title: Institute of Cost Accountants of India

text: The ICMAI is a Founder Member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), Confederation of Asian and Pacific Accountants (CAPA) and South Asian Federation of Accountants (SAFA). ICMAI is a member of the National Foundation of Corporate Governance (NFCG).


title: Institute of Cost Accountants of India

text: The Institute of Cost Accountants of India was first formed as a registered limited company on 14 June 1944 as per the provisions of the then Companies Act, 1913. Post Independence, the institute got statutory recognition when the Parliament of India enacted "The Cost and Works Accountants Act" (Act No.23rd of 1959), a special act, on 28 May 1959 to accord statutory recognition to ICMAI (previously ICWAI) as an autonomous professional Institute.


title: Institute of Cost Accountants of India

text: The CWA Amendment bill, 2011 was passed by both the Houses of Indian Parliament viz. Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha on 12 December 2011 and assented by the president of India on 12 January 2012. The changes were published in the Official Gazette of India on 13 January 2012. As of now, there are a total of 85000 active members of ICMAI.


title: Institute of Cost Accountants of India

text: This is the primary qualification of the ICMAI following completion of up to three levels (Foundation, Intermediate, and Final) examinations and three years of practical training in areas like management accounting, cost accounting, financial accounting, taxation, cost audits, GST audits, internal audit, corporate laws, etc. and enables an individual to become a CMA (cost & management accountant).


title: Mikael Ymer

text: Mikael Ymer (born 9 September 1998) is a Swedish tennis player. He has a career high ATP singles ranking of world No. 67, achieved in March 2020. In the ATP doubles ranking his career high is No. 187, achieved in October 2017. He is currently the No. 1 Swedish player.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: Ymer was born in Skara, Sweden to Ethiopian immigrant parents. His mother, Kelem, is a physician; his father, Wondwosen, works at a dairy company. He is the younger brother of fellow tennis player Elias Ymer. His other younger brother, Rafael, is a tennis player on the juniors' circuit.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: Mikael contested his first junior major final at the 2015 Wimbledon Championships but was defeated by American Reilly Opelka in straight sets.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: In 2015 Ymer managed to claim his second European Championships title (U18), beating Bernabé Zapata Miralles in the final in straight sets.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: He made his Grand Slam main draw debut through qualifying at the 2019 French Open where he recorded his first Major win against fellow qualifier Blaž Rola in straight sets.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: Ymer reached the third round of a Grand Slam tournament for the first time in his career at the 2021 Australian Open. He did so by defeating twenty-sixth seed Hubert Hurkacz and qualifier Carlos Alcaraz, before losing to fifth seed Stefanos Tsitsipas.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: As world No. 105 at the 2021 French Open, Ymer achieved the biggest win of his career by defeating world number 15 Gaël Monfils in the second round. With this victory, he once again reached the third round of a major, this time losing to Jannik Sinner.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At the 2021 Winston-Salem Open, Ymer beat eleventh seed Albert Ramos-Vinolas, lucky loser Max Purcell, and thirteenth seed Frances Tiafoe to reach his first ATP semifinal. He continued with a win over fifteenth seed Carlos Alcaraz to reach his first ATP final, making him the first Swedish tour-level finalist since Robin Söderling at the 2011 Swedish Open. Ymer lost the final to Ilya Ivashka in straight sets in 56 minutes.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: Ymer was not able to defend his third round showing at the 2022 Australian Open, losing to Stefanos Tsitsipas in the opening round.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: In February, at the 2022 Open Sud de France, Ymer reached the semifinals, defeating three French players Corentin Moutet, third seed Gael Monfils (his second top-20 win) and Richard Gasquet.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At the 2022 French Open he reached the third round at this Major for the second consecutive time in his career defeating James Duckworth and 29th seed Dan Evans before losing to 4th seed Stefanos Tsitsipas.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At the 2022 Citi Open he defeated Andy Murray and 15th seed Aslan Karatsev to reach the round of 16. Next he defeated Emil Ruusuvuori to reach the quarterfinals of an ATP 500 tournament for the first time. In the quarterfinals, he defeated Sebastian Korda in three sets to advance to his first ATP 500 semifinal in his career. As a result he moved close to 40 positions up the rankings back into the top 80 to No. 77 on 8 August 2022.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At the 2022 Winston-Salem Open, Ymer received a wildcard but lost in the second to qualifier Marc-Andrea Huesler. As a result his ranking fell to No. 99 on 29 August 2022. At the US Open he lost in the first round.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At the 2022 Firenze Open he reached the semifinals as a qualifier defeating again fifth seed Aslan Karatsev and Roberto Carballes Baena but lost to JJ Wolf. As a result he moved 20 positions up in the rankings back into the top 80 on 17 October 2022.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: At his home tournament in Stockholm using a special exempt status, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to top seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. As a result he moved up to No. 76 on 24 October 2022.


title: Mikael Ymer

text: He continued his good form qualifiying for the main draw of the 2022 Rolex Paris Masters for the second year in a row. He won his first round match defeating Alexander Bublik. He lost to world No. 8 Felix Auger-Aliassime in a three tight set match with two tiebreaks that lasted 3 hours and 30 minutes.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Eric Eugene Crouch (born November 16, 1978) is a former American football quarterback. He also is a TV sports analyst and recreational equipment vendor.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch played college football for the University of Nebraska. In 2001 Crouch won the Heisman Trophy, awarded annually to the most outstanding collegiate football player in the United States. He also won the Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award, given annually to the best collegiate quarterback in the US. During that year running Nebraska's option offense, he completed 105 of 189 passes for 1,510 yards and seven touchdowns, while also rushing for 1,115 yards and 18 touchdowns. Crouch was the "USA Today" Nebraska Player of the Year, and a "Parade" All-American athlete at Millard North High School, where he was a two-time All-State selection at quarterback. Crouch appeared on the cover of the video game "NCAA College Football 2K3".


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch attended Millard North High School in Omaha, Nebraska graduating in 1997. As a senior, Crouch ran for 1,277 yards and 15 touchdowns adding 543 passing yards and 5 touchdowns. Crouch was named Gatorade High School Player of the Year for the state of Nebraska. He finished is high school career with 5,134 yards of total offense.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch also ran Track & Field focusing on the sprints. He placed 2nd and 4th in the State Championships in the 100 meter and 200 meter races, respectively. His 10.4 second 100 meter mark, ranks him tied for 5th all time in Nebraska.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Ankle surgery forced Crouch to redshirt for the 1997 co-national championship-winning season. In 1998, Bobby Newcombe began the season as the starting quarterback, but he was sidelined by a knee injury after the first game and Crouch took over the starting duties. Against UAB, Crouch rushed for two touchdowns and completed 11 of 17 passes in his first career start. 1998 proved to be a chaotic season for the Cornhuskers. Crouch made another start before being replaced by a healthy Bobby Newcombe. Newcombe started the next five games, but was pulled in the middle of a game because of a PCL strain. Senior walk-on, Monte Christo, took over for Newcombe, and started the following week against Texas. With Texas leading 10-0 in the middle of the second quarter, Christo was pulled and replaced by Crouch. Crouch remained the starter for the rest of the season, which ended with a 23-20 loss to Arizona in the Holiday Bowl.


title: Eric Crouch

text: The next fall Newcombe was named the starting quarterback, and it was rumored that Crouch might leave the team. Crouch, however, was given significant playing time in the first and second games. He started the third game against Southern Mississippi, and Newcombe moved to wingback. Crouch led Nebraska in a season that saw NU avenge its only loss of the season in a rematch against Texas in the Big 12 Championship Game. The Cornhuskers finished the season with a 12-1 record and ranked No. 3 after defeating Tennessee in the Fiesta Bowl.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch started every game in the 2000 season, which ended with a 66-17 trouncing of Northwestern in the Alamo Bowl. Nebraska's only losses during the 10-2 season were to eventual national champion, Oklahoma Sooners, and the Kansas State Wildcats.


title: Eric Crouch

text: In 2001 Crouch had his best year, breaking school or NCAA records almost weekly and appearing to be a serious contender for the Heisman Trophy. In the first game of the 2001 season, a 21-7 defeat of TCU, Crouch surpassed Tommie Frazier as Nebraska's all-time total offense leader. He became the Big 12 all-time career rushing quarterback in the emotionally charged game against Rice. The next week, against Missouri, Crouch was backed up near the goal line when he scrambled to escape from defenders and pulled off a 95-yard touchdown run, the longest in school history. Against Iowa State the following week, Crouch broke the record for career touchdowns by a quarterback. Crouch became only the fourth player in Division 1 history to both pass and rush for 3,000 yards in a career with his performance against Texas Tech. Next, in a hard-fought game against defending national champion Oklahoma, Crouch again showed off his speed and playmaking abilities, this time serving as quarterback and receiver in a single play, the famous "Black 41 Flash Reverse Pass" in which Crouch made a 63-yard touchdown reception. By mid-November Crouch had set a school record for most career wins as a starter and became only the ninth quarterback in D-1A history to have won 35 games as a starter. The Cornhuskers were 11-0 going into the annual contest with Colorado the day after Thanksgiving. Crouch had a career day, setting the school record for offense yards in a single game with 360 yards. The Nebraska defense was dominated by the Buffaloes, however, and gave up a then-record 62 points to Colorado. The 62-36 loss appeared to have ended Nebraska's hopes of playing for the national championship and to have hurt Crouch's chances of winning the Heisman. Two weeks later, Crouch was announced as the recipient of the award, edging out Florida's Rex Grossman and Miami's Ken Dorsey in the closest Heisman ballot since 1985. His outstanding season also was recognized when he won the Davey O'Brien Award for being the best collegiate quarterback in the nation during the 2001 season. In the meantime several highly ranked teams were upset and in the final BCS rankings, Nebraska beat out one-loss Oregon and two-loss Colorado to earn the No. 2 spot in the BCS rankings. The final BCS rankings were steeped in controversy since Nebraska had the chance to play in the Rose Bowl for the national championship despite not winning a conference or division championship. In the Rose Bowl on January 3, 2002, Crouch rushed for 114 yards against the Miami Hurricanes but was denied a touchdown for the first time since September, 1999. The No. 1 Hurricanes defeated the Cornhuskers 37-14, leaving Crouch with a 35-7 record as a starting quarterback.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch was initially drafted by the St. Louis Rams of the NFL as a wide receiver, but still wanted to play quarterback. Crouch, however, was seen by NFL teams as being too short to play quarterback. His athleticism was seen as better suited for playing wideout, but a hard tackle by a defensive player caused him to have 150cc of blood drained from his leg. Because of the injury, Crouch left the team before playing a game.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch signed with the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2005, and was allocated to the Hamburg Sea Devils of NFL Europe. Crouch converted to the safety position, recording 25 tackles and 2 passes defended.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch's opportunity to play quarterback at the professional level finally came when he signed with the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League on February 15, 2006 as a quarterback. (The Argonauts had owned his CFL rights for several years.) In his inaugural CFL season Crouch eventually became the fourth-string quarterback in Toronto, behind Damon Allen, Michael Bishop, and Spergon Wynn. On July 22, 2006, Crouch made his regular season CFL debut against the Saskatchewan Roughriders in Regina, Saskatchewan. Coming in at the start of the second half following an injury to Wynn, Crouch sealed the win for Toronto with solid play, including a 94-yard pass completion to Arland Bruce III.


