title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea's World Cup began with two draws against Spain (2–2) and Bolivia (0–0). However they lost the decisive match 2–3 against title holders Germany, being 3-0 down after 20 minutes, pulling two goals back shortly after half-time but being unable to force an equalizer. They finished at 20th place in the rankings, and more importantly, lowest of the six third-placed teams, of which the top four qualified for the second round.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: A total of 36 teams entered the competition. The Asian zone was allocated 3.5 places (out of 32) in the final tournament, with three qualifiers by right and a fourth to play off against the winners of the Oceania qualifying tournament. The 36 teams were reduced to 10 by preliminary qualifying matches, who were drawn into two groups of five. Saudi Arabia and South Korea qualified automatically as group winners for the 1998 World Cup. Japan and Iran, the two second-placed teams, played off in a single match at a neutral venue, Japan won 3-2 after extra time and qualified for the first time. Iran, fourth in the qualifying tournament after losing to Japan, had to play off against the winners of the Oceania tournament, which was Australia. In a two-legged tie played home and away, both matches were drawn, 1-1 in Iran and 2-2 in Australia, Iran qualifying by scoring more "away" goals after coming back from 2-0 down.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Saudi Arabia were placed in Group C alongside South Africa, Denmark and hosts France. Saudi Arabia started with a 1–0 defeat by Denmark. Next, France scored four to eliminate Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia (0–2–0), which again failed to show any resemblance to the 1994 team that reached the second round, played most of the game with ten men after defender Mohammed Al-Khilaiwi was given a direct red card in the 19th minute for a poor tackle on Bixente Lizarazu. Forward Thierry Henry scored two goals, while David Trezeguet and Lizarazu scored one each for France. With two goals against Saudi Arabia, South Africa led but watched in horror as the Saudis scored on two penalty kicks to gain a 2–2 draw. The Saudis entered the match under new coach Mohammed al-Kharashi, a longtime assistant, after Brazilian Carlos Alberto Parreira was fired following the 4–0 loss to France.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan lost all three of its matches in its debut, however Japan demonstrated relatively good performance for a debutant, with all three losses were just minimal. In the first, it fell 1–0 to Argentina, with Gabriel Batistuta scoring for the opponents, knocking the ball over the Japanese goalkeeper on the edge of the penalty area. In the second match, against Croatia, a late Davor Šuker goal ensured a 1–0 Croatia victory and his nation's progression to the next round, simultaneously eliminating Japan from the tournament. Japan's World Cup campaign officially ended with an unexpected 2–1 defeat to rank outsiders Jamaica. Two goals from Theodore Whitmore gave Jamaica their first ever win in the World Cup finals, although Masashi Nakayama had the honour of scoring Japan's first-ever goal at the World Cup finals, which came in the 74th minute.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Iran's first game of Group F was played against Yugoslavia, a 1–0 loss instigated by a Siniša Mihajlović free-kick. Iran recorded their first World Cup victory in the second game, beating the United States 2–1, with Hamid Estili and Mehdi Mahdavikia scoring goals for Iran. The Iran–U.S. World Cup match was preheated with much excitement owing to each country's political stance after the Iranian Revolution. In an act of defiance against all forms of hatred or politics in sports, however, both sides presented one another with gifts and flowers and took ceremonial pictures before the match kickoff. Following the defeat by Iran, the U.S. were eliminated from the World Cup. Iran played Germany in the third game, where they lost 2–0. German goals were scored from Oliver Bierhoff and Jürgen Klinsmann. The one win and two defeats left Iran third in the final group standings, not enough for progression to the next round.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea entered the 1998 World Cup without a single win to their name despite 14 World Cup games' experience. South Korea played Mexico, the Netherlands and Belgium. In the first game, South Korea lead in the 27th minute thanks to a Ha Seok-ju free-kick that was deflected into the Mexican goal. A couple of minutes after the goal was scored, however, Ha Seok-ju was sent off for a bad challenge from behind, and Mexico leveled the score through half-time substitute Ricardo Peláez. With approximately 15 minutes remaining, Luis Hernández put Mexico in the lead with a simple tap-in. Hernández then went on to complete the victory after scoring Mexico's third goal. South Korea had to wait four more years to record their first ever victory in a World Cup: its next game against the Netherlands was a heavy 0–5 defeat, the third-worst loss in the nation's World Cup history. Its third game was against Belgium. A big win would have given Belgium a chance of progressing and an early goal by Luc Nilis might have set them on the way. The Koreans, however, mounted stiff resistance and in the second half, and Yoo Sang-chul scored the equaliser in an eventual 1–1 draw.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea and Japan were selected as hosts by FIFA on 31 May 1996. Initially, South Korea, Japan and Mexico presented three rival bids. However, the two Asian countries agreed to unite their bids shortly before the decision was made, and they were chosen unanimously in preference to Mexico. This was the first World Cup to be hosted by two or more countries. The 2002 World Cup was the tournament's 17th staging. It was also the first World Cup held in Asia, and the last in which the golden goal rule was utilized. South Korea and Japan, the co-hosts, qualified automatically, leaving 2.5 spots open for competition between 40 teams. Myanmar withdrew from the tournament after being placed in Group 2 but before any matches had been played, therefore reducing the group to three teams. Afghanistan, Bhutan, North Korea and Timor-Leste did not participate in the qualification process. Asia's two remaining automatic qualifying berths were taken by Saudi Arabia and China PR. Iran failed to become a third Asian representative in the World Cup after losing their AFC/UEFA playoff against the Republic of Ireland.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: China PR qualified for the finals for the first time. Coached by Bora Milutinović (the fifth national team he coached in five consecutive World Cups), the nation failed to earn a point or even score a goal. As football is widely followed in China, national team success is considered to be a source of national pride. Around 300 million people tuned into broadcasts of China's 2002 World Cup matches, with a staggering 170 million new television sets being bought by citizens in order to watch their nation's first World Cup appearance. Its first game was against Costa Rica. Costa Rica dealt China PR a harsh blow by taking the lead against the run of play on 61 minutes. Rónald Gómez's slick backheel played Paulo Wanchope in, and Wu Chengying's challenge only popped the ball up for Gómez to fire in a left-foot shot. China PR had no time to gather their thoughts before they were 2–0 down. China's PR best moment of the first-half came on 39 minutes when they broke quickly after fending off a Costa Rica free-kick. Its second game against Brazil was a 0–4 defeat. China PR looked lively and appeared to be enjoying themselves, even when they overhit the ball, but China PR could not do anything about Roberto Carlos's left-footed free-kick goal in the 15th minute. Ronaldo then scored two and Ronaldinho one to effectively end the match. China PR searched for their first goal of the tournament in their third match, against Turkey. After just ten minutes, however, they were already down 0–2. Just before the half-hour mark, China PR almost scored their first goal of the tournament when Yang Chen hit the post. Hasan Şaş again set up Turkey with a cross to the far post, this time for Ümit Davala to score off the post. China PR failed to score a goal and was eliminated from the tournament.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea beat Poland 2–0 after Hwang Sun-hong and Yoo Sang-chul scored. The first real chance for the home side came in the 20th minute, when Yoo Sang-chul shot across the face of an outstretched Jerzy Dudek. South Korea started to apply more pressure and took the lead in the 25th minute: Lee Eul-yong played the ball into Hwang Sun-hong, who hit the ball first-time into the net. In the 53rd minute, South Korea scored their second goal: Yoo Sang-chul ran towards Tomasz Wałdoch and Radosław Kałużny, then confidently shot between them and past goalkeeper Dudek. Even the President of Korea waved his hat at the goal, which secured South Korea's first-ever win at the World Cup finals. In its second match, against the United States, the game's first real scoring chance fell to the U.S.' Clint Mathis, who scored with a left-footed drive from the middle of the penalty area. Later on, in the 78th minute, an Ahn Jung-hwan glancing header completely stunned American goalkeeper Brad Friedel, who seemed rooted to the spot as the ball sailed into the net. South Korea missed the chance to take all three points right at the end when Choi Yong-soo stabbed another shot over the bar, with only Friedel to beat. South Korea played its third match against Portugal, needing a win to be guaranteed a place in the second round, though earning one point would suffice (for the U.S. as well, however).


