title: Vaccination

text: Edward Jenner gave the boy cowpox in the same way people tried to give smallpox. Six weeks later, he scratched smallpox into the boy's skin. The boy did not get sick from smallpox. This boy was the first person ever to get a vaccination.


title: Vaccination

text: It was not until almost 100 years after the smallpox vaccination that the next vaccine for cholera was found in 1879. After that, vaccines for many types of infectious diseases became available.


title: Minority group

text: A minority or subordinate group is a group that does not make up most of the population of a society. For example: minor group of religion, race, language, LGBT, and persons with disabilities.


title: Minority group

text: A minority is not always a minority of numbers — it may be any group that is not normal with respect to a leading group in terms of social status, education, employment, wealth, and political power, and can be an object of discrimination. For example, women may be considered a minority even if there are as many women as men because they have less power than men.


title: Minority group

text: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by United Nations protects the right of minority group in Article 27 and Council of Europe also affirms protection for them.


title: Cucumber

text: The cucumber ("Cucumis sativus") is a widely grown plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. This family also includes squash. A cucumber looks similar to a zucchini (British English: courgette).


title: Cucumber

text: To a botanist, cucumbers are biologically fruits even if they are commonly thought of as vegetables: that is their value as a food. They can be cooked, eaten raw, or pickled. Some people hollow out the cucumber and fill it with other food, like tomatoes or feta cheese.


title: Memory

text: Memory is the personal record of past experiences. It is the brain's ability to store information to use later. The Greeks considered memory (Mnemosyne) as the mother of Muses, for without her there would be no art and no science.


title: Memory

text: There are two types of memory: short-term and long-term memory, or known as working memory and reference memory.


title: Fertilization

text: Fertilization (British English spelling: fertilisation) is when a male's sperm enters a female's ovum (or "egg"). Fertilization is also called "conception". Biologists call a fertilized egg a zygote. A zygote grows into an embryo.


title: Fertilization

text: Fertilization occurs in animals, including humans and birds, in plants, fungi, protists, in fact all eukaryotes. Fertilization makes a cell with twice as many chromosomes. The eukaryote life cycle includes meiosis which divides the chromosome number in half.


title: Fertilization

text: In animals, there are two types of fertilization, internal and external. Internal fertilization happens in the female body. External fertilization happens outside of the body. Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization. Amphibians and most fish use external fertilization. Some animals with internal fertilization give birth to live offspring. Others such as birds, most reptiles, and some mammals such as the Platypus, lay eggs.


title: Fertilization

text: Internal fertilization happens during mating (sexual intercourse in humans). Sperm cells travel from the male testicles to the female uterus. One sperm attaches to the egg in the uterus. Together, they become a zygote.


title: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)

text: Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States and India as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone) is a 2001 fantasy movie directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures, based on 1997 novel of the same name.


text: One night, Albus Dumbledore and Minerva McGonagall, professors at Hogwarts, with Rubeus Hagrid deliver orphaned infant named Harry Potter to his remaining relatives, the Dursleys.


text: Ten years later, Harry Potter (Daniel Radcliffe) begins receiving strange letters by owls. He and his relatives escape to an island from intrusive letters. There appears Hagrid and informs Harry that he is wizard and his parents are wizards too. Harry has been accepted into Hogwarts. Harry'll also find out that his parents were killed by all-powerful wizard Lord Voldemort. Lord Voldemort couldn't kill Harry, thus Harry is well-known as "The Boy Who Lived".


text: Harry enters King's Cross station to board a train to Hogwarts, where he meets Ron Weasley (Rupert Grint) and Hermione Granger (Emma Watson). After arriving at school the students gather in the Great Hall, where the first-years are sorted by the Sorting Hat among four houses: Gryffindor, Slytherin, Ravenclaw, and Hufflepuff. Harry is placed into Gryffindor despite the fact that the Sorting Hat offers him Slytherin where Voldemort studied.


text: At Hogwarts, Harry begins learning magical spells, plays Quidditch. One night the stair cases change paths leading Harry, Ron and Hermione to the forbidden floor of Hogwarts. There is a giant three-headed dog named Fluffy which guards the Philosopher's Stone, as it turns out later. Harry suspects that the Poisons teacher Severus Snape is trying to obtain the stone to return Voldemort to physical form.


text: One day Hagrid reveals to Harry, Ron and Hermione that Fluffy will fall asleep if the music is played to him. The trio decide to find the stone before Snape does. They discover an already asleep Fluffy and face a series of obstacles before Harry find the stone.


text: After getting past the tasks, Harry find out that the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher Quirinus Quirrell was trying to claim the stone. Snape had been protecting Harry all along. Quirrell removes his turban and reveals a weak Voldemort living on the back of his head. Harry becomes the possessor of the stone with magic. Voldemort attempts to bargain the stone from Harry in exchange for reviving his parents. Harry refuses. Then Quirrell attempts to kill Harry. Quirrell is killed after Harry burning his skin, reducing Quirrell to dust. Suddenly Voldemort's soul rises from the ashes and passes through Harry, causing Harry is knocked unconscious.


text: Harry recovers in the school's hospital wing. Dumbledore explains him that the stone is destroyed and his friends are safe. He also reveals the cause of defeat Quirrell by Harry: because of his mother Harry has love-based protection from Voldemort.


text: Harry, Ron and Hermione are rewarded with house points for their heroic performances. Harry returns home for the summer, happy to finally have a real home in Hogwarts.


text: Producer David Heyman searched for a children's book for well-received adaptation. His staff decided that "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" was a "cool idea". Heyman suggested the idea to Warner Bros. In 1999, Rowling sold the company the rights to the first four Harry Potter books for a reported £1 million.


text: J.K.Rowling insisted that the cast be kept British. Susie Figgis was appointed as casting director, working with both Columbus and Rowling in auditioning the lead roles of Harry, Ron and Hermione.


text: "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" had its world premiere at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 4 November 2001.


text: Philosopher's Stone received three Academy Award nominations. The film was nominated for seven BAFTA Awards.


title: American robin

text: The American robin ("Turdus migratorius") is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin, it belongs in the thrush family, "Turdidae". It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. "T. m. confinis" is the most different subspecies.


title: American robin

text: The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats. It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern.


title: American robin

text: The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs. After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own.


title: American robin

text: American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs.


title: American robin

text: This species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his "Systema naturae". He called it "Turdus migratorius".


title: American robin

text: The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail. It has a long, yellow bill. It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying. American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it. Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males. They also have lighter orange-red breasts. A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast. Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in). American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright.


title: American robin

text: The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related.


title: American robin

text: The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other.


title: American robin

text: The American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico. Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States.


title: American robin

text: The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain. The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007. It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize.


title: American robin

text: American robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands. They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep.


title: American robin

text: The American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern.


title: American robin

text: American robins used to be killed for their meat. They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act.


title: American robin

text: The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories.


title: American robin

text: Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places.


title: American robin

text: The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails. Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries.


title: American robin

text: The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated.


title: American robin

text: The female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff. The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in).


title: American robin

text: The female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide. Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow). It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch.


title: American robin

text: For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed. The young live in the nest for about 13 days. As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food.


title: American robin

text: Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage.


title: American robin

text: Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years.


title: American robin

text: Eggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call. Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare.


title: American robin

text: The American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals.


title: American robin

text: The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill.


title: American robin

text: The robin is considered a symbol of spring. A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called "I Dreaded That First Robin So". There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is "The First Robin" by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck.


title: 2000s (decade)

text: The 2000s, also known as the noughties was the decade that began on January 1, 2000 and ended on December 31, 2009.


title: Dew point

text: All air holds different amounts of water vapor. The dew point shows the amount of moisture in the air. The higher the dew point is, the higher the level of moisture in the air at a given temperature. The dew point of humid air will be higher than the dew point of dry air.


title: Dew point

text: Condensation of water vapor starts when the temperature of air is lowered to its dew point and beyond. The dew point, like other measures of humidity, can be found from measurement taken by a hygrometer.


title: Eton College

text: Eton College, or just Eton, is a British independent school for boys between the ages of 1318. It was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI, as the King's College of Our Lady of Eton.


