title: Dialectical materialism

text: The formulation of the Soviet version of dialectical and historical materialism in the 1930s by Joseph Stalin and his associates (such as in Stalin's book "Dialectical and Historical Materialism") became the official Soviet interpretation of Marxism.


title: Picanha

text: In the United States, the cut is known as top sirloin cap, rump cover, rump cap, or culotte. North American butchers tend to split this cut into other cuts like the rump, the round, and the loin. It has the fat cap muscle.


title: Picanha

text: In Brazil, the most well known meat usually is the picanha. There, the fat is kept until the steak has been cooked.


title: Picanha

text: Like most steak cuts, picanha can be cooked with different methods. It could be cooked on a skewer like in some Brazilian steakhouses or churrascarias.


title: Hectare

text: A hectare is a unit of measurement of area. It is equal to 10,000 square metres, or a square with sides of 100 by 100 metres. 100 hectares is 1 square kilometre. Therefore, a farm with 200 hectares of fields has 2 square kilometres of fields.


title: Hectare

text: The word "hectare" means 100 ares. "Hecto" is the metric prefix of 100. The "are" is a metric unit of area, equal to 100 square metres.


title: Cluj-Napoca

text: Cluj-Napoca (pronunciation in Romanian: ; ; ; ; ), until 1974 "Cluj", is the third biggest city in Romania, and is the capital city of Cluj County, in the north-western part of Transylvania. Bucharest is about 330 kilometers away from Cluj-Napoca. About 330,000 people live in the city. It also has some famous universities and a rich history as the capital city of Transylvania.


title: Cluj-Napoca

text: In the west of Cluj-Napoca is the Hoia-Baciu Forest. There is a bicycle park and other sport activities like paintball, airsoft or archery.


title: Tuareg people

text: The Tuareg (, sometimes spelled "Touareg" in French, or "Twareg" in English) are a Berber ethnic group. The Tuareg today lives mostly in West Africa, but they were once nomads that moved throughout the Sahara. They used their own writing known as the tifinaɤ.


title: Tuareg people

text: Today most Tuaregs are Muslims. Their most important leader was a woman. Tuareg men use veils, but not women. Their families are matrilinear.


title: Goalkeeper

text: A goalkeeper is someone who protects a team's goal. There are goalkeepers in sports like football (soccer) and ice hockey, for example. The goalkeeper's mission is to prevent the opposing team from scoring a goal. Goalkeepers normally wear more protective gear than other players on the team but this is not always true.


title: Goalkeeper

text: A goalkeeper's kit (or "uniform") consists of shin guards and gloves to protect his hands from the impact of the ball when he catches it.


title: Goalkeeper

text: Until the early 20th century, the goalkeeper would often wear the same coloured strip as his teammates, with the only different item of clothing being his cap. However, in 1909, the Scottish Football Association took steps to ensure the goalkeeper would wear a different colour from the outfield players. This was to show his different role, as the only player allowed to handle the ball.


title: Goalkeeper

text: The goalkeeper in ice hockey (a "Goalie") uses thicker padding than the other players on the team. This is to prevent damage caused by being hit by the puck. The hockey stick of the goalie is much wider than the stick of other players. The bottom edge is also longer and flatter. The goalie has a very large leather glove on one hand. This glove has a large area to help catch the puck. Goalies normally wear masks that give protection to the entire face and head as well as the neck.


title: Goalkeeper

text: In field hockey, the goalkeeper stands in the goal net, and stops the other team scoring. Goalkeepers need a lot of kit to protect them from the hockey balls that are hit at them. here is a list:


title: Goalkeeper

text: Goalkeepers are the only position in hockey allowed to kick the ball. If another player kicked the ball it would be a foul.


title: Talking past each other

text: The idiom explains what happens when there is a mismatch. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.


title: Talking past each other

text: The idiom applies to disputes in which neither side addressed any of the issues raised by the other. In talking past each other, two different concepts which need not have been disputed are somehow confused or conflated.


title: Talking past each other

text: In fictional dialogue, when characters talk past each other, the result is an exchange with flaws or defects.


title: Meow

text: A meow or miaow is a noise made by cats. There are different types of meows, such as ones that mean the same thing as "hello," ones that ask for food, or ones that let people know when they are annoyed, among other things.


title: Meow

text: The meow is used by kittens to their mother. It is a plea for attention, and experts think pet cats use it because they often need owners to do things for them. Adult cats do not meow to other cats.


title: Meow

text: Different languages have different ways of spelling "meow." For example, English has been using the "meow" spelling since 1842 and before that, it used the "miaow", "miau", or "meaw" spellings. Spanish and German still use the "miau" spelling while French uses the "miaou" spelling.


title: Voov

text: Voov is a South African live-streaming, video and web site company founded on 12 April 2017. Voov has a television production which airs in Southern, Northern, Eastern and Western Africa. It is a new brand which has on 13.3 million views and 12 million users. Voov is also one of the richest computer and social media company with many views in the same year it was created. , but the key people of Voov International wouldn't agree with him.


title: Voov

text: Voov had its own television channel on DStv's 196. It is a live-broadcasting air production and was founded a month ago, its top air production and many foundation have supported Voov, and Voov TV and it is the first South African social media company and its used in international countries. Voov has also a radio television on Metro FM which hits on "The Fresh Voov Breakfast" hosted by Khanyi Mbau and Pearl Thusi. Voov has gain 30 000 minimum live streams this past few weeks. It has multimedia free devices such as social media's, company Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.


title: Voov

text: Voov Public Company had created its own television channel on DStv's 196. It doesn't only have a television broadcast but also a live radio show on Metro FM, the companies development has grown and expanded as most known social media video in the African industry. The company has set to be international, sponsored by Vodafone. The company has lot of retails in Asia, and most streams in Thailand and China. It also has a radio in Phillipa on Radio 10Thousand at "Voov Asia". In December 2 it was broadcast live in South America.


title: Voov

text: The main feature of Voov Central is an app which was developed by Facebook. It is a free app to use daily only for users of a Vodafone. It has more than 1.3 million users. This has made Voov the top social media app for South Africa, followed by We+. There has been a complain made by Cell C, that Voov Central cannot only be free by Vodafone or Vodacom but to all cellphones are different simcards in South Africa.


title: Voov

text: In November 2017 Voov had wanted to celebrate its First Year anniversary, in Pretoria. The celebration party was hosted by Somizi Mhlongo and was set to be the first host of the Celebration Party this year. The next day Voov announced to have a free supporting app to the Vodacom users, well it wasn't good. On December 1, Juan Van Raat of Cell C told "Times LIVE" that it would be unfair if only the Vodafone users were the only ones to have the free app they must buy data, founder has not yet responded to the matter on Cell C. Indeed the Vodafone free will always be free because Vodacom is an ambassador to Voov.


title: Voov

text: Voov is Africa's biggest network and website company in 2017, it is Anderson Mann (Chairman), first biggest and used by 13 million views. It has more users than it's common ambassador Vodafone and Cartoon Network. Over a million views worldwide are using Voov. It has partnership with Mzansi Magic, BBC and stores nationwide. Over 16 businesses are part of the company led by Lungisa Mandela (CEO). On December 5, Voov South Africa earned a mark of 1million South African users with the total of a billion rand.


title: Voov

text: The app was secondly released in Hong Kong. It had mostly in South Africa as two million users, and thirteen million video's streamed. Jang Wo a Asian comedian had received the most of Hundred Thousand streams, Voov create Anderson Mann had congratulated him on Twitter. Asia now has as minimum as Africa in the highest points and users.


title: Voov

text: The app, was announced to be launched in Wembly, in London. It was announced early last month in 29 November and attracted many views who wanted such an app. The first person in Europe to have an account was South African-born singer Troye Sivan and British singer Linda Ora. Voov Europe also a live broadcast before BBC Channel and a radio in Radio 66.7, "Live with Kerry Lian".


title: Voov

text: Voov firstly announced in October 2016 that the app will be launched in Johannesburg. It was than launched in South Africa. After being launched in South Africa it was than launched worldwide, In July 2017 co-director in Nigerian relations told founder that it should also be launched in Lagos, it was told in Lagos FM in partnership with Google Africa and other supported apps.


title: Voov

text: In August, Voov was announced in Mexico, than to Canada. Voov was then announced by Art Director of Voov, Mr. Johnny Knowels and executive management of Voov in the United States Mary Green, on Good Morning America. After being announced it attracted more that three million views and five hundred thousand users.


title: Voov

text: The art was directed in a blank paper in December 2015. It was a developed first in Asia, and earned $12 million supported by Zeeru Bank in China. The money helped it also to make it in Africa and is notable. After being directed by Anderson Mann, deputy CEO and management security Luis Mann took the business and directed it into new art, and helped by the Voov Foundation in Cape Town, South Africa. It partner new developed and also had a Voov Nigeria in Lagos.


title: George Fernandes

text: George Fernandes (3 June 1930 – 29 January 2019) was the former Indian trade unionist, politician, journalist, agriculturist, and member of "Rajya Sabha" from Bihar. He was a key member of the Janata Dal (United), and is the founder of the Samata Party.


title: George Fernandes

text: Fernandes suffered from Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and in January 2010 was underwent treatment at Baba Ramdev's ashram at Haridwar He died of complications from the diseases on 29 January 2019 in New Delhi, aged 88.


title: Portrait

text: A portrait is a painting or a photograph of a person's face and its expression. The purpose of a portrait is to show the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person. For this reason, in photography, a portrait is actually not a snapshot, but a calm image of a person in a still position. A portrait normally shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer.


