title: Mercy rule

text: Also in 2016, the game between Clemson and South Carolina State had both the third and fourth quarters shortened from 15 minutes to 12 as a result of Clemson leading the game at half 45–0. The final score of the game was 59–0.


title: Mercy rule

text: Earlier in 2016, the game between Texas State and Arkansas saw the fourth quarter shortened to 10 minutes when severe thunderstorms were approaching Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium. Arkansas led 42–3 at the end of the third quarter, and the final period was scoreless. A similar scenario took place in 2017 in the game between TCU and Kansas, where the coaches agreed to a running clock for the final 12:49 of the game due to severe thunderstorms approaching Amon G. Carter Stadium.


title: Mercy rule

text: In a 2013 game, Old Dominion University (ODU) was losing to the University of North Carolina (UNC) 80–20 when ODU coach Bobby Wilder asked for the fourth quarter to be shortened by five minutes, which UNC coach Larry Fedora agreed to. Fedora also directed his quarterback to take a knee on fourth and goal with 1:53 remaining to not run up the score.


title: Mercy rule

text: In a 1988 game, Kansas Jayhawks coach Glen Mason asked if a running clock could be used after his team trailed 49–0 at halftime to the Auburn Tigers. Auburn coach Pat Dye and the officials agreed, and Auburn ended up a 56–7 winner.


title: Mercy rule

text: Despite the NCAA Football Rules Committee's subsequent ruling (A.R. 3-2-2-I) that a "running clock" is not permitted, a continuous clock was used September 5, 2013, beginning in the fourth quarter when the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets had a 63–0 lead against the Elon Phoenix. That was at the request of Elon coach Jason Swepson and agreed upon by Georgia Tech coach Paul Johnson. Georgia Tech won the game 70–0.


title: Mercy rule

text: However, in the Mississippi Association of Community and Junior Colleges, a running clock is allowed if the team is ahead by 38 points or more. This rule, unique only to the MACJC, was instituted in 2013.


title: Mercy rule

text: International Blind Sports Federation rules require that any time during a game in which one team has scored ten more goals than the other team that game is deemed completed.


title: Mercy rule

text: In US high school soccer, most states use a mercy rule that ends the game if one team is ahead by 10 or more goals at any point from halftime onward.


title: Mercy rule

text: International competitions are sanctioned by the World Baseball Softball Confederation (WBSC), formed by the 2013 merger of the International Baseball Federation (IBAF) and International Softball Federation (ISF).


title: Mercy rule

text: In international baseball competition and the World Baseball Classic (WBC), games are ended when one team is ahead by 10 runs, once at least seven completed innings are played by the trailing team. In seven inning contests (women's competition and doubleheaders), the same applies after five innings of a seven-inning game.


title: Mercy rule

text: The inaugural WBC in 2006 followed the IBAF mercy rule, with an additional rule stopping a game after five innings when a team is ahead by at least 15 runs. The mercy rules applied to the round-robin (now double-elimination) matches only, not to the semi-finals or final.


title: Mercy rule

text: In a six-inning game such as Little League Baseball and Softball, rules call for the game to end if the winning team is ahead by 15 runs after three innings played or 10 runs after four innings played by the trailing team. In a seven-inning game at the intermediate level or higher, the corresponding run rule is applied for 15 runs after four innings, or 10 runs after five innings. Little League refers to this rule as the "run rule", instead of the "mercy rule".


title: Mercy rule

text: Softball rules are different for fast/modified fast pitch and slow pitch. In WBSC-sanctioned competitions, the run-ahead rule (the WBSC terminology) is, for fast or modified fast pitch, 20 runs after three innings, 15 after four, or 8 after 5. In slow pitch, the margin is 20 runs after four innings or 15 after five. The NCAA has also adopted the rule.


title: Mercy rule

text: In regular season or conference tournament NCAA and NAIA college baseball, the IBAF rule may be implemented. Most NCAA conferences limit the rule to the final day of a series, for travel reasons, or primarily during conference tournaments where four to five games are played in a day, in order to allow the next game to start. The rule is not allowed in NCAA tournament play (regionals, super regionals and College World Series), in which all games must be at least nine innings.


title: Mercy rule

text: In NCAA softball, the rule is invoked if one team is ahead by at least eight runs after five innings and, unlike with college baseball, applies in the NCAA tournament as well with the exception of the championship series. In American high school softball, most states use a mercy rule of 20 runs ahead in three innings or 10 in five innings. (In either case, if the home team is ahead by the requisite number of runs, the game will end after the top half of the inning.)


title: Mercy rule

text: Most state high school associations (where games are seven innings) use the IBAF Women's rule after five innings have been played by the trailing team; some associations further the rule by ending a game after either three or four innings if the lead is at least 15 runs. For softball, the rule is 12 after three innings and 10 after five. However, since the home team has the last at-bat, the rules usually allow visiting teams to score an unlimited number of runs in the top half of an inning. That can be prevented by invoking the rule only after the home team has completed its half of the inning.


title: Mercy rule

text: In Baseball5, a WBSC variation of baseball and softball which is played to five innings, a team which leads by 15 runs after three innings or 10 after four innings automatically wins.


title: Mercy rule

text: Due to the untimed nature of innings, some leagues either impose caps on the number of runs that can be scored in one inning (usually in the 4-8 range) or limit the number of plate appearances in an inning (typically, such a limit will consist of one rotation of the batting order). Such rules ensure that games will complete in a reasonable length of time, but it can also mean that a lead of a certain size becomes insurmountable by the cap, which can be prevented by not invoking the rule in such circumstances.


title: Mercy rule

text: In high school basketball, many states have a "continuous clock" rule, similar to American football, which takes effect in the second half after a lead grows to a prescribed point (in Iowa, 35 points or more; in Kansas, 30 points or more but only in the fourth quarter). The clock stops only for charged, officials' or injury time-outs; or at the end of the third quarter. The clock would not stop when it would normally stop, such as for fouls, free throws, out-of-bounds plays or substitutions.


title: Mercy rule

text: The rules vary when normal timing procedures take effect after a lead is diminished (such as because of the trailing team's rally); for instance, in Iowa, normal timing procedures are enforced if the lead is lowered to 25 points but re-instituted once the lead grows back to 35 or more points. By comparison, in Kansas, if the running clock is triggered, it will not stop except for a timeout or an injury even if the differential is reduced to under 30 points. As with other sports, some states offer provisions to allow a team to end the game early by mutual decision of the coaches (for instance, if a large lead continues to grow and the talent disparity is obvious).


title: Mercy rule

text: In amateur boxing, if a boxer trails by more than 20 points, the referee stops the fight and the boxer that is leading automatically wins; bouts which end this way may be noted as "RSC" (referee stopped contest) with notations for an outclassed opponent (RSCO), outscored opponent (RSCOS), injury (RSCI) or head injury (RSCH).


title: Mercy rule

text: While a boxer who loses on the mercy rule is scored RSCO and would be similar to a technical knockout in professional boxing, it is not scored a loss by knockout, and the 28-day suspension for losing on a knockout does not apply.


title: Mercy rule

text: Cricket does not have any rules that terminate a game early based on one team's lead, since in most competitions, teams aim to win as big as possible in order to improve their net run rate, which helps them qualify if they tie with another team for the playoffs. However, first-class cricket has the follow-on rule, which allows the team that bats first, if they lead by a specified run margin after their opponents first innings, to require the opposing team to bat their second innings next. The first team may still have a second innings if their opponents combined innings' scores surpass their first innings score. Also, the rules allow a declaration to be called by a team during their innings to end the innings before ten wickets have fallen (10 outs). Either action can be taken if a team believes it would help them more quickly complete the conditions necessary to win within the time limit (up to five days).


title: Mercy rule

text: In curling the loser team can concede at any time, except for international competitions, where they need to wait until the completion of the 6th end to do so (and 8th end in play-off games).


title: Mercy rule

text: In curling conducted by Special Olympics Canada, games end if 6 ends have passed and one team leads by 10 points.


title: Mercy rule

text: In the Paralympic team sport for the vision-impaired, goalball, a maximum goal difference is when 'any time one team has scored ten goals more than the team it is playing'. The game ends immediately upon that goal. This rule commenced on 1 January 2002.


title: Mercy rule

text: In American collegiate wrestling and high school wrestling, a wrestler wins by technical fall, and the match ends, if he builds a 15-point lead. If a wrestler gains a 15-point lead by having his opponent in a near-fall, the referee will allow the offensive wrestler the opportunity to win by fall without liability to be reversed and pinned. The bout ends when a fall is awarded or the near-fall ends.


title: Harad

text: In J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy "The Lord of the Rings", Harad is the immense land south of Gondor and Mordor. Its main port is Umbar, the base of the Corsairs of Umbar whose ships serve as the Dark Lord Sauron's fleet. Its people are the dark-skinned Haradrim or Southrons; their warriors wear scarlet and gold, and are armed with swords and round shields; some ride gigantic elephants called "mûmakil".


title: Harad

text: Tolkien based the Haradrim on ancient Aethiopians, people of Sub-Saharan Africa, following his philological research on the Old English word "Sigelwara". He deduced that this word referred to some kind of soot-black fire demon before it was applied to the Aethiopians. He based the Haradrim's use of war elephants, meanwhile, on that of Pyrrhus of Epirus in his war against Ancient Rome. Critics have debated whether Tolkien was racist in making the protagonists white and the antagonists black, but others have noted that Tolkien showed anti-xenophobic sentiments in real life, opposing any attempt to demonise the enemy in both World Wars.


title: Harad

text: In Peter Jackson's film "The Two Towers", the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens; they have turbans and flowing robes, and they ride elephants. The Haradrim appear in a variety of games and merchandise inspired by "The Lord of the Rings".


