title: Sallekhana

text: Modern era Indian activists have questioned this rationale, calling the voluntary choice of death as an evil similar to sati, and have attempted to legislate and judicially act against this religious custom. Article 21 of the Constitution of India, 1950, guarantees the right to life to all persons within the territory of India and its states. In "Gian Kaur vs The State Of Punjab", the state high court ruled, "... 'right to life' is a natural right embodied in Article 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination or extinction of life and, therefore, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of right to life".


title: Sallekhana

text: "Nikhil Soni vs Union of India" (2006), a case filed in the Rajasthan High Court, citing the "Aruna Ramchandra Shanbaug vs Union Of India" case related to euthanasia, and the "Gian Kaur" case, argued, "No person has a right to take his own life consciously, as the right to life does not include the right to end the life voluntarily." So the petitioner cited "Sallekhana" as a suicide and thus punishable under Section 309 (attempt to commit suicide). The case also extended to those who helped facilitate the deaths of individuals observing "Sallekhana," finding they were culpable under Section 306 (abetment of suicide) with aiding and abetting an act of suicide. It was also argued that "Sallekhana" "serves as a means of coercing widows and elderly relatives into taking their own lives". An attempt to commit suicide was a crime under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code.


title: Sallekhana

text: In response, the Jain community argued that prohibiting the practice is a violation of their freedom of religion, a fundamental right guaranteed by Article 15 and Article 25 of the Constitution of India. The book "Sallekhana Is Not Suicide" by former Justice T. K. Tukol was widely cited in the court which opined that ""Sallekhana" as propounded in the Jaina scriptures is not suicide."


title: Sallekhana

text: The Rajasthan High Court stated that "[The Constitution] does not permit nor include under Article 21 the right to take one's own life, nor can it include the right to take life as an essential religious practice under Article 25 of the Constitution". It further added that it is not established that "Sallekhana" is an essential practise of Jainism and therefore not covered by Article 25 (1). So the High Court banned the practice in August 2015 making it punishable under Sections 306 (abetment of suicide) and 309 (attempt to commit suicide). Members of the Jain community held nationwide protest marches against the ban on "Sallekhana".


title: Sallekhana

text: Advocate Suhrith Parthasarathy criticised the judgement of the High Court and wrote, ""Sallekhana" is not an exercise in trying to achieve an unnatural death, but is rather a practice intrinsic to a person's ethical choice to live with dignity until death." He also pointed out that the Supreme Court in the "Gian Kaur" case explicitly recognises the right to live with human dignity within the ambit of right to life. He further cited that the Supreme Court wrote in the said case, "[The right to life] may include the right of a dying man to also die with dignity when his life is ebbing out. But the right to die with dignity at the end of life is not to be confused or equated with the right to die an unnatural death curtailing the natural span of life."


title: Sallekhana

text: On 31 August 2015, the Supreme Court admitted the petition by Akhil Bharat Varshiya Digambar Jain Parishad and granted leave. It stayed the decision of the High Court and lifted the ban on the practice.


title: Sallekhana

text: In April 2017, the Indian parliament decriminalised suicide by passing the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017.


title: Sallekhana

text: There are similar practices in other religions, like Prayopavesa in Hinduism and Sokushinbutsu in Buddhism.


title: Sallekhana

text: The ancient and medieval scholars of Indian religions discussed suicide, and a person's right to voluntarily choose death. Suicide is approved by Buddhist, Hindu and Jaina texts. For those who have renounced the world (sannyasi, sadhu, yati, bhikshu), the Indian texts discuss when ritual choice of death is appropriate and what means of voluntarily ending one's life are appropriate. The "Sannyasa Upanishads", for example, discuss many methods of religious death, such as slowing then stopping consumption of foods and drinks to death (similar to "sallekhana"), walking into a river and drowning, entering fire, path of the heroes, and the Great Journey.


title: Sallekhana

text: Scholars disagree whether "voluntary religious death" discussed in Indian religions is same as other forms of suicide.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: On 4 January 1995, 16 days prior to his 61st birthday, Knight was sentenced to seven years imprisonment for handling £314,813 in stolen money from the 1983 £6m armed robbery at a Security Express depot in Shoreditch, East London.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: Ronald Knight was born on 20 January 1934 in Hoxton, London Borough of Hackney, the son of James and Nellie.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: Knight was responsible for minor infractions of the law when he was young, whereas his brothers John and James were involved in more significant crimes. Along with John, Knight was friendly with the Kray brothers, but, he says, was not connected with their illegal activities. Knight also had another brother, David and a sister, Patsy.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: The two clubs Knight ran, the Artistes and Repertoire Club (known as the A&R) on Charing Cross Road and its neighbour Tin Pan Alley in Soho, London, were drinking establishments favoured by the criminal underworld.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: Knight’s clubs were profitable, and he had a sideline in pool tables. He also made a small fortune from his share in peep-show clubs.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: In 1970, Knight’s brother, David, was stabbed to death in a pub in Islington by Alfredo "Italian Tony" Zomparelli, who himself was murdered in September 1974 after being released following a prison sentence for manslaughter. (Zomparelli had pleaded self-defence)


title: Ronnie Knight

text: After hitman George Bradshaw confessed to his involvement, and alleged Knight had paid him £1,000 for the task, Knight was arrested for the murder of Zomparelli and tried at the Old Bailey in 1980; Knight was acquitted.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: In his 1998 book, "Memoirs and Confessions", Knight said he had hired a hitman, Nicky Gerard, to carry out the killing. (Gerard, who himself was later murdered, was acquitted at the same trial as Knight) in payback for the murder of his brother. Under the double jeopardy rules in force at the time, it meant he could not be tried a second time.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: Knight spent a decade on the run living in southern Spain's Costa del Sol, after fleeing on the night his brother was arrested in 1984 for a robbery at a Security Express depot the previous year. John Knight was later imprisoned for 22 years in June 1985 for co-arranging the robbery. Their other surviving brother James was among the other gang members along with Freddie Foreman and Cliford Saxe and received eight years for handling stolen money.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: While evading extradition in Spain, Knight ran an Indian restaurant named Mumtaz and an eponymous nightclub, RKnights, the scene of violent crimes including a physical attack upon Knight, but by the mid-1990s, he was in financial difficulties.


title: Ronnie Knight

text: After returning to Britain in May 1994, Knight, aged 60, was jailed for seven years in January 1995 for handling £314,813 in stolen money from the £6m armed robbery at a Security Express depot in Shoreditch, East London in 1983. Knight said he was not involved in the robbery, and the prosecution counsel Michael Worsley QC agreed the charge should remain on file, but Knight did plead guilty to handling the stolen bank notes. Judge Gerald Gordon said when sentencing Knight: "Clearly, I do not know what precise role you played. But professional robbers such as those involved are not going to hand over the sort of sums you got unless the person to whom they give it is very deeply involved himself".


title: Ronnie Knight

text: Knight has two children from his marriage to White, a daughter Lorraine (1956) and a son Garry (1959)


title: Bujjigadu

text: Bujjigadu is a 2008 Indian Telugu-language action film directed by Puri Jagannadh and produced by K. S. Rama Rao. The film stars Prabhas, Trisha while Mohan Babu, Sanjjanaa, and Kota Srinivasa Rao play supporting roles. The film was later remade in Bangladesh as Pagla Deewana with Pori Moni & Shahriaz.


title: Bujjigadu

text: Bujji and Chitti are inseparable childhood friends and like each other. One day, they argue and Chitti tells Bujji to leave and never return. When he pleads to her, she asks him to prove his sincerity by staying away from her for twelve years and promises to marry him if he does. Though devastated, Bujji reluctantly agrees to stay away from her and moves to Chennai to keep a distance. Meanwhile, Chitti's family moves to Hyderabad, cutting all ties from Bujji's family.


title: Bujjigadu

text: Bujji grows up in Chennai and becomes a hooligan, though he preserves his soft nature and his love for Chitti. After twelve years, he returns to meet Chitti but is caught in a brawl and is jailed. There, he meets the sons of Machi Reddy, and they offer him one crore to kill Sivanna. Bujji thinks that he could save money for his married life and agrees, but when Bujji tries to kill Sivanna, he is injured. Sivanna is impressed by his innocence and purity and asks him to stay with him for a while. He stays there under the name of Rajinikanth, Bujji's favorite actor.


title: Bujjigadu

text: Later, Bujji meets Sivanna's sister Meghana, whose real name is Chitti. However, Bujji is unable to recognize her as Chitti. Bujji eventually realises that Meghana was Chitti and tries to reveal that to her, but Sivanna stops him, saying that Meghana would only stay with him until she finds Bujji, as she actually hates her brother since he was responsible for his first wife's death. When Machi Reddy learns that he is part of Sivanna's gang, his sons shoot Chitti, kidnap Sivanna's second sister Kangana, and ask to trade her for Sivanna. Chitti sends Bujji to save Sivanna. Bujji and Sivanna manage to thrash Machi Reddy and his goons. Sivanna is injured but survives. After recovery, he asks Bujji and Chitti what the fight they had in their childhood was about. Bujji states that one time on the beach, Chitti had built a sand temple with a stone as a representation for her God, but Bujji had destroyed it and it made her angry. The film ends with Chitti reuniting with Bujji and living with Sivanna.


title: Bujjigadu

text: The film was released worldwide with 750 prints. It Was Dubbed In Malayalam As "Rudran" And In Tamil As "Kumaran Rajini Rasigan". It Was Dubbed In Hindi As "Deewar: Man Of Power" And It Was Dubbed In Bhojpuri As "Yeh Deewar".


title: Bujjigadu

text: The soundtrack for the film was composed by Sandeep Chowta and released on 18 April 2008 by Aditya Music.


title: Bujjigadu

text: A critic from "Rediff.com" wrote that ""Bujjigadu" may perhaps provide Prabhas the much needed hit but it offers nothing drastically new".