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The South Koreans tore apart a Portuguese side who had João Pinto and Beto sent off. In the 70th minute, Park Ji-sung smashed in a brilliant goal for Korea to secure a 1–0 victory and Korea's progression to the next round. Here, South Korea beat Italy 2–1 in sudden-death extra time. In the 18th minute, Christian Vieri headed Italy into the lead from a Francesco Totti corner. Ahn Jung-hwan had the best chance for Korea in the 36th minute when he shot over the bar from close range. Two minutes from time, the stadium erupted as Italy defender Christian Panucci failed to clear the ball, with Seol Ki-hyun pouncing on his mistake. Totti received his second yellow card for diving in the penalty area. Ten-men Italy finally fell to a 117th-minute, golden goal header scored by Ahn Jung-hwan, who at the time was ironically playing for Italian club Perugia.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: In the quarter-finals, Spain were unable to win a second consecutive penalty shootout, losing to South Korea after having two goals controversially disallowed in normal time, with South Korea becoming the first (and, as of 2018, the only) team from outside Europe and the Americas to reach the last four of a World Cup. Four minutes after the restart, a Spanish goal was disallowed, while a second Spanish goal was disallowed after the linesman judged that the ball had gone out of play before Fernando Morientes headed the ball into the net. In the 100th minute, Morientes turned on a long throw-in and crashed his shot against the left post. Korea won 5–3 on penalties and became the first ever Asian nation to reach the semi-finals of the World Cup, where they would face Germany.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The match started slowly: South Korea kept possession well and Germany appeared content to keep the volume of the crowd down, with both sides entering half-time level at 0–0. In the 75th minute, however, Michael Ballack ran on to Oliver Neuville's low cross; his shot was blocked by goalkeeper Lee Woon-jae, but Ballack followed up to convert the rebound and secure Germany's place in the final with a 1–0 victory. With the semi-final defeat, Korea contested the third-place match in Daegu against the other defeated semi-finalist, Turkey. Turkey, however, won third place after an entertaining 3–2 victory in a match that included the fastest ever World Cup goal, scored by Parma striker Hakan Şükür after just 11 seconds. Lee Eul-yong replied in the ninth minute with a curling free-kick into the top right-hand corner, but shortly after, İlhan Mansız put Turkey back in front in the 13th minute after splitting the South Korean defence by playing a swift one-two with Şükür. Song Chong-gug then managed to stun Turkey goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber when his long-range shot deflected off of Cha Du-ri's bottom, in injury time, for a last consolation goal that ended the game on a slight high note for the home fans.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Saudi Arabia were eliminated as the worst team in tournament, after three defeats and no goals scored, including an 0–8 loss to Germany, 0–1 to Cameroon and 0–3 to the Republic of Ireland.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Hosts Japan topped their group with two wins and one draw. In the first match, they drew 2–2 with Belgium. Marc Wilmots broke the deadlock with a beautiful overhead kick in the 57th minute. Two minutes later, Japan's Takayuki Suzuki, in the penalty area, got a foot on to Shinji Ono's pass from the half-way line. In the 67th minute, Arsenal's Junichi Inamoto ran through three defenders to give Japan a 2–1 lead. Five minutes later, the stadium was momentarily silenced when Peter Van Der Heyden, beating the offside trap on the edge of the area, neatly lobbed Japan goalkeeper Seigo Narazaki as he came off his line. Japan advanced to the second round with a 1–0 win over Russia and a 2–0 victory against Tunisia. Japan register their first ever World Cup finals victory. However, they subsequently exited the tournament during the Round of 16 after a 1–0 defeat to Turkey. Ümit Davala headed Turkey into the lead from an Ergün Penbe's corner in the 12th minute. An Alessandro Santos free-kick crashed against the woodwork later on to give the Japanese some hope for the second-half. Japan made a couple of substitutions at half-time as they looked for fresh initiative. Hidetoshi Nakata deflected shot almost troubled Turkish goalkeeper Rüştü Reçber. Japan continued to look for the equaliser, with Akinori Nishizawa's header on target and Tomokazu Myojin shooting just narrowly wide. With ten minutes left in the game, Nishizawa's shot flew over the bar and with it Japan's hopes of a place in the quarter-finals.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Forty-four Asian teams are affiliated with FIFA, but Cambodia, Philippines, Bhutan and Brunei decided not to take part, while Myanmar was banned from the competition, so a total of 39 teams took part to compete for 4.5 places in the World Cup. Qualification matches reduced them to two 4-team groups. Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Japan and Iran as the top two in each group qualified for the 2006 World Cup finals. The two third-placed teams played off (Bahrain and Uzbekistan drew 1-1 over two legs, Bahrain progressing on the away goals rule) for the right to face the fourth-placed CONCACAF team, but the result of this was that Bahrain lost 2-1 to Trinidad & Tobago. The tournament was a disappointment for teams from Asia, as none of them managed to reach the knockout stage.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Iran returned to World Cup after missing the 2002 edition and started their campaign with high expectations from fans and media. Their first match was against Mexico in Group D. The game was level 1–1 at the half-time, but Iran lost at the end because of a defensive mistake, and the match finished 3–1, with goals scored by Omar Bravo and Zinha for Mexico and Yahya Golmohammadi for Iran. Iran then played Portugal in the second game, losing 2–0; goals were scored by Deco and Cristiano Ronaldo, the latter from a penalty. The two losses meant Iran was eliminated from the competition even before contesting their third and final game against Angola. Iran drew 1–1, with Sohrab Bakhtiarizadeh scoring the Iran goal to send Iran bottom of their group with only a point.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan also failed to advance to the Round of 16 after finishing the group without a win, losing to Australia 1–3 in the first match. In the 26th minute, Shunsuke Nakamura scored the first goal, only for Australia to respond with three late goals in the 84th, 89th and 92nd minutes. In game two, Japan drew with Croatia 0–0. After defeats in the opening game, both Japan and Croatia seemed reluctant to take any early risks and for 20 minutes, little appeared to transpire. In the 21st minute, however, Niko Kranjčar missed penalty, while five minutes into the second-half, the ball arrived at the far post only for Atsushi Yanagisawa to horrendously miss an open goal, skewing the ball back across the goalmouth. In Japan's third match, it lost to world's powerhouse Brazil 1–4, despite scoring the game's first goal, in the 34th minute, from Keiji Tamada, and finished bottom.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea won its first match 2–1, against Togo; goals were scored by Lee Chun-soo and Ahn Jung-hwan. The victory marked Korea's their first World Cup finals win outside of home soil. In the second game, a 1–1 draw with France, Thierry Henry scored in the ninth minute, but Park Ji-sung leveled the score in 80th minute. Before the last match, against Switzerland, South Korea had a strong chance to reach the round of 16, in which only a draw would ensure the Koreans into the knockout stage, in case of France fail to beat Togo. However, the match ended in a complete disappointment for South Korea: Switzerland scored first from a Philippe Senderos headed a goal off a Hakan Yakin free-kick in the 23rd minute. France went ahead against Togo in the 55th minute, and as South Korea struggled to find the net of Switzerland, the Swiss star striker, Alexander Frei, doubled Switzerland's lead with 13 minutes to play while France won their match, resulting in South Korea's elimination from the competition with total disbelief from fans.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Saudi Arabia, like Iran and Japan, went out without a win and finished last. The Saudis drew the first match 2–2 with Tunisia; Saudi Arabia had the lead as late as the 93rd minute, but Radhi Jaidi leveled the score. The Saudis' next game was against Ukraine, ended in a complete 0–4 defeat. Saudi Arabia knew before kick-off that they had to score at least four goals to stand a chance of qualifying, but hope was small when their next opponent was Spain. Thus, survival was clearly priority number one as they allowed Spain, who had changed their entire first 11, to feel their way into the match. Juanito scored at the 39th minute and buried their chances of progression beyond the group stage.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Forty-three teams competed for spots at the 2010 World Cup; Laos, Brunei and the Philippines did not enter qualification. This was the first time Timor-Leste competed in World Cup qualification and the first time Australia attempted to qualify as a member of the AFC, having moved from the Oceania Football Confederation at the start of 2006. Asia's four automatic qualifying berths were taken by Australia, Japan, North Korea and South Korea, collectively filling the top two places in two five-team groups. The two third-played teams, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia, played off for fifth place and the right to face an intercontinental playoff, against the winners of the Oceania qualifying group: and for the second World Cup in a row, Bahrain won the fifth-place Asian playoff on away goals, but lost the intercontinental playoff - this time to New Zealand.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: North Korea qualified for the first time since 1966; they were drawn into Group G, and played their first match against five-time winners Brazil on 15 June. Brazil won 2–1 in a game where North Korea were well organised defensively and showed resilience, frustrating the Brazilians. Despite their best efforts, however, they were nevertheless outmatched and eventually broken down. Maicon's relief was visible after his goal to finally put Brazil ahead. Their next game was against Portugal on 21 June, where they suffered a heavy 0–7 defeat. Despite starting well (much like against the Brazilians), with a defensive, well organised approach, once Portugal scored the first, the North Korean defense unfolded and the following six goals were scored with relative ease. In North Korea's last match, against the Ivory Coast on 25 June, the team fell 3–0. After losing all three matches in the group stages, North Korea were eliminated, finishing last in Group G with no point.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea were drawn into Group B alongside Argentina, Nigeria and Greece. South Korea registered the first win at the 2010 World Cup with a 2–0 victory over Greece, with goals scored by Lee Jung-soo and captain Park Ji-sung. In the second match, South Korea fell to Argentina 1–4, with striker Gonzalo Higuaín scoring a hat-trick and Park Chu-young scoring an own goal for the Argentines; Lee Chung-yong scored Korea's consolation goal. South Korea coach Huh Jung-moo, who played against Argentina's Diego Maradona at the 1986 World Cup, saw his team struggle to live with Argentina's quick tempo and the quality of their pass-and-move football. The decisive match was with Nigeria, which ended 2–2 and with subsequent triumph for South Korea, because paired with Argentina's defeat of Greece, the draw sealed their first-ever progression beyond the group stage on foreign soil.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: As Group B runners-up, South Korea faced Uruguay in the last 16. The South Koreans were effervescent in their attacking third but shaky in their defence, which was exposed as early as the eighth minute: Diego Forlán was fed on the left and played a low ball across the six-yard area, which was misjudged by goalkeeper Jung Sung-ryong and his statuesque defence but not by Luis Suárez at the far post, who calmly slotted in for his second goal of the competition. In the 68th minute, the South Koreans' luck change when, off of a free-kick, Bolton's Lee Chung-yong pounced on Mauricio Victorino's attempted headed clearance to score a nod-in from eight yards out; it was the first goal Uruguay had conceded in the tournament. With ten minutes remaining, Suárez lurked on the fringes of the 18-yard area as a corner was swung in from the right. He cut in from the left before curling in a well-struck shot that left goalkeeper Jung Sung-ryong rooted as the ball clipped the post on its way in. The South Koreans pressed and should have taken the game into extra-time, but substitute Lee Dong-gook's weak shot squirmed under the shirt of Fernando Muslera before it was comfortably cleared.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Australia were drawn into Group D, which also featured three-time world champion Germany, Ghana and Serbia. On 14 June, Australia faced Germany in Durban; Pim Verbeek surprisingly chose to play without a recognised striker. Australia were comprehensively defeated 4–0, and Verbeek was heavily criticised for his tactics, with chief SBS Football Analyst Craig Foster calling for his immediate sacking.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Australia's second group match, against Ghana, resulted in a 1–1 draw. Australia shot its only goal early in the first half by Brett Holman after Ghana's goalkeeper Richard Kingson fumbled the ball following a Mark Bresciano free-kick. Shortly after, a goal-bound strike from Ghana's Jonathan Mensah was blocked on the goal line by Harry Kewell's upper arm, resulting in a penalty kick and a straight red card for Kewell. Ghanaian striker Asamoah Gyan scored the equalizing goal. Despite the man advantage, however, Ghana were mostly limited to long-range shots on Australia's goal, and some desperate defending from Australia saw the game finish a draw.