title: Harad

text: Harad is a large land in the south of Middle-earth, bordered to the north by (from west to east) the lands of Gondor, Mordor, Khand and Rhûn. Historically the border with Gondor was to be the river Harnen, but by the time of the War of the Ring all the land further north to the river Poros is under the influence of the Haradrim. The border with Mordor runs along the southern Mountains of Shadow. Harad's west coast (the nearest to Gondor) is washed by the Great Sea, the western ocean of Middle-earth. Harad's eastern shores looks out on the Eastern Sea, Middle-earth's eastern ocean.


title: Harad

text: The elves named the land and its people "Haradwaith", "South-folk", from the Sindarin "harad", meaning "south", and "gwaith", meaning "people". The Quenya word "Hyarmen" similarly means "south" in addition to being the name of the country. The hobbits called the area the "Sunlands", and the people "Swertings". Aragorn briefly describes his journeys in the land as being in "Harad where the stars are strange". Tolkien confirmed that this meant that Aragorn had traveled "some distance into the southern hemisphere" in Harad.


title: Harad

text: The great harbour city of Umbar lies on Harad's north-west coast; its natural harbour is the base of the Corsairs of Umbar, inspired by the Barbary pirates, who provide the Dark Lord Sauron with a sizeable fleet. The ships are different types of galleys, with both oars and sails; some are named as dromunds, others as having a deep draught (requiring a deep channel), many oars, and black sails.


title: Harad

text: Elsewhere in Harad there are "many towns"; one of these is "the inland city", the home of Queen Berúthiel (mentioned by Tolkien in an interview).


title: Harad

text: Harad possesses jungles with apes, grasslands, mountains and deserts. There are large elephants known as "mûmakil", influenced by the zoologist Georges Cuvier's 1796 discovery of bones and palaeolithic drawings of mammoths.


title: Harad

text: Gondor described Harad as consisting of Near Harad and Far Harad. Near Harad corresponds loosely with North Africa or the Maghreb, while Far Harad, the vastly larger of the two regions, corresponds loosely with sub-Saharan Africa. Tolkien's own annotated map of Middle-earth, used by the illustrator Pauline Baynes to construct her iconic map, suggests that "Elephants appear in the great battle outside Minas Tirith (as they did in Italy under Pyrrhus) but they would be in place in the blank squares of Harad – also camels."


title: Harad

text: The Men of Harad are called "Haradrim" ("South-multitude"), "Haradwaith", or "Southrons" by the people of Gondor. The Haradrim are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms. Frodo and Sam meet Faramir and his Rangers of Ithilien just before the latter ambush a company of Haradrim on the North Road. Frodo and Sam do not see much of the battle, since they are positioned elsewhere, but they hear the sounds of fighting, and a slain Haradrim warrior crashes at their feet. This warrior is described as having "brown" skin, with black plaits of hair braided with gold. He wears a scarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar. He is armed with a sword and has a corslet of brazen scales. Their standards are scarlet, and their great beasts, the "mûmakil", have scarlet and gold trappings. They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black. Their leaders have a serpent emblem. The people of Far Harad were black-skinned; a group of them is described as "black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".


title: Harad

text: The Haradrim are independent peoples, but in the Second Age they are caught between the ambitions of Sauron (the Dark Lord) and the Númenóreans, who often kill Haradrim or sell them as slaves, and who become rulers of Harad. Over the centuries many Haradrim fall under Sauron's dominion, and to "them Sauron was both king and god, and they feared him exceedingly". They become mixed with Númenórean settlers, some of whom fall under the sway of Sauron as "Black Númenóreans". Under King Hyarmendacil I "South-victor" of Gondor, Harad becomes a vassal of Gondor. By the time of the War of the Ring, the Haradrim are again under the dominion of Sauron, and the Haradrim Corsairs provide the whole of his Black Fleet; many other Haradrim join his armies, some riding "mûmakil". In the Battle of the Pelennor Fields, the leader of the Haradrim army is killed by King Théoden of Rohan.


title: Harad

text: Tolkien did not work out any particular languages for the Haradrim, though "mûmak", "elephant", may be in the Harad language. Despite having a meaning in Quenya ("fate"), the name "Umbar" is adapted from the natives' language and not from Elvish or Adûnaic.


title: Harad

text: Tolkien arrived at the idea of Harad, a hot Southern land, through his philological work. The Old English Biblical poem "Exodus" in the tenth-century Codex Junius 11 includes a passage that caught Tolkien's attention:


title: Harad

text: Tolkien was interested in particular in the Old English word used for "Aethiopians": it was "Sigelwara", or in Tolkien's emendation "Sigelhearwan". The critic Tom Shippey writes that Tolkien's philological research, described in his essay "Sigelwara Land", began from the assumption that the word could not originally have meant Aethiopian, but must have been co-opted to that usage having once meant something comparable. Tolkien approached the question by analysing the two parts of the word. "Sigel" meant, according to Tolkien, "both "sun" and "jewel"", the former as it was the Old English name of the Sun rune, Proto-Germanic: "*sowilō" (ᛋ), the latter connotation from Latin "sigillum", a seal.


title: Harad

text: Tolkien decided that "Hearwa" was related to the Old English "heorð", meaning "hearth", and ultimately to the Latin "carbo", meaning "soot". The resulting meaning for "Sigelhearwan", Tolkien decided tentatively, was "rather the sons of Muspell than of Ham", an ancient class of demons in Northern mythology "with red-hot eyes that emitted sparks and faces black as soot". This was exactly the sort of "stray pagan concept" hinting at England's lost mythology that Tolkien wanted.


title: Harad

text: In drafts of "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien toyed with names such as "Harwan" and "Sunharrowland" for Harad, which were derived from "Sigelwara"; Christopher Tolkien notes that these are connected to his father's "Sigelwara Land". The philologist Elizabeth Solopova similarly notes that the hobbits' name for Harad, "Sunland", suggests a similar link.


title: Harad

text: The Germanic studies scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar notes that it is not clear whether Tolkien meant the Haradrim to be grouped with his "Wild Men", though he named them as ancient enemies of Gondor. They are "ethnic others but not as ugly", they have a rich culture and well-trained elephants. The exception would be, she suggests, the men of Far [Southern] Harad whom the people of Gondor saw as "black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues". With his "Southrons" from Harad, Tolkien had – in the view of John Magoun, writing in "The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" – constructed a "fully expressed moral geography", from the hobbits' home in the Northwest, evil in the East, and "imperial sophistication and decadence" in the South. Magoun explains that Gondor is both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South; Mordor in the Southeast is hellish, while Harad in the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery".


title: Harad

text: Solopova argues that the Haradrim's "mûmakil" war elephants put their country far to the East, since only India and lands to its east went on using war elephants after classical times. Lee and Solopova also mention that Tolkien could have used the Old English version by Ælfric of the "Book of Maccabees", which carefully introduces elephants to its Anglo-Saxon audience, using much the same phrase as Sam Gamgee, ""māre þonne sum hūs"", "bigger than a house", before describing their use in battle; the hero stabs the elephant, which is carrying a ""wīghūs"", a "battle-house", from below. Tolkien however mentioned Pyrrhus of Epirus's use of war elephants against Ancient Rome in 280–275 BC in his notes for the illustrator Pauline Baynes.


title: Harad

text: Commentators such as Anderson Rearick and Stephen Shapiro have identified the Haradrim as a recognisably foreign race as well as the enemy, and have accused Tolkien of racism. Conversely, scholars such as Straubhaar have come to Tolkien's defence on the matter, noting that during the Second World War Tolkien expressed an anti-racist position. Straubhaar writes that "a polycultured, polylingual world is absolutely central" to Middle-earth, and that readers and filmgoers will easily see that. From there, she notes that the "recurring accusations in the popular media" of a racist view of the story are "interesting". She quotes the Swedish cultural studies scholar David Tjeder who described Gollum's account of the men of Harad ("Not nice; very cruel wicked Men they look. Almost as bad as Orcs, and much bigger.") in "Aftonbladet" as "stereotypical and reflective of colonial attitudes". She argues instead that Gollum's view, with its "arbitrary and stereotypical assumptions about the 'Other'", is absurd, and that Gollum cannot be taken as an authority on Tolkien's opinion. Straubhaar contrasts this with Sam Gamgee's more humane response to the sight of a dead Harad warrior, which she finds "harder to find fault with": "He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home." Straubhaar quotes Shapiro, who wrote in "The Scotsman" that "Put simply, Tolkien's good guys are white and the bad guys are black, slant-eyed, unattractive, inarticulate, and a psychologically undeveloped horde". Straubhaar concedes that Shapiro may have had a point with "slant-eyed", but comments that this was milder than that of many of his contemporary novelists such as John Buchan, and notes that Tolkien had in fact made "appalled objection" when people had misapplied his story to current events. She similarly observes that Tjeder had failed to notice Tolkien's "concerted effort" to change the Western European "paradigm" that speakers of supposedly superior languages were "ethnically superior".


title: Harad

text: In Peter Jackson's film "The Two Towers", the Haradrim appear Middle Eastern, with turbans, flowing robes, and riding elephants. A companion book on the film's "Creatures" states that the Haradrim were based on 12th century Saracens. The battle scene in Ithilien between the rangers of Gondor and the men of Harad was shot at the Twelve Mile Delta near Queenstown, New Zealand.


title: Harad

text: The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in much merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys, "The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game", and the computer game "". "Haradrim Slayers" feature in the computer game "", while in the video game "", Baranor, a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, is originally from Harad.


