title: Marquis Who's Who

text: Two statisticians with the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company used inclusion in "Who's Who in America" in a study conducted 1950–1961, which concluded that people listed in the publication lived longer than their unlisted peers.


title: Green tree python

text: The green tree python ("Morelia viridis") is a species of snake in the family Pythonidae. The species is native to New Guinea, some islands in Indonesia, and the Cape York Peninsula in Australia. First described by Hermann Schlegel in 1872, it was known for many years as "Chondropython viridis". As its common name suggests, it is a bright green snake that can reach a total length (including tail) of and a weight of , with females slightly larger and heavier than males. Living generally in trees, the green tree python mainly hunts and eats small reptiles and mammals. It is a popular pet, and numbers in the wild have suffered with large-scale smuggling of wild-caught green tree pythons in Indonesia. Despite this, the green tree python is rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of endangered species.


title: Green tree python

text: German naturalist Hermann Schlegel described the green tree python in 1872 as "Python viridis", from two specimens collected in the Aru Islands of Indonesia. His countryman Adolf Bernhard Meyer erected the genus "Chondropython" (though recognised similarity to "Morelia") and described the green tree python as "Chondropython azureus" in 1874, from a specimen collected in "Kordo", later determined to be Korido on Biak Island. This was destroyed in World War II. French naturalist Henri Émile Sauvage described "Chondropython pulcher" from a specimen from Mansinam Island, Irian Jaya.


title: Green tree python

text: For many years, the green tree python was classified as the only species of the genus "Chondropython", with the binomial name "C. viridis". In 1993, Professor Arnold G. Kluge published a detailed phylogenetic analysis that found that the green tree python was nested within the genus "Morelia" and most closely related to the rough-scaled python ("M. carinata"). Hence, it became "Morelia viridis". Two studies of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA published in 2013 and 2014 came up with differing results, one confirming the species in "Morelia", the other placing it as an early offshoot with the Children's python genus "Antaresia". This latter result was thought anomalous by later researchers.


title: Green tree python

text: Raymond Hoser described the Australian population as a separate subspecies "Chondropython viridis shireenae", after his wife Shireen, noting that the taxon consistently had white markings along the backbone, whereas snakes from New Guinea and Indonesia only sometimes had this trait, and the molecular analysis would bear out the distinctness. A genetic study by Lesley Rawlings and Stephen Donnellan in 2003 of mitochondrial DNA of the green tree python found two distinct lineages: a southern lineage comprising populations of Australia, Aru Islands, and New Guinea south of the central highlands, and a northern lineage of New Guinea north of the central highlands and Vogelkop Peninsula, and Biak Island. The two likely diverged around 5 million years ago with the rising of the central mountain range in New Guinea. The authors suggested this might explain poor breeding success in Australia if people were unknowingly trying to breed the northern and southern green tree pythons, as they were not closely related. The two taxa are indistinguishable in appearance.


title: Green tree python

text: The green tree python is characterized by a relatively slim body. The relatively long tail accounts for about 14% of the total length. The head is large and clearly defined from the neck. The snout is large and angular. The body is triangular in cross section with a visible spine. The species usually reaches a total length (including tail) of , but large females may reach . The size also varies depending on the region of origin. The weight is highly dependent upon the nutritional status of the animal. Males can weigh about , females up to , although wild specimens are typically much lighter than this. Especially large specimens that can weigh up to are invariably females, which, like most snakes, are slightly larger and heavier than males.


title: Green tree python

text: "M. viridis" is found in Indonesia (Misool, Salawati, Aru Islands, Schouten Islands, most of Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea (including nearby islands from sea level to 1,800 m elevation, Normanby Island and the d'Entrecasteaux Islands) and Australia (Queensland along the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula). The type locality given is "Aroe-eilanden" (Aru Islands, Indonesia).


title: Green tree python

text: The preferred natural habitat of "M. viridis" is in or near rainforest, and the species is primarily arboreal, residing in trees, shrubs, and bushes. Occasionally, it is seen on the ground.


title: Green tree python

text: In 2010, the green tree python was rated as least concern on the IUCN Red List of endangered species on the basis of its large range and isolated declines in population from smuggling. However, the threat from smuggling for the pet trade was recognised and requires monitoring.


title: Green tree python

text: Primarily arboreal, "M. viridis" has a particular way of resting in the branches of trees; it loops a coil or two over the branches in a saddle position and places its head in the middle. This trait is shared with the emerald tree boa ("Corallus caninus") of South America. This habit, along with their similar appearance, has caused people to confuse the two species when they are seen outside their natural habitat.


title: Green tree python

text: The diet of green tree pythons consists mostly of small mammals, such as rodents, and sometimes reptiles, such as geckos and skinks. This snake, like the emerald tree boa, was previously thought to eat birds; however, Switak conducted field work on this issue. In examining stomach contents of more than 1,000 animals, he did not find any evidence of avian prey. Prey is captured by holding onto a branch using the prehensile tail and striking out from an S-shaped position and constricting the prey. Wild specimens have also been observed and photographed wrapped around the base of small tree trunks facing down in an ambush position, presumably waiting for ground mammals to prey upon.


title: Green tree python

text: "M. viridis" is oviparous, laying one to 25 viable eggs per clutch. Breeding has never been reported from the wild, but in captivity, eggs are incubated and protected by the female. Hatchlings are lemon-yellow with broken stripes and spots of purple and brown, or golden or orange-red. For yellow individuals at Iron Range National Park, Australia, the color change occurred over 5–10 days when individuals were long, which corresponds to about a year old. Color change for red juveniles has not been observed in the wild.


title: Green tree python

text: The green tree python is often bred and kept in captivity, although it is usually considered an advanced species due to its specific care requirements and generally irritable temperament. However, with proper care, it usually thrives in captivity. It is a popular species among reptile enthusiasts and breeders on account of its adult and juvenile colours. This has led to large numbers being illegally caught in the wild to the detriment of native populations. Transport is hazardous to the snakes' health and up to half are thought to perish in the smuggling process. The species is protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora with its placement on the Appendix II list of vulnerable species, which makes the import, export, and trade of listed wild-caught animals illegal. In 1999, it was fully protected under national legislation in Indonesia.


title: Green tree python

text: Despite this, a flourishing illegal trade continues, and wildlife breeding farms were found to be serving as conduits to funnel wild-caught green tree pythons out of Indonesia. Investigation in the provinces of Maluku, West Papua, and Papua from 2009 to 2011 revealed that 80% of green tree pythons exported were caught in the wild, an estimate of around 5337 individuals a year. Harvesting of wild green tree pythons was heaviest in Biak and neighbouring islands, with resulting population decline.


title: Matt Freeman

text: Matthew "McCall" Freeman (born Roger Matthew Freeman; April 23, 1966) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for his bass work with the punk rock bands Operation Ivy, Rancid and as the frontman of Devil's Brigade.


title: Matt Freeman

text: In an interview streamed from the Rancid website before the release of "Rancid" (2000), he revealed that his style was heavily influenced at an early age by John Entwistle, bassist for The Who. He typically uses a hard pick but sometimes will fingerpick.


title: Matt Freeman

text: Freeman's playing style is considered atypical in the punk rock world due to his frequent use of scales and arpeggios as opposed to "motoring" through a chord progression's root notes as is typical of punk bass playing.


title: Matt Freeman

text: Although Armstrong and Frederiksen are the principal singers in Rancid, Freeman has taken the lead vocal duties in a number of gritty sounding songs through the years, including the songs "Black and Blue", "Rigged on a Fix", "Black Derby Jacket", "Tenderloin" and, "L.A. River". He is known for possessing a deep and raspy singing voice. Freeman was also the primary co-lead vocal for the first Rancid album, before Frederiksen joined the band, with his role subsequently being reduced by choice.


title: Matt Freeman

text: Freeman plays Fender Precision and Jazz Basses. His 1977 Fender Precision was used as the basis for the 2011 Squier Matt Freeman Signature Bass.


title: Matt Freeman

text: In May 1987, Freeman and Armstrong formed the band Operation Ivy. After Operation Ivy broke up in May 1989, they formed a new band, Downfall, which included all but one member of Operation Ivy and two additional members. Downfall recorded a 10-song album which has never been released, then broke up. Freeman and Armstrong next formed Generator, who played a number of shows, but are not known to have recorded anything. After that, Freeman played with the political punk band MDC for about a year.


title: Matt Freeman

text: After Operation Ivy, Freeman and Armstrong formed the ska band the Dance Hall Crashers, however they left the band shortly after its formation. The band went on to become moderately successful throughout the 90s.


title: Matt Freeman

text: He joined MDC in 1990, completing one US and one European tour and playing bass on their 1991 release Millions Of Dead Cops II: Hey Cop! If I Had A Face Like Yours... The lineup for this version of the band consisted of Freeman, original singer Dave Dictor, original drummer Al Schvitz and guitarist Bill Collins, formerly of Fang, Special Forces and Intensified Chaos.


title: Matt Freeman

text: He joined The Gr'ups in 1991. In 1992, Freeman and Armstrong recruited drummer Brett Reed and formed Rancid. Rancid is his most successful band yet. He considered Rancid a side project until Armstrong had proved to him that he had his alcoholism under control. Guitarist Lars Frederiksen joined the band later in 1993. Their partnership has continued with Freeman contributing basslines to selected tracks by the Transplants, one of Armstrong's side projects.


title: Matt Freeman

text: During Rancid's 2004 hiatus, Freeman replaced bassist John Maurer in Social Distortion shortly before the release of their then-new album "Sex, Love and Rock 'n' Roll". Freeman did not intend to stay in the band permanently and he was replaced by current bassist Brent Harding in late 2004.


title: Matt Freeman

text: In May 2021, Freeman along with fellow Rancid bandmate Tim Armstrong, Fletcher Dragge (Pennywise), Byron McCracken (Pennywise), and Mike Muir (Suicidal Tendencies) formed a punk rock supergroup called The Crew. The band's first single, "One Voice", was released on Epitaph Records.


title: Matt Freeman

text: Following his departure from Social Distortion, Freeman was diagnosed with lung cancer in May 2005, but was dismissed as abnormal tissue growth and not terminal to his health in June 2005. He had been a smoker for 20 years but had quit, seemingly by coincidence, shortly prior to this. He learned to play the mandolin so he would have something to do with his hands as heard on the Lars Frederiksen and the Bastards album "Viking".