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: In their final group match, against Serbia, Tim Cahill was back from suspension and scored via a header in the second half to give Australia a 1–0 lead. Only four minutes later, Brett Holman doubled the scoreline with an impressive long-range effort. Late in the second half, Serbia managed to score a late goal through Marko Pantelić after Australian goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer fumbled the ball, with the game ultimately ending at 2–1. Germany had defeated Ghana 1–0, which meant that both Australia and Ghana finished on four points. Ghana, however, progressed to the knockout stage due to their superior goal difference. Verbeek completed his term as Australian coach at the end of the 2010 World Cup.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan hung on to win their first-ever World Cup match on foreign soil, defeating Cameroon 1–0. The game's only goal came in the 39th minute when Keisuke Honda controlled a cross at the far post and stabbed the ball past goalkeeper Souleymanou Hamidou. In the second game, Japan lost 0–1 to the Netherlands. Wesley Sneijder's powerful 52nd-minute winner from just outside the box settled a fascinating Group E contest between two contrasting sides who opened up in the second half and were creating good chances right up to the final whistle. Loitering just outside the penalty area, Sneijder lashed a powerful right-foot shot towards goal that goalkeeper Eiji Kawashima could only deflect into the net despite being well-placed to make the save. Japan had the best chance to level the score one minute from time, but unmarked substitute Shinji Okazaki fired over the net from ten yards out.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan's third, decisive match was against Denmark. Midfielder Keisuke Honda opened the scoreline, bending a 30-yard free-kick past Danish goalkeeper Thomas Sørensen in the 17th minute. Just 13 minutes later, teammate Yasuhito Endō fired past Sørensen's outstretched hand to make it 2–0 for Japan. Takeshi Okada's side had to survive a late scare as Jon Dahl Tomasson tapped in a rebound after goalkeeper Kawashima saved the Dane's penalty kick. However, substitute Shinji Okazaki's 88th-minute strike clinched second place in the group for Japan with a 3–1 victory.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan faced Paraguay in the last 16. The match was decided by a penalty shootout after the score was locked at 0–0 for 120 minutes. Paraguay won the shootout and progressed to its first ever World Cup quarter-final. The match was a generally unexciting affair, as Japan adopted a defensive posture while Paraguay itself maintained a solid defence. The first-half produced the occasional chance on goal, with Lucas Barrios having a shot saved shortly before a long-distance shot from Daisuke Matsui hit the crossbar of Paraguay's goal. The second half was similar, with both sides producing occasional chances to score rather than periods of outright dominance. The result of the deadlock was extra time, which continued goalless. A penalty shootout ensued, during which Yuichi Komano missed a spot kick for Japan. Paraguay scored all five of its penalties, clinching the win and subsequent progression to the quarter-finals.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The 2014 FIFA World Cup, held in Brazil, marked the first time since 1990 where no Asian team managed to win a game, and where the AFC was the only FIFA confederation without both wins and teams represented in the knockout stages. Three of Asia's four qualifiers in 2010—Australia, Japan and South Korea—qualified for the 2014 tournament. Iran, meanwhile, qualified for the first time since 2006. Jordan and Uzbekistan played off for fifth-place (again as third-best teams from two groups), Jordan winning 9-8 on penalties after a 2-2 draw, but losing a subsequent intercontinental playoff - this time against CONMEBOL's fifth team, Uruguay.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Australia was eliminated early despite good performances against Chile and the Netherlands that both ended in close losses (1–3 and 2–3 respectively). In their third match, however, they were blown-out 3–0 to defending World Cup champions Spain, who were themselves also mathematically eliminated from the tournament. The Australian performance however, received praise from public fans for their determination in face of difficulties of their group, thus spared Australia from criticism unlike the rest of Asian teams.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan opened the scoring in its first match against the Ivory Coast, but lost the lead en route to an eventual 1–2 defeat. In the following games, the Japanese failed to break Greece's tight defence and finished in a goalless draw even when Greece had only 10 men, and afterwards, despite equalizing Colombia at half-time, eventually lost 4–1 to ensure an early tournament exit.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea opened the score against Russia after a blunder by goalkeeper Igor Akinfeev, but wound up conceding the equalizing goal shortly after. A high-scoring match with Algeria had the Koreans defeated 4–2, and a 1–0 loss to Belgium ended South Korea's campaign.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: After an opening 0–0 draw with Nigeria, the Iranian defense held Argentina goalless for most of the match before a Lionel Messi goal in injury time. Needing to beat the already-eliminated Bosnia and Herzegovina to clinch the group's second spot in the knockout stages, Iran wound up defeated 3–1 and lost the chance to qualify.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The 2018 FIFA World Cup, held in Russia, marked the first time five Asian teams qualified for the final tournament. 46 teams were whittled down to two groups of 6, with the now-usual format of two automatic qualifiers from both groups, plus a play-off between the third-placed teams for fifth place who would face a further intercontinental playoff. Iran, South Korea (from Group A), Japan and Saudi Arabia (from Group B) formed the four automatic qualifiers: Australia played off against Syria for fifth place, won it 3–2 in extra time over two legs, and played off against the fourth CONCACAF team. Australia's 3–1 victory over Honduras over two legs thus made the fifth AFC qualifier.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Only Japan advanced past the group stage, a feat aided by fair-play points in tie-breaking (after being level on points, goal-difference and goals scored), at the expense of Senegal with whom they drew 2–2 in the group stages: Japan also defeated Colombia 2–1 and lost to Poland 1–0. This was the first time that fair-play had been used as a tie-breaker in a World Cup group stage. Aside from Australia, who only got a draw and two defeats, the other three had at least one win: Saudi Arabia secured a 2–1 comeback victory over Egypt, Iran defeated Morocco, and in the biggest upset, South Korea beat the defending champions Germany. In the round of 16, Japan surprised a favoured Belgium and earned a 2–0 lead, only to suffer a 3–2 comeback, with the two goals scored by Belgium from Jan Vertonghen and Marouane Fellaini. The match ended with a Belgian goal by Nacer Chadli in the last minute of stoppage time.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The 2022 FIFA World Cup was held in Qatar – the first time a single nation from the Asian federation had hosted it, after the joint hosting of Japan/South Korea in 2002: also the first time since the World Cup's earliest days, that a nation made their inaugural appearance as hosts without having previously qualified. Qatar thus being granted automatic qualification as hosts, Asia still retained their regular 4.5 qualifiers (4 automatic, 1 to go forward to an intercontinental playoff – this time the 5th Asian was drawn against the 5th CONMEBOL team). 46 nations entered. The first two rounds of qualification (the 12 lowest ranked teams playing off in the first round, to allow 6 to go through to the second stage and join the other 34) were combined with the qualification stages for the 2023 AFC Asian Cup, thus Qatar played in the second round but did not need to play in the subsequent stages. Qatar nevertheless won their second-round group: eight groups of five saw 12 qualifiers (7 group winners minus Qatar, and 5 second-place teams) sorted into a third round, of two groups of six. The second and third rounds in question was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, many matches being delayed or rearranged, and North Korea withdrew outright after having played five of their eight matches. Asia's World Cup qualifiers from the competition were the same teams as in 2018: once again Iran and South Korea topped Group A, while Saudi Arabia and Japan headed Group B. Australia once again qualified as Asia's fifth team, by winning the playoff of the third-placed teams (2–1 against the UAE) followed by the intercontinental playoff (5–4 on penalties following a 0–0 draw against Peru): both matches having to be reduced to single matches rather than two-leg home-and-away affairs, played at a neutral venue – in Qatar itself – only a few months before the World Cup, thanks to pandemic-related delays. Australia's victory meant that five Asian teams joined Qatar to make six Asian teams in the World Cup for the first time, of whom three were to get through the group stage to the second round. Following the end of the group stage in the first FIFA World Cup in a West Asian nation, by irony, the most successful Asian sides in this edition, were entirely made up of East Asian nations.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: The hosts, drawn in a group with Ecuador, Senegal and the Netherlands, lost all three of their games. Ecuador beat them 2–0 in the opening match, a third goal being disallowed for offside by video assistance: Qatar scored their first and, as it turned out, only goal in a 3–1 defeat to Senegal: and then finally were defeated 2–0 by the Dutch, becoming the first tournament hosts to lose all their games at the World Cup. They were also the only Asian team to fail to win at least one match in this World Cup.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Iran were hammered 6–2 by England in the first match in the group stage, but two injury-time goals to defeat Wales 2–0 meant that their fate was still in their own hands by the time of their third match against the USA. However, the USA scored a first-half goal to take second place in the group and send Iran home.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Saudi Arabia came from behind to score a shock 2–1 win against Argentina, one of the tournament's perennial favourites. However, a sobering 2–0 defeat to Poland in their next match saw them needing to defeat Mexico in the third match to qualify. Mexico put those hopes to bed in the second half by taking a 2–0 lead, a narrow offside decision preventing a third goal; a Saudi goal in injury-time to pull the score back to 2–1 served only as consolation (and to ensure that Poland's qualification ahead of Mexico was on goal-difference rather than fair-play, little separating the two sides), the Saudis ultimately finishing at the bottom of the group.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Australia opened the scoring against France, but slumped to a 4–1 defeat. However, a 1–0 victory against Tunisia in the second match gave them a chance to qualify by winning or possibly even drawing the third match against Denmark. A goal for Leckie halfway through the second half gave Australia the victory, and Australia finished the group in second place (on goal difference behind France, following Tunisia's surprise victory over the French which would have seen them progress at Australia's expense if Denmark had managed to equalize) and qualified for the second round for the second time in their history and for the first time as an AFC member, where they would face Argentina. The victory over Denmark marked the first time Australia had kept two clean sheets in succession at the World Cup, or kept a clean sheet against any European side, and the first time they had won two matches in a single World Cup. Against Argentina, though, their luck ran out: goals from Messi in the first half, and Alvarez in the second, gave Argentina a 2–0 lead. Australia pulled a goal back, thanks to an own goal by Fernandez from a deflected shot by Goodwin, and came perilously close to an injury-time equalizer, but Kuol's shot was saved by Martinez, Argentina winning 2–1 in the end.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: Japan, 1–0 down at half-time, came back to beat Germany 2–1. They dominated possession and territory against Costa Rica in their second match, but it was Costa Rica scored a late goal and went away with a 1–0 win, leaving Japan needing at least a point against Spain. At half-time, again 1–0 down and with Spain having the majority of possession and territory, it appeared that Japan were down and out, especially with Germany seemingly dominant against Costa Rica despite having only one goal to show for it. However Japan turned it around in the second half, and scored two goals – the second including a potentially controversial VAR decision over whether the ball had previously gone out of play: most video angles showed the ball grounded on the wrong side of the line, but one crucial camera angle showed part of its curvature overhanging the edge of the line and thus still in play. Spain were unable to equalize, and Japan thus overtook them to top the group – ahead of Spain, who finished in second place ahead of Germany on goal difference. Japan would go on to face Croatia in the second round: Maeda gave them the lead just before half-time, but Perisic equalized for Croatia shortly afterwards. Both teams tired in the second half, and a scrappy extra-time period produced few chances as the game went to a penalty shoot-out. Croatia's keeper Livakovic was the hero, saving three of Japan's penalties, Croatia winning the shoot-out 3–1 after four penalties for each side.


