title: El Generico

text: Rami Sebei (born July 12, 1984) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is currently working for WWE where he competes under the ring name, Sami Zayn. He wrestles on the Smackdown Live brand, formally in NXT and is a one-time NXT Champion.


title: El Generico

text: He is also known under the ring name El Generico which he used while wrestling on the independent circuit. His gimmick was that of a luchador from Mexico. His theme song was "Olé!" by The Bouncing Souls and Olé! was also his catch phrase.


title: El Generico

text: He has also wrestled for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla from 2004 to 2013, Chikara from 2005 to 2012, Ring of Honor from 2005 to 2012, Dragon Gate, Dramatic Dream Team, and Dragon Gate USA and Evolve in 2012.


title: Brooke Shields

text: Brooke Christa Camille Shields (born May 31, 1965) is an American actress and supermodel. She has been named one of People's most beautiful people in the world three times. Shields started being a model when she was 11 months old. Ford Models started their children's division for Shields.


title: Brooke Shields

text: She first acted in "Alice, Sweet Alice", a 1976 slasher film. Her next film was "Pretty Baby". In it she played a child prostitute called Violet. She was 12 when it was released and was naked in the film. Some people said this was child pornography and Shields got a lot of attention from this. In February 1980 she was the youngest model ever to be on the cover of Vogue (magazine). She was 14. Later that year she was in adverts for Calvin Klein jeans. In 1981, she starred in The Blue Lagoon.


title: Brooke Shields

text: On April 19, 1997, Shields married Andre Agassi. She later married Chris Henchy with whom she has two daughters.


title: Brooke Shields

text: On July 7, 2009 Shields gave a speech at Michael Jackson's memorial service. Jackson and Shields met when she was 13. They became friends instantly. In an interview with Rolling Stone, Shields said, “There were times when he would ask me to marry him, and I would say, ‘You have me for the rest of your life, you don’t need to marry me, I’m going to go on and do my own life and have my own marriage and my own kids, and you’ll always have me’.”


title: Brooke Shields

text: In his 1993 interview with Oprah, Jackson said that he was dating Shields. However, in the 2009 Rolling Stone interview Shields said the last time she saw Jackson was 1990.


title: United States Secretary of War

text: The Secretary of War was a member of the United States President's Cabinet, beginning with George Washington's administration. A similar position, called either "Secretary at War" or "Secretary of War," was appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position. When Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving.


title: United States Secretary of War

text: The Secretary of War led the War Department. At first, he was responsible for all military affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was added to the cabinet, and the scope of this office was reduced to a general concern with the Army. In 1947, the departments were recombined under the Secretary of Defense. The Secretary of War was replaced by the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Air Force, non-Cabinet positions under the Secretary of Defense.


title: Genie in a Bottle

text: "Genie in a Bottle" is a 1999 pop song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her first album "Christina Aguilera". It was her first hit single and got to number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Aguilera got a Grammy Award nomination for it and a Grammy Award for Best New Artist later in the year.


title: Andrew Parker Bowles

text: Brigadier Andrew Henry Parker Bowles (born 27 December 1939) is a retired British Army officer. He is the former husband of Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, a member of the British royal family.


title: Andrew Parker Bowles

text: In 1981–1983, he was Commanding Officer of the Household Cavalry Mounted Regiment, and was commanding during the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings.


title: Andrew Parker Bowles

text: From 1987 to 1990, he was Colonel Commanding the Household Cavalry and Silver Stick in Waiting to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. On 30 June 1990 he was promoted to brigadier, and was director of the Royal Army Veterinary Corps 1991–1994. He retired in 1994.


title: Samarium

text: Samarium is a chemical element that has the symbol Sm on the periodic table. It has the atomic number 62 which means it has 62 protons in an atom.


title: Ted Turner

text: Ted Turner (born November 19, 1938 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American businessman who is best known for being the founder of the television networks Turner Broadcasting Station (TBS) and Cable News Network (CNN). These were the first cable TV networks. He is also famous for being the founder of professional wrestling company World Championship Wrestling (WCW), as well as the Captain Planet and the Planeteers.


title: Ted Turner

text: He's made several war epics on the Civil War. Ted Turner is known for saving MGM's film library, though that forced him to sell his company. At one point, Turner gave a billion dollars to the United Nations.


title: Ted Turner

text: Ted Turner was once married to Jane Fonda. He was raised in Atlanta, Georgia and in Savannah, Georgia. Turner is the largest private landowner in the United States a total of 1.75 million acres.


title: Ted Turner

text: Turner's biggest ranch is Vermejo Park Ranch in New Mexico. At , it is the largest privately owned, piece of owned land in the United States. Turner supports the Public forum debate of the National Forensic League.


title: Ted Turner

text: In a television interview with Piers Morgan on May 3, 2012, Turner said he had four girlfriends. He then said that it was complicated but yet easier than being married.


title: Ted Turner

text: One of Turner's children, Robert Edward "Teddy" Turner IV, announced on January 23, 2013, that he would run in the South Carolina Republican primary for the open Congressional seat. He lost the primary to former Governor Mark Sanford.


title: Download

text: Download means getting information from another computer or server. The opposite of downloading is uploading, which is sending data to another computer. Usually we do not say "download" for a single web page (for example when you open this page on your computer). When we say we downloaded something, it is normally a bigger computer file, like data or a computer program.


title: Download

text: The word downloadable means the ability to get information or data from an owner for one's use. The source is expected to be authentic and have the right to send it. At the user's end, the downloaded information or data are to be used based on agreement notice.


title: Download

text: In the 21st century, it is very easy to download files or informations - legally or not - from the internet.


title: Download

text: As most non-technical users use the word download to talk about any data transfer, the word "sideload" is sometimes used for local to local transfers as distinct from distant ones.


title: Sugar Act

text: The Sugar Act (1764) was a tax passed by the British to pay for the Seven Years War, called the French and Indian War in America.


title: Sugar Act

text: It taxed sugar and decreased taxes on molasses in British colonies in America and the West Indies. This restricted smuggling. It was also a use of mercantilism. It was one of the first taxes that led to protests in the Thirteen Colonies. The Sugar and Stamp Acts were done away with in 1766. The Sugar Act was a terrible for the colonial economy. Some people even went as far as to make attempts on the king’s life because they hated the act so much. Most people in 1764, said the British government was borderline insane to enforce this law.


title: Desertification

text: Desertification is the expansion of desert into the surrounding areas. The desert area in the world is getting bigger. Desertification usually happens on the edge of deserts. It is caused by a variety of factors.


title: Maui

text: It has a population of just over 100,000 and is 727 square miles (1883 km²) in size. Maui is part of Maui County, Hawaii. The larger (or better known) towns include Kahului, Wailuku, Lahaina, Hana, and Wailea. Main industries are agriculture and tourism.


title: Maui

text: Maui was named for the demi-god Maui. In Hawaiian legend, he raised all the islands from the sea. Maui is also known as the "Valley Isle" for the large fertile isthmus (narrow land connection) between two volcanoes.


title: Maui

text: Maui is a volcanic doublet: an island formed from two volcanic mountains that are joined. The older volcano, Mauna Kahalawai, is much older and has been very worn down. In common talk it is called the West Maui Mountain. The larger volcano, Haleakala, rises above 10,000 feet (3,050 m). The last eruption of Haleakala happened over 200 years ago, and this lava flow can be seen between Ahihi Bay and La Perouse Bay on the southeast shore.


title: John D. Rockefeller

text: John Davison Rockefeller (July 8, 1839 – May 23, 1937) was an American businessman. He controlled an oil company called Standard Oil, which sold most of the oil in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He was the first billionaire in world history. He is considered to be the richest man in American history, and one of the richest men in the history of the world.


title: John D. Rockefeller

text: Today, the money he made would be worth more than half a trillion dollars. He used the large amounts of money he had to do various things, including starting the University of Chicago, funding important medical research, and giving the land for the General Assembly Building of the United Nations.


title: John D. Rockefeller

text: Rockefeller was born in Richford, New York. He died in Ormond Beach, Florida from arteriosclerosis, aged 97.


title: Bachelor's degree

text: A bachelor's degree is the certificate given to a university student after he or she has succeeded in an end of course examination. In England and Wales the degree requires three years of study; in North America and some other countries four years are required.


title: Bachelor's degree

text: In many countries there are other qualifications after school attendance is ended. Most of these are below degree level, and based on practical skills, but details vary according to the country.


title: Bachelor's degree

text: In the British tradition there is a distinction between general degrees, and honour degrees or special degrees. In Scotland, for example, a general degree takes three years, while an honours degree takes four years.


title: Bachelor's degree

text: The content of a bachelor's degree varies according to the Faculty, the part of the University which does the teaching. In a Faculty of Arts or Humanities a student studies for the Bachelor of Arts. Other traditional Faculties are those of Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and so on. Honours degrees are always labelled by their content, so BSc is a Bachelor of Science, BA a Bachelor of Arts, and so on. Medical degrees are labelled variously. London University awards MB, ChB (bachelor of medicine and surgery) as the basic degree; Edinburgh University awards the MD as the basic qualification.


title: Bachelor's degree

text: Higher degrees than the bachelor are possible. Again, regulations vary, but often the next two steps are usually the Master's degree and the PhD degree.


title: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

text: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician of Georgian origin. He is the 12th and current President of Turkey, he took office in 2014. Before that, he was the Prime Minister of Turkey from 2003 to 2014. He is the chairman of the ruling Justice and Development Party since 2001 which he founded that year. Erdoğan was Mayor of Istanbul from 1994 to 1998.


