title: Fiat New 500

text: The New 500 is equipped with an 85 kW fast charger system (except the 24kWh model which can charge up 50kW). It takes 5 minutes to charge enough to travel . The fast charger can charge the battery to 80% in just 35 minutes. A CCS Combo Type 2 socket located on the rear right fender of the car accommodates both AC and DC charging, with all models able to receive up to 11kW AC charging. The Launch Edition also includes the easyWallbox, a home charging station developed by Engie for FCA that can be connected to a normal home outlet to supply power at 2.3 kW; the easyWallbox can be upgraded to supply up to 7.4 kW.


title: Jeff Bass

text: Jeffrey Bass ( ; born May 16, 1961) is an American music producer from Detroit, Michigan, best known as one half of the Bass Brothers and for his work with Eminem.


title: Jeff Bass

text: At age 16, Bass, along with 4 of his childhood friends formed Detroit-based R&B group "Dreamboy". In 1980, when Bass was 19 years old, "Dreamboy" was signed to Qwest Records, a record label created by Quincy Jones that same year. The group released their debut album in 1983, and a follow-up in 1984 before their contract expired and they were dropped from the label in 1985.


title: Jeff Bass

text: Bass would eventually go on to co-produce the song "Lose Yourself," alongside Eminem which won the Oscar for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards. The song was featured in the film "8 Mile", which starred Eminem in his movie debut. Eminem and Bass previously shared a Grammy Award for 1999's Best Rap Album, "The Slim Shady LP". Bass was also the speaker in "Public Service Announcement" and "Public Service Announcement 2000" (from "The Slim Shady LP" and "The Marshall Mathers LP" respectively), two tracks that serve as introductions to the albums they are featured in.


title: Hrothgar

text: Hrothgar appears in the Anglo-Saxon epics "Beowulf" and "Widsith", in Norse sagas and poems, and in medieval Danish chronicles. In both Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is a Scylding, the son of Halfdan, the brother of Halga, and the uncle of Hrólfr Kraki. Moreover, in both traditions, the mentioned characters were the contemporaries of the Swedish king Eadgils; and both traditions also mention a feud with men named Fróði and Ingeld. The consensus view is that Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian traditions describe the same person.


title: Hrothgar

text: Hrothgar, also rendered "Hrōðgār", is an Old English form attested in "Beowulf" and "Widsith", the earliest sources to mention the character. In non-English sources, the name appears in more or less corresponding Old Icelandic, Old Danish, and Latinized versions. He appears as "Hróarr", "Hroar", etc., in sagas and poetry, and as "Ro" or "Roe" in the Danish Latin chronicles. The form "Hrōðgār" is thought to have derived from the proto-Norse *"Hrōþigaizaz" "famous spear", i.e. "Roger". The corresponding Old Norse name "Hróarr" and its variations are derived from *"Hrōþigaizaz", and from the very close names *"Hrōþiwarjaz" "famous defender" or *"Hrōþiharjaz" "famous warrior".


title: Hrothgar

text: Hrothgar appears in two Anglo-Saxon poems, "Beowulf" and "Widsith". "Beowulf" gives the fuller account of Hrothgar and how the Geatish hero Beowulf visited him to free his people from the trollish creature Grendel. "Widsith" only mentions Hrothgar, Heorot, his nephew Hroðulf and their enemy Ingeld, but can complete "Beowulf" in some cases where "Beowulf" does not give enough information. This is notably the case concerning the ending of his feud with Ingeld.


title: Hrothgar

text: In the epic poem "Beowulf", Hrothgar is mentioned as the builder of the great hall Heorot, and ruler of Denmark, when the Geatish hero Beowulf arrives to defeat the monster Grendel.


title: Hrothgar

text: When Hrothgar is first introduced in "Beowulf", it is explained that he was the second of four children of King Healfdene: he had an older brother, Heorogar, who was king before him; a younger brother Halga; and a sister, who was married to the king of Sweden. The sister is not named in the manuscript and most scholars agree this is a scribal error, but suggested names are Signy and Yrsa. Friderich Kluge (1896) accordingly suggested that the line be restored as "hyrde ic þ [Sigeneow wæs Sæw]elan cwen", rendering the Norse names in Old English forms. However, the only certain Swedish (Scylfing) royal name ending in -ela that has come down to us is Onela, and according to the rules of alliteration, this means that the queen's name must have begun with a vowel. Sophus Bugge consequently identified her with the Swedish queen Yrsa. He thus suggested the line should be emended to read "hyrde ic þ[æt Ȳrse wæs On]elan cwen". Most 20th-century translators followed this suggestion. However, in Norse tradition, Yrsa was the daughter and lover/rape victim of Hrothgar's younger brother Halga, and the mother of Halga's son Hroðulf, and most modern translators simply leave the line as it is.


title: Hrothgar

text: The poem further tells that Hrothgar was "slain in war" and so his kinsmen eagerly followed him. He is both honest and generous: "He broke no oaths, dealt out rings, treasures at his table". When Beowulf leads his men to Denmark, he speaks of Hrothgar to both a coast-guard and to Hrothgar's herald: he calls Hrothgar a "famed king", "famed warrior", and "protector of the Scyldings" (the ruling clan), and describes him as "old and good." The poet emphasizes that the Danes "did not find fault" with Hrothgar, "for that was a good King". When Beowulf defeats Grendel, Hrothgar rewards Beowulf and his men with great treasures, showing his gratitude and open-handedness. The poet says that Hrothgar is so generous that "no man could fault him, who wished to speak the truth."


title: Hrothgar

text: Hrothgar was married to a woman named Wealhþeow, who was a Helming, probably defining her as a relative of Helm, the ruler of the Wulfings. When Hrothgar welcomes Beowulf, he recalls his friendship with Beowulf's family. He met Beowulf's father Ecgþeow "when I first ruled the Danes" after the death of Heorogar; he laments Heorogar's fall ("He was better than I!") and recalls how he settled Ecgþeow's blood feud with the Wulfings. Hrothgar thanks God for Beowulf's arrival and victory over Grendel, and swears to love Beowulf like a son.


title: Hrothgar

text: The poem introduces Hroðulf (Hrólfr Kraki in Scandinavian sources) as Hrothgar's supporter and right-hand man; and we learn that Hroðulf is Hrothgar's nephew and that "each was true to the other". The common piece of information that Hrothgar's younger brother Halga is Hroðulf's father comes from Scandinavian sources (see below), where Halga was unaware that Yrsa was his own daughter and either raped or seduced her. Yrsa herself was tragically also the result of Halga raping a woman.


title: Hrothgar

text: Wealhþeow has borne Hrothgar two sons, Hreðric and Hroðmund, and Hroðulf is to be regent if Hrothgar dies before his sons are grown. (Since Hrothgar is an old man at this time—he tells Beowulf he has been king for "fifty winters"—and Wealhþeow's two sons are not yet grown, it seems likely that Wealhþeow is much younger than Hrothgar, and may not be his first wife.)


title: Hrothgar

text: Hrothgar is plunged into gloom and near-despair after Grendel's mother attacks the hall and kills Hrothgar's best friend and closest advisor; but when Beowulf advises him not to despair, and that "it is better to avenge our friends than to mourn overmuch", Hrothgar leaps to his feet and thanks God for Beowulf's wise words, and leads the Danes and Geats out to attack the small lake (mere) where Grendel's mother lives.


title: Hrothgar

text: After Beowulf defeats Grendel's mother, Hrothgar rewards him again, and then preaches a sermon in which he warns Beowulf to beware of arrogance and forgetfulness of God.


title: Hrothgar

text: Beowulf takes his leave of Hrothgar to return home, and Hrothgar embraces him and weeps that they will not meet again (because Hroðgar is a very old man). This is Hrothgar's last appearance in the poem. When Beowulf reports on his adventure to his lord Hygelac, he mentions that Hrothgar also had a daughter, Freawaru; it is not clear whether Freawaru was also the daughter of Wealhþeow or was born of an earlier marriage. Since the Danes were in conflict with the Heaðobards, whose king Froda had been killed in a war with the Danes, Hrothgar sent Freawaru to marry Froda's son Ingeld, in an unsuccessful attempt to end the feud.


title: Hrothgar

text: Beowulf predicts to Hygelac that Ingeld will turn against his father-in-law Hrothgar. Earlier in the poem, the poet tells us that the hall Heorot was eventually destroyed by fire:


title: Hrothgar

text: It is tempting to interpret the new war with Ingeld as leading to the burning of the hall of Heorot, but the poem separates the two events (by a "ne wæs hit lenge þā" meaning "nor far way was that day when", in Gummere's translation). According to "Widsith" (see below), Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeat Ingeld, and if Scandinavian tradition (see the more detailed discussion below) is to be trusted Hrothgar himself is killed by a relative, or by the king of Sweden, but he is avenged by his younger brother Halga. Halga dies in a Viking expedition; Hroðulf succeeds him and rises in fame, and according to Hroðulf's own saga and other sources, Hroðulf's cousin and/or brother-in-law Heoroweard slays Hroðulf (is this the event referred to as the burning of Heorot?). Heoroweard himself dies in that battle, and according to two sources, this happens only a few hours later, as an act of vengeance by a man loyal to Hroðulf, called Wigg. This is the kin-slaying end of the Scylding dynasty.


title: Hrothgar

text: Whereas "Beowulf" never dwells on the outcome of the battle with Ingeld, the possibly older poem "Widsith" refers to Hrothgar and Hroðulf defeating Ingeld at Heorot:


title: Hrothgar

text: This piece suggests that the conflict between the Scyldings Hrothgar and Hroðulf on one side, and the Heaðobards Froda and Ingeld on the other, was well known in Anglo-Saxon England. This conflict also appears in Scandinavian sources, but in the Norse tradition the Heaðobards had apparently been forgotten and the conflict is instead rendered as a family feud (see "Gesta Danorum", "Hrólf Kraki's saga" and "Skjöldunga saga", below, for more information). The Norse sources also deal with the defeat of Ingeld and/or Froda.