title: Bill Melendez

text: José Cuauhtémoc "Bill" Melendez (November 15, 1916 – September 2, 2008) was an American character animator, voice actor, film director and producer. Melendez is known for working on the "Peanuts" animated specials. Before "Peanuts", he previously worked as an animator for Walt Disney Productions, Warner Bros. Cartoons, and UPA. Melendez provided the voices of Snoopy and Woodstock in the latter as well.


title: Bill Melendez

text: In a career spanning over 60 years, he won six Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for thirteen more. In addition, he was nominated for an Oscar and five Grammy Awards. The two "Peanuts" specials, "A Charlie Brown Christmas" and "What Have We Learned, Charlie Brown?", which he directed, were each honored with a Peabody Award.


title: Bill Melendez

text: A native of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico, Melendez was educated in American public schools in Douglas, Arizona. He later attended the Chouinard Art Institute in Los Angeles (which would later become California Institute of the Arts).


title: Bill Melendez

text: On completion of his studies, Melendez found his first job at a Lumber Mill. After watching Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, he gained employment at Disney in 1938, where he worked on what are now considered classics: "Pinocchio", "Fantasia", "Dumbo", and "Bambi". Following the 1941 Disney strike, Melendez was hired by Leon Schlesinger Productions, later known as Warner Bros. Cartoons, where he served as animator on the "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" series. He worked in Bob Clampett's unit, first as an assistant animator for Rod Scribner, and then animator. After Clampett's departure, he moved to the Arthur Davis unit. When the number of animation units at Warner Bros. was reduced from four to three in 1948, Melendez moved to Robert McKimson's unit for a time.


title: Bill Melendez

text: After animating a few shorts under McKimson's belt, Melendez was fired by producer Edward Selzer. Afterwards, he moved over to United Productions of America (UPA), where he animated on cartoons such as "Gerald McBoing-Boing" (1950). Melendez also produced and directed thousands of television commercials, first at UPA, then Playhouse Pictures and John Sutherland Productions. In 1963, Melendez founded his own studio in the basement of his Hollywood home. Bill Melendez Productions is still active and is currently run by his son Steven C. Melendez.


title: Bill Melendez

text: In addition to animation, Melendez was once a faculty member at the University of Southern California's Cinema Arts Department.


title: Bill Melendez

text: Melendez was referenced in the 1961 "Looney Tunes" short "The Pied Piper of Guadalupe", directed by Friz Freleng. In it, Sylvester tries to learn how to play the flute by getting music lessons in order to lure the mice from a small Mexican town. He was referenced as J.C. Melendez, alluding to the name he was credited with in a few dozen Warner Bros. shorts during the mid '40s to early '50s (excluding his first few cartoons where he was credited as C. Melendez).


title: Bill Melendez

text: In 1959, Melendez was hired to do some animated television commercials featuring characters from the comic strip "Peanuts" for the Ford Motor Company. These animations were seen by documentary producer Lee Mendelson, and Mendelson hired Melendez to do some interstitial animations for a film he was producing about the comic strip entitled "A Boy Named Charlie Brown".


title: Bill Melendez

text: Melendez was the only person "Peanuts" creator Charles M. Schulz trusted to turn his popular comic creations into television specials. He and his studio worked on every single television special and direct-to-video film for the "Peanuts" gang and Melendez directed the majority of them. He provided the vocal effects for Snoopy and Woodstock in every single production, voice acting the characters in the studio by uttering gibberish, and the voices were mechanically sped up at different speeds to represent the two different characters, although some later specials had Snoopy speaking in a clear voice, reflecting how he would be thinking to himself in the comics.


title: Bill Melendez

text: According to an article in "The New York Times" published shortly after his death, Melendez did not intend to do voice acting for the two characters. "Schulz would not countenance the idea of a beagle uttering English dialogue, Mr. Melendez recited gibberish into a tape recorder, sped it up and put the result on the soundtrack." He also directed, did the animation for, and provided voice acting in the first four Peanuts theatrical films, "A Boy Named Charlie Brown" (1969), "Snoopy, Come Home" (1972), "Race for Your Life, Charlie Brown" (1977), and "Bon Voyage, Charlie Brown" (1980), as well as the video games "Get Ready for School, Charlie Brown!" (1995) and "Snoopy's Campfire Stories" (1996).


title: Bill Melendez

text: The last Peanuts-related production he worked on was "He's a Bully, Charlie Brown" (2006). Melendez and Lee Mendelson, who also worked on the "Peanuts" specials, films, and TV shows, formed their own production team and did other animated specials. They were responsible for the first two "Garfield" animated specials, "Here Comes Garfield" (1982) and "Garfield on the Town" (1983), as well as "Frosty Returns" (1992), the pseudo-sequel to Rankin/Bass' "Frosty the Snowman" (1969).


title: Bill Melendez

text: During the 1980s and 1990s Melendez served on the advisory board of the National Student Film Institute.


title: Bill Melendez

text: On September 2, 2008, Bill Melendez died at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California at the age of 91. He had been in declining health after a fall a year earlier. No cause of his death was made public. Melendez was cremated and his ashes were given to his family.


title: Bill Melendez

text: Archive recordings of his work as Snoopy and Woodstock were used for the film "The Peanuts Movie". This makes him the only member of the film's cast to have been involved in a previous "Peanuts" project, save for Kristin Chenoweth, who won a Tony Award for her performance as Sally Brown in "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown" on Broadway. Melendez also has archival recordings on the film's game, "."


title: Nadia

text: Nadia is a female name. Variations include Nadja, Nadya, Nadine, Nadiya, and Nadiia. Most variations of the name are derived from Arabic, Slavic languages, or both.


title: Nadia

text: In Slavic, names similar to "Nadia" mean "hope" in many Slavic languages: Ukrainian "Nadiya" (Надія, accent on the "i"), Belarusian "Nadzieja" (Надзея, accent on the "e"), and Old Polish "Nadzieja", all of which are derived from Proto-Slavic "*naděja", the first three from Old East Slavic. In Bulgarian and Russian, on the other hand, Nadia or Nadya (Надя, accent on first syllable) is the diminutive form of the full name Nadyezhda (Надежда), meaning "hope" and derived from Old Church Slavonic, which it entered as a translation of the Greek word "ἐλπίς" (Elpis), with the same meaning.


title: Nadia

text: In Arabic, the name is "Nadiyyah", meaning "tender" and "delicate." In the Dan language, the word "Nãdienã" simply means "girl".


title: Angélica María

text: Angélica María Hartman Ortiz (born September 27, 1944), known professionally as La novia de Mexico (Mexico's sweetheart), is an American-Mexican actress and singer-songwriter. Her songs El hombre de mi vida (The man of my life) peaked at No. 6, Reina Y Cenicienta (Queen and Cinderella) peaked at No. 9, Prohibido (Prohibited) peaked at No. 13, and El Taconazo (The Taconazo) peaked at No. 34 on the hot Latin songs chart. She also belongs to the so-called Golden Age of Mexican cinema.


title: Angélica María

text: Born in 1944 in New Orleans, Louisiana, Angélica María is the daughter of American entrepreneur, Arnold Hartman, and theater producer, Angélica de Jesús Ortiz Sandoval. Following the divorce of her parents at the age of 5, María moved to Mexico City with her mother.


title: Angélica María

text: Her mother's sister, Yolanda Ortiz, introduced little Angélica to the Mexican Cinema when Gregorio Wallerstein, a movie producer, was looking for a boy for his next movie. Angélica told the producer, "Give me a haircut and I'm that boy". Charmed by the girl, he let her into his audition. She got the role in the movie "Pecado" ("Sin"). Soon afterwards, she worked on, "Una Mujer Decente" ("A Decent Woman"), "La Hija de la Otra" ("The Daughter of the Mistress"), "Los Amantes" ("The Lovers"), "Fierecilla" (Little Beast), "Sígueme, Corazón" ("Follow Me, Sweetheart"). She obtained the Ariel award for her role in "Mi Esposa y la Otra" ("My Wife and the Mistress") when she was 6. She also performed in her first fotonovela "Rayito del Sol" ("Little Sunray"). She sang in her two next movies, "2 Caras Tiene el Destino" ("Destiny Has Two Faces") and "Los Gavilanes" (The Hawks) with superstar Pedro Infante, who told her she would be a great actress, because she spoke with her eyes, as he did.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1955, Rita Macedo offered her a role in the play "La mala semilla" (The Bad Seed), which would be the first of a series of plays she was involved with while she filmed. When she was 16 she joined the telenovela industry with the production "Cartas de amor" (Love Letters). The following year, she acted in musicals as well as in "lucha libre" movies such as "El Señor Tormenta" (Lord Storm) and "Muerte en el ring" (Death in the Ring). At that time she was beginning to be referred to as "La novia de la juventud" (Youth's girlfriend) and after her first musical, a journalist, Octavio de Alba, named her "La Novia de México" (Mexico's girlfriend or Mexico's sweetheart), which is the title she would keep thereafter.


title: Angélica María

text: After a few musicals, she asked for her mother's assistance (who was also her manager) and together with Armando Manzanero, then a new songwriter, she sang 1962's "Eddy Eddy" which would eventually become one of her greatest musical successes. Manzanero took Angélica to see a producer, and in the same year she released her first album on the Musart record label. The album was a success, so she began touring and making movies with teen idols such as César Costa and actor/singer Enrique Guzmán whom she would date later. After joining RCA, she would later become one of the biggest stars in Latin America. In 1973 she met the aspiring singer Juan Gabriel who would become one of the biggest selling artists in the world. Together, they would record ballads performed by mariachi bands. The single "Tú sigues siendo el mismo" ("You are still the same one") sold one million copies in the United States alone, and has since then been performed by dozens of other singers. She recorded three more albums in 1974. In 1980, she recorded for the first time in a U. K. studio, making an album of ballads and a single record with two pop songs in English, seeking some kind of crossover. During these years, she signed with Marsal Productions, then Caytronics, Melody, RCA again, and finally CBS, which was her last contract with a foreign record company. Since then, she established her own recording company with which she has produced 7 albums.