title: Eton College

text: Eton College is in Eton, near Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is north of Windsor Castle. The school is one of the original nine English "public schools" as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. The school is a member of the Eton Group of independent schools in the United Kingdom. The current Headmaster is Simon Henderson. For every 8 pupils there is one teacher.


title: Eton College

text: Eton is a full boarding school. All pupils live at the school. It is one of four such remaining boys' public schools (the others being Winchester College, Harrow School, and Radley College). Eton has educated many British and foreign aristocrats. Prince William and his brother Prince Harry went there.


title: Eton College

text: The list of graduates includes twenty former prime ministers, including David Cameron and Boris Johnson. "The Good Schools Guide" called the school "the number one boys' public school", adding "The teaching and facilities are second to none". The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group. It is registered as a charity.


title: Dubrovnik

text: Dubrovnik is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called "Ragusa". The Italian name of the city is still "Ragusa"; this sometimes leads to confusion because there is already a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Dubrovnik

text: The old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the "Republic of Ragusa". This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.


title: Dubrovnik

text: Ragusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not to be controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Slavs (Croats and Serbs). Ragusa officially changed its name to "Dubrovnik" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.


title: Dubrovnik

text: Today Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.


title: Dubrovnik

text: Dubrovnik has been used as a filming location for , where it was used as the city Canto Bight, on the planet Cantonica.


title: Tyga

text: Micheal Ray Nguyen-Stevenson (born November 19, 1989 in Compton, California), known by his stage name, Tyga, is an American rapper. He is of Vietnamese and Jamaican descent. His father is of African-Jamaican descent while his mother is a mix of African-American and Vietnamese descents. Tyga is signed to Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Universal Republic. He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011 for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration with "Deuces" alongside Chris Brown and Kevin McCall.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: Marjorie Taylor Greene (born May 27, 1974) is an American politician, conspiracy theorist and businesswoman. She is the U.S. Representative for since 2021.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: She controversially became known for supporting the far-right QAnon conspiracy theory in Facebook videos.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: On February 4, 2021 the House of Representatives voted to remove Marjorie Taylor Green of her committee jobs because of the extreme conspiracy theories she liked.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: Greene tried to block the Equality Act and supported a bill to stop transgender girls and women from playing in sports.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: After debating the bills that day, Representative Marie Newman put up a transgender flag. Greene and Newman have offices across from each other. Green put up a transphobic poster outside her office that said "There are TWO genders: Male & Female. Trust The Science!" Greene also referred to Newman's daughter as her "biological son" in a video.


title: Marjorie Taylor Greene

text: In July 2022, she declared herself a "Christian nationalist" and faced backlash on social media, with users calling her a nazi. In response, she called the users "godless".


title: Canon law

text: Canon law is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.


title: Canon law

text: The Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions. What began with rules ("canons") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience.


title: Chris Griffin

text: Chris Griffin is a character in the television comedy "Family Guy". He is the 15-year-old older son of Lois Griffin and Peter Griffin. He has a brother, Stewie, and a sister, Meg. They are an American family. Chris is like his father both are unfit and not as smart as others. He has an "evil monkey" in his closet that everyone thinks is fake until everyone finds out in "Hannah Banana".


title: Tiger Shroff

text: Tiger Shroff, born Jai Hemant Shroff, is an Indian actor who stars in Hindi langauge films in the Bollywood movie industry. He is the eldest child of Bollywood star Jackie Shroff and his wife Ayesha Shroff. His debut film is called "Heropanti", which was released in 2014 with him taking up the lead role alongside lead actress Kriti Sanon. Forbes 100 has named Tiger Shroff as one of the most influential and wealthiest Bollywood actors.


title: Tiger Shroff

text: Tiger Shroff is of Bengali and Gujarati descent from both of his parents. He has a younger sister, Ayesha, who is three years junior to him. He is also known for the foundation of the company Prowl and is a prominent symbol of Pepsi India. He has also helped many actors train for their movies.


title: Tiger Shroff

text: Tiger Shroff has starred in many bollywood films including the Baaghi series. His next films, Rambo, Ganapath and Heropanti 2 are expected to be filmed in the year 2021 where the films will be released the following year. Tiger Shroff is a devotee of Lord Shiva, the supreme god of Hinduism, and holds a fast every Monday. He is also a professional dancer and model alongside his acting career.


title: Manuscript

text: A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, not printed or made in some other way. The early history of writing is intimately connected with the history of writing materials, of which the manuscript is one. Early printing made use of many ideas which developed in the era of manuscripts.b


title: Arctic fox

text: The Arctic fox, (or 'white fox', 'polar fox', 'snow fox'), is Vulpes lagopus. It is a small fox which lives in the Arctic. The fox is about 10-12 inches high (25–30 cm) and it weighs from 6.5 to 21 pounds (2.7-4.5 kg).The females tend to be smaller than the males. The Arctic fox has a round body shape, short nose and legs, and short, fluffy ears. It has a deep thick fur which is brown in summer and white in winter. Arctic foxes live for about 3 to 6 years.


title: Arctic fox

text: This fox can live in the cold north even when it is -30F. Their thick fur keeps them warm. The fur of the Arctic fox provides the best insulation of any mammal. Its broad, fluffy paws let it walk on ice and snow to look for food. The Arctic fox has very good ears so that it can hear small animals under the snow. When it hears an animal under the snow, it jumps and punches through the snow to catch its victim. Arctic foxes are omnivores. They feed on lemmings, arctic hares, fish, birds, eggs, fruit, insects, small seals, and carrion.


title: Arctic fox

text: Arctic foxes do not hibernate. They grow thicker fur in the Autumn, and put on more than 50% of their body weight as fat for insulation and as energy reserves.


title: Arctic fox

text: It takes 53 days for the pups to grow in the mother before they are born. The mother can produce 5-8 cubs, and sometimes as many as 25 cubs. Both the mother and the father help to raise their young pups. The young females leave the family and form their own groups and the males stay with the family. Arctic foxes form pairs in the breeding season. Litters are born in the early summer. The parents raise the young in a large den under the ground. The pups are born with brown fur. As they grow older, their fur turns white. Arctic foxes sleep with their tails wrapped around themselves. Arctic foxes also have a keen sense of smell. They can smell carcasses that are often left by polar bears as far away as 10 to 40 km.


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: Magnetic reluctance, or magnetic resistance, is a measurement used in the analysis of magnetic circuits. It is like resistance in an electrical circuit, but rather than dissipating magnetic energy it stores magnetic energy. As an electric field causes an electric current to follow the path of least resistance, a magnetic field causes magnetic flux to follow the path of least magnetic reluctance. It is a scalar,


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: The term was coined in May 1888 by Oliver Heaviside. The notion of “magnetic resistance” was first mentioned by James Joule and the term "magnetomotive force” (MMF) was first named by Bosanquet. The idea for a magnetic flux law, similar to Ohm's law for closed electric circuits, is attributed to H. Rowland.


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: The total reluctance is equal to the ratio of the "magnetomotive force” (MMF) in a passive magnetic circuit to the magnetic flux in this circuit. In an AC field, the reluctance is the ratio of the amplitude values for a sinusoidal MMF and magnetic flux. (see phasors)


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: It is sometimes known as Hopkinson's law and is analogous to Ohm's Law with resistance replaced by reluctance, voltage by MMF and current by magnetic flux.