title: Eric Crouch

text: In 2007 Crouch was expected to battle Michael Bishop, Damon Allen, Mike McMahon and Tom Arth for the Argos' starting quarterback position, but he eventually faltered because of injury. He began the season on the nine-week disabled list. After coming off the disabled list, Crouch was released by the Argonauts on September 6, 2007.


title: Eric Crouch

text: On September 25, 2007, Crouch signed with the upstart All-American Football League. He was drafted 3rd overall by Team Texas on January 26, 2008, in the first round of the league's inaugural draft. He was, however, released from his contract (along with all AAFL players) when the league canceled its debut season.


title: Eric Crouch

text: On April 9, 2011, Crouch attended a public workout for the United Football League's Omaha Nighthawks. On June 8, 2011, Crouch accepted an invitation to attend the Nighthawks mini-camp. On June 10, 2011, he was added to the Nighthawks official roster. The UFL suspended operations on October 20, 2012.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Eric Crouch was a sales territory manager for a major medical device manufacturer in the US. Currently, Crouch is a vendor of playground and recreation equipment at Crouch Recreation in Omaha, Nebraska.


title: Eric Crouch

text: He has been a TV studio analyst for KETV Channel 7 in Omaha, and a studio analyst on Versus. Crouch joined Fox College Football as an In-Game Analyst for FX in 2013.


title: Eric Crouch

text: Crouch is the current running backs and special teams coach at Midland University in Fremont, Nebraska.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: Miss Earth 2021 was the 21st edition of the Miss Earth pageant, held virtually on November 21, 2021 due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: At the end of the event, Lindsey Coffey of the United States crowned Destiny Wagner of Belize as Miss Earth 2021. This is the first time Belize won the Miss Earth pageant, and any of the Big Four international beauty pageants. In the same event, other elemental winners were also crowned: Marisa Butler of the United States won Miss Earth – Air, Romina Denecken of Chile as Miss Earth – Water, and Jareerat Petsom of Thailand as Miss Earth – Fire.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: Contestants from 80 countries and territories participated in this year's pageant. The pageant was hosted by James Deakin for the fifth consecutive time, and Miss Earth 2017 Karen Ibasco.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: For the second consecutive time, the pageant was held virtually. This is due to the rise of the COVID-19 cases in the Philippines brought by the Delta variant. According to Lorraine Schuck, executive vice-president of Carousel Productions, "The safety of all delegates, production staff, and the general public remains paramount to the organization and will, in no way, put anyone involved in the event at risk." It was confirmed that the pageant will be on November 21, 2021.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: Contestants from 80 countries and territories were selected to compete in the competition. A delegate was appointed to her position after being a runner-up of their national pageant or being selected through a casting process, while four were selected to replace the original dethroned winner.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: Enya Rock, the first runner-up of Miss Earth Austria 2021, was appointed to represent Austria after Klaudia Bleimer, the original Miss Earth Austria 2021, could not fulfill her duties due to her obligations as a nurse. However, Bleimer was given the Miss Earth Air Austria title. Destiny Wagner was appointed to represent Belize after Aarti Sooknandan, Miss Earth Belize 2021, asked to be withdrawn from competing at the pageant. Alice Li was appointed to represent Canada after Laura Pastor, Miss Earth Canada 2021, said that she would fit better to be in a live pageant than virtual. Anastasia Almyasheva was appointed to represent Russia after Miss Earth Russia Albina Koroleva withdrew due to undisclosed reasons.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: The 2021 edition saw the debuts of Gambia, Iran, and Laos, and the return of Angola, Belize, Botswana, Bulgaria, Crimea, Cuba, the Czech Republic, England, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Malaysia, Nepal, North Macedonia, Rwanda, and Ukraine. Bulgaria last competed in 2004, North Macedonia last competed in 2006 as Macedonia, Latvia last competed in 2014, Angola and Kyrgyzstan last competed in 2017, Belize and Cuba last competed in 2018, while the others last competed in 2019. Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Finland, Germany, Guyana, Iceland, Jamaica, Moldova, Mongolia, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Sierra Leone, Uruguay, the US Virgin Islands, and Zambia withdrew after their respective organizations failed to hold a national competition or appoint a delegate.


title: Miss Earth 2021

text: Nine contestants from the original 89 contestants were absent from the final night after competing in the preliminary competitions. They are Lune Aminata Coulibaly of Côte d'Ivoire, Ana Brajčić of Croatia, Tamnica Kedir Zeynu of Ethiopia, Jissel Rivera of Honduras, Sima Mohamed of Iraq, Odella Flomo of Liberia, Miriam Abdou Saleye of Niger, Jelena Vukcevic of Switzerland, and Chilekwa Kalunga of Zambia.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In computability theory and computational complexity theory, an undecidable problem is a decision problem for which it is proved to be impossible to construct an algorithm that always leads to a correct yes-or-no answer. The halting problem is an example: it can be proven that there is no algorithm that correctly determines whether arbitrary programs eventually halt when run.


title: Undecidable problem

text: A decision problem is any arbitrary yes-or-no question on an infinite set of inputs. Because of this, it is traditional to define the decision problem equivalently as the set of inputs for which the problem returns "yes". These inputs can be natural numbers, but also other values of some other kind, such as strings of a formal language. Using some encoding, such as a Gödel numbering, the strings can be encoded as natural numbers. Thus, a decision problem informally phrased in terms of a formal language is also equivalent to a set of natural numbers. To keep the formal definition simple, it is phrased in terms of subsets of the natural numbers.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Formally, a decision problem is a subset of the natural numbers. The corresponding informal problem is that of deciding whether a given number is in the set. A decision problem "A" is called decidable or effectively solvable if "A" is a recursive set and undecidable otherwise. A problem is called partially decidable, semi-decidable, solvable, or provable if "A" is a recursively enumerable set.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Alan Turing proved in 1936 that a general algorithm running on a Turing machine that solves the halting problem for "all" possible program-input pairs necessarily cannot exist. Hence, the halting problem is "undecidable" for Turing machines.


title: Undecidable problem

text: The concepts raised by Gödel's incompleteness theorems are very similar to those raised by the halting problem, and the proofs are quite similar. In fact, a weaker form of the First Incompleteness Theorem is an easy consequence of the undecidability of the halting problem. This weaker form differs from the standard statement of the incompleteness theorem by asserting that an axiomatization of the natural numbers that is both complete and sound is impossible. The "sound" part is the weakening: it means that we require the axiomatic system in question to prove only "true" statements about natural numbers. Since soundness implies consistency, this weaker form can be seen as a corollary of the strong form. It is important to observe that the statement of the standard form of Gödel's First Incompleteness Theorem is completely unconcerned with the truth value of a statement, but only concerns the issue of whether it is possible to find it through a mathematical proof.


title: Undecidable problem

text: The weaker form of the theorem can be proved from the undecidability of the halting problem as follows. Assume that we have a sound (and hence consistent) and complete axiomatization of all true first-order logic statements about natural numbers. Then we can build an algorithm that enumerates all these statements. This means that there is an algorithm "N"("n") that, given a natural number "n", computes a true first-order logic statement about natural numbers, and that for all true statements, there is at least one "n" such that "N"("n") yields that statement. Now suppose we want to decide if the algorithm with representation "a" halts on input "i". We know that this statement can be expressed with a first-order logic statement, say "H"("a", "i"). Since the axiomatization is complete it follows that either there is an "n" such that "N"("n") = "H"("a", "i") or there is an "n'" such that "N"("n'") = ¬ "H"("a", "i"). So if we iterate over all "n" until we either find "H"("a", "i") or its negation, we will always halt, and furthermore, the answer it gives us will be true (by soundness). This means that this gives us an algorithm to decide the halting problem. Since we know that there cannot be such an algorithm, it follows that the assumption that there is a consistent and complete axiomatization of all true first-order logic statements about natural numbers must be false.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Undecidable problems can be related to different topics, such as logic, abstract machines or topology. Since there are uncountably many undecidable problems, any list, even one of infinite length, is necessarily incomplete.


title: Undecidable problem

text: There are two distinct senses of the word "undecidable" in contemporary use. The first of these is the sense used in relation to Gödel's theorems, that of a statement being neither provable nor refutable in a specified deductive system. The second sense is used in relation to computability theory and applies not to statements but to decision problems, which are countably infinite sets of questions each requiring a yes or no answer. Such a problem is said to be undecidable if there is no computable function that correctly answers every question in the problem set. The connection between these two is that if a decision problem is undecidable (in the recursion theoretical sense) then there is no consistent, effective formal system which proves for every question "A" in the problem either "the answer to "A" is yes" or "the answer to "A" is no".