title: Hrothgar

text: In the Scandinavian sources, consisting of Norse sagas, Icelandic poems and Danish chronicles, Hrothgar also appears as a Danish king of the Scylding dynasty. He remains the son of Healfdene and the elder brother of Halga. Moreover, he is still the uncle of Hroðulf. The Scandinavian sources also agree with "Beowulf" by making Hrothgar contemporary with the Swedish king Eadgils. These agreements with "Beowulf" are remarkable considering that these sources were composed from oral tradition 700 to 800 years after the events described, and 300 to 400 years later than "Beowulf" and "Widsith".


title: Hrothgar

text: There are also notable differences. The Heaðobards Ingeld and Froda also appear in Scandinavian tradition, but their tribe, the Heaðobards, had long been forgotten, and instead the tribal feud was rendered as a family feud. Their relationship as father and son had also been reversed in some sources, and so either Ingeld or Froda is given as the brother of Healfdene. Ingeld or Froda murdered Healfdene, but was himself killed in revenge by Hrothgar and Halga. Moreover, in Scandinavian tradition, Hrothgar is a minor character in comparison to his nephew Hroðulf. Such differences indicate that "Beowulf" and Scandinavian sources represent separate traditions.


title: Hrothgar

text: The names of Hrothgar and others appear in the form they had in Old Icelandic or Latinized Old Danish at the time the stories were put to paper, and not in their Old English or more "authentic" Proto-Norse forms.


title: Hrothgar

text: It has been a matter of some debate whether the hero Beowulf could have the same origin as Hroðulf's berserker Bödvar Bjarki, who appears in Scandinavian sources.


title: Hrothgar

text: Among these sources, it is the most famous one, the "Hrólfr Kraki's saga", which is most different from "Beowulf", and a notable difference is that Hrothgar leaves the rule of Denmark to his younger brother Halga and moves to Northumbria. The focus is consequently on the "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" when a scholar questions the comparison of Hrothgar and other characters from "Beowulf" with counterparts in Scandinavian tradition. Scandinavian sources have added some information that appear in "Beowulf" studies, without having any founding in the work itself, such as the information that Halga was, or probably was, Hroðulf's father. Another example is the existence of a woman named Yrsa, who, however, has been transposed to a role she never had in any source texts, that of Hrothgar's sister.


title: Hrothgar

text: In Icelandic sources, Hrothgar, Halga and Hroðulf appear under the Old Icelandic forms of their names; that is, as "Hróarr", "Helgi" and "Hrólfr", the last one with the epithet "Kraki". In the case of the "Skjöldunga saga" ("Saga of the Scyldings") only a Latin summary has survived, and so their names are Latinized. The Icelandic sources can be divided into two groups: the "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" on the one hand, and the "Skjöldunga saga" and "Bjarkarímur" on the other. Both groups tell a version of Hrothgar and Halga's feud with Froda (Fróði) and Ingeld (Ingjaldr). However, whereas the "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" make Froda the brother of Healfdene, the "Skjöldunga saga" and "Bjarkarímur" make Ingeld the brother of Healfdene. "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" also disagrees with all the other works by moving Hrothgar from the throne of Denmark to Northumbria.


title: Hrothgar

text: "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" relates that Halfdan has three children, Hróarr, Helgi, and the daughter Signý, who is married to Sævil Jarl. Halfdan has a brother named Fróði and both of them rule a kingdom, but Halfdan is good-natured and friendly, whereas Fróði is savage. Fróði attacks and kills Halfdan and makes himself the king of a united Denmark. He then sets out to neutralize his nephews Hróarr and Helgi. However, the two brothers survive on an island, protected by a man called Vivil; and after some adventure they avenge their father by killing Fróði.


title: Hrothgar

text: Hróarr is presented as "meek and blithe", and he is completely removed from ruling the kingdom, leaving the rule to his brother Helgi. Instead he joins Norðri, the king of Northumberland, where he marries Ögn, the king's daughter. As recompense for Hróarr's share of the Danish kingdom, Helgi gives him a golden ring.


title: Hrothgar

text: Sævil Jarl's son Hrókr (Hróarr and Helgi's nephew) becomes jealous that he has not inherited anything from his grandfather Halfdan; he goes to his uncle Helgi to claim his inheritance. Helgi refuses to give him a third of Denmark, and so instead he goes to Northumbria to claim the golden ring. He asks Hróarr if he at least could have a look at the ring, whereupon he takes the ring and throws it into the water. Hróarr naturally becomes angry, and cuts off Hrókr's feet and sends him back to his ships. Hrókr cannot live with this, and so he returns with a large army and slays Hróarr. Helgi avenges his brother by also cutting off Hrókr's arms. Hróarr's son Agnar retrieves the ring by diving in the water, which gives him great glory. Agnar is said to have become greater than his father, and much talked of in the old sagas.


title: Hrothgar

text: Helgi attacks Sweden to retrieve Yrsa, his daughter and lover, but is killed by Aðils, the king of Sweden. He is succeeded by Hrólfr Kraki, his son by Yrsa.


title: Hrothgar

text: Although it agrees with all the other Scandinavian sources in telling the story of Halga's incestuous relationship with his daughter Yrsa, it disagrees with all of them and with "Beowulf" by removing Hrothgar altogether as the king of Denmark. Instead, his place is taken by his brother Halga, and Hrothgar is sent to Northumberland, where he marries Ögn, the daughter of a positively fictive king Norðri who is named after Northumberland ("Norðimbraland"). Opinion is divided on whether there is any connection between Hrothgar's wife Wealhþeow in "Beowulf" and his wife Ögn in "Hrólfr Kraki's saga"; it has been suggested that Ögn shows that Wealhþeow and her family (the Helmings) were Anglo-Saxon. Another difference is that Hrothgar's sons Hreðric and Hroðmund do not appear in the Scandinavian tradition, but correspond to Agnar, in "Hrólfr Kraki's saga".


title: Hrothgar

text: The "Skjöldunga saga" and "Bjarkarímur" tell a similar version to that of the "Hrólfr Kraki's saga", but with several striking differences. Ingeld (Ingjaldus) of "Beowulf" reappears, but it is Ingeld who is the father of Froda (Frodo), and unlike in "Hrólf Kraki's saga", Ingeld takes Froda's place as the half-brother of Healfdene (Haldan).


title: Hrothgar

text: The sources relate that Haldan has a half-brother named Ingjaldus and a queen Sigrith with whom he has three children: the sons Roas and Helgo and the daughter Signy.


title: Hrothgar

text: Ingjaldus is jealous of his half-brother Haldan and so he attacks and kills him, and then marries Sigrith. Ingjaldus and Sigrith then have two sons named Rærecus and Frodo. Their half-sister Signy stays with her mother until she is married to Sævil, the jarl of Zealand. Ingjaldus, who is worried that his nephews will want revenge, tries to find them and kill them, but Roas and Helgo survive by hiding on an island near Skåne. When they are old enough, they avenge their father by killing Ingjaldus.


title: Hrothgar

text: The two brothers both become kings of Denmark, and Roas marries the daughter of the king of England. When Helgo's son Rolfo (whom Helgo begat with his own daughter Yrsa) is eight years old, Helgo dies and Rolfo succeeds him. Not much later, Roas is killed by his half-brothers Rærecus and Frodo, whereupon Rolfo becomes the sole king of Denmark.


title: Hrothgar

text: This version agrees with all other versions of the legend of Hrothgar (Roas) and Halga (Helgo) by making them sons of Healfdene (Haldan) and by presenting Hrothgar as the uncle of Hroðulf (Rolfo). It agrees with "Beowulf" and "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" by mentioning that they had a sister, and by dealing with their feud with Froda (Frodo) and Ingeld (Ingjaldus), although there is a role reversal by making Ingeld the father of Froda instead of the other way round. It agrees with the other Scandinavian versions by treating Halga's incestuous relationship with his own daughter Yrsa. Moreover, it agrees with all other versions, except for "Hrólfr Kraki's saga", by presenting Hrothgar as a king of Denmark, although it agrees with "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" by marrying Hrothgar to an Anglo-Saxon woman. Another agreement with "Hrólfr Kraki's saga" is the information that their sister was married to a Sævil Jarl, and that they had to hide on an island fleeing their kin-slaying uncle, before they could kill him and avenge their father.


title: Hrothgar

text: The Old Norse genealogy work "Hversu Noregr byggdist" tells that Hróarr had a son named Valdar, the father of Harald the Old, the father of Halfdan the Valiant, the father of Ivar Vidfamne, who was the maternal grandfather of Harald Wartooth. Harald fell at the Battle of the Brávellir against his nephew Sigurd Hring, a king of Sweden and the father of Ragnar Lodbrok.


title: Hrothgar

text: This account is not about presenting the life of Hrothgar, but in presenting how Harald Fairhair was descended from kings and heroes in Scandinavian legend. The only reason for assuming that Hróarr is the same as Hrothgar, the Scylding, is that only Hrothgar would be a personage of old so famous so as not to need any further identification than his name. However, the "Skjöldunga saga" tells that a Valdar disputed that Rörek, the cousin of Halga succeeded Hroðulf (Hrólfr Kraki) as the king of the Daner. After the war, Rörek took Zealand, while Valdar took Skåne. If based on the same tradition as "Hversu Noregr byggdist", Valdar had the right to claim the throne being the son of the former king Hrothgar.