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: Magnetic flux always forms a closed loop, as described by Maxwell's equations, but the path of the loop depends on the reluctance of the surrounding materials. It is concentrated around the path of least reluctance. Air and vacuum have high reluctance. Easily magnetized materials such as soft iron have low reluctance. The concentration of flux in low-reluctance materials forms strong temporary poles and causes mechanical forces that tend to move the materials towards regions of higher flux so it is always an attractive force (pull).


title: Magnetic reluctance

text: Its SI derived unit is the henry (the same as the unit of inductance, although the two concepts are distinct).


title: Flax

text: The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres.


title: Flax

text: However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is "nontoxic" when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing.


title: Bark

text: Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.


title: Bark

text: Most of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.


title: Bark

text: Bark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on some kinds of storage organs.


title: Elephant gun

text: An elephant gun is a large caliber gun, which could be (but does not have to be) a rifle. Elephant guns were first made to be used by big-game hunters who were hunting elephants and other large animals.


title: Elephant gun

text: As people from Europe began exploring Africa in the early 1800s, guns were made to handle the very large animals that people saw. This was for people to protect themselves, to shoot animals for food, and later, and most commonly, sport. The first guns were the simple shotgun designs already used for birds. They were loaded with solid balls of lead that could shoot large animals. Because they did not kill large animals very easily (some writers said that it could take up to 35 shots to kill one elephant), elephant guns were soon made into larger caliber black powder smoothbores. The caliber was still measured in bore or gauge - or the guns were named by how much the projectiles (what was shot out of the guns) weighed in ounces. The projectiles were lead round balls or short slugs shaped like cones. Sometimes, antimony was put in them to make them harder.


title: Elephant gun

text: These very large and heavy firearms were the first to be known as the elephant guns of the black powder era (1850–1890). They were not only used to kill elephants. They were also used to kill dangerous animals such as the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus and the cape buffalo. Because black powder and lead cannot go faster than about - the only way to make the projectiles go deeper into the animals' skins was to make a larger gun. Although they were very powerful, the short slugs (a type of projectile), which did not go very fast, still had problems going fully into their targets. This was especially hard for the toughest shot of all - going through the bone when an elephant's head was shot around the brain area.


title: Elephant gun

text: Nitro Express elephant guns were first made around 1895. They used smokeless powder, which was new at the time. With smaller metal-cased bullets with sizes from .400 to .620 and speeds around , they had a much better trajectory and penetration over the black powder guns. In a few years the big bore guns disappeared from the gamefields. Early 20th century rifles came out in single shot, bolt action, and double rifle ways and were used until ivory hunting died off in the mid 20th century. Then the guns switched roles to tools for game wardens and as backup firearms for professional hunters guiding international hunters.


title: Elephant gun

text: The American gun market made several famous dangerous gun cartridges around this time, such as the .458 Winchester Magnum, .378 Weatherby Magnum and .460 Weatherby Magnum. Many of these were 'wildcatted' (to modify an existing case and rifle to fire a different caliber bullet). The rest of the old Nitro express calibers faded to obscurity until people starting safari hunting in the 1970s and 1980s. Then elephant guns like the .416 Weatherby Magnum and the .416 Remington Magnum were made again. The .700 Nitro Express (made in the 1980's and 1990's) and the new brass manufacturers made even more powerful elephant guns such as the .585 Nyati by Ross Seyfried, .577 Tyrannosaur by Colonel Art Alphin and .585 Gehringer by Karl Gehringer to be made by wildcatters. The .600 Overkill made by Rob Garnick shows the biggest power that could come from a standard hunting action. Other wildcats based on the heavy machine gun .50 BMG and similar anti-materiel rounds have been devised which are much more powerful, though they are not generally useful hunting arms because they are heavier than .


title: Elephant gun

text: All elephant guns have one idea in common: to have enough stopping power to prevent harm to the hunter in the case of charging game. The necessities for the gun are not only very high power (any big gun could do that), but that it can be carried for long periods, shot from any position, and be well balanced enough to track on rapidly moving animals. It is really no more than a very big hunting rifle with the same use as any hunting rifle.


title: Elephant gun

text: During World War I, both the British and Germans used elephant guns taken from their African colonies when they tried to break the stalemate in the trenches. The British used elephant guns against the German tactic of having their snipers advance towards Allied lines under the cover of a large, 6-10 millimeter (0.24-0.4 inch) thick steel plate. Ordinary infantry rifles didn't do anything to the plate, but elephant guns were able to punch through it. Likewise, the Germans used a mass-produced anti-tank rifle, the Mauser 1918 TuF Gewehr, to knock out lightly armored British tanks.


title: Elephant gun

text: During the North African Campaign in 1941, the Italians in East Africa fought against the British. The Commander - The Duke of Aosta - gave his personal collection of elephant guns to his Italian soldiers to shoot armored cars because they didn't have enough anti-tank guns.


title: Elephant gun

text: The Finnish 20 mm antitank gun Lahti L-39 had the nickname "Norsupyssy" (Elephant Gun) during the Winter War because of its stopping power. It is not a true elephant gun, though, since it was not made for elephant hunting but as a military weapon.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: A British Overseas Territory is one of fourteen territories under the United Kingdom's sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: Before 1981 the territories were known as colonies or "Crown colonies". The British Overseas Territories are also referred to as overseas territories of the United Kingdom, UK overseas territories, or when the context is clear, simply the Overseas Territories.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: British Overseas Territories have a parliament, government and prime minister to make all laws, except laws about defence and foreign affairs. Defence and foreign affairs are looked after by the British government. British Overseas Territories which have no local population or any population, have no local autonomy. If the British Overseas Territory is ruled badly, the government of the British Overseas Territory can be taken over by the British government and ruled directly by it, without the agreement of the British Overseas Territory.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: The territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, though also under the sovereignty of the British Crown, have a slightly different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, and are consequently classed as Crown dependencies rather than Overseas Territories. Unlike British Overseas Territories, the British government cannot take over the government of a Crown dependency, unless the government of the Crown dependency agrees.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: Territories and dependencies are distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of former British colonies.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: In a historical context, colonies should be distinguished from protectorates and protected states, which though under British control, were nominally independent states, whereas colonies were part of the British state. They should also not be confused with Dominions, which, known collectively as "the Commonwealth", were independent states, held to be equal in sovereign status to the United Kingdom within the Empire and Commonwealth after the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Crown colonies, such as Hong Kong, were differentiated from other colonies in being administered directly by the Crown, without the degree of local autonomy found in self-governed colonies and other British overseas territories such as Bermuda.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: The head of state in the Overseas Territories is the British monarch, currently King Charles III. The King’s role in the territories is in his role as King of the United Kingdom, and not in right of each territory. The monarch appoints a representative in each territory to exercise their executive power.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: All the Overseas Territories have their own system of government, and localised laws. The structure of the government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.


title: British Overseas Territories

text: Each Overseas Territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based on English common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own Attorney General, and court system. For the smaller territories, the UK may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.


title: Kidnapping

text: Kidnapping is an illegal act of stealing people. It has been around for a long time. For example, there were slave traders in Ancient Rome who kidnapped people and sold them as slaves. If a parent steals a child without the other parent's consent it is known as parental abduction. Sometimes, kidnapping is done for ransom. Many times, people kidnap children, an example is Amber Hagerman.


title: Welding

text: Welding is a way of heating pieces of metal using electricity or a flame so that they melt and stick together. There are many kinds of welding, including arc welding, resistance welding, and gas welding. The most common type is arc welding. Anyone who is near arc welding needs to wear a special helmet or goggles because the arc is so bright. Looking at the arc without visual protection may cause permanent eye damage. It is also important to cover all your skin because it can give you something like a sunburn. Hot sparks from the weld can burn any skin that is showing. One kind of welding that does not use an arc is Oxy-fuel welding (OFW), sometimes called gas welding. OFW uses a flame to heat up the metal. There are other kinds of welding that do not use an arc.


title: Welding

text: Any welding process that utilizes an electric arc is known as arc welding. The common forms of arc welding include:


title: Welding

text: Arc welding heats metals by making a high-current electric arc between pieces of metal to be joined and an electrode.


title: Welding

text: Use of the electrode varies based on the type of welding process. In SMAW, GMAW, and related welding processes, the electrode is consumed and becomes part of the weld. The electrode is usually made of the same kind of metal to be welded. Because the electrode is consumed by the welding process, the electrode must constantly be fed into the weld. The SMAW welding process features a "stick" electrode impregnated with a weld promoter known as flux, clamped to the end.


title: Welding

text: The GMAW welding process uses a thin wire on a rotating spool, as a continuous electrode. The size of this electrode varies from around 0.635 millimeters to about 4 millimeters. The welding machine has a motor-driven spool inside that feeds the wire electrode into the weld.


title: Welding

text: The TIG welding (GTAW) process features an electrode that is not consumed by the welding process as the metal that makes up the weld does not have any electricity flowing through it. The electrode is made of Tungsten, so used as it will not melt while immersed in the electrical arc. A filler metal, in the form of a rod, can be used to add metal to the weld area.


title: Welding

text: Almost all welding uses filler metal to fill in the small gap between the metal pieces. The extra metal helps to make the weld strong. Sometimes welds need to be made without any filler metal. Welding with no filler metal is called autogenous welding.