title: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

text: Erdoğan was a semi-professional footballer from 1969 to 1982. The stadium of the local football club of the Istanbul district he grew up in, Kasımpaşa S.K. is named after him.


title: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

text: Erdoğan married Emine Gülbaran (b. 1955, Siirt) on 4 July 1978. The couple have two sons (Ahmet Burak, Necmeddin Bilal) and two daughters (Esra, Sümeyye).


title: Jeep

text: Jeep is a brand of American automobiles that is a division of FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group, LLC), a wholly owned subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles. The former Chrysler Corporation acquired the Jeep brand, along with the remaining assets of its owner American Motors, in 1987. Jeep's current product range consists solely of sport utility vehicles and off-road vehicles, but has also included pickup trucks in the past.


title: Jeep

text: The original Jeep was the prototype Bantam BRC. Willys MB Jeeps went into production in 1941 specifically for the military. Arguably that makes them the oldest four-wheel drive mass-production vehicles now known as SUVs. The Jeep became the primary light 4-wheel-drive vehicle of the United States Army and the Allies during World War II. It remained so in the postwar period. The term became common worldwide in the wake of the war. Doug Stewart notes:


title: Jeep

text: The first civilian models were produced in 1945. It inspired a number of other light utility vehicles, such as the Land Rover. Many Jeep variants serving similar military and civilian roles have since been designed in other nations. In 2007 Jeep began manufacturing crossover SUVs with its Compass and Patriot models. This led to the 2013 Jeep Cherokee midsize crossover.


title: Longitude of the ascending node

text: The longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω) is one of the orbital elements used to specify the orbit of an object in space. It is the angle from a reference direction, called the "origin of longitude", to the direction of the ascending node, measured in a reference plane.


title: Language death

text: Language death is a when language is no longer being used as a first language (also called mother language or native language) or a second language and so it becomes an extinct language. It should not be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which still is still spoken as a second language.


title: Language death

text: Language revival, a dead language becoming a living language again. The only widely-known example of a language being revived is Hebrew.


title: Tokyo Skytree

text: , formerly known as , is a broadcasting, restaurant, and observation tower in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. It is located in the special ward of Sumida, not far from the Sumida River. The nearest train station is Oshiage, which is on the Toei Asakusa Line, Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line, and railway lines operated by Tobu and Keisei.


title: Tokyo Skytree

text: The Tokyo Skytree was designed by the architects from Nikken Sekkei, a Japanese company, the process of building the tower began in 2008 and was completed on 29 February 2012. Emperor Akihito visited the tower in advance of its official opening, and the opening ceremony took place on 22 May 2012.


title: Tokyo Skytree

text: With a height of , the Tokyo Skytree is the tallest structure in Japan. This height was chosen because it could be easily remembered. The figures 6 ("mu"), 3 ("sa"), 4 ("shi") stand for Musashi Province, which is an old name of the region where the tower stands.


title: Tokyo Skytree

text: It is the second tallest structure in the world after Burj Khalifa in Dubai. It is also the tallest tower in the world, according to the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, because there is no space in the Skytree for people to live or work in, unlike the Burj Khalifa.


title: Tokyo Skytree

text: All of central Tokyo can be seen from special viewing platforms at and . At night, it is lit up with different coloured lights.


title: Guqin

text: The (; ; Wade–Giles: ku-ch'in; literally "ancient stringed-instrument") is the modern name for a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has been played since ancient times, and has traditionally been favored by educated people as an instrument of great beauty and refinement. It is uncommonly spelt as Gu Qin (and sometimes GuQin or Gu-qin) in English.


title: Guqin

text: Traditionally the instrument was called simply qin 「琴」, but by the 20th century the term had come to be used on many other musical instruments as well (for example, the "yangqin" 「揚琴」 hammered dulcimer, the "huqin" 「胡琴」 family of bowed string instruments, and the Western piano (; literally "steel stringed-instrument")), so the prefix "gu-" 「古」 (meaning "ancient") was added for clarification. It can also be called qixianqin 「七絃琴」 ("seven-stringed instrument"). The guqin is not to be confused with the "guzheng", another Chinese long zither also without frets, but with moveable bridges under each string. Because Robert Hans van Gulik's famous book about the qin is called "The Lore of the Chinese Lute", the qin is sometimes inaccurately called a lute. Other incorrect classifications (mainly from music CDs) include "harp" or "table-harp". Other Western nicknames for the guqin include "Chinese guitar" and "Chinaman's harp".


title: Guqin

text: The qin is a very quiet instrument, with a range of about four octaves, and its open strings are tuned in the bass register (its lowest pitch is about two octaves below middle C, or the lowest note on the cello). Sounds are produced by plucking open strings, stopped strings, and harmonics. Stopped sounds are special for the variety of slides and ornaments used, and the use of glissando (sliding tones) gives it a sound similar to a pizzicato cello or fretless bass guitar. Extended sections in music scores consisting entirely of harmonics are common, this made possible because the 91 indicated harmonic positions allow great flexibility; early tablature shows that even more harmonic positions were used in the past. By tradition the qin originally had five strings, but ancient qin-like instruments with 10 or more strings have been found. The modern form has been standardized from about two thousand years.


title: Guqin

text: Legend has it that the qin, has a history of about 5,000 years; that the legendary people of China's pre-history; Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di (the Yellow Emperor), was involved in its creation. It is mentioned in Chinese writings dating back nearly 3,000 years, and related instruments have been found in tombs from about 2,500 years ago. Chinese tradition says the qin originally had five strings, but then two were added about 1,000 BCE, making seven.


title: Guqin

text: Based on the detailed description in the poetic essay "Qin Fu" 【琴賦】 by Xi Kang / Ji Kang (223–262), the form of the qin that is recognizable today was most likely set around the late Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD). The earliest surviving qin in this modern form, preserved in both Japan and China, have been dated to the Tang Dynasty (618-907). Many are still playable, the most famous perhaps being the one named "Jiuxiao Huanpei" 《九霄環佩》, said to have been made by the famous late Tang dynasty qin maker Lei Wei (雷威). It is kept in the Forbidden City Museum in Beijing.


title: Guqin

text: According to Robert Temple, the qin played an important part in the gaining the first understanding of music timbre for the Chinese. He said that "the Chinese understanding of the nature of sound as vibration was much increased by studying the production of timbre on the strings of the "ch'in"." This understanding of timbre, overtones and higher harmonics eventually led the Chinese to discover equal temperament in music.


title: Guqin

text: In 1977, a recording of "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water, as performed by Guan Pinghu, one of the best qin players of the 20th century) was chosen to be included in the Voyager Golden Record, a gold-plated LP recording containing music from around the world, which was sent into outer space by NASA on the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecrafts. It is the longest music track included on the disc. In 2003, guqin music was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO.


title: Guqin

text: Because of the difference in geography in China, many qin schools known as "qin pai" (琴派) developed over the centuries. Such schools generally formed around areas where qin activity was greatest.


title: Guqin

text: Most qin schools and groups are based in China. During the 20th century some societies began in other countries. Qin study was initially confined to China in ancient times. Today countries like Japan also have their own qin small traditions. The Tokyo Qin Society was recently founded. Japan has published a "qinpu" (qin tablature collection) in the past, known as "Toukou Kinpu" or "Donggao Qinpu" 【東臯琴譜】.


title: Guqin

text: There have been many players throughout the ages. The instrument was a favourite of the scholars, so many artists played it. Some famous players are also associated with some melodies, like Confucius and Qu Yuan.


title: Guqin

text: Classical books such as "Qin Shi", "Qinshi Bu" and "Qinshi Xu" have biographies of hundreds of more players.


title: Guqin

text: The beauty of qin melodies comes not only from the melodies themselves, but from the variation a player can apply to the individual tones and their combinations. The rich tones of the qin can be categorised as three distinctively different "sounds." The first is "san yin" 〔散音〕, which means "scattered sounds." This meant simply pluck the required string to sound an open note. The second is "fan yin" 〔泛音〕, or "floating sounds." These are harmonics, and the player simply lightly touches the string with one or more fingers of the left hand at a position indicated by the white "hui" dots, pluck and then lift, creating a crisp and clear sound ringing sound. The third is "an yin" 〔按音 / 案音 / 實音 / 走音〕, or "stopped sounds." This forms the majority of most qin pieces and requires the player to press on a string with a finger or thumb of the left hand until it touches with the surface board, then pluck. Afterwards, the hand can slide up and down, thereby changing the pitch.


title: Guqin

text: When plucking the strings, it is not required to attach fake-nails on one's fingers. One will often leave their fingernails long, and cut them into an rounded shape. The length is subjective and will depend on the player's preference, but it is usually around 3-4mm from the finger tip. If it is too short, then the finger tip will deaden the sound as it touches the string after the nail has plucked it. If it is too long then the fingers can make playing difficult. Generally, the nails of the right hand are kept long, whilst the nails of the left are cut short, so as to be able to press on the strings without difficulty.


title: Guqin

text: There are eight basic right hand finger techniques: "pi" 〈劈〉 (thumb pluck outwards), "tuo" 〈托〉 (thumb pluck inwards), "mo" 〈抹〉 (index in), "tiao" 〈挑〉 (index out), "gou" 〈勾〉 (middle in), "ti" 〈剔〉 (middle out), "da" 〈打〉 (ring in), and "zhai" 〈摘〉 (ring out); the little finger is not used. Out of these basic eight, their combinations create many more. "Cuo" 〈撮〉 is to pluck two strings at the same time, "lun" 〈輪〉 is to pluck a string with the ring, middle and index finger out in quick succession, the "suo" 〈鎖〉 technique involves plucking a string several times in a fixed rhythm, "bo" 〈撥〉 cups the fingers and strums two strings at the same time, and "gun fu" 〈滾拂〉 is to create a sequence of sounds by running up and down the strings continuously with the index and middle fingers. These are just a few.