title: Angélica María

text: Her singing career spans through 2013, being her most recent album "With Your Love", produced by R. Levaron, and launched by Universal Music.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1965, she filmed ""Fray Torero"" (Friar Bullfighter) in Spain and came back to Mexico to work in two movies, and to record her sixth album. Then, she acted in such successful films as "5 de chocolate y 1 de fresa" (Five of chocolate and one of strawberry) and obtained the starring role in the 1968 film version of "Corazón salvaje" a movie that made her famous in places as far as China. In 1971, she acted in Ernesto Alonso's telenovela "Muchacha italiana viene a casarse" ("Italian girl comes to get married") which opened the Spanish television market in the United States, and was a success in Central America and South America. She also filmed one of her biggest telenovelas "Ana del aire" ("Ana of the air", playing a flight attendant role). In 1977, she made the telenovela version of her film "Corazón salvaje", released two albums, and performed in the play "Papacito Piernas Largas" ("Daddy Long-legs"), a play that would spun off an album, and broke the record of more than 1000 performances sold out in the next 3 years.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1986, she starred in "Herencia Maldita" ("Cursed inheritance") singing the theme-song and releasing an album called "El Hombre de Mi Vida". She later acted with her daughter in a production by Angélica Ortíz titled "Una Estrella". In 1988 she divorced Vale and starred in a TV show titled "Tres generaciones" ("Three generations") with Carmen Montejo and Sasha Sokol. In 1990 she acted in the play "Mamá ama el rock" ("Mom loves rock") with her daughter and Ricky Martin.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1994, she acted in Luis de Llano's "Agujetas de color de rosa" which would be such a great success that it was extended to 600 episodes.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1995 she acted in telenovela La Antorcha Encendida, sharing credits with Leticia Calderon, Juan Ferrara, Ofelia Guilmáin etc. and in 1996 she was offered a leading role in telenovela Bendita Mentira.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1999 she made a special guest appearance as a mother of Thalia in telenovela Rosalinda, promoting her new album of boleros. The same year Angélica impressed the audience in the theater play La mama nos quita los novios, sharing credits with Julio Alemán.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2004 she took part in Amar otra vez, produced by Lucero Suárez, which began broadcasting in January in the U.S. and in México in May 2004.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2011 participated in the Telemundo telenovela Aurora, co-starred in Mi corazon insiste and had a special guest appearance in the telenovela La Casa de al Lado, (2011 to 2012).


title: Angélica María

text: From August 2012 to May 2013, Angelica Maria acted as 'Amalia Mendoza' in Qué Bonito Amor, starring along Danna García, Jorge Salinas, Juan Ferrara, Evita Muñoz "Chachita", etc.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1974, she met Venezuelan singer/comedian Raúl Vale, whom she married in April 1975 in the first wedding to be televised in Mexico. That year she broke records in New York City when her show was sold out twice in the same day at the Madison Square Garden. This record has not yet been broken. In November 1975 her daughter, the international actress, comedian, singer, and impersonator Angélica Vale, was born.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2003 Angélica María, negotiating with a major publishing house, launched an autobiography which would release the lesser known aspects of her life as an actress and a woman. It was published by "Reader's Digest" in November 2005.


title: Angélica María

text: In 1980, she recorded her 28th album and created the show "La historia del cine" ("The history of cinema") in which she sang, danced, and performed various characters. She changed wardrobes 15 times without leaving the stage. That same year she recorded another album with Juan Gabriel and starred in "El hogar que yo robé" ("The home I stole") that would be remade in the 1990s as "La usurpadora". Next year she took her show in a tour throughout the Americas. In 1982, she recorded another "balada ranchera" album and obtained a role in her first English-language film "Matar a un extraño" ("To kill a stranger") and presented a second show "La magia de Angélica María" ("The magic of Angélica María") in places from New York to Chile.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2001, Reader's Digest released an album of her hits, and she acted in the short "Qué me va a hacer".


title: Angélica María

text: In 2006, joined again the show "Los Grandes del Rock" making tours throughout Mexico, and reteamed with her daughter Angelica Vale for the telenovela "La fea mas bella" ("The Prettiest Ugly Girl"). The series was a ratings smash, and in 2009 they acted again as a mother and daughter in the second season of "Mujeres asesinas" ("Murderous women") in the episode Julia, encubridora.


title: Angélica María

text: The latter series marked Angelica Maria's second, and to date permanent, departure from Televisa, after a total of 43 years (1962–81 and 1986–2009).


title: Angélica María

text: In 2009, she was participating with Armando Manzanero in the show "The Women of Manzanero", touring throughout all Mexico, alongside singers such as: Tania Libertad, Ariadne, María del Sol, Rocio Banquells, Manoella Torres, Edith Márquez, Myriam, among others.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2012 Angelica joined Alberto Vázquez and César Costa in the show TR3S, performing tours throughout Mexico, delighting their Mexican & Latin audiences with their singing voices, up until nowadays. Enrique Guzman would join The Troupe, later on.


title: Angélica María

text: Between June 2013 and 2014, Angelica formed part of the jury of the Spanish-language version of The X Factor, which was broadcast starting that summer on MundoFox in the United States.


title: Angélica María

text: In 2013, Angélica launched her most recent compilation: 'With Your Love', available at: '"Liquid Spins"', as well as participating during the 50th Anniversary Celebration of Disney's: It's A Small World After All.


title: Hobnail

text: In footwear, a hobnail is a short nail with a thick head used to increase the durability of boot soles.


title: Hobnail

text: Hobnailed boots (in Scotland "tackety boots") are boots with hobnails (nails inserted into the soles of the boots), usually installed in a regular pattern, over the sole. They usually have an iron horseshoe-shaped insert, called a heel iron, to strengthen the heel, and an iron toe-piece. They may also have steel toecaps. The hobnails project below the sole and provide traction on soft or rocky terrain and snow, but they tend to slide on smooth, hard surfaces.


title: Hobnail

text: They have been used since antiquity for inexpensive durable footwear, often by workmen and the military. Examples include the "caligae" of the Roman military, and the trench boots of World War I.


title: Hobnail

text: Important design work for the modern hobnailed boot was done during World War I, e.g. the "Pershing boot" in the United States.


title: Hobnail

text: Hobnailed boots were formerly used for mountaineering to grip on sloping rock surfaces. Mountaineering hobnailed boots tended to have large pointed hobnails on the extreme edges of the soles and heels to grip small roughness on steeply sloping rock and on snow, particularly before crampons were used.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 () was a proposed bill regarding extradition to amend the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance () in relation to special surrender arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance () so that arrangements for mutual legal assistance can be made between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong. The bill was proposed by the Hong Kong government in February 2019 to establish a mechanism for transfers of fugitives not only for Taiwan, but also for Mainland China and Macau, which are currently excluded in the existing laws.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The introduction of the bill caused widespread criticism domestically and abroad from the legal profession, journalist organisations, business groups, and foreign governments fearing the erosion of Hong Kong's legal system and its built-in safeguards, as well as damage to Hong Kong's business climate. Largely, this fear is attributed to China's newfound ability through this bill to arrest voices of political dissent in Hong Kong. There have been multiple protests against the bill in Hong Kong and other cities abroad. On 9 June, protesters estimated to number from hundreds of thousands to more than a million marched in the streets and called for Chief Executive Carrie Lam to step down. On 15 June, Lam announced she would 'suspend' the proposed bill. Ongoing protests called for a complete withdrawal of the bill and subsequently the implementation of universal suffrage, which is promised in the Basic Law. On 4 September, after 13 weeks of protests, Lam officially promised to withdraw the bill upon the resumption of the legislative session from its summer recess. On 23 October, Secretary for Security John Lee announced the government's formal withdrawal of the bill.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: In early 2018, 19-year-old Hong Kong resident Chan Tong-kai murdered his pregnant girlfriend Poon Hiu-wing in Taiwan, then returned to Hong Kong. Chan admitted to Hong Kong police that he killed Poon, but the police were unable to charge him for murder or extradite him to Taiwan because no agreement is in place. The two ordinances in Hong Kong, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance, were not applicable to the requests for surrender of fugitive offenders and mutual legal assistance between Hong Kong and Taiwan. The pro-Beijing flagship party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (DAB) chairwoman Starry Lee and legislator Holden Chow pushed for a change to the extradition law in 2019 using the murder case as rationale. In February 2019, the government proposed changes to fugitive laws, establishing a mechanism for case-by-case transfers of fugitives by the Hong Kong Chief Executive to any jurisdiction with which the city lacks a formal extradition treaty, which it claimed would close the "legal loophole". Chen Zhimin, Zhang Xiaoming, and Han Zheng of the PRC publicly supported the change and stated that 300 fugitives were living in Hong Kong. Beijing's involvement in the proposed bill caused great concerns in Hong Kong.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Opposition expressed fears that the city would open itself up to the long arm of mainland Chinese law, putting people from Hong Kong at risk of falling victim to a different legal system. It therefore urged the government to establish an extradition arrangement with Taiwan only, and to sunset the arrangement immediately after the surrender of Chan Tong-kai.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The Liberal Party and the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), the two pro-business parties, suggested 15 economic crimes being exempted from the 46 offences covered by the extradition proposal. The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong (AmCham) pointed out that the mainland's "criminal process is plagued by deep flaws, including lack of an independent judiciary, arbitrary detention, lack of fair public trial, lack of access to legal representation and poor prison conditions". The government responded to business chambers' concerns by exempting nine of the economic crimes originally targeted. Only offences punishable by at least three years in prison would trigger the transfer of a fugitive, up from the previously stated one year. Nonetheless, these amendments failed to assuage the business community's concerns. According to the "CBC", "[What the] rich business people fear is that the extradition law would destroy the freedoms people and businesses in the territory have grown to expect". Due to the vast power that politicians and officials exert over the mainland legal system, "businesses that want contracts in China to be respected typically include a provision that allows for any disputes to be resolved under Hong Kong law", thereby making Hong Kong a safe and stable haven for multinational corporations. The proposed extradition law would jeopardise Hong Kong's status, with some companies already considering relocation to Singapore. However, the pro-business parties in the Legislative Council later agreed to support the government bill. The situation was similar to the 2017 Chief Executive Election, in which the business sectors were requested to support Carrie Lam under the pressure from the Beijing's Authority.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 1 April, Hong Kong billionaire tycoon Joseph Lau, former chair of the Chinese Estates Holdings who was convicted of bribery and money laundering in a land deal in Macau in 2014, applied for a judicial review over the bill in court. Lau's lawyers asked the court to make a declaration that the surrender of Lau to Macau would contravene the Hong Kong Bill of Rights. Lau made an abrupt U-turn and dropped his legal challenge on 29 May, saying that he "loves his country and Hong Kong" and that he now supported the legislation.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The Hong Kong Bar Association released a statement expressing its reservations over the bill, saying that the restriction against any surrender arrangements with mainland China was not a "loophole", but existed in light of the fundamentally different criminal justice system operating in the Mainland, and concerns over the Mainland's track record on the protection of fundamental rights. The association also questioned the accountability of the Chief Executive as the only arbiter of whether a special arrangement was to be concluded with a requesting jurisdiction without the scrutiny of the Legislative Council or without expanding the role of the courts in vetting extradition requests. Twelve current and former chairs of the Bar Association warned that the government's "oft-repeated assertion that the judges will be gatekeepers is misleading", as "the proposed new legislation does not give the Court power to review such matters and the Court would be in no such position to do so."