title: Asian nations at the FIFA World Cup

text: South Korea drew their first match 0–0 against Uruguay. In the second, against Ghana, they were 2–0 down at half-time: they pulled both goals back, only to concede a third shortly later, and were unable to force an equalizer, losing 3–2, leaving them needing to beat already-qualified Portugal in their third match and hope the other result was favourable. Although this seemed a difficult task, South Korea came back from a goal down to beat Portugal 2–1: and since Uruguay beat Ghana 2–0 (the same margin by which they had lost to Portugal), South Korea were level with them on goal difference and ahead on goals scored, and went forward to join Japan and Australia in the last sixteen to meet Brazil, the first time three teams from Asia had qualified for the knockout stage. The Koreans, however, were totally outclassed by Brazil, 4-0 down after barely half an hour, and it could have been even more before half-time but several clear chances were wasted. In the second half Brazil noticeably eased up, and scored no more, in fact the Koreans pulled a late goal back, but 4-1 marked the end of Korea's and Asia's participation in 2022.


title: Joohoney

text: Lee Joo-heon (; born October 6, 1994), better known by the stage name Joohoney and formerly mononymously known as Jooheon, is a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, producer, and actor. He is a member of the South Korean boy group Monsta X, which was formed through Mnet's survival show "No.Mercy", under Starship Entertainment in 2015.


title: Joohoney

text: Prior to his debut with Monsta X, Joohoney was part of a project group called Nu Boyz (along with #GUN, Shownu and Wonho) formed under Starship Entertainment in August 2014. The quartet uploaded multiple mixtapes to their company's YouTube channel and also performed at the opening show of Starship X concert in December 2014.


title: Joohoney

text: In December 2014, Starship Entertainment and Mnet launched a survival program called "No.Mercy" and Joohoney was selected along with six other participants (including Shownu and Wonho) as part of the new boy group Monsta X on the last episode of the show.


title: Joohoney

text: In January 2015, Joohoney released a collaboration track "Coach Me", with San E and Sistar's Hyolyn. Joohoney alongside group member Kihyun, participated in the soundtrack for the South Korean drama "Orange Marmalade" for the song titled "Attractable Woman", which was released in May 2015, and produced by Crazy Park and his team.


title: Joohoney

text: In June, Joohoney auditioned for the fourth season of Mnet's rap competition TV show "Show Me the Money". He reached the third round and was eliminated in a 1-on-1 battle against rapper Lee Hyun-joon, but was later brought back for a second chance where he lost to One.


title: Joohoney

text: In April 2016, Joohoney was one of the producers for JTBC's hip-hop competition show "Tribe of Hip Hop", appearing as the youngest producer on the show.


title: Joohoney

text: In August 2018, Joohoney released his mixtape "DWTD". For the release, he released a music video for the track "Red Carpet", then a few months later, in October, he released a second MV, this time for the track "Should I Do". It charted in several countries, including charting at number eight and twenty-two on the weekly "Billboard"s World Album and Top Heatseekers Album charts, respectively.


title: Joohoney

text: In February 2019, he changed to the stage name Joohoney, from using his given name Jooheon, for English-language activities.


title: Joohoney

text: In June, Joohoney appeared on "Produce X 101" as a guest rap instructor for the trainees' first elimination battle.


title: Joohoney

text: In January 2020, Joohoney took a temporary break from Monsta X in order to focus on his mental health. He continued promotions again in late March, prior to the release of their Korean EP "Fantasia X".


title: Joohoney

text: On October 9, Joohoney released his mixtape "Psyche". He also pre-released the music video for the track "Intro: Ambition" on October 7, and then released the music video for "Smoky" simultaneous to the release of the mixtape. "Smoky" was described by Daniel Waters of "MTV" as an "emo-k-pop crossover", with "Teen Vogue" describing the chorus as "a sort of angsty rock 'n roll anthem" that both described as "cathartic". On October 21, Joohoney released a music video for the title track "Psyche".


title: Joohoney

text: In December 2020, Joohoney collaborated with Lovelyz's Kei on the OST "Ride or Die" for the drama "Run On". The song was released on December 23.


title: Joohoney

text: In May 2021, Joohoney featured on the remake of the song "If You Love Me" by NS Yoon-G, originally released in 2012 with a feature by Jay Park.


title: Joohoney

text: On August 5, MBC's "Idol Radio" announced its second season, with Joohoney as a DJ for the show, alongside group member Hyungwon. The first episode aired on August 9, with the show streaming weekly through Universe and airing on MBC Radio.


title: Joohoney

text: In September, Joohoney appeared on the MU:PLY's "Muziekwang Company" as Kikwang's manager. It was a mockumentary web program that follows their journey as they open their own music agency. Muzie plays the company's CEO and top producer, while Kikwang plays a solo artist signed to the label.


title: Joohoney

text: On October 14, Joohoney attended the 2023 S/S Seoul Fashion Week's Beyond Closet show organized by fashion designer Ko Tae-yong, held at Dongdaemun Design Plaza (DDP) in Seoul. On October 20, he also performed for MBC's "Idol Radio"s first overseas concert Idol Radio Live in Tokyo, alongside group member Hyungwon and Got7's Youngjae, with several other artists, held at Tokyo Garden Theater in Tokyo.


title: Joohoney

text: On November 21, Starship Entertainment confirmed that Joohoney will make his acting debut through the Netflix original film "K-Pop: Lost in America", which revolves around the story of a Korean boy group that heads to New York for its debut but ends up stranded in Texas with no money and mobile phones, and will be helmed by famous Korean film director Yoon Je-kyoon who directed "Haeundae" and "The Negotiation", with filming in the U.S. starting from March to June 2023.


title: Joohoney

text: Joohoney has been attracting attention from global fans with his extraordinary producing ability, starting from their debut album up until now. He proved his outstanding musical ability by participating in the production of his first title track in 2021, earning a nomination from one of the most influential music awards in the United States. He strengthened his presence by featuring various artists, as well as active activities between groups and individuals, and developed his own unique world of music through his mixtapes. Joohoney is also showing versatility as a member for the team's "aegyo" and "anti-war charm", and has expanded his activities in various fields, including being selected as a DJ and as an exclusive model for various brands. Upon his limitless growth, he had established himself as an "all-rounder artist" with vocals, rap, and even producing.


title: Joohoney

text: According to Born Champ's CEO Bae Sang-in, there is a significant increase in sales, thanks to strengthening marketing, including the selection of Monsta X's Joohoney as a brand model. Starting with the 2022 S/S season, the brand, which has presented a collection of perfect chemistry for each season with Joohoney, is expected to increase its performance by 30-40% compared to the previous year. Their winter collection, unveiled on October 6, as soon as it was released, the main product became the number one product in Musinsa. They lined up the rankings throughout the opening day, causing an explosive response. When launching a new collection on his birthday, he caught both issues and sales.


title: Joohoney

text: In July 2021, Joohoney was selected as an exclusive model of the Korean SPA brand SPAO's F/W season, in collaboration with the Korean brands and customers' lifestyle platform Musinsa.


title: Joohoney

text: In February 2022, he became one of the faces of the Korean cosmetic and skincare brand Olive Young's Vegan Beauty campaign, alongside group member Minhyuk and labelmate Ive's Liz. In March, Joohoney became the new face of the Korean street casual brand Born Champs, unveiling the 2022 spring collection through SNS.