title: Guqin

text: Left hand techniques start from the simple pressing down on the string (mostly with the thumb between the flesh and nail, and the ring finger), sliding up or down to the next note ("shang" 〈上〉 and "xia" 〈下〉), to vibrati by swaying the hand ("yin" 〈吟〉 and "nao" 〈猱〉, there are as many as 15 plus different forms of vibrato), plucking the string with the thumb whilst the ring finger stops the string at the lower position ("qiaqi" 〈掐起 / 搯起〉), hammering on a string using the thumb ("yan" 〈掩 / 罨〉), to more difficult techniques such as pressing on several strings at the same time.


title: Guqin

text: Techniques executed by both hands together are more difficult to achieve, for example, "qia cuo san sheng" 〈掐撮三聲〉 (a combination of hammering on and off then plucking two strings, then repeating), to more exciting forms, like pressing of all seven strings with the left, then strumming all the strings with the right, then the left hand quickly moves up the qin, creating a rolling sound like a bucket of water being thrown in a deep pool of water (this technique is used in the Shu style of "Liu Shui" to copy the sound of water).


title: Guqin

text: In order to master the qin, there are in excess of 50 different techniques that must be mastered. Even the most commonly used (such as "tiao") are difficult to get right without proper instruction from a teacher.


title: Guqin

text: Written qin music did not directly tell what notes were played like many outer musical instruments; instead, it was written in a tablature detailing tuning, finger positions, and plucking technique, thus made up of a step by step method and description of how to play a piece. Some tablatures do indicate notes using the "gongche" notation system, or indicate rhythm using dots.


title: Guqin

text: The earliest example of the modern shorthand tablature survives from around the 12th century CE. An earlier form of music notation from the Tang era survives in just one manuscript, dated to the 7th century CE, called "Jieshi Diao: You Lan" 《碣石調幽蘭》 (Solitary Orchid, in Stone Tablet Mode). It is written in a longhand form called "wenzi pu" 〔文字譜〕 (literally "written notation"), which gives all the details using ordinary written Chinese characters. Later in the Tang dynasty, Cao Rou (曹柔) and others simplified the notation, using only the important elements of the characters (like string number, plucking technique, "hui" number and which finger to stop the string) and combined them into one character notation. This meant that instead of having two lines of written text to describe a few notes, a single character could represent one note, or sometimes as many as nine. This notation form was called "jianzi pu" 〔減字譜〕 (literally "reduced notation") and it was a great step forward for recording qin scores. It was so successful that from the Ming dynasty (1368-1644) onwards, a lot of qinpu 〔琴譜〕 (qin tablature collections) appeared, the most famous and useful being "Shenqi Mipu" (The Mysterious and Marvellous Tablature) compiled by Zhu Quan (朱勸), the 17th son of the founder of the Ming dynasty. In the 1960s, Zha Fuxi discovered more than 130 qinpu that contain well over 3360 pieces of written music. Many qinpu compiled before the Ming dynasty are now lost, and many pieces have remained unplayed for hundreds of years.


title: Guqin

text: Existing qinpu generally come from private collections or in public libraries throughout China, etc. Those that are available for public purchase are photographic copies printed and bound in the traditional Chinese bookbinding process. More modern qinpu tend to be bound in the normal Western way on modern paper. The format uses qin notation with staff notation and/or "jianpu" notation.


title: Guqin

text: Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San" 《廣陵散》, which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" 《流水》 (Flowing Water), "Yangguan San Die" 《陽關三疊》 (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong" 《梅花三弄》 (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun" 《瀟湘水雲》 (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan" 《平沙落雁》 (Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank). The average player can generally play around ten pieces from memory which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it. Players mainly learn popular well studied versions, often using a recording as a reference. In addition to learning to play established or ancient pieces very well, highly skilled qin players may also compose or improvise, although the player must be very good and extremely familiar with the instrument to be successful at it.


title: Guqin

text: Dapu 〔打譜〕 is the conversion of old tablature into a playable form. This can be used to create new music as well as to reconstruct the ancient melodies. Since qin tablature does not indicate note value, tempo or rhythm, the player must work it out for him/herself. Normally, qin players will learn the rhythm of a piece through a teacher. They sit facing one another, with the student copying the master. The tablature will only be looked at if the teacher is not sure of how to play a certain part. Because of this, traditional qinpu do not indicate them. If one did not have a teacher, then one had to work out the rhythm by themselves. But it would be a mistake to say that qin music has no rhythm or melody. By the 20th century, there had been attempts to try to replace the shorthand notation, but so far, it has been unsuccessful; since the 20th century, qin music is generally printed with staff notation above the qin tablature. Because qin tablature is so useful, logical, easy, and the fastest way (once the performer knows how to read the notation) of learning a piece, it is invaluable to the qin player and cannot totally be replaced. There are two views of how to best use dapu: one is to use it to create new music, and the other is to use it to reconstruct the way the original music was played.


title: Guqin

text: According to tradition, the qin originally had five strings, representing the five elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth. Later, in the Zhou dynasty, Zhou Wen Wang 周文王 added a sixth string to mourn his son, Bo Yihou 伯邑考. His successor, Zhou Wu Wang 周武王, added a seventh string to motivate his troops into battle with the Shang. The thirteen "hui" 『徽』 on the surface represent the 13 months of the year (the extra 13th is the 'leap month' in the lunar calendar). The surface board is round to represent Heaven and the bottom board flat to represent earth. The entire length of the qin (in Chinese measurements) is 3 feet, 6.5 inches, representing the 365 days of the year (though this is just a standard since qins can be shorter or longer depending on the period's measurement standard or the maker's preference). Each part of the qin has meaning, some more obvious, like "dragon pool" 『龍池』 and "phoenix pond" 『鳳沼』.


title: Guqin

text: The sound chamber of the qin is constructed with two boards of wood, typically of differing wood types. The slightly rounded top board (soundboard) is usually made of "tong" wood 『桐』, the Chinese parasol tree, or Chinese paulownia. The bottom board is made of "zi mu" 『梓木』 catalpa ("Catalpa ovata") or, more recently, "nan mu" 『楠木』 camphor wood ("Machilus nanmu"). The wood must be well aged, that is, the sap and moisture must be removed (of the top board wood). If sap remains then the sound will not be clear and, as the moisture evaporates, the wood will warp and crack. Some makers use old or ancient wood to construct qins because most of the sap and moisture has been removed naturally by time (old "shan mu" 『杉木』, Chinese Cunninghamia or Japanese Cryptomeria, is often used for creating modern qins). Some go to lengths to obtain extremely ancient wood, such as that from Han dynasty tomb structures or coffins. Although such wood is very dry, it is not necessarily the best since it may be infected with wood worm or be of a bad quality or type. Many modern qins made out of new "tong" wood (such as those made by Zeng Chengwei) can be better than the quality of antique qins.


title: Guqin

text: There are two sound holes in the bottom board, as the playing techniques of the qin employ the entire surface of the top board which is curved / humped. The inside of the top board is hollowed out to a degree. Inside the qin, there are 'nayin' 『納音』 sound absorbers, and a 'tian chu' 『天柱』 and 'di chu' 『地柱』 soundposts that connect the bottom board to the top. The boards are joined using bamboo nails. Lacquer 『漆』 from the Chinese lacquer tree ("Rhus vernicifera") is then applied to the surfaces of the qin, mixed with various types of powder, the most common being "lujiao shuang" 『鹿角霜』, the remains of deer antler after the glue has been eremoved. Often, ceramic powder is used instead of deer antler powder, but the quality is not as good. After the lacquer has dried (a qin will need several layers), the surface will be polished using oil stones. At the head end of the instrument is the "yue shan" 『岳山』 or bridge, and at the other end is the "long yin" 『龍齦』 (dragon's gums) or nut. There are 13 circular mother-of-pearl inlays which mark the harmonic positions, as well as a reference point to note position, called "hui" 『徽』 ("insignia").


title: Guqin

text: Until the Cultural Revolution, the guqin's strings were always made of various thicknesses of twisted silk 『絲』, but since then most players use modern nylon-flatwound steel strings 『鋼絲』. This was partly due to the scarcity of high quality silk strings and partly due to the newer strings' greater durability and louder tone.


title: Guqin

text: Silk strings are made by gathering a prescribed number of strands of silk thread, then twisting them tightly together. The twisted cord of strings is then wrapped around a frame and immersed in a vat of liquid of natural glue that binds the strands together. The strings are taken out and left to dry, before being cut into the appropriate length. The top thicker strings (i.e. strings one to four) are further wrapped in a thin silk thread, coiled around the core to make it smoother.


title: Guqin

text: Recently in China, production of very good quality silk strings has resumed and more players are beginning to use them. Although most contemporary players use nylon-wrapped metal strings, some argue that nylon-wrapped metal strings cannot replace silk strings for their refinement of tone. Furthermore, it is the case that nylon-wrapped metal strings can cause damage to the wood of old qins. Many traditionalists feel that the sound of the fingers of the left hand sliding on the strings to be a distinctive feature of qin music. The modern nylon-wrapped metal strings were very smooth in the past, but are now slightly modified in order to capture these sliding sounds.