title: Undecidable problem

text: Because of the two meanings of the word undecidable, the term independent is sometimes used instead of undecidable for the "neither provable nor refutable" sense. The usage of "independent" is also ambiguous, however. It can mean just "not provable", leaving open whether an independent statement might be refuted.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Undecidability of a statement in a particular deductive system does not, in and of itself, address the question of whether the truth value of the statement is well-defined, or whether it can be determined by other means. Undecidability only implies that the particular deductive system being considered does not prove the truth or falsity of the statement. Whether there exist so-called "absolutely undecidable" statements, whose truth value can never be known or is ill-specified, is a controversial point among various philosophical schools.


title: Undecidable problem

text: One of the first problems suspected to be undecidable, in the second sense of the term, was the word problem for groups, first posed by Max Dehn in 1911, which asks if there is a finitely presented group for which no algorithm exists to determine whether two words are equivalent. This was shown to be the case in 1952.


title: Undecidable problem

text: The combined work of Gödel and Paul Cohen has given two concrete examples of undecidable statements (in the first sense of the term): The continuum hypothesis can neither be proved nor refuted in ZFC (the standard axiomatization of set theory), and the axiom of choice can neither be proved nor refuted in ZF (which is all the ZFC axioms "except" the axiom of choice). These results do not require the incompleteness theorem. Gödel proved in 1940 that neither of these statements could be disproved in ZF or ZFC set theory. In the 1960s, Cohen proved that neither is provable from ZF, and the continuum hypothesis cannot be proven from ZFC.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In 1970, Russian mathematician Yuri Matiyasevich showed that Hilbert's Tenth Problem, posed in 1900 as a challenge to the next century of mathematicians, cannot be solved. Hilbert's challenge sought an algorithm which finds all solutions of a Diophantine equation. A Diophantine equation is a more general case of Fermat's Last Theorem; we seek the integer roots of a polynomial in any number of variables with integer coefficients. Since we have only one equation but "n" variables, infinitely many solutions exist (and are easy to find) in the complex plane; however, the problem becomes impossible if solutions are constrained to integer values only. Matiyasevich showed this problem to be unsolvable by mapping a Diophantine equation to a recursively enumerable set and invoking Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In 1936, Alan Turing proved that the halting problem—the question of whether or not a Turing machine halts on a given program—is undecidable, in the second sense of the term. This result was later generalized by Rice's theorem.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In 1973, Saharon Shelah showed the Whitehead problem in group theory is undecidable, in the first sense of the term, in standard set theory.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In 1977, Paris and Harrington proved that the Paris-Harrington principle, a version of the Ramsey theorem, is undecidable in the axiomatization of arithmetic given by the Peano axioms but can be proven to be true in the larger system of second-order arithmetic.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Kruskal's tree theorem, which has applications in computer science, is also undecidable from the Peano axioms but provable in set theory. In fact Kruskal's tree theorem (or its finite form) is undecidable in a much stronger system codifying the principles acceptable on basis of a philosophy of mathematics called predicativism.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Goodstein's theorem is a statement about the Ramsey theory of the natural numbers that Kirby and Paris showed is undecidable in Peano arithmetic.


title: Undecidable problem

text: Gregory Chaitin produced undecidable statements in algorithmic information theory and proved another incompleteness theorem in that setting. Chaitin's theorem states that for any theory that can represent enough arithmetic, there is an upper bound "c" such that no specific number can be proven in that theory to have Kolmogorov complexity greater than "c". While Gödel's theorem is related to the liar paradox, Chaitin's result is related to Berry's paradox.


title: Undecidable problem

text: In 2007, researchers Kurtz and Simon, building on earlier work by J.H. Conway in the 1970s, proved that a natural generalization of the Collatz problem is undecidable.


title: Persona (TV series)

text: Persona () is a South Korean anthology streaming television series starring Lee Ji-eun. It contains separate stories each directed by a different director. The first season was released on April 11, 2019.


title: Persona (TV series)

text: The first season was originally set to be released on Netflix on April 5, 2019 but the release was postponed to April 11 out of respect for the victims of the Gangwon Province Fire.


title: Persona (TV series)

text: Mystic Story revealed on October 23, 2019 that they had decided to temporarily suspend the production of the second season as Sulli, who was cast as the main lead, was in the midst of filming the second out of five planned episodes for the series when she died.


title: Ted Irvine

text: Edward Amos "Ted" Irvine (born December 8, 1944) is a Canadian former professional NHL hockey player who was active during the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Ted Irvine

text: Irvine was a left winger. He amassed a total of 331 points in 774 games played over a 15-year professional career. In his NHL career, Irvine played for the Boston Bruins, Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, and St. Louis Blues between 1963 and 1977. His jersey number was 27.


title: Ted Irvine

text: Irvine appeared on an episode of the professional wrestling television show AEW Dynamite, on 27 November 2019. He was revealed as a surprise guest for his son, professional wrestler Chris Jericho, to celebrate Thanksgiving. During the appearance, Irvine learnt that they were in Chicago, and went on to taunt the crowd by mentioning the number of times the New York Rangers defeated the Chicago Blackhawks.


title: Ted Irvine

text: Irvine is of Scottish ancestry. He is married to Bonnie Davis. He is the father of professional wrestler and musician Chris Irvine, better known by his ring name Chris Jericho, and also has a daughter, Vanessa Gerads, a music teacher.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Samsung Galaxy Tab S8 is a series of Android-based tablets designed, developed and marketed by Samsung Electronics. Unveiled at Samsung's Galaxy Unpacked event on 9 February 2022, they serve as the successor to the Galaxy Tab S7 series.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Samsung Galaxy Tab S8, the S8+ and the S8 Ultra were announced on 09 February 2022 and released on 25 February 2022.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: All tablets feature a Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Gen 1 system on a chip. The SoC is based on the 4 nm processing technology node. The tablets also feature an Adreno 730 GPU.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Galaxy Tab S8 and Tab S8+ are available in 128, and 256 GB options, and Galaxy Tab S8 Ultra is available in 128, 256, and 512 options, not all capacity variants are available. 1 TB of expansion can be added using a microSD card. The base amount of RAM is 8 GB, and is upgradeable to 16 GB.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Tab S8 and Tab S8+ are equipped with a 12 MP, F/2.4 front camera, and the rear camera consists of a 13 MP, a main camera with a cooking value of 2.0, and a 6 MP and F/2.2.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Tab S8 Ultra features a 12 MP, F/2.2 wide-angle, 12 MP and F/2.4 ultra-wide-angle front camera, with a 13 MP rear camera, a main camera with a cooking value of 2.0, and a 6 MP and F/2.2 ultra-wide-angle camera.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Tab S8 is equipped with a TFT LCD display with an 11-inch 2560 x 1600 resolution, with a screen ratio of 16:10. The scanning rate can be adjusted from 48 Hz to 120 Hz.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Tab S8+ features a super AMOLED display with a resolution of 2800 x 1752 in 12.4 inches, with a screen ratio of 16:10. The scanning rate can be adjusted from 48 Hz to 120 Hz.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The Tab S8 Ultra is equipped with a super AMOLED display with a resolution of 2960 x 1848 measuring 14.6 inches, with a screen ratio of 16:10. The scanning rate can be adjusted from 48 Hz to 120 Hz.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: Starting with the Galaxy Tab S8 series, the CSC codes are consolidated together. This means that Samsung will speed up the firmware update process for these phones in more regions. Fewer Country Specific Codes (CSCs) means that official Samsung software updates will reach local markets faster.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: This CSC group applies to the rest of the world. These CSC codes will work for all variants unless specified.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: Regions/carriers marked with an asterisk (*) cannot be used with the Call and Text on Other Devices feature.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: Wi-Fi only variants sold in this market do not have any carrier-specific CSC codes, but they still use the OXM Multi-CSC for expanded language and region support unlike their cellular counterparts, which use the OKR Multi-CSC.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: Wi-Fi only variants sold in this market do not have any carrier-specific CSC codes, but they still use the OXM Multi-CSC for expanded language and region support unlike their cellular counterparts, which use the OYM/OYN and OYA/OYV Multi-CSCs for the US and Canada, respectively.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: XSP, previously only for Singapore, now serves the Asia Pacific region (Southeast Asia & Oceania). The display languages for Lao, Burmese, and Khmer are still exclusive to this market, even though they are present on the firmware.


title: Samsung Galaxy Tab S8

text: The region locking for the Wi-Fi only variant now adds Australia and New Zealand to the Asia Pacific region.


title: James Booth

text: James Booth (born David Noel Geeves; 19 December 1927 – 11 August 2005) was an English film, stage and television actor and screenwriter. Though considered handsome enough to play leading roles, and versatile enough to play a wide variety of character parts, Booth naturally projected a shifty, wolfish, or unpredictable quality that led inevitably to villainous roles and comedy, usually with a cockney flavour. He is best known for his role as Private Henry Hook in "Zulu."


title: James Booth

text: Though many observers expected Booth to become a major star, his acting career stalled and nearly stopped. In interviews, Booth was forthcoming about the reasons for his professional difficulties. These included his appearance in the flop stage musical "Twang!!" in 1965, the flop film "The Secret of My Success" opposite such popular actresses as Honor Blackman and Shirley Jones, his alcoholism, his unaggressive approach to selling himself, his lack of connections and his own failure to work hard because everything came so easily to him at first. Booth also turned down the lead role of "Alfie". By 1974 he was bankrupt, heavily in debt and was forced to return to the stage.


title: James Booth

text: David Noel Geeves was born in Croydon, Surrey, on 19 December 1927, the son of Salvation Army probation officer Captain Ernest Edward Geeves and Lillian Alice (née Edwards), also a Salvation Army officer. The Geeves family moved often due to their duties, serving mainly in working-class areas, where they were more financially comfortable than their neighbours; these early experiences of interacting with the working classes had a strong influence on Booth. Having been injured during World War I and left with recurring partial paralysis that affected his ability to walk, Ernest Geeves died in 1938 after suffering a stroke; Lillian subsequently married Salvation Army Lieutenant-Colonel Cliff Barnes.