title: Hrothgar

text: In the "Chronicon Lethrense", "Annales Lundenses" and "Gesta Danorum" (12th-century works of Danish history, written in Latin), King Hrothgar is mentioned by the Old Danish form of the name "Ro" or "Roe". His father Healfdene appears as "Haldan" or "Haldanus", while his brother Halga appears as "Helghe" or "Helgo". Hroðulf appears with an epithet as "Roluo Krage" or "Rolf Krage". Their Swedish enemy, King Eadgils, appears as "Athislus" or "Athisl" (the "Chronicon Lethrense" calls him "Hakon".)


title: Hrothgar

text: The only Danish work that retains traditions of the feud with Ingeld and Froda is the "Gesta Danorum".


title: Hrothgar

text: The "Chronicon Lethrense" and the included "Annales Lundenses" report that Ro and Helghe were the sons of Haldan, who died of old age. The two brothers shared the rule, Ro taking the land and Helghe the water. They also tell that Ro founded and gave his name to the market town of Roskilde and that he was buried in Lejre. However, before Ro's nephew Rolf Krage (Hroðulf), who was Helghe's son by his own daughter Yrse, could ascend the throne, the rule of Denmark was given to a dog, on the orders of the Swedish king Hakon/Athisl (that is, Eadgils).


title: Hrothgar

text: The "Chronicon Lethrense" and the "Annales Lundenses" agree with "Beowulf" in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and his brother Halga (Helghe) as the sons of Healfdene (Haldan). They do not, however, contain a character description as "Beowulf" does; nor do they mention his spouse or his children. However, they introduce a sharing of power between Hrothgar and Halga where Halga only had power over the fleet. Hrothgar is reported as founding the town of Roskilde, which coincides with the information in "Beowulf" that he built Heorot. The information that Hroðulf (Rolf) was the result of an incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrse only appears in Scandinavian tradition. Like "Beowulf", the "Annales Lundenses" makes Hrothgar the contemporary of Eadgils (Athisl), whereas the "Chronicon Lethrense" calls the Swedish king "Hakon".


title: Hrothgar

text: The "Gesta Danorum" (book 2), by Saxo Grammaticus, contains roughly the same information as "Beowulf", the "Chronicon Lethrense" and the "Annales Lundenses": that is, that Ro was the son of Haldanus and the brother of Helgo, and the uncle of his successor Roluo Krage (Hroðulf). It is only said about Ro that he was "short and spare", that he founded the town of Roskilde, and that when their father Haldanus died of old age, he shared the rule of the kingdom with his brother Helgo, Ro taking the land and Helgo the water.


title: Hrothgar

text: Ro could not defend his kingdom against the Swedish king Hothbrodd, who was not happy with warring in the East but wished to test his strength against the Danes (Oliver Elton's translation):


title: Hrothgar

text: Ro was, however, avenged by his brother Helgo, who then promptly went east and died in shame (because he discovered that he had fathered Roluo Krake with his own daughter Urse.) Roluo succeeded his father and uncle to the Danish throne.


title: Hrothgar

text: The "Gesta Danorum" also agrees with "Beowulf" in presenting Hrothgar (Ro) and Halga (Helgo) as brothers and the sons of Healfdene (Haldanus). Moreover, like the "Chronicon Lethrense" and the "Annales Lundenses", it presents Hroðulf (Roluo) as the son of Halga and his own daughter. A striking difference is that the Swedish king Eadgils (Athisl) is pushed forward a generation, and instead, Saxo introduces Hrothgar's killer Hothbrodd as the father of Eadgils, a place that other sources give to Ohthere. A similar piece of information is also found in the "Chronicon Lethrense" and the "Annales Lundenses", where Halga had to kill a man named Hodbrod to win all of Denmark. However, Saxo also adds the god Höðr as the brother of Eadgils in order to present a euhemerized version of the Baldr myth, later.


title: Hrothgar

text: The tradition of the feud with the Heaðobards Ingeld and Froda appears twice in the "Gesta Danorum". The first time it tells of the feud is Book 2, where Ingeld (called "Ingild") appears with the son Agnar. In this version, Ingeld's son was about to marry Hroðulf's sister Rute, but a fight broke out and Agnar died in a duel with Bödvar Bjarki (called "Biarco").


title: Hrothgar

text: The second time it tells of Froda and Ingeld is in Book 7, but here Hrothgar is replaced by a "Harald" and Halga by a "Haldanus". It is the Scandinavian version of the feud, similar to the one told in the "Skjöldunga saga", "Bjarkarímur" and "Hrólfr Kraki's saga", where the Heaðobards are forgotten and the feud with Froda and Ingeld has become a family feud. The main plot is that Ingeld had the sons Frodo (Froda) and Harald (corresponds to Healfdene). The relationship between Ingeld and Froda was thus reversed, a reversal also found in the "Skjöldunga saga" and in the "Bjarkarímur". Froda killed his brother and tried to get rid of his nephews Harald (corresponds to Hrothgar) and Haldanus (corresponds to Halga). After some adventures, the two brothers burnt their uncle to death inside his house and avenged their father.


title: Hrothgar

text: With the exception of "Hversu Noregr byggdist", where he is only a name in a list, three elements are common to all of the accounts: he was the son of a Danish king Healfdene, the brother of Halga, and he was the uncle of Hroðulf. Apart from that, the Scandinavian tradition is unanimous in dwelling on the incestuous relationship between Halga and his daughter Yrsa which resulted in Hroðulf, a story which was either not presented in "Beowulf" or was not known to the poet. The Danish sources ("Chronicon Lethrense", "Annales Lundenses", "Gesta Danorum") all agree with "Beowulf" by making Hrothgar the king of Denmark. The Icelandic ("Skjöldunga saga", "Bjarkarímur", "Hrólf Kraki's saga") all agree with "Beowulf" by mentioning that they had a sister, and by mentioning their feud with Froda and Ingeld, albeit with alterations. What is unique to the Icelandic versions are the adventures of Hrothgar and Halga before one of the two brothers could become king.


title: Hrothgar

text: The similarities between "Beowulf" and the mentioned Scandinavian sources are by far not the only ones. Other personalities mentioned in "Beowulf" appear in the stories before and after dealing with Hrothgar, but for more, see origins for Beowulf and Hrólf Kraki.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: Raymond "Ray-Ray" McCloud III (born October 15, 1996) is an American football wide receiver and return specialist for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: McCloud attended Sickles High School in Tampa, Florida and played on the Gryphons football team as a running back. As a senior, he rushed for 1,933 yards and 17 touchdowns. For his high school career, he had 5,765 rushing yards and 58 touchdowns. He committed to play football for the Clemson Tigers in July 2014, choosing them over the likes of Alabama, Auburn, and Florida.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: As a freshman in 2015, McCloud played in 12 games, catching 29 passes for 251 yards and one touchdown. He missed three games due to a knee injury.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: In 2016, as a sophomore, McCloud played in 14 of Clemson's 15 games, missing one due to an ankle injury. In those 14 games, he tallied 49 receptions for 472 yards and two touchdowns, helping


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: As a junior in 2017, McCloud played in all 14 of Clemson's games, tallying 49 receptions for 503 yards and one touchdown. He also returned 25 punts for 303 yards and one touchdown. After the season, he declared for the 2018 NFL Draft.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: McCloud was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the sixth round with the 187th overall pick in the 2018 NFL Draft. In Week 3, in a 27–6 victory over the Minnesota Vikings, he made his first professional reception and had a 13-yard punt return.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: On September 1, 2019, McCloud was claimed off waivers by the Carolina Panthers. He was waived on October 15, 2019.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: On October 17, 2019, McCloud was signed to the Buffalo Bills practice squad. In addition to serving as a wide receiver, McCloud served as the scout team quarterback, emulating the style of mobile quarterbacks the Bills face that week. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Bills on January 6, 2020. He was waived on July 27, 2020.


title: Ray-Ray McCloud

text: On August 21, 2020, McCloud signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers. McCloud signed a one-year contract extension with the Steelers on March 11, 2021. McCloud became the Steelers' primary return specialist, returning 28 kickoffs for 646 yards and 29 punts with an average of 10.7 yards. He was named by "Pro Football Focus" on its All-Pro roster as a second-team return specialist.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Tyrell Biggs (born December 22, 1960) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1984 to 1998, and challenged once for the undisputed heavyweight title in 1987. As an amateur he won a gold medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics, having previously won bronze at the 1983 Pan American Games and gold at the 1982 World Championships, all in the super heavyweight division.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Biggs was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, making his sporting debut playing basketball at West Philadelphia High. He was a starting forward for the Speedboys' Public League and City champions in 1978, a team that extended a state-record winning streak to 68 before a regular season loss to Overbrook. In '77, one of Biggs' teammates was Gene Banks, who went on to excel at Duke and play in the NBA. After his initial boxing successes, he changed his name to "Tyrell."


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Biggs' first major success as an amateur boxer was winning the gold medal at the 1981 United States National Boxing Championships in the super-heavyweight division. He repeated this feat the next year, and also in 1982 he won the World Championships in Munich, West Germany, where in the final he defeated Francesco Damiani from Italy on points, who beat the legendary Teofilo Stevenson earlier in the competition. In 1983 Biggs won a bronze medal on the Pan American Games, losing to future professional challenger Jorge Luis Gonzalez in the semi-final. In addition, Biggs won a 3–2 split decision over Cuban Angel Milian, who had beaten Greg Page five years earlier.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: In 1984 Biggs won the gold medal at the Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, defeating future Olympic gold medallist and professional world champion Lennox Lewis in the quarter-finals. In the Olympics final Biggs beat Damiani on points again.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: He turned professional soon after his Olympic victory, scoring a 6-round unanimous decision over Mike Evans on November 15, 1984 at Madison Square Garden in New York City in his first bout. Besides Mike Tyson, Lewis and Damiani he went on to face such other boxing luminaries as James "Quick" Tillis, Ossie Ocasio, Riddick Bowe, Tony Tubbs, Buster Mathis, Jr., and Larry Donald before ending his career with a second-round knockout of Carlton Davis in 1998. He did not win a title, but stalked the rankings of contendership for much of the mid- to late 1980s.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Biggs' biggest professional fight was against Tyson, for the latter's undisputed heavyweight title. Biggs and Tyson disliked each other, and Biggs derided Tyson before the fight. Biggs attempted to outbox Tyson, using his jab and movement. But Tyson kept coming in and landing big punches, wearing him down until the fight was stopped in the seventh. Tyson admitted after the fight to "carrying" Biggs so as to inflict more damage, in retaliation for Biggs' pre-match comments.