title: Riek Machar

text: Dr. Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon (born 26 November 1952) is a South Sudanese politician who serves as the First Vice President of South Sudan.


title: Riek Machar

text: In February 2020, Machar was re-sworn in as first vice president following a revitalised peace agreement with Salva Kiir, the current President of South Sudan. He is also the head of the rebel faction known as SPLM-IO (Sudan People's Liberation Movement-In Opposition) that was founded in 2014 following the 2013 war outbreak and has been historically in opposition to Kiir. Between April and July 2016 Machar served as the First Vice President of South Sudan. He is designated to be the First Vice President according to the new "revitalized" peace agreement signed in September 2018.Dr. Riek Machar will take up the post of First Vice President when the new unity government is formed, initially in February 2019, but later delayed until February 2020.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar obtained a PhD in strategic planning in 1984 and then joined the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) during the Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005). Machar fell out with the SPLM/A leader John Garang in 1991 and formed a splinter group, the SPLM/A-Nasir. In 1997, he made a treaty with the Government of Sudan and became head of the government-backed South Sudan Defense Force (SSDF). In 2000 he left the SSDF and formed a new militia, the Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front (SPDF), and in 2002 rejoined the SPLA as a senior commander. After the death of John Garang in July 2005, Machar became vice-president of the autonomous Southern Sudan. He became vice-president of South Sudan on 9 July 2011 when the country became independent, but was dismissed from office by President Salva Kiir Mayardit on 23 July 2016. Machar was re-appointed as First Vice-President of South Sudan on 22 February 2020 as part of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity.


title: Riek Machar

text: Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon was born in Leer, Unity State on 26th November 1952, the 27th son of the chief of Ayod and Leer.


title: Riek Machar

text: He trained as an engineer at Khartoum University, and obtained a PhD in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Bradford in 1984.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar has been called a "tuut dhoali/Doth in English", which may be translated "adult boy", meaning uninitiated and literate.


title: Riek Machar

text: However, in his struggle with John Garang he exploited ethnic rivalries between the Nuer and Dinka people.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar married Emma McCune, a British aid worker. She died in a car accident in Nairobi in 1993 at the age of 29, while pregnant.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar's second wife, Angelina Teny, is one of the leading women politicians in South Sudan. She was state minister of Energy and Mining in the transitional government (2005–2010).


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar was a rebel leader with the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLM/A) headed by John Garang from 1984 until he fell out with Garang in 1991. As Zonal Commander of Western Upper Nile, in 1986 he entered into an agreement with Baggara chiefs.


title: Riek Machar

text: That year he was able to visit his family, which was based in Britain, for the first time since the civil war started.


title: Riek Machar

text: Later he was appointed SPLA Regional Commander for a region that extended from the Ethiopian border in the east to Renk in the north and to Ayod and Waat in the south.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar disagreed with the SPLA leader John Garang over objectives. Where John Garang at first wanted a secular and democratic but united Sudan in which the southerners would have full representation, Machar wanted a fully independent South Sudan.


title: Riek Machar

text: In August 1991 Riek Machar, Lam Akol and Gordon Kong announced that John Garang had been ejected from the SPLM.


title: Riek Machar

text: The breakaway faction, based in Nasir until 1995 and then in Waat and Ayod, was called the SPLM/A-Nasir faction from 1991 to 1993. As part of SPLA-Nasir, he was involved in the Bor massacre, where 2000 mostly civilians were killed in Bor in 1991 while tens of thousands died in the following years from the resulting famine.


title: Riek Machar

text: The Bul Nuer Anyanya-2 militia at Mayom under Paulino Matip and the Lou Nuer Anyanya-2 militia at Doleib Hill under Yohannes Yual declared for Riek.


title: Riek Machar

text: Kerubino Kuanyin and Faustino Atem Gualdit, Dinkas from Bahr el-Ghazal, had been among the founders of the SPLM but had fallen out with John Garang and had been jailed. They escaped and joined Machar in 1993, with their forces making an important addition to the formerly Nuer-dominated SPLA-Nasir. Kerubino became deputy Commander in Chief.


title: Riek Machar

text: After this addition by forces from other ethnic groups, Riek's movement and force was called the SPLA-United from 1993 to 1994.


title: Riek Machar

text: In September 1993, President Daniel Arap Moi of Kenya held separate talks with Garang and Riek Machar.


title: Riek Machar

text: In October 1993 the US Congress hosted a meeting between Garang and Machar. The two seemed to agree about various subjects related to a cease fire and reconciliation between the two factions, self-determination and opposition to the Khartoum regime, but Machar disputed Garang's authority and refused to sign a joint declaration.


title: Riek Machar

text: Machar dismissed Lam Akol from the SPLA-United in February 1994. Lam Akol returned to Kodok in the government-held region of Upper Nile state.


title: Riek Machar

text: From 1994 to 1997 Machar's movement was known as the South Sudan Independence Movement/Army (SSIM/A).


title: Riek Machar

text: Although seeking independence for South Sudan, the group received covert support from the Government of Sudan as it fought the SPLA between 1991 and 1999 in attacks that became increasingly violent and ethnically motivated.


title: Riek Machar

text: Early in 1995 hostilities between the SSIM and SPLA, which had taken several thousands of civilian lives, were temporarily suspended. Machar dismissed Kerubino Kuanyin and Commander William Nyuon Bany from the SSIM on the basis that they had signed military and political agreements with the government of Sudan late in the previous year, and that they had attempted to form a government-supported faction in the SSIM.


title: Riek Machar

text: During the 1990s Machar skillfully developed support among the eastern Nuer, the Jikany and the Lou, taking advantage of SPLA unpopularity with the Jikany and drawing on prophetic tradition to make his case.


title: Riek Machar

text: In 1996 Machar signed a Political Charter and in 1997 the Khartoum Peace Agreement with the government. Under this agreement he was assistant to Omar el-Bashir, President of Sudan, and President of the Southern States Coordinating Council. He was also made commander in chief of the South Sudan Defense Force (SSDF), which included most of the ex-rebels who had signed the Khartoum agreement.


title: Riek Machar

text: There was growing tension between Riek Machar and Paulino Matip's South Sudan Unity Movement (SSUM), which became engaged in forcibly removing civilians from the Block 5A oil concession area, and assisting in clearances from other oil blocks.


title: Riek Machar

text: In 1998–1999, Matip's fighters and government troops clashed several times with Machar's SSDF forces in a struggle for control of the Unity state oilfields.


title: Riek Machar

text: Matip's fighters forced Tito Biel, a high-ranking SSDF commander, to evacuate Leer early in 1999. Tito Biel later went over to the SPLA.


title: Riek Machar

text: Riek Machar's failure to prevent the government from forcibly displacing civilians from the oil-producing areas of Unity State turned the Nuer against his leadership.


title: Riek Machar

text: In 2000 at a meeting of leaders in Koch he finally resigned from the government of Sudan and created a fresh militia named the Sudan People's Defense Forces/Democratic Front (SPDF).


title: Riek Machar

text: At risk in his own homeland of the Dok Nuer, Riek moved his base of operations to the eastern Jikany area.


title: Riek Machar

text: In January 2002 he signed an agreement with John Garang to merge the SPDF into the SPLA, and was given command of the Dok Nuer within the SPLA.


title: Riek Machar

text: The civil war ended in January 2005. In August Machar became Vice President of the Government of Southern Sudan and SPLM Co-Chair of the Joint Executive Political Committee.


title: Riek Machar

text: When South Sudan became independent, in July 2011 he was appointed first vice president of the new republic.


title: Riek Machar

text: On 15 July 2011 Machar represented South Sudan at the ceremony when his country's flag was raised outside United Nations headquarters in New York.


title: Riek Machar

text: Following the independence of South Sudan, Machar was the vice president of the country. In 2012, he publicly apologized for his part in the Bor massacre as he prepared to pave way for taking the helm of SPLM.


title: Riek Machar

text: By February 2013 Machar publicly stated his intentions to challenge President Kiir. In July 2013, he, and the entire cabinet, was dismissed from office. Machar said that Kiir's move was a step towards dictatorship. These events in turn led to the South Sudanese Civil War.


title: Riek Machar

text: After the civil war started, Machar turned towards a "shadowy" group of European arms dealers to arm his forces. Little is known about them. An exception was the Franco-Polish arms dealer Pierre Dadak who at the time of his arrest at Ibiza villa on 14 July 2016 was negotiating to sell Machar 40,000 AK-47 assault rifles, 30,000 PKM machine guns and 200,000 boxes of ammunition.


title: Riek Machar

text: In late August 2015, a peace agreement was signed between the government and Machar's rebels. The agreement would make Riek Machar the vice-president again. In April 2016, as part of the peace deal, Machar returned to Juba and was sworn in as vice-president. Machar fled the capital after renewed fighting between the Kiir loyalists and his own loyalists Juba in July 2016. After a 48-hour ultimatum given by the president to him for returning to Juba to progress with the peace agreement talks passed, the SPLA-IO in Juba appointed lead negotiator Taban Deng Gai to replace Machar and the government accepted him as acting vice-president. Machar said any talks would be illegal because he had fired Gai.


title: Riek Machar

text: His house arrest status was lifted in March 2018. Machar's house confinement in South Africa was also criticized by the media. Machar returned to Juba in October 2018 following a peace deal that was signed in September 2018. As of May 2019 he was living in Khartoum, the capital of South Sudan's northern neighbor Sudan, following a six-month delay in the implementation of a power sharing deal that was meant to take effect on 12 May 2019. Machar was appointed First Vice-President of South Sudan on 22 February 2020 as part of the Revitalised Transitional Government of National Unity.


title: Dixie Fire

text: The Dixie Fire was an enormous wildfire in Butte, Plumas, Lassen, Shasta, and Tehama Counties, California. It was named after Dixie Road, near where the fire started in Butte County. The fire began in the Feather River Canyon near Cresta Dam on July 13, 2021, and burned before being 100% contained on October 25, 2021. It was the largest single (i.e. non-complex) wildfire in recorded California history, and the second-largest wildfire overall (after the August Complex fire of 2020). The fire damaged or destroyed several small towns or communities, including Greenville on August 4, Canyondam on August 5, and Warner Valley on August 12.