title: Harad

text: Iron Crown Enterprises produced a series of books for their tabletop roleplaying game "Middle-earth Role Playing" containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Key publications included the setting books "Umbar: Haven of the Corsairs" (1982), "Far Harad" (1988), and "Greater Harad" (1990), as well as the adventure books "Warlords of the Desert" (1989), "Forest of Tears" (1989), and "Hazards of the Harad Wood" (1990). Games Workshop have produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad for use in the "Middle Earth Strategy Battle Game", including for "mumakil" and Corsairs of Umbar.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1973 suspense novel for young adults by Lois Duncan. A film adaptation loosely based on the novel was released in 1997.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: High school senior Julie James receives a note in the mail that reads, "I know what you did last summer". The previous summer, Julie, her then-boyfriend Ray Bronson, Ray's best friend Barry Cox, and Barry's girlfriend and Julie’s best friend Helen Rivers were driving home after partying in the mountains. They accidentally run over and kill a young bicycling boy named David Gregg. After Ray anonymously calls an ambulance for David, the four make a pact never to tell anyone about their involvement in the incident. Julie and Ray subsequently drift apart from one another, and Ray moves to California for work. Out of guilt, Julie anonymously sends yellow roses to David's funeral.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: After receiving the note, Julie visits Helen at her apartment. Barry is invited over, and he reassures the girls that it is just a prank and that anyone who knew about their involvement would go to the police instead of leaving notes. Ray returns home after a year away in California and tries to get back together with Julie. However, she is not interested, and he learns that she is dating Bud, who recently served in the army. The next day, Helen is tanning at her apartment complex when she meets Collingsworth "Collie" Wilson, who moved into one of the apartments the day before. After this encounter, Helen finds a magazine cutout of a boy riding a bicycle taped to her apartment door. Ray also receives a newspaper clipping in the mail about David Gregg that same day.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: On Memorial Day, Barry gets a call from someone offering to sell a picture the caller says shows a car hitting David's bicycle. They agree to meet on the athletic field. When Barry gets there, he is shot in the stomach by an unknown person. The bullet becomes lodged in his spine and threatens to paralyze him. Julie and Ray meet to discuss the shooting and decide to visit the house of David's parents to see if they could have been involved. At the Greggs', Ray and Julie use the excuse of car trouble and Megan, David's sister, lets them in. Ray goes into the hallway and pretends to make a call while Julie talks to Megan. She tells Julie that their mother had a breakdown following David's death and was sent to a hospital in Las Lunas, and their father moved there to be close to her. When Ray and Julie leave, Julie tells Ray what she found out.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: Ray sneaks into the hospital to visit Barry. Barry lies about the shooting and tells him that someone was trying to rob him, and Ray passes this information along to Helen. When Barry finds out that he will be able to walk, he calls Helen because he wants to confess that the caller was the person who shot him and that she is in danger. Helen is out and misses the call; she is surprised to see Collie when she returns to her apartment. Collie says that he is David's older brother and that he shot Barry as revenge for his involvement in the accident. He explains that he found out who had run him down by questioning the saleswoman from whom Julie had bought the yellow roses. He determined Helen was involved in the hit-and-run when Julie went to Helen's apartment after Julie received the note. Helen realizes that Collie plans to kill her and locks herself in her bathroom. After Collie tries to take the door off its hinges, she breaks the bathroom window and manages to escape.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: That evening, Julie prepares for her date with Bud. However, her mother has an ominous premonition and asks Julie to stay home, to which she agrees. When Bud arrives, he convinces her to walk him back to his car so that they can have a talk. At his car, Bud tells her that his younger brother David had given him the name Bud because he could not pronounce "Collingsworth". He reveals that he knows Julie was involved in the hit-and-run and he begins to strangle Julie. Ray, who received a call from Barry warning that they were in danger, appears and beats Collingsworth unconscious with a flashlight. The police arrive after being sent by Helen to Julie's house. Julie and Ray agree that it is time to confess what they did last summer.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: "I Know What You Did Last Summer" was first published in October 1973 by Little, Brown and Company in hardcover. Duncan got the idea for the book while she was making dinner and her daughter Kerry was having a conversation with a friend in the kitchen. Kerry told her friend about a boy that interested her, and her friend was considering what to wear on her upcoming date. The two eventually found out they were talking about the same boy. Duncan began to wonder what would happen if "the boy had deliberately implanted himself in the lives of two girls he knew were friends" and if "he built up a different personality to present to each of them". Duncan later read a story about a hit-and-run in the newspaper, which led her to incorporate one into the novel.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: On October 5, 2010, Little Brown reissued the novel in paperback with updates to modernize some of the content. "I Know What You Did Last Summer" was in the first group of 10 different titles that were updated and reissued with these changes. In the revised edition, Duncan gave her characters cell phones and updated some of her characters' clothing choices. The war Collingsworth had fought in was changed from the Vietnam War to the Iraq War.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: An audiobook, read by Dennis Holland, was released by Hachette Audio in 2010 and features the modernized text. Lizzie Matkowski from "Booklist" thought that early on in the audiobook Holland "establishes a sense of normalcy in both the dialogue and narrative, which makes the revelations of what Julie and her friends did and their attempts to go on normally stand out starkly". She stated that the characters are deeply flawed, but that "Holland manages to redeem them little by little by emphasizing their naivete, youth, and regret".


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: A movie tie-in edition of the novel released by Pocket Books in October 1997 sold 517,000 copies by November 1998. It was listed by "Publishers Weekly" as the top selling children's fiction book for the months of October, November and December 1997. A 1999 paperback edition published by Dell was selected as a 2005 Popular Paperback for Young Adults by the American Library Association.


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: A reviewer from "Kirkus Reviews" felt that Barry and Helen "are so vacuous that one hardly cares whether they get murdered or not". They stated that, despite this, the "madman murderer is cleverly concealed among a bevy of red herrings, and, as he zeroes in for his revenge, this turns into a high velocity chiller with a double identity twist". Jennifer Moody writes in "The Times Literary Supplement" that "the mystery of who is responsible for the letters, the threats and the violence, is handled with skill and panache". She added that Duncan "makes illuminating contrasts between the relationships of Julie and Ray on the one hand and Helen and Barry on the other". "Complete Review"s M. A. Orthofer gave the story a B− rating, stating that the story was a "reasonably suspenseful guilt-ridden thriller", but that "the writing (and some of the plotting) is very, very basic".


title: I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)

text: The novel was adapted into a 1997 film of the same name directed by Jim Gillespie and starring Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie, Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen, Ryan Phillipe as Barry, and Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray. Although the film retained the same premise of the novel, the story was re-envisioned as a slasher film, with the four friends being hunted by a hook-wielding killer. In addition to featuring the deaths of several characters, unlike the novel, the film depicts the friends as accidentally running over a fisherman, who secretly survives the hit-and-run and is ultimately revealed as the killer. Duncan was critical of the adaptation, stating in a 2002 interview she was "appalled" that her story was turned into a slasher film. The film was met with mixed reviews, but was a commercial success and spawned a film series consisting of a direct sequel in 1998, and a third film in 2006.


I Know What You Did Last Summer (novel)


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: Peter Ackroyd (born 5 October 1949) is an English biographer, novelist and critic with a specialist interest in the history and culture of London. For his novels about English history and culture and his biographies of, among others, William Blake, Charles Dickens, T. S. Eliot, Charles Chaplin and Sir Thomas More, he won the Somerset Maugham Award and two Whitbread Awards. He is noted for the volume of work he has produced, the range of styles therein, his skill at assuming different voices, and the depth of his research.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: He was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1984 and appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 2003.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: Ackroyd was born in London and raised on a council estate in East Acton, in what he has described as a "strict" Roman Catholic household by his mother and grandmother, after his father disappeared from the family home. He first knew that he was gay when he was seven. He was educated at St. Benedict's, Ealing, and at Clare College, Cambridge, from which he graduated with a double first in English literature. In 1972, he was a Mellon fellow at Yale University.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: The result of his Yale fellowship was "Notes for a New Culture", written when Ackroyd was only 22 and eventually published in 1976. The title, an echo of T. S. Eliot's "Notes Towards the Definition of Culture" (1948), was an early indication of Ackroyd's penchant for exploring and re-examining the works of other London-based writers. He worked at "The Spectator" magazine between 1973 and 1977 as literary editor and became joint managing editor in 1978, a position he held until 1982. He worked as chief book reviewer for "The Times" and was a frequent broadcaster on radio. Since 1984 he has been a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: His literary career began with poetry; his work in that field includes such works as "London Lickpenny" (1973) and "The Diversions of Purley" (1987). In 1982 he published "The Great Fire of London", his first novel, which is a reworking of Charles Dickens' novel "Little Dorrit". The novel set the stage for the long sequence of novels Ackroyd has produced since, all of which deal in some way with the complex interaction of time and space and what Ackroyd calls "the spirit of place". However, this transition to being a novelist was unexpected. In an interview with Patrick McGrath in 1989, Ackroyd said:


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: I enjoy it, I suppose, but I never thought I'd be a novelist. I never wanted to be a novelist. I can't bear fiction. I hate it. It's so untidy. When I was a young man I wanted to be a poet, then I wrote a critical book, and I don't think I even read a novel till I was about 26 or 27.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: In his novels he often contrasts historical settings with present-day segments (e.g. "The Great Fire of London", "Hawksmoor", "The House of Doctor Dee"). Many of Ackroyd's novels are set in London and deal with the ever-changing, but at the same time stubbornly consistent nature of the city. Often this theme is explored through the city's artists, especially its writers: Oscar Wilde in "The Last Testament of Oscar Wilde" (1983), a fake autobiography of Wilde; Nicholas Hawksmoor, Sir Christopher Wren and Sir John Vanbrugh in "Hawksmoor" (1985); Thomas Chatterton and George Meredith in "Chatterton" (1987); John Dee in "The House of Dr Dee" (1993); Dan Leno, Karl Marx, George Gissing and Thomas De Quincey in "Dan Leno and the Limehouse Golem" (1994); John Milton in "Milton in America" (1996); Charles Lamb in "The Lambs of London".