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Unfortunately the talented Biggs' life has been a constant fight against drug and alcohol addiction. He had to enter rehabilitation only a few months after turning professional, and some declare that his career at the time of the Tyson fight was already effectively over. Biggs' robe was sometimes emblazoned with, "Realize your potential", a drug rehabilitation mantra. An article published when he was 40 years old characterized him as "still fighting between stints in rehabilitation."


title: Tyrell Biggs

text: Biggs competed in the "American Gladiators" season 5 Gold Medal Challenge of Champions in 1993, losing to 1984 Gold Downhill Skiing medalist Bill Johnson. A feature documentary about Tyrell Biggs' life is currently in production.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo is an Argentine human rights association formed in response to the National Reorganization Process, the military dictatorship by Jorge Rafael Videla, with the goal of finding the "desaparecidos", initially, and then determining the culprits of crimes against humanity to promote their trial and sentencing.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers began demonstrating in the Plaza de Mayo, the public square located in front of the Casa Rosada presidential palace, in the city of Buenos Aires, on April 30, 1977, to petition for the alive reappearance of their disappeared children. Originally, they would remain there seated, but by declaring state of emergency, police expelled them from the public square.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In September 1977, in order to provide themselves with an opportunity to share their stories with other Argentinians, the mothers decided to join the annual pilgrimage to Our Lady of Luján, located 30 miles outside Buenos Aires. In order to stand out among the crowds, the mothers decided to wear their children's nappies (diapers) as headscarves. Following the pilgrimage, the mothers decided to continue wearing these headscarves during their meetings and weekly demonstrations at the Plaza. On them, they embroidered the names of their children and wrote “Aparición con Vida” (Alive reappearance).


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: During the years of the Dirty war, the name used by the military junta in Argentina from 1976 to 1983 as a part of Operation Condor, military and security forces and right-wing death squads in the form of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance (AAA, or Triple A) hunted down political dissidents and anyone believed to be associated with socialism, left-wing Peronism or the Montoneros "guerrillero" movement. The Mothers constantly opposed the "de facto" government and suffered persecution, including kidnappings and forced disappearances, most notably in the cases of founders Azucena Villaflor, Esther Ballestrino, María Ponce de Bianco, and French nun supporters Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet, perpetrated by a group led by Alfredo Astiz, a former commander, intelligence officer, and naval commando who served in the Argentine Navy during the military dictatorship. The Argentine Forensic Anthropology Team, known for having found and identified the remains of Che Guevara, would later find their bodies to have been killed on a death flight and their bodies disposed of in the sea.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: On the first days of December, 1980, the first "March of Resistance" was held, consisting of marching around the public square for 24 hours.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Despite democracy being reestablished in the 1983 general election, the movement continued to hold marches and demonstrations, demanding sentences for the military personnel that participated in the government that overthrew Isabel Perón in the 1976 coup d'état. This would eventually culminate in the Trial of the Juntas of 1985.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: They have received widespread support and recognition by many international organizations, including being the first organization laureated by the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, and helped several human rights groups throughout their history. The 1980 Nobel Peace Prize recipient Adolfo Pérez Esquivel was an active supporter of the association, for which he was the subject of harassment by the dictatorship.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Since 1986 the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo have been divided into two factions, the majority group ""Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Association"" (presided by Hebe de Bonafini) and ""Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo — Founding Line"". Ceremonially, every Thursday at 3:30 p.m the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, led by Hebe de Bonafini, march around the May Pyramid at the central hub of the Plaza de Mayo, and at 4:00 p.m they give speeches from the Equestrian monument to General Manuel Belgrano, where they opine over the current national and global situation.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Women had organized to gather, holding a vigil, while also trying to learn what had happened to their adult children during the 1970s and 1980s. They began to gather for this every Thursday, from 1977 at the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires, in front of the Casa Rosada presidential palace, in public defiance of the government's law against mass assemblies. Wearing white headscarves to symbolize the diapers (nappies) of their lost children, embroidered with the names and dates of birth of their offspring, now young adults, the mothers marched in twos in solidarity to protest the denials of their children's existence or their mistreatment by the military regime. Despite personal risks, they wanted to hold the government accountable for the human rights violations which were committed in the Dirty War.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo were the first major group to organize against the Argentina regime's human rights violations. Together, the women created a dynamic and unexpected force, which existed in opposition to traditional constraints on women in Latin America. These mothers came together to push for information on their own children and this highlighted the human rights violations and the scale of the protest drew press attention, raising awareness on a local and global scale. Their persistence to publicly remember and try to find their children, the sustained group organisation, the use of symbols and slogans, and the silent weekly protests attracted reactive measures from those in power.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The military government considered these women to be politically subversive; the founder of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, Azucena Villaflor De Vincenti, who placed the names of 'the missing' in a newspaper in December 1977 (on International Human Rights Day) was kidnapped, tortured and murdered (later found to have been killed on a 'death flight' and her body disposed of in the sea), along with French nuns Alice Domon and Léonie Duquet who also supported the movement. This was done at the command of Alfredo Astiz and Jorge Rafael Videla (who was a senior commander in the Argentine Army and dictator of Argentina from 1976 to 1981), both of whom were later sentenced to life in prison for their roles in the repression of dissidents during the Dirty War.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Esther Ballestrino and María Ponce de Bianco, two other founders of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo, also "disappeared".


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In 1983, former military officers began to reveal information about some of the regime's human rights violations. Eventually, the military has admitted that over 9,000 of those abducted are still unaccounted for, but the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo say that the number of missing is closer to 30,000. Most are presumed dead. Many of these prisoners were high school students, young professionals, and union workers who were suspected of having opposed the government. Those 'taken' were generally below the age of 35, as were the members of the regime who tortured and murdered them. There were a disproportionate number of Jewish "disappeared" as the military was anti-Semitic, as documented in "Prisoner Without a Name, Cell Without a Number". This documented the testimony of Jacobo Timerman and his experience being arrested and tortured during this time.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: It took until 2005 and DNA identification for many of the mass graves and human remains to be exhumed and cremated or buried; Azucena's ashes were interred in the Plaza de Mayo itself.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Today, the Mothers are engaged in the struggle for human, political, and civil rights in Latin America and elsewhere.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: On April 30, 1977, Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti and a dozen other mothers walked to the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina's capital city.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The original founders of the group were Azucena Villaflor de De Vincenti, Berta Braverman, Haydée García Buelas; María Adela Gard de Antokoletz, Julia, María Mercedes and Cándida Gard (four sisters); Delicia González, Pepa Noia, Mirta Acuña de Baravalle, Kety Neuhaus, Raquel Arcushin, and Senora De Caimi.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: When the disappearances began, each mother thought that their child's disappearance was a single unique case. Initially, the lack of media attention on the disappearances led the mothers to believe that they were alone in their plight. As each mother visited prisons, hospitals, and police stations searching for their children, they each began to notice other mothers who were also searching for their children. The women began to realize that these disappearances were systematic, organized, and planned. Most of the women came from traditional working-class backgrounds and had limited knowledge of political processes. These women banded together to confront the regime as a unified front of mothers seeking answers about their missing children.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: These women shared the experience of each having had at least one child who had been 'taken' by the military government. The mothers declared that between 1970 and 1980, more than 30,000 individuals became ""Desaparecidos"" or "the disappeared." These people were erased from public records with no government traces of arrests or evidence of charges against them.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The women decided to risk a public protest, although gatherings of more than three people were banned, by linking arms in pairs, as if on a stroll just across the street from the presidential office building, the Casa Rosada (the Pink House). The mothers chose this site for its high visibility, and they were hoping for information on their whereabouts to recover imprisoned or to properly bury their children.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The "disappeared" were believed to have been abducted by agents of the Argentine government during the years known as the Dirty War (1976–1983). Those whose locations were found, often had been tortured and killed and bodies disposed of in rural areas or unmarked graves.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: As growing numbers joined weekly marches on Thursdays, the day the first few met, the Mothers also began an international campaign to defy the propaganda distributed by the military regime. This campaign brought the attention of the world to Argentina.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: One year after the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo was founded, hundreds of women were participating, gathering in the Plaza for weekly demonstrations. They found strength in each other by marching in public, and attracted some press. They made signs with photos of their children and publicized their children's names. They wore white headscarves embroidered with the names and dates of births of their lost children.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: As the number of disappeared grew, the movement grew, and the Mothers were getting international attention. They began to try to build pressure from outside governments against the Argentine dictatorship, by sharing the many stories of the "disappeared".