title: James Booth

text: Booth was educated at Southend Grammar School, which he left aged 17 to join the army. Having trained recruits in the use of the bayonet, he rose to the rank of Captain in tank transport. He spent several years working for an international trading company. However, his interest in acting soon took priority.


title: James Booth

text: He successfully applied for a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art where he studied from 1954 to 1956. Classmates included Albert Finney, Peter O'Toole, Alan Bates and Richard Harris. Early in his career, he was advised to change his name, "Geeves" being reminiscent of P. G. Wodehouse's fictional Jeeves.


title: James Booth

text: Booth made his first professional appearance as a member of the Old Vic company in a production of "Timon of Athens" (1956) with Ralph Richardson. His first film role was a bit in "The Narrowing Circle" (1956) and he had small parts in "The Girl in the Picture" (1957).


title: James Booth

text: He joined Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East in 1958. He appeared on stage in "The Hostage" (1958). For TV he appeared in "The Iron Harp" and episodes of "William Tell" and "The Invisible Man".


title: James Booth

text: Booth was in the cast of "Sparrers Can't Sing". In 1960 he starred in the stage musical "Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be" which became a hit and Booth, who played its most pungent character, looked poised for stardom.


title: James Booth

text: According to one obituary, "Booth seemed to excite the theatre like a fountain of high spirits, with his cockney voice and his mischievous way of expressing himself, sometimes teasing, sometimes truly... Booth's manner with an audience, which he took into his confidence, was so personal...The reason for Booth's success lay simply with his personality. His height also helped. He would loom over the footlights with a commandingly wide grin. And his unpretentious manner added to the ease with which these early performances were accepted."


title: James Booth

text: Producer Irving Allen signed Booth to an exclusive contract with Warwick Films. By this stage he met and married Paula Delaney and he would later say " 'I don't know what kind of mess my life would be in today if it hadn't been for Paula and Irving. I'm a very insecure person. I've always needed someone to give me security. And they both did."


title: James Booth

text: Booth's first sizeable film role was in "Jazz Boat" (1960), directed by Ken Hughes for Warwick. That movie starred Anthony Newley and Anne Aubrey, who were also in Booth's next film, "Let's Get Married" (1960).


title: James Booth

text: Hughes cast Booth in two more movies for Warwick, "The Trials of Oscar Wilde" (1960) with Peter Finch and "In the Nick" (1960) with Newley and Aubrey.


title: James Booth

text: The financial failure of these films saw the end of Warwick, but Irving Allen then used Booth in a movie for a new company, "The Hellions" (1961), shot in South Africa. Booth appeared on TV in "The Ruffians" (1960) and "The Great Gold Bullion Robbery" (1960), as well as the Rank comedy "In the Doghouse" (1961).


title: James Booth

text: In 1962 Booth spent a season with the Royal Shakespeare Company. He appeared in "King Lear" alongside Paul Scofield for Peter Brook. He also played in "The Caretaker".


title: James Booth

text: Booth's first lead role came in "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963) directed by Littlewood. He then made "Zulu" (1964), the film for which he is best remembered; he was billed above Michael Caine. Joseph E. Levine put him under contract.


title: James Booth

text: Booth did "Stray Cats and Empty Bottles" (1964) for TV and played the lead in a comedy, "French Dressing" (1964), the feature debut of Ken Russell. It was a box office disappointment.


title: James Booth

text: Booth was in Herb Gardner's play, "A Thousand Clowns" in London 1964. He starred in "90 Degrees in the Shade" (1964), a thriller, and the comedy, "The Secret of My Success" (1965). Neither movie was popular. A proposed film with Peter Sellers, "Barbu", never eventuated.


title: James Booth

text: Booth starred as Robin Hood in the stage musical "Twang!" (1965), which was a troubled production (Littlewood resigned as director) and a notorious flop. Booth later claimed the failure of the musical put him out of work for a year.


title: James Booth

text: Booth was a policeman in a heist movie, "Robbery" (1967), for Levine, alongside his "Zulu" co-star Stanley Baker. He did a comedy with Shirley MacLaine, "The Bliss of Mrs. Blossom" (1968) then "Fräulein Doktor" (1969) and "The Vessel of Wrath" (1970) for TV.


title: James Booth

text: Booth went to Australia to make "Adam's Woman" (1970) and played Rod Taylor's best friend in "The Man Who Had Power Over Women" (1970). He worked with Taylor again in "Darker Than Amber" (1970). In 1970 he did "The Alchemist" at the Chichester Festival and had a support role in "Macho Callahan" (1970), then the lead in "Revenge" (1971).


title: James Booth

text: In 1972, he appeared on stage in "The Hostage" for Joan Littlewood again. Booth returned to leads in the films "Rentadick" (1972) and "Penny Gold" (1973) and TV comedy "Them" (1972).


title: James Booth

text: Booth could be seen in "That'll Be the Day" (1974), "Percy's Progress" (1974), "The Confederacy of Wives" (1975), "Brannigan" (1975), and "I'm Not Feeling Myself Tonight" (1976).


title: James Booth

text: Booth appeared on Broadway in 1975 in a production of "Travesties". He then relocated to Hollywood and found work as a character actor in films like "Airport '77" (1977), "Murder in Peyton Place" (1977), "Wheels" (1978), "Evening in Byzantium" (1978), "Jennifer: A Woman's Story" (1979), "Caboblanco" (1980), "The Jazz Singer" (1980) and "" (1981).


title: James Booth

text: He also regularly guest starred on shows like "Hart to Hart" and "The Fall Guy" along with TV movies like "Hotline" and "The Cowboy and the Ballerina" (1984).


title: James Booth

text: When no one would offer Booth an acting job, he tried his hand at screenwriting and found opportunities in Hollywood. His first writing credit was "Sunburn" (1979).


title: James Booth

text: He was in "Pray for Death" (1985) which he also wrote; he did double duty on "Avenging Force" (1986). He wrote the TV movie "Stormin' Home" (1985).


title: James Booth

text: As an actor only he was in "Bad Guys" (1986). He played a pornography baron living in enforced exile in Spain in series 2 of "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" in 1986 and was seen in "Moon in Scorpio" (1987), "Deep Space" (1988), "The Lady and the Highwayman" (1988), and "Have a Nice Night" (1990).


title: James Booth

text: He wrote "" (1988) and "" (1990); he acted in the latter and was in episodes of "Bergerac" and "Twin Peaks".


title: James Booth

text: Later acting appearances included "" (1992), "Inner Sanctum II" (1994), "The Breed" (2001), "Red Phone 2", and "Keeping Mum" (2005).


title: James Booth

text: He married Paula Delaney in 1960 and they had two sons and two daughters and lived in Buckinghamshire, Los Angeles and Hadleigh, Essex, where he died on 11 August 2005 aged 77. His last film – "Keeping Mum" – was dedicated to his memory.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: From 1795 to 1918, Poland was split between Prussia, the Habsburg monarchy, and Russia and had no independent existence. In 1795 the third and the last of the three 18th-century partitions of Poland ended the existence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Nevertheless, events both within and outside the Polish lands kept hopes for restoration of Polish independence alive throughout the 19th century. Poland's geopolitical location on the Northern European Lowlands became especially important in a period when its expansionist neighbors, the Kingdom of Prussia and Imperial Russia, involved themselves intensely in European rivalries and alliances as modern nation-states took form over the entire continent.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: resolution. Most immediately, Napoleon Bonaparte had established a new empire in France in 1804 following that country's revolution.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: that had beleaguered Poland in the last decades of the previous century. An alliance of convenience was the natural result of this situation. Volunteer Polish legions attached themselves to Bonaparte's armies, hoping that in return the emperor would allow an independent Poland to reappear out of his conquests.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Although Napoleon promised more than he ever intended to deliver to the Polish cause, in 1807 he created a Duchy of Warsaw from Prussian territory that had been part of old Poland and was still inhabited by Poles. Basically a French puppet, the duchy did enjoy some degree of self-government, and many Poles believed that further Napoleonic victories would bring restoration of the entire commonwealth.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: In 1809, under Jozef Poniatowski, nephew of Stanislaw II August, the duchy reclaimed some of the territories taken by Austria in the third partition. The Russian Army occupied the duchy as it chased Napoleon out of Russia in 1813, however, and Polish expectations ended with the final defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815. In the subsequent peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna, the victorious Austrians and Prussians swept away the Duchy of Warsaw and reconfirmed most of the terms of the final partition of Poland.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Although brief, the Napoleonic period occupies an important place in Polish history. Much of the legend and symbolism of modern Polish patriotism derives from this period, including the conviction that Polish independence is a necessary element of a just and legitimate European order. This conviction was simply expressed in a fighting slogan of the time, "for your freedom and ours."