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: "Hawksmoor", winner of both the Whitbread Novel Award and the Guardian Fiction Prize, was inspired by Iain Sinclair's poem "Lud Heat" (1975), which speculated on a mystical power from the positioning of the six churches Nicholas Hawksmoor built. The novel gives Hawksmoor a Satanical motive for the siting of his buildings, and creates a modern namesake, a policeman investigating a series of murders. "Chatterton" (1987), a similarly layered novel explores plagiarism and forgery and was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. "" is an extensive and thorough discussion of London through the ages. In 1994 he was interviewed about the London Psychogeographical Association in an article for "The Observer", in which he remarked:I truly believe that there are certain people to whom or through whom the territory, the place, the past speaks. ... Just as it seems possible to me that a street or dwelling can materially affect the character and behaviour of the people who dwell in them, is it not also possible that within this city (London) and within its culture are patterns of sensibility or patterns of response which have persisted from the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries and perhaps even beyond?


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: In the sequence "London: The Biography" (2000), "Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination" (2002), and "Thames: Sacred River" (2007), Ackroyd has produced works of what he considers historical sociology. These books trace themes in London and English culture from the ancient past to the present, drawing again on his favoured notion of almost spiritual lines of connection rooted in place and stretching across time.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: His fascination with London literary and artistic figures is also displayed in the sequence of biographies he has produced of Ezra Pound (1980), T. S. Eliot (1984), Charles Dickens (1990), William Blake (1995), Thomas More (1998), Geoffrey Chaucer (2004), William Shakespeare (2005), and J. M. W. Turner. The city itself stands astride all these works, as it does in the fiction. Ackroyd was forced to think of new methods of biography writing in "T. S. Eliot" when he was told he couldn't quote extensively from Eliot's poetry and unpublished letters.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: From 2003 to 2005, Ackroyd wrote a six-book non-fiction series ("Voyages Through Time"), intended for readers as young as eight, his first work for children. The critically acclaimed series—described as "Not just sound-bite snacks for short attention spans, but unfolding feasts that leave you with a sense of wonder" by "The Sunday Times" is an extensive narrative of key periods in world history.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: In a 2012 interview with Matthew Stadlen of the BBC, when asked the question, "Who do you think is the person who has made the biggest impact upon the life of this country ever?", Ackroyd said, "I think William Blake is the most powerful and most significant philosopher or thinker in the course of English history." In the same interview, when asked what fascinates him about London, he said he admired "its power, its majesty, its darkness, its shadows." When asked what he did outside of writing, he said, "I drink, that's about it."


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: Ackroyd had a long-term relationship with Brian Kuhn, an American dancer he met while at Yale. After a nervous breakdown in the late 1980s, Ackroyd moved to Devon with Kuhn. However, Kuhn was then diagnosed with AIDS and died in 1994, after which Ackroyd moved back to London. In 1999, he suffered a heart attack and was placed in a medically induced coma for a week.


title: Peter Ackroyd

text: In a 2004 interview, Ackroyd said that he had not been in a relationship since Kuhn's death and was "very happy being celibate."


title: Gage Golightly

text: Gage Golightly (born September 5, 1993) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Hayley Steele in the Nickelodeon series "The Troop", Erica Reyes in the MTV series "Teen Wolf", and Karen in the Amazon Studios series "Red Oaks".


title: Gage Golightly

text: Golightly grew up in Penn Valley, California, the youngest of four children born to a nurse and a plumber. She was diagnosed with dyspraxia at the age of two, and underwent speech therapy. For the first years of her life, her parents used sign language to communicate with her. Golightly also noted she was clumsy as a child due to impaired motor skills. She studied at Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy.


title: Gage Golightly

text: Golightly decided to become an actress at the age of eight. Her mother took her to Los Angeles, where she found a manager. A year later, Golightly started her career with roles in the 2002 film "Speakeasy", and the television film "The Long Shot". In 2004, she co-starred in the sci-fi miniseries "Five Days to Midnight" as Jesse Neumeyer and was in "Sudbury", an unsold television pilot. In 2006, she was in the Disney Channel sitcom "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" as Vanessa, before appearing in the TNT series "Heartland".


title: Gage Golightly

text: She portrayed main character Hayley in the Nickelodeon series "The Troop", a series about a group of teenagers who fight monsters. In 2010 and 2011, she had guest roles on "True Jackson, VP" and "Big Time Rush", before a recurring role on "Ringer" as Tessa, a high school student. In 2012, Golightly had a recurring role on the MTV series "Teen Wolf" during the show's second season as Erica Reyes, the show's first living female werewolf. Golightly was set to reprise the role during the show's third season, which began filming in late 2012, but the actress only filmed a few cameo scenes. She exited the show as she had been cast as the female lead in a pilot for The CW titled "Company Town". In May 2013, it was announced that the pilot had not been greenlit.


title: Gage Golightly

text: Throughout 2011 and 2012 Golightly worked on a Marcus Nispel horror film titled "Backmask", which was later retitled "Exeter". Golightly also worked on "Gone Missing" for the Lifetime network, playing the role of Matty. In June 2014, Golightly was cast as a series regular in an Amazon Studios comedy pilot "Red Oaks", in which she played the role of Karen. The series began filming their first season in late May 2015. In 2016, Golightly appeared as Karen in the remake of Eli Roth's horror film, "Cabin Fever". In May 2016, Golightly was cast as Libby in the dance-comedy film "Step Sisters".


title: Gage Golightly

text: Golightly appeared on the short-lived ABC drama, "Ten Days in the Valley", as a character named Lynn, in a three episode arc. In February 2018 Golightly was cast in a leading role, playing struggling actress Kate, in The CW television pilot, "The End of the World As We Know It". In 2019, Golightly guest starred in three episodes of "iZombie" before being cast as Grace Durkin in the Paramount series "68 Whiskey".


title: Marco Ilsø

text: Marco Ilsø is a Danish actor. His first acting role was as a 14-year-old, playing the lead in 24 episodes of "Mikkel og guldkortet". Introduced in season 4, he played Hvitserk in "Vikings".