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: On 10 December 1977, International Human Rights Day, the Mothers published a newspaper advertisement with the names of their missing children. That same night, Azucena Villaflor (one of the original founders) was kidnapped from her home in Avellaneda by a group of armed men. She is reported to have been taken to the infamous ESMA torture centre, and from there on a "death flight" over the ocean. In-flight, the abducted were drugged, stripped, and flung into the sea or killed and thrown overboard.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Also an estimated 500 of the missing are the children who were born in concentration camps or prison to pregnant 'disappeared' women; many of these babies were given in illegal adoptions to military families and others associated with the regime. Their birth mothers were generally believed to have been killed. The numbers are hard to determine due to the secrecy surrounding the abductions.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In 1978, when Argentina hosted the World Cup, the Mothers' demonstrations at the Plaza were covered by the international press in town for the sporting event.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Later when Adolfo Scilingo spoke at the National Commission on Disappeared People, he described how many prisoners were drugged and thrown out of planes to their deaths in the Atlantic Ocean. For years following the regime, from early 1978 onwards, residents who lived along the Río de la Plata have found human remains of those abducted, murdered and dumped at sea.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Some of the movement's most prominent supporters bodies were never found, such as French national Léonie Duquet. Duquet and her sister Alice Domon, both French nuns, were taken during the Dirty War. Their disappearance attracted international attention and outrage, with demands for a United Nations investigation of human rights abuses in the country. France demanded information on the sisters, but the Argentine government denied all responsibility for them.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In 2005, forensic anthropologists dug up some remains of bodies that had been buried in an unmarked grave after washing ashore (in late December 1977) near the beach resort of Santa Teresita, south of Buenos Aires. DNA testing identified among them Azucena Villaflor, Esther Careaga and María Eugenia Bianco, three pioneer Mothers of the Plaza who had "disappeared". In December 2005, Azucena Villaflor's ashes were buried in the Plaza de Mayo itself.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Never giving up their pressure on the regime, after the military gave up its authority to a civilian government in 1983, the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo rekindled hopes that they might learn the fates of their children, pushing again for information.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Beginning in 1984, teams assisted by the American geneticist Mary-Claire King began to use DNA testing to identify remains, when bodies of the "disappeared" were found.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The government then conducted a national commission to collect testimony about the "disappeared", hearing from hundreds of witnesses. In 1985, it began prosecution of men indicted for crimes, beginning with the Trial of the Juntas, in which several high-ranking military officers were convicted and sentenced.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The military threatened a coup to prevent a widening of prosecutions. In 1986, Congress passed Ley de Punto Final, which stopped the prosecutions for some years.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: But in 2003, Congress repealed the Pardon Laws, and in 2005 the Argentine Supreme Court ruled them unconstitutional. During the Kirchner's administration, prosecution of war crimes were re-opened. Former high-ranking military and security officers have been convicted and sentenced in new cases. Among the charges is the stealing of babies of the disappeared. The first major figure, Miguel Etchecolatz, was convicted and sentenced in 2006. Most of the members of the Junta were imprisoned for crimes against humanity.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: With the Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo, a group set up in 1977, the Mothers have identified 256 missing children who were adopted soon after being born to mothers in prison or camps who later "disappeared". Seven of the identified children have died. At beginning of 2018, 137 of those children, now grown adults, were found and were offered to meet their biological families. Some Mothers and Grandmothers suffered disappointments when the grandchildren, now adults, did not want to know their hidden history, or refused to be tested. Parents who were judged in court to be guilty of adopting – or "appropriating" – the children of the disappeared, while knowing the truth about their origins, were susceptible to imprisonment.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In 1986, the Mothers split into two factions. One group, called the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo-Founding Line, focused on legislation, the recovery of the remains of their children, and bringing ex-officials to justice. Hebe de Bonafini continued to lead a more radical faction under the name Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo Association. These mothers felt responsible for carrying on their children's political work and assumed the agenda that originally led to the disappearance of the dissidents. Unlike the Founding Line, the association refused government help or compensation. They pledged not to recognize the deaths of their children until the government would admit its fault.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: A scholar of the movement, Marguerite Guzman Bouvard, wrote that the association faction wanted "a complete transformation of Argentine political culture" and "envisions a socialist system free of the domination of special interests". The Mothers Association is now backed by younger militants who support socialism.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, Bonafini said "I was happy when I first heard the news, that for once they were the ones attacked, I'm not going to lie." and "being the U.S.A the most terrorist of all countries, throwing bombs everywhere around the world" but "felt bad for the innocent workers dead (because of the terrorist attack)" Her remarks led to some understandable criticisms in mainstream media.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Speaking for the Mothers, she rejected the investigations of alleged Iranian involvement in the 1994 AMIA Bombing (the terrorist attack on the AMIA Jewish community center), saying the CIA and Mossad were misleading the investigation; making a statement that they repudiate "the tragic attack, but respect for the victims and their families requires to investigate and do justice," without being "politically manipulated in the service of US interests."


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: On 26 January 2006, members of the Madres de la Plaza de Mayo Association faction announced what they said was their final annual March of Resistance at the Plaza de Mayo, saying "the enemy isn't in the Government House anymore." They acknowledged the significance of President Néstor Kirchner's success in having the Full Stop Law ("Ley de Punto Final") and the Law of Due Obedience repealed and declared unconstitutional. They said they would continue weekly Thursday marches in pursuit of action on other social causes.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Founding Line faction announced that it would continue both the Thursday marches and the annual marches to commemorate the long struggle of resistance to the dictatorship.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The association faction remained close to Kirchnerism. They established a newspaper ("La Voz de las Madres"), a radio station, and a university (Popular University of the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo).


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The association at one time managed a federally funded housing program, "Sueños Compartidos" ("Shared Dreams"), which it founded in 2008. By 2011, Sueños Compartidos had completed 5,600 housing units earmarked for slum residents, and numerous other facilities in six provinces and the city of Buenos Aires.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Its growing budgets, which totaled around US$300 million allocated between 2008 and 2011 (of which $190 million had been spent), came under scrutiny. There was controversy when the chief financial officer of Sueños Compartidos, Sergio Schoklender, and his brother Pablo (the firm's attorney) were alleged to have embezzled funds. The Schoklender brothers had been convicted in 1981 for the murder of their parents and served 15 years in prison. After gaining Bonafini's confidence, they were managing the project's finances with little oversight from the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo or the program's licensor, the Secretary of Public Works. Their friendship with the association ended in June 2011 after Bonafini learned of irregularities in their handling of the group's finances. Following an investigation ordered by Federal Judge Norberto Oyarbide, the Secretary of Public Works canceled the Sueños Compartidos contract in August 2011. The outstanding projects were transferred to the Undersecretary of Housing and Urban Development.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Issues of gender and motherhood were embedded in this movement. From its inception, the Mothers have been a strictly women-only organization, as the mothers who lost their children were asserting their existence in the embroidery scarves, posters and demands for restoration. In the later political movement, the women felt it had to be women-only partly to ensure their voices and actions would not be lost in a male-dominated movement, and partly out of a belief that men would insist on a lengthy bureaucratic process rather than immediate action. They also believed that women were more tireless and had more emotional strength than men.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The gender separatism reaffirmed its status as a women's movement, although it also raised the question among some scholars of whether the movement truly challenged the notion of female passivity, and whether or not it would have sent a more powerful message to have had male family members involved as well.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers movement also raised questions of women in political space and the boundaries surrounding that space. The socially constructed gender roles prevalent in Argentine society restricted the arena of politics, political mobilisation, and confrontation to men. When the Mothers entered the Plaza de Mayo, a public space with historical significance, they politicised their role as mothers in society and redefined the values associated with both politics and motherhood itself. Although they did not challenge the patriarchal structure of Argentine society, by crossing boundaries into the masculinised political sphere, they expanded spaces of representation for Argentine women and opened the way for new forms of civic participation.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers were committed to child-centred politics, symbolised by the white scarves they wore on their heads. The scarves were originally nappies, or to represent diapers, and were embroidered with the names of their disappeared children or relatives. These headscarves identified the Mothers and symbolised children, and thus life, as well as hope and maternal care. The colour white also symbolised their refusal to wear a black mantilla and go into mourning. Children were at the heart of the movement, as the Mothers fought for a system that would respect human life and honour its preservation.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo politicised and gave new value to the traditional role of mothers. They used motherhood to frame their protest, demanding the rights inherent to their role: to conserve life. They protested not only what had been done to their children, but also to themselves as mothers by taking them away. The heart of the movement was always "women's feelings, mother's feelings", according to Hebe de Bonafini. She further stated that "it was the strength of women, of mothers, that kept us going." The women's identity as mothers did not restrict them from participating or making an impact in a masculinised political space.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: Their public protests contradicted the traditional, private domain of motherhood, and by mobilising themselves, they politicised their consciousness as women. They restricted themselves to a conservative representation of motherhood, which avoided controversy and attracted the support of international media. They refuted the concept that to be taken seriously or to be successful, a movement either has to be gender-neutral, or masculine: femininity and motherhood was integral to the Mothers' protest.


title: Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo

text: The Grandmothers of the Plaza de Mayo () is an organization which has the aim of finding the "stolen" babies, whose mothers were killed during the Junta's dictatorship in 1977. Its president is Estela Barnes de Carlotto. As of June 2019, their efforts have resulted in finding 130 grandchildren.


title: Col

text: In geomorphology, a col is the lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks. It may also be called a gap. Particularly rugged and forbidding cols in the terrain are usually referred to as notches. They are generally unsuitable as mountain passes, but are occasionally crossed by mule tracks or climbers' routes. The term col tends to be associated more with mountain rather than hill ranges. It is derived from the French "col" ("collar, neck") from Latin "collum", "neck".


title: Col

text: The height of a summit above its highest col (called the key col) is effectively a measure of a mountain's topographic prominence. Cols lie on the line of the watershed between two mountains, often on a prominent ridge or arête. For example, the highest col in Austria, the "Obere Glocknerscharte" ("Upper Glockner Col", ), lies between the Kleinglockner () and Grossglockner () mountains, giving the Kleinglockner a minimum prominence of 17 metres.