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Moreover, the appearance of the Duchy of Warsaw so soon after the partitions proved that the seemingly final historical death sentence delivered in 1795 was not necessarily the end of the Polish nation-state. Instead, many observers came to believe that favourable circumstances would free Poland from foreign domination.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The intellectual and artistic climate of the early 19th century further stimulated the growth of Polish demands for self-government. During these decades, modern nationalism took shape and rapidly developed a massive following throughout the continent, becoming the most dynamic and appealing political doctrine of its time. By stressing the value and dignity of native cultures and languages, nationalism offered a rationale for ethnic loyalty and Romanticism was the artistic element of 19th-century European culture that exerted the strongest influence on the Polish national consciousness. The Romantic movement was a natural partner of political nationalism, for it echoed the nationalist sympathy for folk cultures and manifested a general air of disdain for the conservative political order of post-Napoleonic Europe. Under this influence, Polish literature flourished anew in the works of a school of 19th-century Romantic poets, led by Adam Mickiewicz. Mickiewicz concentrated on patriotic themes and the glorious national past. Frédéric Chopin, a leading composer of the century, also used the tragic history of his nation as a major inspiration.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Nurtured by these influences, nationalism awoke first among the intelligentsia and certain segments of the nobility, then more gradually in the peasantry. At the end of the process, a broader definition of nationhood had replaced the old class-based "noble patriotism" of Poland.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: For several decades, the Polish national movement gave priority to the immediate restoration of independence, a drive that found expression in a series of armed rebellions. The insurgencies arose mainly in the Russian zone of partition to the east, about three-quarters of which was formerly Polish territory. After the Congress of Vienna, Russia had organized its Polish lands as the Congress Poland, granting it a quite liberal constitution, its own army, and limited within the tsarist empire. In the 1820s, however, Russian rule grew more arbitrary, and secret societies were formed by intellectuals in several cities to plot an insurrection. In November 1830, Polish troops in Warsaw rose in revolt. When the government of Congress Poland proclaimed solidarity with the rebel forces shortly thereafter, a new Polish-Russian war began. The rebels' requests for aid from France were ignored, and their reluctance to abolish serfdom cost them the support of the peasantry. By September 1831, the Russians had subdued Polish resistance and forced 6,000 resistance fighters into exile in France, beginning a time of harsh repression of intellectual and religious activity throughout Poland. At the same time, Congress Poland lost its constitution and its army.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: After the failure of the November Revolt, clandestine conspiratorial activity continued on Polish territory. An exiled Polish political and intellectual elite established a base of operations in Paris. A conservative group headed by Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (one of the leaders of the November Revolt) relied on foreign diplomatic support to restore Poland's status as established by the Congress of Vienna, which Russia had routinely violated beginning in 1819. Otherwise, this group was satisfied with a return to monarchy and traditional social structures.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The radical factions never formed a united front on any issue besides the general goal of independence. Their programs insisted that the Poles liberate themselves by their own efforts and linked independence with republicanism and the emancipation of the serfs. Handicapped by internal division, limited resources, heavy surveillance, and persecution of revolutionary cells in Poland, the Polish national movement suffered numerous losses. The movement sustained a major setback in the 1846 revolt organized in Austrian Poland by the Polish Democratic Society, the leading radical nationalist group. The uprising ended in a bloody fiasco when the peasantry took up arms against the rebel leadership dominated by nobility and gentry, which was regarded as potentially a worse oppressor than the Austrians. By incurring harsh military repression from Austria, the failed revolt left the Polish nationalists in a poor position to participate in the wave of national revolution that crossed Europe in 1848 and 1849. The stubborn idealism of this uprising's leaders emphasized individual liberty and separate national identity rather than establishment of a unified republic—a significant change of political philosophy from earlier movements.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The last and most tenacious of the Polish uprisings of the mid-19th century erupted in the Russian-occupied sector in January 1863 (see January Uprising). Following Russia's disastrous defeat in the Crimean War, the government of Tsar Alexander II enacted a series of liberal reforms, including liberation of the serfs throughout the empire. The high-handed imposition of land reforms in Poland aroused hostility among the conservative landed nobility on the one hand, and a group of young radical intellectuals influenced by Karl Marx and the Russian liberal Alexander Herzen, on the other. Repeating the pattern of 1830–31, the open revolt of the January Insurrection by Congress Poland failed to win foreign backing. Although its socially progressive program could not mobilize the peasants, the rebellion persisted stubbornly for fifteen months. After finally crushing the insurgency in August 1864, Russia abolished the Congress Poland altogether and revoked the separate status of the Polish lands, incorporating them directly as the Western Region of the Russian Empire. The region was placed under the dictatorial rule of Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky, who became known as the Hangman of Vilnius. All Polish citizens were assimilated into the empire. When Russia officially emancipated the Polish serfs in early 1864, an act that constituted the most important event in history of nineteenth-century Poland, it removed a major rallying point from the agenda of potential Polish revolutionaries.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Increasing oppression at Russian hands after failed national uprisings finally convinced Polish leaders that the recent insurrection was premature. During the decades that followed the January Insurrection, Poles largely forsook the goal of immediate independence and turned instead to fortifying the nation through the subtler means of education, economic development, and modernization. This approach took the name "Organic Work" ("Praca organiczna") for its philosophy of strengthening Polish society at the grass roots, influenced by positivism. For some, the adoption of Organic Work meant permanent resignation to foreign rule, but many advocates recommended it as a strategy to combat repression while awaiting an eventual opportunity to achieve self-government.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Neither as colorful as the rebellions nor as loftily enshrined in national memory, the quotidian methods of Organic Work proved well suited to the political conditions of the later 19th century. The international balance of forces did not favour the recovery of statehood when both Russia and Germany appeared bent on the eventual eradication of Polish national identity. The German Empire, established in 1871 as an expanded version of the Prussian state, aimed at the assimilation of its eastern provinces inhabited by Poles. At the same time, St. Petersburg attempted to russify the former Congress Poland, joining Berlin in levying restrictions against use of the Polish language and cultural expression. Poles under Russian and German rule also endured official campaigns against the Roman Catholic Church: the Cultural Struggle (Kulturkampf) of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck to bring the Roman Catholic Church under state control and the Russian campaign to extend Orthodoxy throughout the empire.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The Polish subjects under Austrian jurisdiction (after 1867 the Habsburg Empire was commonly known as Austria-Hungary) confronted a generally more lenient regime. Poles suffered no religious persecution in predominantly Catholic Austria, and Vienna counted on the Polish nobility as allies in the complex political calculus of its multinational realm. In return for loyalty, Austrian Poland, or Galicia, received considerable administrative and cultural autonomy. Galicia gained a reputation as an oasis of toleration amidst the oppression of German and Russian Poland. The Galician provincial Sejm acted as a semiautonomous parliamentary body, and Poles represented the region in the empire government in Vienna. In the late 19th century, the universities of Kraków and Lviv became the centers of Polish intellectual activity, and Kraków became the center of Polish art and thought. Even after the restoration of independence, many residents of southern Poland retained a touch of nostalgia for the days of the Habsburg Empire.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Profound social and economic forces operated on the Polish lands throughout the late 19th century, giving them a more modern aspect and altering traditional patterns of life. Especially in Russian Poland and the Silesian regions under German control, mining and manufacturing started on a large scale. This development sped the process of urbanization, and the emergence of capitalism began to reduce the relative importance of the landed aristocracy in Polish society. A considerable segment of the peasantry abandoned the overburdened land. Millions of Poles emigrated to North America and other destinations, and millions more migrated to cities to form the new industrial labour force. These shifts stimulated fresh social tensions. Urban workers bore the full range of hardships associated with early capitalism, and the intensely nationalistic atmosphere of the day bred frictions between Poles and the other peoples remaining from the old heterogeneous Commonwealth of Two Nations. The movement of the former noble class into cities created a new urban professional class. However, the peasants that tried to move to the cities, found all the better positions already occupied by Jews and Germans. This contributed to the national tensions among the Poles, Germans, and Jews. At this time the Jewish population in Prussian Poland tended to identify with and want to belong to Germany, insofar as the latter, like the Jews themselves, had a more urbanized, cosmopolitan outlook. Another factor, not to be overlooked or underestimated is the traditional language spoken by the Ashkenazi Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, Yiddish, is also a Germanic language written in Hebrew characters, which afforded some natural compatibility with the German language dominated Austria-Hungarian and Prussian cultures.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: These transformations changed the face of politics as well, giving rise to new parties and movements that would dominate the Polish landscape for the next century. The grievances of the lower classes led to the formation of peasant and socialist parties. Communism gained only a marginal following, but a more moderate socialist faction led by Józef Piłsudski won broader support through its emphatic advocacy of Polish independence. By 1905 Piłsudski's party, the Polish Socialist Party, was the largest socialist party in the entire Russian Empire. The National Democracy of Roman Dmowski became the leading vehicle of the right by espousing a doctrine that combined nationalism with hostility toward Jews and other minorities. By the turn of the 20th century, Polish political life had emerged from the relative quiescence of Organic Work and entered a stage of renewed assertiveness. In particular, Piłsudski and Dmowski had initiated what would be long careers as the paramount figures in the civic affairs of Poland. After 1900 political activity was suppressed only in the Prussian sector.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: At the outbreak of the First World War Poland's geographical position between Germany and Russia had meant much fighting and horrific human and material losses for the Poles between 1914 and 1918. At the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in spring 1918, revolutionary Russia renounced Russian claims to Poland. Following the German defeat and the replacement of Hohenzollern rule by the Weimar Republic and the collapse of Habsburg Austria-Hungary, Poland became an independent republic.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The war split the ranks of the three partitioning empires, pitting Russia as defender of Serbia and ally of Britain and France against the leading members of the Central Powers, Germany and Austria-Hungary. This circumstance afforded the Poles political leverage as both sides offered pledges of concessions and future autonomy in exchange for Polish loyalty and army recruits. The Austrians wanted to incorporate Congress Poland into their territory of Galicia, so even before the war they allowed nationalist organisations to form there (for example, Związek Strzelecki). The Russians recognized the Polish right to autonomy and allowed formation of the Polish National Committee, which supported the Russian side. In 1916, attempting to increase Polish support for the Central Powers and to raise a Polish army the German and Austrian emperors declared a new Kingdom of Poland, (see Regency Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918). The new Kingdom consisted only of a small part of the old Commonwealth, i.e. the territory of Congress Poland, although some promises were made about a future incorporation of Vilna and Minsk. The Kingdom was ruled by three Regents, possessed a Parliament and a Government, a small army and its own currency, called the Polish mark. The Regency Kingdom was the fourth and last monarchy in Poland's history.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: As the war settled into a long stalemate, the issue of Polish self-rule gained greater urgency. Roman Dmowski spent the war years in Western Europe, hoping to persuade the Allies to unify the Polish lands under Russian rule as an initial step toward liberation. In the meantime, Piłsudski had correctly predicted that the war would ruin all three of the partitioners, a conclusion most people thought highly unlikely before 1918. Piłsudski therefore formed the Polish Legions to assist the Central Powers in defeating Russia as the first step toward full independence for Poland.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Much of the heavy fighting on the war's Eastern Front took place on the territory of the former Polish state. In 1914 Russian forces advanced very close to Kraków before being beaten back. The next spring, heavy fighting occurred around Gorlice and Przemyśl, to the east of Kraków in Galicia. In 1915 Polish territories were looted and abandoned by the retreating Russian army, trying to emulate the scorched earth policy of 1812; the Russians also evicted and deported hundreds of thousands of its inhabitants suspected of collaborating with the enemy. By the end of 1915, the Germans had occupied the entire Russian sector, including Warsaw. In 1916 another Russian offensive in Galicia exacerbated the already desperate situation of civilians in the war zone; about 1 million Polish refugees fled eastward behind Russian lines during the war. Although the Russian offensive of 1916 caught the Germans and Austrians by surprise, poor communications and logistics prevented the Russians from taking full advantage of their situation.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: A total of 2 million Polish troops fought with the armies of the three occupying powers, and 450,000 died. Several hundred thousand Polish civilians were moved to labour camps in Germany. The scorched-earth retreat strategies of both sides left much of the war zone uninhabitable.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: In 1917 two separate events decisively changed the character of the war and set it on a course toward the rebirth of Poland. The United States entered the conflict on the Allied side, while a process of revolutionary upheaval in Russia weakened her and then removed the Russians from the Eastern Front, finally bringing the Bolsheviks to power in that country. The army of Tsarist Russia ceased to be a factor when the Bolsheviks pulled Russia out of the war. At Brest-Litovsk the Bolsheviks renounced Russian claims to Poland. Compelled by force of German arms to sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk all formerly Polish lands were ceded to the Central Powers. After the German defeat in the Fall of 1918; the overthrow of the Prussian Monarchy and its replacement by the liberal Weimar Republic, the road to an independent Polish state was opened.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The vacating of both Russia and Germany from Poland gave free rein to the calls of Woodrow Wilson at the Versailles Peace Conference, echoing those of the new Bolshevik regime, to liberate the Poles and other peoples from Greater Power suzerainty. The thirteenth of Wilson's Fourteen Points adopted the resurrection of Poland as one of the main aims of the First World War.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: Józef Piłsudski became a popular hero when Berlin jailed him for insubordination. The Allies broke the resistance of the Central Powers by autumn 1918, as the Habsburg monarchy disintegrated and the German imperial government collapsed. In October 1918, Polish authorities took over Galicia and Cieszyn Silesia. In November 1918, Piłsudski was released from internment in Germany by the revolutionaries and returned to Warsaw. Upon his arrival, on 11 November 1918 the "Regency Council" of the Kingdom of Poland ceded all responsibilities to him and Piłsudski took control over the newly created state as its provisional Chief of State. Soon all the local governments that had been created in the last months of the war pledged allegiance to the central government in Warsaw. Independent Poland, which had been absent from the map of Europe for 123 years, was reborn.