title: Guqin

text: To string a qin, one traditionally had to tie a butterfly knot ("shengtou jie" 『蠅頭結』) at one end of the string, and slip the string through the twisted cord ("rongkou" 『絨剅』) which goes into holes at the head of the qin and then out the bottom through the tuning pegs ("zhen" 『軫』). The string is dragged over the bridge ("yueshan" 『岳山』), across the surface board, over the nut ("longyin" 『龍齦』 dragon gums) to the back of the qin, where the end is wrapped around two legs ("fengzu" 『鳳足』 "phoenix feet" or "yanzu" 『雁足』 "geese feet"). Afterwards, the strings are fine tuned using the tuning pegs. The most common tuning, "zheng diao" 〈正調〉, is pentatonic: 1245612 in the traditional Chinese number system or "jianpu" 〔簡譜〕. Today this is generally interpreted to mean C D F G A c d, but this should be considered do re fa so la do re, since historically the qin was not tuned to absolute pitch. In fact the same tuning can also be considered as 5612356 when the third string is played as do. Thus, except when accompanied by other instruments, only the pitch relations between the seven strings needs to be accurate. Other tunings are achieved by adjusting the tension of the strings using the tuning pegs at the head end. Thus "manjiao diao" 〈慢角調〉 (slackened third string) gives 1235612 and "ruibin diao" 〈蕤賔調〉 (raised fifth string) gives 1245712, which is transposed to 2356123.


title: Guqin

text: The guqin is nearly always used a solo single instrument, as its quietness of tone means that it cannot be heard over the sounds of most other instruments or an ensemble. It can, however, be played together with a "xiao" (end-blown bamboo flute), with other qin, or played while singing. In old times, the "se" (a long zither with movable bridges and 25 strings, similar to the Japanese koto) was frequently used in duets with the qin.


title: Guqin

text: In order for an instrument to accompany the qin, its sound must be mellow and not overwhelm the qin. Thus, the "xiao" generally used for this purpose is one pitched in the key of F, known as "qin xiao", which is narrower than an ordinary "xiao". If one sings to qin songs (which is rare nowadays) then one should not sing in an operatic or folk style as is common in China, but rather in a very low pitched and deep way; and the range in which one should sing should not exceed one and a half octaves. The style of singing is similar to that used to recite Tang poetry. To enjoy qin songs, one must learn to become accustomed to the strange style some players may sing their songs to.


title: Guqin

text: Traditionally, the qin was played in a quiet studio or room by oneself, or with a few friends; or played outdoors in places of outstanding natural beauty. Nowadays, many qin players perform at concerts in large concert halls, almost always, out of necessity, using electronic pickups or microphones to amplify the sound. Many qin players attend yaji (『雅集』 literally "elegant gatherings"), at which a number of qin players, music lovers, or anyone with an interest in Chinese culture can come along to discuss and play the qin.


title: Muwahhidism

text: The Muwahidin or Muwahid Muslims are a Muslim restoration movement that accepts mainstream Islam. The place an emphasis on the concept of tawhid. Muwahidists believe that the Muslim faith has gradually been mixed with many cultural traditions. They want to bring the Muslim faith back to its original foundations. This means the worship of Allah. They acknowledge the five Pillars of Islam.


title: Gareth Bale

text: Gareth Frank Bale (born 16 July 1989) is a Welsh footballer who currently plays for Tottenham Hotspur, on loan from Real Madrid.


title: Rhubarb

text: Rhubarb is one of about 60 plants in the genus Rheum, family Polygonaceae. The vegetable rhubarb is "Rheum rhabarbarum" (or "Rheum x hybridum"). The leaves are somewhat toxic because they have oxalic acid, but the red stalks are baked in pies, with sugar to soften their tart flavor.


title: Rhubarb

text: There are many varieties grown for eating. The drug "rheum" is prepared from the rhizomes and roots of another species, "R. officinale" or medicinal rhubarb.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: Jacob Gedleyihlekisa Zuma (born 12 April 1942) in what is now Nkandla, KwaZulu-Natal is a South African politician. He was the President of South Africa from 2009 to 2018.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: In the 1960s, he was against the government of South Africa's policy of apartheid. He spent some time in prison on Robben Island for conspiring to overthrow the government.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: In February 14, 2018 South Africa President Jacob Zuma resigned for a disputed disagreement instruction with the ruling African National Congress.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: One of their traditions he follows is polygamy (having more than one wife). He has had six wives (one of them killed herself in 2000) and has fathered more than twenty children.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: On the eve of the African National Congress having a vote of no confidence against him, Zuma resigned. A few weeks after he resigned, it was reported that he fathered a child with a 24 year old woman in a Durban hospital.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: On 29 June 2021, Zuma was sentenced to fifteen months in prison for not showing up to court over his corruption trial.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: In August 2021, Jacob Zuma would receive an insufficient pension to cover his legal costs. In any case, this is what his relatives suggest, who are calling on their fellow citizens to contribute to their former head of state.


title: Jacob Zuma

text: In September 2021, the South African Constitutional Court scathingly dismissed former President Jacob Zuma's petition to reverse his ruling sentencing him to 15 months in prison for contempt of justice.


title: Trialware

text: Trialware is one type of shareware. It is software that the user can only use for a short time. Then it expires. If the person wishes to keep using the program, he or she must buy a registration key or password. Trialware may be set up by date or days. For example, a 30-day trialware program may expire in 30 days or after it has been used for 30 non-contiguous days. Also called "demoware," sophisticated trialware prevents a user from installing new trial versions over and over without paying. For example, it can look for a hidden file or an entry in the Windows Registry that it created when it was previously installed. See shareware and wares.


title: Novosibirsk

text: Novosibirsk (Russian: Новосиби́рск, pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.


title: Novosibirsk

text: It was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea.


title: Novosibirsk

text: The settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk.


title: Novosibirsk

text: During the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.


title: Novosibirsk

text: The city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled "Golden Mountains of Altai".


title: Novosibirsk

text: The climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30 °C (50...85 °F), in winter -5 to -25 °C (20...-10 °F), but can reach -45 °C (-50 °F) in winter and 35 °C (95 °F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83 °C (181 °F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.


title: Novosibirsk

text: Industries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.


title: Novosibirsk

text: West Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.


title: Jim Carrey

text: James Eugene Carrey (born January 17, 1962) is a Canadian actor and comedian. He is known for his acting in movies, such as the "Ace Ventura" movie series, "Dumb and Dumber", "The Cable Guy", "Liar Liar" and "Bruce Almighty". He has also been successful in dramatic roles in movies such as "The Truman Show", "Man on the Moon", "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" and "The Number 23". He won the Golden Globe Award in 2000. Carrey has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.


title: Jim Carrey

text: Carrey stated his favorite cartoons is "Johnny Bravo", "SpongeBob SquarePants" and "Dave the Barbarian".


title: Jim Carrey

text: Carrey stated comedians like Jerry Lewis, Keenen Ivory Wayans, Dick Van Dyke, Bill Cosby, Mel Brooks and Sam Kinison as influences.


title: Christopher Scarver

text: Christopher Scarver Sr. (born July 6, 1969) is an American convicted murderer who beaten serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer and Jesse Anderson to death at the Columbia Correctional Institution in 1994. Scarver used a metal bar taken from exercise equipment in the prison weight room, to beat Dahmer and Anderson. After the beatings, Dahmer died on November 28 and Anderson died on November 30. Scarver was sentenced to two further life sentences for the two killings.


title: Christopher Scarver

text: Before the prison murders in 1994, on June 1, 1990, Scarver went to the Wisconsin Conservation Corps training program office and found Steve Lohman, the supervisor who had replaced Edward Patts. Scarver demanded money from Lohman. Upon receiving only $15 from Lohman, Scarver shot him. At the same time, he demanded money from site manager John Feyen. Scarver began shooting himagain before Feyen gave a $3,000 check to Scarver and ran away.


title: Christopher Scarver

text: Scarver was convicted and sentenced to life in prison and sent to the Columbia Correctional Institution in Portage, Wisconsin, in 1992.


title: Fumio Kishida

text: He is a member of the House of Representatives for the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) since 1993. He served in Yasuo Fukuda's cabinet as minister of state for Okinawa and northern territories affairs, science and technology policy, quality-of-life policy, and regulatory Reform. He became the longest-serving foreign minister in postwar history, unseating Abe's father Shintaro Abe. In 2017, for a short time he was the Minister of Defense.


title: Fumio Kishida

text: Kishida thought about running in the 2018 LDP presidential election; but Prime Minister Shinzo Abe talked him into not to run and promised to support him as his replacement in the future. He ran in the 2020 LDP presidential election; however lost to Yoshihide Suga who was very popular among LDP politicians.


title: Fumio Kishida

text: In August 2020, he announced his candidacy for the Liberal Democratic leadership election to replace Prime Minister Shinzo Abe. He lost the election on 14 September to Yoshihide Suga, coming in second place. In August 2021, he announced his candidacy for the Liberal Democratic leadership again in the 2021 election. He won the leadership election on 29 September 2021.


title: Fumio Kishida

text: Kishida officially became the 100th Prime Minister on 4 October 2021 after being elected by the National Diet. He set the date of the 2021 election for 31 October shortly before taking office. During the general election, the Liberal Democratic party lost fifteen seats in the House of Representatives; however still won the majority of seats.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: Leviticus (lih-vih-tih-kus) is the third book of both the Bible, and the Torah. In Hebrew it is known as Wayiqra' (וַיִּקְרָא), meaning 'And He will declare.' It was written by the Old Testament Patriarch Moses. Leviticus was written to the Hebrew people of Israel. The book has several main topics, some of which are the Jewish laws of sacrificing to God, and the work of the priests. These priests are sometimes known as Levites (what this book is named after).