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Three senior judges and twelve leading commercial and criminal lawyers called the bill "one of the starkest challenges to Hong Kong's legal system" in a Reuters report. They feared it would "put [the courts] on a collision course with Beijing", as the limited scope of extradition hearings would leave them little room to manoeuvre. They were concerned that if they tried to stop high-profile suspects from being sent across the border, they would be exposed to criticism and political pressure from Beijing. The judges and lawyers said that under Hong Kong's British-based common law system, extraditions are based on the presumption of a fair trial and humane punishment in the receiving country—a presumption they say China's Communist Party-controlled legal system has not earned.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 5 June 2019, the Law Society of Hong Kong released an 11-page review of the proposed Cap. 503 (FOO) amendments. It questioned the lack of additional requirements on proof-of-evidence "in favour of" extradition and the non-admissibility of additional evidence "against" extradition. It argued that the HK government should not rush to propose the current legislation, and that a comprehensive review of the current extradition system and research on the cross-jurisdiction transfer of fugitives should be done prior to the proposal of such laws. The Law Society recommended a proposal to specifically cover the current Taiwan murder case to be made if the government wanted to transfer the suspect soon. In addition, some members of the Law Society question the necessity of such an amendment in the absence of any major problems with extradition to mainland China or Taiwan since Hong Kong's return to China in 1997.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On another perspective, Grenville Cross, Vice-chairman (Senate) of the International Association of Prosecutors, and previous Director of Public Prosecutions in Hong Kong, has opined that although it is important to respect the rights of suspects, the debate has downplayed the issue of responsibilities of Hong Kong to other jurisdictions in the global combat of crime.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 4 March 2019 Justice Centre Hong Kong provided public comments outlining their concerns with the extradition proposals to the Security Bureau, preempting the Hong Kong business chambers taking an interest. Subsequently, Amnesty International, Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor, and Human Rights Watch declared their opposition to the bill, warning the extradition proposal could be used as a tool to intimidate critics of the Hong Kong or Chinese governments, peaceful activists, and human rights defenders, as well as further exposing those who are extradited to risks of torture or ill-treatment. Along with other journalists unions and independent media outlets, the Hong Kong Journalists Association reported that the amendment would "not only threaten the safety of journalists but also have a chilling effect on the freedom of expression in Hong Kong." Speaking on behalf of the International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims, on 3 July 2019 the executive director of Justice Centre Hong Kong delivered a statement at the 21st meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva raising the bill and the disproportionate use of force being used against the resulting protests.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Although Taiwan authorities had attempted to negotiate directly with the Hong Kong government to work out a special arrangement, the Hong Kong government did not respond. Taipei also stated it would not enter into any extradition agreement with Hong Kong that defined Taiwan as part of the People's Republic of China. It opposed the proposed bill on grounds that Taiwanese citizens would be at greater risk of being extradited to Mainland China. "Without the removal of threats to the personal safety of [Taiwan] nationals going to or living in Hong Kong caused by being extradited to mainland China, we will not agree to the case-by-case transfer proposed by the Hong Kong authorities," said Chiu Chui-cheng, deputy minister of Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council. He also described the Taipei homicide case as an "excuse" and questioned whether the Hong Kong government's legislation was "politically motivated". He added that Taiwanese people feared to end up like Lee Ming-che, a democracy activist who disappeared on a trip to the Chinese mainland and was later jailed for "subverting state power".


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Hong Kong had been a British colony until it was officially handed over to China in 1997. Since then, the city is operating under "one country, two systems". Lam denied that the mainland was intentionally excluded from the extradition laws ahead of the 1997 handover over fears about the mainland's opaque and politically controlled legal system, or that China had agreed to the exclusion. However, the last colonial governor of Hong Kong Chris Patten and then Chief Secretary Anson Chan asserted that Hong Kong and China knew very well that there had to be a firewall between the different legal systems. Patten also warned that the extradition law would be the "worst thing" to happen in Hong Kong since the 1997 handover. Malcolm Rifkind, former British Foreign Secretary who oversaw the final stages of the handover, also denied that the lack of extradition arrangements between Hong Kong and the Mainland was "a loophole". He stated that "negotiators from both China and the UK made a conscious decision to create a clear divide between the two systems so that the rule of law remains robust", and that "lawyers and politicians from across the political spectrum in Hong Kong have proposed multiple other viable solutions which will ensure that Chan faces justice".


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: More than 167,000 students, alumni and teachers from all public universities and hundreds of secondary schools in Hong Kong, including St. Francis' Canossian College which Carrie Lam attended, also launched online petitions against the extradition bill in a snowballing campaign. St. Mary's Canossian College and Wah Yan College, Kowloon, which Secretary for Justice Teresa Cheng and Secretary for Security John Lee attended, respectively, also joined the campaign. Even the alumni, students, and teachers at St. Stephen's College, which the victim in the Taiwan homicide case Poon Hiu-wing attended, petitioned against the extradition bill. High Court judge Patrick Li Hon-leung's signature was spotted on a petition signed by nearly 3,000 fellow University of Hong Kong alumni. Li was reprimanded by Chief Justice Geoffrey Ma for expressing a personal opinion on a political issue, and particularly on a legal issue that might come before the courts.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The pro-democracy camp, which stringently opposed the law, deployed filibustering tactics by stalling the first two meetings of the Bills Committee and preventing the election of a committee chairman. The House Committee, with a pro-Beijing majority, removed Democratic Party's James To, the most senior member, from his position of presiding member, and replaced him with the third most senior member, pro-Beijing Abraham Shek of the Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (BPA), thereby bypassing the second most senior member Leung Yiu-chung, a pro-democrat. To claimed that the move was illegitimate, adding that the secretariat had abused its power in issuing the circular without having any formal discussion. The pro-democrats insisted on going ahead with a 6 May meeting as planned which was rescheduled by Shek with only 20 members present. To and Civic Party's Dennis Kwok were elected chair and vice chair of the committee.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Attempts to hold meetings on 11 May descended into chaos as the rival factions pushed and shoved each other along the packed hallway for control of the meeting room. A number of legislators fell to the ground, including Gary Fan who fell from a table before he was sent to hospital. On 14 May, the meeting with two rival presiding chairmen descended into chaos again. Subsequently, pro-Beijing presiding chairman Abraham Shek announced that he could not hold a meeting and asked the House Committee for guidance. On 20 May, Secretary for Security John Lee announced that the government would resume the second reading of the bill in a full Legislative Council meeting on 12 June, bypassing the usual practice of scrutinising the bill in the Bills Committee. After a five-hour meeting on 24 May, the House Committee of the Legislative Council dominated by the pro-Beijing camp passed a motion in support of the government's move to resume the second reading of the bill at a full council meeting on 12 June.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 9 November, police arrested and charged six pro-democracy lawmakers (while summoning one more lawmaker) for their roles in a 11 May scuffle over the earlier proposed extradition bill. The lawmakers posted bail and were released.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Democratic Party legislator Andrew Wan moved a motion of no-confidence against Carrie Lam on 29 May on the grounds that Lam "blatantly lied" about the extradition bill and misled the public and the international community, as Lam claimed that colonial officials did not deliberately exclude China from extradition laws ahead of the 1997 Handover. It was the first no-confidence vote against her since she took the office in July 2017. Lam survived the vote with the backing of the pro-Beijing majority in the legislature. Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung defended Lam's record and dismissed the motion as "an unnecessary political gesture".