title: Dixie Fire

text: By July 23, it had become the largest wildfire of the 2021 California fire season; by August 6, it had grown to become the largest "single" (i.e. non-complex) wildfire in the state's history, burning an area larger than the state of Rhode Island. It was the first fire known to have burned across the crest of the Sierra Nevada (followed by the Caldor Fire later in the season). Smoke from the Dixie Fire caused unhealthy air quality across the Western United States, including states as far east as Utah and Colorado. The Dixie Fire was the most expensive wildfire in United States history, costing $637.4 million to fight (this figure does not include damage or insurance claims, only suppression costs).


title: Dixie Fire

text: A number of background factors contributed to the size and intensity of the Dixie Fire. 2021 was the hottest summer ever recorded in California. That year also saw further intensification of what scientists have found to be the most extreme megadrought in at least 1,200 years in the Western/Southwestern United States, amplified by high temperatures, low precipitation, and anthropogenic climate change: during the 2021 water year (the period between October 1, 2020, and September 30, 2021), Northern California received less than half of its usual precipitation. The Sierra snowpack, measured during its typical peak on April 1, was just 59% of the historical average, and runoff just 20% of the amount forecast. Reservoirs in the state shrunk, and vegetation dried out to the point where both living and dead conifers were drier than kiln-dried lumber.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Rigorous fire suppression policies in the United States also meant that much of the area burned by the Dixie Fire had little fire history, going back more than 40 years. The resulting overcrowded forests became more vulnerable to drought, as well as bark beetle infestations that were the primary cause of death for more than 163 million trees in California between 2010 and 2019. Bark beetle-affected forests (especially species common in the Sierra Nevada such as the lodgepole pine) are chemically altered, and the dead and dying trees are more flammable and more subject to intense crown fires.


title: Dixie Fire

text: The Dixie Fire began on July 13, 2021, beneath a Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) 12-kilovolt power distribution line located on the northern side of the Feather River Canyon in a remote area above Highway 70 and Cresta Dam, midway between Paradise and Belden. Transmission lines (also operated by PG&E) further down the canyon were the cause of the devastating and fatal Camp Fire in 2018. At approximately 6:48 AM, a large Douglas fir, 65 feet tall and 16 inches in diameter, fell onto the power line. Why the tree fell is unknown—an arborist with Cal Fire said the tree was weakened after burning in the 2008 Butte Lightning Complex, while another arborist hired by PG&E noted possible root rot. When the tree fell onto the line, two fuses blew but one remained active, keeping the power line energized. The tree, in contact with both the line and the ground, created an electrical fault. Electric arcing slowly ignited fuels on the ground over the following hours.


title: Dixie Fire

text: At 1:30 PM, a PG&E troubleman (a type of lineworker) came to address the resulting power outage. Access roads were in poor condition, and the troubleman was forced to stop at a bridge undergoing repairs. The troubleman left and returned at approximately 4:30 PM, arriving at the power lines 10 minutes later. Noticing the two blown fuses, the troubleman was in the process of shutting off the third when he smelled smoke—looking down, he observed a fire approximately 600 to 800 square feet in size, burning among pine needles beneath the powerlines. The troubleman shut off the third fuse, then took a fire extinguisher from his truck and unsuccessfully attempted to put the fire out. He was able to raise his supervisor by radio, who called 911. In the meantime, the troubleman returned to the fire with another fire extinguisher and a McLeod tool, attempting to dig a firebreak.


title: Dixie Fire

text: As the fire became visible from Highway 70 on the opposite side of the Feather River Canyon, multiple 911 calls reported the fire. A fire engine strike team leader returning home from the Beckwourth Complex called 911 at roughly 5:12 PM, reporting a well-established fire about 40 feet by 40 feet. By 5:15 PM, the Oroville emergency command center had dispatched a full wildland response, including 6 fire engines, 2 bulldozers, 2 handcrews, 2 water tenders, 2 airtankers, and a helicopter. Aircraft were overhead by 5:42 PM, reporting that the now-named Dixie Fire was 2 acres with a slow rate of spread, and they promptly began to drop water and fire retardant around the fire.


title: Dixie Fire

text: By 6:31 PM, aircraft had completed a line of retardant around the entire perimeter and the fire remained 2 acres. Ground personnel, however, faced the same access issues that had plagued the PG&E troubleman, including the damaged bridge and rough dirt roads. At 7:49 PM a drone was reported in the vicinity of the fire, and all aircraft were ordered to leave the area. Because it was so late and regulations generally do not permit firefighting aircraft to in the dark, air operations were not able to resume that night. The drone's appearance meant about 45 minutes of flying time was lost, which Butte County District Attorney Mike Ramsey said played a large role in the fire escaping control after dark. The drone's operator was never identified, despite an investigation. With aircraft no longer able to help, limited ground access, and the fire exposed to nightly up-canyon winds, the Dixie Fire began to grow considerably.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Over the next few days the fire progressed rapidly northeast along the Feather River canyon, forcing the closure of Highway 70, the Union Pacific Railroad’s Feather River Route, and nearby areas of the Plumas National Forest and Lassen National Forest. By July 19 it had burned ; over the next two days, the fire more than doubled in size to , driven by high winds. As of July 21, the fire was 15 percent contained, with nearly 4,000 firefighters and numerous aircraft assigned to the incident.


title: Dixie Fire

text: By July 23, flames had traveled north almost to Highway 89 and Lake Almanor, after jumping over Butte Valley Reservoir. On the east flank, the fire was advancing toward Bucks Lake and Indian Valley, and on the west, it was burning toward Butte Meadows. It had grown to with 18 percent containment. Governor Gavin Newsom declared a state of emergency for Plumas, Butte, Lassen and Alpine counties due to the Dixie, Fly and Tamarack Fires.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On July 24 the fire expanded rapidly east, burning through Paxton and then Indian Falls, destroying around a dozen structures. Firefighters successfully kept the fire north of Bucks Lake, while flames approached the Indian Valley communities of Crescent Mills, Greenville and Taylorsville on the east. Later that night it merged with the smaller Fly Fire, which had started the previous day north of Quincy and burned over . The Dixie Fire grew to with 19 percent containment.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On July 30 the fire was at , becoming the 11th largest wildfire in California history, having grown in a single day. However, much of the growth was due to islands of unburned vegetation within the fire perimeter, as well as back burning operations to protect homes in Butte Meadows and Jonesville. Firefighters also contained the eastward spread of the fire with back burning from Mount Hough down to Quincy.


title: Dixie Fire

text: At the start of August, the fire was most active on the north flank, having split into two main branches, with one burning up the western shore of Lake Almanor, and the other burning northeast toward Indian Valley. Fire activity was greatly decreased along the south side from Bucks Lake to Quincy, as well as the west side around Butte Meadows. Beginning on August 3, after several days of calmer weather, a major wind event drove the fire up the west shore of Lake Almanor, threatening Chester and other nearby communities. Firefighting efforts were concentrated on protecting the town, while the fire front continued sweeping north into Lassen County, the Lassen National Forest and the eastern side of Lassen Volcanic National Park.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On the evening of August 4, the northeast flank of the fire jumped containment lines at Indian Valley and burned through the town of Greenville. An estimated 75 percent of structures in Greenville were destroyed, including much of the downtown and numerous nearby homes. The firestorm was compared to "a huge tornado" and took less than half an hour to destroy the town before leaping to the other side of Indian Valley and continuing northeast towards Mountain Meadows Reservoir. The whole Dixie Fire grew to over , an increase of in two days, and was 35 percent contained. It became the sixth-largest wildfire in California history, surpassing the North Complex Fire that had burned nearby in 2020.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On August 5, the fire burned much of Canyondam as it approached the eastern shore of Lake Almanor. By the morning of August 8, the fire had grown to , surpassing the 2018 Mendocino Complex Fire to become the second largest fire in the state's history, with containment falling to 21 percent. Starting on August 13 increased winds pushed flames primarily to the east. The northern section of the fire expanded around the north side of Lake Almanor, heading east and south and threatening Westwood. The fire's eastern section, having burned past Indian Valley, continued to race east towards Antelope Lake. It became the first fire to ever cross from the west side of the Sierra Nevada to the valley floor on the east side.


title: Dixie Fire

text: In the evening of August 16, winds of up to 30 mph (48 kmh) drove embers from the Dixie Fire over the Diamond Mountains and into the Honey Lake Valley. A number of spot fires ignited south of Janesville and crossed Highway 395, destroying several homes. This put areas south of Johnstonville under mandatory evacuation warning, including the town of Janesville. Continued southwest winds threatened to push the fire towards Susanville. In Lassen National Park, the area burned within the park had doubled to , and firefighters were building line to protect Manzanita Lake and Old Station areas.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On August 18, the Dixie Fire merged with the Morgan Fire, which had been started by lightning August 12, near the south entrance of Lassen National Park. In addition to burning north into the park, the Morgan Fire had threatened the communities of Mineral and Mill Creek just to the south. The Morgan and Dixie fires were joined by a backfire set in order to reduce fuels adjacent to the two towns. By the end of the day, the Dixie Fire had grown to over , an increase of more than since August 15, with containment at 33 percent.


title: Dixie Fire

text: By August 22, the Dixie Fire approached Milford but crews were able to protect the structures and containment rose to 37%, the highest since the fire began. Growth of the fire slowed overnight due to increased humidity but overall weather conditions remained challenging.