title: George Washington Carver

text: George Washington Carver (c. January 1860 – January 5, 1943) was an American educator, botanist (someone who works with plants), and inventor. He is best known for his work with peanuts, sweet potatoes, and other crops.


title: George Washington Carver

text: Carver's reputation is based on his research into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, such as peanuts, soybeans and sweet potatoes, which also aided nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their quality of life.


title: George Washington Carver

text: The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts. He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm, including cosmetics, dyes, paints, plastics, gasoline, and nitroglycerin. He received numerous honors for his work, including the Spingarn Medal of the NAACP.


title: George Washington Carver

text: He was born into slavery in January 1864 in Diamond, Missouri. The exact date of his birth is unknown. He studied in Simpson College when he was 22. Much of Carver's fame is based on his research. He died on January 5, 1943 after a fall he had in his home in Tuskegee, Alabama on January 5, 1943.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: Roald Amundsen was a Norwegian explorer who focused on the poles. He led the first expedition to reach the South Pole and the first that could prove it made it to the North Pole. Amundsen was also the first man known to travel the Northwest Passage.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: When Amundsen was young, he decided he would use his life to explore the wilderness. He was inspired by the lives of Fridtjof Nansen and John Franklin. While his mother was alive he did not go to sea, to keep a promise to her. After her death, he quit university to begin exploring the world at 21 years old.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: In 1897, he went on the Belgian Antarctic Expedition as first mate. This was the first expedition to stay over winter at Antartica, since their ship got stuck in the ice preventing them from leaving.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: In October 1911, he began his expedition to Antarctica with four other men in attempt to be the first man to reach the South Pole. Robert Falcon Scott, an explorer from Britain, arrived in Antarctica with his own team only days after Amundsen. Both explorers raced to the South Pole, but Amundsen and his men used skis and dog sleds for transportation. This was more efficient. On 14 December 1911, Amundsen successfully became the first man to reach the South Pole.


title: Roald Amundsen

text: In 1926, Amundsen and his men made it to the North Pole. Three other expeditions claimed to make it before then, but their claims have not been verified. Two of them have been considered fraud. This may make Amundsen and his men the first to reach the North Pole.


title: Isaac

text: Isaac is a figure in Abrahamic religions, one of the three Patriarchs. He is described in the Bible, in the Book of Genesis (chapters 18-27). He was the son of Abraham and Sarah. God tells them they will have a child but they think they are too old and they laugh. They name the boy Isaac after their laughter. Isaac marries Rebecca, and is the father of Esau and Jacob.


title: Recruitment

text: Recruitment is the process of finding new people to do a job. For a company or organization, it is important to choose the right people from the beginning. This is because human resources are often a very important part of a business.


title: Recruitment

text: Recruitment has many different steps. First, the company needs to advertise that it has a job available. People then send an application. This usually includes a curriculum vitae, which is a summary of what a person has done until now in their life. The best applicants are selected and they come for an interview. This might also include some further tests or exercises to do. The person chosen is then given an offer of a job. Finally, they can choose to take it or not.


title: Recruitment

text: There are many ways of doing recruitment. Some companies go to consultants, who know where and how to find the best people. Universities and schools often have a group of people that tells the students about getting a job. At other times, a company might really want a person that is very good at a job but works for another company. They can then ask directly to this person, maybe offering more money. Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn are also sometimes used by people looking for a job.


title: Indian Army

text: The Indian Army is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land. It is the largest part of the Indian Military.


title: Indian Army

text: In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel. It has more soldiers than any other nation except China and the U.S.


title: Radio drama

text: Radio drama (or audio drama, audio play, radio play, radio theatre, or audio theatre) is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance without visual elements. It is usually heard on radio or published as audiobook. Radio drama is often described as "cinema for the ears". It had its greatest popularity in the Golden Age of Radio, before television was introduced.


title: Aditya I

text: Aditya I or Aditya Chola, the son of Vijayalaya Chola, is the second ruler of the medieval Cholas. He extended the Chola empire by the conquest of the Pallavas and occupied the Western Ganga Kingdom.


title: Aditya I

text: In the year 903 CE, Aditya Chola killed the Pallava king Aparajita and annexed the Pallava territories with that of the Cholas. He conquered Kongu land from the Pandyas. He died in 907 CE in Tondaimannarur.


title: Simone Veil

text: Simone Veil, DBE (; 13 July 1927 – 30 June 2017) was a French lawyer and politician. She served as Minister of Health under Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President of the European Parliament and member of the Constitutional Council of France.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: The Lincoln Memorial is a memorial building. It was built to remember Abraham Lincoln. Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States. He led the nation during the American Civil War. The memorial is in the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and is a popular site for tourists.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: The Lincoln Memorial was built to look like the Temple of Zeus at Olympia, Greece. The main focus of the memorial is Daniel Chester French's sculpture of Lincoln, seated on a throne. It is surrounded by thirty six columns which are high. There is a large reflecting pool right outside the steps.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: A sculpture of Lincoln sitting on a chair is inside the Memorial. The statue shows the President looking towards the reflecting pool and the Washington Monument. The statue is 19 feet 9 inches (6 m) tall and wide, and was carved from 28 blocks of white marble.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: This is a complicated sentence and was written long ago. It means that Abraham Lincoln will forever be remembered here, just like he will be remembered by the people of the United States, who he saved.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: Lincoln's famous speech, the Gettysburg Address, is written into one of the walls at the Memorial. There are also several murals on the other walls. One of the murals shows an angel, and another one shows a slave being freed.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: Due to Lincoln being associated with freeing the slaves, the Memorial has been a center for civil rights protests in the United States. In 1939, Marian Anderson sang there because she could not sing at Constitution Hall. The Memorial has been used many times for famous events. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech was given on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. President Richard Nixon once met with protesters of the Vietnam War, who were at the Memorial. A concert was given for President Barack Obama at the Memorial before he took office.


title: Lincoln Memorial

text: The Lincoln Memorial has been on the back of the United States penny (the one cent coin) for many years, as well as the five dollar bill. Both have a picture of Lincoln on the front.


title: Sinéad O'Connor

text: Sinéad Marie Bernadette O'Connor (born 8 December 1966) is an Irish singer-songwriter. She is perhaps most famous for performing the 1990 Prince song "Nothing Compares to U" which was nominated for three Grammy Awards. In 1991 she refused her Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album.


title: Sinéad O'Connor

text: She is an Independent Catholic priest, rejecting the authority of Rome. She is openly bisexual, and has four children, each by a different father. All her four marriages ended in divorce. She was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in 2005.


title: Sinéad O'Connor

text: She has released nine studio albums. Her most recent album, "How About I Be Me (And You Be You)? "was released in 2012. She released the second single from it, "4th and Vine" in February 2013.


title: Sinéad O'Connor

text: In October 2018, O'Connor she had converted to Islam, calling it "the natural conclusion of any intelligent theologian's journey."


title: Nazareth

text: Nazareth () ( ' or '; ' or ') is the capital city of the north district of Israel. Most of the people in this city are Arabs (who are either Muslim or Christian). There are also some Jewish people. The city is very old and is also famous for being the city where it is believed Jesus grew up in the care of Mary and Joseph.


title: Illustration

text: The illustration is a picture which tries to get the person looking at it to pay more attention to the subject than to the art. Illustrations can be in the form of a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art.


title: Illustration

text: Illustrations often have one of two purposes. One is to give light to the subject. The other purpose is to decorate an informational text (such as a newspaper or article).


title: Radiometric dating

text: Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a way to find out how old something is. The method compares the amount of a naturally occurring radioactive isotope and its decay products, in samples. The method uses known decay rates. It is the most used method of geochronology, the main way to learn the age of rocks and other geological features, including the age of the Earth itself.


title: Imbolc

text: Imbolc is a festival belonging to Brigid, the Celtic goddess who, in later times, became famous as a Christian saint. At first, her festival on February 1 was known as "Imbolc" or "Oimelc", two Gaelic names which refer to the lactation of the ewes. Lactation is the flow of milk that happens when the baby lambs are born in the spring, and Gaelic languages are those spoken in countries like Ireland and Scotland.


title: Radiometric dating

text: It is used to date many kinds of natural and man-made materials. Fossils may be dated by taking samples of rocks from above and below the fossil's original position. Radiocarbon dating is much used to date archaeological materials, including ancient artifacts.


title: Imbolc

text: Imbolc was, and still is, a time to celebrate that winter would soon be over. Sometimes in Ireland, the first flowers are coming up at the time of this festival, even when there is still snow on the ground.


title: Radiometric dating

text: Radiometric dating methods are used to establish the geological time scale. Among the best-known techniques are radiocarbon dating, potassium-argon dating and uranium-lead dating.


title: Imbolc

text: Later, the Roman Catholic Church replaced this festival with Candlemas Day on February 2, a day that now belongs to the Virgin Mary. On this day, people may have ceremonies or processions by candlelight - walking together in the dark, with the only light coming from candles they carry. The may also sing songs to Brigid, or say poems or prayers to her.


title: Radiometric dating

text: All ordinary matter is made up of combinations of chemical elements, each with its own atomic number, indicating the number of protons in the atomic nucleus. Elements exist in different isotopes, with each isotope of an element differing in the number of neutrons in the nucleus. A particular isotope of a particular element is called a nuclide. Some nuclides are naturally unstable. That is, at some point in time, an atom of such a nuclide will spontaneously change into a different nuclide by radioactive decay. The decay may happen by emission of particles (usually electrons (beta decay), positrons or alpha particles) or by spontaneous nuclear fission, and electron capture.


title: Imbolc

text: In both Pagan and Christian celebrations, Brigid is celebrated as a powerful female figure, who brings light, inspiration, and healing to the world.