title: Joohoney

text: In October 2021, Joohoney donated 00,000 through the idol fandom community service My Favorite Idol, on the occasion of his birthday on October 6. It will be delivered to the Miral Welfare Foundation and used as a fund for the disabled who are isolated due to COVID-19. He appeared on the cover of the "Korean Beauty Magazine"s November issue, published by Public News, that also spreads Hallyu culture to the world and introduces fashion, beauty and life that Koreans love, with all proceeds from sales of the magazine will also be donated to the Korea Social Contribution Association, and 100% will be used for the development of Hallyu culture and the underprivileged.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Mohammad Hafeez (Punjabi and ; born 17 October 1980) is a former Pakistani international cricketer. Hafeez was a versatile batsman who could bat anywhere in the top 6 and formed part of the bowling attack. He played as a spin bowling all-rounder for the majority of his career and, along with Saeed Ajmal and Shahid Afridi, formed part of one of the best spin attacks in the 2010's . He retired from Test cricket after the third and final match against New Zealand in Abu Dhabi in December 2018, departing the ground for the final time in white clothing to a guard of honour from his teammates. On 3 January 2022, he announced his retirement from all forms of international cricket, ending a career that spanned more than 18 years.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: He was the fourth international player to play in the Caribbean Premier League and the first Pakistani player to be named to be chosen for Twenty20 tournament. He is nicknamed "The Professor". The major teams for which he played are Pakistan, Lahore, Lahore Lions, Guyana Amazon Warriors, Kolkata Knight Riders, Sargodha, Sui Gas Corporation of Pakistan. Hafeez scored his test career best of 224 runs against Bangladesh in 2015 at Khulna during the Dan Cake Series.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In August 2018, he was one of the thirty-three players to be awarded a central contract for the 2018–19 season by the Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB). In December 2018, during Pakistan's series against New Zealand, Hafeez announced that he would retire from Test cricket following the conclusion of the tour, to focus on limited-overs cricket. Hafeez said that the time was right to retire from Test cricket and that he was honoured to represent Pakistan in 55 Test matches, including captaining the side.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: After a lackluster personal ICC 2019 World Cup campaign albeit a match-winning 84 batting at number 4 against England in the round-robin stage in 2019, he found new life as a T20 specialist for Pakistan and various leagues across the world. This culminated in him being the leading run scorer in T20I cricket in the world in 2020.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Hafeez has played in Bhera and was one of several young all-rounders whom the Pakistani cricket team turned to in order to revitalize their side after their poor display in 2003 World Cup where Pakistan was out from first round. His form with both bat and ball was inconsistent and in late 2003 he was dropped from the Test squad and subsequently from the ODI side. Following strong domestic performances, as well as some consistent showings for the Pakistan A side, he remained on the fringes of a recall in 2004.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Hafeez returned to the ODI side in 2005 and despite poor form with the bat, his bowling performances were impressive. In the 2006 series held in Australia, Hafeez smashed his first century for Pakistan. With Pakistan struggling to find a solid opening pair for the Test side, he was recalled for the tour of England. His return to Test cricket was made at The Oval where he scored a fluent 95. Subsequently, Hafeez retained his place in the Test squad for Pakistan's home series against the West Indies in November of that year. After getting out early despite good starts in the first two Tests, he went on to score his second Test century in the third Test in Karachi.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In 2010 he was recalled for the third ICC World Twenty20 squad. His form was poor scoring only 39 runs and taking only 2 wickets in 6 matches. However he was subsequently selected for the T20Is and the ODIs on Pakistan's 2010 tour of England. He was the second highest Pakistani run scorer in the ODI series producing some solid opening partnerships with Kamran Akmal. Following this good form he was included in the squad that was selected to play South Africa in the UAE and he replaced disgraced skipper Salman Butt as an opening batsman in both Tests, achieving a batting average 32.50. He played in all 5 ODI matches ending up as the top run scorer and he also topped the bowling averages for the series. At the end of 2010 he was also selected for the party that would tour New Zealand and the West Indies and this resulted in him establishing himself as a regular in the Test, ODI and T20 teams.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Against India on 18 March 2012 in Bangladesh at Shere Bangla National Stadium, Mirpur at the 2012 Asia Cup, he scored 105 off 113 balls and was involved in a 224 run partnership with Nasir Jamshed, which is the best opening partnership for Pakistan against India in one day internationals. They eclipsed Aamer Sohail and Saeed Anwar's record of 144 runs which was made in 1996. During this innings, Hafeez was forced to run a lot which towards the end was hampering him due to a leg injury. Subsequently, he earned the nickname, the Snake of Sargodha, for his zigzag running pattern between the wickets. He made his 4th ODI century in March 2012 against Bangladesh at Dhaka. He also made his highest test score of 196 against Sri Lanka in the second Test at Colombo in June 2012.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In December 2012, during the tour of Pakistani cricket team in India in 2012–13, he came across as a very different and aggressive batsman and scored so brilliantly and briskly and helped Pakistan to win the first T20I and 2nd ODI with his heroics of brilliant batting and nearly chasing a mountain high target of 191 in the second T20I. His scores were 61 and 55 in first and second T20I respectively and scored 76 runs in the 2nd ODI and sharing an opening stand of 141 with Nasir Jamshed and also bowled economically to help Pakistan win their first ODI series in India since 7 years. In this period, he was considered to be the main all-rounder of Pakistan Cricket team along with Shahid Afridi. He had a great series against Sri Lanka in Dec 2013, where he scored 122 in the first match, 140* in the third and 113* in the fourth match. Thus he became, the second batsman after Zaheer Abbas to score 3 centuries in an ODI series. Hafeez was initially selected in the Pakistan squad for the 2015 World Cup but was ruled out 6 days before the World Cup due to a calf injury. He was replaced by Nasir Jamshed.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: On 20 December 2020, he hit his career best T20I score of 99* off 57 balls against New Zealand in their second T20I at Hamilton. On 31 July 2021, he bowled his most economic spell in the T20I against West Indies, giving away 6 runs off his 4 overs.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: He was appointed captain of the Pakistan T20 team in May 2012 and vice captain, under Misbah-ul-Haq, of the ODI and Test teams. During the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 in Sri Lanka in September 2012, Pakistan reached the semi-finals where they lost to the home side. After the tournament, there was some controversy with veteran all-rounder Abdul Razzaq who was critical of his non-selection for a number of matches. Hafeez also came into some conflict with the PCB over their view that he adopted a rather unilateral and non-consultative approach while making selection decisions. However, he was supported by the coach Dav Whatmore and both of them emphasised the poor fitness levels of many players. The PCB committee decided that they would subsequently closely monitor Hafeez's performance in this context during the coming tours to India and South Africa.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: As a captain, he led Pakistan to victories over South Africa, West Indies and Zimbabwe. He equalled the records of most wins as a Pakistani captain in T20 and most number of away series wins as a Pakistani captain. Under his leadership, Pakistan managed to move up to the second position in the rankings.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: He also became the first Pakistani captain to hit three fifties in a row and became Pakistan's leading run scorer in T20s. After Pakistan's exit from the T20 World Championship Hafeez apologized on behalf of his team and stepped down as captain. Imran Khan, Pakistan's former captain criticised this decision and advised Hafeez to stay as captain. His resignation was a rare incident in Pakistan cricket.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In March 2016, Pakistan's exit from the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 after losing 3 matches caused great controversy in Pakistan, with blame shifting between Waqar Younis as well as many of the players on the team. Hafeez was accused, by Younis, of lying about his knee injury before the T20. He said it could have affected the teams poor performance. Despite bad performance during the T20I world cup 2016 Hafeez was picked for the England tour of 2016 Hafeez was out on 0 several times throughout the test series and during the ODI series in the first match he was out on 11 which then he was dropped for rest of the tour because of bad performance and not fit enough to play. After missing out of international cricket for months in which he missed the West Indies series in the UAE, Hafeez was then picked for the Australia tour 2017 to play the ODI series. As of the first ODI match Hafeez was out on 4. For the second ODI Azhar Ali was ruled out because of injury which promoted Hafeez to captain Pakistan, Hafeez did a very good job as Pakistan won the match and won for the first time in 12 years on Australian soil. Not only that Hafeez's captaincy was appreciated but he also made 72 runs which earned him player of the match. Hafeez was a regular member in Pakistan's triumph in the Champions Trophy 2017 in England


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In April 2019, he was named in Pakistan's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. Though, he was named man of the match in Pakistan's second match of the tournament against England for his 62-ball 84 and important wicket of English captain Eoin Morgan, he remained inconsistent for the rest of the tournament with low-strike rate scores of 16, 9, 20, 32, 19 and 27. He didn't do wonders with the ball either with an expensive economy rate of almost 6 per over which was worse than any other Pakistani spinner in the tournament.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In June 2020, he was named in a 29-man squad for Pakistan's tour to England during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, on 23 June 2020, Hafeez was one of seven players from Pakistan's squad to test positive for COVID-19. Hafeez then tested negative the following day, after taking a private test to get a second opinion. On 30 August 2020, in the second T20I against England, Hafeez became the second batsman for Pakistan to score 2,000 runs in T20I cricket. On 10 April 2021, in the first match against South Africa, Hafeez played in his 100th T20I match.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Mohammad Hafeez was signed by Kolkata Knight Riders, and played in the inaugural season of the IPL. He scored 64 runs in 8 matches and picked up 1 wicket in the tournament. He did not play in the 2nd edition of IPL due to the tense atmosphere after the 2008 Mumbai attacks.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Hafeez was placed in the Diamond category in the inaugural edition of PSL and was picked ("bought") for US$70,000 by the Peshawar Zalmi side. He left Peshawar Zalmi in 2018 after playing for the franchise for 3 years. He was picked by Lahore Qalanders for the fourth edition of PSL and was also given the captaincy.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In December 2015, he was signed by Dhaka Dynamites for the remainder of the 2015 Bangladesh Premier League (BPL). In December 2018, Hafeez joined Rajshahi Kings for the sixth edition of Bangladesh Premier League.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In January 2014, he was signed by Melbourne Stars as a replacement Lasith Malinga for the reminder of the 2013–14 BBL.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: On 3 June 2018, he was selected to play for the Montreal Tigers in the players' draft for the inaugural edition of the Global T20 Canada tournament. In September 2018, he was named in Nangarhar's squad for the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: He was signed by Edmonton Royals as marquee player in 2nd season of GT20 Canada in July 2019. He replaced Rassie Van Dussen in ST KITTS & NEVIS PATRIOTS team for CPL 2019. He then, signed for Middlesex for 5 matches in August 2019. He joined Middlesex County Cricket Club for the 2019 Vitality Blast, as a replacement for Mujeeb Ur Rahman.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In November 2021, he was selected to play for the Galle Gladiators following the players' draft for the 2021 Lanka Premier League.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In June 2015, Hafeez was suspended for an illegal arm action. However, he was again selected for the ODI series against Sri Lanka. He proved the value of his comeback by taking 4 for 41 runs and scored a century, which earned him the man of the match award.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Hafeez has scored 21 centuries (100 or more runs) in Test matches, One Day International (ODI) matches, organized by the International Cricket Council. Hafeez has scored 10 centuries in Test matches and 11 centuries in ODIs.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: Hafeez scored his maiden Test century in his second match on 27 August 2003 against Bangladesh. His highest Test score is 224 which was also scored against Bangladesh on 28 April 2015 at Khulna.