title: Col

text: The majority of cols are unnamed and are either never transited or only crossed in the course of negotiating a ridge line. Many double summits are separated by prominent cols. The distinction with other names for breaks in mountain ridges such as saddle, wind gap or notch is not sharply defined and may vary from place to place.


title: Juni Cortez

text: Juni Rocket Racer Rebel Cortez is a fictional character and the male protagonist of the "Spy Kids" franchise, portrayed by Daryl Sabara in the film series and voiced by Carter Hastings in the television series.


title: Juni Cortez

text: Juni, like his older sister Carmen, had no idea his parents were secret agents until the first "Spy Kids" film. He is very insecure with himself, and lives in the world of the television show, "Floop's Fooglies." When Juni learns that Floop is really a criminal mastermind that had kidnapped his parents, he takes it surprisingly well, adjusting to the fact very quickly. Juni wins some respect from his sister on their quest. It was shown within the first two movies that Juni is able to mimic another person's voice perfectly, a trait that his father claims he gets from his mother.


title: Juni Cortez

text: In "," Juni develops a crush on the president's daughter Alexandra. There is particularly friction between Juni and Gary Giggles due to Carmen's romantic interest in Gary. After a fight resulting in Magna Men stealing a prototype of the Transmooker (It being caused when Gary tried to take it from Juni for the glory, only to blame Juni when the Magna Men took it away), Juni gets fired from the OSS. However, Carmen hacked him back in the organization so they could recover the Transmooker. After they successfully save the Transmooker from Donagon Giggles, Gary's father, Juni quit the OSS. Juni's robotic pet spider, , is first shown in this movie near the beginning sections, but is later squashed by Gary Giggles, after he is sent to spy over him and his sister during the briefing of the Ukata Assignment, but shown fixed during the credits.


title: Juni Cortez

text: In "" Juni is pulled out of retirement to rescue his sister from her failed mission to shut down the video game "Game Over". Juni finds her, but it is no accident. Juni and the others are secretly being manipulated, because the Toymaker has an interest in Juni's grandfather. Despite this, or rather because of this, Juni and the others manage to save the day.


title: Juni Cortez

text: Daryl Sabara reprised his role as Juni in "" which was released August 19, 2011. Like Alexa Vega's character, Juni is now a supporting character, with less screentime as to focus on the newer agents. During the long gap between the 3rd and 4th film, Carmen and Juni have not gotten along very well, mostly picking on each other like they did in the 1st film. After trying to work on his own as a spy, he reveals to Carmen he didn't think it would be cool to work with his sister. However, in the end they reconcile and become co-leaders of the new Spy Kids program.


title: Juni Cortez

text: Carter Hastings replaced Sabara in the role of Juni in the reboot series "" in a main capacity. The series follows Juni and Carmen as they train and lead a team of fellow Spy Kids cadets against the forces of S.W.A.M.P. (Sinister Wrongdoers Against Mankind's Preservation) and their diabolical leader, Golden Brain.


title: Fabricated City

text: Fabricated City () is a 2017 South Korean action thriller film directed by Park Kwang-hyun and starring Ji Chang-wook, Shim Eun-kyung and Ahn Jae-hong. The film was released on February 9, 2017.


title: Fabricated City

text: Kwon Yoo, formerly a national taekwondo champion, spends most of his day playing games at an Internet Cafe. In an online First-person Shooter, his character "Captain" is highly skilled and has a group of close friends and teammates who call themselves "RESURRECTION." After a gaming session, he finds a smartphone and goes to the owner's apartment to return it.


title: Fabricated City

text: The next day, Kwon is arrested and accused of killing a young girl. The evidence seems irrefutable: The murder weapon is in his house, his fingerprints and DNA are in her apartment and the apartment's security camera has footage of him. Following pressure from the media, the court swiftly finds him guilty and sentences him to life imprisonment in a maximum security prison. In prison, Kwon catches the attention of gang leader Ma Duk-su, and Kwon is beaten on his first days. His mother visits him, assures him she is fighting for his freedom and encourages him to endure. Helped by a sympathetic inmate, Kwon retrains himself and fights back, eventually beating Ma.


title: Fabricated City

text: After receiving news that his mother has committed suicide, Kwon breaks out of prison, triggering a national manhunt. He goes to the office of Min Chum-sang, the public attorney who defended him. Min gives Kwon Yoo his mother's necklace, saying he will re-examine his case. Kwon is contacted by Yeo-wool, one of his RESURRECTION teammates. She takes him to her house on the city outskirts. They are soon joined by his other teammates. Yeo-wool has researched the case, found many irregularities in the supposed "evidence" and gathered the team to help Kwon clear his name. The team examines recent high-profile violent crimes and via security camera footage, finds a truck parking close to all crime scenes.


title: Fabricated City

text: Following this lead, Kwon arrives at the apartment of Noh Joon-young, a rising TV actor, and finds his corpse. Hiding in a corner, Kwon witnesses a team of "specialists" creating a crime scene, following a narrative of "rabid fan stalking, killing and embalming her idol." Unbeknownst to Kwon, the apartment is being surveilled by Min, who is the mastermind behind the framing. Noh's real killer is found to be the daughter of a wealthy businessman known as "Chairman Chu," who hires Min to find a scapegoat. Using a massive intelligence-gathering supercomputer hidden in his apartment block, Min finds an appropriate candidate, a girl named So, and sends a team to drug her and collect her hair, saliva and blood that they use to fake the crime scene.


title: Fabricated City

text: Later, they lure her to Noh's apartment and finish the narrative. Similarly, Kwon's "victim" was killed by the son of a wealthy client, and Kwon was made the scapegoat. After tracking So, the team bugs her phone and finds Min's accomplice. Kwon attempts to kidnap the accomplice but is captured by Ma, who was freed thanks to Min manipulating prison records. Yeo-wool saves Kwon and drives him to safety. Wondering how Ma found him, Yeo-wool finds a tracker inside his mother's necklace and realizes Min is involved. After RESURRECTION sabotages Min's operation, Kwon confronts Min at his "command center." After beating Min up, he begins transferring Min's data (including surveillance footage of his victims and call logs with his client) using Yeo-wool's thumb drive.


title: Fabricated City

text: Min implies the suicide of Kwon's mother was actually a murder set up by Min. Min then reveals that Ma is at Yeo-wool's safehouse and has captured his teammates. Unable to wait for the data transfer, Kwon rushes back in time to save his teammates. Evading Ma's gang, Min's subordinates and the police, the group rush to a TV station. On the way, they learn that Min has manipulated the media into painting his team as a "psychotic crime ring." The team distracts the pursuers, while Yeo-wool sets up her equipment. Eventually everyone except Yeo-wool is captured. As Min celebrates, his command center shuts down, and he realizes Yeo-wool's thumbdrive has finished its job.


title: Fabricated City

text: With the evidence found in Min's computer, Yeo-wool and the two hitherto absent team members put together a presentation. They block the TV station's regular broadcast and begin presenting the facts, detailing Min's involvement, his clients and how they framed their victims. Min is arrested, although it is implied there is a greater force behind him. Kwon is cleared of all charges and let go. In the final scene, the group is at a gathering, chatting and eating happily.


title: Fabricated City

text: Fabricated City 2 (Korean: 조작된 도시; RR: 'Jojakdoen Doshi 2"Manipulated City") is a 2024 South Korean action thriller film directed by Park Kwang-hyun and starring Ji Chang-wook Kim So Yeon Iko Uwais,and Ryu Seung-soo The film was released on June 2024 Upcoming Film


title: Fabricated City

text: The film marks director Park Kwang-hyun's return after directing the hit film "Welcome to Dongmakgol" 12 years ago. The film also marks Ji Chang-wook's film debut as lead actor.


title: Fabricated City

text: Filming began on July 1, 2015 in Yongsan, Seoul, South Korea and finished on December 29, 2015 in Seoul.


title: Fabricated City

text: According to CJ Entertainment will be opening in 31 countries including five where it will be distributed directly by CJ. The film was sold to 26 regions at the European Film Market held during the Berlin International Film Festival. The film will launch in Australia and New Zealand in February, Hong Kong in March, Malaysia in April and Thailand in May. It will also be shown in Taiwan, Italy and India, Vietnam, Indonesia and North America.