title: Dixie Fire

text: In late July and early August of 2021, U.S. Forest Service investigators foiled a spree of wildland arson by former university professor Gary Stephen Maynard in the vicinity of the Dixie Fire. Investigators connected Maynard to at least five fires, all of which were stopped at 1 acre or less and which did no serious damage. However, the Moon, Ranch, and Conard fires were set behind crews battling the Dixie Fire. Prosecutors seeking to prevent Maynard's release while awaiting trial argued that the fires might have endangered those personnel, leaving them trapped between the Dixie Fire and Maynard's fires, had investigators not been tracking him.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On July 20, 2021, mountain bikers reported the Cascade Fire on the slopes of Mount Shasta. A responding Forest Service investigator encountered Maynard attempting to free his car from a rut on a dirt road nearby, and took a photo of the car and its tire tracks. The next day, investigators responding to the Everitt Fire in a nearby part of the Shasta-Trinity National Forest noted identical tire tracks. Both fires were determined to have been caused by arson; additionally, burnt newspaper and a match were found where Maynard's car had been stuck. After linking Maynard to the two fires via several other methods, including surveillance footage and his use of an EBT card, investigators received a warrant to track Maynard's phone and vehicle. On August 3, 2021, during a traffic stop in Susanville, a Forest Service agent placed a tracking device on Maynard's car. On August 5, the agents tailing Maynard discovered the roadside Moon Fire, in an area of the Lassen National Forest under an evacuation order for the fast-growing Dixie Fire. Maynard continued to camp in the forest despite emergency closure orders, and on August 7 agents discovered the Ranch and Conard fires burning near Maynard's campsite. Tracking data supported his presence at the scenes of ignition.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Maynard was arrested on August 7 by a California Highway Patrol officer, and indicted by a federal grand jury on November 18, 2021. Multiple people who encountered Maynard prior to his arrest and indictment expressed concerns about his mental state. Maynard remains in custody awaiting trial, where if convicted he may face up to 20 years in prison and fines of $250,000 per count of arson. The arrest of Maynard and of Alexandra Souverneva a month later for starting the destructive Fawn Fire near Redding prompted many to downplay the role of climate change, and spread rumors and conspiracy theories about causes of California wildfires.


title: Dixie Fire

text: The fire continued burning in the two management zones, the East Zone and West Zone. The eastern zone was mostly Plumas National Forest and the western zone was mostly Lassen Volcanic National Park and Lassen National Forest. The eastern zone extended to the escarpment south of Milford, where firefighters continued efforts to protect the town. By September 6, containment had reached 57%, but extreme fire activity continued and strong winds pushed the fire down off the escarpment to containment lines at the base of the slope. By September 10, fire crews were "mopping up" heat near the fire's edge south of Milford. In the West Zone, winds pushed the fire to the northeast, threatening the communities of Hat Creek and Old Station. Old Station was put under an evacuation order on September 8, and by the 10th, the fire had jumped containment lines and crossed Highway 44. Fire crews began using Union Pacific Railroad’s fire train, which can deliver 30,000 gallons of water per load to fill water tenders. On September 9 the weather became more favorable, especially in the West Zone, with calm winds, overnight temperatures down into the 30s, up to a quarter-inch of rain, and rising humidity resulting in minimal fire activity. Favorable conditions were expected to continue throughout the week. As of September 13, the few remaining areas of persistent heat and flames were all within the interior of the burned area, and containment had increased to 86% by September 16. By September 18, the fire was 88% contained; firefighters reinforced containment lines and monitored/patrolled the fire for hot spots within the fire lines in advance of a red flag warning. Rain and work by firefighters on September 19 kept fire activity within the existing perimeter, and the increase in reported acreage on that date reflected area burned within that perimeter. On September 22, containment reached 95% and firefighters successfully completed containment around the last portion of uncontained fire in the Devil's Punchbowl area of the East Zone. On October 1, Devil's Punchbowl was devoid of heat based on infrared data and InciWeb indicated a 94% overall containment for the Dixie Fire (East and West Zone).


title: Dixie Fire

text: On January 4, 2022, CalFire determined that "the Dixie Fire was caused by a tree contacting electrical distribution lines owned and operated by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E) located west of Cresta Dam." CalFire forwarded the investigative report to the Butte County District Attorney's office, the same federal office that prosecuted PG&E in 2018 following the Camp Fire. PG&E pled guilty to 85 felonies in that case.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Though the 2018 and 2021 fires were both ignited in the Feather River canyon - ignitions were about 5 miles apart - the Camp Fire was caused by a faulty hook on a transmission tower that resulted in a power line touching the ground, while the Dixie Fire was caused by a "healthy green tree" falling and striking distribution lines.


title: Dixie Fire

text: The Dixie Fire destroyed 1,329 structures, of which at at least 600 were residential. It damaged another 96 structures, and threatened 14,000 more. Communities that were largely destroyed by the fire include Greenville, Canyondam, and Indian Falls. In downtown Greenville the fire destroyed multiple historic buildings, many dating back to the 19th-century California Gold Rush. In Lassen National Park, the fire destroyed the Mount Harkness Fire Lookout and possibly other historic facilities within the park. The Tásmam Koyóm valley that was returned to the Maidu as part of the Pacific Gas and Electric Company bankruptcy in 2019 lost a historic stagecoach stop and suffered damages to its cattle-grazing and culturally significant planting areas.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Three firefighters were injured on the Dixie Fire. One fatality was reported: a firefighter died due to COVID-19 illness suspected to have been contracted during suppression efforts.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On July 21, evacuation orders were issued for Butte Meadows in northeast Butte County and the west shore of Lake Almanor in Plumas County, while the east shore of Almanor and the town of Chester were under an evacuation warning. By July 24 evacuation orders were extended to Greenville, Crescent Mills, Taylorsville, and other communities along the Feather River canyons east and west of the fire, as well as Bucks Lake, Meadow Valley and parts of Quincy. As of July 25, about 7,400 people in Plumas County and 100 people in Butte County had been evacuated.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On August 3, Chester, Lake Almanor Peninsula and Hamilton Branch were evacuated as the fire advanced north toward Lassen National Park, bringing the total number of people evacuated to 26,500. On August 4 evacuation orders were issued in southwest Lassen County, particularly the areas south of Highway 44 and Mountain Meadows Reservoir, and evacuation warnings for Westwood and Pine Town.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Lassen Community College served as a major evacuation site for residents of Plumas and Lassen Counties. Meanwhile, dormitory residents and student athletes at the college were evacuated to Humboldt State University. On August 16, Lassen County Sheriff Officials identified and forcibly removed residents of Plumas County from their camp at Lassen College. The Lassen County Health and Social Services Department later clarified that evacuees from all counties were welcome at Lassen College and the Lassen County Sheriff's Department promised to investigate the circumstances surrounding the removal of evacuees.


title: Dixie Fire

text: On July 24, Lassen National Park was closed to backcountry camping, and the Warner Valley and Juniper Lake areas were closed to all visitors. On August 5, the entire park was closed to visitors as the Dixie Fire burned into the eastern side of the park.


title: Dixie Fire

text: As of August 2, State Routes 32, 89, 147, 36, and 70 were closed to through traffic in the area of the Dixie Fire.


title: Dixie Fire

text: Smoke from the Dixie Fire caused unhealthy air quality throughout the Western United States. On August 6 in Salt Lake City the small airborne particulates (PM) level spiked to more than 3 times the federal standard, and caused the area to temporarily have the worst air quality in the world. The particulates causing the poor air quality in Utah came from the Dixie and other fires. In early August, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment reported unhealthy air pollution levels in much of the state.


title: Dixie Fire

text: While not attributed specifically to the Dixie Fire, air quality in New York City was poorer than usual during the summer of 2021 due to wildfires in the western U.S.


title: Dixie Fire

text: The Dixie Fire resulted in the most expensive wildfire suppression effort in United States history, in part due to a reliance on contracted and higher-paid local and private firefighters. The final cost of containing the Dixie Fire came to $637.4 million, split between multiple agencies such as CAL FIRE and the U.S. Forest Service.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: Stylistically and thematically, the collection aligns with Murakami's previous work. The stories mesh normality with surrealism, and focus on painful issues involving loss, destruction, confusion and loneliness. The title for the book is derived from the final story in the collection.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: After being disturbed by a strange phone-call from an unknown woman demanding ten minutes of his time, a man goes in search of his wife's missing cat and meets a girl in a neighbor's garden.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A recently married couple in their late twenties lie in bed, famished; they have little in their refrigerator: a six-pack of beer and some cookies. After drinking and eating all of it, the man recounts to his wife a time he and his friend “robbed” a bakery ten years ago. The two intended to take all the bread they could from a bakery by force. The man who ran the bakery offers a counterproposal before the two men can act: since he is a Richard Wagner fanatic, if they listen to "Tannhäuser" and "The Flying Dutchman" with him in the bakery, he will give them all the bread they can carry. They agree, and the bread is enough to feed the two men for a few days. After hearing of that story, the woman suggests that they do the same thing, despite it being 2:30 A.M.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: They drive around Tokyo looking for a bakery but all of them are closed; they “compromise” to “rob” a McDonald's instead. With ski-masks and a Remington automatic shotgun, they enter the restaurant and demand thirty Big Macs. The three employees working there fulfill the peculiar request. The couple then leave the restaurant and drive until they find an empty parking lot; they then eat four to six Big Macs each until they are full. The man feels calm after this experience.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A man working in the product-control section of a department store received a letter from a woman who wrote to complain that she had mistakenly bought Mahler instead of Brahms. The man is captivated by the woman's letter of complaint and so decides to make personal contact with her after seeing Kangaroos at a zoo; he decides to call this letter to her "The Kangaroo Communiqué."


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A Tokyo man tells of passing the "100% perfect girl" for him in a Harajuku neighborhood. He imagines a scenario where an eighteen-year-old boy and a sixteen-year-old girl meet and agree that they are 100% perfect for each other. To prove their hypothesis, they agree to go their separate ways and let fate bring them back together. Years go by and one winter, they both get terrible influenza which causes them to forget much of their respective young adult years. They run into each other in Harajuku when he is thirty-two and she is thirty, but they do not stop for each other. The man says that this is what he should have said to the "100% perfect girl."


