title: Dakotaraptor

text: The foot claws of "Dakotaraptor" include a typical dromaeosaurid raptorial second claw, or "sickle claw", which was used for killing or holding down prey. It is large and robust with a diameter of and a length of measured along the outer curve. This equals 29% of the length of the thighbone, compared to 23% in "Deinonychus". The claw is transversely flattened and has a droplet-shaped cross-section. The flexor tubercle, a large bump near the base, served as an attachment site for flexor muscles - the larger it was, the greater the slashing strength. "Dakotaraptor" has a flexor tubercle that is larger relative to overall claw size than it is in other discovered dromaeosaurids, potentially giving it the strongest slashing strength of any known member of this group. The flexor tubercle on the third claw of the foot is almost non-existent, very reduced in size compared to other dromaeosaurids, suggesting a more minimized use of that claw. As these are the bony cores of the claws, they would have been covered in a keratinous sheath that extended the "nail" and ended in a sharp tip. The third claw too is keeled but is much smaller with a tip to joint length of and a curve length of . The groove on its outer side towards the tip ends in a bone tunnel, a rare condition.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: "Dakotaraptor" was placed in the Dromaeosauridae. A cladistic analysis showed that it was the sister species of "Dromaeosaurus". They again formed a clade with "Utahraptor", of which clade "Achillobator" was the direct side branch. Despite being related to other gigantic dromaeosaurids, "Dakotaraptor" was suggested to represent a separate fourth instance of dromaeosaurid size increase, besides "Deinonychus", "Unenlagia", and the "Achillobator" plus "Utahraptor" clade.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: A recent study conducted by Hartman et al. 2019, recovered a placement of "Dakotaraptor" in the Unenlagiidae. If this study proves correct, then "Dakotaraptor" would have been one of the northernmost genera of Unenlagiine known.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: In the recently performed phylogenetic by Currie and Evans in 2019, "Dakotaraptor" was again recovered as an eudromaeosaur, though the authors noted that the holotype may not represent one individual.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: In their description of "Dineobellator", Jasinski et al. (2020) (using the same dataset as Currie and Evans(2019)) again recovered this position for "Dakotaraptor", but also noted the likely status of "Dakotaraptor" as a chimaera, casting doubt on this placement as too basal due to the potential composite nature of the taxon.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: "Acheroraptor temertyorum" is another theropod from the Hell Creek Formation, named in 2013 for a lower jaw, a maxilla, and some teeth. "Acheroraptor" was diagnosed by multiple features, including the possession of ridges on the teeth. Teeth are the only overlapping features between "Acheroraptor" and "Dakotaraptor". However "Acheroraptor" is significantly smaller, and differs from "Dakotaraptor" only in that it possesses vertical ridges on the teeth crowns. Andrea Cau noted that though "Dakotaraptor" is known from individuals of differing sizes, some of the smaller specimens are also fully mature, and it is possible that the size difference means "Dakotaraptor" is simply a different species or size morph of "Acheroraptor". A phylogenetic analysis presented by Cau, though relying on fragmentary specimens, did not result in a close relationship between the two.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: The keeled claw of the second toe, the "sickle claw", was used to bring down prey and had a more robust flexor tubercle than that of "Utahraptor". To the contrary, the third foot claw was relatively smaller in size than with other dromaeosaurids and seems not to have had an important function in attacking prey animals.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: Two morphs, a robust and a gracile one, were present in the fossil material. A study of the bone histology showed that both morphs were adult, so the lighter build of some bones was not caused by a young age. Individual variety or pathologies might account for the difference but the simplest explanation is sexual dimorphism. It can as yet not be deduced which morph was male and which female.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: On the ulna of the lower arm, wide "papillae ulnares" or quill knobs are present, attachment points for large pennaceous feathers. Adult "Dakotaraptor" individuals were much too heavy to fly. Despite this flightless condition, the feathers were not reduced. There is a variety of possible alternative functions for its wings, including shielding of eggs, display, intimidation and keeping balance while pinning down prey with the sickle claw. These functions however, do not necessitate quill knobs and the describing authors considered it likely that "Dakotaraptor" descended from a smaller flying ancestor which had them.


title: Dakotaraptor

text: "Dakotaraptor" is the first medium-sized predator discovered in the Hell Creek Formation (aside from the dubious "Nanotyrannus"), intermediate in length between gigantic tyrannosaurids like "Tyrannosaurus" and smaller Deinonychosaurians like "Acheroraptor". As its tibia was longer than its femur, "Dakotaraptor" would have had a good running capacity, filling the niche of pursuit predator. Especially if it was a pack-hunter, cooperating in groups, it could have preyed upon larger herbivores, possibly competing with subadult tyrannosaurids in the length range. It lived alongside other famous dinosaurs, such as: "Tyrannosaurus", "Triceratops", "Pachycephalosaurus", "Ornithomimus" and "Edmontosaurus".


title: 1990 German federal election

text: Federal elections were held in Germany on 2 December 1990 to elect the members of the 12th Bundestag. This was the first all-German election since the Nazi show election in April 1938, the first multi-party all-German election since that of March 1933, which was held after the Nazi seizure of power and was subject to widespread suppression, and the first free and fair all-German election since November 1932. The result was a comprehensive victory for the governing coalition of the Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union and the Free Democratic Party (FDP), which was reelected to a third term. The second vote result of the CDU/CSU, 20,358,096 votes, remains the highest ever total vote count in a democratic German election.


title: 1990 German federal election

text: The elections marked the first since 1957 that a party other than CDU/CSU and the Social Democratic Party (SPD) won a constituency seat, and the first (and only) time since 1957 that FDP won a constituency seat (Halle).


title: 1990 German federal election

text: This was the first election conducted after German reunification which took place on 3 October. Previously, the had selected 144 of its members which were then co-opted as Members of the German Bundestag and served until the end of the 11th Bundestag.


title: 1990 German federal election

text: Almost 150 seats had been added to represent the re-established eastern states of Germany, without reducing the number of western members. The euphoria following the reunification gave the ruling CDU/CSU–FDP coalition a dramatic advantage in both Western and Eastern Germany throughout the campaign.


title: 1990 German federal election

text: It was the one election for which the 5% threshold was applied not nationwide but separately for the former East Germany (including East Berlin) and former West Germany (including West Berlin). As a result, while the Western Greens did not gain representation, their ideologically-similar Eastern Alliance 90 did, with both merging to form Alliance 90/The Greens in 1993. The combined vote of the two lists totals over 5%, but as the two lists would not merge until 1993, it thus did not entitle the East German party to any elected members from the former West Germany, unlike the PDS, who managed to elect Ulla Jelpke.


title: 1990 German federal election

text: The German Social Union (DSU) under leader Hansjoachim Walther, a right-wing party modelled after the Bavarian CSU running only in former East Germany, failed to achieve the separate 5% threshold, only receiving around 1% of the vote in the eastern states, mostly in the southeast. As part of the co-option, the DSU had previously had eight Members of the Bundestag, who sat as guests in the CDU/CSU caucus. The CSU, which had tried to convince the CDU to stand down in several single-member constituency to enable the DSU to enter the Bundestag separate from the 5% threshold, severed its ties in 1993 and the party fell into irrelevancy.


title: 1990 German federal election

text: The governing CDU/CSU-FDP coalition was returned to office with a landslide majority, and remained chancellor. The CDU did exceptionally well in the former East Germany, which had been the heartland of the SPD before the Nazi era.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Anderson Luiz de Carvalho (born 19 July 1981), known as Nenê, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Vasco da Gama. An attacking midfielder, he is mostly known for his crossing and dribbling ability, also being a free kick specialist.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: He played most of his professional career in Spain, representing four clubs and amassing La Liga totals of 140 games and 23 goals over the course of four seasons, and France, where he appeared with Monaco and Paris Saint-Germain for 142 Ligue 1 matches in four and a half campaigns (55 goals).


