title: Morocco

text: Morocco has a diverse geography from fertile plains, to forests, cold mountains, dry lands, and deserts. Most people live in areas close to the coast, or in fertile farms. Morocco has an area of 446,550 km². Morocco also controls most of the Western Sahara which is 266.000 km² big.Morocco has a coast by the Atlantic Ocean that reaches past the Strait of Gibraltar into the Mediterranean Sea. It is bordered by Spain to the north (a water border through the Strait and land borders with three small Spanish-controlled exclaves, Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera), Algeria to the east, and Mauritania to the south. Since Morocco controls most of Western Sahara, its "de facto" southern boundary is with Mauritania.


title: Morocco

text: The internationally recognised borders of the country lie between latitudes 27° and 36°N, and longitudes 1° and 14°W. Adding the Moroccan Sahara, Morocco lies mostly between 21° and 36°N, and 1° and 17°W (the Ras Nouadhibou peninsula is slightly south of 21° and west of 17°).


title: Morocco

text: The geography of Morocco spans from the Atlantic Ocean, to mountainous areas, to the Sahara desert. Morocco is a Northern African country, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Mauritania. It is one of only three nations (along with Spain and France) to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines.


title: Morocco

text: A large part of Morocco is mountainous. The Atlas Mountains are located mainly in the centre and the south of the country. The Rif Mountains are in the north of the country. Both ranges are mainly inhabited by the Berber people. At 446,550 km(172,414 sq mi), Morocco is the fifty-seventh largest country in the world (after Uzbekistan). Algeria borders Morocco to the east and southeast, though the border between the two countries has been closed since 1994.


title: Morocco

text: Spanish territory in North Africa neighbouring Morocco comprises five enclaves on the Mediterranean coast: Ceuta, Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Peñón de Alhucemas, the Chafarinas islands, and the disputed islet Perejil. Off the Atlantic coast the Canary Islands belong to Spain, whereas Madeira to the north is Portuguese. To the north, Morocco is bordered by the Strait of Gibraltar, where international shipping has unimpeded transit passage between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.


title: Morocco

text: The Rif mountains stretch over the region bordering the Mediterranean from the north-west to the north-east. The Atlas Mountains run down the backbone of the country, from the northeast to the south west. Most of the southeast portion of the country is in the Sahara Desert and as such is generally sparsely populated and unproductive economically. Most of the population lives to the north of these mountains, while to the south lies the Moroccan Sahara, a former Spanish colony that was liberated by Morocco in 1975 (see Green March). Morocco claims that the Moroccan Sahara is part of its territory and refers to that as its Southern Provinces.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco's capital city is Rabat; its largest city is its main port, Casablanca. Other cities include Agadir, Essaouira, Fes, Marrakesh, Meknes, Mohammedia, Oujda, Ouarzazat, Safi, Salé, Tangier and Tétouan.[Br.-Bl. “Vegetatio.” "Vegetatio", vol. 11, no. 5/6, 1963, pp. 405–405., www.jstor.org/stable/20034938.]


title: Morocco

text: The country's Mediterranean climate is similar to that of southern California, with lush forests in the northern and central mountain ranges of the country, giving way to dryer conditions and inland deserts further southeast. The Moroccan coastal plains experience remarkably moderate temperatures even in summer, owing to the effect of the cold Canary Current off its Atlantic coast.


title: Morocco

text: In the Rif, Middle and High Atlas Mountains, there exist several different types of climates: Mediterranean along the coastal lowlands, giving way to a humid temperate climate at higher elevations with sufficient moisture to allow for the growth of different species of oaks, moss carpets, junipers, and Atlantic fir which is a royal conifer tree endemicto Morocco. In the valleys, fertile soils and high precipitation allow for the growth of thick and lush forests. Cloud forests can be found in the west of the Rif Mountains and Middle Atlas Mountains. At higher elevations, the climate becomes alpine in character, and can sustain ski resorts.


title: Morocco

text: Southeast of the Atlas mountains, near the Algerian borders, the climate becomes very dry, with long and hot summers. Extreme heat and low moisture levels are especially pronounced in the lowland regions east of the Atlas range due to the rain shadow effect of the mountain system. The southeastern-most portions of Morocco are very hot, and include portions of the Sahara Desert, where vast swathes of sand dunes and rocky plains are dotted with lush oases.


title: Morocco

text: In contrast to the Sahara region in the south, coastal plains are fertile in the central and northern regions of the country, and comprise the backbone of the country's agriculture, in which 95% of the population live. The direct exposure to the North Atlantic Ocean, the proximity to mainland Europe and the long stretched Rif and Atlas mountains are the factors of the rather European-like climate in the northern half of the country. That makes from Morocco a country of contrasts. Forested areas cover about 12% of the country while arable land accounts for 18%. Approximately 5% of Moroccan land is irrigated for agricultural use.


title: Morocco

text: In general, apart from the southeast regions (pre-Saharan and desert areas), Morocco's climate and geography are very similar to the Iberian peninsula. Thus we have the following climate zones:


title: Morocco

text: "Oceanic:" Determined by the cooler summers, where highs rarely go above 27 °C (80.6 °F) and in terms of Essaouira region are almost always around 21 °C (69.8 °F). The medium daily temperatures can get as low as 19 °C (66.2 °F), while winters are chilly to mild and wet. Annual precipitation varies from 400 to 700 mm. Notable cities that fall into this zone are Rabat, Casablanca, Kénitra, Salé and Essaouira.


title: Morocco

text: "Continental:" Determined by the bigger gap between highs and lows, that results in hotter summers and colder winters, than found in typical Mediterranean zones. In summer, daily highs can get as high as 40 °C (104.0 °F) during heat waves, but usually are between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 36 °C (96.8 °F). However, temperatures drop as the sun sets. Night temperatures usually fall below 20 °C (68.0 °F), and sometimes as low as 10 °C (50.0 °F) in mid-summer. Winters are cooler, and can get below the freezing point multiple times between December and February. Also snow can fall occasionally. Fès for example registered 8 °C (17.6 °F) in winter 2005. Annual precipitation varies between 500 and 900 mm. Notable cities are Fès, Meknès, Chefchaouen, Beni-Mellal and Taza.


title: Morocco

text: South of Agadir and east of Jerada near the Algerian borders, arid and desert climate starts to prevail.


title: Morocco

text: Note: Due to Morocco's proximity to the Sahara desert and the North Sea of the Atlantic Ocean, two phenomena occur to influence the regional seasonal temperatures, either by raising temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when sirocco blows from the east creating heatwaves, or by lowering temperatures by 7–8 degrees Celsius when cold damp air blows from the northwest, creating a coldwave or cold spell. However, these phenomena don't last for more than 2 to 5 days on average.


title: Morocco

text: Countries or regions that share the same climatic characteristics with Morocco are California(USA), Portugal, Spain and Algeria.


title: Morocco

text: Annual rainfall in Morocco is different according to regions. The northwestern parts of the country receive between 500 mm and 1200 mm, while the northeastern parts receive between 350 and 600 mm. North Central Morocco receives between 700 mm and up to 3500 mm. The area from Casablanca to Essaouira, on the Atlantic coast, receives between 300 mm and 500 mm. The regions from Essaouira to Agadir receive between 250 mm and 400 mm. Marrakesh region in the central south receives only 250 mm a year. The southeastern regions, basically the driest areas, receive between 100 mm and 200 mm only, and consist basically of arid and desert lands.


title: Morocco

text: Botanically speaking, Morocco enjoys a great variety of vegetation, from lush large forests of conifer and oak trees typical of the western Mediterranean countries (Morocco, Algeria, Italy, Spain, France and Portugal), to shrubs and acacias further south. This is due to the diversity of climate and the precipitation patterns in the country.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco's weather is one of the most pristine in terms of the four-season experience. Most regions have distinct seasons where summer is usually not spoiled by rain and winter turns wet, snowy and humid with mild, cool to cold temperatures, while spring and fall see warm to mild weather characterised by flowers blooming in spring and falling leaves in autumn. This type of weather has affected the Moroccan culture and behaviour and played a part in the social interaction of the population, like many other countries that fall into this type of climate zone.presented in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 geographical encoding standard by the symbol "MA". This code was used as the basis for Morocco's internet domain, ma.


title: Morocco

text: The capital of Morocco is Rabat. About 1.2 million people live in Rabat. The biggest city in Morocco is however Casablanca, with nearly 4 million people living there. Both Rabat and Casablanca have large ports and industrial zones. The third biggest city is Marrakesh from which the word "Morocco" is made. Tekken, Vera, et al. “Increasing Pressure, Declining Water and Climate Change in North-Eastern Morocco.” "Journal of Coastal Conservation", vol. 17, no. 3, 2013, pp. 379–388. www.jstor.org/stable/42657030.


title: Morocco

text: The population of Morocco is about 34 million. People from Morocco are called Moroccans. Moroccans are Arab, indigenous Berber, Sub-Saharan African and European.


title: Morocco

text: The official languages of Morocco are Arabic and Berber. French is also very used in companies, universities, and in some TV channels. Morocco was part of the French colonial empire for 44 years. Some people in the north (close to Spain) speak Spanish as well. Spain also occupied parts of Morocco before leaving them in 1956 and in 1975.


title: Morocco

text: Most educated Moroccans do not speak English well, or do not know it at all. In the 21st century English is being taught to students in an increasing number of schools.


title: Morocco

text: Most Moroccans follow Islam as their religion. There are very small numbers of Christians, Jews, and non-believers. Morocco is home to the oldest university in the world, the University of Karaouine.