title: History of Poland (1795–1918)

text: The newly created state initially consisted of former Congress Poland, western Galicia (with Lwów besieged by the Ukrainians) and part of Cieszyn Silesia.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Bulandshahr, formerly Baran, is a city and a municipal board in Bulandshahr district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is the administrative headquarters of Bulandshahr district and part of Delhi NCR region. According to the Government of India, the district Bulandshahr is one of the Minority Concentrated Districts of India on the basis of the 2011 census data on population, socio-economic indicators and basic amenities indicators. The distance between Bulandshahr and New Delhi is 88.1 km.


title: Bulandshahr

text: An early history of Bulandshahr and its origin of name is given by British District magistrate and collector for the Indian Civil Service, Frederic Salmon Growse, in a paper titled "Bulandshahr Antiquities" published in the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" in 1879. Bulandshahr was founded as 'Baran' by the king Ahibaran.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Since it was perched on a highland it came to be known as "high city", (), which translates as Bulandshahr in Persian language during the Mughal era.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Growse's discoveries in the 1880s showed that Baran was inhabited by Buddhists between 400 and 600 AD.


title: Bulandshahr

text: The kingdom of Baran came to an end probably during the 12th century. In 1192 CE when Muhammad Ghauri conquered parts of India, his general Qutubuddin Aibak surrounded Fort Baran and conquered it and the Raja Chandrasen Dodiya was killed and Aibak took control of the Baran kingdom.


title: Bulandshahr

text: The ancient ruins found at places in Bhatora Veerpur, Ghalibpur, etc. are indicative of the antiquity of Bulandshahr. There are several other important places in the District from where statues belonging to the medieval age and objects of ancient temples have been found. Even today, several of these historical and ancient objects such as coins, inscriptions etc. are preserved in the State Museum Lucknow.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Raja Lachhman Singh (1826–1896), who served the government from 1847 and wrote a "Statistical Memoir of the Bulandshahr District", moved to Bulandshahr following retirement.


title: Bulandshahr

text: A large number of Ahir, Gurjar and Rajput rulers, called zamindars, rebelled and attacked Bulandshahr itself on 21 May 1857. The Gurjars and Rajputs plundered multiple towns such as Secunderabad. They burnt down Telegraph lines and Dak Bungalows. The rebelling Nawab, Walidad Khan also belonged from Bulandshahr. The presence of Nawab Walidad Khan in Bulandshahr had completely paralysed the British about this time. The rebels had secured a mud fort under Walidad Khan at Malagarh.


title: Bulandshahr

text: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 is generally associated with the surrounding areas, such as Meerut, Delhi and Aligarh. On 20 May 1857, the 9th regiment of Bulandshahr looted the treasury at Bulandshahr. Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall was subsequently appointed assistant magistrate of Bulandshahr, and Lord Roberts was also present in the district.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Hindi scholar, archaeologist and district magistrate and collector of Bulandshahr from 1876 to 1884, Frederic Growse, resided at Collector's House, Bulandshahr. In 1884 he published "Bulandshahr; or, Sketches of an Indian district; social, historical and architectural".


title: Bulandshahr

text: Raja Babu Park had been constructed in Bulandshahr in 1837, and a statue of Queen Victoria was placed there in 1901, when the park was renamed ‘Maharani Victoria Park’.


title: Bulandshahr

text: Following India's independence, ‘Maharani Victoria Park’ was renamed after Shri Rajeshwar Dayal Saxena (Raja Babu), president of the Civil Bar Association and later president of Municipal Board, Bulandshahar. Later it was renamed again back to 'Raja Babu Park'. In 1969 a statue of ‘Mahatma Gandhi’was established in the park.


title: Bulandshahr

text: The distance between Bulandshahr and New Delhi is 68 km. It lies in the Bulandshahr District on the Agra to Delhi Road, and is surrounded by Delhi, Meerut, Moradabad, Badaun and Aligarh.


title: Bulandshahr

text: As per provisional data of 2011 census, Bulandshahr urban agglomeration had a population of 235,310, out of which males were 125,549 and females were 111,761. Population in the age groups of 0 to 6 years was 30,886. The total number of literates were 160,203, of which 90,761 were males and 69,442 were females. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population was 78.37%.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: Kuch Naa Kaho (Hindi: कुछ ना कहो, translation: "Don't Say Anything") is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama directed by Rohan Sippy, starring Aishwarya Rai, Abhishek Bachchan and Arbaaz Khan. It was released on 5 September 2003. This title of the film is based on a song from the film "" (1994).


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: Raj (Abhishek Bachchan) is a happy and free-spirited Indian-American bachelor living with his mother (Suhasini Mulay) who visits his ancestral homeland in Mumbai, to attend his cousin Nikki's (Meghna Malik) wedding. Once in India, he finds himself pushed towards marriage by his overzealous uncle (Satish Shah). His uncle's employee, Namrata (Aishwarya Rai) chaperones Raj on a series of set-ups/dates, all of which he deliberately sabotages. During the course of the wedding ceremonies, Raj discovers that he is falling for Namrata. After some deliberation, he decides to tell her, but to his surprise, he discovers she has a 7-year-old son, Aditya.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: Raj is confused but forms a strong fatherly relationship with Aditya. Raj's uncle informs him that Namrata's husband disappeared right before Aditya's birth, and has never returned to his son or wife. Finding a letter that Raj had written confessing his feelings, Namrata gets upset thinking Raj tried to use her son to get close to her. She attempts to distance herself from him, but a stubborn Raj follows her to Aditya's boarding school, having promised the boy to pose as his father. On being prodded by Raj, she tells him that her husband Sanjeev left her for another woman whilst she was pregnant. Namrata and Raj begin to bond.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: After some months, Raj decides to introduce Namrata to his mother. A short while later, he finds out that Sanjeev (Arbaaz Khan) has returned and is looking to reconcile with Namrata. Namrata is aghast and makes it clear that she does not want anything to do with him. Sanjeev refuses to leave, becoming stubborn and persistent, threatening her with a lawsuit for custody of Aditya. This puts Namrata on the path of reconciliation with Sanjeev.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: After a chance meeting, Raj invites Sanjeev to his home for the wedding. Aditya is present and is affectionate with Raj, calling him "Dad." Sanjeev becomes jealous and angry, insulting Raj and his family. After witnessing Sanjeev's bad behaviour towards Raj, Namrata finally gets the courage to stand up to him. She publicly tells him off and also admits that she is in love with Raj. Sanjeev is ashamed and disappears once again warning Raj to not make the mistakes he made with his family.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: The music was composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy. Lyrics were penned by Javed Akhtar. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 11,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's thirteenth highest-selling.


title: Kuch Naa Kaho

text: "Kuch Naa Kaho" collected 81,536,000, and despite a decent opening, it was declared a flop by "Box Office India".


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Krzysztof Jotko (born August 19, 1989) is a Polish mixed martial artist currently competing in the Middleweight division. He has previously fought in the Ultimate Fighting Championship.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Born and raised in Orneta, Poland, Jotko was originally a breakdancer. He started training mixed martial arts after seeing one of the Tito Ortiz vs. Ken Shamrock bouts in TV. After finishing school, he moved to Warsaw where he continued training for his amateur career in the sport. He is married and lives in South Florida with his wife Amanda Hernandez, a nurse.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Bojan Veličković at MMA Attack 3 on April 27, 2013. He won the via majority decision, in a fight that earned both fighters "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko made his promotional debut facing Bruno Santos at UFC Fight Night 33 on December 7, 2013. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: He then faced Magnus Cedenblad at UFC Fight Night 41 on May 31, 2014. Jotko lost the fight via guillotine choke submission, ending his undefeated streak.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Tor Troéng on October 4, 2014 at UFC Fight Night 53. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was expected to face Derek Brunson on June 20, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 69. However, Brunson pulled out of the fight on June 9 citing a rib injury and was briefly replaced by Uriah Hall. Three days after the booking, Hall was removed due to an alleged visa issue. In turn, Jotko was removed from the card entirely.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Scott Askham on October 24, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 76. He won the fight by split decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Brad Scott on February 27, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 84. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko next faced Tamdan McCrory on June 18, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 89. He won the fight via knockout in the first round and was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Thales Leites on November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 100. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Uriah Hall on September 16, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 116. He lost the fight via KO in the second round.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Brad Tavares on April 14, 2018 at UFC on Fox 29. He lost the fight via technical knock out on round three.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was scheduled to face Adam Yandiev in September 2018 at UFC Fight Night 136. However, Jotko pulled out of the fight on August 16 citing injury and was replaced by Jordan Johnson.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was expected to face newcomer Roman Kopylov on April 20, 2019 at UFC Fight Night 149. However, Kopylov pulled out of the bout on March 22 citing injury and was replaced by Alen Amedovski. Jotko won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was expected to face Edmen Shahbazyan on November 2, 2019 at UFC 244. However, Jotko withdrew from the bout and was replaced by Brad Tavares.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was scheduled to face Eryk Anders on April 11, 2020 at . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed to May 16, 2020 at . He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko was scheduled to face Makhmud Muradov on October 31, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 181. However, Jotko was pulled from the event, citing injury, and he was replaced by Kevin Holland.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: As the last fight of his prevailing contract, Jotko faced Misha Cirkunov on October 2, 2021 at UFC Fight Night 193. He won the fight via split decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Gerald Meerschaert on April 30, 2022 at UFC on ESPN 35. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: Krzysztof Jotko

text: Jotko faced Brendan Allen on October 1, 2022 at . He lost the bout at the end of the first round, getting submitted via rear-naked choke.


title: AFI 100 Years... series

text: The AFI's 100 Years… series was a series of annual lists from 1998 to 2008 by the American Film Institute—typically accompanied by CBS television specials—celebrating the century of American cinema.


title: AFI 100 Years... series

text: As a centennial celebration of cinematic milestones, the series intended to inspire discussion and public interest in classical Hollywood cinema. As such, each list only included feature-length American films that were typically released before 2005. AFI defined "American film" as an "English language motion picture with significant creative and/or financial production elements from the United States;" and "feature-length film" as a "motion picture of narrative format that is typically over 60 minutes in length."


title: AFI 100 Years... series

text: To determine the composition of these lists, the names of a few hundred nominated films were listed on ballots that AFI would distribute to a jury of over 1,000 leaders in the creative industry, including film artists (directors, screenwriters, actors, editors, cinematographers), critics, and historians.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Maximus the Confessor (), also spelt Maximos, otherwise known as Maximus the Theologian and Maximus of Constantinople ( – 13 August 662), was a Christian monk, theologian, and scholar.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: In his early life, Maximus was a civil servant, and an aide to the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius. He gave up this life in the political sphere to enter the monastic life. Maximus had studied diverse schools of philosophy, and certainly what was common for his time, the Platonic dialogues, the works of Aristotle, and numerous later Platonic commentators on Aristotle and Plato, like Plotinus, Porphyry, Iamblichus, and Proclus. When one of his friends began espousing the Christological position known as Monothelitism, Maximus was drawn into the controversy, in which he supported an interpretation of the Chalcedonian formula on the basis of which it was asserted that Jesus had both a human and a divine will. Maximus is venerated in both the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. He was eventually persecuted for his Christological positions; following a trial, his tongue and right hand were mutilated.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: He was then exiled and died on 13 August 662, in Tsageri in present-day Georgia. However, his theology was upheld by the Third Council of Constantinople and he was venerated as a saint soon after his death. It is highly uncommon among the saints that he has two feast days: 13 August and 21 January. His title of "Confessor" means that he suffered for the Christian faith, but was not directly martyred.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Very little is known about the details of Maximus' life prior to his involvement in the theological and political conflicts of the Monothelite controversy. Numerous Maximian scholars call substantial portions of the Maronite biography into question, including Maximus' birth in Palestine, which was a common seventh century trope to discredit an opponent. Moreover, the exceptional education Maximus evidently received could not have been had in any other part of the Byzantine Empire during that time except for Constantinople, and possibly Caesarea and Alexandria. It is also very unlikely that anyone of low social birth, as the Maronite biography describes Maximus, could have ascended by the age of thirty to be the Protoasekretis of the Emperor Heraclius, one of the most powerful positions in the Empire. It is more likely that Maximus was born of an aristocratic family and received an unparalleled education in philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, etc. It is true, however, that Maximus did not study rhetoric as he himself notes in the prologue to his Earlier Ambigua to John, to which his lack of high stylistic by Byzantine standards attests. Nevertheless, for reasons not explained in the few autobiographical details to be gleaned from his texts, Maximus left public life and took monastic vows at the monastery of Philippicus in Chrysopolis, a city across the Bosporus from Constantinople. Maximus was elevated to the position of abbot of the monastery.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: When the Persians conquered Anatolia, Maximus was forced to flee to a monastery near Carthage. It was there that he came under the tutelage of Saint Sophronius, and began studying in detail with him the Christological writings of Gregory of Nazianzus and Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. According to I P Sheldon Williams his achievement was to set these doctrines into a framework of Aristotelian logic, which both suited the temper of the times and made them less liable to misinterpretation. Maximus continued his career as a theological and spiritual writer during his lengthy stay in Carthage. Maximus was also held in high esteem by the exarch Gregory and the eparch George.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: While Maximus was in Carthage, a controversy broke out regarding how to understand the interaction between the human and divine natures within the person of Jesus. This Christological debate was the latest development in disagreements that began following the First Council of Nicaea in 325, and were intensified following the Council of Chalcedon in 451. The Monothelite position was developed as a compromise between the dyophysitists and the miaphysists, who believed dyophysitism is conceptually indistinguishable from Nestorianism. The Monothelites adhered to the Chalcedonian definition of the hypostatic union: that two natures, one divine and one human, were united in the person of Christ. However, they went on to say that Christ had only a divine will and no human will (Monothelite is derived from the Greek for "one will").


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: The Monothelite position was promulgated by Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople and by Maximus' friend and successor as the Abbot of Chrysopolis, Pyrrhus. Following the death of Sergius in 638, Pyrrhus succeeded him as Patriarch, but was shortly deposed owing to political circumstances. During Pyrrhus' exile from Constantinople, Maximus and the deposed Patriarch held a public debate on the issue of Monothelitism. In the debate, which was held in the presence of many North African bishops, Maximus took the position that Jesus possessed both a human and a divine will. The result of the debate was that Pyrrhus admitted the error of the Monothelite position, and Maximus accompanied him to Rome in 645.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Maximus may have remained in Rome, because he was present when the newly elected Pope Martin I convened the Lateran Council of 649 at the Lateran Basilica in Rome. The 105 bishops present condemned Monothelitism in the official acts of the synod, which some believe may have been written by Maximus. It was in Rome that Pope Martin and Maximus were arrested in 653 under orders from Constans II, who supported the Monothelite doctrine. Pope Martin was condemned without a trial, and died before he could be sent to the Imperial Capital.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Maximus' refusal to accept Monothelitism caused him to be brought to the imperial capital of Constantinople to be tried as a heretic in 658. In Constantinople, Monothelitism had gained the favor of both the Emperor and the Patriarch of Constantinople. Maximus stood behind the Dyothelite position and was sent back into exile for four more years. During his trial he was accused of aiding the Muslim conquests in Egypt and North Africa, which he rejected as slander.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: In 662, Maximus was placed on trial once more, and was once more convicted of heresy. Following the trial Maximus was tortured, having his tongue cut out, so he could no longer speak his rebellion, and his right hand cut off, so that he could no longer write letters. Maximus was then exiled to the Lazica or Colchis region of modern-day Georgia and was cast in the fortress of Schemarum, perhaps Muris-Tsikhe near the modern town of Tsageri. He died soon thereafter, on 13 August 662. The events of the trials of Maximus were recorded by Anastasius Bibliothecarius.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Along with Pope Martin I, Maximus was vindicated by the Third Council of Constantinople (the Sixth Ecumenical Council, 680–681), which declared that Christ possessed both a human and a divine will. With this declaration Monothelitism became heresy, and Maximus was posthumously declared innocent.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Maximus is among those Christians who were venerated as saints shortly after their deaths. The vindication of Maximus' theological position made him extremely popular within a generation after his death, and his cause was aided by the accounts of miracles at his tomb.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Maximus is one of the last men to be recognized by both the Orthodox and Catholic Churches as a Father of the Church. In the encyclical "Spe Salvi" (2007), Pope Benedict XVI called Maximus 'the great Greek doctor of the Church', although it is not clear if the Pontiff intended to nominate Maximus 'Doctor of the Church' or to say that he already was one.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: As a student of Pseudo-Dionysius, Maximus was one of many Christian theologians who preserved and interpreted the earlier Neo-Platonic philosophy, including the thought of such figures as Plotinus and Proclus. Maximus' work on Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite was continued by John Scotus Eriugena at the request of Charles the Bald.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: The Platonic influence on Maximus' thought can be seen most clearly in his theological anthropology. Here, Maximus adopted the Platonic model of exitus-reditus (exit and return), teaching that humanity was made in the image of God, and the purpose of salvation is to restore us to unity with God. This emphasis on divinization or "theosis" helped secure Maximus' place in Eastern theology, as these concepts have always held an important place in Eastern Christianity.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Christologically Maximus insisted on a strict dyophysitism, which can be seen as a corollary of the emphasis on "theosis". In terms of salvation, humanity is intended to be fully united with God. This is possible for Maximus because God was first fully united with humanity in the incarnation. If Christ did not become fully human (if, for example, he only had a divine and not a human will), then salvation was no longer possible, as humanity could not become fully divine. Furthermore, in his works Maximus the Confessor argued the unconditionality of the divine incarnation.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: Regarding salvation, Maximus, like Origen and St. Gregory of Nyssa, has been described as a proponent of "apocatastasis" or universal reconciliation, the idea that all rational souls will eventually be redeemed. While this claim has been disputed, others have argued that Maximus shared this belief in universal reconciliation with his most spiritually mature students.


