title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: Rocky and Kanhaiya realise that this has been all Karjatiya's doing and Rocky devises another plan. He lies to Karjatiya that he has a girlfriend, Vidya and doesn't love his first wife anymore but to make matters worse, Karjatiya demands that he wants to meets Vidya later when the family goes for a beach picnic. There, Kanhaiya dresses as a woman and poses as Vidya to convince Karjatiya who gets attracted to him along with Kanhaiya's father. When they question Kanhaiya's disappearance, Vidya lies that he is in the mall resulting in everyone going to the mall looking for him. Kanhaiya and Rocky are terrified to find DVDs of their films in the same store in the mall as the family and quickly decide to buy all of it to hide them but the shop owner delays them and in a scuffle, the DVDs get scattered around and everyone learns about the duo's dirty business and Karjatiya calls off the wedding. Upon hearing this, Vidya (Kanhaiya) decides to kill himself and runs to the beach where he, Rocky, PK, Karjatiya and Sindoor get stuck in a quicksand and they figure out that Vidya is Kanhaiya. Mickey and Shalu arrive in a hot air balloon to their rescue after being informed by Karjatiya's parrot and they successfully save everyone.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: After everyone accepts their mistakes, Karjatiya forgives Kanhaiya and allows him to marry Shalu while Mickey decides to direct family movies only.


title: Kyaa Kool Hain Hum 3

text: Like it's older installments, this film also received negative reviews from critics due to its adult content.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Arithmetic coding (AC) is a form of entropy encoding used in lossless data compression. Normally, a string of characters is represented using a fixed number of bits per character, as in the ASCII code. When a string is converted to arithmetic encoding, frequently used characters will be stored with fewer bits and not-so-frequently occurring characters will be stored with more bits, resulting in fewer bits used in total. Arithmetic coding differs from other forms of entropy encoding, such as Huffman coding, in that rather than separating the input into component symbols and replacing each with a code, arithmetic coding encodes the entire message into a single number, an arbitrary-precision fraction "q", where . It represents the current information as a range, defined by two numbers. A recent family of entropy coders called asymmetric numeral systems allows for faster implementations thanks to directly operating on a single natural number representing the current information.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: In the simplest case, the probability of each symbol occurring is equal. For example, consider a set of three symbols, A, B, and C, each equally likely to occur. Simple block encoding would require 2 bits per symbol, which is wasteful: one of the bit variations is never used. That is to say, symbols A, B and C might be encoded respectively as 00, 01 and 10, with 11 unused.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: A more efficient solution is to represent a sequence of these three symbols as a rational number in base 3 where each digit represents a symbol. For example, the sequence "ABBCAB" could become 0.011201, in arithmetic coding as a value in the interval 0, 1). The next step is to encode this ternary number using a fixed-point binary number of sufficient precision to recover it, such as 0.0010110010 – this is only 10 bits; 2 bits are saved in comparison with naïve block encoding. This is feasible for long sequences because there are efficient, in-place algorithms for converting the base of arbitrarily precise numbers.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: To decode the value, knowing the original string had length 6, one can simply convert back to base 3, round to 6 digits, and recover the string.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: In general, arithmetic coders can produce near-optimal output for any given set of symbols and probabilities. (The optimal value is −log"P" bits for each symbol of probability "P"; see "Source coding theorem".) Compression algorithms that use arithmetic coding start by determining a model of the data – basically a prediction of what patterns will be found in the symbols of the message. The more accurate this prediction is, the closer to optimal the output will be.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Example: a simple, static model for describing the output of a particular monitoring instrument over time might be:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Models can also handle alphabets other than the simple four-symbol set chosen for this example. More sophisticated models are also possible: "higher-order" modelling changes its estimation of the current probability of a symbol based on the symbols that precede it (the "context"), so that in a model for English text, for example, the percentage chance of "u" would be much higher when it follows a "Q" or a "q". Models can even be "adaptive", so that they continually change their prediction of the data based on what the stream actually contains. The decoder must have the same model as the encoder.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: In general, each step of the encoding process, except for the last, is the same; the encoder has basically just three pieces of data to consider:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The encoder divides the current interval into sub-intervals, each representing a fraction of the current interval proportional to the probability of that symbol in the current context. Whichever interval corresponds to the actual symbol that is next to be encoded becomes the interval used in the next step.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: When all symbols have been encoded, the resulting interval unambiguously identifies the sequence of symbols that produced it. Anyone who has the same final interval and model that is being used can reconstruct the symbol sequence that must have entered the encoder to result in that final interval.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: It is not necessary to transmit the final interval, however; it is only necessary to transmit "one fraction" that lies within that interval. In particular, it is only necessary to transmit enough digits (in whatever base) of the fraction so that all fractions that begin with those digits fall into the final interval; this will guarantee that the resulting code is a prefix code.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Consider the process for decoding a message encoded with the given four-symbol model. The message is encoded in the fraction 0.538 (using decimal for clarity, instead of binary; also assuming that there are only as many digits as needed to decode the message.)


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The process starts with the same interval used by the encoder: <nowiki>[0,1)</nowiki>, and using the same model, dividing it into the same four sub-intervals that the encoder must have. The fraction 0.538 falls into the sub-interval for NEUTRAL, <nowiki>[0, 0.6)</nowiki>; this indicates that the first symbol the encoder read must have been NEUTRAL, so this is the first symbol of the message.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Since 0.538 is within the interval <nowiki>[0.48, 0.54)</nowiki>, the second symbol of the message must have been NEGATIVE.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Now 0.538 falls within the interval of the END-OF-DATA symbol; therefore, this must be the next symbol. Since it is also the internal termination symbol, it means the decoding is complete. If the stream is not internally terminated, there needs to be some other way to indicate where the stream stops. Otherwise, the decoding process could continue forever, mistakenly reading more symbols from the fraction than were in fact encoded into it.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The message 0.538 in the previous example could have been encoded by the equally short fractions 0.534, 0.535, 0.536, 0.537 or 0.539. This suggests that the use of decimal instead of binary introduced some inefficiency. This is correct; the information content of a three-digit decimal is formula_1 bits; the same message could have been encoded in the binary fraction 0.10001010 (equivalent to 0.5390625 decimal) at a cost of only 8bits. (The final zero must be specified in the binary fraction, or else the message would be ambiguous without external information such as compressed stream size.)


title: Arithmetic coding

text: But an integer number of bits must be used in the binary encoding, so an encoder for this message would use at least 8 bits, resulting in a message 8.4% larger than the entropy contents. This inefficiency of at most 1 bit results in relatively less overhead as the message size grows.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Moreover, the claimed symbol probabilities were <nowiki>[0.6, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1)</nowiki>, but the actual frequencies in this example are <nowiki>[0.33, 0, 0.33, 0.33)</nowiki>. If the intervals are readjusted for these frequencies, the entropy of the message would be 4.755 bits and the same NEUTRAL NEGATIVE END-OF-DATA message could be encoded as intervals <nowiki>[0, 1/3); [1/9, 2/9); [5/27, 6/27);</nowiki> and a binary interval of <nowiki>[0.00101111011, 0.00111000111)</nowiki>. This is also an example of how statistical coding methods like arithmetic encoding can produce an output message that is larger than the input message, especially if the probability model is off.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: One advantage of arithmetic coding over other similar methods of data compression is the convenience of adaptation. "Adaptation" is the changing of the frequency (or probability) tables while processing the data. The decoded data matches the original data as long as the frequency table in decoding is replaced in the same way and in the same step as in encoding. The synchronization is, usually, based on a combination of symbols occurring during the encoding and decoding process.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The above explanations of arithmetic coding contain some simplification. In particular, they are written as if the encoder first calculated the fractions representing the endpoints of the interval in full, using infinite precision, and only converted the fraction to its final form at the end of encoding. Rather than try to simulate infinite precision, most arithmetic coders instead operate at a fixed limit of precision which they know the decoder will be able to match, and round the calculated fractions to their nearest equivalents at that precision. An example shows how this would work if the model called for the interval [0,1) to be divided into thirds, and this was approximated with 8 bit precision. Note that since now the precision is known, so are the binary ranges we'll be able to use.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: A process called "renormalization" keeps the finite precision from becoming a limit on the total number of symbols that can be encoded. Whenever the range is reduced to the point where all values in the range share certain beginning digits, those digits are sent to the output. For however many digits of precision the computer "can" handle, it is now handling fewer than that, so the existing digits are shifted left, and at the right, new digits are added to expand the range as widely as possible. Note that this result occurs in two of the three cases from our previous example.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Recall that in the case where the symbols had equal probabilities, arithmetic coding could be implemented by a simple change of base, or radix. In general, arithmetic (and range) coding may be interpreted as a "generalized" change of radix. For example, we may look at any sequence of symbols:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: as a number in a certain base presuming that the involved symbols form an ordered set and each symbol in the ordered set denotes a sequential integer A = 0, B = 1, C = 2, D = 3, and so on. This results in the following frequencies and cumulative frequencies:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The "cumulative frequency" for an item is the sum of all frequencies preceding the item. In other words, cumulative frequency is a running total of frequencies.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: In a positional numeral system the radix, or base, is numerically equal to a number of different symbols used to express the number. For example, in the decimal system the number of symbols is 10, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. The radix is used to express any finite integer in a presumed multiplier in polynomial form. For example, the number 457 is actually 4×10 + 5×10 + 7×10, where base 10 is presumed but not shown explicitly.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Initially, we will convert DABDDB into a base-6 numeral, because 6 is the length of the string. The string is first mapped into the digit string 301331, which then maps to an integer by the polynomial:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The result 23671 has a length of 15 bits, which is not very close to the theoretical limit (the entropy of the message), which is approximately 9 bits.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: To encode a message with a length closer to the theoretical limit imposed by information theory we need to slightly generalize the classic formula for changing the radix. We will compute lower and upper bounds "L" and "U" and choose a number between them. For the computation of "L" we multiply each term in the above expression by the product of the frequencies of all previously occurred symbols:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The difference between this polynomial and the polynomial above is that each term is multiplied by the product of the frequencies of all previously occurring symbols. More generally, "L" may be computed as:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: where formula_7 are the cumulative frequencies and formula_8 are the frequencies of occurrences. Indexes denote the position of the symbol in a message. In the special case where all frequencies formula_8 are 1, this is the change-of-base formula.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The upper bound "U" will be "L" plus the product of all frequencies; in this case "U" = "L" + (3 × 1 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 2) = 25002 + 108 = 25110. In general, "U" is given by:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Now we can choose any number from the interval ["L", "U") to represent the message; one convenient choice is the value with the longest possible trail of zeroes, 25100, since it allows us to achieve compression by representing the result as 251×10. The zeroes can also be truncated, giving 251, if the length of the message is stored separately. Longer messages will tend to have longer trails of zeroes.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: To decode the integer 25100, the polynomial computation can be reversed as shown in the table below. At each stage the current symbol is identified, then the corresponding term is subtracted from the result.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: During decoding we take the floor after dividing by the corresponding power of 6. The result is then matched against the cumulative intervals and the appropriate symbol is selected from look up table. When the symbol is identified the result is corrected. The process is continued for the known length of the message or while the remaining result is positive. The only difference compared to the classical change-of-base is that there may be a range of values associated with each symbol. In this example, A is always 0, B is either 1 or 2, and D is any of 3, 4, 5. This is in exact accordance with our intervals that are determined by the frequencies. When all intervals are equal to 1 we have a special case of the classic base change.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The lower bound "L" never exceeds "n", where "n" is the size of the message, and so can be represented in formula_11 bits. After the computation of the upper bound "U" and the reduction of the message by selecting a number from the interval ["L", "U") with the longest trail of zeros we can presume that this length can be reduced by formula_12 bits. Since each frequency in a product occurs exactly the same number of times as the value of this frequency, we can use the size of the alphabet "A" for the computation of the product