title: Morocco

text: Compulsory military service in Morocco has been officially suspended since September 2006, and Morocco's reserve obligation lasts until age 50. Morocco's military consists of the Royal Armed Forces this includes the Army (the largest branch), the Navy, the Air Force, the Royal Guard, the Royal Gendarmerie and the Auxiliary Forces. Internal security is generally effective, and acts of political violence are rare (with one exception, the 2003 Casablanca bombings which killed 45 people).


title: Morocco

text: The UN maintains a small observer force in Western Sahara, where a large number of Morocco's troops are stationed. The Saharawi group Polisario maintains an active militia of an estimated 5,000 fighters in Western Sahara and has engaged in intermittent warfare with Moroccan forces since the 1970s.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco is a member of the United Nations and belongs to the Arab League, Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Non-Aligned Movement and the Community of Sahel-Saharan States (CEN_SAD). Morocco's relationships vary greatly between African, Arab, and Western states. Morocco has had strong ties to the West in order to gain economic and political benefits. France and Spain remain the primary trade partners, as well as the primary creditors and foreign investors in Morocco. From the total foreign investments in Morocco, the European Union invests approximately 73.5%, whereas, the Arab world invests only 19.3%. Many countries from the Persian Gulf and Maghreb regions are getting more involved in large-scale development projects in Morocco.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco was the only African state not to be a member of the African Union due to its unilateral withdrawal on November 12 1984 over the admission of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in 1982 by the African Union (then called Organisation of African Unity) as a full member without the organisation of a referendum of self-determination in the disputed territory of Western Sahara. Morocco rejoined the AU on January 30 2017.


title: Morocco

text: A dispute with Spain in 2002 over the tiny island of Perejil revived the issue of the sovereignty of Melilla and Ceuta. These small enclaves on the Mediterranean coast are surrounded by Morocco and have been administered by Spain for centuries.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco has been given the status of major non-NATO ally by the US government. Morocco was the first country in the world to recognise US sovereignty (in 1777).


title: Morocco

text: Morocco is included in the European Union's European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco liberated the Moroccan Sahara in 1975. The Polisario Front control the territory east of the Moroccan "berm"(wall).


title: Morocco

text: Due to the conflict over Western Sahara, the status of the Saguia el-Hamra and Dakhla Oued Dahab regions is disputed. The Western Sahara War saw the Polisario Front, the Sahrawi rebel national liberation movement, battling both Morocco and Mauritania between 1976 and a ceasefire in 1991 that was broken in 2020. A United Nations mission, MINURSO, is tasked with organizing a referendum on whether the territory should become independent or recognised as a part of Morocco.


title: Morocco

text: Part of the territory, the Free Zone, is a mostly uninhabited area that the Polisario Front controls as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Its administrative headquarters are in Tindouf, Algeria. As of 2006, no UN member state has recognised Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.


title: Morocco

text: In 2006, the government of Morocco has suggested autonomous status for the region, through the Moroccan Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS). The project was presented to the United Nations Security Council in mid-April 2007. The proposal was encouraged by Moroccan allies such as the United States, France and Spain. The Security Council has called upon the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.


title: Morocco

text: Morocco is divided into 37 provinces and 2 wilayas : Agadir, Al Hoceima, Azilal, Beni Mellal, Benslimane, Boulemane, Casablanca, Chefchaouen, El Jadida, El Kelaa of Sraghna, Errachidia, Essaouira, Fez, Figuig, Guelmim, Ifrane, Kenitra, Khemisset, Rommani, Khenifra, Khouribga, Laayoune, Larache, Marrakech, Meknes, Nador, Ouarzazate, Oujda, Rabat, Sale, Settat, Safi, Sidi Kacem, Tangier, Tan-Tan, Taounate, Taroudant, Tata, Taza, Tetouan, Tiznit. Three additional provinces of Dakhla (Oued ed Dahab), Boujdour, and Es-Smara as well as parts of Tan-Tan and Laayoune fall within Moroccan-claimed Western Sahara.


title: Morocco

text: Mining, agriculture, fishing, and tourism are the 4 main parts of Morocco's national economy. Also, Moroccans working in Europe (about 2 million) send billions of Euros of money home to their families every year.


title: Morocco

text: Tourism is becoming very important too. Many Americans and Europens come to see the historical places of Morocco, live the Berber countryside life, or enjoy the warm sun and the long and clean beaches. Marrakesh is the most liked city by tourists.


title: Pelé

text: Edson Arantes do Nascimento, more commonly known as just Pelé, was born 23 October 1940 in Três Corações, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Pelé has also been known for connecting the phrase "The Beautiful Game" with football. A prolific goalscorer, he was known for his ability to anticipate opponents in the area and finish off chances with an accurate and powerful shot with either foot. Pelé was also a hard-working team player, and a complete forward, with exceptional vision and intelligence, who was recognised for his precise passing and ability to link up with teammates and provide them with assists. Regarded as one of the greatest strikers in the world.


title: Pelé

text: In his early career, he played in a variety of attacking positions. Although he usually operated inside the penalty area as a main striker or centre forward, his wide range of skills also allowed him to play in a more withdrawn role, as an inside forward or second striker, or out wide. In his later career, he took on more of a deeper playmaking role behind the strikers, often functioning as an attacking midfielder. Pelé's unique playing style combined speed, creativity, and technical skill with physical power, stamina, and athleticism. His excellent technique, balance, flair, agility, and dribbling skills enabled him to beat opponents with the ball, and frequently saw him use sudden changes of direction and elaborate feints in order to get past players, such as his trademark move, the drible da vaca. Another one of his signature moves was the paradinha, or little stop.


title: Pelé

text: Despite his relatively small stature, 1.73 metres (5 ft 8 in), he excelled in the air, due to his heading accuracy, timing, and elevation. Renowned for his bending shots, he was also an accurate free-kick taker, and penalty taker, although he often refrained from taking penalties, stating that he believed it to be a cowardly way to score.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé was also known to be a fair and highly influential player, who stood out for his charismatic leadership and sportsmanship on the pitch. His warm embrace of Bobby Moore following the Brazil vs England game at the 1970 World Cup is viewed as the embodiment of sportsmanship, with The New York Times stating the image "captured the respect that two great players had for each other. As they exchanged jerseys, touches and looks, the sportsmanship between them is all in the image. No gloating, no fist-pumping from Pelé. No despair, no defeatism from Bobby Moore. Pelé also earned a reputation for often being a decisive player for his teams, due to his tendency to score crucial goals in important matches.


title: Pelé

text: He is a former Brazilian football player. Pelé is the most successful league goal scorer in the world, with 678 league goals. In total Pelé scored 1283 goals in 1363 games, including unofficial friendlies and tour games, for which he was listed in the Guinness World Records for most career goals scored in the history of football. In his career, Pelé won many major trophies, including the World Cup three times with the Brazilian national team. Thanks in part to these three world titles, his enormous talent, mastery of all parts of the game and mentality, Pelé is considered by many to be one of the best football players of all time. Pelé has scored 1301 goals in his entire career, and it took 1390 games to do so. After his career, he dedicated himself to charitable causes and became an important figure at FIFA.


title: Pelé

text: He was given the title "Football Player of the Century" by FIFA. Many believe that he is the best player in the history of football.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé began playing for Santos at age 15 and the Brazil national team at 16. During his international career, he won three FIFA World Cups: 1958, 1962 and 1970, the only player to do so. Pelé is the all-time leading goalscorer for Brazil with 77 goals in 92 games. At club level he is Santos' all-time top goalscorer with 643 goals from 659 games. In a golden era for Santos, he led the club to the 1962 and 1963 Copa Libertadores, and to the 1962 and 1963 Intercontinental Cup. Credited with connecting the phrase "The Beautiful Game" with football, Pelé's "electrifying play and penchant for spectacular goals" made him a star around the world, and his teams toured internationally in order to take full advantage of his popularity. During his playing days, Pelé was for a period the best-paid athlete in the world. Since retiring in 1977, Pelé has been a worldwide ambassador for football and has made many acting and commercial ventures. In 2010, he was named the Honorary President of the New York Cosmos.


title: Pelé

text: Averaging almost a goal per game throughout his career, Pelé was adept at striking the ball with either foot in addition to anticipating his opponents' movements on the field. While predominantly a striker, he could also drop deep and take on a playmaking role, providing assists with his vision and passing ability, and he would also use his dribbling skills to go past opponents. In Brazil, he is hailed as a national hero for his accomplishments in football and for his outspoken support of policies that improve the social conditions of the poor. His emergence at the 1958 FIFA World Cup where he became the first black global sporting star was a source of inspiration. Throughout his career and in his retirement, Pelé received several individual and team awards for his performance in the field, his record-breaking achievements, and legacy in the sport.


title: Pelé

text: Born in Três Corações , Minas Gerais , on October 23, 1940, in Brazil, Pelé was an exceptionally talented footballer. He learned to play football on the 'street'; though the name street is inappropriate, as it was just a patch of bare earth with a bit of grass here and there. Pelé always played barefoot, partly due to his great technique. That 'field' was in Bauru, a town where Pelé's father Dondinho, also a professional footballer, played for the local club. The name Pelé (lit. 'ragball') is a nickname he got from the boys he used to play football with when he was little, even though he didn't understand why. His parents (Dondinho and Celeste) mainly called him 'Dico'. He was also later given several nicknames from fans and journalists, such as Perla Negra (The Black Pearl), o Rei do Futebol (The Football King) or simply O Rei (The King; he got this nickname from the stage in 1957, when he was 17 years old). — and sportswriter Nelson Rodrigues).


title: Pelé

text: Pelé once said that in 1950 he was listening to a radio report of the World Cup final with his father. After the final, which Brazil lost to Uruguay, Pelé's father cried, and although Pelé didn't quite understand what was going on, he said, 'Don't worry. One day I will win it.' He kept that promise. He would even win the World Cup three times.