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A woman has not slept for 17 days but does not feel the need for sleep. She conceals her condition from her husband and children but spends the nights eating chocolate, drinking Rémy Martin brandy, reading "Anna Karenina" and going for drives through the city in her Civic. Ultimately, her insomnia takes her to a nearly deserted parking lot, where danger awaits.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A woman tells of her mother's divorce, prompted by a trip to buy some lederhosen in Germany as a souvenir for her husband who has remained at home in Tokyo. The shop refuses to sell her any as her husband is not there to be fitted, so she finds a stranger of the same size.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A 31-year-old married man and a 20-year-old woman begin a casual and unclear relationship. The woman, an amateur mime, decides to leave Japan for Algiers. Three months later, she returns with a Japanese boyfriend. One day, the woman and her boyfriend ask if they can visit the man's home; because his wife is away visiting relatives, he agrees to the gathering. The three drink carelessly and smoke marijuana in the man's living room; the woman needs to be helped to bed after smoking one joint.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: Back in the living room, the boyfriend tells him about his idiosyncratic need to burn a barn about every two months. Interested, the man asks why and how he does this. The boyfriend replies that he feels morally obligated to do so and that he picks the barns that he will burn based on their condition. After the woman wakes up, she and the boyfriend leave the man's place, leaving the man very curious about barn burning. He plans his next few days around scouting possible barns nearby that the boyfriend might burn. He narrows it down to five barns, and passes by all of them on his morning run for a month, but there are no signs of arson.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: The man sees the boyfriend again during Christmas and they share coffee. He asks if the boyfriend has burned a barn recently; he says he did a month ago. Before leaving, the boyfriend asks if the man has seen the woman lately; he says no, and the boyfriend says that he has not either, and she does not answer her phone or door. The man checks her apartment and sees that her mailbox is filled with fliers. When he checks again later, he sees a new name on the door and realizes that she has disappeared. Continuing his daily routine, he sometimes thinks about barns burning.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A monster burrows up into a woman's garden, breaks into her house, and proposes love. The creature can read her mind and she uses this fact to fight against it. Because of her adamant rejection of the monster, it eventually dies, reduced to nothing more than a shadow.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A bachelor and his younger sister live together in a Tokyo apartment. During a trip to Fisherman's Wharf in San Francisco, the sister meets a man named Noboru Watanabe who later becomes her fiancé; the man disapproves of her choice. The sister retorts by saying that she thinks her brother tries to make a joke out of everything.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: When the sister invites Noboru over for dinner at the apartment, the men get a chance to interact with each other talking about plans after the wedding. The bachelor then leaves to go out for a drink. He meets a woman at a bar; they talk about baseball and proceed to have sex at her apartment after a few more drinks. When he returns home, he and his sister have a talk about their sex lives, where they learn the number of partners they each slept with; the bachelor says twenty-six while the sister says two before she met Noboru. After, they proceed to their separate rooms for the night.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A graduate spends a year working at "The Pen Society" where he is employed to reply to letters from members, grading and making constructive comments on their prose. When he leaves he makes personal contact with one of his correspondents, a childless, married woman. They spend an evening at her place eating dinner and discussing their interests, particularly regarding arts and letters, before he leaves. When he passes by her neighborhood ten years later, he thinks fondly of that afternoon he spent with her.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: 20–30% smaller than normal people, the TV people install a television in the narrator's flat, but the change is ignored by his wife. He later spots them carrying a television through his workplace, but when he mentions it to his colleagues they change the subject. Then his wife disappears, but he meets TV People again.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: In 1959 or 1960 when the man was still in secondary school, he goes to a "Chinese elementary school" to take a standardize aptitude test. He remembers having to traverse up a hill to the classroom. When the proctor arrives he gives clear test-taking directions before announcing that he is Chinese and teaches at the school. He then asks the forty test-takers to respect the desks by not vandalizing them. Everyone but the narrator responds "yes" and the proctor tells them to be proud.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: As a nineteen-year-old college student in Tokyo, he meets a similar-aged Chinese woman during a part-time job at a publisher's warehouse; being born in Japan, she has little ties to her ethnic background. After their final day on the job, they agree to have dinner together and go to the discotheque. After their night of leisure, he mistakenly directs her onto the wrong train. Noticing his mistake, he takes the next train to the last station to reunite with her. After admitting his mistake and the woman confessing her insecurities, he says that he will call her tomorrow before she takes the next train back home. The following morning, he realizes that he threw away the matchbook on which her phone number was written. Despite that gaffe, he tries multiple alternatives to obtaining her number but is unsuccessfully; he never sees her again.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: As a 28-year-old businessman, the man runs into a Chinese classmate from high school in Aoyama. Although they talk for a while in a coffee shop, the man is unable to recall who his colleague is until the line "a lot of water has gone under the bridge" is uttered, a memorable line from their English textbook from high school. The colleague then tells him about how he sells encyclopedias to Chinese families in Tokyo. Wanting for information about the infobooks, he gives his business card to the colleague before they go their separate ways.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: A man working at a factory manufacturing elephants dreams of a dancing dwarf, then hears the dwarf existed and danced for the king prior to the revolution. In a subsequent dream he makes a pact with the dwarf to win the heart of a beautiful girl at the factory dance.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: Proud of his work, a man decides to give up his job mowing lawns as having split up from his girlfriend he no longer needs the money. He tells of his last assignment near Yomiuri Land.(1987)


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: While waiting for a flight to Niigata, an unnamed narrator asks his friend Ozawa, an amateur boxer, if the pugilist has ever punched another person over an argument; Ozawa responds by saying that he did once, during a middle school feud with classmate Aoki.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: Aoki was a model student who always got the top scores on tests. However, during one English test in middle school, Ozawa bested Aoki's score; Ozawa confesses that his parents promising him to buy an exclusive item motivated him to study harder than ever before. When Aoki learns of his "failure," he spreads the rumor that Ozawa cheated on the test. When Ozawa confronted Aoki about the incident, Aoki showed much contempt and Ozawa retaliated by punching him in the jaw; the two do not talk for years even when they are in high school.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: During the final year of high school, Matsumoto, a classmate of both boys, committed suicide by jumping in front of a train. When the police investigated the tragedy, they learned that he was bullied by classmates, but are not sure of who gave him the bruises. They suspected Ozawa because of his boxing background and because he had hit another student in the past; Ozawa concluded that Aoki spread that rumor about him, still feeling sore about their run-in during middle school. Ozawa, despite being cleared of any wrongdoing, was still ignored by his classmates; they maintained a complete silence towards him for the rest of high school. Once, he stared down Aoki while enduring the silence until the end of the school year.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: Ozawa tells the narrator that he has an idiosyncratic admiration for people like Aoki who cunningly seize opportunity. Ozawa then expresses disappointment in humanity that so many are willing to believe lies and follow without question people like Aoki. The two men decide to get a beer as they continue to wait for their flight.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: An elderly elephant and its keeper disappear without a trace, the narrator being the last to see them.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: While the list above details which stories appeared before the publication of "The Elephant Vanishes", many of the stories have also appeared elsewhere more recently:


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: The British theatre company Complicite collaborated with Japan's Setagaya Public Theatre to produce a stage adaptation also entitled "The Elephant Vanishes." The production featured three of the stories in Murakami's collection ("Sleep," "The Second Bakery Attack," and the title story). Directed by Simon McBurney and starring a Japanese cast, the play opened in May, 2003, in Tokyo before touring internationally in limited festival runs. The performance was in Japanese with English supertitles.


title: The Elephant Vanishes

text: The show incorporated a great deal of multimedia, which Complicite had traditionally eschewed, but married it with the company's trademark communal storytelling and demanding physical performance style. The eponymous elephant, for example, was represented at one time by a magnified eye on a video screen, and at another time by four live actors bent over office chairs. This combination of technical wizardry and compelling human narrative received high praise from critics, who also cited the play's humor, realism, and dreamlike motion, a fitting tribute to Murakami's prose.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Galen Rupp (born May 8, 1986) is an American long-distance runner. He competed in the Summer Olympics in 2008 in Beijing, 2012 in London, 2016 in Rio de Janeiro and 2021 in Tokyo. He won the silver medal in the men's 10,000-meter run in London and the bronze medal in the men's marathon in Rio de Jeneiro. Rupp competed for the University of Oregon and trained under Alberto Salazar as a member of the Nike Oregon Project. He won the 2017 Chicago Marathon, becoming the first American to do so since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002. Rupp won marathon at the United States Olympic Trials in Atlanta on February 29, 2020, with a time of 2:09:20, and qualified for the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, where he took eighth place.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp currently holds multiple U.S. records at the high school, collegiate and senior levels. They include records in the indoor two-mile run and 3,000-meter run with times of 8:07.41 and 7:30.16, respectively. He is considered to be one of the greatest American distance runners of all time.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Born in Portland, Oregon, into a Catholic family of German descent, Rupp set junior and American high school records while competing for Portland, Oregon's Central Catholic High School. Originally a soccer player, he caught the eye of American marathon legend Alberto Salazar, who coached him to great high school success, including two Oregon state titles in cross country (2002 and 2003) and three individual championships in track and field (the 1,500-meter run in 2004 and the 3,000-meter run in 2003 and 2004). After winning the Oregon state title in cross country in 2003, he went on to finish second nationally in the 2003 Foot Locker Cross Country Championships. In the spring of 2004, Rupp won his 5,000-meter run heat against college runners at the Stanford Cardinal Invitational with a time of 13:55.32, fourth-best in U.S. prep history. He went on to break the Oregon state records for the 1,500-meter run (3:45.3) and the mile (4:01.8), the latter mark being the ninth-best in American high school history at the time.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In June 2004, Rupp broke the U.S. high school record for the 3,000-meter run with a time of 8:03.67 (since broken by German Fernandez), also breaking the high school record for the 2,000-meter run en route (5:18.5). On July 31 in Heusden-Zolder, Belgium, he broke Gerry Lindgren's 40-year-old U.S. high school record for the 5,000-meter run by almost seven seconds, with a time of 13:37.91 for the event. He finished his high school career with a 10,000-meter race in 29:09.56 in Brasschaat, Belgium, which was the fourth-fastest ever for an American high schooler. He was the "Track and Field News" "High School Athlete of the Year" in 2004.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp delayed entering college, instead continuing to train and compete while coached by Salazar. He won the USA Junior Cross Country title in mid-February 2005 then placed 20th at the 2005 World Junior Cross Country Championships in France in mid-March. He then enrolled at the University of Oregon in time for the outdoor track season.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On May 7, 2005, at the Oregon Twilight Meet, Rupp brokeRudy Chapa's U.S. junior (age 19 and under) record for the 10,000-meter run with a time of 28:25.52, which is still the current North American and Pan American junior record. Two months later, he placed second in the same event at the NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championship. On July 17, 2005, Rupp brokeGerry Lindgren's U.S. junior record for the 3,000-meter run in Lignano, Italy, with a time of 7:49.16, which is also the current North American and Pan American junior record.