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Gregory Zuerlein (born December 27, 1987), nicknamed "Greg the Leg" and "Legatron", is an American football placekicker for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). A native of Lincoln, Nebraska, he played college football at Nebraska-Omaha and Missouri Western. He has previously played for the Los Angeles Rams and played for the Dallas Cowboys.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Zuerlein was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, and graduated from Lincoln Pius X in 2006. In 2004, Zuerlein set a Nebraska state record for field goals in a season, converting 12-of-16 attempts with a long of 52 yards. His successful play would earn him Nebraska All-State and All-Class honors as a junior and senior.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Zuerlein attended the University of Nebraska Omaha (UNO) for three seasons but sat out the 2010 season with a hip injury. Zuerlein set the UNO school record of 61 consecutive PATs while converting 19 of 26 field goal attempts.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: UNO canceled its football program in 2011, and he moved to another Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association school, Missouri Western State University, in 2011. There, he set an NCAA Division II record of 21 consecutive field goals, nine of which were beyond 50 yards, including two from 58 yards. He had a .952 field goal percentage, completing 23 of 24 attempts, which was the highest of any NCAA player in any division with 12 or more attempts in 2011, as he averaged 10.7 points per game.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Zuerlein was drafted by the St. Louis Rams in the sixth round (171st overall) of the 2012 NFL Draft. He was the first non-Football Bowl Subdivision kicker to be drafted since Stephen Gostkowski in 2006, and the first below the Division I Football Bowl Subdivision since Paul Ernster in 2005. The Rams cut their primary kicker Josh Brown, who was in the final year of his $14.5 million five-year deal, the same weekend they drafted Zuerlein.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Zuerlein made his NFL debut in the season opener against the Detroit Lions and converted two extra point attempts and three field goal attempts in the 27–23 loss. In Week 3, against the Chicago Bears, he made a 56-yard field goal, the longest at Soldier Field. In Week 4, he hit a 60-yard field goal against the Seattle Seahawks, which beat the franchise record of 58 yards, set by Zuerlein earlier in the same game. The kick broke Jeff Wilkins' 14-year record. He became the first player in NFL history to make a 60-yard field goal and a 50-plus yarder in the same game. He was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for his effort against the Seahawks. In Week 6, Zuerlein missed three field goals wide left, the first two from 37 and 52 yards, and the final one at 66 yards to tie the game against the Miami Dolphins. In Week 13, Zuerlein made a 54-yard field goal with 26 seconds remaining in overtime to give the Rams a 16–13 victory over the San Francisco 49ers at the Edward Jones Dome. It was the second longest successful field goal in NFL overtime history, three yards short of the NFL overtime record, which is held by Sebastian Janikowski. He earned another NFC Special Teams player of the Week award for his game against the 49ers. In 2012, he attempted 13 field goals of 50 yards or longer, converting seven. Overall, in his rookie season, he converted all 26 extra point attempts and 23 of 31 field goal attempts.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Zuerlein started the 2013 season off converting all four field goal attempts and one extra point attempt in the 27–24 victory over the Arizona Cardinals. The 13 points he scored in the season opener was his highest scoring in one game on the season. Overall, he was a reliable kicker when called upon, converting all 34 extra point attempts and 26 of 28 field goal attempts in the 2013 season as the Rams finished with a 7–9 record.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: In Week 2, Zuerlein converted four field goal attempts and one extra point to help provide the difference in the 19–17 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 11, against the Denver Broncos, he converted all five field goal attempts and one extra point in the 22–7 victory. He earned NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the third time in his career. Overall, he finished the 2014 season converting 34 of 35 extra points and 24 of 30 field goal attempts.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: In the 2015 season opener against the Seattle Seahawks, Zuerlein converted all four extra point attempts and both field goal attempts in the 34–31 overtime victory. In Week 5, against the Green Bay Packers, he converted one of four field goal attempts in the 24–10 loss, the first time since his rookie season that he missed three in a single game. In Week 9, against the Minnesota Vikings, he converted four of five field goal attempts for a season-high 12 points scored in the 21–18 loss. Zuerlein missed two games due to a groin injury. Overall, he finished the 2015 season with 26 of 28 extra points converted and 20 of 30 field goals converted.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: The Rams made the decision to move from St. Louis to Los Angeles prior to the 2016 season. On April 15, 2016, Zuerlein signed a one-year contract to return to the Los Angeles Rams. After the Rams were shut out against the San Francisco 49ers in Week 1, Zuerlein provided all the scoring in the 9–3 victory over the Seattle Seahawks in Week 2. In Week 5, against the Buffalo Bills, he converted all four field goal attempts and one extra point in the 30–19 loss. Overall, he finished the 2016 season converting all 23 extra point attempts and 19 of 22 field goal attempts. The Rams' offense did not provide a lot of opportunities for Zuerlein compared to the past and he scored a career-low 80 points on the 4–12 season. Head coach Jeff Fisher was fired before the season ended.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: Before the 2017 season, Sean McVay was hired as the new coach of the Los Angeles Rams. On March 14, 2017, Zuerlein signed a three-year contract extension with the Rams.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: On September 10, 2017, in the season opener against the Indianapolis Colts, Zuerlein converted three field goals and five extra points in a 46–9 home victory. He tied with Oakland Raiders' kicker Giorgio Tavecchio for the most points scored by a kicker in Week 1 with 14. On October 1, 2017, Zuerlein broke the Rams record for the most field goals in a game going 7 for 7 (surpassing Jeff Wilkins in 2006) against the Dallas Cowboys in the Rams 35–30 upset win, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the fourth time in his career. On November 2, 2017, Zuerlein received the NFC Special Teams Player of the Month award for his strong performances in October. In Week 10, Zuerlein converted all four field goals, including a 50-yarder in a 33–7 win over the Houston Texans, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the second time in the 2017 season. On December 20, 2017, Zuerlein was placed on injured reserve due to a back injury. This news came a day after it was announced the Zuerlein was named to his first Pro Bowl. In addition, he earned NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for November. He was later named as a First-team All-Pro. He finished the season leading the league in scoring with 158 points and 11.3 points per game.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: In the 2018 season opener, Zuerlein converted all three extra point attempts and converted four of five field goal attempts, including a 55-yarder in a 33–13 win over the Oakland Raiders on "Monday Night Football", earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week for the sixth time in his career. He suffered a groin injury in pregame warmups before the Week 2 game against the Arizona Cardinals. He returned to action in Week 7 against the San Francisco 49ers, converting four extra point attempts and three field goal attempts in the 39–10 victory. In Week 11, against the Kansas City Chiefs on "Monday Night Football", he converted six of seven extra point attempts and three field goal attempts in the historic 54–51 victory. In the regular season finale against the San Francisco 49ers, he converted all six extra point attempts and both field goal attempts in the 48–32 victory. Overall, he finished the 2018 season converting 35 of 36 extra point attempts and 27 of 31 field goal attempts. The Rams won the NFC West and earned the #2-seed in the NFC Playoffs.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: In the against the Dallas Cowboys, he converted three extra-point attempts and three of four field-goal attempts in the 30–22 victory. In the 2019 against the New Orleans Saints, Zuerlein was instrumental in the Rams' overtime win, hitting all four of his field-goal attempts. This included a 48-yard field goal near the end of regulation to send the game into overtime, and then a 57-yard field goal to win the game in sudden death overtime, sending his team to the Super Bowl LIII. The winning kick tied the record for the longest successful field goal in NFL overtime history. In Super Bowl LIII against the New England Patriots, Zuerlein made a 53-yard field goal late in the third quarter to score the first Rams’ points and tie the game at 3–3. With 8 seconds left in the game and his team down 13–3, he missed a 48-yard field goal that would’ve set up his team for a desperation attempt to tie or win the game with an ensuing onside kick recovery and a Hail Mary pass. The Rams lost 13–3.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: On March 30, 2020, the Dallas Cowboys signed Zuerlein to a three-year, $7.5 million contract. The signing reunited him with former Rams special teams coordinator John Fassel.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: On September 20, 2020, Zuerlein capped off a historic comeback for the Dallas Cowboys over the Atlanta Falcons in just his second game with them by kicking the game-winning 46 yard field goal to win it 40–39. The Cowboys were down 20–0 at the end of the first quarter and 29–10 at halftime. Moments before the game-winning drive, Zuerlein kicked an onside kick, which the Cowboys recovered giving them a chance to win the game. Overall, in the 2020 season, Zuerlein converted 34 of a career-high 41 field goal attempts and went 33-of-36 on extra point attempts.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: On September 9, 2021, Zuerlein made three field goals, but missed two fields goals and an extra point, including a 60-yard field goal near the end of the first half in a 31–29 loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 16, against the Washington Football Team, he converted a career-high eight extra point attempts. Overall, in the 2021 season, Zuerlein was 29–of–35 on field goal attempts and 42–of–48 on extra-point attempts.


title: Greg Zuerlein (American football)

text: For his kicking ability, Zuerlein has been nicknamed "The Leg” (Commonly referred to as Greg The Leg) and "Legatron” since his rookie season.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: A chief administrative officer (CAO) is a top-tier executive who supervises the daily operations of an organization and is ultimately responsible for its performance.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: A CAO is responsible for administrative management of private, public or governmental organizations and the "de facto" head of the organization.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: In a municipal context, the title is usually used as an alternative for city manager, county administrator, or county executive, particularly in cases where the position does not include powers such as the authority to appoint or dismiss department heads.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: In the United Kingdom, CAOs of public companies must be chartered secretaries (Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators), lawyers, certified/chartered accountants, or others with equivalent experience.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: The CAO is one of the highest-ranking members of an organization, managing daily operations and usually reporting directly to the chief executive officer. In some companies, the CAO is also the president. It is very similar to a chief operating officer but is not the same as a chief executive officer, which is a more senior title in for-profit corporations. It is typical for a company that does not manufacture a physical product to have a CAO in place of a COO, particularly in technology organizations.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: At the United Nations, the secretary-general is the de facto head of the United Nations. According to the United Nations: Equal parts diplomat and advocate, civil servant and CEO, the secretary-general is a symbol of United Nations ideals and a spokesman for the interests of the world's peoples, in particular the poor and vulnerable among them. The charter also empowers the secretary-general to "bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which in his opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security". These guidelines both define the powers of the office and grant it considerable scope for action. One of the most vital roles played by the secretary-general is the use of his "good offices", steps taken publicly and in private, drawing upon his independence, impartiality and integrity, to prevent international disputes from arising, escalating or spreading.


title: Chief administrative officer

text: In Brunei, chief administrative officer was the highest rank of governmental officers in Japanese occupied Brunei under the Japanese governor. The first chief administrative officer was Inche Ibrahim (known later as Pehin Datu Perdana Menteri Dato Laila Utama Awang Haji Ibrahim), a former secretary to the British resident, Ernest Edgar Pengilly.


title: Itel Mobile

text: itel Mobile is a China-based mobile phone manufacturer company was founded in 2013 headquartered in Shenzhen, China.


title: Itel Mobile

text: Its products are mainly sold in Zimbabwe, South Africa, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan and some parts of Africa, South Asia, Europe and Latin America. The firm was founded by Lei Weiguo and Shenzhen Transsion Holdings Co Limited in March 2013. It mainly sells low budget smartphone and keyboard phone.


title: VTV Ganesh

text: Ganesh Janardhanan, also known by his stage name VTV Ganesh is an Indian actor, comedian and film producer. He is best known for his hoarse voice, and his appearances in films featuring Silambarasan. He had made his debut in Tamil movie "Red" (2002) directed by Singampuli. He is very much known for his movie "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa" (2010) directed by Gautham Menon.


title: VTV Ganesh

text: Ganesh made his breakthrough with a role in his home production "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaaya" (2010) directed by Gautham Vasudev Menon starring Silambarasan and Trisha Krishnan. His portrayal of Ganesh, the fictional cinematographer of "Vinaithaandi Varuvaiya" (2010) won plaudits from critics and eventually led to him changing his name by adding a prefix with the initials of the film (VTV). He went on to play a comic role in the anthology film, "Vaanam" (2011) which he also produced, portraying the character of "Bajanai" Ganesh who assists Cable Raja played Silambarasan. Ganesh also acted in "Osthe" (2011) featuring Silambarasan in a role as the heroine's father. He was one of the lead characters in "Naveena Saraswathi Sabatham" (2013). He also acted in Vijay starrer "Beast".


title: Kingdom Centre

text: Kingdom Centre (Arabic: مركز المملكة) is a 41-story, skyscraper in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. When completed in 2002, it overtook the Faisaliyah Tower as the tallest tower in Saudi Arabia. It has since been surpassed and, , is the fifth-tallest skyscraper in the country, whose tallest two buildings are the Abraj Al Bait Towers and the Capital Market Authority Tower. It is the world's third-tallest building with a hole after the Shanghai World Financial Center and the 85 Sky Tower in Taiwan.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The tower was developed by Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal and designed by the team of Ellerbe Becket and Omrania, who were selected through an international design competition. It is situated on a 100,000–square-metre site and houses the 57,000-square-meter Al-Mamlaka shopping mall, offices, the Four Seasons Hotel Riyadh, and luxury apartments. There is a 65m skybridge atop the skyscraper.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The upper third of the tower features an inverted parabolic arch topped by a public sky bridge. The sky bridge is a 300-ton steel structure, taking the form of an enclosed corridor with windows on both sides. After paying the admission fees, visitors take two elevators to reach that level.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The Kingdom Centre was designed by the US-based architecture firm Ellerbe Becket in a joint venture with the Riyadh-based architecture and engineering firm Omrania and Associates.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The building is composed of a tower and a podium comprising two symmetrical wings. The tower's almond-shaped plan and curving forms gives the building a distinctive shape that helps keep it cool, with the narrow ends facing the east and west where heat gain is greatest. A high-performance curtain wall, made from silver, butt-jointed reflective glazing, also helps control heat gain while concealing the three main mechanical floors to create a seamless facade.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: At the top of the tower, an inverted arch is spanned by a glass skybridge housing a public observation deck. The large opening allows the building to rise higher than the height limit—30 occupied floors—mandated by local laws. Its design was inspired by iconic structures from around the world, including the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, The Sydney Harbour Bridge, and the Eiffel Tower.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: From base to top, the tower house 13 floors of offices, 10 stories of hotel, five stories of luxury apartments, and additional office space at the top.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The East wing of the podium houses the Al-Mamlaka shopping mall, which features more than 150 stores divided across three levels - the first targeted to young people, the second to fashion and furnishings, and the third level is reserved for women. The West wing houses event and entertainment spaces.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The Kingdom Center is built on a four-meter-thick, 3,100-square-meter raft foundation. Its structure consists of two systems: reinforced concrete columns, beams, and core for the first 180 meters, and a tubular steel frame structure for the building's remaining height.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The tower is cooled by a central chilled water plant, supported by a thermal energy storage system that provides 5,000 tons of cooling capacity. This storage system is used during the hottest hours of the day, allowing the building to shift cool-air production to off-peak hours when electrical demand is lowest.