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Nenê won the 2013 national championship with PSG, also being chosen the league's best foreign player in 2010 while with Monaco. He also spent three months in England, with West Ham United.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Born in Jundiaí, São Paulo, Nenê started playing professionally with local Etti Jundiaí at the age of 19. On 16 May 2002 he moved to Palmeiras, on loan until December.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Nenê made his Série A debut on 11 August 2002, starting and scoring the first in a 1–1 home draw against Grêmio. He finished the year with five league goals, but his club suffered relegation for the first time in its history.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 27 January 2003, Nenê signed for Santos still in the top division. Mainly a backup option to Robinho and Ricardo Oliveira, he still scored three goals during the team's Copa Libertadores run, and also appeared in both legs of the finals as a substitute.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: In 2003–04, Nenê moved to Spain, first with RCD Mallorca – making his La Liga debut on 14 September 2003 in a 0–4 away loss against Athletic Bilbao– and then Deportivo Alavés. With the Basque side he put up two extraordinary individual seasons, with 21 goals in the league alone, playing his first year in the second division and achieving promotion.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: After being relegated from the top level with Alavés in 2006, Nenê met the same fate with RC Celta de Vigo, again appearing in all 38 league games and totalling nearly 3,000 minutes of action for the Galicians.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 22 August 2007, Nenê was transferred to AS Monaco FC for an undisclosed fee. A year later, having already started with the French, he joined RCD Espanyol in the last days of the summer transfer window on a one-year loan, with a buying option for the Catalans at the season's end, which was finally not activated.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Back with Monaco, Nenê began the new campaign in impressive scoring fashion, scoring nine goals in his first ten matches – this included a brace against US Boulogne in a 3–1 away victory, both from long-range free kicks, as he led the scoring charts for a lengthy period of time.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 11 July 2010, Nenê joined Paris Saint-Germain in a deal believed to be around €5.5 million. "I'm very happy to have signed for Paris," the player told PSG's official website, adding: "Like PSG, I'm hoping to have a big league season and to pull something off in the Europa League". He scored in his first official appearance, a 3–1 home win against AS Saint-Étienne, adding two on 11 September against newly promoted AC Arles-Avignon (4–0, home). Halfway through the season he had already registered 13 goals, making him the third-highest scorer only behind Moussa Sow and Kevin Gameiro; his displays, free-kick ability and attacking flair earned him comparisons with Ronaldinho, a compatriot who played at the Parc des Princes earlier in the decade, but he only scored one more goal until the end of the campaign, with PSG finally finishing fourth.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: In the summer of 2011, Paris Saint-Germain were purchased by Qatari investors and bought several new players, including Jérémy Menez with whom Nenê had played at Monaco. The Brazilian began the season hesitantly, struggling to accept that he had lost his star status in the team with the arrival of Javier Pastore. On 29 October, however, he scored two goals (both penalties) in a 4–2 home win against Stade Malherbe Caen, putting his team three points clear at the top of the table.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Nenê scored his first hat-trick with PSG on 13 May 2012, netting all of the game's goals in the home fixture against Stade Rennais F.C. in only 18 minutes of play. He finished the campaign as the league's second top scorer, helping his side to the second place and direct qualification to the UEFA Champions League.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 15 January 2013, after having appeared in 112 official matches with PSG (but only nine in the league in the first half of the season), Nenê moved to Al-Gharafa SC in the Qatar Stars League. In March, he was suspended for nine games and fined €67,000 for fighting with Houssine Kharja, being eventually released in late January of the following year.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 18 February 2015, free agent Nenê signed for West Ham United until the end of the campaign. He made his debut ten days later in a 1–3 home defeat by Crystal Palace by coming on as a 61st minute substitute for Alex Song, and was released at the end of the season following an unsuccessful stint at the Hammers.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: On 26 January 2018, the 36-year-old Nenê agreed to a two-year contract with São Paulo. In an interview held the previous December, he claimed to have been a supporter of the club as a child. He scored his first goal for his new team on 7 February, in a 1–0 win over Bragantino for the Campeonato Paulista.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: After being released, on 15 July 2019 Nenê joined Fluminense until the end of the 2020 season. In the first two months of that year, he scored seven goals across all competitions.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: In October 2012, Nenê was named an ambassador in France for the game FIFA 13, alongside Karim Benzema and Lionel Messi. In 2010, he signed a deal with Adidas.


title: Nenê (footballer, born 1981)

text: Each year, Nenê organised with fellow footballer Neymar a charity match in his hometown of Jundiaí, with the purpose of raising money for food for families in need.


title: Moonbase

text: A moonbase is a facility on the surface of the Moon, enabling human activity on the Moon. As such, it is different from a lunar space station in orbit around the Moon, like the planned Lunar Gateway of the Artemis program. Moonbases can be for robotic or human use, in both cases not necessarily including lunar habitation facilities. A base might be a step towards colonization.


title: Moonbase

text: Missions to the Moon have so far realized only temporary single-mission bases, (Tranquility Base being the first), as well as some small permanent installations. Plans for establishing facilities on the Moon that could enable sustained human activity at the Moon have been proposed and are actively pursued nationally and increasingly internationally by space agencies.


title: Moonbase

text: In 2020, China proposed the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS), a somewhat similar proposal to the Moon Village, with Roscosmos and ESA showing interest. The first steps toward establishing the ILRS will be taken through , consisting of Chang'e 6, 7, and 8, as well as the Russian missions, Luna 25, 26, and 27. Long-term robotic and short-term crew missions at the ILRS are expected to begin in the early 2030s. Roscosmos signed a memorandum of understanding on cooperation in the creation of the ILRS with CNSA on March 9, 2021. There is a projected timeline stretching from the 2030s to 2045.


title: Moonbase

text: The China National Space Administration (CNSA) has commenced the Chang'e program for exploring the Moon to investigate the prospect of lunar mining, specifically for mining isotope helium-3 for use as an energy source on Earth. CNSA director Luan Enjie has stated that humans must learn to leave Earth and "set up a self-sufficient extraterrestrial homeland."


title: Moonbase

text: On March 9, 2021, Russia and China signed a memorandum of understanding for the joint construction of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) around 2035.


title: Moonbase

text: The Moon Village concept was presented in 2015. "Village" in this context refers to international public and private investors, scientists, engineers, universities, and businessmen coming together to discuss interests and capabilities to build and share infrastructure on the Moon and in cislunar space for a variety of purposes. It is neither an ESA project nor a program, but being organized, loosely, by a nonprofit organization seeking to give a platform for an open international architecture and collaboration. In other words, Moon Village seeks to create a vision where both international cooperation and the commercialization of space can thrive.


title: Moonbase

text: The open nature of the concept would encompass any kind of lunar activities, whether robotic or astronauts, 3D printed habitats, refueling stations, relay orbiters, astronomy, exploiting resources, or even tourism. The idea is to achieve at least some degree of coordination and exploitation of potential synergies and to create a permanent sustainable presence on the surface of the Moon, whether robotic or crewed. Jan Wörner, ESA Director General until 2021, described in 2017 the Village simply as "an understanding, not a single facility". This initiative is meant as the first step in coming together as a species and developing the partnerships and "know how" before attempting to do the same on Mars. The Director General of ESA, Jan Wörner, states that this vision of synergy can be as inspiring as the International Space Station but on a truly global, international-cooperation basis, and he proposes this approach as a replacement for the orbiting International Space Station, which is due to be decommissioned in 2024.


title: Moonbase

text: China has expressed interest, and NASA has also expressed interest in the potential synergy it offers to the proposed Lunar Gateway. The private aerospace company Blue Origin has also expressed early interest and offered to develop a cargo lander with a capacity of usable payload. Astronaut Buzz Aldrin has long urged his fellow Americans to cooperate with international partners to reach the Moon. The State Space Agency of Ukraine has agreed to uphold MVA principles and cooperate with the MVA to develop "sustainable habitation" of the Moon.


title: Moonbase

text: While Woerner is the most famous advocate for Moon Village, it is not an ESA program. Instead, the concept is being organized, loosely, by a nonprofit organization established in November 2017 called the Moon Village Association. It is a non-profit organization, registered in Vienna, with the mission to create a global forum for the development of the Moon Village, and to potentially implement a permanent human settlement near the lunar south pole, taking advantage of near-continuous sunlight and nearby deposits of ice and other useful volatiles. In 2018, the Vienna University of Technology got sponsorship from ESA for a design workshop on the topic of the Moon Village. 35 master students have developed hypothetical scenarios for a future Moon village. Interestingly the cooperative concept of the workshop led to a number of new themes, such as multipurpose mobile infrastructure, an astro-scientist training campus on the Moon, an experimental research food lab up to a lunar recycling facility.


title: Moonbase

text: The Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) has planned a fully robotic lunar base called Lunny Poligon. The project was planned for 2020, with an expected completion date of 2037. On March 9, 2021, Russia turned to cooperate with China and signed a memorandum of understanding for the joint construction of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS).


title: Moonbase

text: Zvezda moonbase (, ""star"") was a Soviet plan and project from 1962 to 1974 to construct a crewed moonbase as successor to the N1-L3 crewed lunar expedition program.


title: Moonbase

text: Spetcmash bureau. The project was named "DLB Lunar Base" in technical specifications and "Zvezda" in government documents. Unofficially, the project was called "Barmingrad" (Barmin's city) by its designers.


title: Moonbase

text: The realization of the project depended on key parts of the N1-L3 program – the N-1 superheavy launcher, all 4 launches of which failed between 1969 and 1972. Zvezda moonbase was canceled with the rest of the Soviet human lunar programs. All crewed Soviet lunar programs, including a Zvezda moonbase, had been classified as top secret and were only published in the glasnost epoch since 1990.


title: Moonbase

text: The United States has run several attempts to design and in some cases develop lunar outposts and the needed missions, the first being from 1959, with the upcoming Artemis missions being the most advanced.


title: Moonbase

text: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration of United States (NASA) requested an increase in the 2020 budget of $1.6 billion in order to make another crewed mission around the Moon in 2024, followed by a sustained presence on the Moon by 2028. NASA is ready to announce plans to bring together Commercial Human Lander Awards for Artemis Missions on the Moon. This specific program, “The Artemis Program,” encompasses NASA's overview for lunar exploration plans. This announcement will go over the first in a series of many more to come complex missions. Artemis I started the program as an uncrewed flight test to demonstrate the capabilities of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft on November 16, 2022. The first flight with a crew will be Artemis II, closely followed by Artemis III that will land crew on the moon in 2025 using a new commercially procured Human Landing System (HLS), chosen to be Starship HLS. They hope to develop a sustainable lunar exploration program starting from 2028.


title: Moonbase

text: In 1954, science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke proposed a lunar base of inflatable modules covered in lunar dust for insulation. A spaceship assembled in low Earth orbit would launch to the Moon, and astronauts would set up the igloo-like modules and an inflatable radio mast. Subsequent steps would include the establishment of a larger, permanent dome; an algae-based air purifier; a nuclear reactor for the provision of power; and electromagnetic cannons to launch cargo and fuel to interplanetary vessels in space.


title: Moonbase

text: In 1959, John S. Rinehart suggested that the safest design would be a structure that could "[float] in a stationary ocean of dust", since there were, at the time this concept was outlined, theories that there could be mile-deep dust oceans on the Moon. The proposed design consisted of a half-cylinder with half-domes at both ends, with a micrometeoroid shield placed above the base.


title: Moonbase

text: In 1962, John DeNike and Stanley Zahn published their idea of a sub-surface base located at the Sea of Tranquility. This base would house a crew of 21, in modules placed four meters below the surface, which was believed to provide radiation shielding on par with Earth's atmosphere. DeNike and Zahn favored nuclear reactors for energy production, because they were more efficient than solar panels, and would also overcome the problems with the long lunar nights. For the life support system, an algae-based gas exchanger was proposed.