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Applying log for the estimated number of bits in the message, the final message (not counting a logarithmic overhead for the message length and frequency tables) will match the number of bits given by entropy, which for long messages is very close to optimal:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Because arithmetic coding doesn't compress one datum at a time, it can get arbitrarily close to entropy when compressing IID strings. By contrast, using the extension of Huffman coding (to strings) does not reach entropy unless all probabilities of alphabet symbols are powers of two, in which case both Huffman and arithmetic coding achieve entropy.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: When naively Huffman coding binary strings, no compression is possible, even if entropy is low (e.g. ({0, 1}) has probabilities {0.95, 0.05}). Huffman encoding assigns 1 bit to each value, resulting in a code of the same length as the input. By contrast, arithmetic coding compresses bits well, approaching the optimal compression ratio of


title: Arithmetic coding

text: One simple way to address Huffman coding's suboptimality is to concatenate symbols ("blocking") to form a new alphabet in which each new symbol represents a sequence of original symbols – in this case bits – from the original alphabet. In the above example, grouping sequences of three symbols before encoding would produce new "super-symbols" with the following frequencies:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: With this grouping, Huffman coding averages 1.3 bits for every three symbols, or 0.433 bits per symbol, compared with one bit per symbol in the original encoding, i.e., formula_16 compression. Allowing arbitrarily large sequences gets arbitrarily close to entropy – just like arithmetic coding – but requires huge codes to do so, so is not as practical as arithmetic coding for this purpose.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: An alternative is encoding run lengths via Huffman-based Golomb-Rice codes. Such an approach allows simpler and faster encoding/decoding than arithmetic coding or even Huffman coding, since the latter requires a table lookups. In the {0.95, 0.05} example, a Golomb-Rice code with a four-bit remainder achieves a compression ratio of formula_17, far closer to optimum than using three-bit blocks. Golomb-Rice codes only apply to Bernoulli inputs such as the one in this example, however, so it is not a substitute for blocking in all cases.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Basic algorithms for arithmetic coding were developed independently by Jorma J. Rissanen, at IBM Research, and by Richard C. Pasco, a Ph.D. student at Stanford University; both were published in May 1976. Pasco cites a pre-publication draft of Rissanen's article and comments on the relationship between their works:


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Less than a year after publication, IBM filed for a US patent on Rissanen's work. Pasco's work was not patented.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: A variety of specific techniques for arithmetic coding have historically been covered by US patents, although various well-known methods have since passed into the public domain as the patents have expired. Techniques covered by patents may be essential for implementing the algorithms for arithmetic coding that are specified in some formal international standards. When this is the case, such patents are generally available for licensing under what is called "reasonable and non-discriminatory" (RAND) licensing terms (at least as a matter of standards-committee policy). In some well-known instances, (including some involving IBM patents that have since expired), such licenses were available for free, and in other instances, licensing fees have been required. The availability of licenses under RAND terms does not necessarily satisfy everyone who might want to use the technology, as what may seem "reasonable" for a company preparing a proprietary commercial software product may seem much less reasonable for a free software or open source project.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: At least one significant compression software program, bzip2, deliberately discontinued the use of arithmetic coding in favor of Huffman coding due to the perceived patent situation at the time. Also, encoders and decoders of the JPEG file format, which has options for both Huffman encoding and arithmetic coding, typically only support the Huffman encoding option, which was originally because of patent concerns; the result is that nearly all JPEG images in use today use Huffman encoding although JPEG's arithmetic coding patents have expired due to the age of the JPEG standard (the design of which was approximately completed by 1990). JPEG XL, as well as archivers like PackJPG, Brunsli and Lepton, that can losslessly convert Huffman encoded files to ones with arithmetic coding (or asymmetric numeral systems in case of JPEG XL), showing up to 25% size saving.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: The JPEG image compression format's arithmetic coding algorithm is based on the following cited patents (since expired).


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Note: This list is not exhaustive. See the following links for a list of more US patents. The Dirac codec uses arithmetic coding and is not patent pending.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Patents on arithmetic coding may exist in other jurisdictions; see software patents for a discussion of the patentability of software around the world.


title: Arithmetic coding

text: Every programmatic implementation of arithmetic encoding has a different compression ratio and performance. While compression ratios vary only a little (usually under 1%), the code execution time can vary by a factor of 10. Choosing the right encoder from a list of publicly available encoders is not a simple task because performance and compression ratio depend also on the type of data, particularly on the size of the alphabet (number of different symbols). One of two particular encoders may have better performance for small alphabets while the other may show better performance for large alphabets. Most encoders have limitations on the size of the alphabet and many of them are specialized for alphabets of exactly two symbols (0 and 1).


title: Dana Jacobson

text: Dana Jacobson (born November 5, 1971) is a host and correspondent for CBS News currently serving as a co host for "CBS Saturday Morning". She is also an anchor & reporter for CBS Sports and CBS Sports Network. She joined CBS News in 2015, 2 years after she began working for CBS Sports Network. Prior to that Jacobson spent a decade at ESPN, from 2002 until 2012. In March 2005, she was named co-host of "Cold Pizza" and transitioned with the show as it became "First Take". On December 30, 2011, she left "First Take" and returned to anchoring "SportsCenter". On March 27, 2012, "USA Today" announced that Jacobson would leave ESPN when her contract expires at the end of April. Monday, April 30, 2012, was her final day at ESPN when she anchored the 6–8 p.m. ET "SportsCenter".


title: Dana Jacobson

text: On July 13, 2018, Jacobson, along with long-time CBS correspondent Michelle Miller, were named the new co-hosts of the Saturday edition of "CBS This Morning".


title: Dana Jacobson

text: Jacobson was born and raised in the suburbs of Detroit, Michigan, in a Jewish family and attended Andover High School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan. Subsequently, she attended and graduated from Valley High School in West Des Moines, Iowa, in 1989. Jacobson graduated from the University of Michigan in 1993 with a Bachelor of Arts in English and communications and was a member of the Pi Beta Phi sorority.


title: Dana Jacobson

text: On the October 11, 2018, edition of "CBS This Morning", host Gayle King announced that Jacobson was engaged. According to 98.5 radio in Boston (The Sports Hub), Jacobson got engaged to Boston Celtics play-by-play announcer Sean Grande. They were married on September 28, 2019.