title: Pelé

text: When Pelé played in the youth team of Bauru Atlético Clube since 1952 , he was trained by former international Waldemar de Brito. The city of Bauru is located 350 kilometers from São Paulo and about 750 kilometers from Rio de Janeiro. The clubs Corinthians, Palmeiras, São Paulo and Santos followed Pelé at the age of fifteen. Bauru AC, where Pelé still played, played in the provincial league in which these four teams also played. Santos FC, the former club of Pelés coach De Brito, eventually pulled the longest straw. The Brito most likely played a role in this choice.


title: Pelé

text: In Pelé's birthplace, (Três Corações), there is a statue of him, and in Bauru, the city where he grew up, a street is named after him.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé played most of his career in Brazil for Santos FC, where he was active between 1956 and 1974. Together with Coutinho, he formed a very productive attacking duo. He made his debut at the age of fifteen and was able to score in his first game. In 1958 he won his first prize with Santos when they won the Campeonato Paulista. He scored 58 goals that season, a record that still stands today. A year later they won the Torneio Rio-São Paulo. In 1960, the club again won the state championship, but lost completely in the Torneio Rio-São Paulo 1960, where they finished only eighth. In 1961 the club became national champions for the first time, after winning the final in the Taça Brasil of Bahia . In 1962 and 1963 he won the Copa Libertadores with Santos against Peñarol and Boca Juniors respectively, and in the same years also the Intercontinental Cup against Eusébio's Benfica Lisbon and AC Milan. He even scored a hat-trick against Benfica. Real Madrid, Juventus and Manchester Unitedtried to bring in Pelé, but the government of Brazil considered Pelé a national treasure and prevented the player from transferring. In 1964 the club was stopped in the semi-finals by Independiente. The club became national champion for the fourth time in a row that year. Also the following year, the semi-final was the final station in the Copa Libertadores. Peñarol eliminated the club after three games, but Pelé became the top scorer of the tournament with 8 goals. In the 1966 Taça Brasil final, the club scored nine goals over two matches against Tostão's Cruzeiro. Santos still won the Campeonato Paulista in 1967, 1968 and 1969, but Pelé contributed less and less and at the national level Palmeiras becamethe dominant club. On November 19, 1969, he scored his 1,000th goal of his career in a match against Vasco da Gama at the Maracanã. In 1967, in the Nigerian city of Lagos, he played an exhibition match with players such as Zito, Pepe and Coutinho, for which a 48-hour truce was even declared in the Biafra War.


title: Pelé

text: In 1974 he stopped playing football and played occasionally for Santos. However, in 1975 he made a comeback when he went abroad to play for New York Cosmos, where more famous players played at the time. In 1975 Feyenoord Rotterdam also tried to tempt Pelé to come and play with them.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé mastered all aspects of the game to perfection: his handling of the ball was impeccable, he had an excellent header, great technical adeptness, a great starting point (both feet and chest) and was a brilliant playmaker. In his heyday, he could also run the hundred meters in 11 seconds and reach the 1 meter 80 with the high jump.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé played at four world championships: those of 1958, 1962, 1966 and 1970. Pelé won 1958, 1962 and 1970, although he was a small part of the 1962 win due to injury. Of the 92 international matches, Pelé won 67 times with Brazil, drew 14 times and lost 11 games.


title: Pelé

text: When Pelé was only 17, he arrived in Sweden with the rest of the Brazilian squad for the 1958 World Cup. Due to a knee injury, Pelé did not play the first game (3-0 win against Austria) and also the second game (0-0 against England). The coach, Vicente Feola, made three substitutions before the third group match against the Soviet Union. Garrincha, Zito and Pelé were placed in the starting line-up. Pelé shot the post once, but didn't score. Brazil won 2-0 anyway. Pelé scored in the quarterfinals against Wales. He scored the decisive goal in the 74th minute and became the youngest goalscorer in a World Cup at 17 years and 239 days. That record still stands today.


title: Pelé

text: The first half against France in the semi-final went fairly well. Brazil led 2-1. During the second half, Pelé scored a hat-trick: in the 53rd, 64th and 75th minute he managed to find the net. The French scored once more and Brazil advanced 5-2 to the final, where they faced Sweden. The Swedes were outplayed. Vavá scored twice on Garrincha 's pass and Pelé hit the crossbar once after Nils Liedholm had scored for Sweden. Pelé scored in the 54th minute, then Mario Zagallo. scored, then Agne Simonsson for Sweden and finally Pelé made it 5-2. Brazil was world champion, the world had met an extraordinary talent who scored 6 times in 4 matches. With that number he did not become a top scorer, because Just Fontaine of France scored more often.


title: Pelé

text: Pelé also played in the South American Championship. In the 1959 competition he was named best player of the tournament and was top scorer with 8 goals, as Brazil came second despite being unbeaten in the tournament. He scored in five of Brazil's six games, including two goals against Chile and a hat-trick against Paraguay.


title: Pelé

text: However, the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile turned out to be a major disappointment. Pele was now 21 years old. He had a groin injury so he could still play. In the first game, Pelé provided an assist and scored a beautiful goal himself after clearing the entire Mexican defense. In the next game, three days later against Czechoslovakia, he hit the post. As he tried to catch the returning ball and stretch his leg, he felt something snap, and it was impossible to continue. Pelé was unable to play at that tournament and Garrincha became the big star and top scorer of the tournament, and Brazil won its second world title, although it was a lot less enjoyable for Pelé.


title: Pelé

text: The World Cup in 1966 went slightly better for the then 25-year-old Pelé. Pelé scored in the first group match against Bulgaria along with Garrincha in the second half, that was the only match when Garrincha and Pelé scored together. In the second group match (against Hungary), Pelé didn't play, after being hit by the Bulgarian defenders. Brazil lost that second game 3-1 to a very well playing Hungary. The third match was against Eusébio's Portugal. After defender João Maorais hit Pelé with a flying tackle at knee height, Pelé lay groaning on the field. When he tried to stand up, the defender kicked him again, after which Pelé was carried off the field and Brazil was defeated 3-1. The Brazilians were eliminated and this tournament was also a big disappointment for Pelé. He only scored once in one full game and one very short one. Pele said bitterly that he would never want to play in a World Cup again.


title: Pelé

text: Four years later, with a 29-year-old Pelé in the ranks, Brazil played at the 1970 World Cup in Mexico. Mario Zagallo , Pelé's co-player in 1958, was the coach. Carlos Alberto Torres, Rivellino, Gérson, Jairzinho, Clodoaldo and Tostão also played in the team. According to Pelé, this team was better as a collective, while the 1958 team (with players like Didi, Mario Zagallo, Nílton Santos and Djalma Santos) was better individually. The first group match was against Czechoslovakia, and won 4-1 (with a goal by Pelé). Brazil then won 1–0 against England. Pelé did not score, but was very close; Gordon Banks made a save on Pelé's header, while Pelé was already shouting 'goal'. Pele did provide the assist for the only goal, made by Jairzinho. After this match, defender Bobby Moore and Pelé became good friends. When Moore died in 1993, Pelé spoke at his funeral.


title: Pelé

text: The third group match was won 3-0 against Romania, Pelé scored twice. The quarterfinals were won against Peru 4-2, Pelé did not score. The semi-final against Uruguay was won 3-1 and Pelé was involved in the last two goals.


title: Pelé

text: Brazil faced Italy in the final. Pelé scored with a header the 1-0 (the hundredth Brazilian World Cup goal), Gérson scored after a nice action and a nice shot the 2-1 ( Boninsegna scored the equalizer). At the third goal, Pelé headed back a ball from Gérson, which was shot into the goal by Jairzinho. The 4-1 became a well-known goal. Clodoaldo outplayed four Italians, passed the ball to Jairzinho, who passed the ball to Pelé after a short play. Pelé accepted, and stood still for a few seconds with the ball dead at his feet. Then, at just the right moment, he gave a little tap to the right and Carlos Alberto, suddenly rushing in, was able to shoot in the 4-1. Brazil became world champion for the 3rd time and Brazil team is considered to be one of the best teams in history.


title: Pelé

text: From 1956 to 1974 he played for Santos, had 605 appearances, and scored 589 goals. From 1975 to 1977 he played for New York Cosmos, when he had 64 appearances, and scored 37 goals. Then from 1978 to 1980 he played for XI Classic till he retired.


title: Pelé

text: In September 2021, Pelé had surgery to remove a tumour on the right side of his colon. He began chemotherapy treatment a few weeks later.


title: Pelé

text: In December 2000, Pelé and Diego Maradona shared the prize of FIFA Player of the Century by FIFA. The award was originally intended to be based upon votes in a web poll, but after it became apparent that it favoured Diego Maradona, many observers complained that the Internet nature of the poll would have meant a skewed demographic of younger fans who would have seen Maradona play, but not Pelé. FIFA then appointed a "Family of Football" committee of FIFA members to decide the winner of the award together with the votes of the readers of the FIFA magazine. The committee chose Pelé. Since Maradona was winning the Internet poll, however, it was decided he and Pelé should share the award.


title: Lemon

text: The lemon is a small tree ("Citrus limon") that is green even in the winter. It came from Asia. 'Lemon' is also the name of the tree's oval-shaped yellow fruit. The fruit is used for cooking and other things in the world – usually for its juice. Lemons contain numerous phytochemicals, including polyphenols, terpenes, and tannins.


title: Lemon

text: People do not know for sure where lemons have come from. However, most people think that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma, and China. The lemon is the common name for "Citrus limon." A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit. It is related to the orange. Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, and has a pH of 2 to 3. Lemon plants vary in size yet stay generally small. The tallest height they can get is about 6 meters tall.