title: Radiometric dating

text: This equation uses information on the parent and daughter isotopes at the time the material solidified. This is well known for most isotopic systems. Plotting an isochron (straight-line graph) is used to solve the age equation graphically. It shows the age of the sample, and the original composition.


title: Radiometric dating

text: The method works best if neither the parent nuclide nor the daughter product enters or leaves the material after its formation. Anything which changes the relative amounts of the two isotopes (original and daughter) must be noted, and avoided if possible. Contamination from outside, or the loss of isotopes at any time from the rock's original formation, would change the result. It is therefore essential to have as much information as possible about the material being dated and to check for possible signs of alteration.


title: Radiometric dating

text: Measurements should be taken on samples from different parts of the rock body. This helps to counter the effects of heating and squeezing, which a rock may experience in its long history. Different dating methods may be needed to confirm the age of a sample. For example, a study of the Amitsoq gneisses from western Greenland used five different radiometric dating methods to examine twelve samples and got agreement to within 30 million years on an age of 3,640my.


title: Devo

text: Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.


title: Devo

text: Devo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.


title: Kattegat

text: Kattegat is a sea in the northern part of Europe between the Danish peninsula Jutland, the Danish island Zealand, and the western coast of Sweden.


title: Kattegat

text: To the north-west is Skagerrak. Kattegat is connected to the Baltic Sea through the Danish Straits and Belts.


title: Kattegat

text: The sea is shallow, and life conditions are threatened by loss of oxygen in the water. The oxygen loss is caused by pollution. The pollution originates from farming. A century ago, the sea was very rich in cod, herring, and salmon, which were important sources of food in the countries around the sea.


title: Scholarship

text: A scholarship is financial help (money) given to someone who wants to study. Scholarships can be given by schools or by universities or colleges or any other institution where people can study or where research needs to be done. It is similar to a bursary.


title: Scholarship

text: There are very many kinds of scholarships. Some scholarships will cover all the tuition fees (money that the student needs to pay to study), others may just help towards the tuition fees. Some scholarships may include money for other things such as food and accommodation.


title: Scholarship

text: Sometimes the students are expected to do something in return for having a scholarship. They may, for example, be expected to do some particular work after they finish their studies, or they may need to help the institution in some way. Quite often the amount of money a student gets will depend on how much money the family has.


title: Scholarship

text: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that scholarship must be equally given for girls without discrimination.


title: Verdict

text: A verdict is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty.


title: Sepp Blatter

text: Josef Blatter, mostly known as Sepp Blatter, (born 10 March 1936) is a Swiss association football administrator. He is best known as the 8th President of FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association). He served as president from 1998 until his resignation in 2016. He replaced the popular João Havelange. His presidency ended when he was banned from FIFA on 21 December 2015. He officially left office after Gianni Infantino replaced him on 26 February 2016.


title: Sepp Blatter

text: Blatter was elected President of FIFA on 8 June 1998 succeeding João Havelange. He was re-elected in 2002, 2007, 2011 and 2015. But on 2 June, just days after being re-elected, he announced that he would resigned after a new president would be elected due to corruption accusations. On 8 October 2015, Blatter and other top FIFA officials were suspended amid the investigation.


title: Sepp Blatter

text: On 21 December 2015 it was announced that Blatter would be banned for a period of eight years amid the corruption case. He left office on 26 February 2016 after Gianni Infantino replaced him.


title: Sepp Blatter

text: Blatter was married to Liliane Biner, but the marriage didn't last. Then he married Barbara Käser in 1981. The couple divorced in 1991. Then he married Graziella Bianca in 2002. The couple divorced in 2004. He was in a relationship with Ilona Boguska from 1995 through 2002. He is now in a relationship with Linda Barras as of 2014. Blatter has one daughter, Corinne.


title: Bodhisattva

text: A bodhisattva is a Buddhist who is on their way to become a Buddha. They have attained a certain level of enlightenment, but decide not to enter Nirvana so that they can continue helping living beings in the world.


title: Bodhisattva

text: The word Bodhisattva can also refer to certain specific bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Manjushri and Vajrapani.


title: Bodhisattva

text: Many bodhisattvas made a special vow that defines their personality or method of helping people. For example, Kshitigarbha vowed not to attain enlightenment until there were no more beings in hell. Some Buddhas, such as Amitabha, made certain vows when they were bodhisattvas. He became a Buddha when these vows were fulfilled.


title: Phanerozoic

text: The Phanerozoic eon is the current eon on the geologic timescale. It is the one in which abundant animal life has existed. It covers about 541 million years, and goes back to the time when hard-shelled animals first appeared. It was once thought that life began in the Cambrian, the first period of this eon.


title: Phanerozoic

text: The time before the Phanerozoic, formerly called the "Precambrian", is now divided into the Hadean, Archaean and Proterozoic eons.


title: Phanerozoic

text: The exact time of the boundary between the Phanerozoic and the Proterozoic is slightly uncertain. In the 19th century, the boundary was set at the first abundant metazoan fossils. But several hundred kinds of Proterozoic metazoa have been discovered in the Ediacaran. Study of the Ediacaran biota started in the 1950s. There are three dividing points at the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic boundary. It might be where the first trilobites and archaeocyatha appear; or at the first appearance of signs of burrowing; or at the first appearance of the 'small shelly fauna'. The three different dividing points are within a few million years of each other.


title: Phanerozoic

text: During the period covered, continents drifted about, eventually collecting into a single landmass known as Pangea and then splitting up into the current continental landmasses.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: Alternative for Germany (German: "Alternative für Deutschland", shortened "AfD") is a German nationalist, right-wing to far-right political party.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: In 2012, Alexander Gauland, Bernd Lucke and Konrad Adam formed the "Electoral Alternative 2013". It was critical of Germany's policy toward the eurozone crisis. Some candidates who were part of the "Electoral Alternative 2013" ran for election in Lower Saxony in alliance with the Free Voters. They then decided to form a party to compete in the 2013 federal election. The group wanted to abolish the euro, so the Free Voters refused to join forces.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: The AfD's first supporters were economists, business leaders, journalists and former members of the Christian Democratic Union who were critical of the eurozone.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: The AfD held their first convention on 14 April 2013. Members elected Bernd Lucke, Frauke Petry and Konrad Adam as speakers.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: In the 2013 federal election, the party received 4.6% of the national vote with more than 2 million votes. The party did not win any seats.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: Before the 2014 European Parliament election, the AfD held a conference on 25 January 2014 in Bavaria. They chose the slogan, "Mut zu Deutschland" ("Courage [to stand up] for Germany"). In February 2014, some AfD officials wanted to join an alliance with the hard eurosceptic party, UKIP. However, Bernd Lucke and other officials and election candidates wanted to instead join an alliance with the British Conservative Party. In the European elections, the AfD won 7 seats in the European Parliament, and joined the European Conservatives and Reformists.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: On 4 July 2015, Frauke Petry was elected as the principal speaker of the party. She was a member of the national conservate faction within the party. Her election is seen as a shift of the party further to the right wing, as the party now began to focus on Islam and immigration. Lucke believed the party was turing into the "PEGIDA party." He left the party a few days later, citing the rise of xenophobia within the party. On 19 July 2015, Lucke formed the Alliance for Progress and Renewal (ALFA).


title: Alternative for Germany

text: In February 2016, AfD announced an alliance with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). On 8 March 2016, the European Conservatives and Reformists decided they will begin to exclude the AfD from their groups due to their links to the far-right FPÖ.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: In 2016, the party won seats in the Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt Landtags.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: At the AfD party conference held on 30 April to 1 May 2016, the party called for a ban on burkhas, minarets and the call to prayer, using the slogan "Islam is not a part of Germany".


title: Alternative for Germany

text: Frauke Petry decided not to run as the party's main candidate in the 2017 federal election. This was a consequence of the internal power struggle within the party. The party chose Alexander Gauland, a strong conservative and former member of the CDU, to lead the party in the elections. Alice Weidel, who is seen as being more moderate, was elected as his running mate. The party's platform was mainly to close the borders to asylum seekers, end sanctions on Russia and leave the European Union if Germany's national sovereignty isn't restored. After the election, the party received 5.8 million votes, winning 94 seats in the Bundestag. This is the first time the party has held seats in the Bundestag.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: A day after the successful 2017 federal election, Frauke Petry left the party. She did this as a response to extremist comments made by some members in the AfD. She would later join the Blue Party, which is another right-wing conservative party.


title: Alternative for Germany

text: The AfD's ideology is described as right-wing populist, conservative and anti-immigration. The party is against same-sex marriage and has a platform of climate change denial. The party has also aligned itself with groups that are against modern feminism.


title: Sundar Pichai

text: Pichai Sundararajan (born June 10, 1972), also known as Sundar Pichai, is an Indian-American business executive. He was born in Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.


title: Alois Hitler

text: Alois Hitler (born Alois Schicklgruber, 7 June 1837 3 January 1903) was the father of Adolf Hitler. He was born in Waldviertel. His third marriage, from 1883 until his death, was to Adolf's mother, Klara who was also his niece. He was an Austrian customs official.


title: Alois Hitler

text: He retired to a farm in 1895 and he was a beekeeper which means that he collected bees so that they could produce honey. He died of a stroke in Linz aged 65. He changed his name from Alois Schicklgruber to Alois Hitler.


title: Dashavatar

text: The Dashavatara refers to the ten main incarnations of Lord Vishnu, the god of preservation. Vishnu is said to descend in the form of an avatar to restore balance in the world.


title: Dashavatar

text: The list of included avatars varies across sects and regions. All avatars have appeared except Kalki, who will appear at the end of the Kali Yuga.