title: Galen Rupp

text: After he led the team in the Willamette Invitational (sixth) and Pre-NCAA Invitational (12th), an injury brought Rupp's 2005 cross country season to an early end.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In indoor track, Rupp placed fifth in the 5,000-meter run and sixth in the 3,000-meter run at the 2006 NCAA indoor championships, earning All-American status in both events. His 2006 outdoor season was brief due to the onset of hypothyroidism.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp returned to cross country in 2006 to defeat two-time Pac-10 champion Robert Cheseret, Bernard Lagat's brother, of the University of Arizona to become Oregon's 10th male runner to win a Pac-10 Conference cross country title. He also led a young Oregon team to victory over the Stanford Cardinal, who had won the previous six Pac-10 titles. Rupp went on to finish sixth in the 2006 NCAA Men's Cross Country Championship.


title: Galen Rupp

text: The following March, Rupp capped his indoor season by placing third in the 5,000-meter run and fourth in the 3,000-meter run at the 2007 NCAA Men's Indoor Track and Field Championship. He began his outdoor season by running a 28:35 in the 10,000-meter run at Stanford. During the race, he caused some controversy by frequently slowing down to wait for another athlete. On April 20, 2007, Rupp made a huge comeback in the last 200 meters of a 5,000-meter run race to edge out Chris Solinsky, improving his personal best to 13:30. On April 29, 2007, Rupp defeated a stellar field to win the men's 10,000-meter run at the Payton Jordan Cardinal Invitational at Stanford. Rupp's time of 27:33.48 set an American-born NCAA Collegiate Record for the event and also gave him the seventh-fastest time in U.S. history. Two weeks later, Rupp won the 10,000-meter run and 5000-meter run at the Pac-10 conference meet and helped Oregon to the team title. As in his freshman year, he went on to finish second in the 10,000-meter run at the NCAA Outdoor Track and Field Championships.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp made his global senior debut at the 2007 World Championships in Athletics and came in 11th in the 10,000-meter run.


title: Galen Rupp

text: A few months later, Rupp finished second – one second behind the winner, Liberty University's Josh McDougal – and led the Oregon Ducks to the 2007 NCAA men's cross country team championship.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp redshirted the 2008 college track season to focus on the 10,000-meter run at the 2008 U.S. Olympic Track and Field Trials, where he finished second (27:43.11), earning a spot on the 2008 U.S. Olympic team. He went on to finish 13th at the 2008 Olympics with an U.S. Olympic–record time of 27:36.99.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Recovering from the Olympics, Rupp avoided the early 2008 cross country season, running his first race at the Pac-10 Conference Championships, which he won in a course-record 22:55 in the 8,000 meter run. He then repeated as NCAA West Regional champion by running 27:41.24 to win the 10,000-meter run. In the 2008 NCAA national cross country championships, Rupp won his first individual NCAA title by out-kicking Liberty University's Sam Chelanga in a time of 29:03.8, a new course record on the Terre Haute, Indiana, site, and leading the Ducks to repeat as NCAA team champions.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp's 2009 track season was a resounding success. Indoors, he joined the sub-4:00 club for the one-mile run on March 7 with a time of 3:57.86 at the Husky Last Chance Qualifier Meet in Seattle. On February 13, 2009, he broke the U.S. indoor 5,000-meter run record with a time of 13:18.12 at the Tyson Invitational in Fayetteville, Arkansas. At the NCAA indoor nationals, he won an unprecedented three events: the 5,000-meter run (13:41.45), the distance medley relay (running a 3:57.07 as the 1,600-meter run anchor leg only 90 minutes after his 5,000-meter run victory), and the 3000-meter run (7:48.94) the next day. This triple victory helped Oregon win its first-ever indoor national team title.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Outdoors, Rupp helped break the NCAA 4 x mile record on May 10. He ran a time of 3:58.93 as the anchor the relay, which also included his Oregon teammates Matthew Centrowitz Jr. (3:59.53), Andrew Wheating (3:59.60) and Shadrack Kiptoo-Biwott (4:05.21), and they shaved a little more than one second off the old record with their time of 16:03.24. After helping Oregon defend its Pac-10 title, Rupp won the 5,000- and 10,000-meter runs at the 2009 NCAA Division I outdoor track championships. In all, Rupp earned 14 All-American honors at Oregon, along with five individual championships, a relay championship, two NCAA cross country team titles and an indoor track NCAA team title.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In his last appearance for the University of Oregon, Rupp won the 10,000-meter run at the 2009 USA Outdoor Track & Field Championships at Hayward Field with a time of 27:52.53.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In 2009 Rupp won the inaugural Bowerman Award, which is given to college track's Athlete of the Year.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Having earned himself a place on the U.S. team for the 2009 World Championships in Athletics, Rupp announced that he was turning pro and that Michael Johnson would be his agent. At the World Championships, Rupp placed eighth in the 10,000- meter run, in which he was one of only two non-Africans in the top 12 alongside Dathan Ritzenhein.


title: Galen Rupp

text: He then qualified for and competed at the 2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships, where he set a personal best of 7:42.40 for the 3,000-meter run, taking fifth place in the final.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp knocked more than 20 seconds off his previous 10,000-meter run personal best with a time of 27:10.74 in Palo Alto, California, at the Payton Jordan Stanford Invitational. Before that race, the U.S. 10,000-meter run record was 27:13.98 by Meb Keflezighi, and though Rupp's time was over three seconds faster, he was beaten to the punch by Chris Solinsky, who won the race with a new U.S. record of 26:59.60. Two months later, Rupp retained his national title in the 10,000-meter run with a win at the 2010 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships. Rupp competed on the 2010 IAAF Diamond League circuit and made a series of improvements to his personal records: He broke four minutes for the one-mile run at the Pre Classic, running it in 3:57.72, set a outdoor 3,000-meter run personal best of 7:43.24 at the London Grand Prix, and then improved his 5,000-meter run time to 13:07.35 at the season-ending Weltklasse Zürich meeting.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp took part in the Great Edinburgh Cross Country in 2011 and finished second behind Mo Farah, helping the U.S. team to second place. He then took part in the New York City Half Marathon, his debut at that distance and finished third in a time of 1:00:30, at the time making him the third-fastest American at the distance. At the 2011 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, he once again retained his national 10,000-meter run title, running the last 800 meters in a quick 1:52.59 to seal his victory, and came back the next day to finish third in the 5,000-meter run. In July, he improved his 5,000-meter run personal best to 13:06.86 at the Diamond League meeting in Birmingham, England, out-sprinting the reigning world cross country champion, Imane Merga, for second place behind winner, Mo Farah.


title: Galen Rupp

text: At the 2011 World Championships in Athletics, Rupp finished seventh in the 10,000-meter run with a seasonal best of 27:26.84. He then doubled back to run the 5,000-meter, and though he was in the lead with Farah with a little more than a lap remaining, he was out-kicked and finished in ninth place with a time of 13:28.64.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp finished his track season with a new U.S. record in the 10,000-meter run when he ran in 26:48.00 to finish third behind winner, Kenenisa Bekele, at the Memorial Van Damme meet on September 16, 2011. This time made Rupp the 16th-fastest performer in history for that distance.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp broke Bernard Lagat's U.S. indoor two-mile run record on February 11, 2012, when he won the event at the USA Track & Field Classic meet in Fayetteville, Arkansas, in a time of 8:09.72. (Lagat reclaimed the record in 2013 at the Millrose Games in New York City.) In June, Rupp became the sixth American to break 13 minutes for the 5,000-meter run when he ran 12:58.90 at the Prefontaine Classic. He won the 10,000-meter run at the 2012 United States Olympic Trials in a time of 27:25.33, which set a new Trials record, breaking Meb Keflezighi's time of 27:36.49 from 2004, and secured Rupp's second trip to the Olympic Games.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On June 28, 2012, Rupp broke Steve Prefontaine's last remaining record – his Olympic Trials 5000-meter run record from 1972 – winning the race in 13:22.67.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On August 4, 2012, at the London Olympic Games, Rupp took a surprise silver medal in the 10,000-meter run behind his training partner Mo Farah with a time of 27:30:90, after running his last lap in 53.8 seconds. This was the first time a U.S. man had earned a medal in the Olympic 10,000-meter run in 48 years, the last being Billy Mills's gold in the 1964 Olympics. On August 8, 2012, Rupp advanced to the final of the 5,000-meter run with a sixth-place finish in 13:17.56. Two days later, in the 5000-meter Olympic final, Rupp placed seventh in 13:45.04.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On January 26, 2013, at the indoor Terrier Classic at Boston University, Rupp attempted to break the U.S. indoor one-mile run record, winning with a time of 3:50.92 – the fifth-fastest at the time – in a field that included four other sub-four-minute performers. Among Americans, Rupp's time was behind only that of Bernard Lagat. Rupp placed second at the Boston Indoor Grand Prix 3,000-meter run. On February 21, 2013, Rupp broke Lagat's national indoor 3,000-meter run record by more than two seconds with a time of 7:30.16 at the XL Galan meet in Stockholm, Sweden.


title: Galen Rupp

text: During the start of his 2013 outdoor season, he did not finish the 5,000-meter run at the Oxy High Performance Meet, but he placed second in the 1,500-meter run with a time of 3:36.98. He placed sixth in the Prefontaine Classic 5,000-meter run. At the 2013 USA Track & Field Championships, he won his fifth-consecutive outdoor 10,000-meter run title, finishing with a time of 28:47.32. His teammate, Dathan Ritzenhein, led the last four laps or so, but he was out-kicked by Rupp in the end. He was also the runner-up in the 5,000-meter run to Bernard Lagat. These finishes qualified Rupp for two events at the IAAF World Championships in Moscow. He raced in the 5000-meter run at the Monaco Diamond League Meet, where there were rumors of him and Lagat going after the U.S. record. However, Rupp came out on top because Lagat did not finish, and no U.S. record was broken that day. At the London Diamond League meet, his last event before Moscow, he raced in the Emsley Carr Mile, in which he was the top American in an international field, even though he is a 10,000-meter run specialist. He set an outdoor personal best of 3:52.11, beating out a field that included his 1,500-meter run specialist teammate Matthew Centrowitz.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On August 10, 2013, at the 14th IAAF World Championships in Moscow, Russia, Rupp placed fourth in the 10,000-meter run final with a 27:24.39, a seasonal-best performance. He followed up that performance with a time of 13:29.87 run in the 5,000-meter run finals, placing eighth.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp set the U.S. indoor 5,000-meter run record at Boston University on January 16, 2014, with a time of 13:01.26, breaking Lopez Lomong's previous record of 13:07.00.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On January 25, Rupp set the U.S. record for the indoor two-mile run with a time of 8:07.41, breaking the previous record of 8:09.49 by Bernard Lagat on February 16, 2013.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On May 30, Rupp finished with a time of 26:44.36 at the Prefontaine Classic in the 10,000-meter run, breaking his own U.S. record of 26:48.00, which was set on September 16, 2011.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On June 27, Rupp won his sixth-consecutive 10,000-meter run title at the USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships with a time of 28:12.07.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On June 10 and July 5, Rupp attempted to break the U.S. record for the outdoor 5,000-meter run but was unsuccessful both times.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In its annual World Rankings issue in 2014, "Track & Field News" magazine recognized Rupp as the world's top athlete in the 10,000-meter run, marking the first time an American runner claimed the No. 1 position since the 1985 season.