title: Moonbase

text: , the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) planned a human lunar landing around 2020 that would lead to a crewed lunar base by 2030; however, there was no budget yet for this project.


title: Moonbase

text: In 2007, Jim Burke, of the International Space University in France, said people should plan to preserve humanity's culture in the event of a civilization-stopping asteroid impact with Earth. A Lunar Noah's Ark was proposed. Subsequent planning may be taken up by the International Lunar Exploration Working Group (ILEWG).


title: Moonbase

text: In 2010, "The Moon Capital Competition" offered a prize for a design of a lunar habitat intended to be an underground international commercial center capable of supporting a residential staff of 60 people and their families. The Moon Capital is intended to be self-sufficient with respect to food and other material required for life support. Prize money was provided primarily by the Boston Society of Architects, Google Lunar X Prize and The New England Council of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.


title: Moonbase

text: Beside temporary infrastructure of lunar missions, some of the permanently placed artificial objects on the Moon have fulfilled longterm purposes. Since 1969 retroreflectors have been installed on the surface of the Moon and used for lunar laser ranging.


title: Moonbase

text: The International Lunar Network was a in the 2010s proposed network of robotic instruments placed around the Moon.


title: Moonbase

text: In this decade, multiple space agencies will send astronauts to the Moon for the first time since the Apollo Era. In addition to NASA, the ESA, China National Space Administration (CNSA) China, and Roscosmos Russia ,commercial space entities like SpaceX and Blue Origin are hoping to conduct regular missions in support of human exploration while also mounting their own private ventures. In time, this activity could result in the creation of permanent infrastructure, a regular human presence, and the emergence of a lunar economy. Nevertheless, there are many questions about how humans will live in lunar conditions and what type of facilities will be needed. For the full Article from


title: Rate Your Music

text: Rate Your Music (often abbreviated to RYM) is an online collaborative database of music releases and films. Users can catalog items from their personal collection, review them, and assign ratings in a five-star rating system. The site also features community-based charts that track highest-rated releases.


title: Rate Your Music

text: Rate Your Music was founded on December 24, 2000, by Seattle resident Hossein Sharifi, who is still active on the site under the username "sharifi". The first version of the site, "RYM 1.0," allowed users to rate and catalog releases, as well as to write reviews, create lists and add artists and releases to the database. Over time, other features were added, like cover art, a forum section and private messaging.


title: Rate Your Music

text: On August 7, 2006, "RYM 2.0" was launched, introducing database features such as tracklists, record labels, catalog numbers, and more fields such as concerts and venues. As a result of rising expenses, the website ceased relying solely on donations in 2006 and began receiving revenue from other sources. Namely, the two changes were commission-based links to online music retailers, and Google AdSense links (which registered users can elect not to view). In May 2009, Rate Your Music started to add films to its database.


title: Rate Your Music

text: Development on "RYM 3.0" was announced in July 2010, with a soft "RYM 2.5" release appearing in July 2013 that included a dedicated classical music section, separation of DJ mixes and mixtapes, and split album support. January 2014 marked an announcement that the two versions would be worked on simultaneously. It was also announced that the website would split the music and film side into unique domains, and that RYM would be incorporated into the company name Sonemic.


title: Rate Your Music

text: In November 2015, Rate Your Music launched an IndieGogo crowdfunding campaign to fund "three new sites devoted to discovering music, films, and video games", Sonemic, Cinemos, and Glitchwave respectively. The fundraiser was 122% funded on December 30, 2015, with $67,552 raised. Initially, Sonemic was to be the next version of RYM, with a new name, design and features. The initial deadline for site launch was planned to April 2016, but later it was changed to beta releases. The latest status update on IndieGogo campaign was in May 2018. The funds raised by crowdfunding campaign were spent on RYM's infrastructure.


title: Rate Your Music

text: On July 2017, Sonemic Beta 4 was launched, available to be browsed publicly and accessible to test for members who have joined Rate Your Music before July 11, 2017, with temporary database snapshot of the same date. Sonemic Beta 5 was planned to be released in August 2018, but was postponed repeatedly. The latest update on development status was in March 2020.


title: Rate Your Music

text: In November 2020, Rate Your Music received a massive overhaul which included a graphic redesign, an updated chart system, and more subscriber options and features. It was also announced that the development of Sonemic and the music side of Rate Your Music would be conflated and that Cinemos's features would slowly be brought over to the film side of the site, as well.


title: Rate Your Music

text: The main idea of the website is to allow the users to add albums, EPs, singles, videos and bootlegs to the database and to rate them. The rating system uses a scale of minimum a half-star (or 0.5 points) to maximum five stars (or 5 points). Users can likewise leave reviews for RYM entries as well as create user profiles. Rate Your Music is generated jointly by the registered user community (artists, releases, biographies, etc.); however, the majority of new, edited content must be approved by a moderator to prevent virtual vandalism.


title: Rate Your Music

text: Browsing and registration is free and a subscription plan is available that includes additional features, such as expanded chart metadata.


title: Rate Your Music

text: From 2004 to 2016, Rate Your Music allowed a select number of unsigned artists to host their MP3 files of recordings on the main server. Members of the site's community released several tribute/cover albums as free downloads.


title: Rate Your Music

text: By December 2011, there were approximately 370,000 user accounts on Rate Your Music. Around one half of the people visiting the website come from the United States, the United Kingdom or Canada, the other half primarily coming from Western Europe (especially Scandinavia and the Netherlands), as well as from Poland, Russia, Mexico, Brazil and Australia.


title: Rate Your Music

text: As of April 2018, RYM had over 40,000 user-created lists ranging from "popular lists" to "ultimate box sets," which uncover various music genres, including rarest micro-genres. The top rated album on the RYM charts is Radiohead's "OK Computer", while the bottom rated album is Rob Scallon and Doug Walker's "Nostalgia Critic's The Wall".


title: Rate Your Music

text: By December 2018, Rate Your Music had indexed over 3,700,000 releases by over 1,255,000 artists. As of January 31, 2020, the site had 662,475 users.


title: Rate Your Music

text: Rate Your Music has been credited with helping previously unknown artists and albums rise to popularity, most prominently Have a Nice Life's debut album "Deathconsciousness" and Sweet Trip's 2003 album "". Anonymous South Korean musician Parannoul was discovered by the website after his second album "To See the Next Part of the Dream" after appearing on the website's front page. Chat Pile guitarist Luther Manhole said, "Our popularity on RYM definitely contributed to us having this career-type-thing, 100%.", as the band's self-released debut EP topped the weekly charts due to fortunate timing.


title: Rate Your Music

text: Rate Your Music has been received generally favorably. "M.O.V.I.N [UP]"s Maurício Angelo praised RYM as "the best guide to discovering new music, in all styles, of any tempo". "Hypebot" staff found Rate Your Music "snobby and multilingual and people come to show off their various incredible music collections. I’ve loved it for ages". "Wired"s Andy Baio deemed it "quirky". "Radio Wave"s Karel Veselý praised Rate Your Music and Discogs as "[t]he cult music portals".


title: Rate Your Music

text: "Flashmode Arabia" staff commended RYM as "a fantastic way to discover new music" but critiqued its user experience. "The Daily Star"s Deeparghya Dutta Barau called it "one of those hip sites that offer functionality over aesthetics". Similarly, "Newonce"'s staff was somewhat critical, stating the site was "Extremely ugly visually (its creators like the consistency: RYM has not changed the layout to this day), but quite useful".


title: Rate Your Music

text: Centuries of Sound founder James Errington said "[he consulted] websites like Rate Your Music and Acclaimed Music to pick top hits" for his year-by-year mixtapes of the 20th century. "Pigeons and Planes"s Adrienne Black highlighted the forums, stating, "if you haven't already spent half your day exploring the above, there are the highly active, engaged threads to dive in to". "Evolver.fm"s Eliot Van Buskirk advised readers to "Keep a wishlist on rateyourmusic.com".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In an interview with "PopMatters", American electronic musician Skylar Spence noted that he would use Discogs and Rate Your Music to find "a lot of cool, old, hidden treasures that way".


title: Rate Your Music

text: While detailing the history of the band Lightnin 3, "Stereogum"s Nick Patrin observed that "Rate Your Music, exhaustive as its user-built catalog is, comes up empty for the band and the label alike". Likewise, Patrin found Australian electroclash artist Dsico's entries on RYM and Allmusic to be "incomplete ghost pages".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In an article previewing an upcoming Phish Halloween concert, in which the band traditionally covers an album in its entirety, "JamBase"s Scott Bernstein noted that all but "Waiting for Columbus" "[were] in the top 700 on RateYourMusic, which compiles fan ratings".


title: Rate Your Music

text: Selecting "Logan Rock Witch" from "Richard D. James Album" as their favorite Aphex Twin track, "The Quietus"s John Doran remarked "this should result in something that sounds like a mad man’s breakfast of kooky cacophony. (And a quick look at Rate Your Music reveals that plenty of self-professed AFX fans actually do see it this way.)"


title: Rate Your Music

text: Appraising Kairon; IRSE!'s album "Ruination", "Stereogum"s Doug Moore saw that the band "built a big following on Rate Your Music by combining the slightly heftier variants of prog and pysch (sic) with shoegaze".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In a piece concerning Mark E. Smith, Patrin noted that The Fall's "This Nation's Saving Grace" was "the album that Rate Your Music still ranks as their best by a sliver as of less than 24 hours after Smith’s death".


title: Rate Your Music

text: Covering the Japanese band Fishmans album "98.12.28 Otokotachi no Wakare", "The Michigan Daily"s Sayan Ghosh noted the "classic music lover’s past-time of perusing through internet boards such as Rate Your Music".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In response to Swedish symphonic metal band Therion's album "Beloved Antichrist", "Stereogum"s Ian Chainey opined that "extremely fickle user bases of Rate Your Music, Encyclopaedia Metallum, and Prog Archives all rate Therion’s albums highly".


title: Rate Your Music

text: Commenting on the release of Retribution Body's album "Self Destruction", "Tiny Mix Tapes"s Lijah Fosl offered "a reminder that 'dark ambient' is more than just a random rateyourmusic.com categorization".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In a retrospective on the American rock band Duster, "Noisey"s Brian Coney described their discography as "a muted legacy of life-changingly Good Music that has rewarded bummed-out indieheads with a penchant for Soulseek and RateYourMusic genre lists in the intervening 17 years".


title: Rate Your Music

text: In a review for American musician Yves Tumor's album "Safe in the Hands of Love", "The Brown Daily Herald"s Katherine Ok associated plunderphonics with "crate-digging, list-obsessed 'Rate Your Music' users".


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: The Origin of the Feces is the second studio album by the American gothic metal band Type O Negative, released in 1992.


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: The album was recorded in a studio but produced to sound "live" by adding crowd noises, banter with the fictitious audience, and even a song stopping because the venue supposedly had received a bomb threat. This was done to simulate the controversy the band faced during the European leg of their "Slow, Deep and Hard" tour. The band is known among fans for weaving this type of humour into their often gloomy music.


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: The album is composed primarily of slightly altered, re-recorded versions of tracks that had appeared already on "Slow, Deep and Hard". Four of the song's titles have been deliberately renamed:


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: One song, "Are You Afraid?", is an original composition that the band played live as an introduction to "Gravity" but never included on an official studio album. It foreshadows the gothic sound the band would adopt on their next album, "Bloody Kisses".


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: This album also started the tradition of Type O Negative including cover songs performed in their distinct gothic metal sound. The album includes covers of Black Sabbath's "Paranoid" (which halfway through contains the main riff of Black Sabbath's "Iron Man"), and Billy Roberts' "Hey Joe", which has been re-titled "Hey Pete" for frontman Peter Steele. The reprise of "Kill You Tonight" has a sample of the closing piano strike from The Beatles' "A Day in the Life".


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: In another instance of the band's sense of humor, circus impresario P. T. Barnum is credited as a producer for the record, despite the fact that he had been dead for over 100 years at the time the album was released.


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: The original cover of the album has a close-up of Steele's anal sphincter. This was changed for the re-issue two years later, to a green and black version of the 1493 painting by Michael Wolgemut, "The Dance of Death". The album's title is an obvious pun and a reference to Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species".


title: The Origin of the Feces

text: In addition to the re-issue's cover, other artwork included in the album's sleeve/liner notes is the famous 1498 woodcut by Albrecht Dürer, "The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse".


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud (; ) (born 15 February 1945), known also as Turki Al Faisal, is a Saudi prince and former government official who served as the head of Saudi Arabia's General Intelligence Presidency from 1979 to 2001. He is the chairman of the King Faisal Foundation's Center for Research and Islamic Studies.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: From 1979 to 2001, Prince Turki was the director general of Al Mukhabarat Al 'Ammah, Saudi Arabia's intelligence agency, resigning the position on 1 September 2001, some ten days before the September 11 attacks in which 14 Saudi nationals hijacked commercial American airliners. Prince Turki subsequently served as ambassador to the Court of St. James's and the United States.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki was born on 15 February 1945 in Mecca. He is the seventh child and youngest son of King Faisal and Iffat bint Mohammad Al Thunayan. His mother was born to a Turkish mother and an Arab father. He is full-brother of Sara bint Faisal, Mohammed bin Faisal, Latifa bint Faisal, Saud bin Faisal, Abdul Rahman bin Faisal, Bandar bin Faisal, Luluwah bint Faisal and Haifa bint Faisal. In May 1978 "Time" magazine reported that Prince Turki was the favorite son of Queen Iffat.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Turki bin Faisal received his primary and some secondary education at a school in Taif built by his parents. When he was fourteen, his father sent him to Lawrenceville, New Jersey to complete his secondary education at the Lawrenceville School from which he graduated in 1963. He graduated in the class of 1968 (alongside future U.S. President Bill Clinton) of Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University. Turki also did further studies at Princeton, Cambridge, and the University of London where he took courses in Islamic law and jurisprudence.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki began his political career as deputy to his uncle, Kamal Adham, and then, his successor as the head of Al Mukhabarat Al A'amah (General Intelligence Directorate), a position he held for 23 years—from 1979 until just 10 days before the September 11 attacks in 2001. He took part in organizing a military operation to remove the hostage-taking terrorists from Masjid al-Haram (the Sacred Mosque) in Mecca during the Grand Mosque Seizure in November 1979.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Turki claimed that in the months before the September 11 attacks, his intelligence agency knew that something alarming was being planned: “In the summer of 2001, I took one of the warnings about something spectacular about to happen to the Americans, British, French, and Arabs. We didn’t know where, but we knew that something was being brewed.”


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki's resignation was unexpected since his term had been extended on 24 May 2001 for another four years. He was replaced by Nawaf bin Abdul Aziz in the post who had "no background in intelligence whatsoever." "The New York Times" later reports: "The timing of Turki’s removal—August 31—and his Taliban connection raise the question: Did the Saudi regime know that bin Laden was planning his attack against the US?"


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: After King Fahd's stroke in 1995, Prince Turki had a minor disagreement with Prince Abdullah who did not want to be briefed by him.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Saudi intelligence joined Pakistan's intelligence service and the CIA in funding the mujahideen fighters in Afghanistan. Turki last met with Osama bin Laden in early 1990 when Osama bin Laden was interested in aiding against the South Yemen communists. His intelligence agency kept careful track of bin Laden from the beginning of his rise.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In 1993, Turki helped mediate between warring factions in Afghanistan. In early 1996, Sudan offered to extradite bin Laden to Saudi Arabia. Clinton called on Turki to bring bin Laden back to Saudi Arabia for a quick execution. Saudi Arabia denied the request and Osama left Sudan for Afghanistan.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: A continued connection to bin Laden was falsely claimed by "Paris Match" magazine. In December 2004, Turki accepted substantial libel damages and an apology from "Paris Match" over claims he himself was linked to the 11 September attacks.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In 2002, Prince Turki was named in a multibillion-dollar lawsuit by the families of 11 September victims, alleging that he and other Saudi princes, banks, and charities may have funded the terrorists involved in the attack. His involvement was also strongly implied in the Michael Moore documentary "Fahrenheit 911". A reporter for the "Baltimore Chronicle" claimed he was flown out of the United States shortly after the terrorist attacks, but the claim disappeared from later versions of the article. Prince Turki described "Fahrenheit 911" as "grossly unfair" to Saudis.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki maintains that he had no contact with bin Laden since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990. He claims to have secretly negotiated with Taliban leader Mullah Mohammad Omar in 1998 in an attempt to have bin Laden extradited to Saudi Arabia, but the negotiations were unsuccessful. In a November 2001 interview, Turki expressed support for the US operation in Afghanistan against the Taliban and al-Qaeda. In 2005, a US federal judge ruled that Saudi officials including Turki were immune from the lawsuit. Turki has severely criticized al-Qaeda, calling it an "evil cult."


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: However, the allegations continue to dog Turki, with a court affidavit filed on 3 February 2015, claiming that Zacarias Moussaoui served as a courier between bin Laden and Turki in the late 1990s, long after Turki claims to have broken off his relationship with bin Laden. The Saudi government continues to deny any involvement claiming that there is no evidence to support Moussaoui's allegations due to the fact that Moussaoui's own lawyers presented evidence of his mental incompetence during his trial.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki was appointed ambassador to the Court of Saint James's in London, and to Ireland, from January 2003. He served as ambassador until 2005 and was well respected by British diplomats.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In July 2005, it was announced that Prince Turki would succeed Bandar bin Sultan as Saudi ambassador to the United States. He served as ambassador to the United States from July 2005 until 11 December 2006. Adel al-Jubeir succeeded him as ambassador to the United States.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki spent much of his time as ambassador to the United States traveling around the country, visiting 37 states. Turki advocated that the United States engage in direct talks with Iran but other high-ranking Saudi officials, including Turki's predecessor as ambassador, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, supported military action to halt Iran's alleged nuclear weapons program.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: He argued that the Palestinian-Israeli issue, not Iran, was more important for the United States and called on the Bush Administration to revive the peace process. He also argued that diplomacy with Iran was the best way to prevent problems. The Administration disliked his stance and made it difficult for him to arrange visits to the White House. The White House preferred Bandar's more aggressive approach and welcomed Bandar instead.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Bandar's visits to the White House undermined Prince Turki and Prince Turki's goal of engaging in public diplomacy was weakened because of a shortage of money to fund the embassy and his public relations program. On the other hand, there were internal disputes over Saudi Arabia's Iraq policy, leading to tensions between Prince Turki and senior members of the royal family.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Turki was angered by the fact that when his own king had asked then Vice President Dick Cheney to meet at short notice in Riyadh, Turki was not invited to attend – an unusual omission for Saudi summit meetings. In addition, Turki's brother Foreign Minister Prince Saud Al Faisal did not write the post-summit briefing for Turki; Bandar did.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: King Abdullah is reported to have preferred Bandar bin Sultan as the King's intermediary between Riyadh and Washington D.C. Turki's resignation may have been in protest. He abruptly resigned in early December 2006 after 15 months as an ambassador. His predecessor, Prince Bandar bin Sultan, worked in the same post for 22 years. Prince Turki returned in January 2007 after the Hajj Pilgrimage to formally announce his departure. Some analysts claim he intentionally attracted attention. He said he wanted to spend time with family. His resignation was initially reported by "The Washington Post", not by the royal court or official sources. Turki retired from public office in February 2007.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Shortly after the passing of King Faisal, Prince Turki and his siblings established the King Faisal Foundation to invest in education in Saudi Arabia.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: As chairman of King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, Prince Turki compared energy independence in American politics to baby-kissing. He stated that American politicians must be courageous against demagoguery. He lauded his country's efforts in education and believes that Saudis can succeed only through education. He visited India in December 2011.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki directly challenged Sheikh Abdullah Al Turki, secretary-general of the World Muslim League and a member of the Council of Senior Ulema after 9/11 attacks, arguing that "those responsible for affairs of state are the rulers," whereas religious scholars "only act in an advisory capacity." On 15 October 2001, Turki, writing in "Alsharq Alawsat", stated "God help us from Satan. You [Osama bin Laden] are a rotten seed like the son of Noah, ... and the flood will engulf you like it engulfed him." In an interview on Saudi TV on 5 November 2001, Turki argued "The religious edicts issued by [bin Laden] are the main evidence [for his guilt] because they call for attacking American soldiers and civilians. Only those people devoid of feelings will still ask for evidence. ... Those who still call for evidence are closing their eyes to the facts and are searching for justification of [bin Laden's] acts."


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki criticized equating jihad with acts of terrorism by citing the resistance against the Soviets in the 1980s. He disapproved of the Obama Administration's shunning of Hamid Karzai and believed Abdullah Abdullah was not an acceptable candidate to Afghanistan's diverse ethnic groups – namely, the Pashtuns and Uzbeks. He also called for a shift in U.S. strategy from the media theme against the Taliban to a more focused propaganda campaign against Al Qaeda. He voiced his urgency to the immediate resolution of the Durand Line between Pakistan and Afghanistan. He wants Afghan people to handle their own problems. He also expects the U.S. will continue to experience resistance as long as it stays in Afghanistan.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: On Iran, Prince Turki warned of its growing influence in Lebanon as "foreign hands manipulating strings." Asked what he thought would be the consequences of an Israeli or U.S. attack on Iran's nuclear facilities, Prince Turki responded, "Calamitous … cataclysmic, not just catastrophic." On the Iranian nuclear program, he believes that there should be a zone free of weapons of mass destruction. He also believes Iranian actions have provoked worldwide opposition but at the same time suggests that Iran's nuclear program is being singled out. He believes Iran is pursuing an "explosive" path in nuclear enrichment. He stated if Iran was attacked Saudi Arabia would never grant Israeli flyover rights.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: He called the Geneva interim agreement a serious concern and condemned the United States for keeping the Government of Saudi Arabia away from the negotiations in Geneva.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki stated that Yemen has become a sanctuary for extremists as refugees flee the conflict and into the Kingdom's borders.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki was the Kingdom's leading critic of American foreign policy. Prince Turki criticized Israel for not accepting the Arab Peace Initiative, which proposed normalizing relations in exchange for Israel's withdrawal to 1967 borders. He accused the Bush administration for undermining a Saudi-brokered power-sharing agreement between Fatah and Hamas and the Obama administration of pro-Israel bias and protecting Israel's nuclear program from international scrutiny. He called on U.S. President Barack Obama to support the two-state solution for Palestinians and Israelis.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In a "Financial Times" editorial in January 2009, he was critical of American foreign policy toward Palestinians and accused the U.S. of complicity in the deaths of Gazans. He opined that "neocon advisers, American conservatives and Zionist extremists promoted policies that harmed the peace process," describing both Democrats and Republicans as strong supporters of Israel.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: At the Munich Security Conference in February 2010, he initially refused to sit next to Israeli Deputy Foreign Minister Danny Ayalon because of Ayalon's "boorish" behavior toward the Turkish ambassador on Israeli television. In response to Ayalon's comment that Saudi Arabia had not "given a penny" to the Palestinian Authority, Prince Turki claimed that it had given more than $500 million over the past five years. Ayalon apologized and shook hands with Prince Turki as a reconciliation measure. The crowd applauded. Turki clarified that this gesture did not signal any change in official policy towards Israel.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In the World Economic Forum at Davos in January 2011, he called for a Middle East without WMDs and stated "the elephant in the room is Israel. Israel with a nuclear weapon is dangerous."


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: After attending the Munich Security Conference in January 2014, Faisal praised Israel's Justice Minister, Tzipi Livni, and said he understood why she was chosen as Israel's negotiator.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: On 21 August 2020, in an apparent response to President Donald Trump, who said he expected Saudi Arabia to join the peace agreement between Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Prince Turki wrote that the price for normalizing relations with Israel is the creation of a sovereign Palestinian state with Jerusalem as its capital. He added that any Arab country that wants to follow the UAE's footsteps should demand a higher price for peace from Israel in the future.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki claimed the documents "are a hodgepodge of selectivity, inaccuracy, agenda pursuit, and downright disinformation." He claimed if diplomats and leaders were not able to discuss matters that affect them through cables freely, the countries are "in trouble". He added that WikiLeaks poses a serious danger to all governments and called for meting out tough punishment for those responsible for the breach.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Around 2003, Prince Turki said that "reforming the Kingdom is not a choice, it is a necessity". In late March 2011, he argued that elections for membership to the Saudi Shoura Council (the national majlis) should be realized and warned of a "failure in the Kingdom's job market".


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki dismissed the CIA's finding that Jamal Khashoggi's murder was ordered directly by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, saying that "The CIA has been proved wrong before. Just to mention the invasion of Iraq for example. The CIA is not necessarily the best measure of creditable intelligence reporting or intelligence assessment."


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki has been linked to several large fund transfers to former Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak, who is on trial in Malaysia for various offences in the multi-billion dollar 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki bin Faisal is a commissioner in the International Commission on Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Disarmament. He is deputy chairman of Saudi General Authority for Civil Aviation (GACA). He is also vice president of general authority of civil aviation for international organizations and was elected as first vice president of the regional bureau of Asia-Pacific within airports council international.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: He taught at Georgetown University School of Foreign Service. He is also a co-chair of the C100 Group, an affiliate of the World Economic Forum. C-100 Group encourages interfaith dialogue and cross-cultural understanding.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: He visited many American universities and has lectured on the history of Saudi Arabia to improve relations between the West and Saudi Arabia. He also visited the University of South Florida, Syracuse University, Rice University, Cornell University, and Harvard University. In November 2010, he spoke at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki is married to Nouf bint Fahd bin Khalid Al Saud, with whom he has six children: Faisal, Mashael, Noura, Abdulaziz, Saud, and Mudhi. His son Prince Abdulaziz won the second round of the Porsche Middle East Cup. His daughter Princess Noura is assistant to vice chairman of the board of trustees and general supervisor of Effat University and Dar Al Hanan School. At a University of South Florida event, he mentioned he has grandchildren and they sometimes ask him questions about Islam.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: In person, Prince Turki has been described as the antithesis of Bandar bin Sultan. Prince Turki has been described as cool-headed, soft-spoken, and avuncular. He is one of the most educated Saudi princes.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki has problems resulting from the carbon-monoxide poisoning suffered when staying in a camper van on a desert trip in the mid-1980s.


title: Turki bin Faisal Al Saud

text: Prince Turki is the recipient of the Crans Montana Forum medal. He also received an honorary doctorate in law from the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland in 2010 and an honorary doctorate in Middle Eastern studies from Shanghai International Studies University (SISU) in China in 2015.


title: Shiga toxin

text: Shiga toxins are a family of related toxins with two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, expressed by genes considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid prophages. The toxins are named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first described the bacterial origin of dysentery caused by "Shigella dysenteriae". Shiga-like toxin (SLT) is a historical term for similar or identical toxins produced by "Escherichia coli". The most common sources for Shiga toxin are the bacteria "S. dysenteriae" and some serotypes of "Escherichia coli" (STEC), which includes serotypes , and .


title: Shiga toxin

text: Microbiologists use many terms to describe Shiga toxin and differentiate more than one unique form. Many of these terms are used interchangeably.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The toxin is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who discovered "S. dysenteriae" in 1897. In 1977, researchers in Ottawa, Ontario discovered the Shiga toxin normally produced by "Shigella dysenteriae" in a line of "E. coli". The "E. coli" version of the toxin was named "verotoxin" because of its ability to kill "Vero" cells (African green monkey kidney cells) in culture. Shortly after, the verotoxin was referred to as Shiga-like toxin because of its similarities to Shiga toxin.


title: Shiga toxin

text: It has been suggested by some researchers that the gene coding for Shiga-like toxin comes from a toxin-converting lambdoid bacteriophage, such as H-19B or 933W, inserted into the bacteria's chromosome via transduction. Phylogenetic studies of the diversity of "E. coli" suggest that it may have been relatively easy for Shiga toxin to transduce into certain strains of "E. coli", because "Shigella" is itself a subgenus of "Escherichia"; in fact, some strains traditionally considered "E. coli" (including those that produce this toxin) in fact belong to this lineage. Being closer relatives of "Shigella dysenteriae" than of the typical "E. coli", it is not at all unusual that toxins similar to that of "S. dysenteriae" are produced by these strains. As microbiology advances, the historical variation in nomenclature (which arose because of gradually advancing science in multiple places) is increasingly giving way to recognizing all of these molecules as "versions of the same toxin" rather than "different toxins".


title: Shiga toxin

text: The toxin requires highly specific receptors on the cells' surface in order to attach and enter the cell; species such as cattle, swine, and deer which do not carry these receptors may harbor toxigenic bacteria without any ill effect, shedding them in their feces, from where they may be spread to humans.


title: Shiga toxin

text: Symptoms of Shiga toxin ingestion include abdominal pain as well as watery diarrhea. Severe life-threatening cases are characterized by hemorrhagic colitis (HC).


title: Shiga toxin

text: The toxin is associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In contrast, "Shigella" species may also produce shigella enterotoxins, which are the cause of dysentery.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The toxin is effective against small blood vessels, such as found in the digestive tract, the kidney, and lungs, but not against large vessels such as the arteries or major veins. A specific target for the toxin appears to be the vascular endothelium of the glomerulus. This is the filtering structure that is a key to the function of the kidney. Destroying these structures leads to kidney failure and the development of the often deadly and frequently debilitating hemolytic uremic syndrome. Food poisoning with Shiga toxin often also has effects on the lungs and the nervous system.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The B subunits of the toxin bind to a component of the cell membrane known as glycolipid globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Binding of the subunit B to Gb3 causes induction of narrow tubular membrane invaginations, which drives formation of inward membrane tubules for the bacterial uptake into the cell. These tubules are essential for uptake into the host cell.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The Shiga toxin (a non-pore forming toxin) is transferred to the cytosol via Golgi network and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). From the Golgi toxin is trafficked to the ER.


title: Shiga toxin

text: Shiga toxins act to inhibit protein synthesis within target cells by a mechanism similar to that of the infamous plant toxin ricin. After entering a cell via a macropinosome, the payload (A subunit) cleaves a specific adenine nucleobase from the 28S RNA of the 60S subunit of the ribosome, thereby halting protein synthesis. As they mainly act on the lining of the blood vessels, the vascular endothelium, a breakdown of the lining and hemorrhage eventually occurs. The first response is commonly a bloody diarrhea. This is because Shiga toxin is usually taken in with contaminated food or water.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The bacterial Shiga toxin can be used for targeted therapy of gastric cancer, because this tumor entity expresses the receptor of the Shiga toxin. For this purpose an unspecific chemotherapeutical is conjugated to the B-subunit to make it specific. In this way only the tumor cells, but not healthy cells, are destroyed during therapy.


title: Shiga toxin

text: The toxin has two subunits—designated A (mol. wt. 32000 Da) and B (mol. wt. 7700 Da)—and is one of the AB toxins. The B subunit is a pentamer that binds to specific glycolipids on the host cell, specifically globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Following this, the A subunit is internalised and cleaved into two parts. The A1 component then binds to the ribosome, disrupting protein synthesis. Stx-2 has been found to be about 400 times more toxic (as quantified by LD in mice) than Stx-1.


title: Shiga toxin

text: Gb3 is, for unknown reasons, present in greater amounts in renal epithelial tissues, to which the renal toxicity of Shiga toxin may be attributed. Gb3 is also found in central nervous system neurons and endothelium, which may lead to neurotoxicity.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The Ducati Desmosedici is a four-stroke V4 engine racing motorcycle made by Ducati for MotoGP racing. The series nomenclature is "GP" with the two-digit year appended, such as Desmosedici GP10 for 2010. In 2006 Ducati made a short production run of 1,500 street-legal variants, the Desmosedici RR.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Ducati abandoned the Grand Prix racing scene at the start of the 1970s. For many years the 500 class was essentially a class for two-stroke motorcycles, an engineering technology that was far removed from the four-stroke road-going machines sold by Ducati. Technical rules changed in 2002, giving priority to four-stroke machinery and turning the 500 class of World Road Racing into the MotoGP Championship. This convinced Ducati to make a much-awaited return to the track in the new MotoGP class.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Ducati history is classically based on 90° V-twin (or L-twin) engines, using desmodromic valve technology. Initially, Ducati considered the possibility of creating a MotoGP 'super-twin', taking advantage of the MotoGP regulations that give twin-cylinder machines a considerable weight reduction over four, five or six-cylinder bikes. However, analysis indicated that a twin-cylinder engine would not have been able to produce the required amount of power, without excessively increasing the number of revs. A twin would have had to rev at over 17,000 rpm, but this would require a very short stroke and a very large bore, as a result producing possible combustion problems.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The basis of the design of the Desmosedici engine therefore is two classical Ducati L-twins next to each other, making a Double L-twin with two-cylinder Stroking at the same time (also called Twin Pulse). With four valves per cylinder, the total number of valves is sixteen – "Desmosedici" means "desmodromic distribution with sixteen valves" shortened in Italian.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Design had started in 2001, the bike was unveiled at the 2002 Italian GP at Mugello, for use in the following seasons MotoGP World Championship. Vittoriano Guareschi, the Ducati Corse test-rider, followed every phase of the Desmosedici's development process from early testing to track debut and the project's evolution. In 2007, Ducati's pilot Casey Stoner, riding a Desmosedici, obtained Ducati's first MotoGP World Championship title.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: In early 2021, Ducati rider Johann Zarco set the highest trap speed record in competition practice on the Desmosedici.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: While still fully committed to Superbike racing, the Ducati Marlboro Team of Loris Capirossi and Troy Bayliss would compete in all rounds of the 2003 MotoGP championship. The Desmosedici GP3 quickly scored a series of results with Loris Capirossi, who stepped onto the podium in the opening round of the championship in Japan and won the GP Catalunya in Barcelona. Riders Capirossi finished fourth in the final championship standings and Bayliss sixth; while Ducati finished second overall in the Manufacturers' standings.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: In 2004 the Desmosedici GP4, again in the hands of Capirossi and Bayliss, underwent a series of major modifications. A large part of the season went by before the bike became competitive, but the season concluded with both riders on the podium.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The GP5 version lined up for Ducati's third season in MotoGP, with Bayliss replaced by the Spanish rider Carlos Checa. Thanks to a collaboration agreement with Bridgestone, Ducati could finally contribute to the development of new tyres and by the end of the season the Desmosedici became a competitive machine. Bridgestone found that hard tyres suited the bike more than softer tyres to create grip, allowing it to spin the rear wheel gave better control. Capirossi took two wins in the Grand Prix of Japan at Motegi and in the Malaysian GP at Sepang, while Checa scored a brace of podium finishes.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Launched at the Italian skiing resort of Madonna di Campiglio, the GP6 is a lighter and more powerful version of the GP5. Involving better aerodynamics and a better fuel tank position, most importantly, although more powerful, the engine delivery was smoothened to make the bike more rideable. This made the bike slower on top speed, but quicker into, around and out of corners.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The new rider with Capirossi was Spanish rider Sete Gibernau. After encouraging winter tests, the Desmosedici GP6 took its first win of 2006 in the opening GP at Jerez de la Frontera, Spain, followed by a podium in Qatar. Capirossi led the championship for a short while, but at the start of the Grand prix de Catalunya at Barcelona, Gibernau's bike collided with Capirossi's after Gibernau braked too late and compressed his brake lever further after impacting it on the back of Capirossi's bike. Both riders ended up injured and in the hospital, with Gibernau sustaining a broken collar bone, and both missed the Dutch Grand Prix at Assen. Capirossi returned at the British Grand Prix, while Gibernau was replaced by German Alex Hofmann for the Dutch Grand Prix, the British Grand Prix, and also the Czech Grand Prix after undergoing additional surgery. With Gibernau sidelined for the final round of the season at Valencia following a collision with Casey Stoner, Ducati recalled Bayliss, who was recently crowned World Superbike champion. The race was won by Bayliss, his first MotoGP victory, with Capirossi taking second place for the first Ducati 1–2 finish.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: For 2007, MotoGP rules were changed to cap motors to a maximum displacement of 800 cc. In response, Ducati built the GP7. Its specifications were: 800 cc bike, double L-Twin motor (4 Cylinder Twin Pulse).


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Ducati started its project to build an 800 cc MotoGP bike extremely early and according to Ducati's racing chief Filippo Preziosi, by August 2006 Ducati had already built twenty 800 cc engines with various specifications. In addition, an early version of the bike was track tested for the first time during early May 2006. Public testing with the bike began at the Brno Track, where Loris Capirossi had won the day before riding the GP6, on the 21st of August. Capirossi's lap times on the prototype GP7 were only 1.4 seconds off his track record time set on the 990 cc GP6.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Further testing of the GP7 in Motegi, Japan, revealed that the 800 cc machine could run faster laps than the higher-displacement 990 cc bikes, and held nearly a second advantage over the next fastest 800 cc bike, a Honda ridden by Dani Pedrosa.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: MotoGP's 800 cc era officially began with the first race of the 2007 MotoGP season, at the Losail International Circuit in Qatar. Casey Stoner won the race on the new GP7. The bike had a clear top speed advantage over the rest of the grid, due to its higher output motor. A new track record was set on the GP7. Second place contender and five time World champion, Yamaha's Valentino Rossi, realised that "unfortunately, there was too much difference between (our) bikes in the straight" and "Our Yamaha will never go as quick on a straight as the Ducati." These words turned out to be true, as the GP7 enjoyed a top speed advantage throughout the season, although the other manufacturers (Yamaha, Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki) closed the gap significantly by the end of the year. Stoner and his Bridgestone-shod Ducati proved to be the top combination in MotoGP and he won the world championship at Motegi, Japan, on September 23, 2007, four races before the end of the season.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: An update of the GP7 design, Ducati's entry for the 2008 MotoGP World Championship was tested first in February 2007.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: For purposes of avoiding chatter which was encountered on some occasions with GP7, the rigidity of the GP8's frame was altered, although further details of relevant modifications are not disclosed. In addition, in an attempt to reduce an effect described as "pumping", some modifications to the bike's suspension geometry were made.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: As with its predecessor the GP8 contains a four-cylinder 800 cc engine with desmodromic actuation of its 16 valves. The engine has improved mid-range response and top-end power compared to that of the GP7.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: Throughout 2007, Ducati tested a special fuel-saving clutch arrangement which disengaged the clutch during braking and reduced fuel consumption, however the arrangement was not incorporated in the GP8 as various advanced lubricants and fuels used with the GP8 are believed to provide comparable fuel savings, while decreasing internal engine friction and increasing maximum power.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The GP9 was Ducati's entry for the 2009 MotoGP World Championship. Ducati began testing it on track prior to May 2008. On 9 June 2008, Ducati publicly rolled out the Desmosedici GP9 for testing at Circuit de Catalunya.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: A distinctive feature of GP9 is its carbon fibre chassis, representing a departure from Ducati's traditional steel trellis chassis. Although carbon fibre chassis were tried in mid 1980s, currently no other MotoGP racing team uses them.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: On January 15, 2010, Ducati introduced the GP10 for the 2010 MotoGP season. Development concentrated on improving engine longevity, to keep within new engine restrictions, and rideability. Most notably, the GP10 makes use of a big-bang firing order for the first time since the Desmosedici changed from the 990 cc to the 800 cc engine capacity. Ducati also redesigned the fairing, first seen at the 2009 Estoril round.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: On January 12, 2011, Ducati introduced the GP11 for the 2011 MotoGP season. The bike was raced by Valentino Rossi and Nicky Hayden.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: On March 19, 2012, Ducati unveiled the GP12 for the 2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season which incorporated new displacement standards of up to 1,000 cc in capacity. The bike was raced by Valentino Rossi and Nicky Hayden.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: The Desmosedici GP16 was unveiled in February 2016. It ran the first two pre-season tests with race riders Andrea Dovizioso and Andrea Iannone without a livery. Ducati's MotoGP boss Gigi Dall'Igna describes the 2016 Desmosedici as an "evolution" of its recent challengers. The GP16 was still the fastest bike in a straight line with its extra power. The winglets remained from the previous year, albeit now coloured to match the predominantly white and red Desmosedici.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: In the 10th round of the season in Austria, Ducati dominated all sessions. Andrea Iannone and Andrea Dovizioso qualified 1st and 3rd respectively. In the race, Ducati used their lack of wheelies and extra power to stretch out a gap to Jorge Lorenzo after some laps. The two bikes stayed together, with Dovizioso in first for most of the race. But Iannone out-braked him and took the lead into the penultimate corner of the last lap. The win was the first for Iannone in MotoGP and his first since Moto2 Italy 2012. The win was the first for Ducati (and any other manufacturer than Honda or Yamaha) since Casey Stoner won for the team in 2010 Australian Grand Prix. Dovizioso finished in 2nd place to mark the first Ducati 1–2 finish since the 2007 Australian Grand Prix.


title: Ducati Desmosedici

text: In the 17th round of the season at the newly resurfaced Sepang International Circuit in Malaysia, Dovizioso took his second pole of the year in wet conditions. At the start, he fell back to 4th while Iannone, who had qualified in 6th place, led briefly before falling to 2nd place. He stayed there till he crashed at Turn 9. That left Valentino Rossi with Dovizioso at the front and Jorge Lorenzo in a distant 3rd place. Rossi ran wide at turn 1 some laps later and fell back by around 1+ seconds per lap. 'DesmoDovi' held on for his first win with Ducati and his first win since his victory at Donington Park with the Repsol Honda Team in 2009.


title: Ichthyology

text: Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish, including bony fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). According to FishBase, 33,400 species of fish had been described as of October 2016, with approximately 250 new species described each year.


title: Ichthyology

text: The word is derived from the Greek words ἰχθύς, "ikhthus", meaning "fish"; and λογία, "logia", meaning "to study".


title: Ichthyology

text: The study of fish dates from the Upper Paleolithic Revolution (with the advent of "high culture"). The science of ichthyology was developed in several interconnecting epochs, each with various significant advancements.


title: Ichthyology

text: The study of fish receives its origins from humans' desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. According to Michael Barton, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College, "the earliest ichthyologists were "hunters and gatherers" who had learned how to obtain the most useful fish, where to obtain them in abundance, and at what times they might be the most available". Early cultures manifested these insights in abstract and identifiable artistic expressions.


title: Ichthyology

text: Informal, scientific descriptions of fish are represented within the Judeo-Christian tradition. The Old Testament laws of kashrut forbade the consumption of fish without scales or appendages. Theologians and ichthyologists believe that the apostle Peter and his contemporaries harvested the fish that are today sold in modern industry along the Sea of Galilee, presently known as Lake Kinneret. These fish include cyprinids of the genera "Barbus" and "Mirogrex", cichlids of the genus "Sarotherodon", and "Mugil cephalus" of the family Mugilidae.


title: Ichthyology

text: Aristotle incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study. Between 333 and 322 BC, he provided the earliest taxonomic classification of fish, accurately describing 117 species of Mediterranean fish. Furthermore, Aristotle documented anatomical and behavioral differences between fish and marine mammals. After his death, some of his pupils continued his ichthyological research. Theophrastus, for example, composed a treatise on amphibious fish. The Romans, although less devoted to science, wrote extensively about fish. Pliny the Elder, a notable Roman naturalist, compiled the ichthyological works of indigenous Greeks, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the sawfish and mermaid, respectively. Pliny's documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the European Renaissance.


title: Ichthyology

text: The writings of three 16th-century scholars, Hippolito Salviani, Pierre Belon, and Guillaume Rondelet, signify the conception of modern ichthyology. The investigations of these individuals were based upon actual research in comparison to ancient recitations. This property popularized and emphasized these discoveries. Despite their prominence, Rondelet's "De Piscibus Marinis" is regarded as the most influential, identifying 244 species of fish.


title: Ichthyology

text: The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the Renaissance marked the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology. The Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism. Georg Marcgrave of Saxony composed the "Naturalis Brasilae" in 1648. This document contained a description of 100 species of fish indigenous to the Brazilian coastline. In 1686, John Ray and Francis Willughby collaboratively published "Historia Piscium", a scientific manuscript containing 420 species of fish, 178 of these newly discovered. The fish contained within this informative literature were arranged in a provisional system of classification.


title: Ichthyology

text: The classification used within the "Historia Piscium" was further developed by Carl Linnaeus, the "father of modern taxonomy". His taxonomic approach became the systematic approach to the study of organisms, including fish. Linnaeus was a professor at the University of Uppsala and an eminent botanist; however, one of his colleagues, Peter Artedi, earned the title "father of ichthyology" through his indispensable advancements. Artedi contributed to Linnaeus's refinement of the principles of taxonomy. Furthermore, he recognized five additional orders of fish: Malacopterygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii, and Plagiuri. Artedi developed standard methods for making counts and measurements of anatomical features that are modernly exploited. Another associate of Linnaeus, Albertus Seba, was a prosperous pharmacist from Amsterdam. Seba assembled a cabinet, or collection, of fish. He invited Artedi to use this assortment of fish; unfortunately, in 1735, Artedi fell into an Amsterdam canal and drowned at the age of 30.


title: Ichthyology

text: Linnaeus posthumously published Artedi's manuscripts as "Ichthyologia, sive Opera Omnia de Piscibus" (1738). His refinement of taxonomy culminated in the development of the binomial nomenclature, which is in use by contemporary ichthyologists. Furthermore, he revised the orders introduced by Artedi, placing significance on pelvic fins. Fish lacking this appendage were placed within the order Apodes; fish having abdominal, thoracic, or jugular pelvic fins were termed Abdominales, Thoracici, and Jugulares, respectively. However, these alterations were not grounded within evolutionary theory. Therefore, over a century was needed for Charles Darwin to provide the intellectual foundation needed to perceive that the degree of similarity in taxonomic features was a consequence of phylogenetic relationships.


title: Ichthyology

text: Close to the dawn of the 19th century, Marcus Elieser Bloch of Berlin and Georges Cuvier of Paris made attempts to consolidate the knowledge of ichthyology. Cuvier summarized all of the available information in his monumental "Histoire Naturelle des Poissons". This manuscript was published between 1828 and 1849 in a 22-volume series. This document describes 4,514 species of fish, 2,311 of these new to science. It remains one of the most ambitious treatises of the modern world. Scientific exploration of the Americas advanced knowledge of the remarkable diversity of fish. Charles Alexandre Lesueur was a student of Cuvier. He made a cabinet of fish dwelling within the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River regions.


title: Ichthyology

text: Adventurous individuals such as John James Audubon and Constantine Samuel Rafinesque figure in the faunal documentation of North America. They often traveled with one another. Rafinesque wrote "Ichthyologic Ohiensis" in 1820. In addition, Louis Agassiz of Switzerland established his reputation through the study of freshwater fish and the first comprehensive treatment of palaeoichthyology, "Poisson Fossil's". In the 1840s, Agassiz moved to the United States, where he taught at Harvard University until his death in 1873.


title: Ichthyology

text: Albert Günther published his "Catalogue of the Fish of the British Museum" between 1859 and 1870, describing over 6,800 species and mentioning another 1,700. Generally considered one of the most influential ichthyologists, David Starr Jordan wrote 650 articles and books on the subject and served as president of Indiana University and Stanford University.


title: Ichthyology

text: Members of this list meet one or more of the following criteria: 1) Author of 50 or more fish taxon names, 2) Author of major reference work in ichthyology, 3) Founder of major journal or museum, 4) Person most notable for other reasons who has also worked in ichthyology.


title: Counting coup

text: Among the Plains Indians of North America, counting coup is the warrior tradition of winning prestige against an enemy in battle. It is one of the traditional ways of showing bravery in the face of an enemy and involves intimidating him, and, it is hoped, persuading him to admit defeat, without having to kill him. These victories may then be remembered, recorded, and recounted as part of the community's oral, written, or pictorial histories.


title: Counting coup

text: Historically, any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup, but the most prestigious acts included touching an enemy warrior with a hand, bow, or coup stick and escaping unharmed, and without harming the enemy, except for the enemy's wounded pride.


title: Counting coup

text: Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works was considered "counting coup", as was, in some nations, simply riding up to an enemy, touching him with a short stick, and riding away unscathed. Counting coup has at times also involved stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death is traditionally required to count coup. Escaping unharmed while counting coup is traditionally considered a higher honor than being wounded in the attempt.


title: Counting coup

text: After a battle or exploit, the people of a band gathered to recount their acts of bravery. Coups have been recorded by putting notches in a coup stick. Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest traditionally tied an eagle feather to their coup sticks for each coup counted. Among the Blackfoot nation of the upper Missouri River Valley, coup was recorded by the placement of "coup bars" on the sleeves and shoulders of special shirts bearing paintings of the warrior's exploits in battle. Many shirts of this sort have survived to the present, including some in European museums. In some tribes, a warrior who won coup was permitted to wear an eagle feather in his hair, and if wounded in the attempt, was required to paint the feather red to indicate this.


title: Counting coup

text: Joe Medicine Crow (1913–2016) is credited with achieving the feat while serving with the US Army during World War II, as on one occasion he overpowered and disarmed a German soldier, and later stole horses from an SS unit.


title: Counting coup

text: In the fall of 2016, activist, singer, and horseman Greg Grey Cloud (Crow Creek Nation) was on the front line blockade at the Dakota Access Pipeline protests, where Native American water protectors and their supporters were facing Dakota Access Pipeline security, local police, and police who had been brought in from other jurisdictions. Grey Cloud, on horseback in regalia and as part of a small group of people called the Spirit Riders, rode up to the police line.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: SM "U-20" was a German Type "U 19" U-boat built for service in the Imperial German Navy. She was launched on 18 December 1912, and commissioned on 5 August 1913. During World War I, she took part in operations around the British Isles. "U-20" became infamous following her sinking of the British ocean liner on 7 May 1915, an act that dramatically reshaped the course of World War I.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: On 7 May 1915, "U-20" was patrolling off the southern coast of Ireland under the command of Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger. Three months earlier, on 4 February, the Germans had established a U-boat blockade around the British Isles and had declared any vessel in it a legitimate target.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: At about 13:40 Schwieger was at the periscope and saw a vessel approaching. From a distance of about Schwieger noted she had four funnels and two masts, making her a liner of some sort. He recognised her as the "Lusitania", a vessel in the British Fleet Reserve, and fired a single torpedo. It hit on the starboard side, almost directly below the bridge. Following the torpedo's explosion, the liner was shattered by a second explosion, possibly caused by coal dust, a boiler explosion, or an explosion in the propulsion system – so large Schwieger himself was surprised. In 18 minutes, "Lusitania" sank with 1,198 casualties. The wreck lies in of water.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: There was at the time a great controversy about the sinking, over whether "Lusitania" was smuggling contraband war material to England and over the number of torpedoes Schwieger fired. The Allies and the United States originally thought the "U-20" fired two torpedoes. Postwar investigations showed only one was fired.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: Before he got back to the docks at Wilhelmshaven for refuelling and resupply, the United States had formally protested to Berlin against the brutality of his action.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: Kaiser Wilhelm II wrote in the margins of the American note, "Utterly impertinent", "outrageous", and "this is the most insolent thing in tone and bearing that I have had to read since the Japanese note last August." Nevertheless, to keep America out of the war, in June the Kaiser was compelled to rescind unrestricted submarine warfare and require all passenger liners be left unmolested.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: On 4 September 1915 Schwieger was back at sea with "U-20", off the Fastnet Rock in the south Irish Sea. This rock held one of the key navigational markers in the western ocean, the Fastnet Lighthouse, and any ships passing in and out of the Irish Sea would be within visual contact of it.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: RMS "Hesperian" was now beginning a new run outward bound from Liverpool to Quebec and Montreal, with a general cargo, also doubling as a hospital ship, and carrying about 800 passengers. She was attacked off the Fastnet, a key navigational landmark and islet in the north Atlantic, off the south-west coast of Ireland. Any ships passing in and out of the Irish Sea would be within visual contact of it. "The History of the Great War: The Merchant Navy, Vol. II", by Hurd, reads:


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: This time, Schwieger was received with official disgust upon his return to Wilhelmshaven. Brutally beaten and arrested by the Prussian Secret Police after being ordered to report to Berlin to explain himself, he was required to apologise for having sunk another passenger liner in defiance of a direct order not to do so again. He complained about his treatment in Berlin thereafter, whereupon he was again brutally beaten and arrested by the secret police and held in the brig at Wilhelmshaven for 15 days.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: After his death in 1917, Schwieger was forgiven in Berlin. He received Germany's highest decoration, the Pour le Mérite, having sunk 190,000 tons of shipping. The kaiser openly wept, along with scores of others, at his memorial service.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: On 4 November 1916, "U-20" grounded on the Danish coast south of Vrist, a little north of Thorsminde after suffering damage to its engines. Her crew attempted to destroy her with explosives the following day, succeeding, however, only in damaging the boat's bow (see picture) but making it effectively inoperative as a warship.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: The "U-20" remained on the beach until 1925 when the Danish government blew it up in a "spectacular explosion". The Danish navy removed the deck gun and made it unserviceable by cutting holes in vital parts. The gun was kept in the naval stores at Holmen in Copenhagen for almost 80 years. The conning tower was removed and placed on the front lawn of the local museum Strandingsmuseum St. George Thorsminde, where it still is today.


title: SM U-20 (Germany)

text: Novelist Clive Cussler claimed his National Underwater and Marine Agency (NUMA) located the remains of "U-20" in 1984, about 400 yards from shore.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: Kaaval () is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language action thriller film written and directed by Nithin Renji Panicker. Produced by Joby George under the banner of Goodwill Entertainments, the film stars Suresh Gopi and Renji Panicker in the lead roles. Ranjin Raj composes the film's original score and soundtrack, Production Controller Sanjay Padiyoor Nikhil S. Praveen is its cinematographer. The film was released on 04 November 2021 coinciding with Diwali.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: Thambaan and Anthony Joseph are good friends and also crime fighters duo in Kattappana while also running a sawmill as a side business. Anthony has a wife Mary and two children Rachel and Alex. The police have tried arresting them once but both have evaded capture. SI Muralidharan and Constable K.P. Varghese decides to arrest Thambaan and Anthony, but this time also they evade capture. Mary does not approve of them fighting crime and wants to leave the town. Vaalara Maani forcefully have sex with a girl named Padmini and makes her pregnant due to which Thambaan and Anthony arrive at his house and thrashes him. While Thambaan and Anthony are at Maani's house, Vargheese comes to Anthony's house. He slaps Mary and threatens to kill their children.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: After hearing this, Thambaan and Anthony come to the police station, thrashes the policemen and beats up Vargheese. They hang Vargheese up onto a wall and Thambaan tells him that his habit of molesting and threatening women have ended, where the townspeople laughs and hollers at him. Embarrassed, Vargheese commits suicide. Maani and his men attack Thambaan and Anthony at night after he and the police start a partnership to beat up both of them. Anthony gets his leg broken whereas Thambaan gets his eye cut. When Thambaan comes to the hospital to visit Anthony, Mary tells Thambaan to leave and never to see Anthony again. Guilt ridden, Thambaan walks out of the hospital. Maani is put in a jail as protection but Thambaan sneaks into the police station and kills Maani.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: The Head constable Arivandakshan sees Thambaan but him, being a righteous cop, ignores him as he realizes that what Thambaan did is right. Thambaan leaves the village and starts a new life in a different village. Many years later, Anthony is disabled and in financial trouble while Mary is dead. Rachel is engaged to James and Alex is in college. Anthony owes money to Kuzhiyil George, but he is unable to pay. George tells Anthony to marry Rachel to him and the debts will be taken care of. But, Anthony refuses. On Rachel's marriage day, a bunch of George's goons arrive and badly beat James. When Anthony comes to the police station to file a complaint, the new SI, Madhu K. refuses to help him as Muralidharan, who is now a DYSP, trained Madhu to be a police officer.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: Having no other way, Anthony decides to go to Thambaan for help. The next day, the police inform Rachel and Alex that Anthony was involved in an car accident which killed him. George comes to their house and harasses Rachel. Rachel tries to commit suicide but is stopped by Alex. Alex decided to go to Thambaan for help. He goes to Thambaan's house and explains the situation to him. Thambaan asks him to bring Rachel and live in his house as he can't go back to the village, but Alex refuses and goes back to his house. Thambaan changes his mind and comes to the village to protect Rachel and Alex from George's men. Thambaan once again asks Rachel and Alex to come with him to his house but they refuse. Thambaan and Alex go to George and asks him for more time to repay the money where George blackmails them by telling that he has a video of Rachel bathing on his phone and if Rachel does not marry him, he will release the video online.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: Thambaan is enraged and pounds him, where he takes the house's deed from George while also deleting the video from his phone. Rachel who was previously on odds with Thambaan warms up to him. Thambaan and Rachel go to a market together where Madhu, who is also at the market, starts a fight with Thambaan and subdues him. He arrest's a weakened Thambaan and releases him a day later. Rachel wakes up to see a weak Thambaan bleeding. She takes him to the hospital. Thambaan is released a few days later and he manages to convince James's parents to put the wedding back on. Thambaan finds out from Arivandakshan that on the day of the accident, Anthony was thrown out of his jeep by Madhu, so he boards a taxi. The taxi driver's name is Thomas.


title: Kaaval (2021 film)

text: Rachel and Alex finally sees Thambaan as a father figure. Rachel gets hit by a car and is in critical condition. Thambaan realizes that George's men from whom he saved Rachel and Alex were the ones who hit Rachel. Thambaan coerces George into telling the truth and goes to their hideout. There, Thambaan clobbers the henchmen. When Madhu comes there with the police to stop Thambaan and save the goons, Thambaan goes to Fr. David's house and hides there. When they tries to search the house for Thambaan, David refuses. After they all leaves, Madhu tells few of them to stay there as he suspects David. Meanwhile, it was revealed that Thambaan didn't come to hide in David's house and he found out that Anthony came there on the day of the accident. He recollects to David that one day when they were travelling in David's car, David told him that Thomas didn't came to the church on the day of the accident.