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Chinese central government officials weighed in when Director of the Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office Zhang Xiaoming met a delegation led by Executive Councillor Ronny Tong in Beijing on 15 May in which Zhang showed support of the extradition law. At the same time, a delegation led by former pro-democrat legislator Martin Lee met with U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo who later released statement that he "expressed concern" that the bill could threaten the city's rule of law. On 17 May, Director of the Liaison Office Wang Zhimin met with more than 250 Beijing loyalists in Hong Kong in a two-hour closed-door meeting. He instructed them to fully support the Chief Executive and her administration's push to pass the bill. Vice Premier Han Zheng and chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Wang Yang also spoke in favour of the extradition bill—becoming the highest-ranking Chinese state officials to give their public endorsement. Chief Executive Carrie Lam defended Beijing's involvement, saying that mainland officials offered their views only after the bill controversy was "escalated" by foreign powers, which seized an opportunity to attack the mainland's legal system and human rights record. It was escalated to the level of "one country, two systems" and the constitutionality concerning the Basic Law.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 24 May, Chief Secretary Matthew Cheung held a special meeting involving 100 officials including principal officials, permanent secretaries and their deputies ostensibly to "bring them up to speed on the justification for the extradition law". Meanwhile, 11 European Union representatives met with Carrie Lam and then issued a démarche to formally protest against the bill. Also on 24 May, eight commissioners from the U.S. Congressional-Executive Commission on China (CECC), Marco Rubio, Tom Cotton, Steve Daines from the U.S. Senate, as well as James McGovern, Ben McAdams, Christopher Smith, Thomas Suozzi and Brian Mast from the U.S. House of Representatives wrote to Chief Executive Carrie Lam asking that the bill be "withdrawn from consideration", stating that "the proposed legislation would irreparably damage Hong Kong's cherished autonomy and protections for human rights by allowing the Chinese government to request extradition of business persons, journalists, rights advocates, and political activists residing in Hong Kong." The commissioners added that the bill could "negatively impact the unique relationship between the U.S. and Hong Kong"—referring to the longstanding U.S. policy of giving the city preferential treatment over mainland China based on the United States–Hong Kong Policy Act.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The UK-based Hong Kong Watch also issued a petition on 29 May signed by 15 parliamentarians from various countries against the extradition bill. Signatories included Member of the House of Lords David Alton, Liberal Democrat Chief Whip of the House of Commons Alistair Carmichael, Leader of the Alliance 90/The Greens in the Bundestag Katrin Göring-Eckardt, Deputy Shadow Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Canadian Parliament Garnett Genuis, Member of the Parliament of Malaysia and Chairman of the ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights Charles Santiago, Member of the European Parliament from Austria Josef Weidenholzer, seven U.S. Senators and one U.S. Representative.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The American Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong (AmCham) issued a statement on 30 May, questioning the government's decision to push the bill through. AmCham also sent Matthew Cheung eight questions related to the bill following Cheung meeting with the foreign chambers of commerce on the previous day, pressing the government on how it planned to address concerns from foreign diplomats in Hong Kong, and how it would ensure that the requesting jurisdictions could guarantee a fair trial.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 30 May, a joint statement was issued by British Foreign Secretary Jeremy Hunt and Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland to urge Hong Kong to ensure the new law was in-keeping with the city's autonomy. "We are concerned about the potential effect of these proposals on the large number of UK and Canadian citizens in Hong Kong, on business confidence and on Hong Kong's international reputation. Furthermore, we believe that there is a risk that the proposals could impact negatively on the rights and freedoms set down in the Sino-British Joint Declaration".


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 13 August, Andrew James Scheer PC MP, Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition since 2017, shared the statement "As Beijing amasses troops at the Hong Kong border, now is the time for everyone committed to democracy, freedom, human rights, and the rule of law to stand with the people of Hong Kong, including the 300,000 ex-pat Canadians. Now, and in the coming days, we are all Hong Kongers:" on social media outlets.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 30 May, Secretary for Security John Lee rolled out six new measures to limit the scope of extraditable crimes and raise the bar to those punishable by the sentence of three years to seven years or above—a key demand from the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC). Only requests from top judicial bodies of a requesting jurisdiction, namely the Supreme People's Procuratorate and Supreme People's Court in Mainland China, may be considered. Lee's announcement came hours after a group of 39 pro-Beijing legislators called for the bill to be amended. Their two demands—raising the threshold on extraditable crimes and allowing only extradition requests from the mainland's top authority—were both accepted by the government.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The government promulgated on 30 May the provision of "additional safeguards" in the following three aspects:


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Hong Kong's five major business chambers—the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce (HKGCC), the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce, the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong, the Federation of Hong Kong Industries, and the Hong Kong Chinese Importers' and Exporters' Association quickly welcomed the concessions, but legal scholars and pro-democrats opposing the bill argued there was still no guarantee of human rights and fair treatment for fugitives sent across the border. John Lee dismissed calls to embed those safeguards in the proposed bill, claiming the current proposal would offer greater flexibility, adding he was confident mainland authorities would stay true to their promises, even without protection clauses in the bill.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The Law Society of Hong Kong urged the government not to rush the legislation but should stop to conduct extensive consultation before it goes any further. The Bar Association said in response to the concessions that the additional safeguards provided by the government was "riddled with uncertainties ...[and that it] offers scarcely any reliable assurances." On 6 June, some 3,000 Hong Kong lawyers, representing around one quarter of the city's lawyers, marched against the bill. Wearing black, they marched from the Court of Final Appeal to the Central Government Offices. While lawyers expressed grave reservations about the openness and fairness of the justice system in China, limited access to a lawyer, and the prevalence of torture, Secretary for Security John Lee said the legal sector did not really understand the bill.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Monitor and more than 70 other non-governmental organisations wrote an open letter to Chief Executive Carrie Lam on 7 June stating the "serious shortcomings in the proposed amendment", claiming that the additional safeguards would still be unlikely to provide genuine and effective protection as it did not resolve the real risk of torture or other ill-treatment, including detention in poor conditions for indefinite periods, or other serious human rights violations which are prohibited under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The first protest happened on 31 March with an attendance of 12,000 pro-democracy protesters according to organisers, the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF); police put the peak figure at 5,200.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 28 April, the movement gained stronger momentum as an estimated 130,000 protesters joined the march against the bill; Police estimated 22,800 joined at its height. The claimed turnout was the largest since an estimated 510,000 joined the annual 1 July protest in 2014. A day after the protest, Chief Executive Carrie Lam was adamant that the bill would be enacted and said the Legislative Councillors had to pass new extradition laws before their summer break, even though the man at the heart of a case used to justify the urgency of new legislation Chan Tong-kai had been jailed for 29 months shortly before.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: While reports suggested it had been the largest ever, certainly the largest protest Hong Kong has seen since the 1997 handover, surpassing the turnout seen at mass rallies in support of the Tiananmen protests of 1989 and 1 July demonstration of 2003, CHRF convenor Jimmy Sham said that 1.03 million people attended the march, while the police put the crowd at 270,000 at its peak.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Hundreds of protesters camped in front of the government headquarters well into the night, with more joining them in response to calls from Demosistō and pro-independence activists. Police formed a human chain to prevent protesters from entering Harcourt Road, the main road next to government headquarters, while Special Tactical Squad (STS) stood by for potential conflicts. Although the CHRF officially had called an end to the march at 10 pm, around 100 protesters remained at the Civic Square.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: At 11 pm, the government issued a press statement, saying it "acknowledge[s] and respect[s] that people have different views on a wide range of issues", but insisted the second reading debate on the bill would resume on 12 June. Around midnight, tensions escalated and clashes broke out between protesters and officers at the Legislative Council Complex. Protesters threw bottles and metal barricades at police and pushed barricades while officers responded with pepper spray. Riot police pushed back against the crowd and secured the area, while police on Harcourt Road also pushed protesters back onto the pavements. Clashes shifted to Lung Wo Road as many protesters gathered and barricaded themselves from the officers. Several hundred protesters were herded by officers towards Lung King Street in Wan Chai around 2 am and then moved onto Gloucester Road. By the end of the clearance, 19 protesters had been arrested.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: A general strike had been called for 12 June, the day of the planned resumption of the second reading of the extradition bill. The Police started stopping and searching on commuters at the exits of Admiralty Station the night before. Sits-in began at and around Tamar Park in the morning, and around 8 am, a crowd rushed onto Harcourt Road and the nearby streets, blocking traffic. Around 11 am, the Legislative Council Secretariat announced that the second reading debate on the extradition bill had been postponed indefinitely.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: In the afternoon, riot police and the Special Tactical Squad, who hid their identifying numbers, were deployed. They fired tear gas and shot rubber bullets and bean bag rounds at protesters on Harcourt Road. The crowd fled to Citic Tower, where the gathering had been approved by the police and was peaceful. As people trickled through the jammed central revolving door and a small side door, the police fired another two tear gas canisters into the trapped crowd fuelling panic. Commissioner of Police Stephen Lo declared the clashes a "riot" and condemned the protesters' behaviour.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Many videos of aggressive police action appeared online, showing tear gas canisters being fired at peaceful and unarmed protesters, first-aid volunteers, and even reporters. Amnesty International published a report which concluded that the use of force by police against the largely peaceful protest was unnecessary and excessive and that police had "violated international human rights law and standards."


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Lo's declaration and police behaviour gave rise to new demands in later protests: to retract the characterisation of the clashes as a "riot" and to establish an independent commission of inquiry into police brutality.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 15 June, Carrie Lam announced that it would suspend the second reading of the bill without a set a time frame on the seeking of public views. However, no apology nor resignation was forthcoming at this point. The pro-democracy camp demanded a full withdrawal of the bill and said they would go ahead with the 16 June rally as planned.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On the day, the route from Victoria Park in Causeway Bay to the government headquarters in Admiralty was totally taken over by the large crowd from 3 pm all the way to 11 pm. Although crowd control measures were in force, yet the large number of participants forced police to open all the six lanes of Hennessy Road, the main route; nevertheless, the masses then spilled over onto three parallel streets in Wan Chai. While the police said that there were 338,000 demonstrators at its peak on the original route, the Civil Human Rights Front claimed the participation of "almost 2 million plus 1 citizens", denoting the protester who committed suicide the day before.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The government issued a statement at 8:30 pm where Carrie Lam apologised to Hong Kong residents and promised to "sincerely and humbly accept all criticism and to improve and serve the public." A government source told to the "South China Morning Post" that the administration was making it clear that there was no timetable to relaunch the suspended bill, the legislation would die a "natural death" when the current term of the Legislative Council ended in July next year. On 18 June, Carrie Lam offered an apology for mishandling the extradition bill in person, but did not meet the protesters' demands of withdrawing the bill completely or resigning.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: After the intense clashes on 12 June, the Legislative Council called off the general meetings on 13 and 14 June, and also postponed the general meetings on 17 and 18 June. Pro-Beijing newspaper "Sing Tao Daily" reported that Lam went to meet with Chinese Vice Premier Han Zheng in Shenzhen on 14 June evening. Lam then had a cabinet meeting with her top officials at 10:30 pm, lasting until midnight.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: Students unions, representing some protesters, issued four demands: total withdrawal of the extradition bill; retraction of all references to the 12 June protest being a riot; release all arrested protesters; and accountability of police officers who used excessive force. They warned of escalated protest action if the demands were not met. Hong Kong Catholic Apostolic Administrator Cardinal John Tong and Hong Kong Christian Council chairman Reverend Eric So Shing-yit also issued a joint statement calling for a complete withdrawal of the extradition bill and an independent inquiry into allegations of police brutality against protesters.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: As the city marked the 22nd anniversary of its 1997 handover, the annual pro-democracy protest march organised by civil rights groups claimed a record turnout of 550,000 while police placed the estimate around 190,000. Separately, hundreds of young protesters stormed the Legislative Council and defaced symbols associated with the People's Republic of China (PRC) and pro-Beijing elements inside the building.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 9 July, Carrie Lam said the controversial bill "is dead", but still refused to meet the protesters' demand to withdraw it. The protesters continued to demand full withdrawal of the bill, among other demands regarding alleged police misconducts and universal suffrage. The confrontations between the protesters and the police had since escalated. On 21 July, the police is accused of colluding with a gang who indiscriminately attacked passengers at Yuen Long station. A poll conducted in August showed that more than 90% of supporters of the protests expressed dissatisfaction with police misconduct, and, among their five core demands, the primary demand had shifted from the withdrawal of the bill to the establishment of independent commission of inquiry.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: On 4 September, Carrie Lam announced that the government would officially withdraw the bill in October. However, she dismissed the other four core demands from the protesters.