title: Dashavatar

text: The order of the ancient concept of Dashavataras has been interpreted to be reflective of modern Darwinian evolution- it is the theory of evolution told as a story, written between 12.000-14,000 years ago. It describes the cycle of human evolution beginning in water as Matsya the fish, on to the amphibious phase (half land and water) as Koorma, the tortoise, on to begin firmly established on land as the wild boar Varaha, then Narsimha- half man- half animal, followed by Vamana, the Dwarf man, on to Parashurama, the emotionally volatile man, on to Rama, the peaceful man, Balram , then Krishna, a loving man , who is said to be succeeded by the final incarnation of Vishnu, or the last stage of evolution as Kalki, the mystical man. This is thus also a description of the evolution of consciousness.


title: Dashavatar

text: The word “Avatar”, a Sanskrit word means “descent”. In Sanatana Dharma it means the Descent/Incarnation/Manifest/Appearance of Lord/Supreme Being/Deity in an earthly embodiment.


title: Dashavatar

text: There is no reference of Avatar exists in Vedas. The Bhagavad Gita discusses the subject matter associated with Avatar in textual format in Chapter 4 Slokas 5~9, where Lord Shri Krishna Himself declared the role of taking Avatar.


title: Dashavatar

text: Whenever and wherever there is a decline in religious practice, O descendant of Bharata, and a predominant rise of irreligion — at that time I descend Myself. To deliver the pious and to annihilate the miscreants, as well as to reestablish the principles of religion, I Myself appear, millennium after millennium. (Bhagavad Gita Chapter 4 Verses 7~8)


title: Dashavatar

text: Various versions of the list of Vishnu's avatars exist, varying per region and tradition. Some lists mention Krishna as the eighth avatar and the Buddha as the ninth avatar, while others – such as the "Yatindramatadipika", a 17th-century summary of Srivaisnava doctrine – give Balarama as the eighth avatar and Krishna as the ninth. The latter version is followed by some Vaishnavas who don't accept the Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu. Though no list can be uncontroversially presented as standard, the "most accepted list found in Puranas and other texts is [...] Krishna, Buddha."


title: Dashavatar

text: The Agni Purana, Padma Purana, Garuda Purana, Linga Purana, Narada Purana, Skanda Purana and Varaha Purana mention the common (Krishna, Buddha) Dashavatara list.The Garuda Purana has two lists, one longer list with Krishna and Buddha, and a list with Balarama and Buddha, which substitutes Vamana for Rama. The Shiva Purana has Balarama and Krishna.


title: Dashavatar

text: The list with Krishna and Buddha is also found in the Garuda Purana "Saroddhara", a commentary or ‘extracted essence’ of the Garuda Purana (i.e. not the Purana itself, with which it seems to be confused):The Fish, the Tortoise, the Boar, the Man-Lion, the Dwarf, Parasurama, Rama, Krisna, Buddha, and also Kalki: These ten names should always be meditated upon by the wise. Those who recite them near the diseased are called relatives.


title: Dashavatar

text: ---Garuda Purana Saroddhara by Navanidhirama (translated by E. Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam), Chapter VIII, Verses 10-11


title: Circumference

text: In geometry, circumference is the distance around a closed curve; for example, a circle. It is a special kind of perimeter. The length of the circumference of a circle is often written as formula_1, with:


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: It is the best-understood of all proto-languages. It was put together by the methods of historical linguistics.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: There are different ideas about when and where PIE was spoken. PIE may have been spoken as a single language. Then it began to separate, around 3700 BC. The exact date is not known. The most popular hypothesis for where it came from and how it spread is called the Kurgan hypothesis. In this theory, its origin is in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: There is no direct evidence of PIE because it was never written. All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later Indo-European languages. The asterisk symbol is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, for example: *' 'water', *' 'dog', or *"" 'three (masculine)'. Many words in modern Indo-European languages seem to have come from such "proto-words" by regular sound changes, such as Grimm's law.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: PIE had a "free pitch accent." That means that the stress of a word could happen on any syllable and could change even for related words. Different meanings of a word could be marked only with high or low pitch.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: PIE was an inflected language: it had roots with suffixes. That basic root shape is often altered by the "ablaut", a system of regular vowel changes. An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb "sing", "sang", "sung" and the related noun "song".


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: Most Indo-European languages are synthetic. That means they have many morphemes per word. Morphemes may be combined to make complex words, as in German Root words may be put on "bound morphemes" to show their function, which are morphemes that appear only as part of a larger word.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: Those methods were probably used often in PIE. Languages like English, which don't have a lot of combinations like that, come from from earlier, more typical Indo-European languages. English comes from from Anglo-Saxon, a Western Germanic language. The fact that English once was synthetic like German is shown by cranberry morphemes, which are so called because the "cran-" is a fossil of a word that no longer exists. Also, "mulberry" and "raspberry", where also the first syllable is a bound morpheme.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: Because PIE was spoken a very long time ago, there are no texts anymore. Scientists have tried many times to make example texts for to show what it could be like. These are just educated guesses. People have tried for 150 years to make a single sentence in PIE, but this has not happened yet. Even so, such texts are still useful because they show what PIE might have looked like.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: Schleicher's reconstruction says that that the o/e vocalism was secondary. His version of PIE is more like Sanskrit than modern reconstructions are.


title: Proto-Indo-European language

text: Some of the differences between the texts are just different spelling conventions: w and u̯, for example, are only different ways to indicate the same sound, a consonantal u. However, many other differences happen because there are different ideas on the sounds and the structure of PIE.


title: Croatian War of Independence

text: The Croatian War of Independence was fought from 1991 to 1995 between Croat forces loyal to the government of Croatia—which had declared independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)—and the Serb-controlled Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and local Serb forces.


title: St James' Park

text: St James' Park is a football stadium in Newcastle, England. It is the current home stadium of Newcastle United.


title: St James' Park

text: St.James' Park hosted three matches of the Euro 1996 and also hosted some matches during the 2012 Olympic Games and for the 2015 Rugby World Cup.


title: St James' Park

text: The stadium was used by many great musicians like The Rolling Stones, Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band, Queen, Bob Dylan, Bryan Adams & Rod Stewart, among others.


title: Jackie Stallone

text: Jacqueline France "Jackie" Stallone (born Jacqueline France Labofish November 29, 1921 – September 21 2020) was an American astrologer who was mostly known for being the mother of Sylvester Stallone, Frank Stallone, Jr., and her late daughter Toni D'Alto. Her family was from Ukraine.


title: Jackie Stallone

text: She was born in Washington, D.C., United States on November 29, 1921. She was married to Frank Stallone, Sr. from 1945 until they divorced in 1957. Second she married Anthony Filti from 1959 until they divorced in 1980. She was married to Stephen Lavine from 1998 until her death. She was also the grandmother of late actor Sage Stallone.


title: Progressive Party (United States, 1912)

text: The Progressive Party was a third party in the United States. It was created in 1912 by former President Theodore Roosevelt after he lost the presidential nomination of the Republican Party to incumbent President William Howard Taft. The new party was known for taking advanced positions on progressive and populist reforms. It also attracted famous national reformers. After the party's defeat in 1912 , it went into rapid decline in elections until 1918, disappearing by 1920. The Progressive Party was often called the "Bull Moose Party" since Roosevelt often said that he felt "strong as a bull moose".


title: Minimalism

text: Minimalism is a way of making modern art or music that uses simple ideas, sounds or shapes. It was most popular in America in the 1960s and 1970s. There are many different kinds of minimalism. Sometimes a simple thing is repeated many times until it seems very complicated. Today minimalism can be used to talk about many things such as design, architecture, poetry, and movies.


title: Minimalism

text: In music, minimalism is a way of composing classical music which became popular during the second half of the 20th century. It is a way of composing by using a simple idea which is repeated many times. A minimalist piece of music usually takes a short idea which may be a melodic or a rhythmic pattern. This idea is then repeated many times, but each time it changes slightly. Sometimes this may be done by two or more instruments which start off by playing their notes or chords together but, as one is going slightly faster than the other, they gradually become “out of sync” (not synchronized, i.e. not together), then eventually they catch up with one another again. Usually this music is tonal so that it is firmly in one key. "A steady pulse is kept throughout the whole piece."


title: Minimalism

text: Composers who wrote minimalist music include Steve Reich (b.1936), Philip Glass (b.1937) and Terry Riley (b.1935). Other composers like John Adams (b.1947) have also used minimalist ways of composing, but they combined these with other techniques, so that their music is not just minimalist.


title: Minimalism

text: Minimalist music became popular in the 1960s and 1970s. Minimalist composers started writing like this, also because a lot of new music at that time was very complicated and hard to understand. It was often serial music which was atonal with no obvious melodies or ideas that were easy to remember.


title: Minimalism

text: Minimalist music is not necessarily simple. It can have a kind of hypnotic effect, but this is part of what the composer wants. Reich’s "Clapping Music" just consists of hand clapping: there is no melody. He was thinking of African drum music when he wrote it. Two performers begin by clapping a rhythm together. After 13 seconds the second performer leaves out the first quaver (eighth note) and puts it at the end of the second bar (measure). After another 13 seconds this happens again so that in the end the two performers are together again. This music has to be listened to in a different way from other kinds of music.


title: Minimalism

text: Minimalism in visual art, sometimes referred to as "literalist art" and "ABC Art" emerged in New York in the 1960s. As a product it had much in common with earlier geometric abstraction and suprematism.


title: Minimalism

text: The term "minimalism" was not generally embraced by the artists associated with it, and many practitioners of art called minimalist by critics did not identify it as a movement as such.