title: Fabricated City

text: The film topped local box office and surpassed 1 million admissions on its opening weekend. "The Hollywood Reporter" praised the film for its action scenes but called the plot ungainly. Similarly, "Screen Anarchy" called the film a mediocre piece hidden behind big-budget thrills.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Burkittsville is a historic village in Frederick County, Maryland, United States. The village lies in the southern Middletown Valley along the eastern base of South Mountain.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Burkittsville is a residential area with an economy based in agriculture and tourism. The village was the scene of the Battle of Crampton's Gap, part of the Battle of South Mountain during the Maryland Campaign of the Civil War on September 14, 1862. Burkittsville was also made a subject of national attention when it was used as the setting of the 1999 horror film "The Blair Witch Project". Nearby attractions include the Gathland State Park and the Appalachian Trail.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: English settlement in this region began in the early 18th century. Land was being surveyed and patented in the south-western portion of the Middletown Valley beginning in the 1720s. The first land tract to be patented within the present boundaries of Burkittsville was "Dawson's Purchase," dated May 14, 1741. The Harley/Arnold Farm, located on the western border of the village at the base of South Mountain, stands on the "Dawson's Purchase" tract.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Burkittsville was first founded by two property owners: Major Joshua Harley and Henry Burkitt. The western half was first founded as "Harley's Post Office" in 1824. After Harley's passing in 1828, Burkitt renamed it Burkittsville. Over the next thirty years it grew as a community with stores, shops, blacksmiths, a schoolhouse, and a tannery.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: On September 13, 1862, Confederate cavalry under command of Colonel Thomas Munford (under General J.E.B. Stuart) occupied Burkittsville. On Sunday, September 14, the forces of the Union and Confederate armies engaged in the Battle of Crampton's Gap, a bloody prelude to the Battle of Antietam. The Reformed and Lutheran churches and adjacent schoolhouse were used as hospitals for the more than 300 wounded of both sides. These buildings still stand today.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Routinely characterized as the trigger to Antietam, victory at Crampton's Gap embodied Union Gen. George B. McClellan's strategic reaction to his acquiring the legendary “Lost Order” at Frederick which disclosed Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's campaign movements. It was McClellan's intention to “cut the enemy in two and beat him in detail”.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: After seizing Crampton's Gap Gen. William B. Franklin failed to relieve the besieged Union garrison at Harpers Ferry, and more importantly to prevent Confederate generals James Longstreet and “Stonewall” Jackson from reuniting at Sharpsburg. There Lee hastily stood his ground in the mammoth battle of Antietam, the war's bloodiest day. President Abraham Lincoln then used the marginal Union victory at Antietam as a springboard to his Emancipation Proclamation which changed war aims. Without the fall of Crampton's Gap there would have been no Antietam.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Nearly all of Burkittsville is a historic district, listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 20, 1975. The district includes about 70 contributing structures. The Burkittsville Historic District is itself part of the larger Crampton's Gap Historic District, which comprises the southern portion of the lands involved in the Battle of South Mountain, extending from the western side of Crampton's Gap, over South Mountain and about a mile to the east of Burkittsville.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: Burkittsville gained uninvited attention with the 1999 release of the film "The Blair Witch Project" and the franchise it spawned. "The poor town of Burkittsville suddenly found itself overrun with "Blair Witch" groupies, wandering around in the woods, trying to find the 'real' places where the story had happened." Contrary to popular belief, however, the majority of the film was not filmed in Burkittsville, but in Maryland's Seneca Creek State Park, about away, and the events depicted in the film and the legend of the Blair Witch itself are fictional. Furthermore, other potentially identifiable landmarks from the Blair Witch story—Coffin Rock, the Black Hills, Black Rock Road, and the local convenience store—are not located in the real Burkittsville or the immediate surrounding area, but are rather in Germantown, Maryland.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: A Burkittsville town welcome sign appeared briefly in the film, which featured cursive script with black and white coloring. As thievery of the town's welcome sign became more common due to the Blair Witch's increasing notoriety, the sign was radically redesigned to feature white letters and red stars against a blue background. The new sign also notes that the town has fewer than 200 people, was established in 1824, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Burkittsville returned as the purported site of the film's sequel, "" in 2000. When a third film in the series was released in 2016, the town pre-emptively took down its welcome signs and blocked off alleys to deter tourists.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: The main method of travel to and from Burkittsville is by road. The only significant highway serving the town is Maryland Route 17, which follows Potomac Street within the town limits. To the north, MD 17 connects to Middletown and eventually reaches Interstate 70 in Myersville. Heading south, MD 17 interchanges with U.S. Route 340 just before reaching Brunswick.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: As of the 2010 census there were 151 people, 69 households, and 42 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 74 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 99.3% White and 0.7% Asian. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.3% of the population.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: There were 69 households, of which 20.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.7% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.1% were non-families. 34.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the average family size was 2.79.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: The median age in the town was 50.5 years. 15.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 3.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 21.9% were from 25 to 44; 43.1% were from 45 to 64; and 15.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.3% male and 49.7% female.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 171 people, 72 households, and 49 families residing in the town. The population density was . There were 76 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the town was 94.74% White, 1.17% African American and 4.09% Asian. 1.8 percent of the population is Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: There were 72 households out of which 30.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.1% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.9% were non-families. 26.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.92.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 2.3% from 18 to 24, 38.6% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.6 males.


title: Burkittsville, Maryland

text: The median income for a household in the town was $50,313, and the median income for a family was $53,125. Males had a median income of $45,833 versus $30,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $24,919. About 4.1% of families and 4.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 5.6% of those 65 or over.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U.S. 713 (1971), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on the First Amendment right of Freedom of the Press. The ruling made it possible for "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post" newspapers to publish the then-classified "Pentagon Papers" without risk of government censorship or punishment.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: President Richard Nixon had claimed executive authority to force the "Times" to suspend publication of classified information in its possession. The question before the court was whether the constitutional freedom of the press, guaranteed by the First Amendment, was subordinate to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of "The New York Times" to print the materials.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The New York Times Washington Bureau Chief Max Frankel stated in a 1971 deposition, while the "New York Times" was fighting to publish the Pentagon Papers, that secrets can be considered the currency on which Washington runs and that "leaks were an unofficial back channel for testing policy ideas and government initiatives." Frankel recounted for example that the Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson used and revealed secrets purposefully. The "Pentagon Papers", however, came to light not by a high-ranking government official. By 1971, the United States had been engaged in an undeclared war with North Vietnam for six years. At this point, about 58,000 American soldiers had died and the government was facing widespread dissent from large portions of the American public. In 1967, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara commissioned a "massive top-secret history of the United States role in Indochina". Daniel Ellsberg, who had helped to produce the report, leaked 43 volumes of the 47-volume, 7,000-page report to reporter Neil Sheehan of "The New York Times" in March 1971 and the paper began publishing articles outlining the findings.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The black article appeared in the "Times" Sunday edition, on June 13, 1971. By the following Tuesday, the "Times" received an order to cease further publication from a District Court judge, at the request of the administration. The government claimed it would cause "irreparable injury to the defense interests of the United States" and wanted to "enjoin "The New York Times" and "The Washington Post" from publishing the contents of a classified study entitled "History of U.S. Decision-Making Process on the Vietnam Policy.""


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The government sought a restraining order that prevented the "Times" from posting any further articles based upon the "Pentagon Papers". In addition to The New York Times Company, the Justice Department named the following defendants: Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, president and publisher; Harding Bancroft and Ivan Veit, executive vice presidents; Francis Cox, James Goodale, Sydney Gruson, Walter Mattson, John McCabe, John Mortimer and James Reston, vice presidents; John B. Oakes, editorial page editor; A. M. Rosenthal, managing editor; Daniel Schwarz, Sunday editor; Clifton Daniel and Tom Wicker, associate editors; Gerald Gold and Allan M. Siegal, assistant foreign editors; Neil Sheehan, Hedrick Smith, E. W. Kenworthy and Fox Butterfield, reporters; and Samuel Abt, a foreign desk copy editor.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Section 793 of the Espionage Act was cited by Attorney General John N. Mitchell as cause for the United States to bar further publication of stories based upon the "Pentagon Papers". The statute was spread over three pages of the "United States Code Annotated" and the only part that appeared to apply to the "Times" was 793(e), which made it criminal for:


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Whoever having unauthorized possession of, access to, or control over any document, writing, code book, signal book, sketch, photograph, photographic negative, blueprint, plan, map, model, instrument, appliance, or note relating to the national defense, or information relating to the national defense which information the possessor has reason to believe could be used to the injury of the United States or to the advantage of any foreign nation, willfully communicates, delivers, transmits or causes to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted, or attempts to communicate, deliver, transmit or cause to be communicated, delivered, or transmitted the same to any person not entitled to receive it, or willfully retains the same and fails to deliver it to the officer or employee of the United States entitled to receive it [shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than ten years, or both].


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Based on this language, Alexander Bickel and Floyd Abrams felt there were three preliminary arguments to raise. First, the wording of the statute was very broad. Was each article about foreign policy one "relating to the national defense"? What was the significance of "reason to believe" that the Pentagon Papers "could be used to the injury of the United States or the advantage of any foreign nation"? If the motivation was to educate the public, was that a defense that served to help, not hinder, the country? Would the public be "a person not entitled to receive" the information? Of equal importance was what the statute did not say: No references to "publication" (as Attorney General Mitchell's cease-and-desist order referenced), no reference to classified information, and no support for Mitchell's reliance on the top secret classification to justify restraint on publication. Additionally, there was no statutory language providing authority for prior restraint on publication at all.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Second, was the relevance of Mitchell's reliance on a criminal statute in a civil proceeding seeking prior restraint. There was Supreme Court precedent that lent support to the idea that bans on the publication of information by the press to be unconstitutional. In 1907 Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the "main purpose" of the First Amendment was "to prevent all such previous restraints upon publications as had been practiced by other governments." In 1931 the Court wrote that only the narrowest circumstances—such as publication of the dates of departure of ships during wartime—were permissibly restrained. In 1969 John Marshall Harlan II wrote that the Supreme Court "rejected all manner of prior restraint on publication." This second line of reasoning made it seem the statute should only be dealt with in passing, making the case a First Amendment one and the relief the government wanted—a bar on publication—unavailable.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The third possible approach was a very broad view of the First Amendment, one not focused on the impact of a government victory on the life of a democratic society if prior restraint were granted; but that the publication of just these sorts of materials—governmental misjudgments and misconducts of high import—is exactly why the First Amendment exists.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Federal judge Murray Gurfein heard arguments in the District Court for the Southern District of New York. Michael Hess, chief of the Civil Division of the United States Attorneys Office, argued "serious injuries are being inflicted on our foreign relations, to the benefit of other nations opposed to our foreign relations, to the benefit of other nations opposed to our form of government." Hess relied on Secretary of State William P. Rogers's statement reported earlier that day that a number of nations were concerned about the Papers publication and an affidavit from the general counsel of the Navy that alleged irreparable injury if publication did not cease. Hess asked for a temporary restraining order.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Bickel argued that the separation of powers barred the court from issuing the restraining order since there was no statute authorizing such relief. He further argued that there was no exception to the general unavailability of prior restraint that applied in this case. Gurfein called all counsel to his chambers and asked Bickel and Abrams to have the "Times" cease publication of the Papers until he could review them. Bickel responded that Gurfein would be the first judge in American history to enter a prior restraint enjoining publication of news if he granted the government's request. The "Times" refused to cease publication. Gurfein granted the request and set a hearing for June 18.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: "The New York Times" agreed to abide by the restraining order and on June 19, Judge Gurfein rejected the administration's request for an injunction, writing that "[t]he security of the Nation is not at the ramparts alone. Security also lies in the value of our free institutions. A cantankerous press, an obstinate press, a ubiquitous press must be suffered by those in authority in order to preserve the even greater values of freedom of expression and the right of the people to know." However, the Court of Appeals, after an "en banc" hearing, granted an injunction until June 25.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: On June 18, 1971, "The Washington Post" began publishing its own series of articles based upon the "Pentagon Papers". That day, Assistant U.S. Attorney General William Rehnquist asked the "Post" to cease publication. After the paper refused, Rehnquist sought an injunction in the District Court for the District of Columbia, but Judge Gerhard Gesell rejected the government's request, as did the Court of Appeals for the DC Circuit. This inconsistency between the courts of appeal led the Supreme Court to hear the case.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The Supreme Court heard arguments from the Executive Branch, the "Times", the "Post", and the Justice Department on June 25 and 26, 1971. Along with the issue of how the "Times" obtained the documents (which was being investigated by a federal grand jury elsewhere) the real issue for the Court was whether there was a sufficient justification for prior restraint, which would be a suspension of the newspapers' First Amendment rights to freedom of the press. The First Amendment states that no federal law can be made abridging the freedom of the press, but a few landmark cases in the 20th century had established precedents creating exceptions to that rule, among them the "clear and present danger" test first articulated by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in "Schenck v. United States".