title: Book of Leviticus

text: It was likely developed over a long period of time, reaching its present form during the Persian empire (Yehud Madinata) between 538-332 BCE. Tradition says this book was written around 1300 B.C. by Moses.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: God gives more instructions to Moses. God asks Moses to repeat what He said to Moses' people, the Israelites.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: Continuing from Exodus the Israelites are escaping Egypt. They reach the Biblical Mount Sinai. In Exodus, Moses learned from God how to build the holy tabernacle (a tent for praying and worshiping). In Leviticus God teaches Moses and the Levites how to make sacrifices and how to behave in a good way.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: The first few chapters show God's laws for offering sacrifices for various reasons, such as for the forgiveness of sins.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: Then Moses makes Aaron a priest of God. Details about how the priests are to make sacrifices to God are given. This is sometimes called the "ceremonial law". Two sons of Aaron were destroyed for doing the work of the priest in the wrong way.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: Then God teaches the people how to eat right and be clean. Examples of food that are forbidden are pork and shrimp. Meat is also not to be eaten with milk at the same time. Beyond that, eaten meat is to be taken from animals that were slaughtered in a specific way. The meat must not contain blood either, as this is seen as representing life in the face of the animal having died. Regarding staying clean, laws are given about menstruation (the monthly period), sexual relations, skin disease, and how dead bodies are to be disposed of.


title: Book of Leviticus

text: The rest of the book describes how priests, the Levites, should be ordained, should dress, carry out rituals, and act (for example on the Day of Atonement, and other important Holy Days).


title: Parallax

text: In astronomy, annual parallax is the only direct way to measure distance to stars outside the solar system.


title: Parallax

text: In essence, parallax is the perceived shifting phenomenon which occurs when an object is viewed from different positions.


title: Parallax

text: It is measured by the angle between two lines of observation. Nearby objects have a larger parallax than more distant objects when observed from identical positions, so parallax can be used to determine distances.


title: Parallax

text: Astronomers use the principle of parallax to measure distances to celestial objects including to the Moon, the Sun, and to stars beyond the Solar System. Here, the term "parallax" is the angle between two sight-lines to the star.


title: Parallax

text: Astronomical measurement of position are taken at different times of the year. Since the Earth's orbit is known exactly, the distance from position 1 to position 2 can be worked out. The angle from the horizon to the object can be measured precisely. This gives a triangle whose baseline and angles are known accurately. From the triangle, the distance is calculated by trigonometry and expressed in parsecs.


title: Parallax

text: The method only fails with objects which are so distant that the earth's orbit is too small to get a large enough parallax angle to measure accurately. This distance is about 100 light-years. Astronomers have invented various ways to solve this problem, though none are so accurate as the parallax method is for relatively nearby objects. This provides a basis for the cosmic distance ladder of techniques to calculate greater distances.


title: Parallax

text: From 1989 to 1993 the Hipparcos satellite took measurements for over 100,000 nearby stars. Gaia (spacecraft) is intended to make similar measurements of about a Billion stars.


title: Parallax

text: Many animals, including humans, have two eyes which provide depth perception; this is called stereopsis. Because the two eyes are at different places on the head, this gives the basis for an automatic sense of distance. We perceive this as a normal 3-D scene.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: Thriller is an album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1982 and is the biggest selling album of all time. Seven singles were released from the album. It won eight Grammy Awards, the most anyone has won at once.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: In 1979 Jackson released "Off the Wall". It was very successful. However Jackson was not happy. At the 1980 Grammys he won one Grammy from the album. It was the Grammy Award for Best Male R&B Vocal Performance for the single "Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough". Jackson said that "It was totally unfair that it didn't get Record of the Year and it can never happen again". When Jackson made "Thriller" he wanted it to be more successful than "Off the Wall". "Thriller" won Record of the Year.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: In 2008 twenty-five years after its release the album was released again as "Thriller 25". It had seven extra songs: a new song, "For All Time", five remixes with Fergie, will.i.am, Kanye West, and Akon, and a clip from Vincent Price's spoken bit in the song "Thriller". Jackson was the album's executive producer.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: Jackson died in 2009. This made people buy more of his music. In 2009 "Thriller" sold 1.27 million copies in the US. This made it the 14th best-selling album of the year.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Thriller 25th Anniversary: The Book, Celebrating the Biggest Selling Album of All Time" was published.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: "The Girl Is Mine" was released as the album's first single. It reached number two in the "Billboard" 100. By 1985, it had sold 1.3 million copies.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Billie Jean" was released as the second single. It was number one in the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain and Switzerland. It won two Grammy Awards.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: The album's third single "Beat It" reached number one in the "Billboard" 100. It won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Best Male Rock Vocal Performance. It also won two American Music Awards.


title: Thriller (Michael Jackson album)

text: "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" reached number five in the "Billboard" 100. The song was nominated for "Best R&B Song" at the 1984 Grammy Awards. "Billie Jean" won the award instead.


title: Ocarina

text: An ocarina is a kind of flute that is not made out of a tube. Because the ocarina is in a round or box-like shape, its sound is a little different from other flutes.


title: Ocarina

text: The ten-hole ocarina was first made by Giuseppe Donati, in Italy, in 1853. Instruments like the ocarina had been made for hundreds of years before that in South America, China, and Africa. In Europe, a form called the gemshorn was made in the 16th century. The gemshorn was made from an animal horn.


title: Ocarina

text: In the 19th century, groups of ocarina players, with different sized ocarinas, played classical and folk music. Italian ocarinas became known throughout the world, because of this.


title: Ocarina

text: In the United States the ocarina was called the sweet potato, because its shape is like a sweet potato.


title: Ocarina

text: In 1928, the Japanese began making ocarinas. They added two small holes to the old kind of ocarinas. Japanese 12-hole ocarinas can play a larger scale than 10-hole ocarinas.


title: Ocarina

text: In the 1960s, the English ocarina was invented. It has four finger holes, and may have one or two thumb holes. English ocarinas are made in many shapes.


title: Birendra of Nepal

text: Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev () (28 December 1945 – 1 June 2001) was the king of Nepal from 1972 until 2001. He was the eldest son of King Mahendra. He was a king of Nepal until his death by assassination in 2001 Nepalese royal massacre.


title: Miscarriage

text: A miscarriage is the natural death of an embryo or fetus in the womb, before it is old enough to live on its own, outside the mother. The medical words for a miscarriage are spontaneous abortion. ("Spontaneous" means something that a person did not expect to happen. An "abortion" is when a pregnancy ends early, before birth.)


title: Miscarriage

text: Among women who know they are pregnant, about 15-20% have miscarriages. (This means that up to 1 in every 5 women who know they are pregnant miscarries.) It is the most common complication (serious problem) that happens in early pregnancy in humans.


title: Miscarriage

text: In the United States, if a fetus dies after it is 20 weeks old, its death is no longer called a miscarriage. Its death is called a "stillbirth", a "fetal demise", or a "fetal death". ("Demise" means "death.") Different countries have different ways of defining the difference between a miscarriage and a fetal death. For example:


title: Miscarriage

text: The most common causes of miscarriage change depending on what trimester the mother is in. (Each trimester lasts about three months.)


title: Miscarriage

text: Most miscarriages happen during the first trimester. Some studies say that two-thirds (two out of three) to three-quarters (three out of four) of all miscarriages happen during this trimester. About 30% to 40% (3 to 4 in every 10) of all fertilized eggs miscarry, often before a woman knows she is pregnant.


title: Miscarriage

text: In more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks of pregnancy, the embryo has chromosomes that are not normal. These chromosomal problems may happen because of problems as the embryo grows and its cells make copies of themselves. It is also possible for chromosomal problems to happen because of a problem with a parent's genes. However, this is more likely to happen in women who have had other miscarriages, or if one of the parents has a child or other relatives with birth defects. Genetic problems are more likely to happen with older parents; this may be why miscarriages are more common in older women.


title: Miscarriage

text: Another cause may be the mother not having enough progesterone. If a woman is diagnosed with low progesterone levels in the second half of her menstrual cycle (the luteal phase), she may be prescribed progesterone, to take during the first trimester of her pregnancy. However, when a woman might already be miscarrying, there is no evidence that first-trimester progesterone pills decrease the risk of having a miscarriage. Scientists have even questioned whether problems with the luteal phase really can cause miscarriages.


title: Miscarriage

text: These problems can also cause premature birth (when a baby is born earlier than expected). One study found that 19% of second-trimester miscarriages were caused by problems with the umbilical cord. The fetus gets blood and oxygen through the umbilical cord. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive. If the baby cannot get enough oxygen because of a problem with the cord, it can die. Problems with the placenta may also cause second-trimester miscarriages. Nutrients and blood pass through the placenta in order to get from the mother to the umbilical cord. The placenta also helps filter out some things that could hurt the fetus. If there is a problem with the placenta, the fetus could die because it did not get enough nutrients and oxygen, or because the placenta did not filter out harmful things.


title: Miscarriage

text: Miscarriage is usually diagnosed when a pregnant woman notices that she is having certain symptoms and goes to see a doctor. The most common symptom of a coming miscarriage is bleeding during early pregnancy. The woman may not have any pain.


title: Miscarriage

text: Usually, if a pregnant woman is bleeding or having pain, an ultrasound should be done. The ultrasound can show that the fetus's heart is not beating, which means that the fetus has miscarried. If this happens, special tests should be done to make sure the woman does not have an ectopic pregnancy, which can kill a woman.


title: Miscarriage

text: Not all light bleeding during early pregnancy means a woman is having a miscarriage. But any woman having light bleeding during pregnancy should see her doctor. If the bleeding is heavy, the woman is having a lot of pain, or she has a fever, she should go to an Emergency Room or call an ambulance to take her to the hospital.