title: Minimalism

text: One of the first artists specifically associated with Minimalism was the painter, Frank Stella, whose early "stripe" paintings were highlighted in the 1959 show, "16 Americans", organized by Dorothy Miller at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The width of the stripes in Frank Stellas's stripe paintings were determined by the dimensions of the lumber, visible as the depth of the painting when viewed from the side, used to construct the supportive chassis upon which the canvas was stretched. The decisions about structures on the front surface of the canvas were therefore not entirely subjective, but pre-conditioned by a "given" feature of the physical construction of the support. In the show catalog, Carl André noted, "Art excludes the unnecessary. Frank Stella has found it necessary to paint stripes. There is nothing else in his painting".


title: Minimalism

text: These reductive works were in sharp contrast to the energy-filled and emotionally-charged expressionist paintings of Willem de Kooning or Franz Kline.


title: Minimalism

text: They leaned more towards the controlled, somber "color field" paintings of Barnett Newman and Mark Rothko. Although Stella received immediate attention from the MOMA show, artists like Kenneth Noland, Ralph Humphrey, Robert Motherwell and Robert Ryman had begun to explore stripes, monochromatic and hard-edge formats from the late 50s through the 1960s.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: Fifth Harmony is an American girl group formed on the US version of "The X Factor" in 2012. The members are Ally Brooke, Dinah Jane, Lauren Jauregui, Normani, and Camila Cabello. Cabello left the group in December 2016, while the remaining members announced that they were taking a break in 2018 to go after their own career.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: They are famous for performing the songs "Boss", "Sledgehammer", and "Worth It" from their first album "Reflection" (2015), as well as "Work From Home", "All In My Head (Flex)", and "That's My Girl" from their second album "27/7" (2016).


title: Fifth Harmony

text: Ally Brooke, Dinah Jane, Lauren Jauregui, Normani, and Camila Cabello auditioned on the second season of the US version of "The X Factor" on July 27, 2012, failing to make it past the "Teens" and "Young Adults" categories. They were eventually brought back by the judges, and became a five person girl group on July 7, 2012. They eventually came third on the show on December 20, 2012, losing to second-place winner Carly Rose Sonenclar, and winner Tate Stevens.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: On January 17, 2013, "The X Factor" creator Simon Cowell signed them to his record label, Syco Music, along with Epic Records. The group performed covers of famous songs on YouTube, before releasing their extended play, "Better Together" on October 22, 2013. They performed on stadium tours for Cher Lloyd and Demi Lovato, as well as performing at smaller concerts. They also began recording songs for their first studio album in 2014, which would eventually be known as "Reflection".


title: Fifth Harmony

text: "Reflection" was released on February 3, 2015, where it sold 80,000 copies in the first week and reached number five on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The third single on the album, "Worth It" was the album's most successful song, peaking at number twelve on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: Fifth Harmony announced that they were working on a second album, which was eventually called "7/27". On February 26, 2016, the album's first single, "Work From Home" was released, which peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "7/27" was released on May 27, 2016, selling 74,000 copies and peaking at number four on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: On December 18, 2016, Cabello announced that she would be leaving Fifth Harmony, which was confirmed by the group in a statement. The four members decided to still perform together.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: On May 29, 2017, the group released "Down" as the first song from their self-titled third album "Fifth Harmony". The album was released on August 25, 2017, and peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200. After touring, the group announced that each member wanted to separate and work on their own projects, causing them to go on a break for an unknown time period.


title: Fifth Harmony

text: Fifth Harmony is mainly a pop and R&B girl group. They have described their music as having a "retro feel" to it as well. The group lists the Spice Girls, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston and Destiny's Child as their main influences. Lana Del Rey, Adele, Janet Jackson, Celine Dion, Taylor Swift, Brandy, Jennifer Lopez, Patti LaBelle, Cher Lloyd, Carrie Underwood, Jessie J, Beyoncé, Alicia Keys, Christina Aguilera, Selena, Celia Cruz, Demi Lovato, Ed Sheeran and Leona Lewis have inspired each member of the group.


title: Shinee

text: SHINee is a South Korean boy band formed by SM Entertainment The members are Onew, Jonghyun, Minho, Key, Taemin (order from oldest to youngest). The groups first album named “Replay-The first mini album” was released on the 22nd of May 2008, but the group officially debuted on the 25th of May 2008 with the song "Noonan neomu yeppeo (누난 너무 예뻐)", or better known as "Replay".


title: Shinee

text: In late May 2008 news articles started to surface online about SM Entertainment's new group, SHINee (pronounced "shiny"). On May 23, the group's first mini-album, "Replay" was released. "Replay" debuted at #10 on the Korean music charts and peaked at #8, selling 17,957 copies in the first half of 2008.


title: Shinee

text: On June 7, 2008, SHINee participated in the Dream Concert in the Seoul Olympic Stadium along with other high profile Korean stars such as Epik High, Girls' Generation, Super Junior, TVXQ and the Wonder Girls. The group won their first award, Rookie of the Month, at the Cyworld Digital Music Award on June 22, 2008. SHINee took part in SMTown Live '08, which was held on August 18, 2008. They performed alongside labelmates BoA, Cheon Sang Ji Hee the Grace, Girls' Generation, Super Junior and TVXQ. On August 23, 2008, SHINee attended MNet's 20's Choice Awards 2008, where they won the "Hot New Star" award. SHINee released their full debut album, "The SHINee World", on August 28, 2008. The album debuted on the charts at #3, selling 30,000 copies.


title: Shinee

text: The first single released from the album was "Sanso Gateun Neo (Love Like Oxygen)" (산소 같은 너 (Love Like Oxygen), lit. You Like Are Like Oxygen), a cover of "Show the World" by Martin Hoberg Hedegaard, originally written by the Danish songwriting and production team of Thomas Troelsen, Remee and Lucas Secon. On September 18, 2008, SHINee's "Sanso Gateun Neo (Love Like Oxygen)" was the #1 song on "M! Countdown". A few days later, SHINee received the "Mutizen" award for the single on SBS's "Popular Songs". SHINee participated in the "5th Asia Song Festival", where they received the "Best New Artist" award with Japanese girl group Berryz Kobo.


title: Shinee

text: SHINee attended the 2008 Style Icon Awards on October 30, 2008, where they won the "Best Style Icon Award". On the same day, they released "The SHINee World" as a repackaged album under the name "Amigo". Included on album were three new songs: "Forever or Never", a remix of "Sa. Gye. Han (Love Should Go On)" (사.계.한) and the promotional single "A.Mi.Go (Amigo)" (아.미.고). "A.Mi.Go" is a shortened version of the Korean phrase "Areumdaun Minyeorueljoahamyeon Gosaenghanda" (아름다운 미녀를 좋아하면 고생한다 lit. Heart Aches When You Fall In Love With a Beauty).


title: Shinee

text: On November 15, 2008 SHINee won the "Best Male Rookie" award at the 10th annual MNET KM Music Festival, beating fellow newcomers U-Kiss, 2PM, 2AM and Mighty Mouth. At the 23rd Annual Golden Disk Awards, they performed a medley of their songs, "Noonan Neomu Yeppeo (Replay)", "Sanso Gateun Neo (Love Like Oxygen)" and "A.Mi.Go (Amigo)" and won the award for "YEPP Newcomer Album".


title: Shinee

text: SM Entertainment announced that SHINee would make their comeback with their second mini album "Romeo" on May 21, 2009. On May 18, "Juliette", the first single was released; the song is instrumentally a remake of Corbin Bleu's "Deal With It". It was later announced that their comeback was going to be delayed due to Onew damaging his teeth and the release of the mini-album was pushed back to May 25. SHINee eventually had their return performance on June 5, 2009, on KBS's "Music Bank", where they received the award for first place.


title: Shinee

text: The group released their third mini-album, titled "2009: Year of Us", on October 19, 5 months after the release of "Romeo". SM Entertainment stated that this EP would showcase the group's vocals and demonstrate their unique qualities. The lead single "Ring Ding Dong" was released digitally on October 14; the group had their comeback stage on October 16, on KBS's "Music Bank".


title: Shinee

text: On July 19, 2010, the group released their second studio album, "Lucifer". It topped several charts in South Korea. The album was nominated for the Best Dance Performance Award at the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album became the 6th best selling album of 2010 in South Korea. On December 26, 2010, the band began their first concert tour, SHINee World.


title: Shinee

text: On January 1, 2016, SHINee released their fourth Japanese album "D×D×D". The album reached the top of the Oricon charts for 2 weeks in a row. To promote the album, they began their fourth Japanese tour that began on January 30, 2016, and ended on May 16, 2016. The tour had a total of 20 concerts in 9 cities. Toward the end of the year, SHINee released their fifth Korean album, "1 of 1," which charted #1 on the Korean Charts and #14 in the US. Their song, "Tell Me What to Do" (part of repackaging, "1 and 1") was #35 on YouTube's trending list.


title: Shinee

text: On February 22, 2017, SHINee released their fifth Japanese album "Five". They began their fifth Japanese tour with a total of 25 concerts in 10 cities.


title: Shinee

text: On the 10th of September, SHINee released their sixth album. Named the story of Light’ Epilogue containing songs from their previous three mini albums The story of Light’ Ep.1,Ep.2 and Ep.3.


title: Shinee

text: After a two year break, SHINee came back on the 22nd of February 2021 with their seventh album called "Don't call me". With songs such as Don't call me, Body Rhythm and Attention.


title: Shinee

text: On the 12th of April, SHINee released the album repackage of "Don't call me" named “Atlantis” with three new songs, “Atlantis”, “Area” and “Days and Years”.


title: Shinee

text: SHINee has taken part in various other activities including TV advertisements, a reality show, Drama OST, and so on. They also did a reality show named ""Yun Ha Nam"" for women older than them. They were also the public representatives for the Korean Youth Federation and many others. SHINee also sang songs for TV drama OST, including ""Stand By Me"" for the famous Korean drama ""Boys Over Flowers"". They also featured in the second season of the reality show "Hello Baby".


title: Shinee

text: It was announced that SHINee with be performing along side with Jay Park, B1A4, Teen Top and the much buzzed about new band 7.9.4.2 on 15 June 2012 at Singapore indoor stadium.