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: The most recent incarnation of the exception was the grave and probable danger rule, established in "Dennis v. United States", . During this case, the wording was changed to the grave and irreparable danger standard. The idea behind the numerous versions of the rule is that if a certain message will likely cause a "grave and irreparable" danger to the American public when expressed, then the message's prior restraint could be considered an acceptable infringement of civil liberties. The Supreme Court was therefore charged with determining if the Government had sufficiently met the "burden of showing justification for the imposition of such a restraint".


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: On June 30, with six Justices concurring and three dissenting, the Supreme Court upheld the right of the newspapers to publish the material. The Court issued a terse "per curiam" opinion, stating only that the Court concurred with the decisions of the two lower courts to reject the Government's request for an injunction. In its decision, the court first established the legal question with the use of precedents. It first stated that "Any system of prior restraints of expression comes to this Court bearing a heavy presumption against its constitutional validity". The purpose of this statement was to make the presence of the inherent conflict between the Government's efforts and the First Amendment clear. The decision then stated that the government "thus carries a heavy burden of showing justification for the imposition of such a restraint". This reinforced the idea that it was the Nixon Administration's responsibility to show sufficient evidence that the newspapers' actions would cause a "grave and irreparable" danger.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: "New York Times v. United States" is generally considered a victory for an extensive reading of the First Amendment, but as the Supreme Court ruled on whether the government had made a successful case for prior restraint, its decision did not void the Espionage Act or give the press unlimited freedom to publish classified documents.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justice Hugo Black wrote an opinion that elaborated on his view of the absolute superiority of the First Amendment:


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justice William O. Douglas concurred with Black, arguing that the need for a free press as a check on government prevents any governmental restraint on the press.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., wrote separately to explain that the publication of the documents did not qualify as one of the three exceptions to the freedom of expression established in "Near v. Minnesota" (1931).


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justices Potter Stewart and Byron R. White agreed that it is the responsibility of the Executive to ensure national security through the protection of its information. However, in areas of national defense and international affairs, the President possesses great constitutional independence that is virtually unchecked by the Legislative and Judicial branch. "In absence of governmental checks and balances", wrote Justice Stewart, "the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power in [these two areas] may lie in an enlightened citizenry – in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can here protect the values of democratic government".


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justice Thurgood Marshall argued that the term "national security" was too broad to legitimize prior restraint, and also argued that it is not the Court's job to create laws where the Congress had not spoken.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, dissenting, argued that when "the imperative of a free and unfettered press comes into collision with another imperative, the effective functioning of a complex modern government," there should be a detailed study on the effects of these actions. He argued that in the haste of the proceedings, and given the size of the documents, the Court was unable to gather enough information to make a decision. He also argued that the "Times" should have discussed the possible societal repercussions with the Government prior to publication of the material. The Chief Justice did not argue that the Government had met the aforementioned standard, but rather that the decision should not have been made so hastily.


title: New York Times Co. v. United States

text: Justice John M. Harlan and Justice Harry A. Blackmun joined Burger in arguing the faults in the proceedings, and the lack of attention towards national security and the rights of the Executive.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: Philippe-Pierre Jacques-Yves Arnault Cousteau Jr. (born January 20, 1980) is an American oceanographer and environmental activist, the son of Philippe Cousteau and the grandson of Jacques Cousteau. Cousteau has continued the work of his father and grandfather by educating the public about environmental and conservation issues. In 2017, he received an Emmy nomination for hosting the syndicated science series "Awesome Planet".


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: Philippe Cousteau Jr. was born in Santa Monica, California in 1980 to Jan Cousteau, the widow of Philippe Cousteau, who was killed in a plane crash six months before the birth; he is the grandson of Jacques-Yves Cousteau. Cousteau grew up in France and the United States. He attended high school at St. George's School in Middletown, Rhode Island and later graduated from St. Andrews University in Scotland where he earned an Master of Arts in History.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In 2000, he co-founded EarthEcho International (originally called the Philippe Cousteau Foundation in honor of his father) with his mother Jan Cousteau and his sister Alexandra Cousteau. EarthEcho International is based in Washington, D.C., and its mission is to "empower youth to take action that protects and restores our water planet." His role within EarthEcho involves meeting young people who act for the protection of nature by cleaning up rivers, or organizing conferences, protecting species in the Sea of Cortes, or any positive action in favor of biodiversity, giving them the means to continue their actions.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In order to drive youth engagement, the organization is driven by their Youth Leadership Council, equipping 10-20 young members from around the world to get involved with the operations of EarthEcho and drive conservation efforts within their communities. EarthEcho collaborates with youth around the world to provide knowledge and develop tools that drive meaningful environmental action to protect and restore the ocean planet. Reaching more than 2 million people in 146 countries, the organization supports the next generation to become environmental leaders who will transform the future.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: On September 4, 2006, he and Steve Irwin were filming for "Ocean's Deadliest" when a stingray barb pierced Irwin's chest, killing him.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In 2007, he co-founded Azure Worldwide, an environmental consulting, development, marketing and media company which was the successor to his earlier for-profit venture, Thalassa Ventures Corporation.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In May 2012, Cousteau and AdvisorShares launched an exchange-traded fund (ETF) called the AdvisorShares Global Echo ETF Exchange, focused on sustainable investing; the fund said it would donate a portion of its fund management fees to philanthropic projects around the world, including the Panzi Hospital in Eastern Congo (which focuses on the treatment and empowerment of women).


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: He has lectured at the UN, Harvard University and other institutions on environmental issues, and has served on the board of directors of the Ocean Conservancy, National Environmental Education Foundation and the Marine Conservation Institute. In January 2017, he gave a TED Talk at TEDx Pennsylvania Ave in Washington, DC.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: From 2007 to 2009, Cousteau served as Chief Ocean Correspondent for Animal Planet, and appeared on "Ocean's Deadliest" and "Springwatch". He has co-hosted a series called "Oceans" on BBC Two, and has served a correspondent on CNN and for the public radio show, "Living on Earth".


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In 2010, he spent a great deal of time covering the BP Oil Spill with ABC's Good Morning America and Sam Champion and later CNN. Cousteau was the first person to scuba dive on television into the spill.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: From 2010 through 2014 Cousteau was a Special Correspondent for CNN International and the host of Going Green, a series that explored critical conservation issues around the world. In addition, Cousteau hosted Expedition Sumatra for CNN in 2013, an 8-part series exploring the deforestation crisis in Sumatra, Indonesia.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: Since 2014, Cousteau has been the host and executive producer of Xploration Awesome Planet, a series syndicated on FOX and Hulu. In 2015 he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in the "Outstanding Lifestyle/ Travel/ Children's Series Host" category.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In 2015, Cousteau and his wife Ashlan traveled to Nepal to film wild Bengal tigers in partnership with the World Wildlife Fund and the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation; this led to a series about the expedition entitled "Treasures of the Terai" which aired online at Takepart.com and KTLA.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: In 2016, Ashlan and Philippe produced and co-starred in an hour-long documentary for Discovery Channel's Shark Week called "Nuclear Sharks", which looked at how grey reef sharks in Bikini Atoll were able to recover from nuclear testing in the 1940s and 50s.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: Philippe and his wife Ashlan Gorse Cousteau co-starred in the Travel Channel series Caribbean Pirate Treasure. The show won the Cynopsis TV Award for the best adventure reality series after its first season.


title: Philippe Cousteau Jr.

text: Cousteau married entertainment journalist Ashlan Gorse on September 25, 2013, in a civil ceremony at the City Hall of the 8th arrondissement in Paris, and had a second ceremony on September 28, 2013, at the Château d'Esclimont in Saint-Symphorien-le-Château. They have two daughters born in 2019 and 2021, respectively.


title: Nathan (son of David)

text: Nathan () was the third of four sons born to King David and Bathsheba in Jerusalem. He was a younger brother of Shammuah (sometimes referred to as Shammua or Shimea), Shobab, and Solomon. Although Nathan is the third son raised by David and Bathsheba, he is the fourth born to Bathsheba. The first son died before he could be named.