title: Galen Rupp

text: At the 2015 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships, Rupp won his seventh-consecutive 10,000-meter run national title, finishing wit a time of 28:11.61 – less than three seconds ahead of runner-up Ben True.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On August 22, 2015, in the 10,000-meter run at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics, Rupp ran with the breakaway lead pack of his training partner Mo Farah and three Kenyan athletes, as they tried to act as a team to beat Farah. Farah started a long kick, resulting in a 54.15 last lap for the victory; Rupp placed fifth with a time of 27:08.91.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On February 13, 2016, Rupp qualified for the U.S. National Team for the 2016 Rio Olympics as a marathoner. It was the first marathon that Rupp had competed in, becoming the second American runner in history to win the Olympic marathon trials on their first attempt. He beat second-place finisher, Meb Keflezighi, by over a minute, recording the winning time of 2:11:13 on a warm day in Los Angeles.


title: Galen Rupp

text: A few months later, on July 1, Rupp won the 10,000-meter run at the United States Olympic Trials with a time of 27:55.04, qualifying for the Olympics in a second event. At the same meet, he placed ninth in the 5,000-meter run.


title: Galen Rupp

text: At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Rupp placed fifth in the 10,000-meter run. Eight days later, Rupp finished third and earned a bronze medal in the Olympic Marathon with a time of 2:10:05.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On April 1, 2017, Rupp finished 11th in the Prague Half Marathon, finishing with a time of 1:01:59. On April 17, Rupp finished second in the 2017 Boston Marathon with a time of 2:09:58, which was 21 seconds behind winner, Geoffrey Kirui.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On September 4, Rupp won the Faxon Law New Haven Road Race – a 20,000-meter road race in New Haven, Connecticut – with a time of 59:04, holding off Leonard Korir at the finish line, while Sam Chelanga finished in third place with a time of 59:16.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On October 8, Rupp won the Bank of America Chicago Marathon with a time of 2:09:20, becoming the first American male to win the race since Khalid Khannouchi in 2002 and the first American-born runner to win since Greg Meyer in 1982.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On March 11, 2018, Rupp won the Roma-Ostia Half Marathon with a time of 59:47, becoming the second American to run a half marathon in under 60 minutes. He fell short of Ryan Hall's U.S. record by four seconds.


title: Galen Rupp

text: At the 2018 Boston Marathon, Rupp dropped out of the race near the 20-mile mark, just before Heartbreak Hill.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On October 7, Rupp finished fifth at the 2018 Chicago Marathon with a time of 2:06:21. The race was won convincingly by his former training partner Mo Farah, who finished in 2:05:11.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp underwent surgery on October 19 to correct a condition called Haglund's syndrome, a bony bump on his heel that was causing his Achilles tendon to fray. The condition is believed to be a congenital disorder. Rupp has the bumps on both heels, though to date only the left one has been problematic.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Controversy rose when Rupp's former coach Alberto Salazar was accused of providing his athletes with performance-enhancing drugs. In October 2019, Salazar was given a four-year ban from athletics by the United States Anti-Doping Agency.


title: Galen Rupp

text: On February 29, 2020, Rupp won the 2020 United States Olympic Marathon Trials in Atlanta with a time of 2:09:20. This is his second victory at the event, having also won in 2016.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp finished eighth in the Olympic Marathon, which was held in Sapporo, Japan, on August 8, 2021. Rupp ran with the leaders through the first 30,000 kilometers but could not match the move made by eventual winner, Eliud Kipchoge, finishing three minutes and three seconds behind him with a time of 2:11:41.


title: Galen Rupp

text: In September, Rupp placed third in the Great North Run – the second-largest half marathon in the world – which was won by Marc Scott.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Weeks later, Rupp placed second in the Chicago Marathon in warm and windy conditions with a time of 2:06:35.


title: Galen Rupp

text: After battling injuries and illness, Rupp placed 19th in the marathon at the World Athletics Championships, but he claimed he was improving.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp made his debut in the 2022 New York City Marathon, dropping out before the 30,000-kilometer mark, as he could not keep up with the leading pack after Evans Chebet of Kenya started pushing just before 25,000-kilometer mark.


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp is married to Keara Rupp. They have four children: twins Emmie and Grayson (born in July 2014), Jaden (born in November 2016) and Lucas (born in February 2019).


title: Galen Rupp

text: Rupp's former coach Alberto Salazar was at the center of doping allegations in 2015. In October 2019, it was announced that Salazar, as well as Nike consultant Dr. Jeffrey Brown, would be banned from the sport for a period of four years due to the trafficking of testosterone, the prohibited use of L-carnitine and tampering with doping controls. Salazar disputes the findings and plans to appeal. In January 2020, Rupp announced his new coach would be Mike Smith, who is the head coach at Northern Arizona University.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: , sometimes stylized as ASUKA, is the ring name of a Japanese professional wrestler. She is currently working as a freelancer and is best known for being with other wrestling promotions such as Pro Wrestling Wave and Seadlinnng.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: Asuka participated in a 50-person gauntlet match at OZ Academy/Manami Toyota Produce Manami Toyota 30th Anniversary, Manami Toyota's retirement show produced by Oz Academy on November 3, 2017, where she was the 19th person to get eliminated. She participated at ZERO1 Dream Series: Sozo no Jin, an event promoted by Pro Wrestling Zero1 on March 4, 2018, where she teamed up with Takuya Sugawara to unsuccessfully challenge Masamune and Sugi for the NWA International Lightweight Tag Team Championship. At Grow Together! 2021, an event promoted by Seadlinnng from March 17, Asuka defeated Rina Yamashita to win the vacant Beyond the Sea Single Championship. At ZERO1 20th Anniversary Series: Believe 'Z' Road from February 7, Asuka unsuccessfully challenged El Lindaman for both Zero1 World Junior Heavyweight Championship and Zero1 International Junior Heavyweight Championship. Asuka participated at WRESTLE-1 Tour 2019 W-Impact, an event produced by Wrestle-1 on February 13, where she teamed up with Hana Kimura as FloÜrish to defeat Kaori Yoneyama and Miyuki Takase.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: At Sweet Dreams 2019 on January 27, she won the Ironman Heavymetalweight Championship competing in a 8-man battle royal also involving Chinsuke Nakamura, Kazuki Hirata, Kazusada Higuchi, Keisuke Okuda, Kikutaro, Toru Owashi and Yuki Iino. At the Ganbare☆Pro-Wrestling event Cliffhanger 2021 on February 21, Asuka teamed up with Hagane Shinno and Shinichiro Tominaga to defeat Dreams Haru True (Keisuke Ishii, Kouki Iwasaki and Harukaze) for the GWC 6-Man Tag Team Championship. At Heaven's Door 2020 on August 22, Asuka defeated Hagane Shinno to win the Independent World Junior Heavyweight Championship.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: Asuka made her debut as a professional wrestler in Pro Wrestling Wave on August 9, 2015 in a losing effort to Yuu Yamagata. She participated in the Catch the Wave tournament in 2016, competing in the Mandarin Orange block against Dash Chisako, Yuki Miyazaki and Hibiscus Mii, finishing with two points. Asuka competed at the Hana Kimura Produce HANA on August 7, 2016, where she teamed with Masato Inaba and Super Delfin to defeat Abdullah Kobayashi, Hayate and Kyoko Kimura in a six-person tag team match. Asuka participated in the Catch The Wave 2018 Tournament, competing in the Crazy Block against Rina Yamashita, Nagisa Nozaki, Ryo Mizunami, Yumi Ohka and Miyuki Takase, finishing with a total of three points, and receiving a technique award due to competing while injured. Asuka won the Wave Single Championship at WAVE Anivarsario WAVE 2018 on August 19, where she defeated Takumi Iroha.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: On February 3, 2021, at Beach Break, she was announced as a participant in the AEW Women's World Championship Eliminator Tournament under the ring name Veny (stylized in all capital letters). She lost to Emi Sakura in the first round which aired on February 15. On February 28, 2021, she teamed up with Maki Itoh and Emi Sakura in a losing effort to Hikaru Shida, Mei Suruga and Rin Kadokura in a six-person tag team match.


title: Asuka (wrestler, born 1998)

text: Asuka is the first known transgender professional wrestler from Japan. Firstly she came out as gay to her father at the age of 16 and later dropped out of high school to pursue a professional wrestling career.


title: A Witch's Love

text: A Witch's Love () is a 2014 South Korean television series starring Uhm Jung-hwa and Park Seo-joon. It aired on cable channel tvN from April 14 to June 10, 2014 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:40 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes.


title: A Witch's Love

text: Sparks fly when Ji-yeon and Dong-ha meet, and despite the age difference, they find a lot in common with each other, including their scarred hearts.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, (born 7 January 1939) is a Greek prince, historian, and author. He has written several historical books and biographies of Greek and other European figures, in addition to working as a contributing writer to "Architectural Digest".


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: He is a first cousin of the late Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: He was born in Rome to Prince Christopher of Greece and Denmark (youngest son of King George I of Greece) and his second wife Princess Françoise d'Orléans of France (daughter of the Orleanist claimant to the defunct French throne, Prince Jean d'Orléans, Duke of Guise).