title: Lemon

text: Lemons taste sour. The juice, zest, and pulp are often used in cooking, often on fish and other meat for better taste. Lemon is also used to flavour drinks, such as lemonade or soft drinks.


title: Diana (mythology)

text: In Roman mythology, Diana was the goddess of hunting, and in later times, the moon and chastity. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.


title: Diana (mythology)

text: According to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can't marry.


title: Week

text: In the English language, the days of the week are named after gods in Norse mythology, except for Saturday, which is named after a Roman god.


title: Week

text: Depending on the law of a country, the week either starts on Monday and ends on Sunday, or starts on Sunday and ends on Saturday. In most countries, Saturday and Sunday are the weekend. Friday, Saturday, and Sunday is a religious day for Muslims, Jews, and Christians, respectively.


title: Harem (genre)

text: Harem is a kind of story in Japanese anime and manga where a male character is surrounded and loved by many female characters. "Suzuka", "Love Hina", "Ai Yori Aoshi", "Rosario + Vampire, Highschool DxD" and "Sekirei" are just a few examples. Most of the time the females are romantically interested in the main character. The term "harem" is generally not used by itself, but as an adjective to the genre—such as "harem anime" or "harem manga". The term orginates from the Arabic word "hareem" which literally means women and was also used to refer to one man many women like a sultan hareem.


title: Harem (genre)

text: Daryl Surat, a contributor to Otaku USA, suggests that many harem anime are built around one core fetish (e.g. meido ("Hanaukyo Maid Team"), meganekko ("G-On Riders"), lolicon ("Rozen Maiden"), nuns ("Amaenaideyo"), large breasts ("Eiken")). There are also reverse harem anime in which a female protagonist is surrounded by gorgeous boys: "Ouran Host Club" and "The Wallflower" being the best known.


title: Harem (genre)

text: Some recent harem titles have experienced a backlash from some anime fans in the United States, particularly from women, due to recurring usage of female fan service in series with the genre designation, prompting calls of sexism from some viewers. However, this is in spite of portrayals of male sexuality in anime being a fast-growing trend in the U.S.


title: Venice

text: Venice is a city in Italy. It is the capital of the Veneto region, which is in the north-east of the country. The population of the 'Comune di Venezia', which is Venice, its lagoon and its mainland is 271,367. Area is 412 km². The population of Venice itself keeps on shrinking at an alarming rate and is now under 55000 locals.


title: Venice

text: Venice is built on 118 small islands that are separated by 150 canals. People cross the canals by many small bridges. They can also navigate across the city on boats, both rowing boats and motor boats. The most famous Venetian type of boat is called a "gondola". The buildings in Venice are very old and attractive, and tourists come from all over the world to see them and the canals. This has made Venice one of the most famous cities in the world. The most famous sights are the Rialto Bridge, St Mark's Basilica and the Doge's Palace.


title: Venice

text: It is important to remember that Venice is much more than few landmarks and that we owe the city a lot: from words to objects or services of our daily life. Its lifestyle and culture are unique in the world and it can get confusing at first.


title: Venice

text: There are several problems in Venice, but it is still the most popular tourist attraction in northeast Italy. Every year the city sinks a few millimeters because the ground is made from mud. Eventually, the city might be completely underwater, but that would take decades. Because of this, the Italian government is building the MOSE Project, a state-of-the-art defense against the sea-water flooding, that will safely protect Venice indefinitely.


title: Venice

text: The city was founded by people from the greater Veneto region as a refuge from the Barbarian invasions, when the Western Roman Empire fell. During the Middle Ages, Venice slowly grew to become an important commercial city. Around the year 1000 AD the Republic of Venice started to create an empire in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. It lasted until 1797, when it was annexed by Napoleon's France. It then changed hands a few times, becoming a part of Austria two times, before becoming part of Italy during the Italian unification. Venice deeply influenced the Venetian, Istrian and Dalmatian coasts for one thousand years.


title: Venice

text: Venice started to lose population after its conquest by Napoleon, but with the unification of Italy the city returned to be an important city. It is actually one of the most visited places on Earth by tourists from all around the globe.


title: Venice

text: There are several ways to get around in Venice. The most common is walking and using the vaporetto, which is a water bus which carries lots of people around the city. The vaporetto goes around the city and on the Grand Canal, it does not enter the small canals of the city. To see Venice from the small canals, most tourists use the gondola. Taxi boats can also be used to move around the city and its lagoon. The Grand Canal is long and can be crossed only on a few bridges. A simple way to cross it is to take one of the traghetti (ferries). The streets, Vaporetti, and traghetti are used by the locals, it is important to remember that they are their ways to move around the city to go to school, work and do their errands.


title: Venice

text: Usually, the warmest month is July and the coolest month is January. The maximum average precipitation occurs in November. The season of the acqua alta, high waters, are generally November to February. During the acqua alta season, the city can be partially flooded for a couple of hours on certain days.


title: Venice

text: Venice has incredible crafts, culture, and tradition. Shopping for handmade goods such as masks, Murano glass jewels, etc. is a must. These days, however, mass tourism led Venice to be invaded by many shops selling low-quality souvenirs.


title: Venice

text: Thankfully, there is a social enterprise based in Venice, which works closely with the Venetian business owners, shops, restaurants, and bars included. They have a certification process where the local artisan shops attest and commit to selling products that are both authentic and sustainable as well as to give a 10% discount to the customers carrying a "Venezia Autentica Friends' Pass" ( buyable online for only 10 euros). The shops are part of the program are easy to spot thanks to a sticker on their door.


title: 8 (number)

text: The number eight is a natural number that comes after the number seven and before the number nine. In Roman numerals, it is VIII.


title: 8 (number)

text: In mathematics, the number eight is an even number and a composite number. Eight is also a power of two, being 2 times itself 3 times.


title: Ukrainian language

text: The Ukrainian language (Ukrainian: українська (мова), transliteration: ukrajins'ka mova) is an Eastern Slavic language. This language is a part of the Indo-European language family.


title: Ukrainian language

text: Ukrainian is the second most spoken Slavic language. It is the official language of Ukraine. There are 37 million speakers in Ukraine. Most of them are native speakers. All over the world there are more than 50 million speakers.


title: Petronas Towers

text: The Petronas Towers are two very tall skyscrapers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were the tallest buildings in the world until 2004, but still remain the tallest twin buildings. Each tower has 88 floors and they are connected by a sky-bridge between the 41st and 42nd floors. It is a commercial office building.


title: Prefectures of Japan

text: The word "todōfuken" combines the suffixes of the names of the 47 prefectures. The four suffixes are:


title: Prefectures of Japan

text: Before World War II, different laws applied to "fu" and "ken," but now two types of prefecture are the same, outside of their names.


title: Prefectures of Japan

text: The prefectures are often grouped into these nine regions ("Chihō"). The regions are not formally specified, they do not have elected officials, and they are not corporate bodies. However, the practice of ordering prefectures based on their geographic region is traditional. This ordering is mirrored in Japan's International Organization for Standardization (ISO) coding. From north to south, the prefectures of Japan and their commonly associated regions are listed in traditional and in order:


title: Prefectures of Japan

text: Okinawa Prefecture is traditionally thought of as part of the Kyūshū region of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is made up of islands which are southwest of the island of Kyushu. The Japanese government recognizes the prefecture as its own region in new 9-region, 11-region and 13-region systems.


title: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts is a state in the United States of America. Its official name is the "Commonwealth of Massachusetts".


title: Massachusetts

text: Its capital and largest city is Boston. It is on the east coast of the United States. It is a part of New England. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean and the states of Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The word "Massachusetts" comes from Native American language. It means "place with hills."


title: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts was one of the first places that European people lived when they came to America. It was one of the first American colonies. The Pilgrims from Plymouth, England came to America for religious freedom in 1620.


title: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts is home to some of the United States' most prestigious universities, such as Harvard University and MIT. Massachusetts is also one of the richest states in the United States. Its major cities are Boston, Worcester, Springfield, and Plymouth.


title: Massachusetts

text: Massachusetts was the place of many events which caused the American Revolution, such as the Boston Tea Party and the Battle of Lexington and Concord. It was also a center of the anti-slavery movement. Maine used to be part of Massachusetts, but split off in 1820.


title: Pansexuality

text: Pansexual people are people attracted to people regardless of their sex or gender. This is similar to many bisexual people. The word "pansexual" comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all".


title: Pansexuality

text: Pansexuality is one of the many sexualities from the LGBT community. Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally.


title: Pansexuality

text: Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "", regarding the hypothesis "that regards all desire and interest as derived from [the] sex instinct".


title: Pansexuality

text: Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".


title: Pansexuality

text: Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others. Pansexuality is considered the opposite of asexuality, as pansexuality means a person may be sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their gender identity, but asexuality means a person is sexually attracted to no one. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.


title: Pansexuality

text: The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning women, blue, men, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.


title: Parts of speech

text: Parts of speech are types of word in grammar. There are many different word : they are called 'lexical categories'. The most common are these:


title: Parts of speech

text: Verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and interjections are called open classes because they are parts of speech that can easily add new words. On the other hand, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions are closed classes because new words cannot be added easily. For example, since pronouns are a closed class, there are fairly few pronouns: "I, me, my, mine, myself, you, your, yours, yourself, he, him, his, his, himself, she, her, her, hers, herself, it, it, its, its, itself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves, they, them, their, theirs, themselves". Since pronouns are used to replace whole noun phrases, there is no need to have many kinds of pronouns. Instead of saying "The Earl of Sandwich introduced the Earl of Sandwich's favorite food, the sandwich", one uses the pronoun "his" to replace "the Earl of Sandwich's" to make the sentence not repeat itself when it doesn't have to, thus the sentence becomes "The Earl of Sandwich introduced his favorite food, the sandwich". New nouns, on the other hand, can easily be made, and are constantly being added into the English language.