The 2012 United States presidential election happened on November 6, 2012. Barack Obama, the incumbent president and Democratic candidate, won the election. He defeated Mitt Romney, the Republican candidate, who was the former Governor of Massachusetts. There were also elections for the U.S. Senate and U.S. House of Representatives.


title: 2012 United States presidential election

text: By November 6, 2012, 11:30 PM ET (5:30 AM UTC), many broadcast networks said that Obama and Biden won the election. Mitt Romney of the Republican Party conceded the election to Obama around 1 AM ET on November 7. Gary Johnson of the Libertarian Party came in third.


text: Between the 2008 and 2012 elections the Electoral College changed because of the 2010 Census. As a result, several states have lost electoral votes, and several states have gained electoral votes. Here are the states that have gained or lost electoral votes:


text: The Republicans held their national convention from August 27 to August 30, 2012 at the St. Pete Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. The Democrats held their convention from September 3 to September 6, 2012 at the Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, North Carolina.


text: Barack Obama declared that he was running for re-election in 2012 on April 4, 2011. He had challengers in 7 states, but still managed to win all 57 democratic primaries and therefore the democratic nomination.


text: In the middle of 2011, there were many Republicans running: Minnesota congresswoman Michelle Bachmann, Businessman Herman Cain, Speaker of the House of Representatives (in the 1990s) Newt Gingrich, Texas Congressman Ron Paul, Ambassador to China and Governor of Utah Jon Huntsman, Texas Governor Rick Perry, Former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, former Pennsylvania Senator Rick Santorum, Former New Mexico Governor Gary Johnson, Buddy Roemer, Thaddeus McCotter, and Former Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty.


text: Scott Brown, Sarah Palin, Chris Christie, Donald Trump, Mike Huckabee, and Rudy Giuliani were considered possible candidates. All of them said that they were not going to run for president.


text: In August 2011, the Ames Straw Poll was conducted. It was won by Bachmann, with Paul coming in second. During the poll, Perry entered the race. After not placing in the top 2 in the poll, former Minnesota governor Tim Pawlenty dropped out. Thaddeus McCotter dropped out a short time later.


text: Rick Perry became the frontrunner (person with the highest amount of support who is expected to win, according to polls) of the party, ahead of Romney in the polls. Rick Perry then had several bad debates and in one of them, he said he wanted to remove 3 government departments, but forgot one of them. After these mistakes, Perry's poll numbers went down.


text: In the fall, Herman Cain became the new frontrunner for several months. He had an economic plan called 9-9-9 that would replace the entire tax system with a 9% income tax, a 9% national sales tax, and a 9% corporation tax. During foreign policy debates, he was not as successful. On December 3, 2011, Cain left the Presidential race. This was after several women said that he had sexually harassed them.


text: Newt Gingrich and Mitt Romney were the two main competitors after that, but soon after Newt Gingrich lost much of his support. Gary Johnson withdrew on December 28, 2011, to run for the nomination of the Libertarian Party.


text: In January 2012, after not doing well in the primaries, Bachmann, Huntsman, and Perry dropped out of the Presidential race. Rick Santorum, however, picked up a surprise win in Iowa, as did Gingrich in South Carolina.


text: For February, March, and the beginning of April, Rick Santorum was Mitt Romney's main competitor. On April 10, However, with only 11 (primary) victories to Romney's 23, Rick Santorum announced that he was going to drop out of the race. Buddy Roemer dropped out on February 22nd to run for the nominations of americans elect and the reform party, before ending his campaign completely on May 31.


text: After Santorum dropped out, most people thought that Mitt Romney would win the most primaries, and therefore the most pledged delegates, and ultimately the nomination. His two remaining opponents, Newt Gingrich and Ron Paul decided to stay in the race. Gingrich dropped out on May 2 after a disappointing showing in the Delaware primary that left his number of victories at 2 to Romney's 28. Paul, despite having only 1 victory to Romney's eventual 42 victories, did not end his campaign until after the 2012 republican national convention.


text: At the republican national convention, with support from many pledged and unpledged delegates, Romney won the nomination in a landslide. The convention chose Paul Ryan as Romney's running mate.


text: Other candidates for nomination included Virgil Goode, Roseanne Barr, Rocky Anderson, and Tom Hoefling.


text: Four other parties nominated candidates that had ballot access or write-in access to at least 270 electoral votes, the minimum number of votes needed in the 2012 election to win the presidency through a majority of the electoral college.


text: Many polls have been taken about the presidential election. Most polls show Obama beating Romney, aside from polls taken between the first and second presidential debates. In polls taken state-by-state, Obama usually wins states he won in 2008, and Republicans usually win states that McCain won in 2008. Indiana, North Carolina, and Nebraska's second congressional district are the main exceptions to the rule.


text: When you read "Consensus", it means that many news programs have said they believe Obama/Romney will win a particular state. A projection is when someone expresses their belief in something, in this case about the outcome of the election. An EV is an Electoral vote, from the Electoral college.


title: Polygamy

text: Polygamy is a word that comes from late Greek. It can be translated as "many marriages". It refers to any form of marriage where a person has "more than one spouse". There is also a concept called group marriage. In group marriage, all the (adult) members of the group are responsible for all the children.


title: Polygamy

text: A man being married to more than one woman at the same time is called polygyny. A woman being married to more than one man at the same time is called polyandry.


title: Polygamy

text: Both forms have occurred in humans. Polygyny is much more common, and is practised by millions of people, mostly in Muslim and African countries. According to Muslim


title: Polygamy

text: Sharia law, a man can have up to four wives at the same time. In many African Pagan religions, polygamy is a common custom, and there is often no limit to the number of women a man can marry. In most non-Muslim and non-African countries, polygamy is illegal, and a person who has more than one spouse can be prosecuted for bigamy. Some countries, including India, only permit Muslims to be polygamous.


title: Polygamy

text: Polygamy is one of the beliefs of Mormon Fundamentalists. These are Mormons (members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints) who strictly follow the teachings of Joseph Smith. Smith felt it was his job to restore plural marriage to the earth. He was married to 33 women. In 1890 the Mormon church officially stopped "celestial marriages" (polygamy). Church members who continue to practice plural marriage are excommunicated from the church.


title: Polygamy

text: Isithembu (Sethepu) is the African practice of a man being able to have more than one wife at the same time. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives cannot have children. He keeps his current wife or wives as divorce is not allowed. A man may marry again if his current wife or wives have not produced male children. He can marry again if a wife does not want children. In some places, if a man dies, his wife or wives are married to his brother. This way his family is cared for. The Swazi culture says a man should have many wives. Polygamy (Isithembu) is normal for men. Woman should have children, which is normal for them.


title: Santiago, Chile

text: Santiago, Chile (also known as Santiago de Chile) is the capital of Chile and the largest city in the country. It has a population of around 7 million people, about 35.9 percent of the population of South America. In Chile, people call the city Gran Santiago (Big Santiago) or Santiago. It has 26 "comunas" (municipalities).


title: Santiago, Chile

text: With its geographical conditions, because it is located in a valley surrounded by the Andes mountains, Santiago has a large amount of air pollution.


title: Heptagon

text: All sides of a regular heptagon are the same length. Each corner is 147.27°. All corners added together equal 6840°.


title: Chinese food

text: Chinese food is a term that talks about the food that comes from all over China and the cuisine of China. It is an important part of Chinese culture. This food comes from many different parts of China and also the food made by Overseas Chinese that live in other parts of the world. Because there are a lot of Chinese immigrants around the world, and because China was very important in the past, many food from other countries in Asia have been affected by Chinese food. Important parts of Chinese food are rice, soy sauce, noodles, tea, and tofu. Tools like chopsticks and the wok are also very important.


title: Chinese food

text: The four most important types of Chinese food are Sichuan food (Chuan), Shandong food (Lu), Guangdong food (Yue), and Huaiyang food. They each represent the food made in the western, northern, southern, and eastern parts of the country.


title: Headquarters

text: Headquarters is a name given to the main building of an organization where most of its functions are done. All large companies have headquarters which control the business. A large non-governmental organization also has a headquarter from where its activities are controlled. The term is also used regarding military organizations.


title: William Tyndale

text: William Tyndale (c. 1484–1536) was an English scholar. He is well known for his translation of the Bible into English, and for his later prosecution and execution.


title: William Tyndale

text: He was influenced by the work of Erasmus, who made the Greek New Testament available in Europe, and by Martin Luther. The spread of the Wycliffe Bible led to strong measures to keep translations in the hands of the Catholic Church. There was a death sentence for any unlicensed possession of scripture in English—even though translations in all other major European languages were accepted.


title: William Tyndale

text: Tyndale's translation was the first English Bible to draw directly from Hebrew and Greek texts, and the first English one to take advantage of the printing press. It was seen as a direct challenge to the Roman Catholic Church. In 1530, Tyndale also wrote "The Practyse of Prelates", opposing Henry VIII's divorce on the grounds that it contravened Scripture.


title: William Tyndale

text: A copy of Tyndale's earlier "The Obedience of a Christian Man" fell into the hands of Henry VIII. There, the king found the reasons he used to break the Church in England from the Roman Catholic Church in 1534. Meanwhile, the agents of Chancellor Thomas More were searching in Europe for Tyndale, who had taken refuge where he hoped the Church could not get at him.