title: Welding

text: All types of welding require that the hot metal have protection. Dirt, rust, grease, and even the oxidation of the metal under the weld process can prevent a proper weld joint. As such all weld processes use one of two protection methods: flux, and shielding gas.


title: Welding

text: Welding flux may be used in a solid, liquid, or paste form. During welding, the flux will melt and some of it will evaporate. This creates a small pocket of gas around the weld. This pocket of gas prevents oxidation of the metal under weld. Melted flux, through a corrosive reaction, cleans contaminants that prevent a proper weld. After welding, the flux solidifies. This layer of solid flux is called slag, and must be removed from the weld. The SMAW weld process most commonly uses flux, and is most commonly used on steel.


title: Welding

text: Shielding gas protects the weld by being a pocket of gas around the weld. The purpose of this gas is to keep normal air out, especially oxygen. It is different from flux because there is no liquid on the weld. There is only a gas around the weld. Because there is no liquid, it will not clean up dirt and other things on the metal. This means that the metal has to be clean before it is welded. If it is not, the dirt and other things could cause problems. The gases that are usually used are argon, helium, and a mixture that is 3 parts argon and one part carbon dioxide. Other mixtures of gases can have nitrogen, hydrogen, or even a little bit of oxygen in them. One kind of welding that uses shielding gas is gas metal arc welding. It is usually used in factories to make things.


title: Welding

text: Welding that uses flux is easier to do outside when it is windy. This is because the liquid flux is protecting the hot metal and it will not blow away. Also, the flux is always making the pocket of gas which keeps the electric arc from going out. Welding that uses shielding gas usually cannot be used outside because the gas would blow away if there were any wind.


title: Welding

text: Some kinds of welding do not use an electric arc. They might use a flame, electricity without an arc, an energy beam, or physical force. The most common type of welding that does not use an arc is called gas welding. In gas welding, a flammable(meaning it will burn) gas and oxygen are combined and burn at the end of a torch. Gas welding does not need any special shielding because a flame which is adjusted right has no extra oxygen in it. It is still important to make sure the metal is clean. The flame heats up the metal so much that it melts. When both the pieces of metal are melted at the edge, the liquid metal becomes one piece.


title: Welding

text: The other kind of welding that does not use an arc still uses electricity. It is called resistance welding. With this kind, two pieces of thin metal are pinched together and then electricity is made to go through them. This makes the metal get really hot and melt where it is pinched together. The two pieces melt together at that place. Sometimes this is called spot welding because the welding can only happen at one small place(or spot) at a time.


title: Welding

text: Forge welding is the first kind of welding that ever was used. Forge welding needs the two pieces of metal to so hot that they almost melt. Then they are beat together with hammers until they are one piece.


title: Welding

text: The other kinds of welding that do not use an arc are hard to do, and usually new. They are expensive too. Most of these kinds of welding are only done where specially needed. They might use an electron beam, laser, or ultrasonic sound waves.


title: Welding

text: Every kind of welding needs to use energy. This energy is usually heat, but sometimes force is used to make a weld. When heat is used, it can be from electricity or from fire.


title: Welding

text: A lot of electricity is used in arc welding. Some kinds of welding use alternating current like the electricity that buildings use. Other kinds use direct current like the electricity in a car or most things with a battery. Almost all kinds of welding use a lower voltage than the electricity that comes from a power plant. Arc welding requires using a special power supply that makes the electricity from the power plant usable for welding. A power supply lowers the voltage and controls the amount of current. The power supply usually has controls on it that allow these things to be changed. For kinds of arc welding that use alternating current, sometimes the power supply can do special things to make the electricity alternate differently. Some power supplies do not plug into a power plug, but instead generate their own electricity. These kind of power supplies have an engine that turns a generator head to make the electricity. The engine might run on gasoline, diesel fuel, or propane.


title: Welding

text: OFW uses a flame from burning fuel gas and oxygen to heat up the metal. This fuel gas is almost always acetylene. Acetylene is a flammable gas that burns very hot, hotter than any other gas. That is why it is used most of the time. Other gases like propane, natural gas, or other industrial gases can be used too.


title: Welding

text: Some kinds of welding do not use heat to make the weld. These kinds of welding can get hot, but they do not make the metal melt. Forge welding is an example of this. Friction stir welding is a special kind of welding that does not use heat. It uses a very powerful motor and a special spinning bit to mix the metals together at the edge. This seems odd because metals are a solid. this is why it takes a lot of force to do and is very hard. The energy for this kind of welding is mechanical energy from the spinning bit.


title: Vegetation

text: Vegetation means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say "vegetation" you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, "naturalness", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by "flora" which refers exclusively to species composition.


title: Vegetation

text: "Vegetation" can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term "vegetation".


title: Bugatti

text: Bugatti Automobiles S.A.S. is a French supercar company currently owned by Volkswagen. They made cars back in the early 1900s. They made cars such as the Bugatti Veyron. Unlike the regular Veyron, with 300 produced, there are only 20 supersport versions, which used to hold the record for world's fastest car at 267mph. However, that record has been broken by the new Bugatti Chiron, breaking the 300mph barrier. All Bugattis have a 16-cylinder engine and all cost between $1.8 million to $2.2 million (not counting the extras).


title: Rhythm and blues

text: Rhythm and blues (also known as R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. It is now performed worldwide by people of many cultures and ethnic groups.


title: Rhythm and blues

text: During the 1960s, James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone had used parts of psychedelic rock and other styles in their music. Funk became a big part of disco music. In the early 1980s, funk and soul had become sultry and more sexual with the work of Prince and others. The modern style of "contemporary R&B" came to be a major part of American popular music.


title: Rhythm and blues

text: R&B today defines a style of African-American music. It combines elements of soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip hop in what is now called "contemporary R&B".


title: Rhythm and blues

text: By the 2000s, the only big difference between a record being a hip hop record or an R&B record is whether its vocals are rapped or sung. R&B started to focus more on solo artists than groups. By 2005, the most famous R&B artists include Usher, Beyoncé (formerly of Destiny's Child), Ashanti, and Mariah Carey.


title: Rhythm and blues

text: Soulful R&B continues to be popular, with artists such as Alicia Keys, R. Kelly, John Legend, and Toni Braxton. Some R&B singers have used parts of Caribbean music in their work.


title: Nike, Inc.

text: The company was founded on 25 January 1964. Nike was named Blue Ribbon Sports at first ( it changed to Nike in 1971). The original founders of Nike are Bill Bowerman and Philip Knight. The company is named after Nike, the Greek goddess of victory.


title: Nike, Inc.

text: Nike sells its products under its own name as well as Nike Golf, Nike Pro, Nike+, Air Jordan, and Team Starter. Nike also owns the brands Bauer, Cole Haan, Hurley International, and Converse. "Nike, Incorporated" also funds certain sports events such as the FIFA World Cup 2014.


title: Feral

text: A feral animal is one which has escaped from a domestic or captive status and is living more or less as a wild animal. Animals which were wild before they escaped from captivity are not regarded as feral. For example, a lion which has escaped from a zoo is not a feral animal. Some common examples of animals with feral populations are goats, cats, and pigs.


title: Feral

text: Domesticated plants that revert to wild are usually known as escaped, introduced or naturalized rather than feral. However, the changes seen in plants that go wild is similar to those of animals.


title: Feral

text: Some species go feral easily and successfully. Other species usually do not usually survive in the wild.


title: Feral

text: The introduction of animals or plants to new areas may break down ecosystems. In some cases it has caused the extinction native species. However, returning lost species to their environment can have the opposite effect, bringing damaged ecosystems back into balance. However, sometimes feral species may control other problem species such as rodents, harmful insects, or aggressive plants.


title: Feral

text: The cat can easily become feral. Feral cats are pests in both rural and urban areas. They have seriously damaged bird, reptile and mammal populations. As feral cats breed quickly, it is difficult to control their populations. In rural areas, feral cats are often shot. More recently, the "Trap-Neuter-Return" method has been used as an alternate means of managing the feral cat population.


title: Feral

text: The goat is one of the oldest domesticated animals, yet easily goes feral and does quite well on its own.


title: Feral

text: The dromedary camel, which has been domesticated for well over 3,000 years, will also readily go feral. Feral camels, descended from pack animals that escaped in the 19th and early 20th centuries, thrive in the Australian interior today.