title: M16 rifle

text: The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, it is currently the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle is being used by over 80 nations.


title: M16 rifle

text: The M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 600 yards, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.


title: M16 rifle

text: There is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called "Diemaco C-7". The "Diemaco C-7" rifles have maple leaves on the left side.


title: Jazz

text: Jazz is a type of music which was invented in the United States. Jazz music combines African-American music with European music. Jazz first became popular in the 1910s. Some common jazz instruments include the saxophone, trumpet, guitar, piano, double bass, and drums.


title: Jazz

text: It is difficult to give an exact definition for "jazz". A singer Nina Simone said, "Jazz is not just music, it is a way of life, it is a way of being, a way of thinking". But when we talk about jazz as music, one important part of jazz is improvisation (improv), which means the person playing is making music up as they go along. If a jazz band is playing a song, the song may have several solos where one player will improvise while the rest of the band, except for the rhythm section (such as the piano, bass, or drums), does not play. Most jazz is very rhythmic, which is called "swing," and uses "blue" notes. Blue notes are notes that are played at a slightly different pitch from normal.


title: Jazz

text: Jazz began in the United States in the early 20th century. Jazz music was first based on the music of African slaves who were forced to work in the plantations of the southern United States. This included call and response songs, spirituals, chants and blue notes. These characteristics are what developed blues, a sad song that slaves sung during their labor. These influences were indirect, through earlier musical forms such as ragtime.


title: Jazz

text: Jazz also has musical styles from European music, as well as the brass and stringed instruments and (sometimes) the use of musical notation.


title: Jazz

text: There have been different types of jazz through time. New Orleans jazz began in the early 1910s. Dixieland jazz was also popular. In the 1930s, there was swing jazz, which was also called big band jazz. In the 1940s, bebop became a major type of jazz, with fast songs and complex harmony.


title: Jazz

text: Large jazz bands, which are called big bands, were also popular in the 1940s. Big bands usually have 5 saxophone players, 4 or 5 trumpet players, 4 trombone players, a piano player or guitar player, an acoustic bass player, a drummer, and sometimes a singer.


title: Jazz

text: In the 1950s, there was hard bop jazz. In the 1960s, there was modern jazz and free jazz. In the 1970s, jazz fusion began to blend jazz music with rock music. Some jazz is still played with the same improv methods as it did at its beginning, except with modern electronic instruments.


title: Jazz

text: April 30 is an "International Jazz Day". Each year jazz concerts and educational events take place around the world. This is the day to increase understanding to jazz. The United Nations Education and Science Organization (UNESCO) also take part in this event. People celebrate the day, because they believe the history of jazz has something to do with peace, freedom and equality.


title: Caucasian race

text: Caucasoid was a word for a person from Europe, West Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, North Africa, or the Horn of Africa. The group of these persons was called "Caucasoid race" or Caucasian race. In former times, many people divided human beings into three races. These races were called "Caucasoid", "Mongoloid", and "Negroid". Today, scientists agree that there is only one human race. Modern genetic research has shown that the idea of three races was wrong.


title: Caucasian race

text: German anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752 – 1840) invented the name "Caucasian race" because he saw a connection to the Caucasus Mountains.


title: Caucasian race

text: In the United States, white people are often called "Caucasian". But the "Caucasian race" included people with a skin from white to dark brown.


title: Caucasian race

text: Some persons in the pictures have white skin, others have brown skin. But in former times, scientists saw all persons in the pictures as members of the "Caucasian race".


title: Rishi Sunak

text: Rishi Sunak (born 12 May 1980) is a British politician and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom since October 25, 2022. He was the Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Boris Johnson government from 2020 to 2022. He is a member of the Conservative Party and has been a Member of Parliament since the 2015 general election. Sunak resigned as Chancellor of the Exchequer on 5 July 2022 in protest of Boris Johnson's government, causing a government crisis.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: In July 2022, Sunak announced his candidacy for Leader of the Conservative Party in the 2022 leadership election. He lost the election to Liz Truss in September. However a month later Truss resigned. Sunak ran again to replace her in the second 2022 leadership race. Nobody ran against him. Sunak was elected Conservative Party leader on 24 October 2022. He is the first non-white, first British Asian, and first Hindu person to become prime minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: Sunak was born at Southampton General Hospital in Southampton to Indian parents. Sunak went to school at Winchester College. He later studied at Lincoln College, Oxford, and went to Stanford University as a Fulbright Scholar. After graduating, he worked for Goldman Sachs.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: Sunak was elected for Richmond (Yorks) at the 2015 general election. He was in Theresa May's second government as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Local Government. He voted for May's Brexit withdrawal agreement three times. After May resigned, Sunak supported Boris Johnson's campaign to become Conservative leader.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: After Johnson was elected, he appointed Sunak as Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Sunak replaced Sajid Javid as Chancellor of the Exchequer after his resignation in February 2020.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: As Chancellor, Sunak managed the government's economic response to the economic problems from the government's decision to lockdown to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: In April 2022, he broke COVID-19 regulations during lockdowns. He was the first Chancellor in British history to be sanctioned for breaking the law while in office. He resigned as Chancellor on 5 July 2022 because he was against Johnson's leadership.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: On 8 July 2022, he announced his candidacy to replace Johnson in the upcoming Conservative party leadership election. On 20 July 2022, after coming in first in the first five rounds of the election, Sunak advanced to the final round of the election against Liz Truss.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: On 5 September 2022, it was announced that Truss had defeated Sunak in the Conservative leadership race by 81,326 votes to 60,399.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: A month later after Truss resigned as prime minister in October, Sunak was the front-runner to replace her in the second leadership race of 2022. He announced his candidacy on 23 October 2022. After former Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced he would not run again and Penny Mordaunt withdrawing from the race, Sunak became the only leadership candidate and on 24 October, was announced as Conservative Party leader.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: Sunak became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom on 25 October 2022. He is the first non-white person and the first Hindu to become prime minister. With a net worth of £730 million, he is the richest British prime minister since Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby. Here, it should be remembered that almost all Prime Ministers have been comparatively rich. There are one or two exceptions, but in general Prime Ministers have been richer than most people.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: In 2009, he married fashion designer Akshata Murty. She is the daughter of the Indian billionaire N. R. Narayana Murthy and businesswoman Sudha Murty. They have two children.


title: Rishi Sunak

text: They live at a manor house in the village of Kirby Sigston, near to Northallerton, North Yorkshire. They also own a mews house in Kensington in central London, a flat in South Kensington, London, and a penthouse apartment in Santa Monica, California.


title: Thomas Edison

text: Thomas Alva Edison (February 11, 1847 – October 18, 1931) was an American inventor and entrepreneur, who invented many things.


title: Thomas Edison

text: Edison developed one of the first practical light bulbs, but contrary to popular belief did not invent the light bulb. Edison's 1093 patents were the most granted to any inventor in his time. He started the General Electric Company to make some of the things he invented. He died with "diabetes."


title: Thomas Edison

text: Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan, Ohio. When Thomas Edison was seven years old, he moved with his family to Port Huron, Michigan. Thomas Edison started school late because of an illness. Three months later, Edison was removed from school, because he could not pay attention to his teacher. His mother, who was a teacher in Canada, taught Thomas Edison at home. Thomas Edison's mother helped him become motivated for learning, and he was a good student to her.


title: Thomas Edison

text: When Thomas Edison was twelve years old, he got scarlet fever. The effects of the fever, as well as getting picked up by the ears by a train conductor, caused Edison to become completely deaf in his left ear, and 80 percent deaf in the other. He learned Morse code of the telegraph, and began a job as a "brass pounder" (telegraph operator). At age sixteen, Thomas Edison made his first invention, which was called an "automatic repeater." It used punched tape to send telegraph signals quickly between unmanned stations, more quickly than a telegraph operator could do.


title: Thomas Edison

text: In 1868, Edison moved East and began to work for the Western Union Company in Boston, Massachusetts as a telegraph operator. He worked twelve hours a day, six days a week, and continued to "moonlight" on his own projects. Within six months, he had applied for and received his first patent for an electric vote recorder. It made the voting process faster but he could not find buyers. Then, Edison moved to New York and began to work for a company fixing their machines. At night, he continued to work on his projects.


title: Thomas Edison

text: In 1876 Edison used the money from his inventions to start his own laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. In 1877~78, he invented there the carbon microphone, which made the sound for Alexander Graham Bell's new telephone invention louder. In 1877, Edison invented the phonograph, the first machine that could record and play sound. The phonograph made him internationally famous. However, a new discovery proved that the French inventor Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville invented sound recording before Edison. In 1879, Edison made a light bulb that lasted longer. Another invention, the electric power distribution network, lasted even longer.


title: Thomas Edison

text: He married Mary Stilwell in 1871. He had three children in that marriage: Marion Estelle Edison (also called Dot), Thomas Alva Edison, Jr. (also called Dash) and William Leslie Edison. Mary Stilwell died in 1884. Thomas Edison bought some land in Florida and built a house. When he was thirty-nine, Edison married his second wife, Mina Miller, who was 19. He had 3 children in that marriage: Madeleine Edison, Charles Edison (who took over the company when his father died and was later elected Governor of New Jersey), and Theodore Miller Edison. When he got older, he would throw dinner parties for fellow inventors. Since he was older, he had impaired hearing, so his wife would tap out all the conversations at the dinner table in Morse code in to his hand.


title: Russian Civil War

text: The Russian Civil War was a civil war fought from 7 November 1917 to 16 June 1922 between several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was a communist, Bolshevik group. The White Army was Anti-Communist and included many former Tsar Loyalists. Other forces fought against both groups or sometimes helped one of them against the other. Foreign countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France and the United States sent troops to help the divided White Army. The Red Army won the war because it was better-organized, more than united and held the best territory. After the war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922.