title: William Tyndale

text: Eventually, in 1535, Tyndale was arrested and jailed outside Brussels for over a year. More himself was executed on 6 July 1535. In 1536 Tyndale was convicted of heresy and executed by garrotting, and his body was burnt at the stake. Two years later Henry VIII authorized the so-called Great Bible for the Church of England. It was largely Tyndale's own work. Hence, the Tyndale Bible, as it was known, played a key role in spreading Reformation ideas.


title: William Tyndale

text: In 1611, the 54 scholars who produced the King James Version drew significantly from Tyndale, as well as translations that descended from his. One estimate suggests the New Testament in the King James Version is 83% Tyndale's and the Old Testament 76%. In 2002, Tyndale was placed at number 26 in the BBC's poll of the 100 Greatest Britons.


title: William Tyndale

text: The last words of William Tyndale, before being strangled and burnt at the stake: "Lord, open the King of England's eyes".


title: Chevy Chase

text: Cornelius Crane "Chevy" Chase (born October 8, 1943) is an American Emmy Award-winning comedian, writer, and actor. He was one of the original cast members on "Saturday Night Live". He left after a year.


title: Gastrulation

text: Gastrulation is a phase early in the development of most animal embryos. In it, the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration.


title: Gastrulation

text: Gastrulation varies in different phyla. It is followed by "organogenesis", when individual organs develop within the newly formed "germ layers".


title: Gastrulation

text: The gastrula is the double-walled stage of the embryo. During gastrulation, some of the cells of the blastula migrate inwards to make an inner layer, the "endoderm". In some animals another cell layer forms, the "mesoderm", between the endoderm and the "ectoderm".


title: Gastrulation

text: Among animals, sponges show the simplest organization, having a single germ layer. Cnidaria and ctenophores show an increase in complexity, having two germ layers, the "endoderm" and "ectoderm". All higher animals (from flatworms to humans) possess a "mesoderm" as well as ectoderm and endoderm.


title: Gastrulation

text: The purpose of gastrulation is to position the 3 embryonic germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm. These layers later develop into certain bodily systems.


title: Oregon Trail

text: People traveled on the Oregon Trail in wagons in order to settle new parts of the United States of America during the 19th century. The Oregon Trail started in Missouri near the area where Kansas City, Missouri is today and ended in the Willamette Valley in Oregon. The Trail was about 2,170 miles (3,500 km) long, and could take up to six months to travel.


title: Oregon Trail

text: People went to Oregon for many reasons. Some people wanted land. Some thought Oregon would be a better place to live. Most of them went because they wanted a new life.


title: Oregon Trail

text: The Oregon Trail was first traveled around 1841. Once a railroad was built across the United States in 1869, people could take trains to the western United States, so fewer people began to travel west in wagons. By that time, about 400,000 people had crossed the Oregon Trail in wagons. However, some people kept traveling the Trail until the 1880s.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Nobody traveled the Oregon Trail alone. Instead, travelers formed groups so they could help and protect each other. Often, relatives or people from the same town would travel together. They would hire a guide that knew the Trail and would elect leaders. The groups that did best on the Trail wrote constitutions or rules that they could use to settle disagreements or problems on the Trail.


title: Oregon Trail

text: People who traveled the Oregon Trail could use three types of animals to pull their wagons: oxen, mules, or horses. Most people used oxen. They were less expensive than horses and mules, and also less stubborn than mules.


title: Oregon Trail

text: They could eat grass along the Trail, unlike horses, who needed grains when they were working. Oxen were easy to train, and they usually traveled at a steady pace of 2 miles per hour, even in mud and snow.


title: Oregon Trail

text: It was very important for travelers to carry enough food and water for the trip. However, food for the trip was expensive. To feed four people for six months, food would cost about $150 - over $4,500 in today's dollars.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Travelers often brought along a lot of dried meat and "bread stuff" (like flour, crackers, and hardtack). Boiling water was difficult on the Trail, so cooking was not always possible. Some travelers also brought other foods, like rice, peas, dried beans, or dried fruit.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Along the Trail, travelers could fish and hunt for food. Bison, antelope, and deer were the best animals to hunt for food. Travelers also ate berries that grew along the Trail, partly to help prevent scurvy.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Most travelers used covered wagons to travel the Trail. There were a few different styles of covered wagons. One common style, called the "Independence-style" wagon, was usually about 11 feet long, four feet wide, and two feet deep. Pieces of wood held up a cover, made of something like dried ox skin, that rose about five feet above the bottom of the wagon.


title: Oregon Trail

text: There were many dangers along the Oregon Trail, including disease, bad weather, drowning during river crossings, attacks by Native Americans, and many others.


title: Oregon Trail

text: It is difficult to know how many people died along the Oregon Trail. Many travelers would bury their dead in unmarked graves and would disguise the graves. For example, they would bury people right in the middle of a trail and then have their oxen run over the graves. They did this so that animals and robbers would not dig up the graves. Because of this, historians can only estimate the total number of people who died along the Oregon Trail.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Disease was the most common cause of death on the Trail. While travelers usually brought some medicines with them, they usually were not very helpful.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Cholera was the most common illness and cause of death on the Trail. From 1849-1855, there was a cholera epidemic along the trail. Up to 3% of all travelers during this time may have died from cholera. One of the causes of the epidemic was that there was no sanitation along the Trail.


title: Oregon Trail

text: For example, travelers liked to camp along the Platte River in Colorado, so they could easily get fresh water. However, as thousands of travelers used the same campsites over and over again, sewage from travelers with cholera got into the Platte River. After this, any traveler that drank water from the Platte River, or made food with that water, could get cholera. Often, cholera's symptoms would be so bad that travelers would die within 12 hours of getting sick.


title: Oregon Trail

text: The travelers used turpentine (a poison), vinegar, and whiskey to treat headaches, muscle pain, and coughs.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Historians do not agree on how many people died from disease along the Trail. One historian, John Unruh, estimates that 6,000 to 12,500 travelers died from disease on the Trail, and another 300-500 died specifically from scurvy. However, the United States National Park Service says that as many as 30,000 people may have died from disease along the Trail.


title: Oregon Trail

text: There were many other dangers along the Trail. John Unruh estimates the number of people who died from these other dangers:


title: Oregon Trail

text: Unruh estimates that 4 percent of the Oregon Trail travelers died: 16,000 out of 400,000 total travelers. However, the National Park Service says:


title: Oregon Trail

text: "The Oregon Trail is this nation’s longest graveyard. Nearly one in ten [travelers] who set off on the trail did not survive."


title: Oregon Trail

text: A usual day on the Trail started very early, just before dawn. Nobody actually rode in the wagons unless they were sick or very young. The ride was too bumpy, too dusty, and added too much work for the oxen. Instead, people walked beside their wagons. Usually, groups traveled almost all day, except for an hour around noon for lunch. Then they kept moving until just before sunset, when they would stop to set up a campsite. Most groups traveled about 15 miles per day, though on the best days they could move 20 miles a day. Since oxen moved at about 2 miles per hour, this meant a day's travel could last up to ten hours.


title: Oregon Trail

text: About 40,000 of the travelers were children. Unless they were babies, they walked alongside the wagons and worked just like adults. Their jobs included herding animals, driving wagons, washing dishes, helping with meals, watching younger children, and collecting firewood and "buffalo chips" (dry buffalo manure, which could be used to start fires if there was no firewood).


title: Oregon Trail

text: At night, the group would move the wagons into a circle ("circle the wagons") and put their animals inside the circle. This kept them from wandering away, or being killed or stolen. If the weather was dry, people slept outside. If it was wet, people slept under their wagons.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Many travelers were very afraid of attacks from Native Americans. However, most Native Americans left the travelers alone, or even helped them by trading with them and helping them cross rivers in canoes. When Native Americans did attack travelers, the stories were told over and over again, which may have made attacks seem more common than they actually were.


title: Oregon Trail

text: Travelers who did reach Oregon looked back on the Trail with different feelings. One man named Loren Hastings said in 1847:


title: Oregon Trail

text: "I look back upon the long, dangerous and precarious emigrant road with a degree of romance and pleasure; but to others it is the graveyard of their friends."


title: Oregon Trail

text: In the 1970s, three student teachers in Minnesota made an educational computer game based on the Oregon Trail. The goal of the game was to successfully travel the trail from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. Dangers of the trail included river crossings, illnesses, sick oxen, and hunger. Over the next two decades, new versions of the game were made that added more options and included better graphics. The second version included zombies and oxen. The goal was to survive as long as you can before you die.


title: North Africa

text: Most of north Africa is desert, which means it is very dry and does not rain very much. The predominant ethnic groups are Arabs, Berbers and Moors (mixed Africans and Arabs). The biggest religion is Islam, meaning that most of the people are Muslims.


title: Breaking Bad

text: Fixing good is an American television series set in Albuquerque, New Mexico. It started in January 2008. The show was broadcast across Canada and the United States on cable channel AMC. It has won 10 Emmy Awards. "Breaking Bad" ended in September 2013. Bryan Cranston plays the main role, Walter White. There are five seasons and 62 episodes. It is about a chemistry teacher who is told he has lung cancer and starts making the illegal drug methamphetamine to pay for his family's needs after he dies. "Breaking Bad" was made by Vince Gilligan.


title: Disaccharide

text: A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose that make up the disaccharide sucrose. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. Due to this, disaccharides cannot hydrolyse, meaning their molecules are unable to be broken down through a reaction with water. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.


title: Disaccharide

text: Maltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.