title: Kingdom Centre

text: The podium structures are served by separate mechanical systems designed to accommodate the needs of the building's unique programs. Systems used to cool these spaces include variable air volume, constant volume, and fan coils.


title: Tashahhud

text: The Tashahhud (, meaning "testimony [of faith]"), also known as at-Tahiyyat (), is the portion of the Muslim prayer where the person kneels or sits on the ground facing the "qibla", glorifies God, and greets the messenger and the righteous people of God followed by the two testimonials. The recitation is usually followed by an invocation of the blessings and peace upon the prophet known as "Salawat".


title: Tashahhud

text: A version attributed to Abdullah ibn Masud is used by Sunni Muslims from both the Hanafi and the Hanbali schools, as well as the non-Sunni Ibadi Muslims:


title: Tashahhud

text: Quranists reject the practice of Tashahhud as an innovation. This view was originally advocated by Rashad Khalifa, and later adopted by different Quranist groups.


title: Christian Democratic People's Party (Hungary)

text: The Christian Democratic People's Party (, KDNP) is a right-wing Christian democratic political party in Hungary. It is officially a coalition partner of the ruling party, Fidesz, but is mostly considered a satellite party of Fidesz, and has been unable to get into the Parliament on its own since the 1990s (with the last time it did so being 1994), being unable to pass the election threshold of 5% of the vote. Without Fidesz, its support is now low enough that it can no longer be measured, and even a leading Fidesz politician, János Lázár, stated that Fidesz does not consider the government to be a coalition government.


text: The party was founded under the name of KDNP on 13 October 1944 by Hungarian Catholic statesmen, intellectuals and clergy, and was a successor to the pre-war United Christian Party. Among the founders were Bishop Vilmos Apor, Béla Kovrig (president of the University of Cluj-Napoca), , Count József Pálffy, ethnographer Sándor Bálint and political journalist István Barankovics. It was an offshoot of the "Catholic Social Folk Movement" (KSzN), a civil organization. At the beginning of 1945 they elected Barankovics as principal secretary.


text: The new KDNP enjoyed just four or five months of semi-legality towards the end of World War II. At the end of the war, the communist-dominated post-war authorities refused to legalize it or permit it to operate further. Despite attempts by Varga and Barankovics, they were refused official permission to operate and take part in elections. Some of the party's founders, including Varga, were imprisoned for some days by detachments of the Arrow Cross Party.


text: Meanwhile, some party members were saying that Barankovics conceded too much to the communist-influenced authorities in return for too little, and there was growing friction between two factions: the Christian socialist left wing led by Barankovics and the conservative-clerical right wing led by József Mindszenty's confidant, József Pálffy. The left wing gained increasing ascendancy in the party, and on 8 May 1945, Barankovics replaced Pálffy as president. The party changed its name to the Democratic People's Party (DNP), while a group led by Pálffy founded a new party called KDNP, which, however, failed to remain legal in an atmosphere of increasing Soviet influence. The 1947 elections saw the DNP finish second in the popular vote, winning 60 of the 411 seats.


text: DNP was a democratic and anticommunist organisation. In 1949, Mátyás Rákosi asked Barankovics for the party's leaders to help him in the show trial against Cardinal Mindszenty, who was already ill in prison. Barankovics refused and, abandoning his party, escaped to Austria in an American diplomat's car. Many people followed his example; others were imprisoned by communists. The party was subsequently dissolved in January 1949.


text: The party was refounded in 1989 with its present name. The link between the historical party and the present one is disputed, although prominent members of the original party, like László Varga, took part in its refoundation. The party won 21 seats in the 1990 parliamentary election and entered the government with the Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) and the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party (FKgP) and, later, the United Smallholders' Party (EKGP).


text: In the 1994 election, KDNP won 22 seats in the National Assembly and moved into opposition to the new coalition between the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) and the Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ). It lost all of its seats in the 1998 election.


text: In 2005 KDNP signed an agreement with Fidesz for election cooperation, a result of which the KDNP obtained seats in the National Assembly. In the 2006 elections this alliance gained strength, winning 42.0% of the list votes and 164 representatives out of 386 in the National Assembly. The party decided to form a self-contained parliamentary faction with 23 representatives.


text: The Fidesz-KDNP Alliance won the 2010 election, with the KDNP increasing its seats to 36; party leader Zsolt Semjén was appointed Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Politics. The alliance won again in the 2014 and 2018 election, although KDNP decreased its seats to 16. The party currently holds two ministers in the Fourth Orbán Government: party leader Zsolt Semjén (Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for National Politics, Church Affairs and Nationalities) and János Süli (Minister for the planning, construction and commissioning of the two new blocks at Paks Nuclear Power Plant).


text: The party is considered by many to have become a satellite party of Fidesz. Without Fidesz, its support cannot be measured, and even a leading Fidesz politician, János Lázár stated in 2011 that Fidesz does not consider the government to be a coalition government.


text: KDNP is a member of the European People's Party (EPP). Although its ally Fidesz's membership has been suspended on 20 March 2019, and its MEPs left the European People's Party group on 3 March 2021, KDNP retained its European affiliation and their only MEP György Hölvényi remained the sole member of the EPP group from Hungary thereafter.


text: KDNP is a right-wing, conservative Christian democratic party. It is well known in Hungary for its traditional-marriage, anti-abortion and anti-immigration stance, and its representatives voted against the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe because it did not refer to Europe's Christian heritage, although the party does not consider itself Eurosceptic.


text: KDNP has supported the severe restriction on Sunday shopping ("free Sunday", as they called) for a long time, citing Christian values. Parliament voted on the issue on December 14, 2014 and the law came into effect on March 15, 2015 (a Sunday on which shops would have been closed anyway, the day being a public holiday in Hungary). Public opinion was predominantly against the decision. Three polls done in the spring of 2015 registered an opposition of 64% (Szonda Ipsos), 62% (Medián) 59% (Tárki). By the end of May, according to a poll by Medián, 72% of those polled disliked the new law, even the majority of Fidesz-KDNP voters were against it. Opposition parties and private persons tried to start a public referendum several times. By November 2015 there were 16 such attempts, but none of them were approved, for various bureaucratic reasons, until in early 2016 one of these attempts, initiated by the Hungarian Socialist Party, was finally successful. The government, rather than being forced to hold the referendum (which could have been interpreted as a huge success for the opposition party, even though the law was opposed by the majority of Fidesz voters too) lifted the ban in April 2016.


title: The Forest (TV series)

text: The Forest () is a French crime drama television series, created by Delinda Jacobs and directed by Julius Berg. It debuted 30 May 2017 on Belgian channel La Une and on 21 November on France 3. The series debuted on Netflix internationally in July 2018.


title: The Forest (TV series)

text: Police investigate after a teenaged girl, Jennifer Lenoir, disappears in a forest in the Ardennes, France, and are assisted by her teacher, who had a traumatic experience in the same forest when she was young.


title: The Forest (TV series)