title: Miscarriage

text: If a woman has bleeding during her pregnancy, she may be diagnosed with a "threatened miscarriage." In the past, if a doctor thought a pregnancy might miscarry in the future, they would suggest bed rest for the mother (lying in bed for most of the time). Today, most doctors and scientists think that bed rest does not help.


title: Miscarriage

text: If a woman has an incomplete miscarriage or a missed miscarriage, there are three different choices for treatment:


title: Miscarriage

text: With no treatment (watchful waiting), most of these cases (65–80%) will pass naturally within two to six weeks. This path avoids the side effects and complications possible from medications and surgery, but increases the risk of mild bleeding, need for unplanned surgical treatment, and incomplete miscarriage.


title: Miscarriage

text: The choice of which treatment to use depends on many things, including what the mother wants. However, there are guidelines that doctors use to suggest what treatment to use.


title: Miscarriage

text: The most important things that help doctors decide what to do are the age and size of the embryo, and the size of the gestational sac (the fluid around the embryo.


title: Miscarriage

text: A risk factor for miscarriage is something that makes a woman more likely to miscarry. There are many risk factors for miscarriage. For example:


title: Throne

text: A throne is the official chair or seat upon which a monarch (royal ruler) is seated on state or ceremonial occasions. The word "throne" can also refer to the monarchy itself.


title: John Denver

text: Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. (December 31, 1943 – October 12, 1997) was an American musician and songwriter. He was of German and Irish ancestry. He was very popular in the 1970s. He died when the plane he was flying crashed in California.


title: John Denver

text: Denver began his music career with folk music groups during the late 1960s. By 1974, he was one of America's best-selling performers, and AllMusic has described Denver as "among the most beloved entertainers of his era" On 12 October 1997, John Denver died in a plane crash aged 53.


title: John Denver

text: On October 12th, 1997 Denver was piloting his own "experimental ultralight plane" off of Monterey Bay, California. He made an error in calculating his remaining fuel levels and fatally crashed directly into the ocean near Lover's Point, Pacific Grove, after the plane ran completely out of gas. After a thorough investigation completed by the National Aviation Services and supporting law enforcement, it was deemed that he was too confined within the limited space of his plane to successfully engage his reserve tank. Denver was 53 years old; his remains were cremated, and his ashes were scattered in the Rocky Mountains.


title: John Denver

text: 5. https://gulfnews.com/today-history/october-12-1997-singer-john-denver-dies-in-plane-crash-1.2104320


title: Intolerable Acts

text: The British Parliament passed these laws to punish the Massachusetts colony for the Boston Tea Party.


title: Intolerable Acts

text: Other colonies offered Massachusetts their support. They sent supplies to Boston. The Committees of Correspondence also called for a meeting of all colonies. This meeting would decide what to do about their problems with Britain, which led to the Continental Congress.


title: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: Santa Fe (; Tewa: Ogha Po'oge, ) is the capital of the U.S. state of New Mexico. It is the fourth-largest city in the state. It is the seat of Santa Fe County. Santa Fe (literally 'holy faith' in Spanish) had a population of 67,947 in the 2010 census. It is the principal city of the Santa Fe, New Mexico Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Santa Fe County and is part of the larger Santa Fe-Española Combined Statistical Area. The city's full name when founded was "La Villa Real de la Santa Fé de San Francisco de Asís" ("The Royal Town of the Holy Faith of St. Francis of Assisi").


title: Bari

text: Bari (; Bari dialect: Bare; ; ) is a city in southern Italy. Bari is the capital of Bari Provence and of the Apulia Region. The city itself has a population of about 320,475, as of 2011, over 116 km, while the fast-growing urban area counts 653,028 inhabitants over 203 km. The metropolitan area has a million inhabitants. It is the second biggest city in southern Italy (after Naples).


title: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 37.4 square miles (96.9 km), of which, 37.3 square miles (96.7 km) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.2 km) of it (0.21%) is water.


title: Bari

text: Bari is divided into 5 municipalities ("Municipi"), constituted in 2014. The municipality is also divided into 17 official neighbourhoods ("quartieri").


title: Santa Fe, New Mexico

text: Santa Fe is at 7,199 feet (2134 m) above sea level, making it the highest state capital in the United States.


title: Bari

text: Bari has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ("Csa" in the Koeppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Snowfall is rare.


title: Tang dynasty

text: The Tang dynasty () (18 June 618 – 4 June 907) was an imperial dynasty of China. It came after the Sui Dynasty and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Zhou dynasty (周) (16 October 690 – 3 March 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.


title: Tang dynasty

text: The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time. It is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization—maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty—as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.


title: Tang dynasty

text: Empress Wu, the first woman to ever rule in China, was also included in the Tang Dynasty. Her methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very intelligent and talented.


title: Idi Amin

text: Idi Amin Dada ( 1925 – 16 August 2003) was a repressive dictator who ruled the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. He lost power after trying to take over some Tanzanian land. The President of Tanzania at the time, Julius Nyerere, invaded Uganda. After Tanzanian forces took control of Kampala, Uganda’s capital city, Amin fled.


title: Idi Amin

text: Amin was famous for forcing all Asians to leave Uganda. He thought that Asian people living in Uganda (who were mostly Indians and Pakistanis) were taking jobs away from Ugandan workers. After Amin lost power, many of the Asians who had left Uganda came back.


title: Idi Amin

text: He was a convert to Islam. He supported the cause of Palestinian freedom. This caused the hijacking of an Air France flight that landed in Entebbe, Uganda.


title: Idi Amin

text: Amin became known as a very brutal leader, and in the 1970s he was compared to historical persons such as Caligula, Hitler, Beria and Himmler. In several of the neighboring countries he was viewed as a "sadist, murderer, fascist and oppressor."


title: Idi Amin

text: In 1979, Amin was thrown out of Uganda and barred from ever returning. He fled to Libya, then to Saudi Arabia.


title: Idi Amin

text: Amin was put on life support on July 18, 2003. When his organs began to fail, his family decided to take him off of life support. He died in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from multiple organ failure, one day before his 78th birthday. He was buried without any memorial in a simple grave without a headstone.


title: Idi Amin

text: "The Last King of Scotland" (2006) is a movie about Amin's government. Forest Whitaker, who played Amin, won an Academy Award for best actor.


title: Homeopathy

text: Homeopathy is an alternative medicine. It was created in the 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann. The theory behind homeopathy is that an ill person can be healed with very small amounts of something that produces the symptoms of the illness in a healthy person. Scientists say that homeopathy does not work and only makes people think they feel better (this is called the placebo effect.)


title: Homeopathy

text: Homeopaths make their medicines by taking the ingredients, adding water, and shaking the mixture. They then take a drop of the mixture, throw out the rest, and add more water. They do this usually 30 times but sometimes up to 200 times. They call it potentisation. Hahnemann said this would bring out the "spirit-like medicinal powers held within a drug". Science can show how many atoms or molecules—tiny things that cannot be divided up any more—of the original substance are left in the homeopathic drug. Most homeopathic drugs do not contain even a single molecule of the original substance. Homeopaths believe that the solution carries a "memory" of the original substance. Science says that goes against the laws of physics and chemistry.


title: Homeopathy

text: Homeopathy became popular because it was created at a time when medicine did not work very well and could make people sick. Back then, taking homeopathy might have kept people from getting hurt by bad doctors. However, medicine has improved since then, and now helps a lot more than it hurts people. Some homeopaths have told their patients not to take medicines like antibiotics and vaccines that could cure (or keep them from getting) dangerous diseases.


title: Parapsychology

text: Parapsychology is the study of psychic events. These phenomona involve the exchange of information between a person and their environment, without the use of the five senses. They include extrasensory perception (such as telepathy), influence of mind on matter (psychokinesis), anomalous experiences (such as past life experiences and near death experiences) and apparitions. Such things have been reported for a very long time.


title: Parapsychology

text: In 2005, Nobel Laureate Brian Josephson said that many scientists are not yet swayed by the evidence for parapsychology and the paranormal. Josephson contends that some scientists feel uncomfortable about ideas such as telepathy and that their emotions sometimes get in the way when making evaluations.


title: Parapsychology

text: Created by psychologist Michael Shermer. It states that the brain makes sense of the world by seeing patterns. Because of this the mind is constantly looking for new patterns to better understand the world. However, sometimes the mind finds patterns where none exist. This is called Paternicity or pareidolia. It is the tendency to find patterns, even when they aren’t really there. When this happens people often view the world through these false patterns.


title: Parapsychology

text: Heuristics are ways of thinking that conserve mental effort that allow quick decisions about a large amount of information. One problem with heuristics is that they are often wrong.


title: Parapsychology

text: Anchoring and Adjustment is a type of heuristic in which a person makes an educated guess about a question. Then, when that person learns new information they adjust their answer around their original guess. Psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman first discovered this type of heuristic. In one of their first studies on Anchoring and Adjustment they gave divided participants into two groups, gave them one of two problems and asked them to guess the answer.


title: Parapsychology

text: 1 is the anchor in the first problem and 2 is the anchor in the second problem. The average guess of the group given the first problem (with 1 as the anchor) is much lower than the group given the second problem (with 2 as the anchor). The average guess of the first group was 512 and the average guess of the second group was 2,250. Even though these answers were very different both were very far from the true answer, which was 40,320.


title: Parapsychology

text: The Availability Heuristic is used when a person answers a question based on how easily instances of an event come to mind. An example would be living in a neighborhood with a high crime rate and overestimating the amount of robberies that take place in the United States every year.