title: Dana Jacobson

text: At a private roast for co-workers Mike Greenberg and Mike Golic in January 2008, Jacobson cursed the University of Notre Dame's Touchdown Jesus. Jacobson and ESPN both released a statement apologizing to those offended by the roast comments. Jacobson was suspended from ESPN for one week. Upon returning, she apologized on-air for her behavior and comments.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Kenneth Gamble (born August 11, 1943, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) and Leon A. Huff (born April 8, 1942, Camden, New Jersey) are an American songwriting and production team credited for developing the Philadelphia soul music genre (also known as Philly sound) of the 1970s. In addition to forming their own label, Philadelphia International Records, Gamble and Huff have written and produced 175 gold and platinum records, earning them an induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the non-performer category in March 2008.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Gamble's childhood in Philadelphia shaped his adult life: he recorded himself on various arcade recording machines, assisted the morning show DJs on WDAS, operated a record store, and sang with The Romeos. In 1964, before there was "Gamble & Huff" there was "Gamble & Ross". Gamble was discovered and managed by Jerry Ross when Gamble was only 17 years old and they collaborated for many years. Gamble teamed up with Leon Huff (keyboards) for the first time on a recording for Candy & The Kisses. Ross then signed Gamble to Columbia Records in 1963 as a solo recording artist, releasing "You Don't Know What You Got Until You Lose It". Gamble & Ross & Huff collaborated on the hit song "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me", originally recorded by Jay & The Techniques, who were a Jerry Ross group, and later covered by Dee Dee Warwick and later by Diana Ross & The Supremes and The Temptations.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In 1967 they produced their first Top 5 hit: "Expressway to Your Heart" by The Soul Survivors. In the spring of 1968, for their own Gamble Records label, they wrote and produced the top 10 hit "Cowboys to Girls" for the Philadelphia group the Intruders. They subsequently worked with Atlantic Records artists Archie Bell & the Drells, Wilson Pickett, Dusty Springfield, and The Sweet Inspirations, as well as with Mercury artists Jerry Butler and Dee Dee Warwick, scoring numerous hits along the way.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: With a solid track record now behind them, Gamble and Huff formed Philadelphia International Records in 1971 as a rival to Berry Gordy and Motown. They originally approached Atlantic Records, which passed on the deal as being too expensive. CBS Records, headed at the time by Clive Davis, backed the venture and distributed Philadelphia International's records. Aided and abetted by in-house arrangers Thom Bell, Bobby Martin, and Norman Harris, Philadelphia International released a number of the most popular soul music hits of the 1970s, including "If You Don't Know Me by Now" by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, "Back Stabbers", "For the Love of Money", and "Love Train" by The O'Jays, as well as the Grammy-winning "Me and Mrs. Jones" by Billy Paul. According to an interview on BBC Radio 4 on June 28, 2006, Gamble and Huff were inspired to write "Me and Mrs. Jones" after seeing someone they knew who appeared to be involved in an affair, meeting a woman in a cafe frequented by the songwriters. In collaboration with Bell, Gamble and Huff also formed the music publisher Mighty Three Music.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Gamble and Huff's Philadelphia soul sound evolved from the simpler arrangements of the late-1960s into a style featuring lush strings, thumping basslines, and sliding hi-hat rhythms—elements that soon became the distinguishing characteristics of a new style of music called disco. By 1975, Philadelphia International and the Philadelphia soul genre it helped define had largely eclipsed Motown and the Motown Sound in popularity, and Gamble and Huff were the premiere producers of soul.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Nearly all of the Philadelphia International records featured the work of the label's in-house band of studio musicians, MFSB (Mother Father Sister Brother). MFSB cut a number of successful instrumental albums and singles written and produced by the Gamble & Huff team and arranged by Bobby Martin including the 1974 number-one hit "TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)", now best known as the theme song from the American television show "Soul Train."


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Throughout the 1970s, Gamble and Huff made music that addressed political and social issues faced by the African American community. Many of their songs articulated the theme of black pride and highlighted the Black Power Movement's struggle for power and self-determination. Representative examples include Billy Paul's "Am I Black Enough for You?" (1972), the O'Jays' "Give the People What They Want" (1975), and the star-studded "Let's Clean Up the Ghetto" (1977), the latter of which was the title track from an album that characterized Philadelphia International's broader political and social designs. Scholar James B. Stewart wrote of the album and initiative: "The record company's ability to mount this type of community empowerment venture, while functioning essentially as a component of CBS's black music department, is an interesting contrast to the more traditional style of corporate control of lyrical content ... The title song ... implores listeners to participate in a physical clean up effort 'because the ghetto is our home.' The titles of several of the other songs on the album convey the album's broader thrust including, 'Now Is the Time to Do It,' 'Year of Decision,' 'New Day, New World Comin',' and 'Save the Children.'" The album cover prominently displayed Gamble's message: "The only way we can clean up the "physical" ghetto is to first clean up the "mental" ghetto. With the help of almighty God, we will be able to turn this community into a positive system. Our first step is cleanliness, 'cause it's the closest thing to godliness." The album jacket also noted that all profits from the LP would be donated to charity for five years.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Gamble's "Clean Up The Ghetto" project, which involves the youth of blighted communities to help clean-up and repair damaged or neglected properties, started in Philadelphia, and has spread to Los Angeles, Atlanta, and Chicago with similar events being held throughout the country. Gamble has also contributed his time and energy to the T. J. Martell Foundation and The AMC Cancer Research Center and Hospital. He has served on the board of directors for the Philadelphia Music Foundation, which honors the artists, songwriters, and producers from Philadelphia. He founded the organization Universal Companies which has opened a restaurant, a bookstore, a mosque, low-income housing, and several charter schools. These buildings, mostly built by locally hired labor, have served as springboards to revitalizing neighborhoods. For example, in 2003 Gamble and Universal Companies partnered with others for a $100 million plan to construct and renovate 400 homes in south Philadelphia.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In 1975, Philadelphia International became involved in a payola-related scandal; Gamble was fined but Huff was not. By the late 1970s, however, the popularity of the Philadelphia soul sound began to decline. Disco had suffered a backlash, R&B was going back toward the ballad, and rock had returned to the American charts. Still, the label had its share of late 1970s success. Among the later hits were "Enjoy Yourself" by The Jacksons in 1976, and "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" by McFadden & Whitehead in 1979. One song they wrote, called "My Mood" was adopted in 1980 as the close of WRC's Friday Night 6pm newscasts. As of 2018, WRC was still using this music.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In 1982, Philadelphia International's biggest star, former Blue Notes singer Teddy Pendergrass, became paralyzed from the waist down in a car accident, and the future of the label came to be in doubt. That year, Philadelphia broke its ties with CBS and made a new deal with EMI. Although the hits had by now dried up, Gamble and Huff continued to write and produce for the label's artists.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: 1990 finally saw Gamble and Huff recognized with a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song, awarded for Simply Red's cover of the Blue Notes' 1972 hit "If You Don't Know Me By Now". Also in 1990, Mighty Three Music was acquired by Warner Chappell Music. In 1999, Gamble and Huff were honored with the Grammy Trustees Award, joining musical luminaries like Frank Sinatra, The Beatles, and Walt Disney. Their career output of over 3,000 songs places them among the most prolific professional songwriters of all time.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Today, Kenneth Gamble continues to write, often with Leon Huff, and Philadelphia International continues. He still lives in South Philadelphia, and remains active in his community. Gamble owns the shuttered Royal Theater and surrounding properties.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: On September 19, 2005, Gamble and Huff were inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame for their outstanding achievements as producers at a ceremony held in New York City.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In 2008, Gamble and Huff were the first recipients of the newly created "Ahmet Ertegün Award" by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The award replaces the former "non-performer" inductee category. On May 20, 2009, Gamble & Huff were named BMI Icons at the 57th annual BMI Pop Awards. Together, the duo has collected an astounding 86 BMI Pop and R&B Awards.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In May 2010, Kenneth Gamble and Leon Huff were each awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music. The ceremony was held at Boston University's Agganis Arena, where the songwriting duo gave the commencement address.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: On March 16, 2012, the "Philadelphia Inquirer" published an obituary for Ruby Gamble, the 96-year-old mother of Gamble, in which he attributes his success to her influence.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: In April 2014, Gamble & Huff was presented a tribute by TV One on their award show "The Trumpet Awards" which was the 22nd Annual Awards ceremony. Joe, Carl Thomas, Lyfe Jennings, SWV, and Billy Paul performed songs for the tribute. SWV performed "If Only You Knew"; with their lead singer Coko singing lead on the song. The song is one of Gamble & Huff's biggest hits produced.


title: Gamble and Huff

text: Leon Huff has a son, Leon Huff Jr., who produces for the record companies of today, as well, working with notable artists such as 8Ball & MJG, Beanie Sigel & State Property, Ruff Ryders, Lil’ Bow Wow, and more. Leon Huff Jr. goes by the stage name Pop Traxx, and he is the owner of the luxury HDE Studios in the Fishtown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Alborz

text: The Alborz ( ) range, also spelled as Alburz, Elburz or Elborz, is a mountain range in northern Iran that stretches from the border of Azerbaijan along the western and entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea and finally runs northeast and merges into the smaller Aladagh Mountains and borders in the northeast on the parallel mountain ridge Kopet Dag in the northern parts of Khorasan. All these mountains are part of the much larger Alpide belt. This mountain range is divided into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alborz Mountains. The Western Alborz Range (usually called the Talysh) runs south-southeastward almost along the western coast of the Caspian Sea. The Central Alborz (the Alborz Mountains in the strictest sense) runs from west to east along the entire southern coast of the Caspian Sea, while the Eastern Alborz Range runs in a northeasterly direction, toward the northern parts of the Khorasan region, southeast of the Caspian Sea. Mount Damavand, the highest mountain in Iran measuring 5,610.0 m (18,405.5 ft), is located in the Central Alborz Mountains.


title: Alborz

text: The name "Alborz" is derived from Harā Barazaitī, a legendary mountain in the Avesta, the main text of Zoroastrianism. "Harā Barazaitī" is from a Proto-Iranian name, "Harā Bṛzatī", meaning "Mountain Rampart." "Bṛzatī" is the feminine form of the adjective "bṛzant-" "high", the ancestor of modern Persian "bouland" and "BarzBerazandeh", cognate with Sanskrit "Brihat". "Harā" may be interpreted as "watch" or "guard", from an Indo-European root *"ser-" "protect". In Middle Persian, "Harā Barazaitī" became "Harborz", Modern Persian "Alborz", which is a cognate with Elbrus, the highest peak of the Caucasus.


title: Alborz

text: Zoroastrians seem to identify the range with the dwelling place of the Peshyotan, and the Zoroastrian Ilm-e-Kshnoom sect identifies Mount Davamand as the home of the "Saheb-e-Dilan" ('Masters of the Heart'). In his epic Shahnameh, the poet Ferdowsi speaks of the mountains "as though they lay in India." This could reflect older usage, for numerous high peaks were given the name, and some even reflect it to this day, including Mount Elbrus in the Caucasus Mountains and Mount Elbariz (Albariz, Jebal Barez) in the Kerman area above the Strait of Hormuz. All these names reflect the same Iranian language compound, and have been speculatively identified, at one time or another, as the legendary mountain Hara Berezaiti of the Avesta.


title: Alborz

text: The Alborz mountain range forms a barrier between the south Caspian and the Iranian plateau. It is only 60–130 km wide and consists of sedimentary series dating from Upper Devonian to Oligocene, prevalently Jurassic limestone over a granite core. Continental conditions regarding sedimentation are reflected by thick Devonian sandstones and by Jurassic shales containing coal seams. Marine conditions are reflected by Carboniferous and Permian strata that are composed mainly of limestones. In the Eastern Alborz Range, the far eastern section is formed by Mesozoic (chiefly Triassic and Jurassic) rocks, while the western part of the Eastern Alborz Range is made primarily of Paleozoic rocks. Precambrian rocks can be found chiefly south of the city of Gorgan situated in the southeast of the Caspian Sea and, in much smaller amounts, in the central and western parts of the Central Alborz Range. The central part of the Central Alborz Range is formed mainly of Triassic and Jurassic rocks, while the northwestern section of the range is mainly composed of Jurassic rocks. Very thick beds of Tertiary (mostly Eocene) green volcanic tuffs and lavas are found mainly in the southwestern and south-central parts of the range. The far northwestern part of the Alborz, that constitutes the Western Alborz Range or the Talish Mountains, is mainly made up of Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary deposits, with a strip of Paleozoic rocks and a band of Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the southern parts, both in a northwest–southeast direction. As the Tethys Sea was closed and the Arabian Plate collided with the Iranian Plate, and was pushed against it, and with the clockwise movement of the Eurasian Plate towards the Iranian Plate and their final collision, the Iranian Plate was pressed from both sides. The collisions finally caused the folding of the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleogene rocks and the Cenozoic (chiefly the Eocene) volcanism, to form the Alborz Mountains, primarily during the Miocene. The Alpine orogeny began, therefore, with Eocene volcanism in southwestern and south-central parts of the Alborz, and continued with the uplift and folding of the older sedimentary rocks in the northwestern, central and eastern parts of the range, during the most important orogenic phases, which date from the Miocene and Pliocene epochs.


title: Alborz

text: While the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains are usually semiarid or arid, with irregular and low precipitation, the northern slopes of the range are usually humid, especially in the western parts of the Central Alborz. In the southern slopes or the Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion, the higher elevations are arid with few trees. Juniper is the most common tree in inaccessible areas and at high elevation, while common shrubs are pistachio, maple, and almond. But in the northern slopes, the Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion is lush and forested. The natural vegetation of this region grows in distinct zones:


title: Alborz

text: The wild cypress is the dominant form of vegetation in some valleys, while olive trees grow in the western valleys of the Central Alborz near the Sefidrud. The bezoar ibex, Blanford's fox, Rüppell's fox, red fox, Persian fallow deer, wild boar, Syrian brown bear, Persian leopard, Indian wolf, buzzard, goose, woodpecker, griffon vulture, and eagle are among important animals and birds found in the Alborz Mountains. The extinct Caspian tiger also lived in the Alborz Mountains.


title: Alborz

text: Archaeological evidence from Alborz indicates that early human groups were present in the region since at least late Lower Paleolithic. The Darband Cave located at the Gilan Province contains evidence for late Lower Paleolithic. Stone artifacts and animal fossils were discovered by a group of archaeologists of the "Department of Paleolithic" of the National Museum of Iran and ICHTO of Gilan. The presence of large numbers of cave bear and brown bear remains and sparse stone artifacts at the site indicates that Darband primarily represents a bear den. The co-occurrence of artifacts and bear bones does not imply human predation or scavenging. Because there are no clear cut marks, except a few burning signs on the bear bones, they probably accumulated through natural processes. During Middle Paleolithic period, Neanderthals were most probably were present in the region as their fossil have been found at northwest of Alborz, in the Azykh Cave. Their stone tools found in the Buzeir Cave and Kiaram cave and number of other surveyed sites. Evidence for Modern human comes from a river side site called Garm Roud in the Mazandaran Province which dates back to about 30,000 years ago.


title: Alborz

text: Due to the great snowy winters of the Alborz Mountains, there are several ski resorts in different places of the range. Some of them, according to ski enthusiasts, are among the best in the world. Some of most important are Dizin, Shemshak, Tochal, and Darbandsar.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Sayid Mohamed Abdullahi Hassan (; 1856–1920) was a Somali religious and military leader of the Dervish movement, which led a two-decade long confrontation with various colonial empires including the British, Italians, and Ethiopians.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Due to his successful completion of the hajj to Mecca, his complete memorization of the Quran and his purported descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his name is sometimes preluded with honorifics such as Hajji, Hafiz or Sayyid.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Muhammad `Abd Allāh al-Hasan (, ); Sayyid Muḥammad ibn 'Abdallāh was born to a Bah Cali Gheri mother and Ogaden father. Due to his influence in the precipitation of Somali nationalism, the Central Powers, contemporary fanciers sometimes refer to him as the "Father of Somali nationalism". In 1917, the Ottoman Empire referred to Hassan as the "Emir of the Somali".


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: According to Douglas Jardine, the name 'Mad Mullah' did not originate with the British or the Italians as is often thought, but is a translation of the Somali expression "wadaad waal" (the Mullah that is a lunatic) used by Somalis in Berbera. One Somali poet at the time, Ali Jama Habil composed a poem titled "'Maxamed Waal"' (Mohamed the Lunatic). According to apologist Said Sheikh Samatar the Somali word "waalan" covers a spectrum that ranges from sheer lunacy through 'lunatic' valour to an other worldly inner serenity.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: In Berbera the established Qadiriyya tariqa would soon be challenged by a new tariqa. The most prominent Sheikh of the Salihiyya order were Isma'il ibn Ishaq al-Urwayni and the Dervish emir Hassan (called Mullah by British) who arrived in Berbera in 1895 and constructed his own mosque and began propagating. He was strongly against khat and chewing tobacco, both of which the Qadiriyya had permitted. Amongst other disputes, he would come to debate the leading Qadiriyya sheikhs of Berbera including Aw Gaas and Xaaji Ibrahim Xirsi. Sheikh Madar, the leader of Somali Qadiriyya was invited to participate in 1897 and after rigorous discussion, the Qadiriyya tariqa had proved victorious and Mohamed Abdullah Hassan had been refuted. British authorities took note of the disturbance and turmoil and he was thus expelled from the city. The divisions were deep and both sides had accused the other of heresy, Hassan would go on to form the Dervish movement based on Salihiyya just two years after the debates partly in rebuke of the Qadiriyya status quo.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: In March 1899, one Duwaleh Hirsi a former member of the Somali Aden police then Mr Percy Cox's (former counsel-resident of Zeila and Berbera, 1893–1895) expedition guide in Somaliland allegedly stole a rifle and sold it to the tariqa at Kob Fardod. The vice-counsel at the coast, Harry Edward Spiller Cordeaux, sent a letter to the mullahs at Kob Fardod demanding the return of the rifle. The letter was carried by a Somali mounted policeman named Ahmed Adan. Upon his return after the delivery of the letter, Cordeaux interviewed Adan, who provided the following information:


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: I knew many of the people there—some of them were relations of mine. My brother-in-law, Dualeh Aoreb, was there. I asked them if they had any rifles, they said they at first had only six, but had just received fifty-five from Hafoon. I saw two or three of the new lot, they are Martins(new). They told me they had one or two "14-shot rifles." I saw some Mullahs walking about with Sniders. The Sheikh himself and some of his Mullahs used to practice daily shooting at a target; they put up a shield against a tree. I used to talk with people every day. We talked about many things, some of the words they said were good and others were bad. They called me a Kafir, and laughed at my uniform, saying that I smelt, and asking me why I wore the Sircars clothes. There were hundreds of people there, some from every tribe, Dolbahanta, Habr Toljaala, and Habr Yunis.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: What is particularly revealing about Ahmed Adan's interview is the confusion that was caused by another letter carried by a Somali, supposedly also from the British administration at the coast. This second letter angered the mullahs at the Tariqa ;


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: The second letter provoked the mullahs, the hostile tone in the reply is due to the offensive second letter carried by Salaan the Somali. Both replies; one regarding the rifle curt but relatively inoffensive and a second addressing the confusing insolent second letter are in the British record.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: The news that sparked the Dervish rebellion and the 21 year disturbance according to the consul-general James Hayes Sadler was either spread or concocted by Sultan Nur of the Habr Yunis. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children that were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at Berbera in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in the Tariqa at Kob Fardod in June 1899. In one of his letters to Sultan Deria in 1899, Sayyid Hassan said that the British ""have destroyed our religion and made our children their children"" alluding to Sultan Nur's incident with the Roman French Mission at Berbera. The Dervishes soon emerged as an opposition of the Christian activities, defending their version of Islam against the Christian mission.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: There are only one people during the Dervish struggle the Sayyid extensively asked in a letter to join his struggle. Those were the Bimal clan. His letter to the Bimal was documented as the most extended exposition of his mind as a Muslim thinker and religious figure. The letter is until this day still preserved. It is said that the Bimal thanks to their size being numerically powerful, traditionally and religiously devoted fierce warriors and having possession of much resources have intrigued Mahamed Abdulle Hassan. But not only that the Bimal themselves mounted an extensive and major resistance against the Italians, especially in the first decade of the 19th century. The Italians carried many expeditions against the powerful Bimal to try and pacify them. Because of this the Bimal had all the reason to join the Dervish struggle and by doing so to win their support over the Sayyid wrote a detailed theological statement to put forward to the Bimal tribe who dominated the strategic Banaadir port of Merca and its surroundings.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: One of the Italian's greatest fears was the spread of 'Dervishism' ( had come to mean revolt) in the south and the strong Bimaal tribe of Benadir whom already were at war with the Italians, while not following the religious message or adhering to the views of Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, understood greatly his goal and political tactics. The dervishes in this case were engaged in supplying arms to the Bimaal. The Italians wanted to bring in an end to the Bimaal revolt and at all cost prevent a Bimal-Dervish alliance, which lead them to use the forces of Obbia and the Mijertein as prevention.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: However, soon angered by his autocratic rule, Hussen Hirsi Dala Iljech' – a Mohammed Subeer chieftain – plotted to kill him. The news of the plot leaked to Hassan. He escaped but his maternal uncle, Aw 'Abbas, was killed. Some weeks later, Mohammed Subeer sent a peace delegation of 32 men to Hassan, but he had all the members of the delegation arrested and killed. Shocked by this, Mohammed Subeer sought the help of the Ethiopians and the Dervish withdrew to Nugaal.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Towards the end of 1900, Ethiopian Emperor Menelik proposed a joint action with the British against the Dervish. Accordingly, British Lt. Col. Eric John Eagles Swayne assembled a force of 1,500 Somali soldiers led by 21 European officers and started from Burco on 22 May 1901, while an Ethiopian army of 15,000 soldiers started from Harar to join the British forces intent on crushing the 20,000 Dervish fighters (of whom 40 percent were cavalry).


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: On 9 January 1904, at the Jidaale (Jidballi) plain, the British Commander, General Charles Egerton, killed 1,000 Dervish. This defeat forced Sayyid and his remaining men to flee to Majeerteen country.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Around 1909, in a secret meeting under a big tree later nicknamed "Anjeel tale waa" ("The Tree of Bad Counsel"), about 400 Dervish followers decided to stop following the mullah upon receiving the expulsion letter from the head of the Tariqa, Sheikh Salah, excommunicating the mullah. Their departure weakened, demoralized and angered Sayyid, and it was at this juncture that he composed his poem entitled "The Tree of Bad Counsel".


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: Despite leaving Berbera after being rebuked by the leading Sheikhs of the rival Qadiriyya school the enmity did not end. Heated poems would be exchanged between the Sayyid and prominent Sheikh Uways al-Barawi from Barawa, the leader of the 1908 Benadir revolt.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: This exchange would lead to takfir or accusations of apostasy from both men and the murder of Uways by the Dervish in 1909. This ironically proved Sheikh Uways' accusation that the Sayyid deemed it lawful to spill the blood of the learned. The Sayyid would mock Sheikh Uways death with a final poem "Behold, at last, when we slew the old wizard, the rains began to come!".


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: During 1909-1910, the dervish capital moved from Illig to Taleh in the heart of Nugal where the dervish built three garrison forts of massive stone work and a number of houses. He built a luxurious palace for himself and kept new guards drawn from outcast clans. By 1913, the dervish dominated the entire hinterland of the Somali peninsula building forts at Jildali and Mirashi, and at Werder in the Ogaden and Beledweyne in southern Somalia. On 9 August 1913, at the Battle of Dul Madoba, a Dervish force raided the Dolbahanta clan and killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man "Somaliland Camel Constabulary". The dead included the British officer who commanded the constabulary, Colonel Richard Corfield. Hassan memorialized this action in his poem simply entitled "The Death of Richard Corfield". In the same year, fourteen Dervishes infiltrated Berbera and fired few shots on its citizens fleeing, nonetheless causing panic. In 1914, the Somaliland Camel Corps was founded as an expanded and improved version of the constabulary.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: A British force was gathering against the Dervishes when they were interrupted by the outbreak of World War I. Among the British officers deployed was Adrian Carton de Wiart (later Lieutenant General), who lost an eye during the campaign, and Hastings Ismay, a staff officer who was later Winston Churchill's chief military adviser.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: In the beginning of 1920, the British struck the Dervish settlements with a well-coordinated air and land attack and inflicted a stunning defeat. The forts of the dervishes were damaged and the army suffered great losses. They hastily fled to Ogaden. Here, again with the help of his patriotic poetry and charisma, he tried to rebuild his army and accomplish the coalition of Ogaden clans, which made him a power in the land once again.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: On 21 December 1920, Hassan died of influenza at the age of 64, his grave is believed to be somewhere close to Imi town of the Somali Region of Ethiopia; however, the exact spot of the Sayid's grave is unknown. In mid 2009, the Somali Regional State administration announced that they would exhume his remains and rebury them in his old castle at Imi. Most of the people who knew the exact location of Hassan's tomb were long dead, but the Regional Information Minister Guled Casowe told VOA Somali Section that a few, very old individuals might be left and they would be able to reveal the details of Hassan's grave. Remains were found in a graveyard at Gindhir and the Somali Region of Ethiopia then tried to test the DNA to determine whether they could be those of Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: The efforts and fervor of the erstwhile Anti-colonial leader of the Somali Dervish movement, who by the time of his death had reclaimed and united large swathes of the lands historically territorial to the Somali peoples, to this day inspires and mobilizes the autochthonous peoples of Somalia to form a consolidated bulwark against imperialism (namely that of Ethiopia) as captured in the struggles of the Islamic Courts Union, the Ogaden National Liberation Front, and the former Western Somali Liberation Front. Hassan has thus become more than just a token of pride for the various sectional groups in Somalia, but has also been seen by some as icon of Pan-Somalism, at times even distinguished as one of the great revolutionaries of the turn of the 20th century by notable Pan-Africanist movements, who led the Senussid resistance against the Italians. Hassan's reputation thus transcends the very borders he sought to liberate from foreign rule and domination, the very essence of the Pan-Africanist movement.


title: Mohammed Abdullah Hassan

text: A Socialist realist statue of Hassan riding his favourite horse Hiin-Faniin (sometimes called "Sayidka" or "Siyadka") was built in central Mogadishu across the Mogadishu Central Mosque before 1972 (or in the 1980s by Barre's regime), but was torn down between 1991 and 1993 and sold as scrap metal. The damaged foundation of the monument was left standing. On 18 October 2019, the monument was restored and unveiled by Somalian president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, along with other restored monuments. A similar statue was built in the Ethiopian city of Jijiga in 2013.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Oroville Dam is an earthfill embankment dam on the Feather River east of the city of Oroville, California, in the Sierra Nevada foothills east of the Sacramento Valley. At 770 feet (235 m) high, it is the tallest dam in the U.S. and serves mainly for water supply, hydroelectricity generation, and flood control. The dam impounds Lake Oroville, the second-largest reservoir in California, capable of storing more than .


title: Oroville Dam

text: Built by the California Department of Water Resources, Oroville Dam is one of the key features of the California State Water Project (SWP), one of two major projects passed that set up California's statewide water system. Construction was initiated in 1961, and despite numerous difficulties encountered during its construction, including multiple floods and a major train wreck on the rail line used to transport materials to the dam site, the embankment was topped out in 1967 and the entire project was ready for use in 1968. The dam began to generate electricity shortly afterwards with completion of the Edward Hyatt Power Plant, then the country's largest underground power station.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Since its completion in 1968, the Oroville Dam has allocated the flow of the Feather River from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta into the SWP's California Aqueduct, which provides a major supply of water for irrigation in the San Joaquin Valley, as well as municipal and industrial water supplies to coastal Southern California, and has prevented large amounts of flood damage to the area—more than $1.3 billion between 1987 and 1999. The dam stops fish migration up the Feather River and the controlled flow of the river; as a result, the Oroville Dam has affected riparian habitat. Multiple attempts at trying to counter the dam's impacts on fish migration have included the construction of a salmon/steelhead fish hatchery on the river, which began shortly after the dam was completed.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In February 2017, the main and emergency spillways threatened to fail, leading to the evacuation of 188,000 people living near the dam. After deterioration of the main spillway largely stabilized and the water level of the dam's reservoir dropped below the top of the emergency spillway, the evacuation order was lifted.


title: Oroville Dam

text: The main spillway was reconstructed by November 1, 2018, and water releases were successfully tested, up to , during April 2019.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In 1935, work began on the Central Valley Project, a federal water project that would develop the Sacramento and San Joaquin River systems for irrigation of the highly fertile Central Valley. However, after the end of World War II in 1945, the state experienced an economic boom that led to rapid urban and commercial growth in the central and southern portions of the state, and it became clear that California's economy could not depend solely on a state water system geared primarily towards agriculture. A new study of California's water supplies by the Division of Water Resources (now California Department of Water Resources, DWR) was carried out under an act of the California State Legislature in 1945.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In 1951, California State Engineer A.D. Edmonston proposed the Feather River Project, the direct predecessor to the SWP, which included a major dam on the Feather River at Oroville, and aqueducts and pumping plants to transfer stored water to destinations in central and southern California. The proposed project was strongly opposed by voters in Northern California and parts of Southern California that received water from the Colorado River, but was supported by other Southern Californians and San Joaquin Valley farmers. However, major flooding in the 1950s prompted the 1957 passage of an emergency flood-control bill that provided sufficient funding for construction for a dam at Oroville – regardless of whether it would become part of the SWP.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Groundbreaking on the dam site occurred in May 1957 with the relocation of the Western Pacific Railroad tracks that ran through the Feather River Canyon. The Burns-Porter Act of the California Legislature, which authorized the SWP, was not passed until November 8, 1960, and only by a slim margin. Engineer Donald Thayer of the DWR was commissioned to design and head construction of Oroville Dam, and the primary work contract was awarded to Oro Dam Constructors Inc., a joint venture led by Oman Construction Co.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Two concrete-lined diversion tunnels, each long and in diameter, were excavated to channel the Feather River around the dam site. One of the tunnels was located at river level and was to carry normal water flows, while the second one was only to be used during floods. In May 1963, workers poured the last of of concrete that comprised the high cofferdam, to protect the construction site from floods. This structure later served as an impervious core for the completed dam. With the cofferdam in place, an rail line was constructed to move earth and rock to the dam site. An average of 120 train cars ran along the line each hour, transporting fill that was mainly excavated from enormous piles of hydraulic mining debris that was washed down by the Feather River after the California Gold Rush.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On December 22, 1964, disaster nearly struck when the Feather River, after days of heavy rain, reached a peak flow of above the Oroville Dam site. The water rose behind the partially completed embankment dam and nearly overtopped it, while a maximum of poured from the diversion tunnels. This Christmas flood of 1964 was one of the most disastrous floods on record in Northern California, but the incomplete dam was able to reduce the peak flow of the Feather River by nearly 40%, averting massive damage to the area.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Ten months later, four men died in a tragic accident on the construction rail line. On October 7, 1965, two 40-car work trains, one fully loaded and the other empty, collided head-on at a tunnel entrance, igniting of diesel fuel, completely destroying two locomotives. The burning fuel from the collision started a forest fire that burned before it could be extinguished. The crash delayed construction of the dam by a week while the train wreckage was cleared. Overall, 34 men died in the construction of the dam.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Oroville Dam was designed to withstand the strongest possible earthquake for the region, and was fitted with hundreds of instruments that serve to measure water pressure and settlement of the earth fill used in its construction, earning it the nickname "the dam that talks back". (A M 5.7 earthquake in the Oroville area in 1975 is believed to have been caused by induced seismicity from the weight of the Oroville Dam and reservoir on a local fault line.) The embankment was finally topped out on October 6, 1967, with the last of 155 million tons (140.6 million t) of material that took over 40,000 train trips to transport. On May 4, 1968, Oroville Dam was officially dedicated by the state of California. Among the notable figures present were California governor Ronald Reagan, who spoke, Chief Justice (formerly California governor) Earl Warren, Senator Thomas Kuchel, and California Representative Harold T. "Bizz" Johnson. The dedication was accompanied by a week of festivities in nearby Oroville, attended by nearly 50,000 people.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On October 17, 2005, three environmental groups filed a motion with the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) urging federal officials to require that the dam's emergency spillway be armored with concrete, rather than remain as an earthen spillway, as it did not meet modern safety standards. "In the event of extreme rain and flooding, fast-rising water would overwhelm the main concrete spillway, then flow down the emergency spillway, and that could cause heavy erosion that would create flooding for communities downstream, but also could cause a failure, known as 'loss of crest control.'" FERC water agencies responsible for the cost of the upgrades said this was unnecessary and that concerns were overblown.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In 2006, a senior civil engineer sent a memorandum to his managers stating, "The emergency spillway meets FERC’s engineering guidelines for an emergency spillway," and "The guidelines specify that during a rare flood event, it is acceptable for the emergency spillway to sustain significant damage."


title: Oroville Dam

text: At around 7:30am on July 22, 2009, several workers were deep below the reservoir operating flow controls to test a river valve chamber in the Oroville Dam. When the flow reached 85%, suction pulled a breakaway wall downstream into a diversion tunnel, cutting lights and nearly sending three workers to their deaths in the roaring current.


title: Oroville Dam

text: One of the workers who was badly injured survived by clinging to a bent rail, where he was struck by tools and equipment being sucked into the tunnel. He was hospitalized for four days with head trauma, a broken leg and arm, cuts, and bruises.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Cal OSHA concluded opening the valves without an energy-dispersion ring, which reportedly was absent, "created water flow with such great turbulence that it blocked an air vent and created a vacuum."


title: Oroville Dam

text: The U. S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration sanctioned the DWR with six citations, including five classified as serious, and the department was initially fined $141,375. Two of the "serious" citations were overturned on appeal.


title: Oroville Dam

text: This river valve system was one of the first parts of the dam to be built when the dam project started in 1961, because its initial purpose was to divert the river while the dam was under construction. After that, it served various purposes, including as a possible emergency release valve. Since the accident, DWR had implemented a standing order that prohibited the operation of the river outlet system and significantly limited access to the river valve chamber. Following the accident, DWR entered into a 2012 agreement with CalOSHA to hire a third-party expert to improve the safety of the river valve outlet system (RVOS) and make it operational again. In 2014, DWR embarked on an accelerated refurbishment program to respond to concerns about operational needs during the ongoing drought. The system was mostly refurbished and was used during 2014 and 2015 to meet Endangered Species Act temperature requirements for the Feather River. Some additional refurbishments were being made to portions of the RVOS and were expected to conclude in early 2017.


title: Oroville Dam

text: The spillway cracked in 2013. A senior civil engineer with the DWR was interviewed by the "Sacramento Bee", and explained, "It’s common for spillways to develop a void because of the drainage systems under them", and "There were some patches needed and so we made repairs and everything checked out."


title: Oroville Dam

text: In July 2015, the state Division of Safety of Dams inspected the dam spillway visually "from some distance" and did not walk it.


title: Oroville Dam

text: The rainy season of 2016–2017 was Northern California's wettest winter in over 100 years. Heavy rainfall resulted in record inflows from the Feather River, and the spillway was opened in January to relieve pressure on Oroville Dam. After a second series of heavy storms in February, the spillway flow was increased to , and on February 7, DWR employees noticed an unusual flow pattern. This halted spillway outflow, and DWR brought engineers onto the spillway to inspect its integrity. The engineers found a large area of concrete and foundation erosion. This erosion feature was too massive to repair without diverting water to the emergency spillway, and halted outflow along the main spillway for a period to fix the hole. High inflows to Lake Oroville forced dam operators to continue using the damaged spillway, causing additional damage. The spillway hole continued to grow. Debris from the crater in the main spillway was carried downstream, and caused damage to the Feather River Fish Hatchery due to high turbidity.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Although engineers had hoped that using the damaged spillway could drain the lake enough to avoid use of the emergency spillway, they were forced to reduce its discharge from to due to potential damage to nearby power lines.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Shortly after 8:00 pm on February 11, 2017, the emergency spillway began carrying water for the first time since the dam's construction in 1968. The water flowed directly onto the earthen hillside below the emergency spillway, as designed. However, headward erosion of the emergency spillway threatened to undermine and collapse the concrete weir.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On February 12, an evacuation was ordered for low-lying areas, due to possible failure of the emergency spillway. The flow over the main spillway was increased to to try to slow erosion of the emergency spillway.


title: Oroville Dam

text: By 8:00 pm on the evening of February 12, the increased flow had lowered the water level, causing the emergency spillway to stop overflowing. On February 14, the sheriff of Butte County lifted the mandatory evacuation order.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On May 19, 2017, the spillway was shut down for the summer, to allow demolition and repair work to begin. The total cost of the repair was projected to exceed $400 million, with the $275 million primary contract awarded to Kiewit Construction. FEMA was expected to cover a large portion of the expenses.


title: Oroville Dam

text: According to an independent forensics team led by John France, the exact cause of the spillway failure remains uncertain, though they identified "24 possible causes for the spillway failure, including a faulty drainage system, variations in concrete thickness, and corrosion in the structure’s rebar."


title: Oroville Dam

text: The DWR has planned for 2018, to demolish and reconstruct the portion of the spillway which was undamaged by the flood, but which also has been identified as structurally defective. In addition, crews are working to extend a cutoff wall under the emergency spillway to prevent erosion should that structure be used again in the future.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On November 1, 2017, DWR director Grant Davis said, "Lake Oroville’s main spillway is indeed ready to safely handle winter flows if needed". While this completes phase 1 of the construction, there remains a phase 2 to be completed in 2018. The second phase would include rebuilding the top section of the spillway (which was not rebuilt this season), putting slabs over the roller compacted concrete section, and constructing a concrete secant cutoff wall for the emergency spillway. The cost estimate at this point is over $500 million. In October 2017, hairline cracks were found in the rebuilt spillway. Things that added to the cost included relocating power lines, dredging the river downstream of the dam, as well as the discovery that the bedrock under the spillway was weak, necessitating deeper excavations and more concrete.


title: Oroville Dam

text: The DWR commissioned an independent board of consultants (BOC) to review and comment on repairs to Oroville Dam. Memoranda (reports) prepared by the BOC are posted at the DWR web site. The independent forensic team (IFT) has been selected to determine the cause of the spillways incident, including effects of operations, management, structural design and geological conditions.


title: Oroville Dam

text: According to its 2017–18 operations plan, the DWR maintained Lake Oroville at a lower-than-normal level to reduce the possibility that the spillway would have to be used the following winter.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In a second phase of spillway repairs in 2018–19, temporary repairs on the main spillway done during phase one were being torn out and replaced with steel-reinforced structural concrete.


title: Oroville Dam

text: On April 2, 2019, due to heavy rainfall upstream, the DWR began releasing water over the newly reconstructed spillway at a rate of 8,300 cfs. Releases were increased to 25,000 cfs on April 7 to test how the spillway performed in higher flows. They were decreased to 15,000 cfs on April 9.


title: Oroville Dam

text: The DWR released an assessment, dated October 1, 2020, concluding that Oroville Dam was suitable for continued safe and reliable operation.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Meanwhile, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission has demanded that California submit a plan by September 2022, for addressing the issue of greater amounts of rain predicted in the future.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Due to the low precipitation in the catchment area, water levels were below normal beginning in 2020.


title: Oroville Dam

text: In August 2021, the Hyatt power plant had to be shut down because the water level fell below its water inlets. After falling to a record low of 22% capacity by September 30, winter storms increased the lake level by December and the plant was restarted on January 4, 2022.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Construction of the underground Edward Hyatt Pump-Generating Plant was finished shortly after the completion of Oroville Dam. At the time, it was the largest underground power station in the United States, with three 132-megawatt (MW) conventional turbines and three 141 MW pump-generators for a total installed capacity of 819 MW. The Hyatt Powerplant is capable of pumping water back into Lake Oroville when surplus power is available. The pump-generators at Hyatt can lift up to into Lake Oroville (with a net consumption of 519 MW), while the six turbines combined use a flow of at maximum generation.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Since 1969, the Hyatt plant has worked in tandem with an extensive pumped-storage operation comprising two offstream reservoirs west of Oroville. These two facilities are collectively known as the Oroville–Thermalito Complex. Water is diverted into the upper Thermalito reservoir (Thermalito Forebay) via the Thermalito Diversion Dam on the Feather River. During periods of off-peak power use, surplus energy generated at Hyatt is used to lift water from Thermalito's lower reservoir (the Thermalito Afterbay) to the forebay, which releases water back into the afterbay to generate up to 114 MW of power at times of high demand. The Hyatt and Thermalito plants produce an average of 2,200 gigawatt hours (GWh) of electricity each year, about half of the total power produced by the SWP's eight hydroelectric facilities.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Water released from Oroville Dam travels down the Feather River before joining with the Sacramento River, eventually reaching the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, where the SWP's California Aqueduct diverts the fresh water for transport to the arid San Joaquin Valley and Southern California. Oroville–Thermalito hydroelectric facilities furnish about one-third of the power necessary to drive the pumps that lift the water in the aqueduct from the delta into the valley, and then from the valley over the Tehachapi Mountains into coastal Southern California. Water and power from the dam contribute to the irrigation of in the arid San Joaquin Valley Westside and municipal supplies to some 25 million people. At least of water is released.


title: Oroville Dam

text: During the winter and early spring, Lake Oroville is required to have at least , or a fifth of the reservoir's storage capacity, available for flood control. The dam is operated to maintain an objective flood-control release of , which may be further reduced during large storms when flows below the Feather's confluence with the Yuba River exceed . In the particularly devastating flood of 1997, inflows to the reservoir hit more than , but dam operators managed to limit the outflow to , sparing large regions of the Sacramento Valley from flooding.


title: Oroville Dam

text: Oroville Dam completely blocks the anadromous migrations of Chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the Feather River. In 1967, in an effort to compensate for lost habitat, the DWR and the California Department of Fish and Game completed the Feather River Fish Hatchery. The Fish Barrier Dam, built in 1962, intercepts salmon and trout before they reach the base of the impassable Thermalito Diversion Dam and forces them to swim up a fish ladder to the hatchery, which is located on the north bank of the Feather River. The hatchery produces 10 million salmon smolt, along with 450,000 trout smolt, to stock in the river each year. The salmon smolt are released in two runs, with 20% for the spring run and 80% for the fall run. This facility has been successful enough that concern exists that salmon of hatchery stock are outcompeting remaining wild salmon in the Feather River system.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The Copa do Brasil () is a knockout football competition played by 92 teams, representing all 26 Brazilian states plus the Federal District. It is the Brazilian domestic cup and the Brazilian equivalent of the FA Cup, Taça de Portugal, Copa del Rey, Scottish Cup and Copa Argentina. The Copa do Brasil is an opportunity for teams from smaller states to play against the big teams. The winner of the cup automatically qualifies for the following edition of the Copa Libertadores de América, the most prestigious continental football tournament contested by top clubs in South America organized by CONMEBOL.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Initially the Copa do Brasil was contested by 32 clubs. The field increased to 40 in 1996, increased to 69 by the year of 2000, and stabilized at 64 after 2001 which it remained at until 2012. Clubs from all 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District participate.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: From 2001 to 2012, the Copa do Brasil was played in the first half of the year and in those seasons, due to busy scheduling, teams playing in the Copa Libertadores did not participate in the Copa do Brasil in the same year. Thus, the Copa do Brasil champion never defended their title in the next edition, since they would be qualified for the Copa Libertadores that year.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: From 2013 to 2015, 87 teams participate in the cup and the teams that compete in the Copa Libertadores join the Copa do Brasil directly in the Round of 16. Also, the best 8 teams from the previous year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A eliminated up to the third round qualify for Copa Sudamericana. In 2016, the competition was played by 86 clubs. From 2017 to 2020 the cup was contested by 91 teams but in 2021 the number of participants was increased to 92.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Starting in 2021, the tournament has been sponsored by Intelbras and is thus currently known as the Copa Intelbras do Brasil () for sponsorship reasons.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Cruzeiro is the most successful club, having won the competition six times, followed by Gremio with 5 titles, Palmeiras and Flamengo with 4, Corinthians with 3, and Atlético Mineiro with 2. Another 10 clubs have won one edition of the competition, resulting in a total of 16 champions. The state with the highest number of titles is São Paulo , with 10. Only two states have champions from more than one city: São Paulo (Jundiaí, Santo André, Santos and São Paulo) and Rio Grande do Sul (Caxias do Sul and Porto Alegre). Rio de Janeiro is the only city with more than two champion clubs (Flamengo, Fluminense and Vasco da Gama).


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The competition is a single elimination knockout tournament featuring two-legged ties. In the first two rounds, if the away team wins the first match by 2 or more goals, it progresses straight to the next round avoiding the second leg. The away goals rule is used in the Copa do Brasil, which is an unusual feature when compared to other South American competitions (the Copa Libertadores did not adopt this rule until 2005). However, the away goals rule is not applied if both teams are from the same city.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Since the tournament's creation in 1989, the winner of the tournament qualifies for the next year's Copa Libertadores de América.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The eligible teams to compete in the Copa do Brasil are the previous year's Copa do Brasil champion, the 70 best-placed clubs in the state championships (in which the number of spots per state range from one to five clubs), the top six clubs from the previous year's Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the Copa do Nordeste (Northeast Cup) champion, the Copa Verde (Green Cup) champion, the ten highest-ranked clubs in CBF's ranking not already qualified, and two of the following: the Brazilian champion of the most recent Copa Libertadores (if there is one), the Brazilian champion of the most recent Copa Sudamericana (if there is one), the 7th place team of Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, or the champion of Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The 7 Brazilians teams in the Copa Libertadores da América, the best placed teams in the previous year's Série A and Série B (or the champion of Copa Libertadores and/or Copa Sudamericana, if it is a Brazilian team) and Copa do Nordeste and Copa Verde's Title Holders will join the Copa do Brasil directly in Round of 16.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The Copa do Brasil was created in 1989 to appease the state soccer federations with fewer large and traditional clubs on the national stage, whose representatives would hardly have the opportunity to face big clubs during the year. This concern arose after a decrease in the number of participants in the 1987 Campeonato Brasileiro, when 13 of the biggest clubs in Brazil broke away to form the Copa União (Union Cup) in response to the CBF's financial difficulties.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The creation of this competition was designed to promote the state championships in the North, Northeast and Central West regions of Brazil, which were no longer represented in the Brazilian Championship. Copa do Brasil is of high importance for the medium and small clubs in these regions who now, at least theoretically, have a path to qualify for the Copa Libertadores.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The first edition of the Copa do Brasil took place in 1989. The first goal in the cup's history was scored by Alcindo Sartori in a 2–0 victory by Flamengo over Paysandu. Gremio were the first champion, qualifying to compete in the 1990 Copa Libertadores.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: From 1989 to 1993, the champion of that year took home the trophy. In 1994 it was determined that the club that won the Copa do Brasil three times would have final possession of the cup. This happened in 2001 with Grêmio (after winning in 1994, 1997 and 2001).


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Thus, for the 2002 Copa do Brasil a new trophy was contested, which remained until 2007 with no club earning its final possession.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: By winning the 2003 Copa do Brasil and the 2003 Campeonato Brasileiro, Cruzeiro won both the domestic cup and domestic league in the same year, a feat that was matched only once in Brazilian football by Atlético Mineiro in 2021. Atlético has also won the 2021 Campeonato Mineiro, their state championship, as Cruzeiro did in 2003, completing the domestic treble (State league, national league and cup).


title: Copa do Brasil

text: In 2008, a new trophy was instituted for the Copa do Brasil. In that same year Sport Recife became the first and so far only club from outside the Southeast Region or the South Region to win the competition. The North Region and Center-West regions have had no representative win the cup so far.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: Grêmio's victory over Atletico Mineiro in the first leg of the 2016 Copa do Brasil final was the first time ever that a visiting club won the first leg of the Copa do Brasil final, in the 28 editions of the competition.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: The number of participating teams has varied during the competition's history, based on the number of teams that qualify through their state federation's league tournament. From 1989 to 1994, 32 teams participated. That number was increased in 1995 to 36 teams, in 1996 to 40 teams, and in 1997 to 45 teams. 42 teams participated in 1998, 65 in 1999 and 69 in 2000.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: From 2001 to 2012, the format was consolidated to 64 teams, without teams that participated in the Copa Libertadores that year due to conflict of dates.


title: Copa do Brasil

text: In 2013, CBF presented a new cup trophy to replace the trophy in dispute since 2008. The champion gets permanent possession of the trophy and an identical trophy will be produced for the following year. Also in 2013, the tournament format was expanded again to 87 teams, which remained through 2014 and 2015. Under the new format, teams participating in Copa Libertadores again competed in the Copa do Brasil, entering the tournament directly into the Round of 16. In 2016 the number of participants was increased to 86, in 2017 to 91 and in 2021 to 92.


title: Atomic Cartoons

text: Atomic Cartoons is a Canadian animation studio founded in 1999 by Trevor Bentley, Mauro Casalese, Olaf Miller, Adam Ronald, and Rob Davies. Based out of Vancouver, British Columbia, it produces service animation for a wide variety of clients, as well as creating its own properties. Since 2015, the company has been owned by Thunderbird Entertainment.


title: Atomic Cartoons

text: The studio was founded in March 1999 by Trevor Bentley, Mauro Casalese, Olaf Miller and Rob Davies. Sent back to Vancouver after losing his job at Warner Bros. Animation following the cancellation of "Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain", Davies received a phone call from Sunwoo Entertainment's Jae Moh to help produce . Together with former Studio B Productions colleagues Miller and Bentley, as well as animator/character designer Casalese, the four launched Atomic Cartoons to assist in creating the series.


title: Atomic Cartoons

text: Between 2004 and 2008, the company produced "Atomic Betty" for Teletoon in association with Breakthrough Entertainment and Tele Images Kids. Atomic's first fully original creation, the show's titular heroine served as the studio's mascot for a number of years.


title: Atomic Cartoons

text: In 2010, Miller left to launch his own studio. The following year, Jennifer McCarron was appointed head of production. On July 8, 2015, Atomic Cartoons was acquired by Canadian production company Thunderbird Films. The three founders remain on board. McCarron was named president and chief executive officer in 2016.


title: Atomic Cartoons

text: In December 2018, the company opened a second animation studio in Ottawa, Ontario. Its first project was the Netflix-original "The Last Kids on Earth".


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: Anastasios "Tasos" Bakasetas (; born 28 June 1993) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder and occasionally as a forward, for Turkish Süper Lig club Trabzonspor and captains the Greece national team.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: Bakasetas came through the youth system at Asteras Tripolis, and was promoted to the first team in the 2010–11 Superleague season, for which he was assigned squad number 12. He made five league appearances for the club in this season, four of which were as a substitute, and two in the Greek Cup. His Super League debut was in a starting position against Xanthi on 28 November 2010, a match Asteras Tripolis lost 2–1 despite taking the lead.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: In the Greek Cup, he made his first start in a 1–0 defeat to Olympiacos on 22 December 2010. His final appearance for Asteras Tripolis in the 2010–11 season came as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 league defeat against AEK Athens on 16 January 2011.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: At the end of January 2011, he went on loan to Thrasyvoulos in the second tier Greek Football League. He played ten league games for Thrasyvolous, scoring his first senior goal against Ethnikos Asteras in a 2–0 win on 28 February 2011. He returned to Asteras Tripoli at the end of the season in July 2011.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: At the end of December 2013, he went on loan to Aris to try and help them avoid relegation. He made his debut to his new team in an away loss from Levadiakos scoring two goals in a 4–3 defeat. He scored another goal before his loan finished. Unfortunately he couldn't help the side avoid relegation.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 28 January 2015, Bakasetas signed a two years' contract with Panionios for an undisclosed fee. He started the 2015–16 season with two goals in the opening three matches. On 17 October 2015, he scored the two goals of his club in a 2–0 home win against Kalloni.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 8 June 2016, Bakasetas signed a three-years contract with AEK Athens for an undisclosed fee. On 17 September 2016, he netted the first goal with the club in an away 2–0 win against Veria. On 9 April 2017, Bakasetas scored a brace in a 5–0 home win against Kerkyra.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 10 September 2017, he scored his first goal of the 2017–18 season in a 4–0 home win against AEL. On 22 April 2018, Bakasetas scored twice against Levadiakos to secure their first Super League title since 1994.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 14 June 2019, Bakasetas agreed to join Turkish Süper Lig club Alanyaspor for a fee estimated at around €1,000,000. On 24 August 2019, he scored his first league goal for the club, in a 4–1 home win against Kasımpaşa. On 20 October 2019, he scored with a kick after an assist from Onur Bulut in a 5–2 home win game against Çaykur Rizespor. On 30 November 2019, Bakasetas was in superb form during the game against Ankaragücü in Alanya, hitting the target twice in a comfortable 5–0 triumph and has been included in the Team of the Week in the Turkish Süper Lig. On 18 January 2020, he scored with a kick, in a hammering 5–1 home win game against Kayserispor. On 2 February 2020, as the first half approached its climax, Bakasetas successfully connected with an accurate cross from Papiss Cissé, thumping a powerful header into the right corner. Alanyaspor, finishing the match with 10 men, subsequently claimed a 2–1 triumph against Yeni Malatyaspor at home. On 5 February 2020, he scored with a wonderful kick in a 2–0 Turkish Cup home win game against Galatasaray. On 22 June 2020, in the fifth minute of stoppage time against title challengers Trabzonspor at home, the 26-year-old attacking midfielder came to the rescue again for Alanyaspor, beating his opponent for skill before unleashing a powerful attempt which flew under the goalkeeper and into the net, in a 2–2 home draw game.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On mid September 2020, Fenerbahçe that has been the leader in the transfer window in the Süper Lig, is about to finish the transfer of Anastasios Bakasetas, which has been negotiating for a long time. According to various reports, Fenerbahçe and Alanyaspor reached the final stage in negotiations after long negotiations and got closer to the agreement. The Greek international midfielder, who played in all 34 league games, marked the season with 10 goals and 5 assists, also entered the radar of Italian clubs.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 30 January 2021, Trabzonspor snap up Greek midfielder Bakasetas, who mainly operates as an attacking midfielder, had a previous stint in Turkey with Aytemiz Alanyaspor, racking up 21 goals and 12 assists in 64 appearances. On 4 February 2021, in his first appearance with the club, the Greek midfielder scored the winner at the 61st minute at Trabzon's Medical Park Stadium against Denizlispor.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 16 August 2021, Baklasetas scored the first goal of the club for the season, in a hammering 5–1 away win against Yeni Malatyaspor. A week later he opened the score with a penalty kick in a 2–1 home win game against Sivasspor. On 18 September 2021, he scored with a wonderful kick after Anthony Nwakaeme's assist, sealing a vital 1–0 away win against Kasımpaşa S.K. On 2 October 2021, Trabzonspor defeated Kayserispor 2–1 in the 8th week of the Süper Lig, with both goals scored by the Greek international in a breathtaking match. On 17 October 2021, Bakasetas scored a brace in the victory of Trabzonspor against Fenerbahçe for the top derby of the Süper Lig.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 6 November 2021, in a 2–1 away win against rivals Beşiktaş J.K., which established its club at the top of the League after 12 games, the 28-year-old midfielder received a hard tackle from Rachid Ghezzal in the 27th minute of the match, but even after the necessary medical assistance, he was substituted in the first half , as he could not continue. The rehabilitation period was estimated at three weeks, according to medical reports. On 19 January 2022, Bakasetas was defeated twice by Okan Kocuk on a penalty kick and in the replay of the match between Trabzonspor and Giresunspor and could not give the victory to his club, but a week later he tied at 1–1 with a kick in a decisive away victory against Galatasaray in his club effort to win the championship.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: Bakasetas has represented his country at youth international level. He was selected in the Greece under-19s squad for the 2011 European Under-19 Football Championship along with Asteras Tripolis teammate Nikolaos Skondras.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: He made his under-19 debut in one of the two opening games of the tournament, as a 55th-minute substitute in a 2–1 defeat against the Republic of Ireland under-19s on 20 July 2011. He made his first start in the second group game, a 1–0 victory against the Romania under-19s on 23 July 2011.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 19 May 2016, was called up for the friendly matches against Australia on 4 and 7 June 2016. On 4 June 2016, he made his international debut as a substitute, in a 1–0 friendly loss against Australia, when Mathew Leckie scored with the final kick of the game to help the Socceroos beat Greece.


title: Anastasios Bakasetas

text: On 25 March 2021, Anastasios Bakasetas converted a goal from the spot to stun Luis Enrique's team and earn his side an impressive point in a 1–1 away draw for the 2022 World Cup qualifying campaign against Spain, as substitute Inigo Martinez conceded a penalty for a rash tackle on Greek midfielder Giorgos Masouras. On 8 September 2021, Anastasios Bakasetas gives Greece the lead in the 2nd half with a wonderful slalom after Anastasios Douvikas' assist, en route to giving Sweden their first loss (2–1) of 2022 World Cup qualifying.


title: Maricel Laxa

text: Maria Cecilia "Maricel" dela Cueva Laxa-Pangilinan (born February 25, 1970) is a Filipino actress. She won Best Supporting Actress awards in the 1992 FAMAS Awards and Star Awards for her role in the 1992 film "Iisa Pa Lamang".


title: Maricel Laxa

text: For most of her career in the 90s she has done films with Regal Films and two films with Star Cinema she ventured in Television such as Marinella in 1999-2001 and Ysabella in 2007 for its Pilot episode in 2020-2021 she resumed acting via Cignal TVs primetime drama Paano ang Pasko and Paano Ang Pangako (Second Season) in 2022 she was last seen in Mano Po Legacy: The Family Fortune which received praise (GMA-7) and Regal Entertainment co production.


title: Maricel Laxa

text: Laxa attended primary school at St. Theresa's College in Quezon City, De La Salle Santiago Zobel School in Muntinlupa, and Assumption Antipolo. She attended secondary school at Assumption College in Makati. She graduated with a degree of B.S. Social Sciences at the University of the Philippines Manila and earned her Master's Degree in Family Life and Child Development at the University of the Philippines Diliman. She has a doctorate degree as well.


title: Maricel Laxa

text: Laxa is married to Anthony Pangilinan (brother of Kiko Pangilinan) and the couple has five children namely Ella, Donny (also an actor), Hannah, Benjamin and Solana.


title: John Ruffo

text: John Ruffo (born November 26, 1954) is an American former business executive, white-collar criminal and confidence man, who in 1998 was convicted in a scheme to defraud many US and foreign banking institutions of over 350 million US dollars. The swindle is considered one of the most significant cases of bank fraud in US history. He has been a fugitive from justice ever since, and is on the U.S. Marshals 15 Most Wanted Fugitives list.


title: John Ruffo

text: Ruffo was born to a close-knit Italian American family in a working class neighborhood in Brooklyn. He attended New York University on a scholarship, earning a degree in computer science. In May 1980, he married his childhood sweetheart, Linda. Ruffo initially worked for United Computer Systems LLC in New York, before eventually branching out to form his own firm, Consolidated Computer Services (CCS).


title: John Ruffo

text: Ruffo became acquainted with and befriended another prominent New York businessman, Edward J. Reiners, formerly an executive with Philip Morris USA. After Reiners was laid off, he approached Ruffo with an idea in 1992. The scheme involved soliciting various banks in an attempt to secure financing for a fictitious "Project Star". They pitched the project to bank executives as a top secret operation for Phillip Morris to develop smokeless cigarettes. Ruffo's company, CCS, was to provide the computer hardware and consulting for five offices set up to work on the project. They leveraged Reiners' prior credentials as a Phillip Morris executive to forge documents and add authenticity to the scheme. They also included stringent confidentiality agreements stipulating that because of the sensitivity of the project, banks were to deal only with Reiners and to never contact Phillip Morris directly.