text: "The Forest" was shot mostly in the Belgian region of Wallonia around Brussels, as well as Dinant, Namur, Rixensart and Court-Saint-Étienne. Filming also took place in France in the Ardennes, particularly around the River Meuse and communes of Haybes and Fumay. The final sequence was shot in Bray-Dunes near Dunkirk.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The snatch is the first of two lifts contested in the sport of weightlifting (also known as Olympic weightlifting) followed by the clean and jerk. The objective of the snatch is to lift the barbell from the ground to overhead in one continuous motion. There are four main styles of snatch used: snatch (or full snatch), split snatch, power snatch, and muscle snatch. The full lift is the most common style used in competition, while power snatches and muscle snatches are mostly used for training purposes, and split snatches are rarely used. Any of these lifts can be performed from the floor, from the hang position, or from blocks. In competition, only lifts from the floor are allowed.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: In the snatch, the lifter lifts the bar as high as possible and pulls themselves under it in a squat position, receiving the bar overhead with the arms straight, decreasing the necessary height of the bar, therefore increasing the amount of weight that the lifter may successfully lift. The lifter finally straightens to a fully upright position with the bar above their head and arms fully extended.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: In the split snatch, the lifter lifts the bar as high as possible and pulls themselves under the bar similar to the squat snatch but in the split snatch the lifter "splits" their legs, placing one foot in front of them and one behind, allowing themselves to receive the bar lower as in the squat snatch. The split snatch has become much less common but is occasionally performed by some lifters.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: In the power snatch, the lifter lifts the barbell as high as possible and receives the bar overhead with only a slight bend in the knee and hip, increasing the height that the bar must be lifted and decreasing the amount of weight that may be successfully lifted.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: In the muscle snatch, the lifter lifts the bar all the way overhead with arms locked out and the hip and knee fully extended.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: While the snatch is commonly referred to in three phases, Arthur Drechsler identifies six distinct phases of the pull in the snatch.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The lifter begins the first phase of the pull, or "Pre-lift off", with the feet placed approximately hip width apart, toes turned out slightly with the bar above the midfoot. The shins will be inclined toward the bar so that the shin is touching or close to the bar. Hips are placed so that the top of the thigh is approximately parallel to the ground but may also be slightly higher or lower depending on the lifter. The lifter’s back should be straight, no excessive curvature or rounding in the lumbar spine, with slight extension of the thoracic spine and shoulders slightly pulled back. The shoulders should be positioned so that they are directly over or slightly forward of the bar. The bar is gripped with a very wide grip. The neck should be positioned in line with the torso or slightly more vertical. During the first pull, the lifter begins to exert force on the bar, separating the weight from the platform.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The second phase of the pull, or "preliminary acceleration" begins with the weight separated from the floor. In the second phase, the lifter begins by extending the knee and moving the hip upward while maintaining a constant back angle relative to the floor. During this phase, the lifter pulls the bar closer to their body and the center of gravity of the lifter shifts toward the heel. During this phase, the lifter begins to accelerate the bar and towards the end of the phase, the torso begins to assume a more vertical position.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: During the third phase, or "adjustment phase", the lifter begins to position their body appropriately for the final explosive pull. The knees typically perform a "double knee bend", where the knee bends from the previous extension of the knee during the second phase, and the torso continues to become more vertical. During this phase, the lifter doesn't apply as great a force on the bar as in the previous phases.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: During the fourth phase of the pull, or "final acceleration" the lifter performs the final acceleration on the bar. This is executed by explosively extending the hip, knee, and ankles (or plantar-flexing). This is followed by an upward elevation of the shoulders (the "shrug"), and simultaneously lifting the heels or the whole foot off the ground. The lifter’s torso will usually lean slightly backwards during this phase, and the bar is accelerated upward with a slightly arced trajectory.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The fifth phase of the pull, or "unsupported squat phase", occurs when the lifter has fully extended their knees, hips, and ankle. The lifter bends their arms at the elbow, pulling themselves under the bar. Simultaneously they move their feet slightly apart into the squat position and begins to move downward into the squat position.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The sixth phase, or supported squat under, occurs when the lifters feet have landed flatfooted on the platform and the lifter pulls themselves into a squat position. The lifter then receives the bar overhead with the arms completely straight. From this position, the lifter recovers by squatting the weight to a fully erect position while maintaining the bar position overhead.


title: Snatch (weightlifting)

text: The snatch is also commonly used as a tool for training athletes in a variety of sports especially with athletes in sports where powerful full body movement is required such as throwing, sprinting, running, and jumping. The triple-extension in the snatch (simultaneous extension of the knee and hip, and plantar flexion at the ankle) mimics the movements previously mentioned while requiring the athlete to produce large amounts of power at high velocities. The snatch has an average velocity of 1.52–1.67 m/s. This makes it a quality lift for training speed-strength in which the athlete aims to move a light weight (25–40% 1RM) at its fastest velocity (1.1–1.65 m/s)


title: WTA Tour

text: The WTA Tour is a worldwide top-tier tennis tour for women organized by the Women's Tennis Association. The second-tier tour is the WTA 125K series, and third-tier is the ITF Women's Circuit. The men's equivalent is the ATP Tour.


title: WTA Tour

text: The WTA Tour underwent slight change in the classification of tournaments in 2021, which were organized on par with the nomenclature used on ATP Tour:


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 25 September 2021 to elect the members of the Althing. Following the elections, the three parties in the ruling coalition government – the Independence Party, Progressive Party and Left-Green Movement – agreed to continue in office, with Katrín Jakobsdóttir of the Left-Green Movement remaining Prime Minister despite her party being the smallest of the three.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: The 2017 parliamentary election was called after the collapse of the coalition government between the Independence Party, Reform Party, and Bright Future after the withdrawal of the latter over a breach of trust involving a request to grant a convicted child sex offender "restored honor" from the father of Prime Minister Bjarni Benediktsson. In the 2017 election, the Independence Party lost 5 seats and was reduced to 16, while the Reform Party lost 3 to win 4, and Bright Future was eliminated from the Althing entirely. The Left-Green Movement gained 1 seat to win 11, the Social Democratic Alliance gained 4 seats to win 7, the Progressive Party remained steady with 8 seats, and the Pirate Party lost 4 seats and was reduced to 6 in total. Two parties entered the Althing for the first time, with the People's Party securing 4 seats and the Centre Party winning 7 seats.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: With 16 seats and 25.2% of the vote, the Independence Party achieved its second-worst electoral performance in its history in terms of vote percentage, the worst being the 2009 election, and tied its record low number of seats. A total of 24 women were elected to the Althing, compared to 30 in the 2016 election. Of those elected to the Althing, 19 are new, but this is considerably lower than in 2016 with 32.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: On 30 October 2017, President Guðni Th. Jóhannesson met with the leaders of the eight parliamentary parties. The four former opposition parties held informal talks, with the Progressive Party in pole position to determine whether the Independence Party or the Left-Greens would lead the next government. After meeting with Jóhannesson, Left-Green leader Katrín Jakobsdóttir declared that she wanted to form a government with the four former opposition parties, noting that though a coalition with additional parties would provide more than 32 seats, it was out of consideration before a four-party coalition was first attempted. On 2 November, Guðni Th. Jóhannesson granted Katrín Jakobsdóttir, leader of the Left-Green Movement, the mandate to form a coalition between her party, the Progressives, Social Democratic Alliance, and Pirates, the four having agreed to begin formal coalition talks.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: On 6 November, after the Progressives announced that they would not continue talks over difficult issues with such a thin majority, Katrín Jakobsdóttir announced that she would return her mandate. In the following days, the leaders of the Left-Greens, Independence Party, and Progressive Party discussed the possibility of forming a coalition together, with the Left-Greens insistent that Katrín become prime minister in that case, an idea supported by the Progressives; in exchange, demissionary prime minister Bjarni Benediktsson would be appointed finance minister. Talks between the three parties were completed swiftly, and after meeting with Katrín on 28 November, president Guðni formally granted her the mandate to lead a government with the Independence Party and Progressive Party, pending the support of each of the parties, with the new government seated on 30 November. According to Article 22 of the constitution, the president must convene the newly elected Althing within 10 weeks of the election.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: The 63 members of the Althing are elected by open list proportional representation in six multi-member constituencies, with 54 seats distributed between parties at the constituency level with no electoral threshold and 9 leveling seats assigned to party lists at the national level with a threshold of 5 percent required in order to ensure proportionality with the election result. The 54 constituency seats are distributed within each constituency according to the D'Hondt method. Election lists are determined by parties. Voters have the option of marking preferential votes for particular candidates of the party they vote for, which can result in the order of the candidates being altered.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: In the 2017 election, the Social Democratic Alliance received 7 seats – fewer than the Progressive Party, which came third in number of seats – despite the fact that it came third in the overall vote, with the Centre Party similarly receiving more votes but securing fewer seats than the Progressive Party. In the aftermath of the election, two professors at the University of Akureyri suggested that there was no need for a national constituency to allocate equalization seats, and that 15 leveling seats would be necessary to ensure proportionality in the future. In addition, the imbalance in number of votes between constituencies nearly violated the level stipulated in the constitution, with 2,690 eligible voters per seat in the Northwest constituency compared to 5,346 in the Southwest constituency, a ratio of 199%, just short of the constitutional limit of 200%.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: Per Article 20 in Chapter V of Act No. 24 from the 16 May 2000 Law Concerning Parliamentary Elections to the Althing, last amended in 2017, elections must be held no later than the same weekday of the month four years after the previous elections, counting from the turn of the month; because the 2017 parliamentary took place on the fourth Saturday in October, the latest possible date for the next election would be 23 October 2021.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: Members of the opposition parties had called for the election to be scheduled for the spring of 2021, arguing that Icelandic elections are traditionally held during the spring — a tradition broken only by the premature elections in autumn 2017 – and that autumn elections give a newly-formed government too little time to prepare next year's budget. Finance Minister Bjarni Benediktsson dismissed those arguments, saying that gaining power had involved "blood, sweat and tears", and he had no interest in giving it away half a year earlier than required. On 24 July 2020, Prime Minister Katrín Jakobsdóttir announced that the it would take place on 25 September 2021, a month earlier than required, calling the decision "a compromise".


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: The table below lists political parties represented in the Althing after the 2017 parliamentary election and parties which were on the ballot in at least one constituency in 2021.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: D = Independence Party, V = Left-Green Movement, S = Social Democratic Alliance, M = Centre Party, B = Progressive Party, P = Pirate Party, F = People's Party, C = Reform Party, J = Socialist Party.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: Compared to polling, the Progressive Party and the People's Party performed better than expectations, while the Social Democratic Alliance, the Reform Party, the Pirate Party, and the new Icelandic Socialist Party performed slightly worse. The Centre Party saw its vote percentage and seat count reduced by half compared to the prior elections, while the Progressive Party saw a vote percentage increase of over 6% and a seat increase of 5. The governing grand coalition of the Independence Party, the Left-Green Movement, and the Progressive Party were expected to negotiate to continue their cooperation.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: On 9 October, Birgir Þórarinsson, who was originally elected to represent the Centre Party, announced that he was defecting to the Independence Party, making him the 17th member of the Althing for the Independence Party and leaving the Centre Party with just two members.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: It was initially reported that 33 women and 30 men were elected, making Iceland the first European nation to have a female-majority parliament. Among them was Lenya Rún Taha Karim of the Pirate Party, who at 21 would become the youngest MP in Iceland's history. Following a recount in the Northwest Constituency, the representation became a majority of men. The Left-Green Movement and the Pirate Party both requested recounts in the South Constituency.


title: 2021 Icelandic parliamentary election

text: On 21 October, the Left-Green Movement, the Independence Party, and the Progressive Party were negotiating a continued coalition with Katrín remaining Prime Minister. The coalition talks focused on energy and climate issues. On 28 November, the three parties agreed on a renewed coalition.