title: 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill

text: The bill was officially withdrawn on 23 October. Chan Tong-kai was released from prison on the same day.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by core deficits in visual-spatial processing in the presence of intact verbal ability. Additional diagnostic criteria include Average to Superior verbal intelligence and deficits in visuoconstruction abilities, fine-motor coordination, mathematical reasoning, visuospatial memory and social skills. In clinical settings, some diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder would be more appropriately classified as NVLD.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: People with NVLD may have trouble understanding charts, reading maps, assembling jigsaw puzzles, and using an analog clock to tell time. "Clumsiness" is not unusual in people with NVLD, especially children, and it may take a child with NVLD longer than usual to learn how to tie shoelaces or to ride a bicycle.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: At the beginning of their school careers, children with symptoms of NVLD struggle with tasks that require eye–hand coordination, such as coloring and using scissors, but often excel at memorizing verbal content, spelling, and reading once the shapes of the letters are learned. A child with NVLD's Average or Superior verbal skills can be misattributed to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, defiant behavior, inattention, or lack of effort. Early researchers in the syndrome of NVLD Johnson and Myklebust characterize how the children appear in a classroom: "An example is the child who fails to learn the meaning of the actions of others...We categorize this child as having a deficiency in social perception, meaning that he has an inability which precludes acquiring the significance of basic nonverbal aspects of daily living, though his verbal level of intelligence falls within or above the average."


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: In the adolescent years, when schoolwork becomes more abstract and the executive demands for time management, organization, and social interactions increase, students with NVLD begin to struggle. They focus on separate details and struggle to summarize information or to integrate ideas into a coherent whole, and they struggle to apply knowledge to other situations, to infer implicit information, to make predictions, and to organize information logically.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: As adults, tasks such as driving a car or navigating to an unfamiliar location may be difficult. Difficulty with keeping track of responsibilities or managing social interactions may affect job performance.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: Research suggests that there is an association with an imbalance of neural activity in the right hemisphere of the brain connected to the white matter.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: Nonverbal learning disability (NVLD) is characterized by core deficits in visualspatial processing in the presence of intact verbal ability. Additional diagnostic criteria include Average to Superior verbal intelligence and deficits in visuoconstruction abilities, fine-motor coordination, mathematical reasoning, visuospatial memory and social skills.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: "While NVLD is not classified into any distinct diagnosis in DSM-5 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) or ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1992), it does have a robust research base.""" "The majority of researchers and clinicians agree that the profile of NLD clearly exists...but they disagree on the need for a specific clinical category and on the criteria for its identification." (One researcher notes, "just because we cannot reasonably place such children into our present classification scheme does not mean they do not exist.")


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: Assorted diagnoses have been discussed as sharing symptoms with NVLD. In some cases, especially the form of autism previously called Asperger syndrome, the overlap can be so significant as to render NVLD a pointless duplication in the mind of its detractors, with the only difference being that NVLD criteria do not mention the presence or absence of either repetitive behaviors or narrow subject-matter interests. (These are not required for a diagnosis of autism.) These overlapping conditions include, among others:


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: There is diagnostic overlap between nonverbal learning disorder and autism spectrum disorder, and some clinicians and researchers consider them to be the same condition. In clinical settings, some diagnoses of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder would be more appropriately classified as NVLD.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: While various nonverbal learning difficulties were recognized since early studies in child neurology, there is ongoing debate as to whether/or the extent to which existing conceptions of NVLD provide a valid diagnostic framework.


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: As presented in 1967, "nonverbal disabilities" (p. 44) or "disorders of nonverbal learning" was a category encompassing non-linguistic learning problems. "Nonverbal learning disabilities" were further discussed by Myklebust in 1975 as representing a subtype of learning "disability" with a range of presentations involving "mainly visual cognitive processing," social imperception, a gap between higher verbal ability and lower nonverbal processing, as well as difficulty with handwriting. Later neuropsychologist Byron Rourke sought to develop consistent criteria with a theory and model of brain functioning that would establish NVLD as a distinct syndrome (1989).


title: Nonverbal learning disorder

text: Questions remain about how best to frame the perceptual, cognitive and motor issues associated with NVLD.


title: Yate

text: Yate is a town and civil parish in South Gloucestershire, England. It lies just to the southwest of the Cotswold Hills and is northeast of Bristol city centre and from the centre of Bath, with regular rail services to Bristol and Gloucester.


title: Yate

text: Developing from a small village into a town from the 1950s onwards, the 2011 census listed Yate's parish population as 21,789. The market town of Chipping Sodbury (population 5,045) is contiguous with Yate to the east. In addition, a large southern section of the built-up area spills over into the parish of Dodington (population 8,206), and as a result, the total population of Yate's urban area is estimated at 35,000.


title: Yate

text: Yate is located in South Gloucestershire in the South West of England. The town is northeast of Bristol city centre, which is about away by road. Apart from Chipping Sodbury to the east, Yate is surrounded by countryside and is situated to the south-west of the Cotswolds. The A432 is the main road to serve Yate and runs through the centre of the town.


title: Yate

text: The Yate-Chipping Sodbury conurbation is near the centre of the South Gloucestershire district. It is situated between suburban Bristol to the southwest and the Cotswold escarpment to the northeast.


title: Yate

text: The first mention of Yate is the existence of a religious house in about AD 770; Yate is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086. The name is derived from the Old English word "giete" or "gete", meaning 'a gateway into a forest area'.


title: Yate

text: During the Anglo-Saxon period and well into medieval times, most of this part of south Gloucestershire was covered with forest. Through the centuries the land was cleared for farming.


title: Yate

text: The town's parish church, St Mary's, dates from Norman times. It was altered during the 15th century and was extensively restored in 1970. St Mary's Primary School, situated outside the churchyard walls, was built on the site of a former poorhouse.


title: Yate

text: It was the opening of the railway station in 1844, as part of Bristol and Gloucester Railway, that established Yate, with Station Road becoming the central thoroughfare. The cattle and produce markets were held around this road, and businesses were established there. Yate railway station was closed by the Beeching cuts in January 1965, but was reopened in May 1989; the Brunel-built engine shed is preserved nearby.


title: Yate

text: In the 1960s Yate was designated as a development area and the building boom began. The creation of a new town included a large retail shopping area, sports and leisure development together with public buildings.


title: Yate

text: When a secondary school was built in the late 1970s, it was supposed to be called Brinsham Green School, after Brinsham Lane at nearby Yate Rocks. Owing to a spelling error, however, it was in fact called Brimsham Green School.


title: Yate

text: The town further expanded in the 1990s and 2000s with the construction of housing at North Yate. This housing estate continued to use the corrupted name of Brimsham. To locals the area is known as Brimsham Park.


title: Yate

text: During the Second World War, a railway transfer yard was constructed for the United States Army, probably as part of Operation Bolero to assist the buildup of troops and stores before D-Day. Two large storage sheds survived on the site until 2008.


title: Yate

text: At the end of the Second World War, the site was taken over by the Royal Navy and became known as the Sea Transport Stores Depot. It was occupied by the Highways Agency until the sheds were demolished for development.


title: Yate

text: Oxford Archaeology has been commissioned to undertake an investigation as to the military significance of this site. The opinion of Bristol Industrial Archaeological Society has also been sought.


title: Yate

text: Major growth in Yate started in the early 1920s with the construction of the Moorland Road estates behind Station Road, close to the Parnall aeroplane factory. In the 1950s the Ridge housing estate was developed. The area between these estates was still being mined for celestine and therefore could not be built on until the mineral had been extracted.


title: Yate

text: In the 1960s the area around Stanshawes was exhausted of celestine and the housing boom started with the major construction taking place in the south. Much of this development was planned using the Radburn model, a design that created a vehicle-free environment by the use of green spaces and linking paths at the front of the houses. This model was used until the late 1980s and early 1990s, when the planners reverted to traditional street design methods for the development of the remainder of North Yate, Brimsham Park and the Newmans factory site.


title: Yate

text: Historically part of Gloucestershire until 1974 it then became part of the district of Northavon within the newly formed county of Avon. In 1996, Avon was abolished, and the area became part of the unitary authority of South Gloucestershire and rejoined the ceremonial county of Gloucestershire.


title: Yate

text: Before the Second World War, Yate had an aircraft manufacturing industry (Parnall) with a grass aerodrome. During the Second World War, Parnall specialised in making gun turrets. A number of people were killed in raids by the Luftwaffe on the factory in February and March 1941.


title: Yate

text: Following the war, the Parnall factory turned to the manufacture of domestic goods and was famous for its washing machines. In 1958 Parnall merged with Radiation Ltd to become known as Jackson, producing the Jackson range of cookers. Through mergers and acquisitions, Jacksons is now part of Indesit and the Jackson name is no longer used.


title: Yate

text: Newman's of Bristol had a large factory on Station Road, from 1932 until the 1980s, in its heyday in the 1960s, employing over 1,500 people.


title: Yate

text: Yate has had three natural products associated with it: limestone to the east, celestine or spar near the centre of the town and coal to the west.


title: Yate

text: The need for limestone increased with the growth of roads, while the demand for coal grew with the diminishing supply of timber. Celestine, the major strontium mineral, was first dug in the late 1880s and was initially used for the refining of sugar beet. At one time Yate's celestine accounted for 95 per cent of the world's production. It colours flames red, and so was important for pyrotechnics such as fireworks, military and signal flares and tracer bullets. The last commercial excavation of celestine from the Yate area was for use during the Vietnam War. The mining company, Bristol Mineral and Land Co, closed in 1994.


title: Yate

text: The town has a skatepark at Peghill. Yate Common on Westerleigh Road is used for dog walking, nature watching, kite flying, circuses and fairs.


title: Yate

text: The common has a stretch of unused dual carriageway (), known as the "Road to Nowhere", which has been used for filming in TV programmes such as "Casualty". This was part of a scheme to create a bypass from Rodford Way in South Yate to Nibley. The scheme was only partially completed in 1974, the year when Yate became a part of Avon. Completion of the road would have entailed building a bridge over the railway, but finance for this was never made available.


title: Yate

text: The town has several parks and areas of open space. The largest of these is Kingsgate Park, which has an adventure playground for children.


title: Yate

text: The town is served by a community radio station, GLOSS FM which broadcasts 365 days a year on its webcasts and twice a year on 87.7 MHz FM.


title: Yate

text: The town benefits from a four appliance firestation, with a retained Crew 24 hours and then further tenders staffed on a voluntary basis. Next to the firestation is a 6 bay ambulance station with a further 3 ambulances and 2 response cars stabled outside.


title: Yate

text: Construction of a pedestrianised shopping centre of around a hundred shops began in the early-to-mid-1960s. The shopping centre was opened by Patricia Phoenix, Mary Rand and Ted Ray. As in most British new towns, modern art was incorporated, in the form of the Four Seasons sculpture, and a spire-shaped sculpture, which could be seen for miles. This sculpture existed until the early 1990s when it was removed during the revamping of the centre, which included the erection of glass roofs over the walkways. An extension to East Walk was constructed at the start of the 1980s, and an extension to West Walk was constructed in the early 1990s.


title: Yate

text: During the 1980s and into the mid-1990s, the shopping centre hosted Yate's annual festival. On opening day a celebrity launched the festival by releasing balloons.


title: Yate

text: In December 2006, the owners of the shopping centre (Dominion Corporate Trustees) announced plans to enlarge and modernise it. In Phase 1 one of the main changes has been the replacement of the existing small Tesco with a large Tesco Extra. To replace lost shopping centre parking following the enlargement, the store is on stilts, with parking beneath. It opened on 24 October 2011.


title: Yate

text: In 2008, construction of a new health centre began on the site of the old one, costing around £12 million. The West Gate Health Centre was officially opened on 8 March 2010.


title: Yate

text: In August 2009, plans were agreed for Tesco to pull down their store and replace it with a more modern store, known as a Tesco Extra. The plans include four more shop units, moving the bus station and a revamped entrance to East Walk. The revamp of the town's bus station was officially opened in January 2010. A temporary Tesco store was opened on 28 February 2011 while the new Tesco Extra was under construction. The old Tesco closed its doors on 27 February 2011 and the Tesco Extra store opened on 24 October 2011.


title: Yate

text: Yate and Chipping Sodbury have been earmarked for 5,000 new homes to be built by 2026. While the location of the housing has yet to be decided, the expected areas are to the north of Yate, and towards Chipping Sodbury.


title: Yate

text: Yate railway station serves the town. The railway station is located on the main Bristol to Birmingham line between Bristol Parkway and Cam & Dursley, and is operated by Great Western Railway.


title: Yate

text: Bus services within the Yate area are mainly provided by First West of England. Other operators who provide bus services to/from Yate include Coachstyle, Eurocoaches and Stagecoach West.


title: Yate

text: Regular bus services link Yate with Bristol city centre. There are also buses from Yate running to Bath, Cribbs Causeway, Malmesbury, Tetbury and Westonbirt Arboretum. Additionally, buses link Yate to a number of other towns/villages within South Gloucestershire and west Wiltshire including Acton Turville, Badminton, Charfield, Chipping Sodbury, Downend, Emersons Green, Filton, Fishponds, Frenchay, Iron Acton, Kingswood, Luckington,Pucklechurch, Mangotsfield, Old Sodbury, Sherston, Staple Hill, Thornbury, Tormarton, Westerleigh, Wick, Winterbourne and Wotton-under-Edge.


title: Yate

text: Buses in Yate pick up and set down at Yate Bus Station which is at Yate Shopping Centre. A number of bus services also pass Yate railway station. Yate Park and Ride is located at the western edge of the town and has services to the town centre and to Bristol.


title: Yate

text: Yate and District Athletic Club is a track-and-field club based at Yate Outdoor Sports Complex (YOSC).


title: Yate

text: An eight-lane track was completed in December 1988 and formally opened by Olympian, Lynn Davies in 1989.


title: Yate

text: Chipping Sodbury Cricket Club is Yate's nearest cricket club, providing cricket for men, women, boys and girls. They play their home matches on their two grounds at the Ridings playing fields in Chipping Sodbury.


title: Yate

text: Yate Town F.C. play in the Southern League Southern League Premier Division. There is also a ladies' football team, Yate Town Girls/Ladies FC, that play in local leagues.


title: Yate

text: Yate is also home to Yate United Youth F.C., the largest local "youth only" football club, established in 1971. They play their home matches at Yate Outdoor Sports Complex, Sunnyside Playing Fields and Kelston Close playing fields.


title: Yate

text: The largest local club is St. Nicholas F.C. Otherwise known as St. Nick's, this club has a total of 21 teams, including two ladies and one men's team. They play at The Ridings, Wickwar Road, Chipping Sodbury. The women's first team, St Nicholas L.F.C., play in South West Division One of the FA Women's Premier League, and play their home games at Yate Town's ground on Lodge Road.


title: Yate

text: Yate Hockey Club runs teams from adult to junior. Its home ground is Yate Outdoor Sports Complex, which it shares with Badminton and Pucklechurch Hockey Club.


title: Yate

text: Yate Rugby Football Club were founded 2016 by club owner and founder Stewart Stacey. The club play their home fixtures at Yate Outdoor Sports Complex. Yate RFC currently play under Gloucestershire RFU, in Bristol & District 2 league they finished fourth place in the 2018/19 season, their highest league position in the club's history. The club have a second team known as Yate Yaks that play friendlies and raise money for charity.


title: Yate

text: The Ridge is a large housing estate with two local schools, Broadway Infants School and the Ridge Junior School. There are shops in the centre of the estate including a Nursery, Hairdressers, Dry Cleaners, convenience store and dentists.


title: Yate

text: Construction of a new garden village started at the northern side of Yate in Summer 2018. As of 2020 it is still under construction.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations is a 2009 American science fiction psychological horror thriller film directed by Seth Grossman. It is the third and final installment in "The Butterfly Effect" franchise. The film is set in Detroit, Michigan with most of the filming done there.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: The film was first screened at After Dark Horrorfest film festival before going straight-to-video, with the theatrical release occurring internationally. The film did not receive a positive reception, with critics calling it a minor improvement over the un-watchable previous sequel.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Sam Reide witnesses a woman being killed, then awakens in an ice-filled bathtub, while his vital signs are monitored by his sister Jenna. Sam can travel back to any moment during his lifetime, with his consciousness inhabiting his younger body. He helps the police under the guise of being a psychic. Sam pays Jenna's rent and buys her groceries, as she rarely leaves the apartment and lives in squalor.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Elizabeth, the sister of Sam's murdered girlfriend Rebecca, arrives at Sam's apartment. She believes that Lonnie Flennons, a man about to be executed for her sister's murder, is innocent, and she wants Sam to find the actual murderer. Sam meets with the man who tutored him on time travel, Goldburg, who reminds him of the cardinal rules: He is not to alter his past, nor travel in time with his body left unsupervised. When Sam was 15, a house fire killed Jenna, but Sam altered time, saving Jenna. Sam's interference resulted in the fire killing their parents. After Goldburg leaves the bar, their bartender Vicki seduces Sam.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Sam agrees to help Elizabeth, and he travels back to June 1998. He encounters a drunk Elizabeth and tells her to stay in her car, then finds Rebecca dead. Elizabeth is killed in her car. Sam returns to the present to learn he no longer owns a car or works for the police and is renting out his couch. He is now a former suspect in Rebecca's murder who has repeatedly asked for the case file. He visits Lonnie, now a lawyer who needs a wheelchair. Lonnie tells Sam that on the night of the murder, he drove by, saw Elizabeth and Sam talking, and did not stop. Sam visits Goldburg, who suggests he return to the scene of the third murder but only observe. Sam also visits Jenna, who is better off and living more cleanly. She refuses to help him.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Sam travels back in time and witnesses the third victim, Anita, being attacked, but it is her boyfriend catering to her rape fetish. Sam is discovered, and her boyfriend's punch returns him to the present, where Sam now rents a couch and is facing eviction for non-payment. Goldburg is missing, and Lonnie is now the third victim. Anita remains alive, pepper-spraying Sam in the face when he approaches her.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Jenna tells Sam that Goldburg intended to implicate him in the murders; she fears a future Sam is the murderer, and pinky-swears him to not time-travel anymore. A drunken Sam propositions Vicki, who is now engaged. After Sam leaves, the killer murders Vicki; her body is found by the police near an auto body plant. Because Sam left his bar receipt behind, he is questioned by the police. Jenna extricates him, but the police surveil him. Sam takes Detective Glenn's evidence notebook, which he uses to travel back in time to before the bodies were found.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: He returns to the present to find himself on Jenna's couch as she leaves for work, reminding him to clean up after himself and have dinner ready for her return; their positions are now reversed. Sam returns to the auto plant, where the police arrest him. Sam convinces Glenn to release him by telling Glenn how his wife mistook Glenn for MC Hammer on their first meeting. Returning home, Sam accidentally inhales some burundanga flowers, sent from Goldburg's greenhouse, and time-travels to the auto plant, finding a severely injured Goldburg. Running for help, Sam is felled by a foothold trap.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: The killer approaches the trapped Sam, revealing herself as Jenna, who also time travels. She has an incestuous love for her brother, having killed the women either because she perceived them as rivals for Sam's affections, or because they were new witnesses, introduced by Sam's rescue attempts. Sam travels back to the day of the fire that had killed his parents; instead of saving Jenna, he traps her in her burning room. He awakens in a timeline in which he has married Elizabeth and he, Elizabeth, and their daughter Jenna are arriving at a family barbecue, where he is greeted by his parents, Rebecca, and a healthy Goldburg. Sam's daughter Jenna puts her fashion doll on the grill and smiles as it burns.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: The film debuted as part of the lineup for After Dark Horrorfest III, a horror film festival held in January 2009.


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: The film was released on DVD on March 31, 2009 by Lionsgate Films. The film eventually debuted on the Blu-ray format on January 4, 2011. It was included in a double feature with another After Dark Horrorfest film, "The Broken" (2008).


title: The Butterfly Effect 3: Revelations

text: Reel Film Reviews characterized the 3rd installment as "A very mild improvement over the nigh unwatchable Butterfly Effect 2."


title: Rust Creek

text: Rust Creek is a 2018 American crime thriller film directed by Jen McGowan and written by Julie Lipson. It is based on an original story by Julie Lipson and Stu Pollard. Hermione Corfield stars as a college student who becomes lost while on a road trip and is hunted by criminals who believe her to be a witness to their crimes. It premiered at the 2018 Bentonville Film Festival and was released theatrically on January 4, 2019.


title: Rust Creek

text: Sawyer Scott, a senior at Centre College, receives an offer for a job interview in Washington, DC. Embarrassed that she may not get the job, Sawyer skips Thanksgiving with her family to travel to the interview without telling anyone about her plans. After encountering holiday traffic on I-64, she takes an alternate route but finds it partly closed off. Traveling even deeper into the Appalachian forest, Sawyer eventually turns around but is spotted by brothers Hollister and Buck, who are burying a body.


title: Rust Creek

text: Concerned she might have seen them, the brothers follow Sawyer and find her studying a paper map. Initially offering help, the brothers soon become hostile when Sawyer rejects their invitation to dinner. Buck and Sawyer are both wounded with his knife during the struggle. The brothers pursue her into the woods for a short distance but turn back as night falls. Disoriented and injured, Sawyer spends the night in a ravine.


title: Rust Creek

text: After receiving an abandoned vehicle report, county Sheriff O'Doyle questions Hollister and Buck, known local troublemakers, but they deny involvement with Sawyer's disappearance. The brothers later return to Sawyer's vehicle and dispose of it over an embankment in the woods, resuming their search for her. Sawyer finds the wreckage of her car and discovers her cell phone, but the phone has a dying battery and no cellular reception. Suffering from hunger, dehydration, and blood loss, Sawyer loses consciousness near a dumping ground in the woods and is discovered by Lowell, a meth cook who is cousin to Hollister and Buck. Lowell treats Sawyer's wounded leg and offers her food and water, but he binds her with ropes after she throws lye in his face in an escape attempt. The brothers arrive to discuss Lowell's upcoming batch of meth but are suspicious when Lowell disallows them from entering. After the brothers leave, Lowell explains that he is not holding Sawyer hostage but is waiting for the brothers to deliver the batch of meth so he can borrow their pickup and take her to safety. Sawyer relaxes and bonds with Lowell over a discussion of the chemistry involved with cooking meth, helping him prepare the batch.


title: Rust Creek

text: At the sheriff's office, O'Doyle orders deputy Katz to ignore the missing vehicle report but allows Katz to contact the registered owner to put his mind at ease. When Kentucky State Police commander Slattery arrives, Katz relays the information he has gathered about Sawyer's disappearance. Slattery expresses displeasure with O'Doyle's handling of the case and demands action, angering O'Doyle. O'Doyle returns to Hollister and Buck and demands they find Sawyer, revealing his involvement with their meth operation. After Katz overhears a phone call between O'Doyle and the brothers, he tries to take the sheriff into custody, but O'Doyle kills him and has the brothers dispose of his body. When Slattery returns, O'Doyle "discovers" planted evidence that implicates Katz in Sawyer's disappearance and covers up Katz's murder. While Slattery mobilizes the state police, taking over the investigation from O'Doyle, the sheriff leaves to help with the brothers' meth delivery, planning to upstage the drug cartel that has been moving into the region.


title: Rust Creek

text: The brothers arrive at Lowell's to pick up the batch of meth and discover Sawyer with him. Lowell claims he has Sawyer "trained", instructing her to microwave a cup of coffee for him from a thermos earlier seen to contain anhydrous ammonia. The microwave explodes, killing Buck and badly injuring Lowell and Hollister, but Lowell shields Sawyer from the blast. Sawyer escapes while the trailer burns, and Lowell struggles to overpower Hollister. O'Doyle arrives and kills both cousins, then picks up Sawyer. Sawyer recognizes O'Doyle's voice and realizes his intentions are hostile, tipping him off. O'Doyle leads her to the titular Rust Creek and tries to drown her, but she stabs him with a weeding fork she slipped from Lowell's trailer earlier. Finally free of her pursuers, Sawyer limps with determination down the road as multiple state police cruisers converge behind her.


title: Rust Creek

text: The script was written by Julie Lipson based on an original story by Stu Pollard, who also produced the film. The film was shot in and around Louisville, Kentucky but certain scenes early in the film are from Danville, KY, including the Trinity Episcopal Church, and Centre College.


title: Rust Creek

text: The film premiered at the Bentonville Film Festival on May 3, 2018. The film won Best Thriller Feature at the 2018 San Diego International Film Festival. It was released to VoD by IFC Midnight Films services January 4, 2019.


title: Rust Creek

text: On November 30, 2020, Rust Creek had its Netflix debut. The film spent more than a week on Netflix's top ten movies list.


title: Rust Creek

text: "Rust Creek" has an approval rating of on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews. The site's critical consensus states: ""Rust Creek" subverts expectations with a surprisingly layered survival drama anchored in a rich setting and a gripping lead performance from Hermione Corfield." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 59 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: Gorkha Kingdom () was a member of the Chaubisi rajya, a confederation of 24 states on the Indian subcontinent ruled by Khas people. In 1743 CE, the kingdom began a campaign of military expansion, annexing several neighbors to become present-day Nepal. The Gorkha Kingdom extended to the Marshyangdi River in the west, forming its border with the Kingdom of Lamjung. To the east, the kingdom extended to the Trishuli River, forming its border with the Nepal Mandala. The Gorkha Kingdom was established in 1559 CE by Prince Dravya Shah, second son of King Yasho Brahma Shah of Lamjung. The prince replaced the Khadka chiefs who previously ruled the region.


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: According to legends, one of the earliest Shah rulers was Rishi-raj Rana-Ji, of the Lunar dynasty. He was made the ruler of Chittorgarh and received the title of "Bhattarak". The lunar dynasty remained in power for thirteen generations. Then, the Muslim Yavanas took power. The Bhattarak had to abdicate and could only retain his caste family name, "Rana-ji". The rajas were titled "Rana-Ji" for four generations and "Rana-ji Rava" for a further seventeen generations.


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: Akbar, the Mughal emperor, (1542-1605) wished to marry the daughter of Fatte Sinha Rana-Ji Rava. Akbar was refused because he was not a Hindu but from a different religion (namely Islam). This decision led to war. Many Rajput, including Fatte Sinha Rana-ji Rava, were killed. The survivors of the war were led by Udaybam Rana-Ji Rava. They founded a settlement, Udaipur.


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: Manmath Rana-Ji Rava went to Ujjain. His son Bhupal Ranaji Rao went to Ridi in the northern hills and in 1495 CE (Saka Era 1417), to Sargha, and then to Khium in Bhirkot. There, he cultivated the land. The new ruler of Khium had sons, Kancha and Micha. Their "bartabandha" (the taking of the Bharmanical thread) was performed. Plans for the boys to marry the daughters of the Raghuvanshi Rajputs were made. Kancha, the elder son went to Dhor. He conquered Magarat and reigned over Garhon, Sathum and Birkot. Micha, the younger son, went to Nuwakot in the far west and became ruler there.


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: From Micha, a dynasty of seven rajas commenced in Nuwakot. Kulamandan, the eldest son of Jagdeva, became ruler of Kaski displacing Gurung king. He was favoured and became "Shah" and succeeded his father. Kalu, the second son was sent to Dura Danda in Lamjung at the people's request to become their king. Kalu was killed by the Sekhant tribe, who were the ancestor of present-day Gurungs. In the 1500s, another son, Yasobramha, became the ruler of Lamjung after he compromised with the Gurungs. The second son of Yasobramha, Dravya Shah conquered the Ghale people of neighbouring Ligligkot, now in Gorkha. Prince Dravya Shah in 1559 CE also replaced the Khadka chiefs then named the newly found kingdom Gorkha.


title: Gorkha Kingdom

text: From 1736, the Gorkhalis engaged in a campaign of expansion begun by King Nara Bhupal Shah, which was continued by his son, King Prithvi Narayan Shah and grandson Prince Bahadur Shah. Over the years, they conquered huge tracts of land to the east and west of Gorkha.