title: Trope

text: Trope is a term for a figure of speech. The term has evolved to identify an overused theme or device. A trope may mean a convention, a plot trick, a setup, a narrative structure and a character type all at the same time.


title: English free settlers

text: English free settlers were people that chose to go to New Holland (now Australia). They were not forced to go there, as the convicts were. The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 18th century and the early 19th century. When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent. That was the only colony created by the free settlers.


title: English free settlers

text: The English free settlers went to Australia to be free. They wanted to make money as well. They also wanted to explore Australian families who wanted a better life with their children. Some people called the English Free settlers "pilgrims".


title: English free settlers

text: In the early years of the colony, very few settlers came to Australia. Free settlers had to fund their own transport and were usually quite wealthy. The few who made the journey to Australia did so mostly to make their fortune. They were often given large land grants and convicts to work for them.


title: Rosemary

text: Rosemary ("") is a woody, perennial herb with fragrant evergreen needle-like leaves. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is a member of the mint family Lamiaceae, which also includes many other herbs.


title: Vector graphics

text: Vector graphics (also called graphical modeling, or object-oriented graphics) is a type of computer graphics. Vector graphics uses geometrical objects, like points, lines, curves, and polygons to model the image. Mathematics can be used to describe the graphics. Most often vectors and matrices are used. The first major use of vector graphics was in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air defense system.


title: Vector graphics

text: The other way to model computer graphics is to use raster graphics. Raster graphics model images as a collection of pixels. Unlike raster images, vector-based images can be scaled indefinitely without loss of quality. Vector graphics are most often used for diagrams, and other things that can be described using simple shapes. Photographs are most often raster images.


title: Selena albums discography

text: This is an albums discography page for American singer Selena. The discography has her six studio albums. It also has her seventeen compilation albums that were released and three remix albums.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena signed with EMI Latin in 1989. She released her self-titled album that same year. In November 1990, Selena released "Ven Conmigo". The album became the first Tejano album by a female singer to reach gold status. The album peaked at number three on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena released her third studio album, "Entre A Mi Mundo" on September 5, 1992. The album sold 500,000 copies in the United States and 600,000 copies in Mexico. It was certified gold in the United States. The album peaked at number-one on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart, number four on the Top Latin Albums chart and number 97 on the "Billboard" 200. "Entre A Mi Mundo" was certified six times platinum in Mexico.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena's first live album/fourth studio album was called "Selena Live!". The album had three new songs, while the others were songs sung live at a concert in Corpus Christi, Texas. The album sold 500,000 copies and was certified gold. The album also won a Grammy Award for "Best Mexican American Album". The album peaked at number-one on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart, number two on the Top Latin Albums chart and number 79 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Selena albums discography

text: "17 Super Exitos" was released as the third compilation album in the United States. The album sold 1,200,000 copies and was certified six times platinum.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena released "Amor Prohibido" on March 22, 1994. The album became "Latin's Best-Selling Album of All Time". It sold 2,000,000 copies in its first year and was certified 20 times platinum. By 2002, the album sold 8,000,000 copies. In February 2011, the RIAA updated the certification to diamond status with 10,000,000 copies sold. The album peaked at number-one on both the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and the Top Latin Albums chart. It peaked at number 29 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Selena albums discography

text: While touring on her Amor Prohibido Tour (1994-95), Selena began recording songs for her crossover album. She was signed to SBK Records, a pop sub-division of EMI Records. Selena recorded six of the planned 14 songs by January 20, 1995. On the morning of March 31, Selena was supposed to record "Oh No (I'll Never Fall in Love)" at Q-Productions. However, she was killed that morning. SBK Records then removed themselves from Selena's record deal. EMI Latin then took back Selena and began organizing the crossover album. Selena's brother and main songwriter, A.B. Quintanilla III had remixed some of Selena's most popular songs. They would become the album, "Dreaming of You".


title: Selena albums discography

text: "Dreaming of You" was released on July 18, 1995. It sold 175,000 copies the first day, a record for a pop singer. It sold 331,000 copies the first week. It debuted at number-one on the "Billboard" 200. Selena became the first Hispanic singer to have her album debut at number-one. She also became the second-fastest-selling female singer, only behind Janet Jackson. The album became the second-highest-debut for any artist, only behind Michael Jackson. The album was known as a "Historic Day in Latin History". The album also helped Selena to become a "household name". The album sold 4,000,000 copies in its first year. By 2002, the album had sold 10,000,000 copies. In February 2011, the RIAA updated the sales to 30,000,000 copies and was certified three times diamond. The album also peaked at number-one on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and Top Latin Albums chart for two years straight. The album also peaked at number-one on the New Zealand Albums Chart, Spanish Albums Chart, Portuguese Albums Chart, Mexican Albums Chart, number four on the Italian Albums Chart and number six on the Argentinian Albums Chart. "Dreaming of You" was certified gold in Canada, platinum in Spain and diamond in Italy, Mexico and Argentina.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena's father spoke out about wanting to keep Selena's legacy alive. He then released Selena's first album after her death; "Siempre Selena" in 1996. The album sold 200,000 copies and was certified two times platinum. The album became the official album for the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. In March 1997, the was released. It sold 1,000,000 copies in one year.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In April 1998, "Anthology" was released. It was a box-set that had three compact discs with ten songs in each disc. The album peaked at number-one on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and number-one on the Top Latin Albums chart. The album peaked at number 131 on the "Billboard" 200. The album made up half of EMI Latin's 1999 sales. It was certified six times platinum for selling 1,200,000 copies in its first year.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In March 1999, "All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos" was certified six times platinum for selling 1,200,000 copies in its first year. The album peaked at number-one on both the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and Top Latin Albums chart. It also peaked on the "Billboard" 200 chart at number 54.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In March 2000, "All My Hits/Todos Mis Exitos Vol. 2" was released. It sold 400,000 copies and was certified two times platinum. The album peaked at number-one on both the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and Top Latin Albums Chart. It also peaked on the "Billboard" 200 at number 149.


title: Selena albums discography

text: The next year, "Selena Live! The Last Concert" was released. It became Selena's second live album. The album went platinum for selling 200,000 copies. The album peaked at number-one on the Latin Pop Albums chart, number two on the Top Latin Albums chart and number 176 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In 2002, Selena's father released the "20 Years of Music collection". The collection released 9-discs with comments from Selena's family, bonus tracks and music videos. The comments were spoken word about how it was like when Selena was recording the songs. "Ones" was released as the first part of the collection. The album peaked at number four on both the Top Latin Albums chart and Latin Pop Albums. The album peaked at number 159 on the "Billboard" 200. The sold 1,000,000 copies in its first year. In February 2011, the RIAA updated the sales to 10,000,000 copies and certified the album diamond.


title: Selena albums discography

text: "Greatest Hits" was released in 2003. It had most of Selena's English-language songs. The album peaked at number 115 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In March 2004, "Momentos Intimos" was released. The album had an unreleased song. The album peaked at number seven on the Regional Mexican Albums chart. It also peaked at number 11 on the Top Latin Albums chart.


title: Selena albums discography

text: During the tenth anniversary of Selena's death, "Unforgettable" was released. It was a collection that had a one disc edition and a two-disc edition. Both editions peaked in "Billboard"s charts in 2005. The "Selena ¡VIVE!" soundtrack was released. It peaked at number-one on the Mexican Albums Chart and Spanish Albums Chart in 2005. A year later, "Dos Historias" was released. It peaked at number three on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart and number 21 on the Top Latin Albums chart.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In 2007, the album "Through the Years/A Traves de los Años" was released. It contained an unreleased song. The song was recorded when Selena was seven years old. The album was certified gold and peaked at number 28 on the Top Latin Albums chart. In the same year, "Forever Selena" was released. The box-set was similar to "Anthology" (1998). Also released in the same year, "Serie Verde" was released as a low-budget album.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In March 2009, the box set "Inolvidable" was released. It had songs from "Alpha" (1986) and "Muñequito de Trapo" (1987). The box-set had an unreleased song.


title: Selena albums discography

text: In March 2010, the box-set "La Leyenda" was released. It peaked at number four on the Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart, number seven on the Top Latin Albums chart, number 29 on the Mexican Albums Chart and 81 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album had a booklet with comments from fans around the world. It also had messages from Selena's family and record label. In June 2011, "10 Great Songs" was released. It was released as a low-budget album.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena's brother and father are working on an upcoming project to be released in 2012. It will be a remix album.


title: Selena albums discography

text: Selena has sold over 21 million copies in the United States. She was called "The Queen of Tejano music" and the widely known Mexican-American singer and most popular Latin artist in the United States. Selena was named the "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" and "Best Latin artist of the '90s" by "Billboard" magazine.


title: Stuart Little 2 (video game)

text: Stuart Little 2 is a 2002 platform video game, based on the film of the same name. It is for PlayStation, Game Boy Advance, and PC.


title: Stuart Little 2 (video game)

text: A mouse named Stuart Little is in his brother George's bedroom. Stuart is sleeping on the top bunk when the alarm wakes up Stuart. He yawns, and rides a rope line down to the floor, and bounces on top of the deck to find a note from Margalo. It reads: "Dear Stuart, I'm in deep, deep trouble. The evil Falcons have been forcing me to steal jewelry for him from the people of New York. I want to stop, but I need your help to escape theses crime lords talons. Will you help me find all the hidden jewelry so we can return it to its rightful owners? If you can help, please come meet me in the backyard so we can begin the search. Your friend forever, Margalo."