title: Fuze

text: In military munitions, a fuze (sometimes fuse) is the part of the device that initiates function. In some applications, such as torpedoes, a fuze may be identified by function as the exploder. The relative complexity of even the earliest fuze designs can be seen in cutaway diagrams.


title: Fuze

text: A fuze is a device that detonates a munition's explosive material under specified conditions. In addition, a fuze will have safety and arming mechanisms that protect users from premature or accidental detonation. For example, an artillery fuze's battery is activated by the high acceleration of cannon launch, and the fuze must be spinning rapidly before it will function. "Complete bore safety" can be achieved with mechanical shutters that isolate the detonator from the main charge until the shell is fired.


title: Fuze

text: A fuze may contain only the electronic or mechanical elements necessary to signal or actuate the detonator, but some fuzes contain a small amount of primary explosive to initiate the detonation. Fuzes for large explosive charges may include an explosive booster.


title: Fuze

text: Some professional publications about explosives and munitions distinguish the "fuse" and "fuze" spelling. The UK Ministry of Defence states (emphasis in original):


title: Fuze

text: Historically, it was spelled with either 's' or 'z', and both spellings can still be found. In the United States and some military forces, "fuze" is used to denote a sophisticated ignition device incorporating mechanical and/or electronic components (for example a proximity fuze for an artillery shell, magnetic/acoustic fuze on a sea mine, spring-loaded grenade fuze, pencil detonator or anti-handling device) as opposed to a simple burning fuse.


title: Fuze

text: The situation of usage and the characteristics of the munition it is intended to activate affect the fuze design e.g. its safety and actuation mechanisms.


title: Fuze

text: Artillery fuzes are tailored to function in the special circumstances of artillery projectiles. The relevant factors are the projectile's initial rapid acceleration, high velocity and usually rapid rotation, which affect both safety and arming requirements and options, and the target may be moving or stationary.


title: Fuze

text: Artillery fuzes may be initiated by a timer mechanism, impact or detection of proximity to the target, or a combination of these.


title: Fuze

text: Requirements for a hand grenade fuze are defined by the projectile's small size and slow delivery over a short distance. This necessitates manual arming before throwing as the grenade has insufficient initial acceleration for arming to be driven by "setback" and no rotation to drive arming by centrifugal force.


title: Fuze

text: Aerial bombs can be detonated either by a fuze, which contains a small explosive charge to initiate the main charge, or by a "pistol", a firing pin in a case which strikes the detonator when triggered. The pistol may be considered a part of the mechanical fuze assembly.


title: Fuze

text: The main design consideration is that the bomb that the fuze is intended to actuate is stationary, and the target itself is moving in making contact.


title: Fuze

text: Relevant design factors in naval mine fuzes are that the mine may be static or moving downward through the water, and the target is typically moving on or below the water surface, usually above the mine.


title: Fuze

text: Time fuzes detonate after a set period of time by using one or more combinations of mechanical, electronic, pyrotechnic or even chemical timers. Depending on the technology used, the device may self-destruct (or render itself safe without detonation) some seconds, minutes, hours, days, or even months after being deployed.


title: Fuze

text: Early artillery time fuzes were nothing more than a hole filled with gunpowder leading from the surface to the centre of the projectile. The flame from the burning of the gunpowder propellant ignited this "fuze" on firing, and burned through to the centre during flight, then igniting or exploding whatever the projectile may have been filled with.


title: Fuze

text: By the 19th century devices more recognisable as modern artillery "fuzes" were being made of carefully selected wood and trimmed to burn for a predictable time after firing. These were still typically fired from smoothbore muzzle-loaders with a relatively large gap between the shell and barrel, and still relied on flame from the gunpowder propellant charge escaping past the shell on firing to ignite the wood fuze and hence initiate the timer.


title: Fuze

text: In the mid-to-late 19th century adjustable metal time fuzes, the fore-runners of today's time fuzes, containing burning gunpowder as the delay mechanism became common, in conjunction with the introduction of rifled artillery. Rifled guns introduced a tight fit between shell and barrel and hence could no longer rely on the flame from the propellant to initiate the timer. The new metal fuzes typically use the shock of firing ("setback") and/or the projectiles's rotation to "arm" the fuze and initiate the timer : hence introducing a safety factor previously absent.


title: Fuze

text: As late as World War I, some countries were still using hand-grenades with simple black match fuses much like those of modern fireworks: the infantryman lit the fuse before throwing the grenade and hoped the fuse burned for the several seconds intended. These were soon superseded in 1915 by the Mills bomb, the first modern hand grenade with a relatively safe and reliable time fuze initiated by pulling out a safety pin and releasing an arming handle on throwing.


title: Fuze

text: Impact, percussion or contact fuzes detonate when their forward motion rapidly decreases, typically on physically striking an object such as the target. The detonation may be instantaneous or deliberately delayed to occur a preset fraction of a second after penetration of the target. An instantaneous "Superquick" fuze will detonate instantly on the slightest physical contact with the target. A fuze with a graze action will also detonate on change of direction caused by a slight glancing blow on a physical obstruction such as the ground.


title: Fuze

text: Impact fuzes in artillery usage may be mounted in the shell nose ("point detonating") or shell base ("base detonating").


title: Fuze

text: Proximity fuzes cause a missile warhead or other munition (e.g. air-dropped bomb or sea mine) to detonate when it comes within a certain pre-set distance of the target, or vice versa. Proximity fuzes utilize sensors incorporating one or more combinations of the following: radar, active sonar, passive acoustic, infrared, magnetic, photoelectric, seismic or even television cameras. These may take the form of an anti-handling device designed specifically to kill or severely injure anyone who tampers with the munition in some way e.g. lifting or tilting it. Regardless of the sensor used, the pre-set triggering distance is calculated such that the explosion will occur sufficiently close to the target that it is either destroyed or severely damaged.


title: Fuze

text: Barometric fuzes cause a bomb to detonate at a certain pre-set altitude above sea level by means of a radar, barometric altimeter or an infrared rangefinder.


title: Fuze

text: A fuze assembly may include more than one fuze in series or parallel arrangements. The RPG-7 usually has an impact (PIBD) fuze in parallel with a 4.5 second time fuze, so detonation should occur on impact, but otherwise takes place after 4.5 seconds. Military weapons containing explosives have fuzing systems including a series time fuze to ensure that they do not initiate (explode) prematurely within a danger distance of the munition launch platform. In general, the munition has to travel a certain distance, wait for a period of time (via a clockwork, electronic or chemical delay mechanism), or have some form of arming pin or plug removed. Only when these processes have occurred will the arming process of the series time fuze be complete. Mines often have a parallel time fuze to detonate and destroy the mine after a pre-determined period to minimize casualties after the anticipated duration of hostilities. Detonation of modern naval mines may require simultaneous detection of a series arrangement of acoustic, magnetic, and/or pressure sensors to complicate mine-sweeping efforts.


title: Fuze

text: The multiple safety/arming features in the M734 fuze used for mortars are representative of the sophistication of modern electronic fuzes.


title: Fuze

text: Safety/arming mechanisms can be as simple as the spring-loaded safety levers on M67 or RGD-5 grenade fuzes, which will not initiate the explosive train so long as the pin is kept in the grenade, or the safety lever is held down on a pinless grenade. Alternatively, it can be as complex as the electronic timer-countdown on an influence sea mine, which gives the vessel laying it sufficient time to move out of the blast zone before the magnetic or acoustic sensors are fully activated.


title: Fuze

text: In modern artillery shells, most fuzes incorporate several safety features to prevent a fuze arming before it leaves the gun barrel. These safety features may include arming on "setback" or by centrifugal force, and often both operating together. Set-back arming uses the inertia of the accelerating artillery shell to remove a safety feature as the projectile accelerates from rest to its in-flight speed. Rotational arming requires that the artillery shell reach a certain rpm before centrifugal forces cause a safety feature to disengage or move an arming mechanism to its armed position. Artillery shells are fired through a rifled barrel, which forces them to spin during flight.


title: Fuze

text: In other cases the bomb, mine or projectile has a fuze that prevents accidental initiation e.g. stopping the rotation of a small propeller (unless a lanyard pulls out a pin) so that the striker-pin cannot hit the detonator even if the weapon is dropped on the ground. These types of fuze operate with aircraft weapons, where the weapon may have to be jettisoned over "friendly" territory to allow a damaged aircraft to continue to fly. The crew can choose to jettison the weapons "safe" by dropping the devices with safety pins still attached, or drop them "live" by removing the safety pins as the weapons leave the aircraft.


title: Fuze

text: Aerial bombs and depth charges can be "nose" and "tail" fuzed using different detonator/initiator characteristics so that the crew can choose which effect fuze will suit target conditions that may not have been known before the flight. The arming switch is set to one of "safe", "nose", or "tail" at the crew's choice.


title: Fuze

text: Base fuzes are also used by artillery and tanks for shells of the 'squash head' type. Some types of armour piercing shells have also used base fuzes, as have nuclear artillery shells.


title: Fuze

text: The most sophisticated fuze mechanisms of all are those fitted to nuclear weapons, and their safety/arming devices are correspondingly complex. In addition to PAL protection, the fuzing used in nuclear weapons features multiple, highly sophisticated environmental sensors e.g. sensors requiring highly specific acceleration and deceleration profiles before the warhead can be fully armed. The intensity and duration of the acceleration/deceleration must match the environmental conditions which the bomb/missile warhead would actually experience when dropped or fired. Furthermore, these events must occur in the correct order.


title: Fuze

text: Note: some fuzes, e.g. those used in air-dropped bombs and landmines may contain anti-handling devices specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. The technology to incorporate booby-trap mechanisms in fuzes has existed since at least 1940 e.g. the German ZUS40 anti-removal bomb fuze.