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: His godparents were his two first cousins Queen Helen, Queen Mother of Romania and King George II of Greece (eldest children of his paternal uncle King Constantine I).


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: His father died when he was a year old, leaving Michael an only child, and his mother died in 1953 when he was 14, leaving him an orphan. Although a Greek prince, like many members of his dynasty he grew up largely abroad, sometimes in exile. As Europe marched into World War II, the infant Michael's family scattered: his mother's father, the Duke of Guise, left his residence of exile in Brussels, the "", for their property at Larache, Morocco in March 1939 where he died on 24 August, the "Manoir" having become the Belgian headquarters for Germany's invading "Wehrmacht".


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Less than six months after her father's death, Françoise was widowed by the death of Prince Christopher, following an abscess of the lung, in Athens in January. She took Michael to join her mother's household in Larache where her elder sister, Princess Isabelle Murat and her family, had also taken refuge from Europe. Their brother, Henri, Count of Paris, who succeeded his own father as head of the Orleanist monarchist movement, sent for his wife and children to come from their relatives in Brazil, and by the spring of 1941 they too were settled in Spanish Morocco (still being banned from the French sector), near Casablanca, in a small house without electricity that was named "Oued Akreech" in the town of Rabat. Michael lived his early childhood years on the African continent in the midst of his mother's family. Later, they also spent time in Spain.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: By the time Michael's mother died in Paris in early 1953, France had repealed the law of banishment against its former ruling families (24 June 1950) and the Comte de Paris had taken up residence in the capital. When, in August 1953, "Monseigneur" moved the Comtesse and their children to a new estate, the "Manoir du Cœur Volant" in Louveciennes, Michael joined the couple and their four eldest children in the main building, while the seven younger children and their governesses occupied an annex given the name "la maison de Blanche Neige" ("Snow White's cottage"). Henceforth, Michael was given into the care of his uncle and raised with his Orléans cousins.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Michael later acknowledged that his uncle had been a poor manager of his ward's assets, but maintained that there was no malfeasance or attempt to conceal losses. He would also comment that, allegations to the contrary notwithstanding, his uncle's notorious relationship with his assistant Monique Friesz in his later years, during which substantial assets were presumed to have been consumed or diverted, did not reflect manipulation on her part so much as the desire of the Comte de Paris for companionship when he chose to isolate himself from the society, culture and luxury to which he had previously been accustomed.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: He is the last surviving grandchild of George I of Greece and one of the 2 last surviving great-grandchildren of Christian IX of Denmark (the other is his second cousin Christian Castenskiold, son of Princess Dagmar of Denmark).


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Michael studied political science in Paris. He then re-patriated to Greece for military duty, serving a term in the Hellenic Coast Guard, discharged with the rank of Sub-lieutenant.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: He inherited from his mother a half-interest in the domain of the Nouvion-en-Thiérache, once the seat of the Dukes of Guise, from whom the Bourbon-Orléans inherited the vast property, which included a "grand château" and a "petit château", in Aisne. The Comte de Paris owned the other half of the Nouvion. He and Michael sold the "grand château" in 1980 to the city of Roubaix, which subsequently became a conference center for environmental studies, while the "petit château" was sold in 1986 to the local government of Nouvion.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Having watched his mother observe a family tradition by igniting what he called a kind of "auto-da-fé" in which she burned his late father's papers and memorabilia following the sale of his villa in Rome after the war, Prince Michael grew up to become a biographer and historian. He has written several biographies about members of ruling dynasties, those about contemporaries often including accounts and anecdotes attributed to his royal relatives. He has also written novels about historical royalty, distinguished for meticulous detail.


title: Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark

text: Michael married Marina Karella (b. 17 July 1940) on 7 February 1965 in Athens, daughter of Theodore Karella and Ellie Chalikiopoulos. Marina is a Greek artist and sculptor of international reputation whose work has often been exhibited in Athens, Paris and New York. The marriage was held at the Royal Palace in Athens. This was a non-dynastic marriage, which obtained the legally required authorisation of King Constantine II only after Michael renounced all rights of succession to the Greek throne for himself and his descendants.


title: Clafoutis

text: Clafoutis (; ), sometimes spelled clafouti in Anglophone countries, is a baked French dessert of fruit, traditionally black cherries, arranged in a buttered dish and covered with a thick flan-like batter. The clafoutis is dusted with powdered sugar and served lukewarm, sometimes with cream.


title: Clafoutis

text: A traditional Limousin clafoutis contains not only the flesh of the cherries used, but also the nut-like kernels in the stones. Cherry kernels contain benzaldehyde, the compound responsible for the dominant flavour in almond extract. They also contain a small amount of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside - a compound potentially capable of releasing cyanide if consumed, but non-toxic in small quantities.


title: Clafoutis

text: The clafoutis comes from the Limousin region of France, and while black cherries are traditional, there are numerous variations using other fruits, including red cherries, plums, prunes, apples, pears, cranberries or blackberries. When other kinds of fruit are used instead of cherries, the dish is properly called a flaugnarde.


title: Clafoutis

text: One reported derivation of dish's name is from Occitan "clafotís", from the verb "clafir", meaning "to fill" (implied: "the batter with cherries").. Another reported derivation is that "clafir" comes from old French "claufir", meaning "to fix with nails," explained as the cherries having the appearance of nail heads. Clafoutis apparently spread throughout France during the 19th century.


title: Clafoutis

text: In her autobiographical novel "The War: A Memoir", French resister and writer Marguerite Duras carefully gathers up the rationed ingredients to make her husband a clafoutis when he returns from the concentration camps, only to find that he is too weak from malnutrition and exposure to eat it.


title: Clafoutis

text: In the film "First Cow" (2019), Otis "Cookie" Figowitz bakes a blueberry clafoutis for a visiting ship's Captain in the wilderness of mid-19th century Oregon.


title: Ubisoft Anvil

text: Ubisoft Anvil (until 2009 known as Scimitar and until 2020 as AnvilNext) is a game engine created by Ubisoft Montreal and used in 2007 game "Assassin's Creed". The engine is used on Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, PlayStation Vita, Wii U, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S and Stadia.


title: Ubisoft Anvil

text: Claude Langlais, the technical director of Ubisoft Montreal, says that modeling is done in 3ds Max for environments and ZBrush for characters. The engine uses Autodesk's HumanIK middleware to correctly position the character's hands and feet in climbing and pushing animations at run-time. Anvil has been improved for "Assassin's Creed II". Features added include a full night and day cycle, enhanced draw distance, the same vegetation technology used in "Far Cry 2", improved lighting, reflection and special effects, new cloth system, and a new AI and NPC navigation system. "" short films made by Hybride Technologies (a post-production VFX studio acquired by Ubisoft) and Ubisoft Digital Arts used assets from Anvil to recreate the environment in which the live actors are filmed.


title: Ubisoft Anvil

text: In 2012 an updated version was released called AnvilNext, which was developed for "Assassin's Creed III" and beyond, featuring a number of enhancements. Firstly, AnvilNext adds support for a new weather system, which allows for specific weather settings as well as an automatically cycling mode as seen in "Assassin's Creed IV". Secondly, the renderer was rewritten for higher efficiency and support for additional post-processing techniques, enabling up to 3,000 non-playable characters to be rendered in real time (compared to the few 100s in the previous Anvil engine). Finally, AnvilNext adds technology from "Far Cry 4" to support a more dynamic sandbox environment and new water technology, where the game world could change over time depending on player actions and progression. This means enemy settlements on both land and sea may appear/disappear relating to the events in the game, and water effects could be adjusted accordingly. More importantly, AnvilNext starting with "Assassin's Creed Unity" is capable of generating structures in a flexible and automatic manner while following specific design rules and templates, which reduces the amount of time and manual effort required for artists and designers to create an intricate urban environment. Specific landmarks, such as the "Notre Dame de Paris", are still designed by hand but now could be rendered at an almost 1:1 ratio to its real-life counterpart. AnvilNext also features improved AI for non-playable characters.


title: Ubisoft Anvil

text: The engine received a variety of significant upgrades, including pre-baked Global Illumination, reflection mapping, volumetric fog, dynamic weather, and dynamic foliage to name but a few examples. For Unity there has been a similar upgrade, advanced control mechanics with Physically Based Rendering (PBR) being the stand-out addition, enabling materials, objects and surfaces to look and react more realistically to lighting, shading and shadowing. Furthermore, the Global Illumination system is now more realistic with the addition of volumetric technology, physics-led objects react more realistically, and cloth behaves in a realistic manner on the protagonist, in the environment, and on other characters. The world now supports larger landmasses, more objects, bigger buildings, building interiors that can be accessed without loading screens, and many other additions that enhance visual fidelity, immersion, and the gameplay.


title: Area code 513

text: Area code 513 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the southwest of the U.S. state of Ohio, including Cincinnati and surrounding cities, such as Forest Park, Hamilton, Lebanon, West Chester, Mason, Maineville, Middletown, Milford, Norwood, Oxford, Harrison, Cleves, Miamitown and Trenton.


title: Area code 513

text: The first nationwide telephone numbering plan of 1947 divided Ohio into four numbering plan areas (NPAs), forming a quadrant layout for telecommunication services in the state. AT&T assigned area code 513 to the southwestern quadrant, which included Cincinnati and Dayton.


title: Area code 513

text: Due to the proliferation of cell phones and pagers in the 1990s, the numbering plan area had to be split in 1996 to provide more central office prefixes and telephone numbers. The eastern and northern portions, including Dayton, received area code 937. This made 513 largely coextensive with the Cincinnati metropolitan area, though a few outer eastern suburbs transferred to 937.


title: Area code 513

text: In 2000, area code 283 was reserved for numbering plan area 513 to create an overlay plan. Although permissive dialing began on January 15, 2001, the implementation was suspended, because of the economic downturn and the return of telephone numbers as a result of the abandonment of service by competitive local telephone companies. Projections showed no need for an overlay code in Cincinnati until at least 2023.


title: Area code 513

text: Prior to October 2021, area code 513 had telephone numbers assigned for the central office code 988. In 2020, "988" was designated nationwide as a dialing code for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, which created a conflict for exchanges that permit seven-digit dialing. This area code, along with the neighboring area code 859, therefore transitioned to ten-digit dialing on October 24, 2021.