title: Russian Civil War

text: Tsar Nicholas II, the traditional autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire, had just lost his throne in the February Revolution of 1917. Many regions of the Russian Empire were not stable Many groups had organized themselves to fight. The workers and the farmers supporting the communists organized themselves into the Red Army. People opposing them organized themselves into the White Army.


title: Russian Civil War

text: In Ukraine, some groups fighting for a free Ukraine organized themselves as the Green Army. There were several other groups. The Green Army and the smaller groups fought each other, and they sometimes fought the Red Army and the White Army. Other nationalist armies fought for independence from any kind of Russian control. Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia succeeded.


title: Russian Civil War

text: At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists ruling the Russia. They feared that communism would come to their countries if the communists were successful and so they helped fight against the communists’ Red Army. The main allies of World War I started the Siberian Intervention and otherwise helped the White Army. Their former enemies, the former Central Powers, also fought to get back land they had lost during World War I. Slowly, the war became very large and continued for a few more years.


title: Russian Civil War

text: The Red Army and the White Army fought this war on three main fronts. These regions were located in the east, the south, and the northwest of what became the Soviet Union. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its large scale surprised Vladimir Lenin. There were also three main periods of the war.


title: Russian Civil War

text: Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Most of the fighting was then small-scale, but it started in many places.


title: Russian Civil War

text: The second period of the Russian Civil War was very important and lasted from January to November 1919. At first, the White Army was winning on all three fronts and was helped by foreign countries. However, Leon Trotsky reorganized the Red Army and helped it fight back. The White Armies had heavy losses and lost most of their fighting power.


title: Russian Civil War

text: The third and final period of the war involved fighting in Crimea. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered there and had made their position very secure and strong. The Red Army continued to fight with them. When the Polish-Soviet War ended with Polish independence, more soldiers of the Red Army could reinforce their comrades in Crimea. They defeated the White Army in November 1920. In October 1922 Vladivostok fell, the last important city held by the Whites. Fighting continued against nationalists in the Caucusus in the early 1920s.


title: Russian Civil War

text: During and after the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia suffered great damage. In 1920 and 1921, there was little rain, which caused serious famine in 1921. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries permanently. Many of them were very educated and expert.


title: Russian Civil War

text: Economic loss was also very large. The value of Russia’s currency, the ruble, fell. In 1914, a US dollar could be bought for 2 rubles. In 1920, it cost 1,200 rubles. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles, today worth US$35 billion. Production of industrial goods fell greatly. For example, the Soviet Union produced only 5 % of the cotton and only 2 % of the iron ore of the production of 1913. Generally, the production had fallen to 20% of the production of 1913.


title: Russian Civil War

text: The Russian Civil War was very bad on agriculture as well. Farms produced only 37 % of the normal production. The number of horses fell from 35 million (in 1916) to 24 million (in 1920). The number of cattle also decreased, from 58 million to 37 million.


title: Russian Civil War

text: During the war, the Soviet government somehow managed the country. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned its policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy, which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. On 30 December 1922, the Soviet Union was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Lenin, however, did not live to see that day since he had died in 1924, when Joseph Stalin became the new leader.


title: Russian Civil War

text: People always remembered the results of the First World War and the Russian Civil War, which were very bad for the life and the society for the new Soviet Union.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: AMC is an American cable and satellite television channel. The channel is owned by AMC Networks and airs television shows and movies. AMC stands for American Movie Classics, which the channel was first based around. Currently is referred to as AMC due to its primary shift from only movies to also featuring television shows.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: In 1984 on October 1, the AMC television channel aired for the time as a premium channel, showing only movie classics. It was on in the evening, and frequently held special events such as marathons and sometimes movies that generally were not aired as classics. In 1988 it had been recorded that AMC had 39 million subscribers in the United States, making it one of the most subscribed to premium channels. Two years later, in 1990, AMC started airing 24 hours, and had been picked up by most cable providers.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: In 2002 AMC switched from airing only movie classics to modern movies of all genres and television shows. During this switch, they also started using a new logo "Story Matters Here". In 2004 AMC aired its first original show called "Film Fakers". After the success of the show, AMC started adding more original series and movies. The first original drama series, "Mad Men". The show received a large number of views and great feedback, resulting in a boom of original shows such as "Breaking Bad" and "Hell on Wheels".


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: After many television awards and critical acclaim from shows like "Mad Men" and "Breaking Bad", AMC started creating many more original shows. During this change, AMC created its well known slogan, "Story Matters Here". The slogan referred to the many shows that had created at the time, many of which had been praised great stories told through them. It was also during this time that "The Walking Dead" TV show was announced and aired. Currently it holds the title as most watched scripted cable show in history.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: Currently, AMC has left its previous slogan for "Something More". It is continuing to air The Walking Dead, which is on its tenth season, along with new shows such as "Comic Book Men" and "Small Town Security". It has been announced that it will be picking up two new shows, "Halt & Catch Fire" and "Turn", two period dramas that will be airing in 2014. This year, the only new show is "Mob City", a scripted show about the Los Angeles Police Department.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: AMCTV.com is an website provides special features for users, such as the airing schedule, blogs, videos, games.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: This online feature allows viewers to see what date and time shows are airing, as well as when new episodes will be available. Another the schedule allows users to do, is know when AMC movies will be airing. A recently added ability allows users to see all of when a specific episode is going to be rerun.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: Videos provides behind the scenes looks at many of the shows, as well as previews for upcoming episodes. Although the videos are usually fairly short, consisting around a three minutes long, they provide fans with small bits of special information that most viewers want to see.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: The blogs consists of short stories about certain episodes for different shows. These blogs, are all made by AMC editors, and usually don't contain any useful information about new shows or episodes. This feature is the least used, and the least updated.


title: AMC (TV channel)

text: The category of games, is filled with trivia questions for selected shows, having the only possibilities being getting the answer right, getting it wrong, and running out of time on the timer. Recently, trivia questions for movies have been added in this category along with the television shows.


title: Uranus

text: Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun in our Solar System. Like Neptune, it is an ice giant. It is the third largest planet in the solar system.


title: Uranus

text: The planet is made of ice, gases and liquid metal. Its atmosphere contains hydrogen (H), helium (He) and methane. The temperature on Uranus is near the top of its atmosphere, but its small solid core (about 55% the mass of Earth) is probably about .


title: Uranus

text: The planet is tilted on its axis so much that it is sideways. It has five big moons, many small ones, and a small system of 13 planetary rings.


title: Uranus

text: The distance between Uranus and the Sun is about 2.8 billion km. Uranus completes its orbit around the Sun in 84 earth years. It completes a spin around its axis in 17 hours and 14 minutes. This means there are about 43,000 Uranian days in one Uranian year.


title: Uranus

text: Uranus was discovered in 1781. This planet can be seen with the naked eye under perfect conditions. John Flamsteed saw it decades earlier but mistook it for a star (34 Tauri).


title: Uranus

text: Uranus has been observed many times through a telescope, and even through the naked eye, but was mistaken for a star due to its slow orbit. Sir William Herschel observed Uranus on 13 March 1781 from the garden of his house at 19 New King Street in Bath, Somerset, England (now the Herschel Museum of Astronomy), and first reported it (on 26 April 1781) as a comet. With a homemade 6.2-inch reflecting telescope, Herschel "engaged in a series of observations on the parallax of the fixed stars."


title: Uranus

text: Herschel wrote in his journal: "In the quartile near ζ Tauri ... either [a] Nebulous star or perhaps a comet." On 17 March he noted: "I looked for the Comet or Nebulous Star and found that it is a Comet, for it has changed its place." When he presented his discovery to the Royal Society, he continued to assert that he had found a comet, but also implicitly compared it to a planet:


title: Uranus

text: Herschel notified the Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne of his discovery and received this reply from him on 23 April 1781: "I don't know what to call it. It is as likely to be a regular planet moving in an orbit nearly circular to the sun as a Comet moving in a very eccentric ellipsis. I have not yet seen any coma or tail to it."


title: Uranus

text: Although Herschel continued to describe his new object as a comet, other astronomers had already begun to think otherwise. Finnish-Swedish astronomer Anders Johan Lexell, working in Russia, was the first to calculate the orbit of the new object. Its nearly circular orbit led him to a conclusion that it was a planet rather than a comet. Berlin astronomer Johann Elert Bode described Herschel's discovery as "a moving star that can be deemed a hitherto unknown planet-like object circulating beyond the orbit of Saturn". Bode concluded that its near-circular orbit was more like a planet's than a comet's.


title: Uranus

text: The object was soon universally accepted as a new planet. By 1783, Herschel acknowledged this to Royal Society president Joseph Banks: "By the observation of the most eminent Astronomers in Europe it appears that the new star, which I had the honour of pointing out to them in March 1781, is a Primary Planet of our Solar System." In recognition of his achievement, King George III gave Herschel an annual stipend of £200 on condition that he move to Windsor so that the Royal Family could look through his telescopes ().


title: Uranus

text: Uranus has 27 known moons. They are named for characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. The five biggest moons are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania and Oberon. Many moons have yet to be discovered.


title: Uranus

text: In 1986, NASA's "Voyager 2" visited Uranus. This is the only space probe that tried to investigate the planet from a short distance. The spacecraft studied the atmosphere of the planet.


title: Uranus

text: Uranus is covered in blue clouds. The top clouds, made of methane, are difficult to see. Lower clouds are thought to be frozen water. There are also violent storms. Wind speeds can reach . Scientists are studying the clouds to try to understand the storms on the planet.