title: Stuart Little 2 (video game)

text: The gameplay is based on the movie Stuart Little 2, giving players an open 3-D environment where players control Stuart and use moves like jumping, tail whip, ammo throw, and speaking with Margalo.


title: Direct current

text: Direct current (DC or ""continuous current"") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).


title: Direct current

text: The direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called "Galvanic current".


title: Direct current

text: Batteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.


title: Direct current

text: Typically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.


title: Direct current

text: The first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.


title: Direct current

text: For applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.


title: Direct current

text: Long after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called "holes" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed.


title: Off-by-one error

text: An Off-by-one error is a logic error that often occurs in Computer programming and that often involves the checking of boundary conditions.


title: Off-by-one error

text: A fencepost error (occasionally called a telegraph pole or lamp-post error) is a specific type of off-by-one error. The following problem illustrates the error:


title: Off-by-one error

text: The reverse error occurs when the number of posts is known and the number of sections is assumed to be the same. The actual number of sections is one less than the number of posts.


title: Off-by-one error

text: The correct answer may be "n" − 1, "n", or "n" + 1, depending on the conditions. The precise problem definition must be carefully considered, as the setup for one situation may give the wrong answer for other situations. Fencepost errors come from counting things rather than the spaces between them, or vice versa, or by neglecting to consider whether one should count one or both ends of a row.


title: Off-by-one error

text: Off by one errors often occur with loops. If there are a number of fields, eg. in an array, and there is a loop over the array, an off-by-one error means that either there is one iteration too few to cover all elements, or one too many. In the first case, one element of the array is left out, in the second the index of the array will be outside its dimensions. The second error usually leads to an runtime error, because the program checks the size of the data structure, and sees that there are too few elements for the iteration. The first error is more problematic, because it usually is not detected. All that may point to the error is that one element is not initialized or does not have the expected value.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: Mechanical advantage (also written as MA in formulas) is the factor by which a machine multiplies force. The mechanical advantage of a machine can be used to find out how well a machine works and whether it can perform a particular job.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: The mechanical advantage of a machine is the ratio of the load (the resistance overcome by a machine) to the effort (the force applied).


title: Mechanical advantage

text: There is no unit for mechanical advantages since the unit for both input and output forces cancel out.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: "Ideal mechanical advantage" (also written as IMA) assumes that no power is lost by friction or other causes. This means the power of the input (load) should equal the power of the output (effort). So, force times speed of the input should equal force times speed of the output.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: You can calculate ideal mechanical advantage without measuring the forces. It is the distance over which effort is applied, divided by the distance over which the load is moved.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: In reality, there is friction, so some of the power is lost. The "actual mechanical advantage" (also written as AMA) is always less than ideal. To calculate actual mechanical advantage, you must measure the forces. Then divide the output force by the input force.


title: Mechanical advantage

text: The "mechanical efficiency" is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage to the ideal mechanical advantage. It is also written as η, the Greek letter eta.


title: Transport Layer Security

text: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Protocol and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security and data integrity for communications over TCP/IP networks such as the Internet. Several versions of the protocols are common in applications such as web browsing, electronic mail, Internet faxing, instant messaging and voice-over-IP (VoIP).


title: Transport Layer Security

text: The TLS protocol allows applications to communicate across a network in a way designed to prevent eavesdropping, tampering, and message forgery. TLS provides endpoint authentication and communications confidentiality over the Internet using cryptography. Most of the time, only the server is authenticated ("i.e.", its identity is ensured) while the client remains unauthenticated; this means that the end user (whether an individual or an application, such as a Web browser) can be sure with whom it is communicating. The next level of security is known as mutual authentication. Mutual authentication requires public key infrastructure (PKI) deployment to clients unless TLS-PSK or the Secure Remote Password (SRP) protocol are used, which provide strong mutual authentication without needing to deploy a PKI.


title: Transport Layer Security

text: SSL and TLS have been widely used in several open source software projects. Programmers may use the OpenSSL, NSS, or GnuTLS libraries for SSL/TLS functionality. Microsoft Windows includes a usage of SSL and TLS as part of its Secure Channel package. Delphi programmers may use a library called Indy.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Scriptio continua (Latin for "continuous script") is a style of writing that does not use spaces, different letter cases, or punctuation to tell apart words, phrases, or sentences. It was a common way of writing for texts in Ancient Greek and Classical Latin. Even though Greek and Latin speakers already created punctuation to tell words apart, "scriptio continua" was often used to save space. This was because writing materials were expensive and the boundaries between words, clauses, and sentences are not so clear in spoken language.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Use of "scriptio continua" became less common after the fall of the Roman Empire, and spaces began to appear between words. The first known documents that used spacing were Irish and Anglo-Saxon Bibles and Gospels. However, "scriptio continua" is still used for the writing systems for several modern languages, including Southeast Asian abugidas like Thai, Lao, Khmer, Burmese, Javanese, Balinese, and Tibetan. Languages that use the Chinese character system like Chinese and Japanese sometimes use "scriptio continua", even though modern Chinese and Japanese stopped using it when they adopted punctuation during the 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Scriptio continua

text: The first sentence below is the first sentence of Ovid's Metamorphoses written in Latin using "scriptio continua" writing, the second is the same sentence written in Latin using spaces, punctuation and cases, and the third is an English translation. In all the Latin sentences, all the letter U's have been replaced with letter V's.


title: Scriptio continua

text: The first sentence is the biblical verse John 3:16 in the King James Version written in English using "scriptio continua" writing, and the second is the same sentence written in English using spaces, punctuation and cases.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Due to the internet, modern English developed a form of "scriptio continua" through email and URL web addresses. Since spaces are invalid characters, the URL for the website "Example Fake Website" would be examplefakewebsite.com.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Chinese had no sort of punctuation until the 20th century, and only added punctuation because of their interactions with Western countries. Chinese is still fairly readable even without punctuation and spacing because each Chinese character represents an entire word or morpheme (the smallest meaningful units of language) instead of single sounds like an alphabet.


title: Scriptio continua

text: The first sentence below is a sentence written in modern Chinese, the second is the same sentence using "scriptio continua" writing, the third is the sentence written with spaces in between the words, the fifth is the sentence written in Hanyu Pinyin, and the fifth is the sentence translated into English.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Like Chinese, Japanese also does not use spacing in its writing. Even though Japanese also uses many Chinese characters (called kanji in Japanese) in its writing, the two languages are actually very different from each other. When Japanese was first written, it was written entirely in kanji and man'yogana (kanji used only for writing the sounds of Japanese). Chinese characters could be used to either tell a words' pronunciation or its meaning, so it made Japanese very hard to read. Even native Japanese speakers had a hard time reading ancient Japanese writings.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Later during the 10th century, the Japanese created different sound-based systems to write more quickly and to tell apart phonetic-loan characters and semantic-based characters more easily. These writing systems are called kana.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Today Japanese uses three different writing systems, kanji for showing the meanings of words, and hiragana and katakana for showing the sounds of words. While Japanese does not use spacing, native Japanese speakers can still tell apart words quickly because the three different types of writing look quite different from each other, and each writing system is usually used for a certain kind of word. Kanji is usually used to write native Japanese words, Chinese loanwords, and the roots of content words (nouns, adjective, adjectives, adverbs). Hiragana is usually used for common phrases, particles, and the inflections of content words. Katakana is usually used for loanwords from languages other than Chinese, onomatopoeia, and for extra emphasis.


title: Scriptio continua

text: Also like Chinese, it used no punctuation until after it had major interactions with Western countries, and it did not have any punctuation until the Meiji Period, when Japan quickly modernized.


title: Scriptio continua

text: The first sentence below is sentence written in Japanese using hiragana, katakana and kanji without spaces between words. The second is written in hiragana, katakana and kanji with spaces in between words (including particles). The third is written only in hiragana and katakana. The fourth is written entirely in romaji (Japanese written in the Latin alphabet). The fifth is the sentence translated translated in English. The sixth is written using "scriptio continua" entirely in kanji and man'yōgana.


title: Jeanine Pirro

text: Jeanine Ferris Pirro (born June 2, 1951) is an American television host and author, and a former New York State judge, prosecutor, and politician.


title: Jeanine Pirro

text: Pirro is the host of Fox News Channel's "Justice with Judge Jeanine". She was a contributor to NBC News. She is a member of the Republican Party. She was the first female judge elected in Westchester County, New York.


title: Jeanine Pirro

text: Pirro briefly sought the Republican nomination for United States Senate to run against Hillary Clinton in 2006, but dropped out to accept the nomination for New York Attorney General, which she did not win.


title: Group 4 element

text: Group 4 is a group of elements in the periodic table. It contains the elements titanium, zirconium, hafnium and rutherfordium. This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table.


title: Palladium

text: Palladium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Pd. It has the atomic number 46. It is a noble metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group.


title: Palladium

text: Palladium has similar chemistry to platinum. It is extracted from (made by taking from) some copper and nickel ores. Its main use is as a catalyst and also in jewellery.


title: Bundesliga

text: The Bundesliga (; ), sometimes referred to as the Fußball-Bundesliga () or 1. Bundesliga (), is a football league which is top division in Germany. The league has 18 teams, and the teams can be relegated to 2. Fußball-Bundesliga. Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with some games being played during the week.


title: Bundesliga

text: Since 1963, FC Bayern Munich has almost completely dominated the league, winning 30 times. However, the league has seen other champions, such as Borussia Dortmund, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Hamburger SV, Werder Bremen, VfB Stuttgart, VfL Wolfsburg and so on. The Bundesliga is one of the top leagues, currently ranked 4th place in UEFA's UEFA coefficient. The league has a very high average attendance, the top association football league in the world.