title: Feral

text: Sheep are vulnerable to predation and injury, and do not usually survive as feral animals. However, in places where there are few predators, they get on well, for example in the case of the Soay sheep.


title: Feral

text: Water buffalo are found in the wetter parts of Western and Northern Australia. The Australian government encourages the hunting of feral water buffalo because of their large numbers.


title: Feral

text: Cattle have been domesticated since the neolithic era, but can survive for months or even years with little or no supervision. Their ancestors, the Aurochs, were quite fierce. Modern cattle, especially those raised on open range, are generally more docile, but when threatened can display aggression. Cattle, particularly those raised for beef, are often allowed to roam quite freely and have established long term independence in Australia, New Zealand and several Pacific Islands. There are small populations of semi-feral animals living the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Such cattle are called Mavericks, Scrubbers or Cleanskins. Most free roaming cattle, however untamed, are valuable and are usually rounded up in closely settled regions.


title: Feral

text: Horses and donkeys, domesticated about 5000 BCE, are feral in open grasslands worldwide ("see" feral horse). In Portugal, feral horses are called Sorraia; in Australia, they are called Brumbies; in the American west, they are called Mustangs. Other isolated feral populations exist, including the Chincoteague Pony and the Banker Horse. They are often referred to as "wild horses," but this is not correct. There are truly "wild" horses that have never been tamed, most notably Przewalski's Horse. While the horse was originally indigenous to North America, the wild ancestor died out at the end of the last Ice Age. In both Australia and the Americas, modern "wild" horses have come from domesticated horses brought by European explorers and settlers that escaped, spread, and thrived.


title: Feral

text: The pig has feral populations all over the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the United States, New Guinea and the Pacific Islands. Pigs were introduced to the Melanesian and Polynesian regions by humans from several thousand to five hundred years ago, and to Australia and the Americas within the past 500 years. While pigs were brought to New Zealand by the original Polynesian settlers, this population had become extinct by the time of European settlement. All feral pigs in New Zealand today have come from European farm animals. Many European wild boar populations are also come from escaped domestic pigs and are technically feral animals, although they live in the native range of the ancestral species.


title: Feral

text: Rock Pigeons were once kept for their meat or more commonly as racing animals and have established feral populations in cities worldwide.


title: Feral

text: Colonies of honey bees often escape into the wild. Their behavior, however, is no different from their behavior "in captivity", until and unless they breed with other feral honey bees of a different genetic stock, which may lead them to become more docile or more aggressive (see Africanized bees).


title: Feral

text: Large populatiions of feral parrots are present in various parts of the world. The Rose-ringed Parakeets, Monk Parakeets and Red-masked Parakeets (subject of the documentary movie, The Wild Parrots of Telegraph Hill) being particularly successful outside of their native habitats and adapting well to suburban environments.


title: Feral

text: A feral population can damage an ecosystem by eating vulnerable plants or animals, or by competition with indigenous species. Feral plants and animals are often invasive species, and can be a threat to endangered species.


title: Feral

text: Domestic animals can breed with native, wild animals. This interbreeding can threaten the existence of the original wild population. Examples include the mallard duck, wild boar, the rock dove or pigeon, the Red Junglefowl ("Gallus gallus") (ancestor of all chickens), carp, and salmon. Another example is the dingo, itself an early feral dog, which interbreeds with dogs of other origin. However it is unlikely that this will harm the ecosystems in which these dogs live and some regard the importance of this phenomenon as disputable. In some cases like rabbits, the interbreeding seems not to be noticed. There is much debate over the effect of interbreeding on changes to the genes of a wild species.


title: Feral

text: Feral animals compete for food with domestic livestock. They may damage fences, water sources, and vegetation (by overgrazing or introducing seeds of invasive plants). Though hotly disputed, some cite as an example the competition between feral horses and cattle in the western United States. Another example is of goats competing with cattle in Australia, or goats that damage trees and vegetation in environmentally-stressed regions of Africa. Accidental crossbreeding by feral animals may result in harm to breeding programs of pedigreed animals. Their presence may also excite domestic animals and push them to escape. Feral populations can also pass on diseases to domestic herds.


title: Feral

text: Many feral animals can sometimes be captured at little cost and are therefore an important economic resource. Throughout most of Polynesia and Melanesia feral pigs are the main sources of animal protein. Prior to the Free-roaming Wild Horse and Burro Protection Act of 1971, American mustangs were often captured and sold for horsemeat. In Australia feral goat, pig and camel meat is exported. At certain times, animals were sometimes deliberately left to go feral, typically on islands, in order to be later recovered for profit or food use for travelers (particularly sailors) at the end of a few years.


title: Feral

text: Scientists can study populations of feral animals to learn about population dynamics, ecology and behavior (ethology) in a wild state of species known mainly in a domestic state. This can give useful information for farmers.


title: Feral

text: Feral populations sometimes have or develop characteristics which do not always exist in the fully domesticated equivalent. This helps domestic biodiversity and often deserves to be preserved, be it in their feral environment or as domestic animals. For example, feral species that are usually subjects of eradication in certain habitats could become the subject of study to determine if there is a need for their preservation.


title: Feral

text: American Mustangs have been protected since 1971 in part due to their romance and connection to the history of the American West.


title: Mainframe computer

text: Mainframes (also called "big iron") are powerful computers used for large information processing jobs. They are mainly used by government institutions and large companies for tasks such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing. Mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World Wide Web (WWW). They are distinct from supercomputers.


title: Mainframe computer

text: The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish very big computers from less powerful ones ("minicomputers" or "personal computers").


title: Kristina and Karissa Shannon

text: Kristina and Karissa Shannon (born October 2, 1989 in Ann Arbor, Michigan) are American twin sisters that works as glamour models. That have been "Playboy" Playmates working for "Playboy" founder and owner Hugh Hefner. They also appeared on Hefner's television series "The Girls Next Door".


title: PlayStation

text: The PlayStation (often known as the PS1 or the PSX) is a video game console made by Sony released in December 1994. At the time, it was competing against the Nintendo 64 and the Sega Saturn. PlayStation games were stored on CDs. The controllers that were first released with the console had no analog joysticks on them, but analog joysticks and a vibration feature were added to later controllers.


title: PlayStation

text: A slimmer version of the console called the "PS one" was released in 2000. It was white instead of grey.


title: PlayStation

text: It was succeeded by the PlayStation 2 in March 2000 and was discontinued on March 23, 2006 (eight months before the PlayStation 3 was released).


title: PlayStation

text: The PocketStation was a very small games console released as a peripheral (an extra accessory) for the PlayStation. It had a clock, an LCD display and four buttons. It could be used as a memory card. It wasn't released in the United States, because it did not sell well.


title: Jingle Bell Rock

text: "Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song. It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).


title: Jingle Bell Rock

text: Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee. Many others have done so as well.


title: Physical system

text: In physics, a physical system is any object or part of an object that can be analysed with the laws of physics. An atom or the water in a lake can both be considered as physical systems. Everything outside the system is called the environment, which in the analysis is ignored except for its effects on the system.


title: Physical system

text: All matter and energy in the universe could be treated as one big physical system, but often it is much much easier to look at the universe a few particles at a time, and treat these particles as their own quantum systems. There are many many different physical systems that physicists like to study. Some examples are:


title: Physical system

text: Physical systems are different to conceptual systems, which study theoretical objects, ideas or concepts (such as the Turing machine).


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José is the capital of Costa Rica, head of San José Province, and the nation's largest city. It is named in honor of Saint Joseph. It is in the center of the "Gran Area Metropolitana" (metropolitan area) of the Central Valley. San José is the center of political and economic activity and the main transportation center of Costa Rica.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: The population of the city is 288,054, but the metropolitan area of San José has a third of Costa Rica's population.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: Few people live in the city center but it is still the most important working area of the entire country. More than a million people come to work in San José daily from the surrounding areas. Despite its problems, according to studies in Latin America, San José is still one of the safest and least violent cities in the region. In 2006 the city was appointed Ibero-American Capital of Culture. San José is also the sixth most important destination in Latin America, according to "The MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index 2012". In the global ranking, San Jose obtained the 15th position among the world’s top 20 fastest growing destination cities by visitor cross-border spending.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José was founded in 1738 and became the capital of Costa Rica in 1823. It is one of the youngest capitals of Latin America.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: The climate is generally the same throughout the year. The city has an average temperature is 23C gets about 150 mm of rain each month.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: Costa Rica developed high literacy rates and education levels. Most of the people are literate and many have high-school level diplomas. Costa Rica has the best education levels of all the Central American nations, and one of the best in Latin America. This is especially true for San José, because it is the nation's main education center. San José has many education institutions; including public and around 51 private universities.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: University of Santo Tomas was the first university of Costa Rica. It was established in San José in 1843. This university had close relations with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued independently, but Costa Rica had no other university until 1940, when those four schools (law, agronomy, fine arts, pharmacy) were united to form the University of Costa Rica (UCR), during the government of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José's public education system is made up of pre-schools, elementary and high schools (from grades 7 to 11), which are in all of the city's districts and are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. There are also private schools. These private schools go from pre-schools to universities. Many are bilingual, teaching subjects in foreign languages such as German, French, or English.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José city is one of Latin America's safest cities. On June 19, 2012, the city and nation reduced their respective criminality indexes. Criminality, nationwide, was reduced from 12.5% to a 9.5% (per 100,000 inhabitants).


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: In 2012, new police equipment was given by the nation government; as well as receiving an increase in security budget. President Laura Chinchilla's government has donated vehicles and other equipment to the police department in at least two occasions.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: It can be said that San José is Costa Rica's cultural center, having all the main theaters, museums, parks, and historic buildings.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José has many beautiful theaters which are mostly inspired by European architecture. These buildings also serve as main tourist attractions; not only because of their beauty, but also because of cultural, musical, and artistic activities which happen regularly.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: The National Theater ("Teatro Nacional de Costa Rica") and the Mélico Salazar Theater present drama, dance performances and concerts year long. Also, there are other 'smaller' theaters in the city and provide other types of entertainment.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José has many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where you can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists as well as many different bird, tree and plant species.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: San José's largest park and is La Sabana Metropolitan Park. It is in the western part of the city, in the district of 'Mata Redonda'.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: Plazas, or squares, are very prominent in San José. La Plaza de La Cultura ('Culture Square'), is one example.


title: San José, Costa Rica

text: Simón Bolivar Zoo is the city's only zoo and has a many species of animals and plants, both national and international.


title: Saladin

text: Saladin, or Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (25 December 1138–1193) was a famous Sultan of Egypt and Syria during the Crusades.


title: Saladin

text: A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition to the European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen and other parts of North Africa.


title: Saladin

text: His father, who worked for the Turkish governor, decided to raise him in Syria where he received his education. Another influential figure in his life was his uncle Shirkuh who was a military leader and later commanded for Saladin during the wars. Many Muslims consider him a hero for defeating the Crusaders over 20 years of battles. The Crusades were series of battles between Christian Europe and Islamic Near East over holy land in what is now known as Palestine. Saladin’s army protected Egypt from the Crusaders in 1168.


title: Saladin

text: The ruler of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt made him Vizier, meaning prime minister, even though he was not Shi'ite. Just before the Caliph died, Saladin was crowned Sultan of Egypt and Syria. His greatest victory was at the Horns of Hattin in July 1187 AD, after which Jerusalem fell to the Muslims (October 1187) and was never again recovered by the Crusaders. He is also remembered for his series of battles and wins and losses against King Richard I of England. These were inconclusive and in the end resulted in a moral victory for Sultan Salah ad-Din, when Richard's Crusade failed and returned to Europe.


title: Saladin

text: He founded the Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt, Syria, Yemen (except for the Northern Mountains), Iraq, Mecca Hejaz and Diyar Bakr. Salah ad-Din is a title which translates to "The Righteousness of the Faith" from Arabic.


title: Saladin

text: Many books were written about Saladin, the things he did and the battles he won. "Daastaan Imaan Farooshoon Ki" is one book in Urdu written by Althamash that says very good things about Saladin and compares and contrasts him to other kings and princes, in a favourable light.


title: Cation

text: The electric charge on a proton is equal in amount to the charge on an electron. So, the total electric charge on an ion is the number of protons in the ion minus the number of electrons.


title: Non-commissioned officer

text: A non-commissioned officer (sometimes spelled noncommissioned officer and shortened to NCO or non-com (US)), called a sub-officer in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission. Non-commissioned officers, in the English-speaking world, usually obtain their position of authority by promotion through the enlisted ranks.


title: Non-commissioned officer

text: NCOs usually include all grades of corporal and sergeant; in some countries, warrant officers also do the same things as NCOs. In the navy and depending on the country, some or all grades of petty officer may be counted as NCO's. There are different classes of non-commissioned officer, including junior non-commissioned officers (JNCO) and senior (or staff) non-commissioned officers (SNCO).


title: Princess Alice of Battenberg

text: Princess Alice of Battenberg (Victoria Alice Elizabeth Julia Marie; 25 February 1885 – 5 December 1969) was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, husband of Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Princess Alice of Battenberg

text: She was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria. She was born in Windsor Castle. She grew up in Great Britain, Germany and Malta.


title: Princess Alice of Battenberg

text: In 1930, she was diagnosed with schizophrenia and committed to a sanatorium in Switzerland. After that, she lived separately from her husband Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark.


title: Princess Alice of Battenberg

text: After the fall of King Constantine II of Greece and the imposition of military rule in Greece in 1967, she was invited by her son and daughter-in-law to live at Buckingham Palace in London. She died there two years later.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia. They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders, and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: In the past, Indigenous Australians used weapons like boomerangs sticks and spears to kill animals for food. It is unknown where they came from and how they appeared in Australia. It is estimated they first arrived in their homeland between 50,000 and 65,000 years BP. Aboriginal people have their own type of art.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: Many indigenous Australians suffered when Europeans from Britain and Ireland arrived in Australia. Disease and the loss of their hunting lands are two of the reasons.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: The first people of Australia were nomadic people who came to Australia from southeast Asia. Scientists do not know exactly when they arrived but it is at least 60,000 years ago.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: When the British came to Australia in 1788, they called these native people "aboriginals", meaning people who had lived there since the earliest times.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: Aboriginal Australians believe that they have animal, plant, and human ancestors who created the world and everything in it. This process of creation is called Dreamtime. There are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: The modern-day art of the Aboriginal Australians is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime. Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay, others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: The typical boomerang is designed to be self-returning, but it has to be properly thrown. Modern computer-designed boomerangs may have three or four wings instead of the traditional two.


title: Indigenous Australians

text: Boomerangs have been discovered in cultures with no connection with Australia (such as ancient Egypt), so their design was presumably mutually independent. Boomeramgs are one of a group of weapons known as "throwsticks".


title: Indigenous Australians

text: When British people came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty: that nobody "owned" the land, in the way Europeans used that word. This was called ""terra nullius"", Latin words for "empty land".


title: Indigenous Australians

text: In 1976, the Australian government agreed that Aboriginal people have rights to the land where their tribes were originally located and gained the right to use the land. On 3 June, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of "terra nullius" was wrong, and the government brought in new laws, to set up Native Title. If Aboriginal people can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as Aboriginal land.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Wallace Michael Shawn (born 12 November 1943) is an American actor, voice actor, playwright, and essayist, best known as the voice of Rex in the "Toy Story" series, Calico in "", Vizzini in "The Princess Bride", and the voice of Taotie in "". Shawn is from New York City.


title: Wallace Shawn

text: Shawn was born in New York City, to a Jewish family. His parents are William Shawn (1907–1992), the long-time editor of "The New Yorker", and journalist Cecille Shawn (née Lyon; 1906–2005); his brother, Allen, is a composer.


title: Kent Riley

text: Kentigan Peter "Kent" Riley (born 9 April 1984) is an English actor, best known for his roles in Coronation Street, Hollyoaks, Weirdsister College, Brief Encounters, and Patty Dike Show: Still Rockin' in Brooklyn Heights.


title: Karakoram

text: The Karakoram is a Mountain range in Asia. The name is from a Turkic word meaning "back gravel". It is mainly located in China, India, and Pakistan. Parts of the range extend into Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Many of its mountains are in the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Ladakh, and Xinjiang. It is the second highest mountain range in the world. The Karakoram is part of a complex of mountain ranges that also includes the Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and Pamir ranges. The range has eight mountains with tops over high. Four of these are higher than . They are K2, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, and Gasherbrum II. K2 is the world's second highest peak.


title: Karakoram

text: The range is about long and it covers a tract about broad. Karakoram separates the State of Kashmir from China, and South-central Asian States. It also protects Kashmir from the extreme cold winds of Siberia. There are over 300 peaks with an elevation between and high. Karakoram is the most glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. Glaciers cover about 28-50% of the mountains in the range. This is much higher than the Himalayan average of 8-12%. Some of the famous glaciers are the Siachen Glacier ( long) and Biafo Glacier (long). These are the second and third longest glaciers in the world, outside the polar region. Many hilly lakes and hot-water springs are also located in Karakoram. The valleys are sources to many rivers and streams which drain in the Indus River.


title: Karakoram

text: The high Karakoram Pass connects Kashmir with the Central Asian states. It is considered to be a historical route. Shaksgam Pass, Aghil Pass, and Khunjerab Pass are also in this range of mountains.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: The Carnival of the Animals (French: "Le Carnavál de Animaûx") is a musical composition by Camille Saint-Saëns. It is one of the best known pieces of classical music for children.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: Saint-Saëns wrote the "Carnival of the Animals" as a distraction while composing his "Symphony No. 3". "Carnival" was performed at a small gathering of friends. Saint-Saëns did not want the general public to hear it, because he did not want to be thought of as someone who wrote jokey pieces. He wanted to be thought of as a serious composer. Just one movement was published during his lifetime: the famous Swan movement for solo cello. The rest of the work was not performed until a year after Saint-Saëns’ death.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: Following a disastrous concert tour of Germany in 1893, Saint-Saëns withdrew to a small Austrian village, where he composed The Carnival of the Animals in February 1894. It is scored for two pianos, two violins, viola, cello, double bass, Bass clarinet, saxophone, snare drumflute (and piccolo), clarinet (C and B♭), glass harmonica, and xylophone.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: There are 14 short movements, with a short introduction. Saint-Saëns arranged it for an orchestra consisting of flute doubling piccolo, clarinet (B flat and C), two pianos, glass harmonica, xylophone, two violins, viola, cello and double bass. Today it is often performed with a full orchestra of strings, and with a glockenspiel instead of a glass harmonica, which is an unusual instrument.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: This movement for strings and piano is very slow, like a tortoise. Saint-Saëns makes a musical joke here: the tune is the same tune as the famous 'Can-Can' from Jacques Offenbach's operetta "Orpheus in the Underworld", but played very slowly.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: This double bass solo with piano accompaniment makes the elephant sound heavy and clumsy. In the middle section the elephant tries to dance a waltz. This is also a musical joke - the tune is taken from Felix Mendelssohn's "Incidental Music to A Midsummer Night's Dream" and Hector Berlioz's "Dance of the Sylphs". These two pieces are meant to be played on higher sounding instruments, like the flute and violin, but in this piece, the tune is played on the double bass, the lowest sounding instrument in the orchestra/


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: This is very graceful music with the tune played on the flute, accompanied by strings, with occasional glissandi (slides) on the glass harmonica.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: The “Persons with Long Ears” are actually donkeys. It is a very short piece, and it is played on two violins which imitate the “hee-haw” sound of the donkey. Some people think that Saint-Saëns is making a joke about music critics, who bray like donkeys.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: The pianos play gentle chords, like someone walking quietly through a forest. Now and again the clarinet plays two notes which sound like the call of the cuckoo. In the original sheet music, it is said that the clarinet player should move off stage, to make it sound more like the cuckoo is calling from a distance.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: The flute has a very delicate, fast tune accompanied by strings and pianos. It sounds like birds flying in an aviary (bird cage).


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: This is another joke, because “pianists” are people who play the piano, they are not animals. Saint-Saëns makes them seem rather stupid as they practise their scales. When this movement was first published, a note was included that said that "Performers should imitate the playing of beginners, and their awkwardness". Because of this, in some performances, the pianists become out of time with each other on purpose.


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: The xylophone plays a fast tune which sounds like skeletons playing. Saint-Saëns is making a joke about himself, because he uses a tune from one of his own works: the "Danse Macabre". There are bits of other tunes as well: "Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman" (known in the English-speaking world as "Twinkle Twinkle Little Star"), the French nursery rhymes "Au Clair de la Lune" and "J'ai du bon tabac", the popular anthem "Partant pour la Syrie" as well as the aria "Una Voce Poco Fa" from Rossini's "Barber of Seville". Saint-Saëns was saying that these tunes were old-fashioned (like fossils).


title: Carnival of the Animals

text: This is one of the most famous of all tunes for the cello. It is a lovely tune which sounds like a swan swimming gracefully along. There is a famous solo ballet dance called "The Dying Swan" which is set to this tune.


title: Anthropomorphism

text: Anthropomorphism is the addition of human traits to something that is not a human. For example, the non-human might have human feelings, needs, and wants. It is common for people to use anthropomorphism.


title: Anthropomorphism

text: Anthropomorphism is often used in stories and art. The story of the "Three Little Pigs" has a wolf and three pigs who talk and act like humans. Disney's Mickey Mouse also talks and acts like a human. An anthropomorphized animal is called a "furry".


title: Anthropomorphism

text: The novel "The Call of the Wild" also uses anthropomorphism. The main character is a dog named Buck. Many other characters are dogs and wolves. In the story, the animals think and act more like humans than dogs.


title: Anthropomorphism

text: Humans can usually explain why humans do things. Humans are not as good at explaining why non-human things do things. This can lead to people assuming non-human things will do things like humans.


title: Anthropomorphism

text: Humans learn about other humans early in life. They know more about humans than about things that are not humans, and they can remember it better.


title: Montpellier

text: Montpellier is a city in south of France. About 280,000 people live there. It is the 8th largest city in France. It has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa" in the Koeppen climate classification).


title: Montpellier

text: A campus of the École nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Montpellier. The computer science school École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies and E-Artsup are also in the city.


title: Montpellier

text: The University of Montpellier is one of the oldest in the world, as well as the Montpellier Business School.


title: Kiwano

text: Kiwano ("Cucumis metuliferus"), also known as horned melon, is a sweet tropical fruit. It is an annual vine in the cucumber and melon family, "Cucurbitaceae". It is also called "horned melon" since its fruit has horn-like spines. Ripe fruit has orange skin and lime green, jelly-like flesh. Kiwano is native to Sub-Saharan Africa. It is now grown in the United States, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Chile, Australia, and New Zealand.


title: Kiwano

text: Kiwano is a traditional food plant in Africa. Along with the Gemsbok cucumber ("Acanthosicyos naudinianus") and Tsamma ("Citron melon"), it is one of the few sources of water during the dry season in the Kalahari Desert. In northern Zimbabwe, it is called "gaka" or "gakachika". There it is primarily used as a snack or salad, and rarely for decoration.


title: Field (physics)

text: In physics, a field means that a physical quantity is assigned to every point in space (or, more generally, spacetime). A field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything. The strength of a field usually varies over a region. Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term "field", in 1849.


title: Field (physics)

text: For some fields, there is a number for each point in space. They are called "scalar fields". For more complicated fields, there are more than one number for each point in space. They are called "vector fields" or "tensor fields". For example, one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space. Other examples are temperature fields or air pressure fields, which are often illustrated on weather reports by isotherms and isobars by joining up the points of equal temperature or pressure respectively.


title: Field (physics)

text: A field theory is a physical theory that describes how one or more physical fields interact with matter.


title: Space Needle

text: The Space Needle is a tower in Seattle, Washington. It is at the Seattle Center. The Space Needle was built for the 1962 World's Fair. During this time, almost 20,000 people used the elevators every day. Over 2.3 million visitors came to the World Fair overall. The Space Needle is high and wide. It weighs 9,550 tons. When it was completed it was the tallest building to the west of the Mississippi River. It is built not to fall in wind up to and earthquakes of up to 9.1 magnitude. This gives protection against an earthquake as powerful as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. The tower also has 25 lightning rods on its roof to protect it against lightning.


title: Space Needle

text: The Space Needle has a deck at , where people can look down and look at the view around them. It also has a gift shop with a rotating SkyCity restaurant at . From the top of the Needle, the Downtown Seattle skyline, the Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Elliott Bay and islands around it can be seen. Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle.


title: Space Needle

text: Visitors can reach the top of the Space Needle by using elevators. These elevators travel at . The trip to the top takes 41 seconds. Some tourists wait in hour-long lines so that they can go to the top of the tower. On windy days, the elevators are slowed down to a . The Space Needle was made a historic landmark on April 19, 1999, by the city's Landmarks Preservation Board.


title: LMFAO (group)

text: LMFAO was an American electro hop band. The members are Redfoo and SkyBlu. Redfoo is the eighth and youngest son of Berry Gordy, Jr. who is the founder of Motown and SkyBlu is Gordy, Jr.'s grandson. They commonly refer to their music as "party rock". Their group name comes from the acronym LMFAO which means "Laughing My Fucking Ass Off".


title: Summer Olympic Games

text: The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international sporting event which are held every four years by the International Olympic Committee. The "Games", as they are often called, are held in a different city each time. It is a great honour for a city to be "awarded" (given) the right to hold the Olympic Games. Two years after the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games are held. The Winter Games were held in the same year as the summer Games from 1924 to 1992 and then switched to two years apart in 1994. These are always in a cold, mountainous place because the sports are all snow and ice sports such as skiing. Many more countries send athletes to the Summer Olympics than to the Winter Olympics


title: Summer Olympic Games

text: The Olympic Games were first held in Ancient Greece more than two thousand years ago. The first modern Summer Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. There were 200 athletes from Greece and 45 athletes from 13 other countries. Since 1904, medals have been given to the three best athletes or teams in each sport.


title: Summer Olympic Games

text: The earliest Games consisted of 42 events only, but it was expected that 10,500 athletes would compete in the 302 events on the program for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.


title: Beef

text: Beef is a type of meat that comes from cattle. Beef could also include meats from other bovines. There are different types of beef. Beef is popular in the United States.


title: Order of the Companions of Honour

text: The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British award given to citizens of the Commonwealth. It was founded by King George V in 1917, as a reward for outstanding achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion.


title: Order of the Companions of Honour

text: The order is limited to 65 "Companions of Honour". At first 45 members could be from the United Kingdom, 7 from Australia, 2 from New Zealand and 11 from other Commonwealth countries. Foreigners from outside the realm may be added as "honorary members". Membership of the order gives no title, or precedence, but recipients can put the post-nominal letters "CH" after their names.


title: Order of the Companions of Honour

text: The insignia of the Order consists of an oval medallion with an oak tree, a shield with the royal arms hanging from one branch, and on the left a mounted knight in armour. The badge's clear blue border bears the motto "IN ACTION FAITHFUL AND IN HONOUR CLEAR". Men wear the badge on a ribbon (red with golden border threads) around their necks, and women on a bow at the left shoulder.


title: Local government

text: Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a state or province. The term is used to contrast with offices at nation-state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government.


title: Local government

text: What a local government does changes depending on what country it is in, and even when they are similar what it is called often varies. Common names for local governments include state, province, région, départment, county, prefecture, district, city, township, town, borough, parish, municipality, shire and village. However all these names are often used informally in countries where they do not describe a legal local government.


title: Assisi

text: Assisi is a town and a "comune" in Italy, in the region of Umbria. Assisi on the western side of the mountain called Mount Subasio. It is an important place because of its art, its architecture and its history. It is especially important to the Catholic religion. It was the birthplace of Saint Francis of Assisi, who was a Catholic saint. Saint Francis is most famous because he founded the Franciscan religious order in the year 1208. Saint Clare, a follower of Saint Francis, was also born in Assisi. She founded an order of religious women called the Poor Clares.


title: Assisi

text: After Saint Francis and Saint Clare died, churches were built in their honor. The Church of Saint Francis, called the Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, is famous as his burial place. It is also famous for the fresco paintings on the walls and ceilings. Many visitors go to Assisi on pilgrimage. Many people also go there to see the town's art. Assisi was made into a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the year 2000.


title: Assisi

text: Around 1000 BC, large groups of people settled in this area. These were the Umbrians. They lived in small fortified villages on high ground. From 450 BC the Umbrians villages were taken over by the Etruscans. Then the Romans took control of central Italy by the "Battle of Sentinum" in 295 BC. They levelled out some land in terraces (wide steps) and built a large town called "Asisium" on the side of Mount Subasio. This town became "Assisi". Some buildings still can be seen from Roman times in Assisi. They include the walls, the main piazza, and the Temple of the Goddess Minerva, which is now a church called "Santa Maria sopra Minerva".


title: Assisi

text: In 238 AD all the people of Assisi became Christian, because of the teaching of Bishop Rufino. He was martyred. It is believe that his body is buried under the Cathedral Church of San Rufino in Assisi.


title: Assisi

text: The Ostrogoths of king Totila destroyed most of the town in 545. Then Assisi was the ruled by the Lombards, who came from the north of Italy, and then by the Frankish rulers.


title: Assisi

text: In the 11th century (1000s), Assisi became a free town. But there was constant fighting between two groups called the Ghibellines and the Guelphs. Assisi mainly supported the Ghibellines, but the nearest big town, Perugia, supported the Guelphs. During the battle of Ponte San Giovanni (St. John's Bridge), the Guelphs from Perugia managed to capture a young man from Assisi. His name was Francesco di Bernardone. It was partly because of his experiences when he was captured that young Francesco decided that he would change from being a soldier. When he returned to his father's house, he put away all his riches and became a poor, wandering preacher, telling people to turn to God and live in peace with each other. He worked with the poor and the outcast people. They had no church except a ruin. St. Francis and his friends rebuilt the tiny ruined church for the shepherds and other poor people to worship in. It is called the "Porziuncola". Francesco (Francis) founded the Order of Franciscans. He was "canonized" (made a saint) in 1228 and is known as St. Francis. He is one of the most popular saints.


title: Assisi

text: A large basilica church was built on the side of the mountain, in honour of St Francis, and was beautifully decorated with scenes of his life. One of the most famous scenes shows the story of St. Francis preaching to the birds. In 1997 Assisi was hit by the two earthquakes. Part of the roof of the basilica fell in, killing four people who were standing below, and damaging the painted ceiling. Many people "made donations" (gave money) to repair the building which was reopened less than two years later.


title: Assisi

text: The larger castle is called "Rocca Maggiore". It was built by Cardinal Albornoz in 1367 and was added to by Popes Pius II and Paul III.


title: Assisi

text: UNESCO has made all the main monuments, the churches and the town of Assisi as a World Heritage Site.


title: Assisi

text: Festival Calendimaggio is held from May 1st-5th. There are processions, theatre, flag-weavers and dance.


title: Assisi

text: Assisi Embroidery is a type of counted-thread embroidery which has been practised in Assisi since the 13th century.


title: Assisi

text: Today the town has many groups coming to enjoy the simple peace of St. Francis. One such group has restored an 11th-century room and added altars to the world's religions. Pilgrims come from many countries to the Assisi East West Retreat Center in Piazza San Rufino in the spirit of St. Francis to sit and be in peace.


title: Leadership

text: Leadership is an approach where “acts by persons influence other persons in a shared direction/[common goal]” (Seeman, 1960).


title: Leadership

text: There are two factors in team leadership, they are: Interpersonal and Analytical. The interpersonal factors are : Talk, Evaluation, Assisting and Motivating. The Analytical aspects for problem solving with team leadership are: Focusing, Organizing, Collecting, Understanding and Synthesizing the material.


title: Iglesia ni Cristo

text: The (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC, is a church which was founded in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC states it was founded by Jesus Christ but it is Felix Manalo who really founded INC. The church does not believe in the religious teachings of the Trinity, including the teaching that Jesus is God.


title: Iglesia ni Cristo

text: Felix Manalo joined many religious organizations including an Anti-Christ organization as a young adult. He said that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus, which didn't really happen. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.


title: Defence in depth

text: Defense in depth (also known as deep or elastic defense) is a military strategy. It is a delaying tactic intended to slow down the advance of an enemy, instead of stopping it. The tactic buys time by yielding to the enemy slowly and usually causes additional casualties. A defense in depth can slow down an advancing army and cause it to lose momentum.