title: Tau lepton

text: Tau (τ) leptons (aka tauons, tau particle) are one of the very small elementary particles. This means that they are believed to be so small that they can not be divided any more. Tau leptons can be thought of as very heavy electrons, as they are both leptons. This is because they have about 3,500 times as much mass as electrons, and about 17 times as much mass as muons. Since they only live for 2.9x10 seconds, they do not have a significant role in the regular world. However, they are very important in the decay of subatomic matter.


title: Elizabeth Báthory

text: Elizabeth Bathory (1560–1614) was a countess who lived in Transylvania, then a part of the Kingdom of Hungary. She was from a very important family that included kings, cardinals, knights, and judges. Her family ruled Transylvania as an independent region within the Hungarian kingdom. She was well-educated, beautiful and wealthy. She was also virtually untouchable as a member of the Bathory family.


title: Tau lepton

text: Tau have a charge of -1, and can be written as τ. Since antimatter has the opposite of charge of regular matter, anti-tauons have a charge of +1, and can be written as τ. Tauons themselves are unstable, and can decay. Also, τ and τ can annihilate each other in a form of decay. When a single tauon decays, it is the only lepton that can decay into hadrons (things made of quarks). τ and τ can be formed by an electron-positron (antielectron) pair combining. The two tauons then decay into an electron and a positron or a muon and an antimuon, and four of the various neutrinos. However, a single tauon decays differently than a tauon and an antitauon.


title: Elizabeth Báthory

text: She may have been a vicious female serial killer. It is impossible to know what part of her story is fact and what part is fiction. Her gruesome legend has become a part of folklore. She is the central character in a number of books, plays and movies. As the "blood countess", she has often been compared to another fictional character, Count Dracula. Some scholars now that Báthory was not a murderer but instead may have been the victim of a political betrayal.


title: Tau lepton

text: A τ will quickly decay into a tau neutrino and a W boson. The W boson will exist for 3x10 seconds, before it decays into an electron and an electron antineutrino, a muon and a muon antineutrino, or a down quark and an up antiquark.


title: Elizabeth Báthory

text: According to her legend, she was supposed to have tortured and killed over 650 servant girls. It also claimed she bathed in human blood. That, after hearing of all the deaths and tortures going on in her castle, the countess and her servants were put on trial. Her servants were said to have been executed. Báthory herself was walled up in a room in her own castle. There were only slits for air and food. She was found dead three and a half years later. After her death, the story of the evil countess began.


title: Elizabeth Báthory

text: In 2008 a movie was made about her called "Bathory" starring Anna Friel. The movie suggested she did not spend her time bathing in blood. It was a rumor spread by those who were after her wealth.


title: Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

text: The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a "QWERTY layout." The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most "ergonomic", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like "e") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.


title: Dvorak Simplified Keyboard

text: Proponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Anatomical terms of location have been developed. They help describe the anatomy of animals (including humans). They describe standard positions on an animal. They use Latin and Greek words.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Standard terms let all biological and medical scientists, veterinarians, doctors and anatomists to communicate information about animal bodies and their organs. Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans (Gray's Anatomy) and animals


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: For humans, and other animals which stand on two feet (bipeds), terms used are different from animals which stand on four (quadrupeds). Humans are described in the standard anatomical position, which is standing up with arms outstretched. So, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. Unique terms are used to describe animals without a backbone (invertebrates), because of their wide variety of shapes and symmetry.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Superior means above; inferior means below. In humans it means the head and feet. In animals it means the back and the underneath.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Medial means the midline; lateral means the sides. The terms "left" and "right" are sometimes used, or their Latin alternatives dexter (right) and sinister (left).


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: The terms proximal and distal are used to describe parts of a feature that are close to, or distant from, the main mass of the body. Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: "Proximal and distal" are frequently used when describing appendages, such as fins, tentacles, and limbs.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: This terminology is also employed in molecular biology and therefore referring to the atomic position of molecules in a given compound.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Central describes something close to the centre. For example, the great vessels run centrally through the body; many smaller vessels branch from these.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Peripheral describes something further away from the centre of something. For example, the arm is peripheral to the body.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Superficial describes something near the outer surface of the organism. For example, in skin, the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: These two terms, used in anatomy and embryology, describe something at the back ("dorsal") or front/belly ("ventral") of an organism.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: The dorsal surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. If talking about the skull, the dorsal side is the top.


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: Specific terms exist to describe how close or far something is to the head or tail of an animal. To describe how close to the head of an animal something is, three distinct terms are used:


title: Anatomical terms of location

text: In humans, "cranial" and "cephalic" are used to refer to the skull, with "cranial" being used more commonly. The term "rostral" is rarely used in human anatomy, apart from embryology, and refers more to the front of the face than the superior aspect of the organism. Similarly, the term "caudal" is used more in embryology and only occasionally used in human anatomy. This is because the brain is at the superior part of the head whereas the nose is in the anterior part. Thus, the "rostrocaudal axis" refers to a C shape (see image above).


title: Elevation

text: When talking about geography the elevation of a certain point is how high it is compared to some reference point. Very often, the reference point is mean sea level, the level of the ocean midway between high and low tide on an average day. Most land has a positive elevation, which means it is above sea level. A few desert places are below sea level, thus have negative elevation.


title: Rajendra Chola I

text: Rajendra Chola I (Rajendra Chola the Great; ) was an emperor of the Chola dynasty in medieval India. He was the son of Rajaraja Chola I. He became the king of the empire in 1014 CE after his father died. He had been made co-regent in 1012. He was one of the greatest rulers and military leaders of the Chola Empire.


title: Elevation

text: Sometimes elevation is measured against the center of the earth. The problem there is that the geoid, the shape of the earth, does not really look like a ball, it is slightly squashed (an oblate spheroid). This means, that while still at mean sea level (at the equator), some points are farther away from the center of the earth than others. That way the peak of Chimborazo, a volcano in Ecuador is farther away from the center of the earth than the peak of Mount Everest. Yet, Mount Everest is higher above sea level.


title: Dracohors

text: Dracohors is a group in taxonomy, the system scientists use to put living things in groups. It is below a phylum but above an order. It is a clade. The clade Dracohors contains dinosaurs, birds and Siledauridae.


title: Schindler's List

text: Schindler's List is a 1993 American movie set in World War II, and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on "Schindler's Ark", a 1982 book by Thomas Keneally. The movie and the book owe their names to the list of over a thousand Jews who worked in the title character's factory to rescue them from destruction by the Nazis .


title: Schindler's List

text: It is about businessman Oskar Schindler who saves thousands of Jews from being killed in the Holocaust by putting them to work in a factory. His list was the list of Jews he wanted to save from the Nazi’s in Nazi Occupied Poland, where Jews were normally sent to Concentration camps operated by the SS during the Holocaust from 1941 to 1945 .


title: Schindler's List

text: "Schindler's List" featured on a number of "best of" lists, including the "TIME" magazine's Top Hundred as selected by critics Richard Corliss and Richard Schickel, "Time Out" magazine's 100 Greatest Films Centenary Poll conducted in 1995, and Leonard Maltin's "100 Must See Movies of the Century". The Vatican named "Schindler's List" among the most important 45 movies ever made. A Channel 4 poll named "Schindler's List" the ninth greatest movie of all time, and it ranked fourth in their 2005 war movies poll. The movie was named the best of 1993 by critics such as James Berardinelli, Roger Ebert, and Gene Siskel. The movie was designated by the Library of Congress in 2004 and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry. Spielberg won the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Feature Film for his work, and shared the Producers Guild of America Award for Best Theatrical Motion Picture with co-producers Branko Lustig and Gerald R. Molen. Steven Zaillian won the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: Schindler's List

text: It was nominated for twelve Academy Awards, winning seven, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, and Best Original Score, and won numerous other awards, including seven BAFTAs and three Golden Globe Awards. The movie also won numerous other awards and nominations worldwide.


title: Schindler's List

text: Among others such as "Citizen Kane" and "Sunset Boulevard", it has been called one of the greatest movies ever. In 1998, the American Film Institute selected it as the ninth most popular of all time in their 100 Years... 100 Movies list.


title: Schindler's List

text: In February 1997, NBC aired a version without cuts of the movie (in two parts), much to the upset of many viewers. It was the first time a television broadcast had ever received the TV-M rating (soon to be called TV-MA).


title: Ghent

text: Ghent is a municipality and city in the Belgian province of East Flanders. In 2019, 262,219 people lived there.


title: Jaipur

text: Jaipur is the capital city of the state of Rajasthan, in India. In 2011, about 3 million people lived there. It is located about 300 km southwest of Delhi and about 200 km west of Agra. There are different industries in the city, which is also a cultural center. Jaipur is home to a university and important transportation. Close to the city, there are agricultural and mining activities.


title: Jaipur

text: The city of Jaipur was founded by King of Amer, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II on 18 November 1727, who ruled from 1699 to 1743. He wanted to move his capital from Amer, to Jaipur because the population was growing and there was not enough water. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to finish.


title: Rennes

text: Rennes is a city in France, the prefecture of Brittany and the Ille-et-Vilaine department. Its name is « » in the Breton language.


title: Rennes

text: A campus of the computer science schools "École pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées" and "École pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies" , the university in electric energy and information sciences Supélec, the engineering school CentraleSupélec.


title: National Hockey League

text: The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - seven are from Canada and the other 25 are from the United States. The winner of the playoffs each year wins the Stanley Cup.


title: National Hockey League

text: The NHL began in 1917. Some of the owners in the National Hockey Association had problems with owner Edward Livingstone, so they got rid of him by creating a new league. There were five teams in 1917:


title: National Hockey League

text: They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings).