title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: The Byrds also chose to include two Bob Dylan songs on the album, in an attempt to repeat the success they had enjoyed with their covers of his material on their debut LP. "Lay Down Your Weary Tune" was an unreleased outtake from Dylan's "The Times They Are a-Changin'" album that had been obtained by the band through Dylan's publisher. Dylan himself was impressed when he heard the band's reading of his song, telling McGuinn: "Up until I heard this I thought you were just another imitator ... but this has got real feeling to it." The other Dylan song the band included on "Turn! Turn! Turn!" was "The Times They Are a-Changin'", which the band's biographer Johnny Rogan has described as a sardonic reading of the protest anthem, subverting the seriousness evident in the original and replacing it with irony.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: Of the self-penned material on the album, three songs were written by Clark, including "The World Turns All Around Her", which echoed his Beatlesque songs of tortured romance on the band's debut album, and "If You're Gone", a poetic confession of emotional insecurity. To highlight the wistful melancholy of "If You're Gone", McGuinn and Melcher devised a droning, Gregorian harmony vocal part that sounds uncannily like another instrument and foreshadowed the raga rock experimentation the band would undertake on their next album. The third Clark-penned song on "Turn! Turn! Turn!" was "Set You Free This Time", a densely-worded rumination on a failed relationship that lyrically exhibited the influence of Dylan. The song had been written by Clark during the Byrds' 1965 tour of England after a night spent drinking with Paul McCartney at the fashionable Scotch of St James club in London.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: McGuinn's songwriting contributions to the album included "It Won't Be Wrong", which he wrote with his friend Harvey Gerst in 1964. An earlier version of the song, titled "Don't Be Long", had been issued on a 1964 single the Byrds released as "the Beefeaters". Another of McGuinn's contributions was an adaptation of "He Was a Friend of Mine". Before the formation of the Byrds, he had added lyrics dealing with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy to the traditional folk song, as he explained to Rogan in 1977: "I wrote that song the night John F. Kennedy was assassinated. I suppose you could say it's one of the earliest Byrds songs." "He Was a Friend of Mine" is also notable for being the first Byrds' recording to feature McGuinn playing an acoustic guitar, instead of his usual twelve-string Rickenbacker.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: The album featured the first appearance of a song written by McGuinn and Crosby: "Wait and See". The pair had previously collaborated on "The Airport Song", but it would not be heard publicly until the release of "Preflyte" in 1969. Both men wanted to move away from the simple boy/girl romance songs the band had been writing since 1964, but Rogan has pointed out that "Wait and See" is even more in that tradition than the earliest of Gene Clark's songs. "Wait and See" also marked the first time Crosby received a songwriting credit on a Byrds' album.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: Another cover on the album is "Satisfied Mind", a 1955 country and western chart-topper for Porter Wagoner, which was suggested by the Byrds' bass player, Chris Hillman. The song was the first sign of the band's interest in country music, a genre they would explore further on subsequent albums, culminating with 1968's "Sweetheart of the Rodeo".


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: As with the band's previous album, "Turn! Turn! Turn!" ended on a quirky, tongue-in-cheek note, this time with a whimsical send-up of Stephen Foster's 19th-century classic "Oh! Susannah", arranged by McGuinn. Despite being recorded as an intentionally humorous reading of the song, McGuinn later admitted to journalist Vincent Flanders that he was dissatisfied with the track, stating: "That was a joke, but it didn't come off, it was poorly told."


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: Due to the infighting caused by the other band members' resentment of Clark's songwriting dominance within the Byrds, two of the songs he had brought to the recording sessions were excluded from the album. His romantic and densely-worded "She Don't Care About Time", which featured a guitar solo inspired by Bach's "Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring", was issued on the B-side of the "Turn! Turn! Turn!" single, while the Dylanesque "The Day Walk (Never Before)" was left to languish in the Columbia tape vaults for more than 20 years. The song was finally issued in 1987, when it was chosen as the title track of the Byrds' archival album "Never Before". Both "She Don't Care About Time" and "The Day Walk (Never Before)" were added to the remastered "Turn! Turn! Turn!" CD as bonus tracks.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: "Turn! Turn! Turn!" was released on December 6, 1965, in the United States (catalogue item CL 2454 in mono, CS 9254 in stereo) and March 22, 1966, in the UK (catalogue item BPG 62652 in mono, SBPG 62652 in stereo). It peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" Top LPs chart, during a chart stay of 40 weeks, and reached number 11 in the United Kingdom, spending a total of 5 weeks on the UK chart. The preceding "Turn! Turn! Turn!" single was released on October 1, 1965, in the U.S., and October 29, 1965, in the UK, reaching number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 26 on the UK Singles Chart. A second single taken from the album, "Set You Free This Time" (b/w "It Won't Be Wrong"), was released on January 10, 1966, in the U.S., peaking at number 63 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, but failing to chart in the UK.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: Upon release, the album garnered mostly positive reviews, with Robert Shelton commenting in "The New York Times" that it was "not so strong as the first Byrds LP, "Mr. Tambourine Man", but still an effective program of folk-rock." "Billboard" magazine described the album's contents by stating that "the group offers a diversified program of material that is certain to soar up the LP charts." In the UK, Richard Bruce enthusiastically praised the album in his review for "Music Echo" by describing the record as "so sensationally brilliant that even after [one] hearing, I've no hesitation in saying they are proving they have as big a talent as the Beatles and the Stones!"


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: In more recent years, Richie Unterberger has written on the AllMusic website that the album "was only a disappointment in comparison with "Mr. Tambourine Man". It was still quite good, however, particularly the ringing number one title cut, a classic on par with the 'Mr. Tambourine Man' single." It was voted number 934 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: The album was one of four Byrds albums that were remastered at 20-bit resolution and partially remixed as part of the Columbia/Legacy Byrds reissue series. This release of the album was issued on April 30, 1996, and had seven bonus tracks: the Clark penned B-side "She Don't Care About Time"; the outtakes "The Day Walk (Never Before)", "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue", and "Stranger in a Strange Land"; and three alternate versions of songs.


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: The reason for remixing some of the album was explained by Bob Irwin (who produced these re-issues for compact disc) during an interview:


title: Turn! Turn! Turn! (album)

text: Many fans enjoy the remixed album because it is very close to the original mix in most cases and offers noticeably better sound quality.


title: Olivia Hack

text: Olivia Catherine Hack (born June 16, 1983) is an American actress, best known for providing the voice of Rhonda Wellington Lloyd in Nickelodeon's "Hey Arnold!", and for playing Cindy Brady in the 1990s theatrical "Brady Bunch" films. She has also done voice work for "Fillmore!", "Bratz" as Cloe, "Family Guy", "Blood+" and "" as Ty Lee. She appeared in "Star Trek Generations", "Party of Five" and "Gilmore Girls".


title: Olivia Hack

text: "Entertainment Weekly" noted the authenticity of Hack's reprisal of Cindy in the 1990s "Brady Bunch" films, and the "New York Daily News" made positive comparisons of Hack's work to that of Susan Olsen's Cindy from the original television series.


title: Olivia Hack

text: In both 2000 and 2001, Hack received Young Artist Awards nominations for 'Best Performance in a Voice-Over: TV/Film/Video' for her work in the series "Hey Arnold!".


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar is an Indian actor who has worked in Malayalam and Tamil films. He acted in nearly 200 films.In the 80s and early 90s he was the most prominent romantc lead actor of Malayalam cinema. Shankar's debut Tamil film "Oru Thalai Ragam," and Malayalam debut, "Manjil Virinja Pookkal," completed a theatrical run of 365 and 250 days respectively.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar was born to Thekkeveettil N. K. Panicker and Sulochana in Kechery, Thrissur, Kerala in 1960. His family later moved to Chennai when he was four years old. His father was a senior manager at Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited. He has two siblings, Krishnakumar and Indra. He completed the schooling from St. Bede's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, Chennai. He pursued a Bachelors in History from Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Rishikesh. Later he joined South Indian Film Chambers of acting completing 2 years of an acting course.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar's first film was legendary superstar Jayan starred Sharapanjaram in 1979.Then Shankar as the lead actor of "Oru Thalai Ragam," through audition. "Oru Thalai Ragam" not only completed 365 days run in theatres but also became a cult romantic film of Tamil film history. Then Navodaya Studio signed Shankar for their romantic film "Manjil Virinja Pookkal" along with newcomers Mohanlal and Poornima Jayaram, directed by Fazil. The success of "Manjil Virinja Pookal" and films like "Kadathu" opposite Roja Ramani, "Oothikachiya Ponnu" with Poornima Jayaram and "Ente Mohangal Poovaninju" cemented Shankar as the romantic hero of Malayalam films. Simultaneously his Tamil films "Sujatha", "Koyil Puraa", "Mouna Yuddham" and "Raagam Thedum Pallavi" also done okay business.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Success continued in Malayalam with Shanker getting chance in movies of hit directors like P.G. Viswambharan , Joshiy and I.V. Sasi with movies like "Padayottam", "Anuragakodathy", Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram, "Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu" and "Engane Nee Marakkum", so he decided to concentrate on Malayalam films. His other successful films of 1983 are "Mortuary", "Hello Madras Girl" and "Himam". In 1984, Shankar appeared in "Ente Kalithozhan", "Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla", "Muthodumuthu", "Poochakkoru Mookkuthi" and "Itha Innu Muthal". Next year he was a part of the films "Archana Aaradhana", "Ambada Njaane!", "Aram + Aram = Kinnaram" and "Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki".


title: Shankar (actor)

text: In mid 80's Shankar began losing his market for doing repetitive roles, so he became a producer to save his career with Sibi Malayil's "Chekkaeran Oru Chilla", but the film flopped. His other major films of that year were "Naale Njangalude Vivahum", "Oppam Oppathinoppam" and "Sughamo Devi" along with Mohanlal. Shankar had fewer Malayalam releases in the late '80s and his attempt to become director with Suresh Gopi starrer "Rakshakan" also did not materialize, so he decided to take a break from films to concentrate on business, although he did guest roles in the films "Manathe Kottaram", "Gandharvam" and "Guru".


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar staged a comeback as lead hero in the films "Sooryavanam" (1998), "Bhadra", "Sundarippravu" and "The Fire". He also acted in "Stalin Sivadas" with Mammootty, but all these films failed at the box-office. So he moved to television with a successful serial "Ithu Manju Pole" and continued to perform in serials "Swara Raagam" and "Parasparam". He also won the 2006 Film Critics Television Best Actor Award for his performance in TV serial "Chithrashalabham". His last serial "Ammakkayi" (aired in Surya TV) was a success. As he wanted to concentrate in films, he stopped doing serials and made his debut as a director with "Virus", a film on HIV/AIDS, which was censored in 2007.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Later Shankar appeared in films like "Ividam Swargamanu", "Casanovva" alongside Mohanlal, "Rhythm", "Koottukar", "Banking Hours 10 to 4", "Hide N' Seek", "Father's Day", "Oomakkuyil Padumbol" and "Bhoomiyude Avakashikal". In 2013, he was appreciated for his good performance in a comic role in Anoop Menon scripted film "Hotel California". His other releases were "Miss Lekha Tharoor Kaanunnathu" and "Cleopatra", "Naku Penda Naku Taka" and in 2015, Shankar played the lead role in "Vishwasam... Athallae Ellaam" along with Shine Tom Chacko directed by Jayaraj Vijay, but the film flopped. In 2018 he starred in "Niranjana Pookkal" as hero. He also starred in "Bhramam" along with Prithviraj Sukumaran in 2021.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar directed a video film "Kaatti" in 2006 based on child labour which won him the best director award from Malayalam Television viewers DRISHYA awards for video film. He made his feature film debut with "Virus", an Indo-American co-production urging society not to shun HIV/AIDS affected people. His first commercial Malayalam directorial venture "Keralotsavam 2009" starred Kalabhavan Mani and Vinu Mohan dealt with how three youngsters falling prey to terrorist links. In 2015, he directed "Sand City", a Tamil film based at "U.A.E." to good review.


title: Shankar (actor)

text: Shankar's first marriage was with Radhika in December 1992, that ended in a divorce. After the failure of his first marriage, he married Rooparekha, that also ended in divorce. The couple has a son named Gokul. In 2013, he married Chitra Lekshmi, a dance teacher, settled at U.K.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" is a hard rock song by the Australian band AC/DC. Written by group members Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott, it was recorded for the title track of their album "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap", released in September 1976.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: It was also released as a single – first in Australia in October 1976 with "R.I.P. (Rock in Peace)" as its B-side, and then in the UK in January 1977 as a maxi-single with "Big Balls" and "The Jack" as its B-sides. Once the "Dirty Deeds" album was finally released in the US in 1981 the "Dirty Deeds..." single was released there (backed by "Highway To Hell"), where it reached number four on the then-new Top Tracks chart.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: The song ranked No. 24 on VH1's 40 Greatest Metal Songs and in 2009 it was named the 31st best hard rock song of all time also by VH1.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: It features a backing vocal consisting of a heavy breathing sound, made on the downbeat during verses. It also features the title in a spoken-word style at the end of the chorus; plus a scream at the end of the song. The full-length recording (approximately 4:11) has the title of the song chanted four times starting at 3:09, but on the more common edited version (approximately 3:51) the chant is heard only twice.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: The song's narrator, a hitman, invites people experiencing problems to either call his phone number or visit him at his home, at which point he will perform assorted unsavoury and violent acts to resolve said problems. Situations in which he offers assistance include those involving lewd high school headmasters and significant others who are either adulterous or who persistently find fault with their partners. As detailed by the song, the "dirty deeds" performed at low cost include:


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: Two of the services offered share names with AC/DC's first two Australian albums, "T.N.T." and "High Voltage". They are also the names of songs that appeared on Australia's "T.N.T." and the international version of "High Voltage".


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: The phrase "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" is an homage to the cartoon "Beany and Cecil", which Angus Young watched when he was a child. One of the cartoon's characters was named Dishonest John, who carried a business card that read: "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap. Holidays, Sundays, and Special Rates." “It was Angus that came up with the song title…" Malcolm Young told Mark Blake. "It was based on a cartoon character that had the phrase as his calling card.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: In 1981, Norman and Marilyn White of Libertyville, Illinois filed a $250,000 lawsuit in Lake County, Illinois Circuit Court against Atlantic Records and its distributors because, they alleged, their telephone number was included in the song, resulting in hundreds of prank phone calls. Their attorney told the "Chicago Tribune" that the song's 36-24-36 digits were followed by a "hey!", which to his clients sounded like an "8", thus creating the couple's phone number.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" has only been included on one official AC/DC live album, 1992's "Live", sung by Scott's replacement Brian Johnson. This live version was released as a single. A video clip for the single was released containing footage from the "Live at Donington" home video, as well as other old clips mixed in the video. This video clip was later released on the DVD "Family Jewels Disc 3," as part of the 2009 box set "Backtracks."


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: An earlier version with Bon Scott, recorded live in Sydney (Haymarket) at the Festival of Sydney on 1977, was released on an Australian only radio 2JJ compilation album titled "Long Live The Evolution." This live version was later released on "Backtracks."


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: In 2007 on the "Plug Me In" three track bonus CD from Best Buy, a live version from Detroit, Michigan, (Joe Louis Arena) 17 or 1983 was released.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: American singer-songwriter Joan Jett recorded the song, shortening the title to "Dirty Deeds," and included it on her LP, "The Hit List", in late 1990. It was released as a single and charted internationally.


title: Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap (song)

text: The title of the song is referenced in the Japanese manga "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Steel Ball Run", written by Hirohiko Araki. The primary antagonist of the part, President Funny Valentine, wields a Stand named "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap". It is often referred to simply by the sobriquet "D4C".


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: FC Lausanne–Sport (also referred to as LS) is a Swiss football club based in Lausanne in the canton of Vaud. Founded in 1896, Lausanne Sport played in the Swiss Super League in their most recent 2021-22 season, the highest tier of football in the country, but will play in the second tier Swiss Challenge League in the 2022-23 after being relegated in the 2021-22 Swiss Super League Season.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: They play their home games at the 12,544-capacity Stade de la Tuilière. Previously Lausanne Sport had played at the Stade Olympique de la Pontaise, a 15,850 all-seater stadium used for the 1954 FIFA World Cup. They played in Swiss First Division between 1906 and 1931, 1932–2002, 2011-2014, 2016-2018 and 2020-2022. The team has won seven league titles and the Swiss Cup nine times.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: The club was founded in 1896 under the name of "Montriond Lausanne". However, the Lausanne Football and Cricket Club was established in 1860, believed to be the oldest football club on the European continent by some historians.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: The club took the name Lausanne-Sports FC in 1920 after the football section merged with the Club Hygiénique de Lausanne, a physical education club. The end of the 1950s and the whole of the 1960s were among the club's finest times. LS won the Swiss Cup twice (1962 and 1964), lost an additional Swiss Cup final to Basel by forfeit, won the Swiss championship (1965) and was runner-up four times (1961, 1962, 1963), as well as in 1969. The year 1965 was the year of the 7th and last Swiss championship title. It was probably the most successful, earning its protagonists the nickname of "Lords of the Night", a reference to some enchanting evenings. Since the advent of the floodlights in the new stadium, the matches have mainly taken place in the evenings which was at the time a unique feature.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: After the 2001–02 season, Lausanne-Sports were relegated because the club did not obtain a first level license for the 2002–03 season. Following the 2002–03 season in the second division, Lausanne-Sports FC were again relegated due to bankruptcy. They were reformed as FC Lausanne-Sport for the 2003–04 season and had to begin play at the fourth tier. The team was promoted in consecutive seasons from the fourth division after the 2003–04 season and the third division after the 2004–05 season. After an additional six years in the second tier of Swiss football, the club was promoted to the Super League for the 2011–12 season for a three season stay before being relegated in 2014. After two seasons in the second tier the team was promoted for a two season stay in the top division in 2016 and survived relegation in their first season before being relegated back to the second tier again in 2018. Now somewhat of a yo-yo club the team were promoted to the top tier again in 2020.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: Lausanne-Sport qualified for the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League after they reached the 2010 Swiss Cup final against Champions League-qualified Basel. In the 2010–11 Europa League, while still playing in the second tier Challenge League, they performed a shock getting to the group stages beating favourites Lokomotiv Moscow on the way.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: Lausanne-Sport were relegated to the Swiss Challenge League at the end of the 2013–14 Swiss Super League season. Two years later, they finished first in the 2015–16 Swiss Challenge League, which promoted them back to the top tier of Swiss football for the 2016–17 season.


title: FC Lausanne-Sport

text: On 13 November 2017, the club was acquired by Ineos, a Swiss-based British petrochemicals company owned by Jim Ratcliffe, the nation's wealthiest person. The first transfer under the new ownership was that of Enzo Fernández, son of Zinedine Zidane. However, the season ended with relegation. Ratcliffe's brother Bob became club president in March 2019. The club won promotion back to the top flight as champions of the 2019–20 Swiss Challenge League.


title: Adverse selection

text: In economics, insurance, and risk management, adverse selection is a market situation where buyers and sellers have different information. The result is that participants with key information might participate selectively in trades at the expense of other parties who do not have the same information.


title: Adverse selection

text: In an ideal world, buyers should pay a price which reflects their willingness to pay and the value to them of the product or service, and sellers should sell at a price which reflects the quality of their goods and services. For example, a poor quality product should be inexpensive and a high quality product should have a high price. However, when one party holds information that the other party does not have, they have the opportunity to damage the other party by maximising self-utility, concealing relevant information, and perhaps even lying. Taking advantage of undisclosed information in an economic contract or trade of possession is known as adverse selection.


title: Adverse selection

text: This opportunity has secondary effects: the party without the information can take steps to avoid entering into an unfair (maybe "rigged") contract, perhaps by withdrawing from the interaction, or a seller (buyer) asking a higher (lower) price, thus diminishing the volume of trade in the market. Furthermore, it can deter people from participating in the market, leading to less competition and thus higher profit margins for participants.


title: Adverse selection

text: Sometimes the buyer may know the value of a good or service better than the seller. For example, a restaurant offering "all you can eat" at a fixed price may attract customers with a larger than average appetite, resulting in a loss for the restaurant.


title: Adverse selection

text: A standard example is the market for used cars with hidden flaws ("lemons"). George Akerlof in his 1970 paper, "The Market for 'Lemons'", highlights the effect adverse selection has in the used car market, creating an imbalance between the sellers and the buyers that may lead to a market collapse. The paper further describes the effects of adverse selection in insurance as an example of the effect of information asymmetry on markets, a sort of "generalized Gresham's law". Since then, "adverse selection" has been widely used in many domains.


title: Adverse selection

text: The theory behind market collapse starts with consumers who want to buy goods from an unfamiliar market. Sellers, who do have information about which good is high or poor quality, would aim to sell the poor quality goods at the same price as better goods, leading to a larger profit margin. The high quality sellers now no longer reap the full benefits of having superior goods, because poor quality goods pull the average price down to one which is no longer profitable for the sale of high quality goods. High quality sellers thus leave the market, thus reducing the quality and price of goods even further. This market collapse is then caused by demand not rising in response to a fall in price, and the lower overall quality of market provisions. Sometimes the seller is the uninformed party instead, when consumers with undisclosed attributes purchase goods or contracts that are priced for other demographics.


title: Adverse selection

text: Adverse selection has been discussed for life insurance since the 1860s, and the phrase has been used since the 1870s.


title: Adverse selection

text: Adverse selection was first described for life insurance. It creates a demand for insurance which is positively correlated with the insured's risk of loss.


title: Adverse selection

text: For example, overall, non-smokers have a much lower risk of death than smokers of the same age and sex. If the price of insurance does not vary according to smoking status, then it will be more valuable for smokers than for non-smokers. Thus smokers will have a greater incentive to buy insurance and will purchase more insurance than non-smokers. This increases the average mortality rate of the insured pool, causing the insurer to pay more claims. The insurer relies on the premiums of the healthy non-smokers to cover the costs incurred by the smokers. As more smokers purchase insurance, costs to insure them increases.


title: Adverse selection

text: In response, the company may increase premiums to correspond to the higher average risk. However, higher prices cause rational non-smokers to cancel their insurance as insurance becomes uneconomic for them, exacerbating the adverse selection problem. Eventually, higher prices will push out all non-smokers in search of better options, and the only people left who will be willing to purchase insurance are smokers. The same applies to health insurance.


title: Adverse selection

text: To counter the effects of adverse selection, insurers may require premiums that reflect the customer's risk, distinguishing high-risk from low-risk individuals. For instance, medical insurance companies ask a range of questions and may request medical or other reports on individuals who apply to buy insurance. The premium can be varied accordingly, and any unacceptably high-risk individuals are rejected ("cf." pre-existing condition). This risk selection process is part of underwriting. In many countries, insurance law incorporates an "utmost good faith" or "uberrima fides" doctrine, which requires potential customers to answer any questions asked by the insurer fully and honestly. Dishonesty may be met with refusals to pay claims.


title: Adverse selection

text: Adverse selection can also result from government regulations prohibiting insurers from setting prices based on certain information. This is sometimes referred to as "regulatory adverse selection". For instance, the U.S. government enacted the Affordable Care Act (ACA) which prohibits insurers from charging higher prices based on pre-existing conditions and gender. To help prevent adverse selection, the ACA was designed with a risk adjustment program to compensate insurers with sicker enrollees. The ACA also required U.S. residents to enroll in healthcare coverage or pay a tax penalty. This was in place to ensure enrolment by healthy individuals, even though they are less likely to claim and thus they may not otherwise have considered the coverage to be financially worthwhile.


title: Adverse selection

text: Empirical evidence of adverse selection is mixed. Several studies investigating correlations between risk and insurance purchase have failed to show the predicted positive correlation for life insurance, auto insurance, and health insurance. On the other hand, "positive" test results for adverse selection have been reported in health insurance, long-term care insurance, and annuity markets.


title: Adverse selection

text: Weak evidence of adverse selection in certain markets suggests that the underwriting process is effective at screening high-risk individuals. Another possible reason is the negative correlation between risk aversion (such as the willingness to purchase insurance) and risk level (estimated beforehand based on hindsight observation of the occurrence rate for other observed claims) in the population. If risk aversion is higher among lower-risk customers, adverse selection can be reduced or even reversed, leading to "advantageous" selection. This occurs when a person is both less likely to engage in risk-increasing behavior are more likely to engage in risk-decreasing behavior, such as taking affirmative steps to reduce risk.


title: Adverse selection

text: For example, there is evidence that smokers are more willing to do risky jobs than non-smokers. This greater willingness to accept risk may reduce insurance policy purchases by smokers.


title: Adverse selection

text: From a public policy viewpoint, some adverse selection can also be advantageous. Adverse selection may lead to a higher fraction of total losses for the whole population being covered by insurance than if there were no adverse selection.


title: Adverse selection

text: When raising capital, some types of securities are more prone to adverse selection than others. An equity offering for a company that reliably generates earnings at a good price will be bought up before an unknown company's offering, leaving the market filled with less desirable offerings that were unwanted by other investors. Assuming that managers have inside information about the firm, outsiders are most prone to adverse selection in equity offers. This is because managers may offer stock when they know the offer price exceeds their private assessments of the company's value. Outside investors, therefore, require a high rate of return on equity to compensate them for the risk of buying a "lemon".


title: Adverse selection

text: Adverse selection costs are lower for debt offerings. When debt is offered, this acts as a signal to outside investors that the firm's management believes the current stock price is undervalued, as the firm would otherwise be keen on offering equity.


title: Adverse selection

text: Thus the required returns on debt and equity are related to perceived adverse selection costs, implying that debt should be cheaper than equity as a source of external capital, forming a "pecking order".


title: Adverse selection

text: The example described assumes that the market does not know managers are selling stock. The market could gain access to this information, perhaps by finding it in company reports. In this case, the market will capitalize on the information found. If the market has access to the company's information, the presence of information asymmetry is removed, and as such there is no longer a state of adverse selection.


title: Adverse selection

text: The presence of adverse selection in capital markets results in excessive private investment. Projects that otherwise would not have received investments due to having a lower expected return than the opportunity cost of capital, received funding as a result of information asymmetry in the market. As such, governments must account for the presence of adverse selection in the implementation of public policies.


title: Adverse selection

text: In modern contract theory, "adverse selection" characterizes principal-agent models in which an agent has private information "before" a contract is written. For example, a worker may know his effort costs (or a buyer may know his willingness-to-pay) "before" an employer (or a seller) makes a contract offer. In contrast, "moral hazard" characterizes principal-agent models where there is symmetric information at the time of contracting. The agent may become privately informed "after" the contract is written. According to Hart and Holmström (1987), moral hazard models are further subdivided into hidden action and hidden information models, depending on whether the agent becomes privately informed due to an unobservable action that he himself chooses or due to a random move by nature. Hence, the difference between an adverse selection model and a hidden information (sometimes called hidden knowledge) model is simply the timing. In the former case, the agent is informed at the outset. In the latter case, he becomes privately informed after the contract has been signed.


title: Adverse selection

text: In most adverse selection models, it is assumed that the agent's private information is "soft" (i.e., the information cannot be certified). Yet, there are also some adverse selection models with "hard" information (i.e., the agent may have evidence to prove that claims he makes about his type are true).


title: Adverse selection

text: Adverse selection models can be further categorized into models with private values and models with interdependent or common values. In models with private values, the agent's type has a direct influence on his own preferences. For example, he has knowledge over his effort costs or his willingness-to-pay. Alternatively, models with interdependent or common values occur when the agent's type has a direct influence on the principal's preferences. For instance, the agent may be a seller who privately knows the quality of a car.


title: Adverse selection

text: Seminal contributions to private value models have been made by Roger Myerson and Eric Maskin, while interdependent or common value models have first been studied by George Akerlof. Adverse selection models with private values can also be further categorized by distinguishing between models with one-sided private information and two-sided private information. The most prominent result in the latter case is the Myerson-Satterthwaite theorem. More recently, contract-theoretic adverse selection models have been tested both in laboratory experiments and in the field.


title: Adverse selection

text: When banks and borrowers come together to determine the personal loans, mortgages or business loans, adverse selection is deeply rooted in the discussions.


title: Adverse selection

text: For example, when a new customer approaches a bank seeking a personal loan, they will always know their spending, saving and potential income better than the bank would. This creates adverse selection as the customer possess information about their life which is unknown to the bank, and they can take an economic advantage due to this information.


title: Adverse selection

text: Similarly, when a business requests a loan from a bank, this also creates adverse selection. The business possesses information about market trends, insider business knowledge, and other future happenings relevant to the business that a bank would not know when lending money to a company.


title: Adverse selection

text: A further case where adverse selection is relevant is when banks trade loans. This process creates adverse selection, as when a bank transfers a loan to a new bank, they are unaware of how risky the borrower is and the other associated risks that go along with banks lending their money.


title: Adverse selection

text: To counteract the impacts of adverse selection, banks have moved towards building stronger relationships with their customers, to assist in further understanding some of the hidden information the consumers have when they are borrowing from banks. Furthermore, banks can adjust interest rates to help alleviate some of they unknown risks involved. Banks have also implemented heavier screening on loan applicants so that they are receiving the full picture when they lend their money to borrowers. They are investing significant amounts of resources to gather enough information on borrowers to help estimate the possibility of the loan being repaid by the borrower. Additionally, banks have implemented limits on lending for some borrowers to lower the risk of customers defaulting on their loan.


title: Adverse selection

text: Banks have been trying to implement as many safeguards as possible on the borrowing process to try to limit the effects of adverse selection on their business.


title: Adverse selection

text: Accounting for the significant amount of credence goods in the market, the incentives for misbehaviour among both buyers and sellers serve as large threats to market efficiencies to society as a whole. Since adverse selection largely persists due to asymmetric information, the key steps to reducing its effects starts with eliminating said asymmetry by encouraging transparency between both sides of the market.


title: Adverse selection

text: In markets where the seller has private information about the product they wish to sell, reputation mechanisms help to reduce adverse selection by acting as a signal of quality. An example would be the online marketplace, eBay. A seller known for selling high-quality goods can further enhance its reputation by utilising eBay's reputation system. There is an incentive for the seller to do so, as buyers who derive utility from purchasing the product are naturally inclined to source their purchase from high-quality sellers. As such, buyers are able to rely on the reputation system as a signal to filter high-quality sellers from low-quality sellers.


title: Adverse selection

text: Unlike quality signalling where the better informed party acts first, screening is better suited when the uninformed party needs to make the initial decision in participating in a contract. Recognizing that adverse selection stems from the lack of information, using screening games allows players to try and analyze if the risk of the contract's worst possible outcome makes participating worth it in the first place. Parties can always attempt to be better informed, but if achieving new information is too costly, and the threat of economic loss from the contract is too great, screening methodologies suggest not participating in the contract at all.


title: Adverse selection

text: For better context using the example of how adverse selection occurs in financial markets, if investors believe the risk of poor returns is too high, and the cost of consulting a trading specialist is not worth it, they have screened the possible outcomes and realize it is not worth making that initial investment from the start.


title: Adverse selection

text: Lemon laws act as a form of consumer protection in the event the buyer purchase a defective product. While usually applied to automobiles, lemon laws are also used for most consumer goods. Such regulations were enacted to reduce cases where manufacturers knowingly sold defective products. Lemon laws vary by countries, but generally require the seller to repurchase the product or replace it. For example, the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices allows for consumers to sue for triple damages in the event of sustaining harm as a result of purchasing a defective product as a result of the seller withholding information at the time of the transaction. As such, government regulations act as a deterrent against sellers exploiting the asymmetric information between the parties involved. This, in turn, reduces the problem of adverse selection, as buyers who are knowingly protected by lemon laws are more inclined to engage in transactions they previously would not have done so due to the lack of viable information available to them.


title: Adverse selection

text: By offering a warranty for the product the seller intends to sell, they are able to indirectly communicate private information about the product to the buyer. Warranties assist in conveying information about the seller's confidence in the product for its quality, by acting as a guarantee on the product.


title: Adverse selection

text: A common example is in the used car market, where apart from warranties offered by the seller itself, the buyer may purchase


title: Adverse selection

text: A related form of market failure is moral hazard. With moral hazard, the asymmetric information between the parties causes one party to increase their risk exposure "after" the transaction is concluded, whereas adverse selection occurs "before". Moral hazard suggests that customers who have insurance may be more likely to behave recklessly than those who do not. Adverse selection, on the other hand, suggests that customers will withhold information about existing health conditions from the health insurer when purchasing insurance.


title: Adverse selection

text: Realistic scenarios that actively involve both economic phenomena would include the market for rental properties. Adverse selection occurs in the process of deciding "before" renting or buying a property ("the contract"). Those who are uncommitted to doing the regular upkeep of the house due to time constraints, are ill-prepared to compensate for damages, or just innately irresponsible, are more likely to rent. In contrast to a person who is interested in buying, they would be less willing to maintain a property in good condition for the long-term. These "types" of renters would then take advantage of the asymmetric information between the landlord, who would ideally want to lease the property to tenants "without" these characteristics. Moral hazards takes place "after" the contract. Tenants are more likely to change their behaviour after moving in, as there are less incentives to be good tenants since the property is not theirs and they can leave as soon as their lease ends. This would mean less inclination to maintain good upkeep, or being liable for anything the landlord should be responsible for. Both adverse selection and moral hazard is at play here, but occur at different points in time and are due to asymmetric information regarding different factors. In the latter case, however, it could be argued that there is no real issue of asymmetric information at play, given that the source of the behaviour change is a particular incentive structure which all parties are aware of.


title: Adverse selection

text: The crisis of various financial markets makes people pay more and more attention to the market analysis of markets with adverse selection, especially the credit market and insurance market. Most of the current market analysis on competitive equilibrium market with adverse selection is based on the research results of Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976). We can also add adverse selection to a broad form of competitive market games. It allows companies to offer any limited contract, as well as a price differential subsidy. At the same time, the company pulled out of the market after initial contract offers were observed. In such cases, Netzer, Nick and Florian (2014) proved that perfect equilibrium in subgames always exists. When the withdrawal is costless, the set of equilibrium outcomes may correspond to the entire set of feasible contracts. We then focus on robust equilibria that continue to exist for small withdrawal costs. Netzer, Nick and Florian (2014) suggested that the Miyazaki—Wilson contracts are the unique, robust equilibrium outcome in this case.


title: Adverse selection

text: In the silent battlefield of business, the relationship between buyers and sellers often encounters information asymmetry. For example, manufacturers may generally be more accurate than suppliers in predicting demand for their products. Another example is the acquisition of a company in which senior management of the target company has a deeper understanding of the information and value of the company's intangible assets than the acquirer. However, most of the theoretical research on the contract between buyer and seller assumes that private information is unverifiable. Therefore, informed buyers can make arbitrary claims about subjective information parameters. Patrick (2014) believes that private information is verifiable in practice. He found that in the case of provable information, the expected total surplus can be strictly minuscule in unprovable information. In cases where the buyer may have some provincial probability of private information and opportunistic washing of the phone, the buyer may privately decide whether to obtain the information for strategic reasons.


title: Adverse selection

text: In accordance with the research from Loannidou, Pavanini & Peng in April 2022, the adverse selection theory also plays a significant role in determining the lending market performance based on the incremental costs of collateral and debt contracts.


title: Adverse selection

text: While the recent research also pointed out that, in separation of ex ante and ex post channels of collateral, the increasing level of adverse selection moral problem is making significant impacts on bond market and lenders spirit. While the empirical evidences and statistical model both suggested that, the utilization of collateral could reduce the negative effect of adverse selection. In practice, through the promotion of information sharing system and credit rating mechanism, it is expected that, within the lending market regulations on collateral contact, the relevant stakeholder could have better incentives and techniques to reduce the social welfare cost that is cause by adverse selection.


title: Adverse selection

text: By including a sperate borrower, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that, under the diversification lending strategy, the implementation of collateral could effectively mitigate the adverse selection issues, and adjust the borrower's financial behavior into a positive direction.


title: Adverse selection

text: In the acquisition of commercial mortgages between the sellers and borrowers, the adverse selection problem will appear corresponding with the phenomenon of asymmetric information. In case of CMBS, An, Deng & Gabriel (2010) pointed out that, due to the unequal information on the secondary market loans, it reinforce the conduit on lenders about the mortgage quality and information. The investors on mortgage market will effectively consider the effect of adverse selection, which correspondingly lead to a lower price margin on loans and portfolios in the market. To sum up, although the agency problem does not appears in junk loans and bonds, it still add the dissatisfied opinion on investor's behaviors.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: Underworld: Endless War is a 2011 animated film and a collection of three short tie-in stories, whose creation was supervised by Len Wiseman, director of the first two "Underworld" films. Each film tells a different story, and takes place during different periods of history to highlight new events within the Underworld mythology. The stories also help set up the events in the next film in the series, "" (2012).


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: These shorts were released on December 20, 2011, as a part of the new "Underworld Trilogy: The Essential Collection for Underworld" on Blu-ray. Each episode is just over five minutes long.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: In 1890, Selene is in Paris, investigating reports of three Lycan brothers who terrorize the area. They seem to be posing as lords and have claimed a mansion as their own. Selene's mission is to investigate the reports, eliminate these self-styled ""Lords of the Crescent Wills"", and secure the mansion for the Paris branch of the Old World Vampire Coven. The reason that Kraven and higher-ups want the castle is to put the balance of power in the area in favor of the Vampires. Determined to exterminate the Lycan Lords, Selene makes her way after Darius, the oldest brother.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: Arriving at the mansion, Darius informs his brothers, twins Vregis and Krandrill, that a Death Dealer has found them. The two do not take him seriously, and, against Darius' warnings, insist to stay and fight. Thinking that they have her at a disadvantage, all three brothers try to ambush Selene in the sewers. Selene, however, proves to be greater than their estimations. With a pair of swords, she mortally wounds Darius, who then sacrifices himself to shield his brothers against her gunfire. Vregis and Krandrill flee while Darius dies and vow revenge against the Death Dealer and the Vampires.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: In 1967, nearly 80 years later, Selene returns to Paris to investigate reports of the two remaining Lycan brothers. Unbeknownst to her, she is spotted in the streets by Krandrill. He meets up with Vregis in the backroom of a store that they use to sell illicit substances and tells him what he saw. The two figure that she's there to protect Lord Clovis at the 'Crimson Moon ceremony', which is being held at their old mansion, and decide to crash in, kill her with the other Vampires, and reclaim their old home.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: In the middle of the ceremony, the two Lycans appear and eliminate Lord Clovis and his fellow vampires, before Selene appears and opens fire on them. During the ensuing fight, Vregis dies and Krandrill looses his left arm. As he flees, Selene comments that it is only a matter of time before he'll 'join his brothers in hell'.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: In 2012, Selene returns to Paris with the intention of finally killing Krandrill, and has brought Michael Corvin with her to help. Since Alexander Corvinus' death, humanity has caught on to the existence of vampires and lycans. They have begun to identify and exterminate those that are 'infected'. Selene and Michael split up to cover more ground; Selene is sent a picture by her contact, a female security guard, confirming Krandrill's regular presence at the Tati hotel. Krandrill is there with his harem of female Lycans, waiting for Selene and Michael to appear.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: Michael crashes through the entrance, only to be taken by surprise by Krandrill and his harem. After pinning Micheal to the wall with grappling guns, the Lycans opens fire on him. Michael breaks free and slashes through the harem, before being taken on by Krandrill himself. Krandrill, however, underestimates his enemy's strength and is sent flying out of a window. Selene then jumps onto him, sends him down to street below, and peppers him with silver bullets. Before dying, Krandrill gives a passing taunt that her kind is being hunted now, and that she'll soon join him and his brothers in hell.


title: Underworld: Endless War

text: In a voiceover, Selene comments about the 'endless war': ""I don't feel 'victory'; this never ends. (About Kandrill's Last Words) He might be right. We "are" the Hunted. But as long as I have him (Michael), I'm all right. As long as we're together, I can live forever...""


title: Susan Peters

text: Susan Peters (born Suzanne Carnahan; July 3, 1921 – October 23, 1952) was an American actress who appeared in over twenty films over the course of her decade-long career. Though she began her career in uncredited and ingénue roles, she would establish herself as a serious dramatic actress in the mid-1940s.


title: Susan Peters

text: Born in Spokane, Washington, Peters was raised by her widowed mother in Portland, Oregon, and, later, Los Angeles. Upon graduating from high school, she studied acting with Austrian theater director Max Reinhardt, and signed a contract with Warner Bros. Pictures. She appeared in numerous bit parts before earning a minor supporting role in "Santa Fe Trail" (1940). She made her last film for Warner Bros. in 1942, the film noir "The Big Shot" opposite Humphrey Bogart and Richard Travis; after its release, Warner opted not to renew her contract.


title: Susan Peters

text: In 1942, Peters appeared in a supporting role in "Tish", which resulted in her signing a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). The same year, she had a featured role in the Mervyn LeRoy-directed drama "Random Harvest", which earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress and established her as a serious dramatic performer. Peters went on to appear as the lead in numerous films for MGM, including roles in the romantic comedy "Young Ideas" (1943), and several war films: "Assignment in Brittany" (1943), "Song of Russia" (1944), and "Keep Your Powder Dry" (1945).


title: Susan Peters

text: On New Year's Day 1945, Peters's spinal cord was damaged from an accidental gunshot wound, leaving her permanently paraplegic. She returned to film, portraying a villain who used a wheelchair in "The Sign of the Ram" (1948). Peters then transitioned to theater, appearing as Laura Wingfield in a critically acclaimed 1949 production of Tennessee Williams's "The Glass Menagerie", which was slightly altered to allow Peters to perform in a wheelchair. She followed this with a production of "The Barretts of Wimpole Street", in which she portrayed physically disabled poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. By 1952, however, Peters had had clinical depression for several years due to the dissolution of her marriage and her limited career options. In late 1952, she began starving herself, which combined with her paralysis led to chronic kidney infections and pneumonia. She died of ensuing health complications that year at age 31.


title: Susan Peters

text: Peters was born Suzanne Carnahan on July 3, 1921, in Spokane, Washington, the elder of two children born to Robert and Abby Carnahan. Her father was a civil engineer of Irish descent, while her mother was of French descent, and a grand-niece of Robert E. Lee. Peters had one younger brother, Robert Jr., born in 1923. Shortly after her birth, the Carnahan family moved to Portland, Oregon. In 1928, her father was killed in a car accident in Portland, after which the family relocated to Seattle, Washington, and later to Los Angeles to live with Peters' maternal French-born grandmother, Maria Patteneaude, a dermatologist.


title: Susan Peters

text: Peters was educated at Laird Hall School for Girls, the LaRue School in Azusa, California, and Flintridge Sacred Heart Academy in Los Angeles. During her years in high school, she worked after hours in a Los Angeles department store, earning money to help support her mother and brother. Peters' mother supported herself and her two children by working in a dress shop and managing an apartment building. "We were poor but we managed, and we had fun," Peters recalled of her upbringing. She was an avid swimmer and tennis player, and also grew up riding horses; her talent as an equestrian allowed her to earn additional income by breaking and showing other people's horses.


title: Susan Peters

text: Peters transferred to Hollywood High School during her senior year, and began taking drama classes in which she opted to enroll in place of cooking courses: "I took a drama course instead of a cooking course because I thought it was easier," Peters said. "Acting meant money, and [my family] needed money." While still in high school, she signed with a talent agent. She graduated from Hollywood High School in June 1939, along with Jason Robards, Sheila Ryan, and Dorothy Morris as members of her graduating class. With a newfound interest in acting, Peters earned a scholarship to the Max Reinhardt School of Dramatic Arts.


title: Susan Peters

text: While performing in a showcase production of Philip Barry's "Holiday" at the Reinhardt School, Peters was spotted by a talent scout for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), who gave her a walk-on part in George Cukor's "Susan and God" (1940). During the shoot, Peters was reportedly so nervous that she fainted in front of the camera. Despite her apprehension on set, Peters became a protégée of Cukor, who personally assigned her to private acting lessons with drama coach Gertrude Vogler. Cukor believed Peters had star potential, but needed to not "talk through [her] nose." He later recalled that she reminded him of "a young Katharine Hepburn. Not as aggressive as Kate, but that same finishing school appearance and drive."


title: Susan Peters

text: In early 1940, Peters screen tested for Warner Bros. Pictures, who subsequently offered her a contract. Then credited under her birth name, Suzanne Carnahan, Peters was cast in various small parts in Warner Bros. films; many of these were uncredited bit parts or walk-on roles, such as in "River's End", "The Man Who Talked Too Much", "Money and the Woman", and "Always a Bride" (all released in 1940). She had her first credited role in the big-budget Western film "Santa Fe Trail" (1940), opposite Errol Flynn and Olivia de Havilland. In the film, Peters portrayed a young woman from Boston in love with a Kansas military officer. During the press junkets to promote the film, Peters found interviews overwhelming, and later admitted: "I wasn't a good sport. I locked myself in my compartment during most of the trip."


title: Susan Peters

text: After "Santa Fe Trail", Peters had small roles in "The Strawberry Blonde", "Meet John Doe", "Here Comes Happiness" (1941), and "Scattergood Pulls the Strings" (all 1941), the latter of which earned her favorable reviews. She then had a lead role as an ingénue in the comedy "Three Sons o' Guns" (1941), followed by a dramatic part playing the girlfriend of a convict in "The Big Shot" (1942), opposite Richard Travis and Humphrey Bogart. She was also in shorts such as "Young America Flies" (1940) and "Sockaroo" (1941). At the urging of the studio (who initially suggested she change her name to Sharon O'Keefe), she dropped her birth name and took the stage name Susan Peters. By 1942, however, Warner Bros. chose not to renew her contract.


title: Susan Peters

text: Several months after being dropped by Warner Bros., Peters was contacted by MGM to test for a supporting role in the film "Tish" (1942), a loose adaptation of a series of stories by Mary Roberts Rinehart. She won the role and also signed a contract with the studio. At the time, Peters was one of the most screen-tested actresses in Hollywood. While filming "Tish", Peters met future husband, actor Richard Quine, with whom she also starred in her second film with MGM, "Dr. Gillespie's New Assistant" (1942), alongside Van Johnson. Quine and Peters later married on November 7, 1943, at Westwood Community Church in West Los Angeles.


title: Susan Peters

text: After completing "Andy Hardy's Double Life" (1942) in which she appeared with Mickey Rooney in the very short final scene, Mervyn LeRoy cast Peters in the drama "Random Harvest" (also 1942), in which she portrayed a young woman who falls in love with her step-uncle. The film was one of the top 25 highest-earning films of the year, and Peters' performance garnered her critical acclaim, earning her an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Susan Peters

text: The success of "Random Harvest" led MGM to give Peters lead roles in other major pictures such as "Assignment in Brittany" (1943), in which she portrayed a French peasant girl. This was followed with a minor but top-billed credit in the comedy "Young Ideas" (1943) with Herbert Marshall and Mary Astor, directed by Jules Dassin. She was subsequently cast as the female lead in "Song of Russia" (1943) opposite Robert Taylor. The role earned her further excellent notices, with a review in "The Hollywood Reporter" noting her as "a dramatic actress of the first rank." The film however was controversial, as its portrayal of the Soviet Union was interpreted by some audiences and critics as being favorable and of a pro-Communist stance.


title: Susan Peters

text: In early 1944, Peters was one of ten actors who were elevated from "featured player" status to the studio's official "star" category; the others included Esther Williams, Laraine Day, Kathryn Grayson, Van Johnson, Margaret O'Brien, Ginny Simms, Robert Walker, Gene Kelly, and George Murphy. An official portrait taken of MGM's contracted players during this period prominently features Peters sharing the front row with the head of the studio himself, Louis B. Mayer, and alongside such actors as James Stewart, Mickey Rooney, Margaret Sullavan, Katharine Hepburn, Hedy Lamarr, and Greer Garson. In late 1944, Peters filmed "Keep Your Powder Dry", a war drama co-starring Lana Turner and Laraine Day, in which she portrayed the humble wife of a soldier.


title: Susan Peters

text: On January 1, 1945, Peters and husband Quine, along with his cousin and cousin's wife, went on a duck hunting trip in the Cuyamaca Mountains near San Diego. At one point during the trip, a 22-caliber rifle discharged accidentally, and the bullet lodged in her spine. She was rushed to Mercy Hospital, roughly away, and underwent emergency surgery. The injury to her spinal cord left her permanently paralyzed from the waist down, and she was required to use a wheelchair for the rest of her life. "Keep Your Powder Dry" premiered three months after the incident, on March 8, 1945. Peters' mother, who had maintained a bedside vigil during her stay in the hospital, died nine months later in December 1945, which left Peters even more distraught.


title: Susan Peters

text: MGM continued to pay Peters a $100 weekly salary and medical expenses, but, unable to find suitable projects, she subsequently left the studio. She later recalled: "Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer kept sending me Pollyanna scripts about crippled girls who were all sweetness and light, which I kept turning down. Two years after my accident, I gave up and broke my contract. I won't trade on my handicap." Among the projects offered to her were Joe Pasternak and Henry Koster's "The Unfinished Dance" (1947), a remake of Jean Benoît-Lévy's "Ballerina". In the film, Peters was offered the role of a ballerina who receives a spinal injury that leaves her unable to perform, but she declined. Just prior to her injury, she had begun filming the drama "The Outward Room". The film's producers considered completing the project with stand-ins and refitting the script to allow Peters to appear in a wheelchair, but the project was ultimately shelved.


title: Susan Peters

text: Upon leaving MGM, Peters was approached for numerous acting jobs on radio programs. She guest-starred on a December 11, 1945, episode of "Seventh Heaven" opposite previous film co-star Van Johnson. In 1946, Peters and husband Quine adopted a son, Timothy Richard. The same year, Peters made her first public appearance since her accident at Ciro's in West Hollywood, attending the debut of Desi Arnaz and His Orchestra along with her close friend Lucille Ball. Ball and Arnaz urged Peters to continue seeking acting work. Actor and friend Charles Bickford suggested that Peters option the novel "The Sign of the Ram" by Margaret Ferguson, which centers on a disabled woman who manipulates those around her. Upon discussing the novel with her agent, Peters pitched the idea to Columbia Pictures, who were enthusiastic about making a film adaptation.


title: Susan Peters

text: Production on "The Sign of the Ram" began in July 1947 with director John Sturges, and Peters told reporters that she had never played a character "with the emotional range that this character has. It was a real challenge for me." The film's production was difficult, as Peters had to have either her dead mother or Quine on set to care for her son. After production ended, Peters separated from Quine, claiming that he was cruel and would not speak to her for days at a time. Their divorce was finalized on September 10, 1948. "The Sign of the Ram" was released in March 1948, and critic Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" gave the film an unfavorable review, writing: "The fortitude of Susan Peters in returning to the screen after a cruelly crippling accident, suffered three years ago, is worthy of a more substantial token of respect than it—and she—receives in "The Sign of the Ram", a Columbia picture which came to Loew's State yesterday. And the talents of several other actors of competence who are with her in this film are deserving of fuller protection against embarrassment than any of them get." In light of her divorce and facing a lack of opportunity as an actress, Peters began having chronic depression at this time.


title: Susan Peters

text: In 1949, she was cast as Laura in a touring stage production of "The Glass Menagerie" (reportedly with blessings from Tennessee Williams) which had its debut June 27, 1949, in Norwich, Connecticut. The play was slightly altered under Williams's supervision in order for Peters to be allowed to perform the part in a wheelchair. She received a standing ovation during the play's opening night, and the production toured throughout the East Coast. The following year, in 1950, she was cast in a stage production of Rudolph Besier's "The Barretts of Wimpole Street", playing the disabled poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning, which earned her positive critical reception among press.


title: Susan Peters

text: In March 1951, Peters signed onto the live NBC-TV television drama "Miss Susan", in which she played an attorney who used a wheelchair. Peters shot the series five days per week in Philadelphia from March 12 to December 28, 1951, after which it was canceled when her health began to decline.


title: Susan Peters

text: After the cancellation of "Miss Susan", Peters began a relationship with Robert Clark, a U.S. Army colonel, and the two announced their engagement to be married; however, Clark broke off the engagement, which sent Peters into a deeper depression. She relocated to Lemon Cove, California, to live on her brother's cattle ranch, and her health began to steadily decline. In mid-1952, Peters was admitted to a hospital in Exeter, California, to undergo a skin graft procedure, after which she returned to her brother's home and lived in seclusion. She had plans to resume another touring stage production of "The Barretts of Wimpole Street" the following year, but her strength had dwindled and she struggled to put on weight.


title: Susan Peters

text: In August 1952, Peters told her physician, Dr. Manchester: "I'm getting awfully tired. I think it possibly would be better if I did die." Over the following two months, she began starving herself. Peters died on October 23, 1952, at Memorial Hospital in Visalia, California, at the age of 31. Her doctor attributed her death to a chronic kidney infection, a complication caused by her paralysis, and bronchial pneumonia. He also noted that her death was hastened by self-induced dehydration and starvation because, in the last few weeks of her life, Peters had "lost interest" in eating and drinking and had "lost the will to live".


title: Susan Peters

text: Peters' funeral was held on October 27 in Glendale, California, after which she was buried at Forest Lawn Memorial Park next to her mother. At the time of her death, Peters' son Timothy was living with her ex-husband. Her estate was worth $6,000 ().


title: Susan Peters

text: Much of the public assessment and discussion of Peters has hinged on her paralysis and its impact on her life and career: Media historian Hal Erickson considered Peters "one of Hollywood's most promising young actresses" of the 1940s, who "courageously attempted a comeback" despite her health problems. Film scholar Gene Blottner similarly praised Peters as a "brilliant actress," as did John Charles of Turner Classic Movies, who deemed her paralysis "one of the worst tragedies to affect the Hollywood acting community during the 1940s." For her contribution to motion pictures, Peters was posthumously awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1601 Vine Street.


title: Zhenjin

text: Zhenjin ( , ; 1243 – 1285 or January 5, 1286), also rendered as Jingim, Chinkim, or Chingkim, was a crown prince of the Yuan dynasty of China. He was the son of Kublai Khan and grandson of Tolui.


title: Zhenjin

text: He was born as second son to Kublai Khan and Chabi Khatun. The Chinese Zen Buddhist monk Haiyun gave him the name Zhenjin ("True Gold") when he was born in 1243. He was created Prince of Yan (燕王), became the head of the Central Secretariat ("Zhongshu Sheng") by his father in 1262, and was designated as the Crown Prince (皇太子) of the Yuan dynasty by Kublai Khan in 1273.


title: Zhenjin

text: He was known as a strong supporter of Confucianism, having been tutored by Chinese scholars as (1203–1280), Dou Mo (1196–1280), Liu Bingzhong (1216–1274) and Wang Xun. Among others, he was noted to have studied "Classic of Poetry" and "Classic of Filial Piety". After death of Zhenjin's rival Ahmad Fanakati (according to Rashidaddin, as a result of plot by Zhenjin), a Confucian-trained official in the South even proposed Kublai to abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, as a result Kublai was furious. He was also known to be a friend of Drogön Chögyal Phagpa, who wrote the famous treatise "Explanation of the knowable" for Zhenjin.


title: Zhenjin

text: According to the "History of Yuan", he died of alcoholism on 5 January 1286, eight years before his father Kublai Khan. However, it may not have been as simple as merely drinking too much. It also stated that shortly before his death, some ministers of the court wanted to propose that Kublai Khan abdicate his throne to Prince Zhenjin on account of old age and because Zhenjin was highly respected throughout the empire. However, Zhenjin tried to prevent this from happening. Unfortunately, Kublai Khan found out anyway and was furious, which terrified Zhenjin and may have led him to overdrink. Distressed by his death, Kublai Khan made Zhenjin's son Temür the new Crown Prince. He was posthumously renamed as Taizi Mingxiao by Kublai on 25 February 1293. Temür gave him posthumous name Emperor Wenhui Mingxiao (文惠明孝皇帝) and temple name Yuzong () on 3 June 1294.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The South Lebanon Army or South Lebanese Army (SLA; ), also known as the Lahad Army () and referred to as the De Facto Forces (DFF) by the United Nations, was a Lebanese Christian-dominated militia that was founded during the Lebanese Civil War and operated as a quasi-military force from 1977 until its disbandment in 2000. It was originally known as the Free Lebanon Army after its breakaway from the Army of Free Lebanon (AFL), another Christian-dominated force. After 1979, the militia mainly operated in southern Lebanon under the authority of Saad Haddad, and was based in the unrecognized Free Lebanon State. The SLA was supported by Israel, and became its primary ally in Lebanon during the 1985–2000 South Lebanon conflict against Hezbollah, a Lebanese Shia militant Islamist group.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: In January 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the Lebanese Army began to break up into two rival factions, the Muslim-led Lebanese Arab Army (LAA) who sided with the Muslim-leftist militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) and their allies of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) guerrilla factions, and the Christian-led Army of Free Lebanon (AFL) aligned with the Christian-rightist militias of the Lebanese Front. Some Christian Lebanese Army officers commanding units based throughout the country joined the AFL with their men, including Major Saad Haddad, the commander of the 700-strong Marjayoun garrison in southern Lebanon.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: By late 1976, pressure from PLO and LNM-LAA militias finally forced Major Saad Haddad to evacuate the town and withdraw unopposed with his battalion to the village of Qlaiaa, close to the border with Israel. Here Maj. Haddad and his men placed themselves under the protection of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), eventually providing the cadre – after merging with local Christian, Shia Muslim and Druze militias, gathered since October 21 into the informal "Army for the Defense of South Lebanon" or ADSL (French: "Armée de Défense du Liban-Sud" or ADLS) – of the so-called "Free Lebanese Army" (FLA).


title: South Lebanon Army

text: Initially based at the towns of Marjayoun and Qlayaa in southern Lebanon, the FLA fought against various groups including the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the Amal Movement and (after the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon) the emerging Hezbollah. While the group was no longer under the direct control of the Lebanese Army command, from 1976 to 1979 its members were still receiving their pay from the Lebanese central government.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The 1978 Israeli invasion allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979 Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force the "Independent Free Lebanon". The following day, he was branded a traitor by the Lebanese government and officially dismissed from the Lebanese Army under presidential decree No. 1924. Part of the Free Lebanon Army returned to government control, while Haddad's part split away and was renamed the South Lebanon Army (SLA) in May 1980. Following Haddad's death from cancer in 1984, he was replaced as leader by retired Lieutenant General Antoine Lahad.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: In 1984 SLA militiamen were paid $300 a month. The SLA was closely allied with Israel. It supported the Israelis by fighting the PLO in southern Lebanon until the 1982 invasion. After that, SLA support for the Israelis consisted mainly of fighting other Lebanese guerrilla forces led by Hezbollah until 2000 in the "security zone" (the area under occupation after a partial Israeli withdrawal in 1985). In return, Israel supplied the organization with arms, uniforms, and logistical equipment.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The SLA hosted the Christian radio station Voice of Hope (established and funded by George Otis, founder of High Adventure Ministries). Beginning in 1982, the SLA played host to Middle East Television (which was also established, funded and operated by High Adventure Ministries). Otis gave Middle East Television (METV) to Televangelist Pat Robertson, founder of CBN. On May 2, 2000 Middle East Television relocated to Cyprus.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: In 1985 the SLA opened the Khiam detention center. Torture was a common tactic, and occurring on a large scale. Israel denies any involvement, and claims that Khiam was the sole responsibility of the SLA; this has been contested by human rights organizations such as Amnesty International. The SLA also imposed military conscription, under which males over 18 living in the territory it controlled served one year as military recruits. While the SLA received funding, weapons and logistics from Israel during its existence, the SLA did much fighting independent from Israeli forces. The SLA also handled all civilian governmental operations in Israel's zone of control.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: During the 1990s Hezbollah carried out increasingly effective attacks on the SLA, aided in later years by Lebanese army intelligence which had infiltrated it. These changed circumstances led to a progressive loss of morale and members. In 1997, Israel maintained approximately 1,000 to 1,200 troops in southern Lebanon and supported another 2,000 in the SLA. By 2000 the SLA was reduced to 1,500 soldiers, compared to 3,000 ten years earlier. At its peak during the early 1980s, the SLA was composed of over 5,000 soldiers.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The increase in Israeli casualties in Lebanon over the previous few years led to growing domestic pressure for an end to Israel’s military presence in Lebanon. Ehud Barak’s Labor Party pledged during his March 1999 election campaign for Prime Minister to withdraw Israeli troops from Lebanon by July 2000. Barak won a victory in the May 1999 elections.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: On 1 June 1999 the South Lebanon Army began dismantling its TV station and headquarters in Jezzine. In the following two weeks they withdrew from the town and thirty six surrounding villages. Retreating SLA members and their families commandeered empty houses in Marjayun, Ibl al-Saqi and Kawkaba in the Indian UNIFIL zone. At the time it was estimated that the SLA had only four hundred men.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: On March 5, 2000 the Israeli cabinet voted unanimously for a full troop withdrawal from Lebanon by July. The expectation then was that such a withdrawal would be part of an agreement with Lebanon and Syria; however, negotiations with Syria broke down. On May 22, Israeli forces unilaterally began handing over their forward positions in the occupied zone to the SLA. As the chaotic nature of the withdrawal became obvious, civilians from the zone overran SLA positions to return to their occupied villages while Hezbollah guerrillas quickly took control of areas previously controlled by the SLA. The SLA in the central sector of the security zone collapsed in the face of the civilians and Hezbollah's rapid advance. The next day, SLA forward positions in the eastern sector collapsed and Israeli forces began their general withdrawal from the remaining areas of the security zone. With the Israeli withdrawal, the SLA collapsed totally. The withdrawal was complete on Wednesday, May 24, 2000; the sight of Saad Haddad's statue being dragged through the streets of the Lebanese town of Marjayoun was a sure sign that the South Lebanon Army was gone.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: As the Israeli withdrawal rapidly progressed, SLA militiamen were left with few choices. The Lebanese government, Hezbollah and many civilians in the area considered them traitors and collaborators. In addition, they were told that Israel's border would be closed after the withdrawal. Many were terrified of being captured (and possibly killed) by Hezbollah guerrillas or vengeful mobs, or being jailed or executed by the Lebanese government.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: Many members of the SLA (including some with their families) fled to Israel; the Christian majority feared being suspected of serious offences committed by SLA members, and a number of members were reportedly granted asylum in European countries (primarily Germany). Others who remained in Lebanon surrendered to authorities or were captured by Hezbollah and handed over to the police. SLA members captured by Lebanon and Hezbollah were tried by Lebanese military courts for treason.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak was criticized in Israel by the Jewish settler movement on the grounds that his decision to withdraw without consulting his SLA allies led to the speed and confusion of its collapse. Hezbollah was criticized for preventing the arrest of some members of the SLA; it justified this on the grounds that it was in a position to know who among them had been informants.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: By the next month (June 2000), 3,000 former SLA members were in the custody of the Lebanese government; by the end of the year, about 90 percent had been tried in military courts. It has been estimated that a third of the SLA members were sentenced to less than a month and another third received one-year sentences. Two members of the SLA accused of torture at Al-Khiam prison received life sentences. The death penalty was recommended for 21 SLA members, but in each case the military reduced the sentence. Certain other individuals were barred from returning to Southern Lebanon for a number of years.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: Of those who initially fled to Israel, many SLA members and their families eventually chose to return to Lebanon after Hezbollah promised they would not be harmed. Others accepted Israel's offer of full citizenship and a financial package similar to that granted new immigrants, and settled permanently in Israel. On April 6, 2006 the Israeli Knesset Finance Committee approved the payment of 40,000 shekels per family to SLA veterans, payable over seven years. Many of the SLA fighters who settled in Israel later moved to the United States and Europe. Approximately 6,500 SLA fighters and family members moved to Israel, of whom 2,700 remained in the country permanently. They are mainly concentrated in Nahariya, Kiryat Shmona, Tiberias, Ma'alot-Tarshiha, and Haifa. As of 2021, there are 3,500 Lebanese in Israel, former SLA members and their families.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: Israel continues to host the Government of Free Lebanon, on whose behalf the SLA had operated. The Government of Free Lebanon has operated from Jerusalem since 2000, and still claims to be the true government of Lebanon.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The SLA was organized into two regions (western and eastern), each with its own infantry brigade. Each brigade consisted of three battalion-sized infantry regiments; the strength of support included several heavy-artillery batteries (155 and 130mm), subdivided into the infantry battalions as needed. There was also an armored regiment of 55 tanks.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: This force manned 46 locations along the front (from Naqoura in the west to the eastern slopes of Mount Hermon), while the Israeli Army had 11 centers, mostly in the rear lines.


title: South Lebanon Army

text: The service included field and intelligence officers, investigators, intelligence analysts, administrative personnel, security officers and guards.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front (; ) is an alliance of left-wing political parties in the Indian state of West Bengal. It was formed in January 1977, the founding parties being the Communist Party of India (Marxist), All India Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress. Other parties joined in later years, most notably the Communist Party of India.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front ruled the state for seven consecutive terms 1977–2011, five with Jyoti Basu as Chief Minister and two under Buddhadev Bhattacharya. The CPI(M) is the dominant force in the alliance. In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front failed to gain a majority of seats and left office. As of 2016 Biman Bose is the Chairman of the West Bengal Left Front Committee.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front has its roots in various past platforms of collaboration of West Bengal left parties and anti-Indian National Congress forces. Such examples were the United Left Front, the People's United Left Front and the United Front that governed West Bengal 1967–1971. However, ahead of the March 1977 Lok Sabha election the left parties under the leadership of CPI(M) decided to form an alliance just amongst themselves, based on past negative experiences in collaboration with centrist anti-Congress forces.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front was set up as the repressive climate of the Emergency was relaxed in January 1977. The six founding parties of the Left Front, i.e. the CPI(M), the All India Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Socialist Party, the Marxist Forward Bloc, the Revolutionary Communist Party of India and the Biplabi Bangla Congress, articulated a common programme. The Left Front contested the Lok Sabha election in an electoral understanding together with the Janata Party.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1977 Lok Sabha election the Left Front contested 26 out of the 42 West Bengal Lok Sabha constituencies; CPI(M) fielded candidates for 20 seats, RSP 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. CPI(M) won 17 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 3 seats. The combined Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 5,049,077 votes (33.4% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Ahead of the subsequent June 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections seat-sharing talks between the Left Front and the Janata Party broke down. The Left Front had offered the Janata Party 52% of the seats and the post as Chief Minister to JP leader Prafulla Chandra Sen, but JP did not accept anything less than 56% of the seats. The Left Front thus opted to contest the elections on its own. It issued a 36-point manifesto ahead of the polls. The Left Front manifesto has similarities with the past 32-point United Front manifesto.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The seat-sharing within the Left Front was based on the 'Promode Formula', named after the CPI(M) State Committee Secretary Promode Dasgupta. Under the Promode Formula the party with the highest share of votes in a constituency would continue to field candidates there, under its own election symbol and manifesto.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) contested 224 seats, AIFB 36, RSP 23, MFB 3, RCPI 4 and BBC 2. There was also a Left Front-supported independent candidate in the Chakdaha seat.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front won the election, winning 231 out of the 294 seats. CPI(M) won 178 seats, AIFB 25, RSP 20, MFB 3, RCPI 3 and 1 independent. AIFB and RSP won significant chunks of seats in northern Bengal. The combined Left Front vote was 6,568,999 votes (45.8% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The electoral result came as a surprise to the Left Front itself, as it had offered 52% of the seats in the pre-electoral seat sharing talks with the Janata Party.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: On 21 June 1977 the Left Front formed a government with Jyoti Basu as its Chief Minister. The first cabinet meeting of the Left Front government orders the release of political prisoners


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Prior to the arrival of the Left Front government, the political environment of West Bengal was chaotic, and the new cabinet struggled to establish order. The first years of governance was shaky, as the CPI(M) struggled with the notion of managing a communist government within a capitalist framework. Minor coalition partners expressed concern over inviting multinational corporations to invest in West Bengal.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the initial phase of Left Front governance, two key priorities were land reform and decentralisation of administration. On 29 September 1977 the West Bengal Land (Amendment) Bill was passed. Through Operation Barga was done before in 1967 under the Leadership of Hare Krishna Konar and Benoy Choudhury, in which share-croppers were given inheritable rights on lands they tilled, 1.1 million acres of land was distributed amongst 1.4 million share-croppers. On 4 June 1978 three-tier panchayat local bodies were elected across the state, elections in which the Left Front won a landslide victory. Some 800,000 acres of land were distributed to 1.5 million heads of households between 1978 and 1982. The Left Front government was also credited with coping with the refugee situation created by the Bangladesh Liberation War and severe floods.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Seeing distribution of central government funds as unjust and politicized, the Left Front government began measures to pressure the central government to change its approach towards the state governments. These movements eventually resulted in the Sarkaria Commission.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Ahead of the 1980 Lok Sabha election the Left Front and the Communist Party of India entered into a seat-sharing agreement. CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats. CPI(M) won 28 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats. The combined Left Front-CPI vote in West Bengal reached 11,086,354 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: On 27 May 1980 the Left Front cancelled the past Code of Conduct for state government employees, which had limited the right to strike.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In 1982 the Left Front acquired three new members, CPI joined the Left Front ahead of the 1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections and the Socialist Party was split into the Democratic Socialist Party (Prabodh Chandra) and the West Bengal Socialist Party (both DSP and WBSP became Left Front member parties). Some of the older, smaller Left Front constituents were uncomfortable with the expansion of the alliance, claiming that CPI(M) was diluting it politically. There were also disagreements on distribution of ministerial portfolios after the expansion of the alliance.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) contested 209 seats in the assembly election, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats. 16 candidates were fielded by the remainder of Left Front partners (RCPI, WBSP, DSP, BBC, MFB) and contested as independents.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front won 238 out of 294 seats in the election. CPI(M) won 174 seats, CPI 7 seats, AIFB 28 seats, RSP 19 seats, WBSP 4 seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 2 seats, MFB 2 seats. The combined Left Front vote was 11,869,003 votes (52.7% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The incumbent Food Minister, the RCPI leader Sudhindranath Kumar, lost his seat. Kumar was proposed as a candidate for a Rajya Sabha seat on behalf of the Left Front in 1984, but that move did not go down well with RSP and AIFB.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Jyoti Basu and five cabinet minister were sworn in on 27 May 1982. Another 15 cabinet ministers and 22 Ministers of State were sworn in on 2 June 1982.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1984 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, AIFB 4 seats and CPI 3 seats. CPI(M) won 18 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats. The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 12,296,816 votes (47.6% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: On 30 June 1985, the first Calcutta Municipal Corporations elections were held under the Left Front rule, an election that the alliance won.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front increased its share of seats to 251. CPI(M) had contested 213 seats, CPI 12 seats, AIFB 34 seats and RSP 23 seats. 12 candidates were fielded by smaller Left Front partners on independent tickets.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) won 187 seats, CPI 11 seats, AIFB 26 seats, RSP 18 seats, WBSP 4 seats, MFB 2 seats, DSP 2 seats and RCPI 1 seat. The Left Front vote stood at 13,924,806 (53%).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1989 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. In Calcutta Northwest the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidates who failed to get elected. CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats. The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 16,284,415 votes (50.6% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election the Left Front won 244 seats. CPI(M) had fielded 205 candidates (excluding minor parties contesting on CPI(M) tickets), CPI 11, AIFB 34, RSP 23, MFB 2, RCPI 2, DSP 2, WBSP 4 and BBC 1. Several leaders of minor Left Front parties contested on the CPI(M) symbol, such as Kiranmoy Nanda (WBSP), Gouranga Samanta (BBC) and Prabodh Chandra Sinha (DSP). However, DSP also one candidate with its own symbol in Pingla. Two different RCPI tickets contested Hansan (RCPI (Rasik Bhatt)) and Santipur (Real Communist Party of India) respectively. MFB fielded 1 candidate on an independent ticket and 1 candidate on CPI(M) ticket. The Left Front supported Janata Dal candidates in 8 constituencies, mainly in and around Calcutta, as well as 1 candidate of the All India Gorkha League and 1 candidate of the Communist Revolutionary League of India.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) won 182 seats, CPI 6 seats, AIFB 29 seats, RSP 18 seats, WBSP 4, seats, DSP 2 seats, RCPI 1 seat, MFB 2 seats and DSP 1 seat (on its own symbol). One JD candidate won. The combined vote for Left Front and allies stood at 15,090,595 (48.92% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1991 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 30 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. In Calcutta Northwest and Calcutta Northeast the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidates who failed to get elected. CPI(M) won 27 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats. The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidates, reached 14,955,151 votes (47.1% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In 1995 the Communist Revolutionary League of India (CRLI) of Ashim Chatterjee joined the Left Front. Chatterjee, a former Naxalite student leader, had unsuccessfully contested the 1991 assembly election as a CPI(M)-supported candidate.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Ahead of the 1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, WBSP had merged into the Samajwadi Party which became a member of the Left Front.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) fielded 217 candidates in the assembly election, CPI 12, AIFB 34, RSP 23, RCPI 2 and BBC 1 candidate on an independent ticket. DSP, WBSP and MFB candidates contested on CPI(M) tickets. In 5 seats the Left Front supported JD candidates, mainly in the Calcutta area.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The Left Front won 203 out of 294 seats, the first major electoral set-back since its foundation. CPI(M) won 157 seats (including minor parties on its tickets), CPI 6, AFB 21, RSP 18 and BBC 1. The electoral losses were primarily felt in Calcutta and the industrial areas, and nine incumbent Left Front ministers failed to get re-elected. All JD candidates finished in second place and RCPI lost its representation in the assembly. However, in terms of votes the Left Front and the five JD candidates got 18,143,795 votes (49.3%). Jyoti Basu's fifth Left Front government was sworn in, with 48 ministers representing all 13 districts of the state.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1996 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 31 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. In Calcutta Northwest the Left Front supported a Janata Dal candidate who failed to get elected. CPI(M) won 23 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 3 seats and RSP 4 seats. The Left Front vote in West Bengal, including the votes for the JD candidate, reached 18,011,700 votes (47.8% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: In the 1998 Lok Sabha election, CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. The list of candidates was announced at a press conference on 6 January 1998. The Left Front had been able to reach consensus on its candidates well before the other major parties, and subsequently the CPI(M) election campaign came off to an early start.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: A mammoth United Front, the national alliance backed by the left at the time, election meeting was held in Calcutta on 31 January 1998 with Jyoti Basu as the main speaker. Basu undertook a tour of all West Bengal districts to campaign for the Left Front candidates.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: The CPI(M) candidates included 18 incumbent Lok Sabha MPs, whereas the CPI and RSP fielded all of their incumbent MPs. The Left Front fielded the ex-mayor and 4-term minister Prasanta Sur to contest against Trinamool Congress leader Mamata Banerjee for the Calcutta South seat, but Sur failed to defeat Banerjee. The Left Front also fielded Prasanta Chatterjee, the sitting mayor of Calcutta for the Calcutta Northeast seat as well as fielding sitting Howrah mayor Swadesh Chakravarty against the Congress(I) MP Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi. AIFB fielded a new candidate in Barasat, as the Barasat MP Chitta Basu had died.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: All in all, CPI(M) won 24 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 4 seats. AIFB lost the Barasat seat to Trinamool Congress. The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 17,101,211 votes (46% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: Ahead of the 1999 Lok Sabha election, the Left Front released its list of candidates on 30 July 1999; CPI(M) contested 32 seats, RSP 4 seats, CPI 3 seats and AIFB 3 seats. The Left Front fielded nine new candidates; two sitting CPI(M) MPs were replaced (Ananda Pathak from Darjeeling and Ajoy Mukherjee from Krishnanagar). CPI(M) fielded new faces in five Calcutta constituencies. AIFB fielded a new candidate in Barasat. RSP and CPI retained all their sitting parliamentarians as candidates for re-election.


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CPI(M) won 21 seats, CPI 3 seats, AIFB 2 seats and RSP 3 seats. The Left Front vote in West Bengal reached 16,494,424 votes (46.1% of the votes cast in the state).


title: Left Front (West Bengal)

text: CRLI left the Left Front in 2000 in the wake of the Saifuddin Choudhury's expulsion from CPI(M). In 2000, the WBSP was reconstituted after Amar Singh took over the Samajwadi Party and Kiranmoy Nanda (Fisheries Minister of Left Front government 1982–2011) broke away.