title: Mohammad Hafeez

text: In ODIs, his maiden century came against New Zealand on 29 January 2011 at Christchurch. He scored 115 runs in that match and guided Pakistan to the victory. Up to now, his highest ODI score is 140* which was scored against Sri Lanka on 22 December 2013 at Sharjah. Sri Lanka is being his favorite opponent in ODIs, against them he had scored 4 centuries.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Aerosinusitis, also called barosinusitis, sinus squeeze or sinus barotrauma is a painful inflammation and sometimes bleeding of the membrane of the paranasal sinus cavities, normally the frontal sinus. It is caused by a difference in air pressures inside and outside the cavities.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Typically, sinus barotrauma is preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection or allergy. The affected person has a sudden sharp facial pain or headache during descent, which increases as the aircraft approaches ground level. The pain can ultimately become disabling unless the ambient pressure is reversed.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: The pressure difference causes the mucosal lining of the sinuses to become swollen and submucosal bleeding follows with further difficulties ventilating the sinus, especially if the orifices are involved. Ultimately fluid or blood will fill the space.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: In most cases of sinus barotrauma, localized pain to the frontal area is the predominant symptom. This is due to pain originating from the frontal sinus, it being above the brow bones. Less common is pain referred to the temporal, occipital, or retrobulbar region. Epistaxis or serosanguineous secretion from the nose may occur. Neurological symptoms may affect the adjacent fifth cranial nerve and especially the infraorbital nerve.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: The pathology of sinus barotrauma is directly related to Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on it, when temperature is constant (P1 × V1 = P2 × V2). Two types of acute barotrauma are observed: squeeze and reverse squeeze.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: On ascent, the air in the paranasal sinuses will expand according to Boyle's law, contracting during descent. Normally, the sinuses drain into the nasal cavity through small ostia, which permit mucociliary clearance and ventilation that equilibrates pressure. However, when the opening is obstructed due to inflammation, polyps, mucosal thickening, anatomical abnormalities, or other lesions, pressure equilibration is impossible. Squeeze is produced on descent when trapped air in the sinuses contracts and produces negative pressure. The pressure differentials are directed to the center of the sinuses producing mucosal edema, transudation, and mucosal-or submucosal-hematoma, leading to further occlusion of the sinus ostium. The sinus will fill with fluid or blood unless the pressure differential is neutralized.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: If the outlet is blocked during ascent, the situation is reversed and "reverse squeeze" appears. Pressure inside the sinus increases, affecting the walls of the sinus and producing pain or epistaxis.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: The majority of episodes of sinus barotrauma occur in the frontal sinuses with pain localized over the frontal area. Possible explanations for this might be the relatively long and delicate nasofrontal duct that connects the narrow frontal recess with the frontal sinuses.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Barotrauma located in the maxillary, ethmoidal, or sphenoid sinuses is observed less frequently and appears when the ostia are blocked; the majority of cases are probably caused by an acute upper respiratory tract infection. The magnitude of the pressure difference needed to produce a barotrauma probably shows great individual variation and is related to the size of the sinus ostium and the rate of ambient pressure change. Due to this, even commercial flying may produce severe cases of barotraumas, although most of the cases are observed in high performance aircraft with lower pressurized cabins.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Most cases occur in scuba divers and fliers, and is easily diagnosed when presented to physicians immediately after exposure. On the other hand, the problem may remain undiagnosed when the history fails to relate the symptoms to exposure to environmental pressure changes or if the focus is on other etiologies.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Mild cases of barotrauma are readily treated by topical decongestants and painkillers. In severe cases or cases resistant to local treatment, functional endoscopic sinus surgery is indicated in order to re-establish drainage and ventilation of the sinuses. This treatment has shown good results in aviators who have recurrent sinus barotrauma. Computer-aided surgery has re-established the drainage of affected sinuses, especially with regard to the sphenoid sinuses. When the sphenoids were entered endoscopically, mucosal petechia and hematoma were clearly seen.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Sinus barotrauma or aerosinusitis has been known since the early development of aviation medicine. However, it was during World War II that the subject first received serious attention and the pathogenesis of the disease was understood to be due to exposure to high altitude flights. Rapid altitude changes with accompanying changes in ambient pressure exposed the aircrews to an increasing number of episodes of sinus barotrauma.


title: Aerosinusitis

text: Referred pain from barosinusitis to the maxilla consists about one-fifth of in-flight barodontalgia (i.e., pain in the oral cavity caused by barometric pressure change) cases. Although the environment of fighter pilots produces the most stressful barometric changes, commercial flying has changed the picture of the disease.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River flows west and south for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie as a strait in the Great Lakes system. The river divides the metropolitan areas of Detroit, Michigan, and Windsor, Ontario—an area collectively referred to as Detroit–Windsor—and forms part of the border between Canada and the United States. The Ambassador Bridge, the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel, and the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel connect the cities.


title: Detroit River

text: The river's English name comes from the French (translated as "River of the Strait"). The Detroit River has served an important role in the history of Detroit and Windsor, and is one of the world's busiest waterways. It is an important transportation route connecting Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, and Lake Superior to Lake Erie and eventually to Lake Ontario, the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Erie Canal. When Detroit underwent rapid industrialization at the turn of the 20th century, the Detroit River became notoriously polluted and toxic. Since the late 20th century, however, a vast restoration effort has been undertaken because of the river's ecological importance.


title: Detroit River

text: In the early 21st century, the river today has a wide variety of economic and recreational uses. There are numerous islands in the Detroit River, and much of the lower portion of the river is part of the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge. The portion of the river in the city of Detroit has been organized into the Detroit International Riverfront and the William G. Milliken State Park and Harbor. The Detroit River is designated both an American Heritage River and a Canadian Heritage River—the only river to have this dual designation.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River flows for from Lake St. Clair to Lake Erie. By definition, this classifies it as both a river and a strait — a strait being a narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water, which is how the river earned its name from early French settlers. However, today, the Detroit River is rarely referred to as a strait, because bodies of water referred to as straits are typically much wider relative to their length. The river forms the southern portion of the waterway connecting Lake Huron to the north and Lake Erie to the south, with other portions including the St. Clair River and Lake St. Clair.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River is only wide. It begins with an east-to-west flow from Lake St. Clair, but curves and runs north to south. The deepest portion of the Detroit River is in its northern portion. At its source, the river is at an elevation of above sea level. The river is relatively level, dropping only before entering Lake Erie at . As the river contains no dams and no locks, it is easily navigable by even the smallest of vessels. The watershed basin for the Detroit River is approximately .


title: Detroit River

text: Since the river is fairly short, it has few tributaries, the largest being the River Rouge in Michigan; this is four times longer than the Detroit River and contains most of the watershed. The only other major American tributary to the Detroit River is the much smaller Ecorse River. Tributaries on the Canadian side include Little River, Turkey Creek, and the River Canard. The discharge for the Detroit River is relatively high for a river of its size. The river's discharge averaged over the year is , and the river's flow is relatively constant.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River forms a major element of the international border between the United States and Canada. The river on the American side is all under the jurisdiction of Wayne County, Michigan, and the Canadian side is under the administration of Essex County, Ontario. The largest city along the Detroit River is Detroit, and most of the population along the river lives in Michigan. The Detroit River has two automobile traffic crossings connecting the United States and Canada: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel. Both of these are strongly protected by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection and the Canada Border Services Agency.


title: Detroit River

text: The upper portion of the river is one of the two places where a Canadian city lies directly south of an American city. In this case, the city of Detroit is directly north of the city of Windsor, Ontario. The only other location where this occurs is Fort Erie, Ontario, which lies south of several cities in Niagara County, New York. The cities and communities southwest of Detroit along the American side of the river are popularly referred to as the Downriver area, because those areas are said to be "down the river" from Detroit. Several of these communities do not border the Detroit River but the term "Downriver" refers broadly to the cluster of 18 suburban communities that lie to the southwest of the city of Detroit and to the west of the Detroit River.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River contains 31 charted islands. The majority of the islands are located on the American side of the river. Many of the islands are small and uninhabited, and none are divided by the international border, as the two countries do not share a land border along the river. Grosse Ile is the largest and most populated of all islands, and Fighting Island is the largest Canadian island. Most islands are located in the southern portion of the river.


title: Detroit River

text: Europeans first recorded navigating the Detroit River in the 17th century. The Iroquois traded furs with the Dutch colonists at New Amsterdam by traveling through the Detroit River. The French later claimed the area for New France. The famed sailing ship "Le Griffon" reached the mouth of the Detroit River in mid-August 1679 on its maiden voyage through the Great Lakes. Later, when the French began settling in the area, they navigated the river using canoes made of birch or elm bark. Handcrafted vessels were a common mode of travel across the river, and pirogues and bateaux were also used.


title: Detroit River

text: As the North American fur trade intensified, European settlers expanded their trade westward into uncharted territories. French explorer Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac sailed up the Detroit River on July 23, 1701. The next day, he established Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit, which developed as Detroit. The French named the river as "Rivière Détroit". "Détroit" is French for "strait". The river was known literally as the "River of the Strait".


title: Detroit River

text: When Great Britain defeated the French in the Seven Years' War (known as the French and Indian War on the American front), it took over control of the Detroit River, as well as other French territory east of the Mississippi River. The newly formed United States claimed this territory during the American Revolution, but the British did not transfer it until 1796.


