which may be an actor or object) and relies on that process and its supporting infrastructure to then select and run some appropriate code. Message passing differs from conventional programming where a process, subroutine, or function is directly invoked by name. Message passing is key to some models of concurrency and object-oriented programming.


title: Message passing

text: Message passing is ubiquitous in modern computer software. It is used as a way for the objects that make up a program to work with each other and as a means for objects and systems running on different computers (e.g., the Internet) to interact. Message passing may be implemented by various mechanisms, including channels.


title: Message passing

text: Message passing is a technique for invoking behavior (i.e., running a program) on a computer. In contrast to the traditional technique of calling a program by name, message passing uses an object model to distinguish the general function from the specific implementations. The invoking program sends a message and relies on the object to select and execute the appropriate code. The justifications for using an intermediate layer essentially falls into two categories: encapsulation and distribution.


title: Message passing

text: Encapsulation is the idea that software objects should be able to invoke services on other objects without knowing or caring about how those services are implemented. Encapsulation can reduce the amount of coding logic and make systems more maintainable. E.g., rather than having IF-THEN statements that determine which subroutine or function to call a developer can just send a message to the object and the object will select the appropriate code based on its type.


title: Message passing

text: One of the first examples of how this can be used was in the domain of computer graphics. There are various complexities involved in manipulating graphic objects. For example, simply using the right formula to compute the area of an enclosed shape will vary depending on if the shape is a triangle, rectangle, ellipse, or circle. In traditional computer programming this would result in long IF-THEN statements testing what sort of object the shape was and calling the appropriate code. The object-oriented way to handle this is to define a class called codice_1 with subclasses such as codice_2 and codice_3 (which in turn have subclasses codice_4 and codice_5) and then to simply send a message to any codice_1 asking it to compute its area. Each codice_1 object will then invoke the subclass's method with the formula appropriate for that kind of object.


title: Message passing

text: Distributed message passing provides developers with a layer of the architecture that provides common services to build systems made up of sub-systems that run on disparate computers in different locations and at different times. When a distributed object is sending a message, the messaging layer can take care of issues such as:


title: Message passing

text: Synchronous message passing occurs between objects that are running at the same time. It is used by object-oriented programming languages such as Java and Smalltalk.


title: Message passing

text: Synchronous messaging is analogous to a synchronous function call; just as the function caller waits until the function completes, the sending process waits until the receiving process completes. This can make synchronous communication unworkable for some applications. For example, large, distributed systems may not perform well enough to be usable. Such large, distributed systems may need to operate while some of their subsystems are down for maintenance, etc.


title: Message passing

text: Imagine a busy business office having 100 desktop computers that send emails to each other using synchronous message passing exclusively. One worker turning off their computer can cause the other 99 computers to freeze until the worker turns their computer back on to process a single email.


title: Message passing

text: With asynchronous message passing the receiving object can be down or busy when the requesting object sends the message. Continuing the function call analogy, it is like a function call that returns immediately, without waiting for the called function to complete. Messages are sent to a queue where they are stored until the receiving process requests them. The receiving process processes its messages and sends results to a queue for pickup by the original process (or some designated next process).


title: Message passing

text: Asynchronous messaging requires additional capabilities for storing and retransmitting data for systems that may not run concurrently, and are generally handled by an intermediary level of software (often called middleware); a common type being Message-oriented middleware (MOM).


title: Message passing

text: The buffer required in asynchronous communication can cause problems when it is full. A decision has to be made whether to block the sender or whether to discard future messages. A blocked sender may lead to deadlock. If messages are dropped, communication is no longer reliable.


title: Message passing

text: Synchronous communication can be built on top of asynchronous communication by using a Synchronizer. For example, the α-Synchronizer works by ensuring that the sender always waits for an acknowledgement message from the receiver. The sender only sends the next message after the acknowledgement has been received. On the other hand, asynchronous communication can also be built on top of synchronous communication. For example, modern microkernels generally only provide a synchronous messaging primitive and asynchronous messaging can be implemented on top by using helper threads.


title: Message passing

text: Message-passing systems use either distributed or local objects. With distributed objects the sender and receiver may be on different computers, running different operating systems, using different programming languages, etc. In this case the bus layer takes care of details about converting data from one system to another, sending and receiving data across the network, etc. The Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol in Unix was an early example of this. Note that with this type of message passing it is not a requirement that sender nor receiver use object-oriented programming. Procedural language systems can be wrapped and treated as large grained objects capable of sending and receiving messages.


title: Message passing

text: Examples of systems that support distributed objects are: Emerald, ONC RPC, CORBA, Java RMI, DCOM, SOAP, .NET Remoting, CTOS, QNX Neutrino RTOS, OpenBinder and D-Bus. Distributed object systems have been called "shared nothing" systems because the message passing abstraction hides underlying state changes that may be used in the implementation of sending messages.


title: Message passing

text: Distributed, or asynchronous, message-passing has additional overhead compared to calling a procedure. In message-passing, arguments must be copied to the new message. Some arguments can contain megabytes of data, all of which must be copied and transmitted to the receiving object.


title: Message passing

text: Traditional procedure calls differ from message-passing in terms of memory usage, transfer time and locality. Arguments are passed to the receiver typically by general purpose registers requiring no additional storage nor transfer time, or in a parameter list containing the arguments' addresses (a few bits). Address-passing is not possible for distributed systems since the systems use separate address spaces.


title: Message passing

text: Web browsers and web servers are examples of processes that communicate by message-passing. A URL is an example of referencing a resource without exposing process internals.


title: Message passing

text: A subroutine call or method invocation will not exit until the invoked computation has terminated. Asynchronous message-passing, by contrast, can result in a response arriving a significant time after the request message was sent.


title: Message passing

text: A message-handler will, in general, process messages from more than one sender. This means its state can change for reasons unrelated to the behavior of a single sender or client process. This is in contrast to the typical behavior of an object upon which methods are being invoked: the latter is expected to remain in the same state between method invocations. In other words, the message-handler behaves analogously to a volatile object.


title: Message passing

text: The prominent mathematical models of message passing are the Actor model and Pi calculus. In mathematical terms a message is the single means to pass control to an object. If the object responds to the message, it has a method for that message.


title: Message passing

text: Alan Kay has argued that message passing is more important than objects in OOP, and that objects themselves are often over-emphasized. The live distributed objects programming model builds upon this observation; it uses the concept of a distributed data flow to characterize the behavior of a complex distributed system in terms of message patterns, using high-level, functional-style specifications.


title: Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)

text: Sathi Leelavathi () is a 1995 Indian Tamil-language comedy film directed, co-written, photographed and edited by Balu Mahendra. The film stars Ramesh Aravind, Kalpana and Heera, with Kovai Sarala and Kamal Haasan in supporting roles. It revolves around Arun (Aravind) who, unhappy with his wife Leelavathi's (Kalpana) plain looks and weight, engages in an extramarital affair with Priya (Heera).


title: Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)

text: The film was produced by Haasan, with the story by Ananthu adapted loosely from the 1989 American film "She-Devil" and dialogues by Crazy Mohan. Ilaiyaraaja served as the music composer. "Sathi Leelavathi" was released on 15 January 1995 and became a commercial success. It was remade in Hindi as "Biwi No.1" (1999) and in Kannada as "Rama Shama Bhama" (2005) with Aravind and Haasan reprising their roles.