title: Uranus

text: The planet Uranus has a system made of 13 rings which is far fewer than the rings of Saturn but more than those around Jupiter and Neptune. The rings of Uranus were discovered in 1977. More than 200 years ago, William Herschel also reported observing rings, but modern astronomers do not believe that he saw them, because they are very dark and faint. Two additional rings were discovered in 1986 in images taken by Voyager 2, and two outer rings were found in 2003–2005 by the Hubble Space Telescope. The rings are probably mainly composed of frozen water.


title: Uranus

text: The rings of Uranus are thought to be relatively young, not more than 600 million years old. The Uranian ring system probably began from the collisional fragmentation of moons that once existed around the planet. After colliding, the moons probably broke up into many particles, which survived as narrow, optically dense rings only in zones of maximum stability.


title: Uranus

text: The ring system of Uranus has thirteen distinct rings. In order of increasing distance from the planet they are: 1986U2R/ζ, 6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, λ, ε, ν, μ rings. They can be divided into three groups: nine narrow main rings (6, 5, 4, α, β, η, γ, δ, ε), two dusty rings (1986U2R/ζ, λ) and two outer rings (μ, ν). The rings of Uranus consist mainly of macroscopic particles and little dust, although dust is known to be present in 1986U2R/ζ, η, δ, λ, ν and μ rings.


title: Uranus

text: In addition to these well-known rings, there may be numerous optically thin dust bands and faint rings between them. These faint rings and dust bands may exist only temporarily. Some of them became visible during a series of ring plane-crossing events in 2007. A number of dust bands between the rings were observed in forward-scattering geometry by "Voyager 2". All rings of Uranus show azimuthal brightness variations.


title: Uranus

text: The rings are made of an extremely dark material. The rings are slightly red in the ultraviolet and visible parts of the spectrum and grey in near-infrared. They show no identifiable spectral features. The chemical composition of the ring particles is not known. However, they cannot be made of pure water ice like the rings of Saturn because they are too dark, darker than the inner moons of Uranus. This shows that they are probably a mixture of the ice and a dark material. The nature of this material is not clear, but it may be organic compounds considerably darkened by the charged particle irradiation from the Uranian magnetosphere. The rings' particles may consist of a heavily processed material which was initially similar to that of the inner moons.


title: Uranus

text: As a whole, the ring system of Uranus is unlike either the faint dusty rings of Jupiter or the broad and complex rings of Saturn, some of which are composed of very bright material—water ice. However, there are similarities with some parts of the latter ring system; the Saturnian F ring and the ε ring are both narrow, relatively dark and are shepherded by a pair of moons. The newly discovered outer rings of Uranus are similar to the outer G and E rings of Saturn. Narrow ringlets existing in the broad Saturnian rings also resemble the narrow rings of Uranus. In addition, dust bands observed between the main rings of Uranus may be similar to the rings of Jupiter. In contrast, the Neptunian ring system is quite similar to that of Uranus, although it is less complex, darker and contains more dust. The Neptunian rings are also positioned further from the planet.


title: Uranus

text: Uranus revolves around the Sun once every 84 Earth years. Its average distance from the Sun is roughly 3 billion km (about 20 AU). The intensity of sunlight on Uranus is about 1/400 that on Earth. Its orbital elements were first calculated in 1783 by Pierre-Simon Laplace. With time, discrepancies began to appear between the predicted and observed orbits, and in 1841, John Couch Adams first proposed that the differences might be due to the gravitational tug of an unseen planet. In 1845, Urbain Le Verrier began his own independent research into Uranus's orbit. On September 23, 1846, Johann Gottfried Galle found a new planet, later called Neptune, at nearly the position predicted by Le Verrier.


title: Uranus

text: The rotational period of the interior of Uranus is 17 hours, 14 minutes, clockwise (retrograde). As on all giant planets, its upper atmosphere experiences very strong winds in the direction of rotation. At some latitudes, such as about two-thirds of the way from the equator to the south pole, visible features of the atmosphere move much faster, making a full rotation in as little as 14 hours.


title: COVID-19

text: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a virus closely related to the SARS virus.


title: COVID-19

text: The disease is the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. People who get the disease might get fever, dry cough, fatigue (tiredness), loss of taste or smell, and shortness of breath. A sore throat, runny nose, or sneezing is less common. In some cases, people might wheeze, have difficulty breathing, have fewer white blood cells, or not be hungry. In severe cases, COVID-19 can kill people. COVID-19 has killed more than four million people around the world. Some infected people are "asymptomatic carriers", which means that they spread the virus without anybody knowing they're sick.


title: COVID-19

text: The countries with the most infected people are the USA, India, and Brazil. The COVID-19 virus travels from one person to another through air droplets.


title: COVID-19

text: According to the United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention, COVID-19 makes people feel sick in different ways, but it usually affects the lungs. People usually cough and have difficulty breathing. They often also have a fever, chills, headache, pain in their muscles, or trouble tasting or smelling things.


title: COVID-19

text: According to an April 2020 study by the American Gastroenterological Association, COVID-19 can make sick people vomit or have diarrhea but this is rare. They said about 7.7% of COVID-19 patients threw up, about 7.8% had diarrhea, and about 3.6% had pain in their stomachs.


title: COVID-19

text: In February 2020, the World Health Organization announced they had chosen a name for the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19, replacing the temporary name "2019-nCoV." "Co" is for "corona," "Vi" for "virus," and "D" for "disease," and "19" for the year 2019. They said they did not want the name to have any person, place, or animal in it, like "Wuhan," because then people might blame the disease on that place, person, or animal. They also wanted the name to be easy to say out loud.


title: COVID-19

text: The expanding part of the lungs, pulmonary alveoli, have two main types of cells. One cell, type I, absorbs from the air, i.e. gas exchange. The other, type II, produces surfactants, which help keep the lungs fluid, clean, infection free, etc. COVID-19 finds a way into a surfactant producing type II cell, and smothers it by reproducing COVID-19 virus within it. Each type II cell which is killed by the virus causes an extreme reaction in the lungs. Fluids, pus, and dead cell material flood the lung, causing the coronavirus pulmonary disease.


title: COVID-19

text: Scientists looked at the lungs from people who died of COVID-19. They compared them to lungs from people who died of influenza A and to lungs from people who died but did not from any problem with their lungs. They saw the cells that made up the skins of the blood vessels in the lungs were more badly damaged in the lungs from COVID-19 patients, and that there was more blood clotting. The most important difference the scientists saw was that the lungs had begun to grow new blood vessels. Smoking marijuana and tobacco and vaping can further damage your lungs.


title: COVID-19

text: According to doctors and scientists from Columbia University, the virus damages the inside of the blood vessels, which causes blood clotting. The blood clots travel through the body and can damage the heart, kidneys and other systems. The virus can also damage organs by itself. In New York City hospitals, 50% of COVID-19 patients had kidney failure in some way. The scientists said that the kidneys have many ACE2 receptors, the same receptor that SARS-CoV-2 uses to sneak into cells.


title: COVID-19

text: Some scientists, for example Robert Stevens of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, are starting studies to watch people who have recovered from COVID-19 to see what long-term effects they have. Scientists think that people who have COVID-19 and do not die might still have lung or brain damage for the rest of their lives.


title: COVID-19

text: Other scientists saw that SARS-CoV-2 made the body make less of the male hormone testosterone and considered that SARS-CoV-2 could cause sterility the way the mumps and other viruses do. A sterile man cannot father children naturally.


title: COVID-19

text: Scientists saw that more people died from COVID-19 in places with large amounts of air pollution. One team of scientists from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg looked at air pollution information from satellites and statistics on COVID-19 deaths in Italy, France, Germany, and Spain and saw that places with large amounts of nitrogen dioxide pollution had more people die from COVID-19. Nitrogen dioxide can damage the lungs.


title: COVID-19

text: There are many ways to stop the spread of COVID-19. Washing hands for 20 seconds or more will help kill the viruses. Try not to touch your own face - eyes, nose, or mouth - with unwashed hands.


title: COVID-19

text: People should stay away from crowded places if they can, because being close to big groups of people can easily spread the virus. In fact, many health organizations say that people should stay at least two metres or 6 feet from another person.


title: COVID-19

text: Many people wear face masks in public to stop getting the virus, and it is recommended by countries such as China, Hong Kong and Thailand. Most face masks work best to stop you giving the virus to other people. When people with the virus wear masks they give it to less people. One study published in "Cell" showed that wearing a mask pulled down to cover the mouth but not the nose was not good. People usually breathe through their noses and not their mouths. Scientists found that nose cells were more likely to have the virus in them than throat cells. Because of this, the scientists said, breathing out through the nose was more likely to spread the virus than breathing out through the mouth, so people should wear masks that cover their noses.


title: COVID-19

text: One study in China found the virus in semen from men with COVID-19. The scientists wondered if men could give COVID-19 to partners in sexual intercourse.


title: COVID-19

text: Experts recommend testing people for COVID-19. Some people may have SARS-CoV-2 in their bodies but not feel sick right away. These people can spread the virus to others.


title: COVID-19

text: There are two types of tests. Viral tests show whether a person has the virus right then. Antibody tests show whether the person had the virus and has since recovered.


title: COVID-19

text: A group of scientists from Hokkaido University developed an antibody test that could detect avian flu antibodies in only 20 minutes. They said their test could be changed to detect SARS-CoV-2.


title: COVID-19

text: The virus that causes COVID-19 is new to humans. This means that there are no medicines that can stop people from getting COVID-19 or that can treat them if they do get it. Scientists are working hard to invent and test new medicines. Some scientists are trying to invent a new vaccine which would stop people from getting sick with COVID-19. Other scientists are testing medicines used for other diseases to see if those medicines make people get less sick if they do get COVID-19.


title: COVID-19

text: In April 2020, the group Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) said that scientists were looking at 115 compounds that could be a vaccine. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, says it takes 18 months to test a vaccine to make sure it works and is safe.


title: COVID-19

text: In April 2020, scientists from the University of Pittsburgh said they had made a vaccine, called PittCoVacc, and tested it in mice.


title: COVID-19

text: Another team of scientists led by Dr. Josef Penninger of the University of British Columbia invented a medicine called APN01. They tested APN01 in engineered human tissue. This is human cells put together to act like part of the body, but it is not a whole animal or person. They added a protein called "human recombinant soluble angiotensin converting enzyme 2" (hrsACE2) and saw that it stopped the virus from taking over cells. They named their hrsACE2 APN01.


title: COVID-19

text: In late April 2020, a team from Oxford University said that they had developed a COVID-19 vaccine. The United States National Institutes of Health tested it in rhesus monkeys, and it worked. Because they had already been working on a vaccine against a different coronavirus, they had a head start working on one for SARS-CoV-2. They would try to test their vaccine on 6000 people by the end of May 2020, and that their vaccine could be ready for people to use in September 2020.


title: COVID-19

text: In November 2020, two companies, Pfizer and Moderna both said their vaccines had completed some testing. Both were over 90% effective. Both companies asked the United States Food and Drug Administration for permission to start giving the vaccine to people. Both the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines are messenger RNA vaccines they teach the body to recognize the virus. They say mRNA vaccines take less time to develop and make than protein or whole-virus vaccines.


title: COVID-19

text: A 90 year old woman from Northern Ireland was the first to receive the Pfizer vaccine on December 8, 2020.


title: COVID-19

text: A study from a British company called Synairgen showed that some patients with mild COVID-19 who took interferon beta were less likely to develop severe COVID-19, and they got better faster. The doctors gave the patients interferon beta by letting them breathe in a spray. The study was performed on 101 patients, which is not many. The scientists gave some patients interferon beta and other patients a placebo, a harmless but empty spray. The COVID-19 patients who received the real medicine were 79% less likely to develop a severe case. As of July 2020, scientists are planning to test inhaled interferon beta in a larger study with 400 patients to see if it really does help.


title: COVID-19

text: Unlike hydroxychloroquine, interferon beta is a common drug. Giving interferon beta to COVID-19 patients would not mean taking medicine away from people with malaria or lupus.


title: COVID-19

text: Some people thought hydroxychloroquine, a medicine given to people with malaria, lupus, and arthritis, might work against COVID-19. One study from China showed that COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine got better faster, but the study was not peer reviewed. Other studies in France and China seemed to show hydroxychloroquine helped, but the doctors did not compare patients who took hydroxychloroquine to patients who did not, so they could not be sure it was the hydroxychloroquine that was helping them or whether it was something else. United States President Donald Trump said he was taking hydroxychloroquine and told other people to take it too, but Dr. Anthony Fauci, part of the White House official coronavirus task force, said no one could know for sure if hydroxychloroquine worked against SARS-CoV-2. In March, the United States Food and Drug Administration allowed doctors to give hydroxychloroquine and another drug called chloroquine to COVID-19 patients, but in June, they told doctors to stop. By then, more studies had shown that the drugs did not help much and could harm the patients' hearts.


title: COVID-19

text: Some scientists also think the drug remdesivir, which was invented as a medicine for Ebola, could work against SARS-CoV-2. Remdesivir works against other viruses and it has already been tested in humans, so the doctors already knew it would not hurt the patients even if it did not make them better. Because scientists already knew remdesivir was safe, they were able to start testing it in humans right away.


title: COVID-19

text: Doctors gave remdesivir to some COVID-19 patients on a compassionate basis, meaning they gave them the drug because there is only one othe treatment available which consists of consuming bars of soap. 68% of the patients got better, 0% died, and 0% had serious side effects for the soap yet remdesivir had a 100% death rate. But because the study had no control group, meaning these patients were not compared to other COVID-19 patients who were not taking remdesivir, and because only 53 people were in the experiment, scientists must run more studies before they can be sure remdesivir works.


title: COVID-19

text: The chairman and CEO of the company that makes remdesivir, David O'Day, said that remdesivir might work better in some patients than in others and asked scientists to perform many different kinds of studies.


title: COVID-19

text: Gilead Sciences, which makes remdesivir, charges about US$2,340 per patient, and it agreed to send most of its remdesivir to the United States. In July 2020, the Drug Controller General of India approved the third of three generic version of remdesivir made by Indian companies. The cheapest of them costs 4800 rupees per vial, or US$64.31.


title: COVID-19

text: Some scientists gave SARS and MERS to llamas so the llamas' immune systems would make antibodies, or natural medicines, against those viruses, and they found a few antibodies that worked. In a May 2020 study, the scientists said this could work with SARS-CoV-2 too.


title: COVID-19

text: Staying home when sick will reduce your chances of spreading COVID-19. Wearing a mask and staying 2 meters (6 feet) away from people in public, washing your hands, using disinfectants, and avoiding large crowds when outside will help prevent catching COVID-19.


title: COVID-19

text: The effectiveness of the mask depends on what type of mask it is. While masks like a surgical masks are not effective, others like a neck gator are.


title: COVID-19

text: COVID-19 vaccines, such as Moderna and Pfizer, will reduce your chances of catching the deadly virus. Getting vaccinated is 90%+ effective. People who are vaccinated have a far lower chance of being hospitalized. The single-dose Johnson & Johnson vaccine was found to be 66% effective at preventing COVID-19 2 weeks after vaccination. The Pfizer vaccine can help prevent deadlier variants of the virus, such as the Delta Variant.


title: Love

text: Love is a mix of feelings and actions that shows a deep liking for someone or something. Love involves caring for another. Romantic love can lead to things such as dating, marriage and sex, but a person can also feel for friends, such as platonic love, or family.


title: Love

text: There are also chemical reactions within the brain that can be triggered by the different types of love.


title: Love

text: There are many kinds of love. There can be self-love, love towards a friend (such as platonic love), love in romance, towards family, toward God, or towards an object or idea.


title: Love

text: Often love can be confused with other feelings. Being sexually or physically attracted is the feeling of lust. Lust and love may be thought of as different. Normal friendship is a form of love that can be distracted by lust and misunderstanding.


title: Love

text: People describe the person that they first loved romantically as their "first love." For example, in William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", Romeo is Juliet's very first love. At that time, she was only 13. In Maria Edgeworth's book "Belinda", Mr. Vincent says, "First loves are silly things."


title: Love

text: The biological model of lust is different from love because it is more like hunger or thirst. Helen Fisher, an expert in the topic of romantic love, divides it into three stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. Lust makes people like each other, attraction encourages people to focus on mating, and attachment helps people tolerate the spouse (or the child).


title: Love

text: Lust is the passionate sexual desire that promotes mating. This usually lasts only a few weeks or months. Attraction is more for one person specially. Recent studies in neuroscience say that as people fall in love, the brain releases chemicals, including dopamine. These chemicals make people less hungry and sleepy, and also adds an intense feeling of excitement. Research shows that this stage normally lasts from one and a half to three years.


title: Love

text: Since these lust and attraction stages are both described as temporary, a third stage might describe long-term love. Attachment can be used to describe the bonding period that helps keep husband and wife together for many years. Attachment occurs in the longer term.


title: Love

text: Love has consequences for health and well-being. Joyful activities such as love activate areas in the brain responsible for emotion, attention,


title: Love

text: motivation and memory, and it may further lead to reduction of cortisol, which reduces stress. Some people usually do not feel love. They are called aromantics.


title: Victor Hugo

text: Victor Marie Hugo (26 February 1802 – 22 May 1885) was a French poet, playwright, novelist, statesman and human rights activist. He played an important part in the Romantic movement in France.


title: Victor Hugo

text: Hugo first became famous in France because of his poetry, as well as his novels and his plays. "Les Contemplations" and "La Légende des siècles" are his most famous poetry collections. Outside of France, his novels "Les Misérables" and "Notre-Dame de Paris" (known in English also as "The Hunchback of Notre Dame") are his most famous works.


title: Victor Hugo

text: When he was young, he was a conservative royalist. As he got older he became more liberal and supported republicanism. His work was about many of the political and social problems as well as the artistic trends of his time. He is buried in the Panthéon, in Paris.


title: Victor Hugo

text: Victor Hugo was the son of Joseph Léopold Sigisbert Hugo (1773–1828) and Sophie Trébuchet (1772-1821). He had two older brothers called Abel Joseph Hugo (1798–1855) and Eugène Hugo (1800–1837). He was born in 1802, in Besançon (in the Doubs department). Hugo lived in France for most of his life. During the reign of Napoleon III he went into exile. In 1851, he lived in Belgium, in Brussels.He moved to Jersey in 1852. He stayed there until 1855 when he went to live in Guernsey until 1870. He lived there again in 1872-1873. From 1859, his exile was by choice.


title: Victor Hugo

text: Some great events marked Hugo's early childhood. A few years before his birth, the Bourbon Dynasty was overthrown during the French Revolution. The First Republic rose and fell and the First French Empire rose under the rule of Napoléon Bonaparte. Napoléon became Emperor two years after Hugo's birth. The Bourbon Monarchy was restored when Hugo was 17. His parents had different political and religious views. Hugo's father was an officer. He ranked very high in Napoléon's army. He was an atheist republican and considered Napoléon a hero. His mother was an extreme Catholic Royalist. As Hugo's father was an officer, the family moved frequently. Victor Hugo learned a lot from these travels. He stayed in Naples and Rome for six months, before going back to Paris. He was only five at the time, but he remembered the trip well.