title: Detroit River

text: During the War of 1812, the Detroit River served as a major barrier between the American Michigan Territory and British Upper Canada, especially during the Battle of Fort Detroit in August 1812. Detroit briefly fell to the British. After the completion of the Erie Canal in 1817, which opened up easier travel to Lake Erie from the East Coast of the United States, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River and the port of New York City, the Detroit River became a route for many migrating settlers traveling to northern Michigan. Detroit rapidly attracted a share of new residents. Following the Patriot War, in which British regulars and Michigan militia nearly came to armed conflict on the ice-covered Detroit River, the United States built Fort Wayne at Detroit to counter Britain's riverside Fort Malden at Amherstburg across the river.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River served as a final stop on the Underground Railroad and was the most active entry point along the United States–Canada border for fugitive slaves.


title: Detroit River

text: Escaping slaves often chose to cross through the Detroit River rather than flee to Mexico because of the river's location near free states made it less risky than traveling through slaveholding states that border Mexico. The strong Underground Railroad networks in the Canadian border region also assisted Blacks hoping to flee from the U.S. once the Fugitive Slave Act was strengthened in 1850. Canada also granted legal immigration status to Blacks, while Mexico did not for many years.


title: Detroit River

text: Individuals and organizations assisted escaping slaves hoping to cross the Detroit River from the United States into Canada. The Second Baptist Church of Detroit and First Baptist Church of Amherstburg coordinated ferrying thousands of Blacks across the Detroit River into Canada, and Detroit's Colored Vigilant Committee assisted over 1,500 fugitives in crossing into Canada. Famous abolitionists and Underground Railroad conductors including George DeBaptiste and William Lambert worked individually and with these organizations to assist fleeing slaves and condemn slavery.


title: Detroit River

text: There was considerable transnational fluidity between the Canadian and American sides of the river until the middle of the 19th century. The 1833 Blackburn Riots in Detroit, which erupted after slave hunters detained couple Lucie and Thornton Blackburn, marked the end of hundreds of years of a nearly porous border between Canada and the United States on the Detroit River. Detroit's African American population protested and helped the Blackburns escape across the Detroit River to Upper Canada, where the British colonial government in Canada declared former slaves could not be extradited to be returned to their owners. With their freedom in Canada secured, crossing the Detroit River out of the United States became an imperative for escaping slaves.


title: Detroit River

text: During the American Civil War (1861–1865), the Union feared the seceded Confederate States of America (CSA) would plan a northerly attack from Canada, which was controlled by the British Empire and remained neutral in the war. The Union feared the CSA would cross the Detroit River to launch this attack. For that reason, Union forces regularly patrolled the Detroit River and the fortification at Fort Wayne improved, although it was far removed from any major combat. A Confederate plot to capture the U.S. Navy warship, USS "Michigan", and liberate Confederate prisoners from Johnson Island, in western Lake Erie, was narrowly averted only after the Confederates had captured two passenger steamships.


title: Detroit River

text: At the beginning of the 20th century, Detroit's industrialization took off on an unprecedented scale. The Detroit River became the world's busiest commercial river and in 1908 was dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by "The Detroit News". In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons (61 billion kg) of shipping commerce through Detroit to markets all over the world. By comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons (16 billion kg), and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons (18 billion kg).


title: Detroit River

text: From 1920 to 1933, the United States (US) enforced the Prohibition era. The sale, manufacture, and transportation of alcohol for consumption were nationally banned. Detroit, as the largest city bordering Canada, where alcohol remained legal during Prohibition, became the center of a new industry known as rum-running, smuggling liquor into the US.


title: Detroit River

text: No bridges connected Ontario, Canada and Michigan, US, until the Ambassador Bridge was finished in 1929 and the Detroit–Windsor Tunnel in 1930. Smugglers used boats of varying sizes to transport alcohol across the river during the summer, and during the winter months, rum-runners traveled back and forth across the frozen Detroit River by car. In some cases, overloaded cars fell through the ice. In the 21st century, car parts from this era are occasionally still found on the bottom of the river. Rum-running in Windsor and production of bootleg liquor became common practices. American mobsters such as the Purple Gang of Detroit used violence to control the route known as the "Detroit-Windsor Funnel," and continue to gain lucrative returns from the trade. The name parodied the newly built tunnel between the cities and nations. The Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, and the St. Clair River are estimated to have carried 75% of all liquor smuggled into the United States during Prohibition. Government officials were unable or unwilling to deter the flow.


title: Detroit River

text: Because of the booming businesses and long history of Metro Detroit and Windsor, Ontario, the Detroit River has been the site of many artifacts, some lost with sunken ships and others abandoned, such as murder weapons or stolen bronze statues. A DMC DeLorean has also been recovered from the river. The artifacts recovered are well preserved due to the river's fresh water but low visibility makes them difficult to find.


title: Detroit River

text: A 1940s-era bronze statue depicting a classical nude woman was originally installed to overlook a reflecting pool in the Grosse Pointe War Memorial. It was nicknamed "The Nude," and, in 2001, was believed to have been successfully stolen for display in some art collector's private cache. During a police diving exercise near a submerged Jeep, the statue was found in 2009, restored, and returned to the memorial.


title: Detroit River

text: Anchors from the "SS Greater Detroit," a luxury steamship that toured the Detroit River from 1924 to 1950, and the famed "SS Edmund Fitzgerald", a lake freighter that sank in a terrible 1975 storm, have notably both been recovered from the river. The 6,000-pound anchor of the "SS Greater Detroit" was raised in November 2016. It was installed at the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority Building. The lost anchor of the "SS Edmund Fitzgerald" was recovered during a July 1992 project, and the anchor was installed in the yard of the Dossin Great Lakes Museum on Belle Isle.


title: Detroit River

text: Since the 1980s, divers have recovered a total of six 1700s-era cannons from the river. The last was found in 2011 near the Cobo Center. They are believed to have been part of the pre-War of 1812 inventory kept by the British garrison in this area. Historians believe another three cannon may still be in the river. Inventory documents record a total of 17 cannons and 14 have been accounted for. It is believed that the British dragged the cannons onto the frozen river so they would sink with the spring thaw, and be kept from use by the American enemy. Another seven, larger cannons may have fallen off a barge closer to Amherstburg, Ontario, and may yet be found in the river.


title: Detroit River

text: Much of the land that surrounds the Detroit River is urbanized and, in some places, has been used for industrial purposes for more than 100 years. There has been excessive water pollution of the river from the long-term, unregulated dumping of chemicals, industrial waste, garbage, and sewage. Much of the Detroit River and its shoreline were polluted and unsafe for recreational use. Thousands of migrating birds died each year because of the oil slicks and contaminated water around the mouth of the Detroit River at Lake Erie. The river's oxygen levels were depleted to the point where fish could not inhabit its waters. Because this pollution often drained into and affected Lake Erie, the lake was considered "dead" and unable to support aquatic life.


title: Detroit River

text: In 1961, a congressional order founded the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge. That began the government's placing tighter restrictions on industries; substantial government funding at various levels has been allocated to clean up the river. In this early period, opponents believed that such efforts would adversely affect Detroit's industry and economy. In 1970, toxic levels of mercury in the water resulted in the total closing of the fishing industry in the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, and Lake Erie. Finally, a massive conservation effort was initiated to clean up the Detroit River. For years, the multi-million dollar cost of removing pollutants from the river and the political influence of nearby industries, hindered conservation efforts.


title: Detroit River

text: In 1998, the Detroit River was designated as an American Heritage River by the US Environmental Protection Agency and in 2001 as a Canadian Heritage River.  It is the only river in North America to have such dual designations.


title: Detroit River

text: In 2001, the Wyandotte National Wildlife Refuge was absorbed into the larger Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge, a cooperative effort between the United States and Canada to preserve the area as an ecological refuge. The millions of dollars spent since that time to dredge pollutants out of the Detroit River has led to a remarkable restoration, although problems remain. Today, many species of native animals that had been driven out by human development are returning to the area. The river is home to a growing number of bird species such as eagles (including reintroduced bald eagles), ospreys, and peregrine falcons. Large numbers of lake whitefish, sturgeon, silver bass, black bass, salmon, perch, and walleye are again thriving in the river.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River and its recovery efforts were listed as a Michigan State Historic Site in 2007. A historic marker was erected along the river in a park that now serves as the Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge visitor center in the city of Trenton.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River is used for shipping and trading. The earliest use of the river for these economic activities was the shipping of furs for trade as early as the 17th century. By the time the fur trade decreased, Michigan had begun to exploit the lumber-rich areas of Northern Michigan and the Upper Peninsula. Detroit turned into a major industrial region, largely because of the Detroit River. The only way a ship could travel out of the upper Great Lakes system was to travel down the Detroit River. From there, ships could travel anywhere in the world out of the St. Lawrence Seaway or the Erie Canal to New York City. At the beginning of the 20th century, the automotive industry boomed, and the many manufacturers imported abundant supplies of iron ore, sand, limestone and wood.


title: Detroit River

text: The Detroit River provides substantial revenue for the local economies. A 1991 study showed $20.1 million came from sales related to waterfowl hunting along the Detroit River. The same year, bird watching, photography, and other non-consumptive uses of waterfowl contributed another $192.8 million to Michigan's economy. Local economies benefit through boating registrations and fishing licenses. It is estimated walleye fishing alone brings in $1 million to the economy of communities along the lower Detroit River each spring. Other fish caught by recreational fisherman include white bass, bluegill, crappie, freshwater drum, smallmouth bass, northern pike and muskie. There are over 800,000 recreation boats in Michigan, and more than half of them are regularly used on or near the Detroit River. Popular river destinations in Detroit include the Detroit International Riverfront and Belle Isle Park — both of which host events throughout the year. Several restaurants on the river have docks for boaters. Tour boats and dinner cruises travel through the sights of Detroit and the undeveloped islands downriver. Cruise ships support tourism on the Great Lakes and dock at the Port Detroit passenger terminal downtown. The iconic Renaissance Center is on the banks of the Detroit River.


title: Detroit River

text: According to a 2004 study, 150,000 jobs and $13 billion in annual production depend on the river crossings connecting Detroit to Windsor. In 2004, the American trade with Ontario alone was $407 billion, in which 28% ($113.3 billion) crossed the Detroit River.


title: Detroit River

text: There are two automobile traffic routes that completely cross the river: the Detroit–Windsor tunnel and the privately owned Ambassador Bridge, both of which connect Detroit, Michigan, to Windsor, Ontario. A railway tunnel and a commercial truck ferry service also travel between Detroit and Windsor. In Michigan, there are two bridges connecting the mainland to Grosse Ile, as well as the MacArthur Bridge that connects the mainland Detroit to Belle Isle. All ports of entry on the American side are secured by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection, and the Canadian side is secured by the Canada Border Services Agency; all areas between the American ports of entry and on the American side of the river are secured by the United States Border Patrol.


title: Detroit River

text: The Gordie Howe International Bridge is a new bridge project which began construction in 2019; it will directly connect Highway 401 in Canada to Interstate 75 in the United States.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation, especially visible light. In radiative transfer, it describes the absorption and scattering of radiation in a medium, such as a plasma, dielectric, shielding material, glass, etc. An opaque object is neither transparent (allowing all light to pass through) nor translucent (allowing some light to pass through). When light strikes an interface between two substances, in general some may be reflected, some absorbed, some scattered, and the rest transmitted (also see refraction). Reflection can be diffuse, for example light reflecting off a white wall, or specular, for example light reflecting off a mirror. An opaque substance transmits no light, and therefore reflects, scatters, or absorbs all of it. Both mirrors and carbon black are opaque. Opacity depends on the frequency of the light being considered. For instance, some kinds of glass, while transparent in the visual range, are largely opaque to ultraviolet light. More extreme frequency-dependence is visible in the absorption lines of cold gases. Opacity can be quantified in many ways; for example, see the article mathematical descriptions of opacity.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: Late Middle English opake, from Latin opacus ‘darkened’. The current spelling (rare before the 19th century) has been influenced by the French form.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: "Radiopacity" is preferentially used to describe opacity of X-rays. In modern medicine, radiodense substances are those that will not allow X-rays or similar radiation to pass. Radiographic imaging has been revolutionized by radiodense contrast media, which can be passed through the bloodstream, the gastrointestinal tract, or into the cerebral spinal fluid and utilized to highlight CT scan or X-ray images. Radiopacity is one of the key considerations in the design of various devices such as guidewires or stents that are used during radiological intervention. The radiopacity of a given endovascular device is important since it allows the device to be tracked during the interventional procedure.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: The words "opacity" and "opaque" are often used as colloquial terms for objects or media with the properties described above. However, there is also a specific, quantitative definition of "opacity", used in astronomy, plasma physics, and other fields, given here.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: In this use, "opacity" is another term for the mass attenuation coefficient (or, depending on context, mass absorption coefficient, the difference is described here) formula_1 at a particular frequency formula_2 of electromagnetic radiation.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: More specifically, if a beam of light with frequency formula_2 travels through a medium with opacity formula_1 and mass density formula_5, both constant, then the intensity will be reduced with distance "x" according to the formula


title: Opacity (optics)

text: For a given medium at a given frequency, the opacity has a numerical value that may range between 0 and infinity, with units of length/mass.


title: Opacity (optics)

text: Opacity in air pollution work refers to the percentage of light blocked instead of the attenuation coefficient (aka extinction coefficient) and varies from 0% light blocked to 100% light blocked:


title: Opacity (optics)

text: It is customary to define the average opacity, calculated using a certain weighting scheme. Planck opacity (also known as Planck-Mean-Absorption-Coefficient) uses the normalized Planck black-body radiation energy density distribution, formula_11, as the weighting function, and averages formula_1 directly:


title: Opacity (optics)

text: Rosseland opacity (after Svein Rosseland), on the other hand, uses a temperature derivative of the Planck distribution, formula_15, as the weighting function, and averages formula_16,


title: Opacity (optics)

text: The photon mean free path is formula_18. The Rosseland opacity is derived in the diffusion approximation to the radiative transport equation. It is valid whenever the radiation field is isotropic over distances comparable to or less than a radiation mean free path, such as in local thermal equilibrium. In practice, the mean opacity for Thomson electron scattering is:


title: Opacity (optics)

text: where formula_20 is the hydrogen mass fraction. For nonrelativistic thermal bremsstrahlung, or free-free transitions, assuming solar metallicity, it is:


title: Superhard material

text: A superhard material is a material with a hardness value exceeding 40 gigapascals (GPa) when measured by the Vickers hardness test. They are virtually incompressible solids with high electron density and high bond covalency. As a result of their unique properties, these materials are of great interest in many industrial areas including, but not limited to, abrasives, polishing and cutting tools, disc brakes, and wear-resistant and protective coatings.


title: Superhard material

text: Diamond is the hardest known material to date, with a Vickers hardness in the range of 70–150 GPa. Diamond demonstrates both high thermal conductivity and electrically insulating properties, and much attention has been put into finding practical applications of this material. However, diamond has several limitations for mass industrial application, including its high cost and oxidation at temperatures above 800 °C. In addition, diamond dissolves in iron and forms iron carbides at high temperatures and therefore is inefficient in cutting ferrous materials including steel. Therefore, recent research of superhard materials has been focusing on compounds which would be thermally and chemically more stable than pure diamond.


title: Superhard material

text: The search for new superhard materials has generally taken two paths. In the first approach, researchers emulate the short, directional covalent carbon bonds of diamond by combining light elements like boron, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. This approach became popular in the late 1980s with the exploration of CN and B-C-N ternary compounds. The second approach towards designing superhard materials incorporates these lighter elements (B, C, N, and O), but also introduces transition metals with high valence electron densities to provide high incompressibility. In this way, metals with high bulk moduli but low hardness are coordinated with small covalent-forming atoms to produce superhard materials. Tungsten carbide is an industrially-relevant manifestation of this approach, although it is not considered superhard. Alternatively, borides combined with transition metals have become a rich area of superhard research and have led to discoveries such as ReB, OsB, and WB.


title: Superhard material

text: Superhard materials can be generally classified into two categories: intrinsic compounds and extrinsic compounds. The intrinsic group includes diamond, cubic boron nitride (c-BN), carbon nitrides, and ternary compounds such as B-N-C, which possess an innate hardness. Conversely, extrinsic materials are those that have superhardness and other mechanical properties that are determined by their microstructure rather than composition. An example of extrinsic superhard material is nanocrystalline diamond known as aggregated diamond nanorods.


title: Superhard material

text: The hardness of a material is directly related to its incompressibility, elasticity and resistance to change in shape. A superhard material has high shear modulus, high bulk modulus, and does not deform plastically. Ideally superhard materials should have a defect-free, isotropic lattice. This greatly reduces structural deformations that can lower the strength of the material. However, defects can actually strengthen some covalent structures. Traditionally, high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions have been used to synthesize superhard materials, but recent superhard material syntheses aim at using less energy and lower cost materials.


title: Superhard material

text: Historically, hardness was first defined as the ability of one material to scratch another and quantified by an integer (sometimes half-integer) from 0 to 10 on the Mohs scale. This scale was however quickly found too discrete and non-linear. Measuring the mechanical hardness of materials changed to using a nanoindenter (usually made of diamond) and evaluating bulk moduli, and the Brinell, Rockwell, Knoop, and Vickers scales have been developed. Whereas the Vickers scale is widely accepted as a most common test, there remain controversies on the weight load to be applied during the test. This is because Vickers hardness values are load-dependent. An indent made with 0.5N will indicate a higher hardness value than an indent made with 50N. This phenomenon is known as the indentation size effect (ISE). Thus, hardness values are not meaningful unless the load is also reported. Some argue that hardness values should consistently be reported in the asymptotic (high-load region), as this is a more standardized representation of a material's hardness.


title: Superhard material

text: Bulk moduli, shear moduli, and elasticity are the key factors in the superhard classification process. The incompressibility of a material is quantified by the bulk modulus B, which measures the resistance of a solid to volume compression under hydrostatic stress as B = −Vdp/dV. Here V is the volume, p is pressure, and dp/dV is the partial derivative of pressure with respect to the volume. The bulk modulus test uses an indenter tool to form a permanent deformation in a material. The size of the deformation depends on the material's resistance to the volume compression made by the tool. Elements with small molar volumes and strong interatomic forces usually have high bulk moduli. Bulk moduli was the first major test of hardness and originally shown to be correlated with the molar volume (V) and cohesive energy (E) as B ~ E/V.


title: Superhard material

text: Bulk modulus was believed to be a direct measure of a material's hardness but this no longer remains the dominant school of thought. For example, some alkali and noble metals (Pd, Ag) have anomalously high ratio of the bulk modulus to the Vickers of Brinell hardness. In the early 2000s, a direct relationship between bulk modulus and valence electron density was found as the more electrons were present the greater the repulsions within the structure were. Bulk modulus is still used as a preliminary measure of a material as superhard but it is now known that other properties must be taken into account.


title: Superhard material

text: In contrast to bulk modulus, shear modulus measures the resistance to shape change at a constant volume, taking into account the crystalline plane and direction of shear. The shear modulus G is defined as ratio of shear stress to shear strain: G = stress/strain = F·L/(A·dx), where F is the applied force, A is the area upon which the force acts, dx is the resulting displacement and L is the initial length. The larger the shear modulus, the greater the ability for a material to resist shearing forces. Therefore, the shear modulus is a measure of rigidity. Shear modulus is related to bulk modulus as , where v is the Poisson's ratio, which is typically ~0.1 in covalent materials. If a material contains highly directional bonds, the shear modulus will increase and give a low Poisson ratio.