title: Maximus the Confessor

text: In Eastern Christianity, Maximus has always been influential. A number of his works are included in the Greek "Philokalia", a collection of some of the most influential Eastern Orthodox Christian writers.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: Ammonium bituminosulfonate or ammonium bituminosulphonate (synonyms of ichthammol, CAS# brand name: Ichthyol) is a product of natural origin obtained in the first step by dry distillation of sulfur-rich oil shale (bituminous schists). By sulfonation of the resulting oil (or purified fractions thereof), and subsequent neutralization with ammonia, Ichthammol results as a viscous, water-soluble substance with a characteristic bitumen-like odor. It is used in medicine (sometimes in combination with zinc oxide) as a treatment for different skin diseases, including eczema and psoriasis (see below). Ointments containing 10% or 20% Ichthammol are most common. They are sometimes called "black ointments" or "drawing salves". Ichthammol's dermatological action was promoted by German physician Paul Gerson Unna.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: From elemental analysis, the composition of Ichthammol was calculated to be CHSO(NH). However, as a product of natural origin, it is a mixture of many different compounds.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: Chemically, it is a sulfonated shale oil that is incompatible with acids, alkali carbonates or hydrates and alkaloidal salts. It is a thick reddish brown liquid, possessing a bituminous odor and taste. It is soluble in water and miscible with glycerin, but is nearly insoluble in strong alcohol or concentrated ether. It contains a large percentage of organically combined sulfur.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: Materials made in China (Pinyin transcription: yushizhi and yushizhi ruangao) and offered outside China as Ichthammol or Ammonium Bituminosulfonate do not meet the requirements for this substance in the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) or European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur). Also, there is no conformity with the definition as connected to CAS# 8029-68-3. The Chinese material is derived from vegetable oils (e.g., soybean oil) instead of bituminous schists as required (Chinese definition according to ChP 10: "Ichthammol is a mixture obtained by sulfuration of vegetable oils (soybean oil, tung oil, corn oil, etc.), sulfonation, and neutralization with ammonia"). As a result, its chemical basis is totally different from the one of Ichthammol USP/Ph.Eur./CAS# 8029-68-3. The characteristic bitumen-like odor (originating from the bituminous source material) is missing with Chinese material.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: Bituminosulfonates are classified as local therapeutic agents with very good tolerability. Pharmacologically, ichthammol has anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties. It is used to treat a variety of skin disorders as e.g. eczema, psoriasis, Acne rosacea and acne, and it decreases microorganisms in the area surrounding a skin condition. It is commonly used in 10% or 20% concentrate ointment, applied topically. Ichthammol ointments, commonly known as "black ointment" or "drawing salve", should not be confused with black salve, a escharotic (corrosive) paste intended to destroy skin tissue. In contrast, ichthammol does not have any corrosive properties on the skin.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: In otology, a mixture of glycerol and ichthammol (G & I) is used for the topical treatment of ear infections. It is effective against Gram-positive bacteria. The anti-inflammatory action is explained by its influence on the formation, secretion, and effect of inflammation mediators.


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: Ichthammol is available in pharmacies for compounding medications. Different sources of information exist for exemplary formulations (creams, shake lotions, suppositories, etc.).


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: According to the "list of preferred Specials" by the British Association of Dermatologists (BAD) Ichthammol can be used in dermatology prescribing to treat acutely inflamed atopic eczema, among others. A corresponding recommendation exists for bituminosulfonates in Germany. According to “guideline atopic eczema” bituminosulfonates can be considered for treatment of atopic eczema based on general clinic experience. In the European Dermatology Forum (EDF) guidelines for treatment of atopic eczema Ichthammol is recommended as a useful addition to the basic treatment regimen, especially in mild disease or if TCS treatment is not possible from a patient’s perspective, e.g. corticophobia (steroid phobia).


title: Ammonium bituminosulfonate

text: The European Medicines Agency published a summary report on ichthyol-substances (synonym: bituminosulfonates) during the course of the European Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) procedure in veterinary medicine. The Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) decided that due to good tolerance and safety, there is no need to establish an MRL for ichthyol-substances. As a result, ichthyol-substances can be applied topically in all mammalian food-producing species without restriction.


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: Jennifer Lynn Hatmaker (née King; born 1974) is an American author, speaker, blogger, and television presenter.


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: She has been featured in "Christianity Today" magazine. She and her then-husband Brandon, joined by their five children, host the HGTV series "Your Big Family Renovation". She has one "New York Times" bestselling book: "For the Love."


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: Hatmaker and her then-husband, Brandon, founded Austin New Church located in Austin, Texas. She remains on the church's board. She was thought to be a successor to Houston evangelist Beth Moore who has been a mentor and a headliner in the Women of Faith tours. She headlines women's events, parenting and adoption conferences, and participates in a variety of social service ministries such as the Legacy Collective which has been active in Texas hurricane recovery.


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: In April 2016 Hatmaker called for the full inclusion of LGBT people into the Christian community. She reiterated her position in October 2016, and as a result, LifeWay Christian Resources decided to discontinue selling her publications.


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: Since the 2016 presidential election she alleges that she has been receiving death threats for making public statements critical of Donald Trump and challenging evangelical Christian attitudes towards LGBT people, and her family has been harassed by the community where she lives in Buda, Texas.


title: Jen Hatmaker

text: In 1993, Hatmaker married Brandon Hatmaker. They have five children, two of whom were adopted. In September 2020, Hatmaker announced on her social media streams that she and Brandon were getting divorced, and described it as "completely unexpected".


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: Óbidos (; ) is a town () and a municipality in the Oeste region, historical province of Estremadura, and the Leiria district. The town proper has approximately 3100 inhabitants. The municipality population in 2011 was 11,772, in an area of .


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: The name "Óbidos" is a Latinised (oppidum, citadel) derivation of the older Celtic "Eburobricio". The municipality had its growth from a Roman settlement near the foothills of an elevated escarpment. The region of Óbidos, extending from the Atlantic to the interior of Estremadura Province along the rivers and lakes has been inhabited since the late Paleolithic. A settlement was constructed by early Celt tribes, that was later a centre of trade for the Phoenicians. Archeological evidence from the base of the medieval tower (south of Facho) at Óbidos Castle indicates Roman construction linked to an outpost of the Roman civitas of "Eburobrittium", a large urban area that has been under excavation. Archeological surveys determined the remains of a forum, baths and other Roman structures near the settlement.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: After the fall of Rome, the region came under the influence of the Visigoths, although specific records are missing. The Roman town of "Eburobrittium" was abandoned in the 5th century for the more secure hilltop where today the principal settlement is located. Sometime after 713 the Moors established a fortification on this mountain, while a Christian community of Mozarabs lived in the "Moncharro" neighbourhood.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: The area was taken from the Moors by the first King of Portugal, Afonso Henriques, in 1148. Tradition states that one knight, Gonçalo Mendes da Maia, was responsible for the successful storming of the Moorish castle. The retaking of Óbidos was a final stage in the conquest of the Estremadura Province region, after the settlements of Santarém, Lisbon and Torres Vedras. Following the control of the region, the settlement received its first "foral" (charter) in 1195, during the reign of King Sancho I. In 1210, King Afonso II gave the title of this village to Queen Urraca. Since then, Óbidos has often been patronized by the Queens of Portugal, giving rise to its informal title as "Vila das Rainhas" (); several royal consorts enriched the village with donations from the Middle Ages until the 16th century.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: The castle and walls of Óbidos were remodelled during the reign of King Dinis I. The limestone and marble structure was strengthened and elaborated, while the keep was created in the 14th century, by King Fernando. By the time of the first remodelling project, the settlement had also grown beyond the gates of the castle.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: The Church of Santa Maria in Óbidos was the setting for the wedding of King Afonso V to his cousin, Princess Isabella of Coimbra, on 15 August 1441, when they were both still children aged 9 and 10, respectively. Administrative reforms conducted by King Manuel I at Óbidos in 1513, included the institution of a formal charter and major requalification of the urban area.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: The 1755 earthquake caused damage to the village walls, a few churches, and many buildings, and resulted in the loss of architecture of Arab or Medieval inspiration. Similarly, the Peninsular Wars were fought in the vicinity of Óbidos, including the Battle of Roliça. More recently, the village was a centre of government and meeting place for those involved in the 1974 Carnation Revolution, linking it to the armed forces movement revolt.


title: Óbidos, Portugal

text: Located on the Atlantic Ocean coast, the municipality is bounded in the northeast and east by Caldas da Rainha, in the south by Bombarral, in the southeast by Lourinhã and in the west by Peniche. Administratively, it is divided into 7 civil parishes ("freguesias"):